Phonk (fonc, fonk) é um subgênero de hip hop e trap inspirado diretamente no Memphis rap dos anos 90. Principalmente presente na plataforma SoundCloud, a música é caracterizada por vocais de fitas antigas de Memphis rap e samples de hip hop do início dos anos 1990, muitas vezes combinando-os com elementos de jazz e funk. O gênero emprega técnicas de distorção como "chopped and screwed" para criar um som mais obscuro.

Inicialmente desenvolvido nos anos 2000 no sul dos Estados Unidos, principalmente em Houston e Memphis, os primeiros pioneiros do gênero incluem DJ Screw, X-Raided, DJ Spanish Fly, DJ Squeeky e o coletivo Three 6 Mafia. No final dos anos 2010, por meio de plataformas de streaming como SoundCloud, o gênero desenvolveu mais ênfase no jazz e no hip hop clássico.

Popularizado pelo TikTok e pela comunidade de drift nas mídias sociais, o "drift phonk" é um subgênero de phonk que surgiu na Rússia; suas principais características são o uso de cowbells, acapellas de gangsta rap e graves. É geralmente usado em vídeos lo-fi mostrando carros de drifting.

História
Phonk se inspirou nas raízes do trap no sul dos Estados Unidos em meados da década de 1990. Artistas ou grupos musicais como DJ Screw, X-Raided, DJ Spanish Fly, DJ Squeeky, e o coletivo Three 6 Mafia ajudaram a criar as bases para o gênero surgir muitos anos depois, com o chopped and screwed de Houston visto como o precursor do gênero. Enquanto phonk havia desaparecido no final dos anos 2000, viu um ressurgimento no início de 2010 graças a artistas como SpaceGhostPurrp.

A palavra "phonk" foi popularizada por SpaceGhostPurrp, que lançou faixas como "Pheel Tha Phonk", "Bringin' Tha Phonk" e "Keep Bringin' Tha Phonk". Em uma entrevista, ele explicou que "phonk é gíria para funk", em referência ao gênero musical G-funk. Canais do YouTube, como Ryan Celsius, Sad Soundcloud e Trillphonk, também ajudaram a popularizar o gênero. Os produtores de phonk continuaram a empurrar o som para o underground antes que o gênero ganhasse força real em meados dos anos 2010.

No final de 2017, o phonk havia se afastado de "som sombrio, obscuro e orientado ao Memphis", incorporando vocais mais modernos, com elementos de jazz e hip hop clássico. Este gênero de phonk foi descrito como "phonk raro" por Celsius, caracterizado por "um som de trap mais limpo, quase mainstream". Entre 2016 e 2018, phonk foi um dos gêneros mais ouvidos no SoundCloud, com a hashtag #phonk entre as mais populares a cada ano.

Em maio de 2021, após o aumento da popularidade do gênero na Rússia, o Spotify lançou sua playlist de phonk oficial com curadoria.

Características
Inspirado diretamente no Memphis rap dos anos 1990, o phonk é caracterizado por antigos vocais de Memphis rap e samples do hip hop do início dos anos 1990. Estes são frequentemente combinados com samples de jazz e funk. É principalmente usada a técnica chopped and screwed, a fim de criar um som mais obscuro.

Uma peculiaridade do phonk é o fato de não estar ancorado em uma "scene" regional: isso está atrelado à própria natureza do SoundCloud como plataforma online, que destaca subgêneros derivados do hip hop e do pop experimental. Outros artistas notáveis associados ao "phonk new-age" incluem DJ Smokey, DJ Yung Vamp, Soudiere, e Mythic.

Ao lado de seu aspecto musical, o phonk é caracterizado por uma estética distinta, que incorpora imagens de desenhos animados como fanarts dos Simpsons. Artistas de phonk costumam usar gráficos no estilo  para seus EPs e álbuns.

Subgêneros
"Drift phonk", um subgênero do phonk, surgiu no final dos anos 2010 na Rússia. Caracteriza-se pelo uso de graves agudos, cowbells e sons distorcidos, tornando as letras dos samples muitas vezes irreconhecíveis. O tempo das faixas de drift phonk também é alto. Vídeos de drift phonk geralmente usam clipes de carros de drifting e de corridas de rua, o que o torna popular na cultura online do automobilismo. O gênero rapidamente ganhou força através do aplicativo TikTok em 2020. A maioria dos produtores proeminentes de drift phonk vem da Rússia e da Europa, tais eles DVRST e o dinamarquês PlayaPhonk.

Gêneros de hip hop
Década de 2000 na música
Década de 2010 na música
Década de 2020 na música

Phonk


As competições de Vela nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024 estão programadas para acontecerem entre os dias 28 de julho a 8 de agosto na Marina de Marselha. O número de velejadores que competem em dez classes diferentes nesses Jogos foi reduzido de 350 para 330, com distribuição igualitária entre homens e mulheres. Além disso, várias mudanças significativas são instituídas no programa de vela para Paris 2024 visando reforçar a igualdade de gênero e a grande diversidade entre as nações no processo de qualificação.

Mudanças de equipamentos e eventos

 O Laser, Laser Radial, 470, Nacra 17, 49er e 49erFX retornam para 2024.
 O 470 agora é um evento misto ao invés de eventos masculinos e femininos separados.
 O Finn foi descartado.
 O RS:X foi substituído pelo IQFoil com eventos masculinos e femininos.
 O Formula Kite foi adicionado com um evento masculino e feminino.

Calendário

Visão geral

Qualificação

A quantidade de velejadores que competem em dez classes diferentes foi reduzido de 350 para 330, com uma distribuição igualitária entre homens e mulheres. Visando a ampla igualdade e diversidade de gênero entre as nações, a Federação Internacional de Vela (World Sailing) ratificou diversas emendas ao processo classificatório.

O período de qualificação se inicia no Campeonato Mundial de Vela de 2023 em Haia, Holanda, onde 107 vagas, cerca de quarenta por cento da quantidade total, serão concedidas aos CONs mais bem classificados em dez classes de vela diferentes. Catorze vagas serão distribuídas para os velejadores que competirão no masculino (Laser) e feminino (Laser Radial) no Campeonato Mundial ILCA de 2024 em Adelaide, Austrália, enquanto os CONs mais bem classificados que disputam a qualificação receberão uma única vaga em cada categoria, exceto Laser e Laser Radial (três por gênero para a Ásia e dois para os demais) em suas respectivas regatas continentais (África, Ásia, América Central e do Sul, Europa, América do Norte e Caribe e Oceania).

O restante das vagas será atribuído aos velejadores elegíveis por meio da Regata Last Chance 2024 em Hyères, França (39 barcos no total) e como parte do Programa das Nações Emergentes da World Sailing (dois barcos por gênero cada um em windsurf e bote). Quatro vagas (duas por gênero) dão direito aos CONs que competem no Laser masculino e no Laser Radial feminino sob a Comissão Tripartite.

Como país sede, a França reserva uma vaga em cada uma das dez classes de vela.

Classes (equipamentos)

Resumo de medalhas

Quadro de medalhas

Medalhistas

Classes masculinas

Classes femininas

Classes mistas

Veja também
 Vela nos Jogos Asiáticos de 2022
 Vela nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023

Vela nos Jogos Olímpicos
Eventos dos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024


Sushant Singh Rajput (Patna, 21. siječnja 1986. – Mumbai, 14. lipnja 2020.) bio je indijski bolivudski glumac, plesač, poduzetnik i filantrop. Glumačku karijeru počeo je u televizijskim serijama, a u Bollywoodu je debitirao 2013. godine. Poznat je po ulozi kapetana indijske reprezentacije u kriketu Mahendre Singha Dhonija u filmu M. S. Dhoni: neispričana priča. U lipnju 2020. godine izvršio je samoubojstvo u svom domu u Mumbaiju.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 IMDb

Indijski filmski glumci

Sushant Singh Rajput


O matema (do    "lição") é um conceito introduzido na obra do psicanalista francês do século XX Jacques Lacan . O termo matema "ocorreu pela primeira vez na palestra que Lacan proferiu em 4 de novembro de 1971 [. . . ] Entre 1972 e 1973 ele deu várias definições do conceito, passando do uso do singular para o uso do plural e vice-versa."

Características
David Macey escreve em sua introdução à tradução dos Quatro Conceitos Fundamentais da Psicanálise de Lacan que "Lacan via seu "matema" como algo que asseguraria a transmissão integral de seus ensinamentos... processo de comunicação".  São fórmulas, concebidas como representações simbólicas de suas ideias e análises. Eles pretendiam introduzir algum grau de rigor técnico na escrita filosófica e psicológica, substituindo as descrições verbais muitas vezes difíceis de entender por fórmulas semelhantes às usadas nas ciências exatas, e como uma maneira fácil de manter, lembrar e ensaiar algumas das as ideias centrais de Freud e Lacan. Por exemplo: "$<>a" é o matema para fantasia no sentido lacaniano, em que "$" se refere ao sujeito como dividido em consciente e inconsciente (portanto, o matema é um S barrado), " a " significa o objeto-causa do desejo, e "<>" representa a relação entre ambos.

Um conjunto mais complexo de matemas são as "fórmulas da sexuação" de Lacan, que ele delineou na sessão de 13 de março de 1973 de seu Seminário XX. Composto por dois pares de proposições escritas em uma única taquigrafia lógico-matemática inspirada em Gottlob Frege, um par foi apelidado de 'masculino' e o outro 'feminino'. Essas fórmulas Lacan construiu originalmente a partir da lógica aristotélica ao longo de um ano inteiro de estudo.  O "matema", para Lacan, não é simplesmente a imitação da ciência pela filosofia, mas o ideal de um meio perfeito para a transmissão integral do conhecimento. A linguagem natural, com seu constante "deslizamento metonímico", falha aqui onde a matemática é bem-sucedida. O filósofo contemporâneo Alain Badiou identifica "matema" com o procedimento científico.

Crítica
Embora algumas vezes menosprezado como um caso de " inveja da física " ou acusado de introduzir falso rigor em uma disciplina que é mais teoria literária do que hard science, há também algo de senso de humor nas fórmulas de Lacan: de uma 'sigla que eu introduzi na forma de um algoritmo', o próprio Lacan declara que 'ele é criado para permitir cento e uma leituras diferentes, uma multiplicidade que é admissível enquanto o falado permanecer preso em sua álgebra'.

Serge Leclaire, que é um dos mais respeitados e distintos de todos os analistas franceses, observou em 1975, por exemplo, que embora os matemas pudessem ter uma certa utilidade pedagógica, eles basicamente não passavam de "graffiti"'.

Referências
Estruturalismo
Pós-estruturalismo
Terminologia psicanalítica
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (LGBTQIA+)

Link externos
Fontes matemáticas lacanianas fornecidas pelo Centro Australiano de Psicanálise

Fórmulas de Sexuação de Lacan por Jack W. Stone.
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Diversidade)

Matema


මානසික රෝග යනු සංස්කෘතියට හා සාමාන්‍ය වර්ධනයේ කොටසක් නොවන පුද්ගලයා පීඩාවට හෝ අබාධිත්වයට පත් කරන මානසික හෝ කායික ක්‍රියාවලීන් වෙයි. මානසික රෝග පිළිබඳ අවබෝධය කාලයත් සමඟ වෙනස් වී ඇත. මානසික රෝගවල අර්ථ දැක්වීම්, වර්ගීකරණය සහ ඇගයුම වෙනස් විය හැකි වුවද , ICD , DSM සහ අනෙකුත් අත්පොත්හි ඇති මග පෙන්වීම් මානසික රෝග විශේෂඥයින් පිළිගෙන ඇත. මේවායේ රෝග වර්ගීකරණ කාණ්ඩ ලෙස චිත්ත ස්වභාවයේ රෝග , සිතේ නොසන්සුන් බව නිසා ඇති වන රෝග, මානසික විකෘතිතා, ආහාර ගැනීමේ රෝග, වර්ධනයේ රෝග , පෞරුෂයේ රෝග සහ අනෙකුත් කාණ්ඩ ලෙස හඳුන්වා දිය හැක. බොහෝ විට මානසික රෝග සඳහා හඳුනාගත හැකි හේතුවක් නොමැත.

බොහෝ රටවල්වල ජනගහණයෙන් 1/3කට වඩා ප්‍රමාණයක් ජීවිතයේ කිනම් හෝ කාලයක් තුළ මානසික රෝග ලක්ෂණ පෙන්වයි. මානසික සෞඛ්‍ය වෘත්තිකයින් විවිධාකාර ක්‍රම මඟින් මෙම රෝගීන් හඳුනාගනී. බොහෝ විට ඒ සඳහා රෝග ඉතිහාසය , සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡා යොදා ගනී. මානසික ප්‍රතිකාර සහ ඖෂධ වර්ග ප්‍රධාන ප්‍රතිකාර වර්ග 2කි. මීට අමතරව උපකාරක මැදහත් වීම් ද එක් ප්‍රතිකාර කළ හැක. මෙම රෝගීන් වෙනස් නොව සැලකීම සහ අපකීර්තියට පත්වීම නිසා විවිධ ප්‍රශ්න පැන නැගී ඇත. එම නිසා මානව සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා සහ ආකල්ප වෙනස් කිරීම සඳහා දැඩි ප්‍රයත්නයක් දරමින් පවතී.

මානසික අක්‍රමතා


Partenogeneza (grč. παρθένος parthenos, "djevica"; i γένεσις genesis, "stvaranje") je oblik razmnožavanja u kojem se nova jedinka razvija iz neoplođene spolne stanice (gamete), obično jajne stanice. Organizam koji nastane partenogenezom je genetski identičan roditeljskom, tj. njegov klon. Kod nekih vrsta ovim načinom razmnožavanja nastaju samo ženke, kod nekih samo mužjaci, a kod nekih nastaju i ženke i mužjaci. Partenogenezu je 1740. prvi uočio ženevski prirodoznanac i filozof Charles Bonnet kod jedne vrste uši. Kasnije je uočena i kod drugih vrsta. Česta je kod beskralježnjaka (pčele, kukci, rakovi, grinje, kolnjaci, plošnjaci), a puno rjeđa kod kralježnjaka (neke vrste riba, vodozemaca i guštera, vrlo rijetko kod ptica). Može biti prirodna ili umjetno izazvana. U biljaka se može poistovjetiti s apomiksijom, razvitkom sjemenke bez oplodnje.

Vjeruje se da se oko 2000 vrsti razmnožava partenogenetski. Partenogeneza se ponekad smatra oblikom nespolnog razmnožavanja, iako to nije najpreciznije određenje. Budući da se kod partenogeneze embrij razvija od neoplođene spolne stanice, točnije je reći da se radi o nepotpunom spolnom razmnožavanju.

Izvori

Razmnožavanje

Partenogeneza


L'ancien hôpital, puis hospice des Deux Augustins et maison de retraite de Plombières-les-Bains est un ensemble immobilier situé à Plombières-les-Bains dans le département français des Vosges dans la région historique de Lorraine.

Les intérieurs de la chapelle de la maison de retraite sont protégé en tant que monument historique depuis 2000.

Historique

Anciens hôpitaux
Un premier hôpital, dont la localisation est inconnue, est fondé à Plombières peu avant 1389 par Ancel de Darnieulles et bientôt (après 1400) confié au prieuré d'Hérival. Il était destiné aux pauvres dont la santé réclamait des soins thermaux et comprenait une chapelle destinée aux curistes ainsi qu'aux habitants de la ville.

Vétuste, l'établissement est reconstruit après 1608 sur la rive droite de l'Augronne, à proximité de la chapelle devenue église paroissiale.

Il est à nouveau reconstruit en 1728 à l'initiative de François le Febvre, curé de Plombières, prieur d'Hérival et recteur de l'hôpital de 1726 à 1733. En 1741, le duc de Lorraine Stanislas en confie la gestion aux sœurs de Saint Charles puis le fait reconstruire en 1742 à l'emplacement de 5 maisons devant l'église, entre l'Augronne et le presbytère. Construit en partie sur la rivière, voûtée pour la circonstance, l'hôpital royal est un bâtiment à 3 étages et 7 travées couvert d'un toit d'ardoise à croupes. De 1793 à 1795, le bâtiment est converti en hôpital militaire, puis sert de logement à la gendarmerie de 1799 à 1805, date de son retour aux fonctions hospitalières. Juste en amont se trouvait le Pont des Vaches, construit en bois et reliant les premiers étages de deux bâtiments de part et d'autre de l'Augronne, représenté en 1824 sur une aquarelle de A. Jacquot et disparu lors de la construction de l'hôpital thermal.

Bâtiments actuels

En 1861, Napoléon III donne les écuries de son équipage, construites en 1858 entre la rue Grillot et la rivière, pour y loger l'hôpital appelé dorénavant hôpital thermal, qui est pourvu de ferronneries A. Salin et Cie, fondeurs à Ecurey (Meuse). Le bâtiment est inauguré le 15 juin 1862. Destiné aux étrangers, civils et religieux, il est complété en 1894 par un hôpital annexe destiné aux infirmes et vieillards de la commune, construit à l'emplacement de l'hôtel du Lion d'Or sur des plans de l'architecte Curvat grâce aux dons de Sébastien Grillot et à l'héritage de la famille Husson. Les ferronneries sont réalisées par les établissements A. Salin à Ecurey (Meuse). En souvenir d'Augustin Husson (1786-1854) et de son fils Augustin, l'établissement est dénommé hospice des Deux Augustins. En 1925, la ville construit un pavillon d'isolement avec, au rez-de-chaussée, un laboratoire de recherches scientifiques subventionné par l'institut d'hydrologie de Paris. En 1936, la chapelle est pourvue d'un décor intérieur réalisé par l'entreprise Gentil et Bourdet, de Boulogne-Billancourt, suivant des dessins de Franck Danis, fils de l'architecte Robert Danis, qui est intervenu dans différents bâtiments thermaux de la ville .

L'établissement n'accueille plus de curistes depuis le début des années 1980. Il fut par la suite la maison de retraite de Plombières jusqu'en 2009, le bâtiment étant alors devenu vétuste et plus adapté aux normes. La maison de retraite de Plombières a été transférée dans des locaux neufs à l'EHPAD Le Clos des Écureuils situé aux Granges-de-Plombières.

Le chantier de remise aux normes des locaux a nécessité de nombreux et coûteux travaux. Le Clos des Deux Augustins accueille des antiquaires, brocanteurs, artisans d'art et artistes réunis en association depuis 2013.

Chapelle

La chapelle Saint-Charles est située au rez-de-chaussée du corps principal et s'intègre dans ses distributions. Voûtée en berceau couvrant le vaisseau unique, elle a été réaménagée en 1936 selon les dessins d'une sœur de la Congrégation de Saint Charles et de Franck Danis dans un parti de simplicité où les murs blanchis mettent en valeur le remarquable décor de mosaïque réalisé par Gentil et Bourdet sur des cartons de Franck Danis.

Elle comprend des vitraux d'écailles roses et mauves. Des fresques représentent la Crucifixion, la Sainte Famille, Saint Charles Borromée, le Chemin de croix avec symboles figuratifs du Calvaire. Les fresques sont ornées de cabochons en faïence blanche et des carreaux d'émail bleu. Les luminaires sont en laiton. Le décor est similaire à celui de la buvette du Bain national de Plombières-les-Bains.

Architecture
La maison de retraite et ses annexes constitue un ensemble immobilier de grande taille, avec un corps principal de près de 70 mètres de long parallèle à la rue Grillot.

L'ancien hôpital thermal construit en pierre de taille de grès vosgien occupe la partie ouest, avec un plan en U composé d'un corps principal de 30 mètres de long à pignon central triangulaire comprenant deux étages avec balcons et deux ailes perpendiculaires, autour d'une petite place ouverte sur la rue Grillot comprenant un massif arboré circulaire en son centre.

L'ancien hospice des Deux Augustins prolonge l'ancien hôpital thermal à l'Est vers l'hôtel de ville et comporte un petit jardin d'agrément ouvert sur la rue Grillot.

Un bâtiment composé de trois étages avec sous-sol est rattaché à l'ancien hôpital thermal juste derrière l'église Saint-Amé, occupé par la bibliothèque La Fontaine des Mots et d'autres associations. Le passage des Amoureux relie la rue Grillot à la rue Saint-Amé à l'arrière à travers le bâtiment.

Localisation
L'ensemble immobilier réunissant l'ancien hôpital thermal et l'ancien hospice des Deux Augustins se trouve du 2 au 6 rue Grillot le long de l'Augronne souterraine, en aval de l'hôtel de ville et en amont de l'église Saint-Amé.

Les Jardins en Terrasses dominent l'ensemble immobilier sur le flanc de la colline au Sud de l'autre côté de la rue Grillot.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques des Vosges
 Église Saint-Amé de Plombières-les-Bains
 Thermes Napoléon

Liens externes

Monument historique inscrit en 2000
Monument historique à Plombières-les-Bains
Station thermale dans le département des Vosges

Maison de retraite de Plombières-les-Bains


San Sebastián (Baskça: Donostia), İspanya'da özerk Bask Bölgesi'nde Guipúzcoa ili'nde bir kenttir. Guipúzcoa ilinin başkentidir. Konuşulan diller Baskça ve İspanyolcadır.

Tarih

 1014'te St. Sebastian manastırının çevresinde kurulmuştur.
 1174, Navarra Kralı Sancho el Savio, şehre özerklik verdi. Şehrin resmi kuruluş yılı olarak kabul edilebilir. Şehir balıkçılık ve deniz ticareti üzerine gelişti.
 1200 yılında Castilla Krallığı tarafından işgal edilmiştir.
 1719'da üç yıllığına Fransa tarafından işgal edildi.
 1794'te tekrar Fransız işgaline uğradı.
 1813 yılında Anglo-Portekiz güçleri şehri özgürlüğe kavuşturdu fakat taciz ateşleri sırasında şehrin tamamına yakınını yakmak suretiyle harab ettiler.

Tekrar inşa edilişinin ardından Kraliçe II. Isabella'nın yazlık şehri statüsüne girdi. Kraliçe'nin varlığı bütün aristokratik çevrenin de San Sebastian'a ilgi göstermesine neden oldu. O günden beri Kuzey İber yarımadasının en önemli turistik şehri olagelen San Sebastian, bugün de turistik değerini koruyor.

Coğrafi konum

Kuzey İspanya'da Atlas Okyanusu üzerinde Biskay Körfezi'nin güney-doğu köşesinde konumlanmıştır ve İspanya-Fransa sınırından 20 km uzaklıktadır. Kent 12 semtten oluşur.

Demografi

Donostia-San Sebastián belediye sınırları içinde nüfusu (1.1.2010 tahmini itibarıyla) 185.506 kişidir ve nüfus yoğunluğu 3.046,58 kişi/km² olur. Donostia-San Sebastián belediye sınırları içinde nüfusun gelişmesi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:

1.000 kişi

Kaynak: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística, İspanya
(Spanje)  Kaynak:Hollandaca Wikipedia "Jerez de la Frontera" maddesi

Kültür

Her yıl 20 Ocak tarihinde Tamborrada adlı bir festival vardır. Belediye Başkanı şehrin eski kısmı olan "Parte Vieja"da  şehrin bayrağını göndere çeker ve 24 saat boyunca şehirde davul sesleri duyulur.

Uluslararası San Sebastian Film Festivaline de ev sahipliği yapar.

Her Ağustos ayında ise "semana grande" "büyük hafta" kutlanır.

Bask mutfağının önemli bir parçası olan Pintxos, San Sebastian restoranlarının en önemli yemeklerindendir.

La Liga Primera (İspanyol 1.ligi)'da bir futbol takımı vardır: Real Sociedad> takımının stadyumunun adı "Anoeta" dir. Bir adet de basketbol takımı olup, adı Gupizcoa Basket'tir.

Plajları

3 adet plajı vardır: Contxa, Zurriola, Ondarreta.

Kardeş şehirler

Donostia-San Sebastian'in şu kardeş şehirleri bulunmaktadır:

 Cezayir'in Tindouf ili'nde bir mülteci kampı

Resimler

Donostia-San Sebastian

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

 Guipúzcoa ili
 Bask Bölgesi

Dış bağlantılar

  Donastia-San Sebastian belediyesi resmi sitesi

San Sebastián


السُويقة أو الإهَان  في علم النبات ساقٌ نباتية صغيرة تتصل بعنيقات حاملة للنورات الزهرية.

مراجع

أجزاء النبات
أزهار
تشريح النبات
علم تشكل النبات

سويقة


Segariu (sardinski: Segarìu) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Južnoj Sardiniji u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 129 metara i ima 1 205 stanovnika. Prostire se na 16,69 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 72 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Furtei, Guasila i Villamar.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Segariu


An Dendrobium escritorii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Dendrobium escritorii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium escritorii


Marshall Van Winkle (* 28. September 1869 in Jersey City, New Jersey; † 10. Mai 1957 in Oceanport, New Jersey) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1905 und 1907 vertrat er den Bundesstaat New Jersey im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Marshall Van Winkle war ein Großneffe von US-Senator Peter G. Van Winkle (1808–1872) aus West Virginia. Er besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1890 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Hoboken in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Im Jahr 1895 wurde er Berater der Bezirkssteuerkommission. Danach fungierte er als stellvertretender Staatsanwalt im Hudson County. Dieses Amt bekleidete er zwischen 1902 und 1905 noch einmal.

Ferner schlug Van Winkle als Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Im Jahr 1900 kandidierte er noch erfolglos für das US-Repräsentantenhaus. Vier Jahre später wurde er dann aber im neunten Wahlbezirk von New Jersey in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1905 die Nachfolge von Allan Benny antrat. Da er im Jahr 1906 auf eine weitere Kandidatur verzichtete, konnte er bis zum 3. März 1907 nur eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress absolvieren.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus praktizierte Van Winkle wieder als Anwalt in Jersey City. Zwischen 1933 und 1939 war er auch als Kanzleirat tätig; außerdem verfasste er einige juristische Abhandlungen. Marshall van Winkle starb am 10. Mai 1957 in Oceanport.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für New Jersey
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1869
Gestorben 1957
Mann

Marshall Van Winkle


Alvin Francis Karpis (née Albin Francis Karpavičius; 10 de agosto de 1907 – 26 de agosto de 1979), um gângster da era da Depressão apelidado de "Creepy" por seu sorriso sinistro e chamado de "Ray" por seus membros de gangue, era um canadense nascido (naturalizado Americano) criminoso de ascendência lituana conhecido por ser um líder da gangue Barker-Karpis na década de 1930. Karpis liderou a gangue junto com Fred Barker e Arthur "Doc" Barker. Havia apenas quatro "inimigos públicos" que receberam o título de "Inimigo Público #1" pelo FBI e ele foi o único a ser capturado vivo. Os outros três, Pretty Boy Floyd e Baby Face Nelson foram todos mortos antes de serem capturados. Ele também passou o maior tempo como prisioneiro federal na Penitenciária Federal de Alcatraz, cumprindo vinte e seis anos.

Nascidos em 1907
Mortos em 1979

Alvin Karpis


Canal+ (Canal Plus, , meaning 'Channel Plus'; sometimes abbreviated C+ or Canal) is a French premium television channel launched in 1984. It is 100% owned by the Groupe Canal+, which in turn is owned by Vivendi. The channel broadcasts several kinds of programming, mostly encrypted. Unencrypted programming can be viewed free of charge on Canal+ and on satellite on Canal+ Clair (Clear). The channel does not broadcast advertising, except when broadcasting on free-to-air slots. Almost all foreign films and series can be viewed either in their original language with French subtitles (on a secondary audio channel) or dubbed in French. All programs are subtitled in French for deaf people and those who struggle with hearing. Some programs also have audio description for those who are visually impaired.

Canal+ is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) initiative, which promotes and establishes an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface.

Since November 2017, Canal+ began to expand their catalogue internationally through the international feed, Canal+ International.

History
After the announcement about the launch of the fourth French television channel, Canal+ started broadcasting on 4 November 1984. In 1986, the channel had one million subscribers. It has produced numerous films of auteurs, including David Lynch's The Straight Story, Mulholland Dr., and Inland Empire.

Originally, subscribers would be mailed a code to punch in on their decoder's control panel to view the encrypted service (using the RITC Discret 1 system); the code would be based upon the decoder's serial number (stored in the box's ROM). To avoid problems with customer's codes being not delivered on time by the postal system, Canal+ would switch to encryption based on a generic key, between the last day of the month (beginning at midnight) and the first Monday of the next month (until 9 AM). During this time, all decoders—even those with lapsed subscriptions—would be able to view the channel. However, signal piracy was rampant, after the magazine Radio Plans printed decoder plans in their December 1984 issue. As a result of this, Canal+ switched to the much stronger Nagravision encryption system beginning in 1992; the Discret system was fully phased out by 1995. The new decoders now utilized smart cards, cut into the shape of a key and inserted into the front of the decoder. Different decoders using the D2-MAC standard were also deployed during this time, mostly for cable subscribers. With the launch of CanalSatellite, the Mediaguard encryption system was instituted, created by SECA (Société Européenne de Contrôle d'Accès), a firm owned by Canal+ and Bertelsmann; Canal+ eventually bought out Bertelsmann's stake and rebranded SECA as Canal+ Technologies. This firm was sold by 2003 to Thomson SA. The MediaGuard system's use in Britain (by the now defunct OnDigital/ITV Digital) led to hackers in the employ of Rupert Murdoch's rival encryption company NDS breaking into the MediaGuard system, resulting in new cards being issued to Canal+ subscribers in 2002 and Canal+ starting legal action against Murdoch. The Nagravision system continued in use until 30 November 2011, when all analog television broadcasting in France ceased.

Since 1985, Canal+ has had a tradition of showing one pornographic film every month  at midnight, generally on the first Saturday of the month.

From 2000 to 2002, Virginie Calmels successively held two positions, that of financial director and then CEO.

With the launch of the digital satellite provider CanalSatellite on 27 April 1996, Canal+ received two new sister channels: Canal+ Jaune and Canal+ Bleu. A fourth channel, called Canal+ Vert came along on 31 August 1998. The channels changed their names to Canal+ Confort (now known as Canal+ Décalé since 2005), Canal+ Cinéma and Canal+ Sport on 1 November 2003.

In September 2005, Canal+, Canal+ Cinéma and Canal+ Sport started broadcasting in the French digital terrestrial television network. The free-to-air parts of Canal+ had already been broadcasting for a few months by then. In August 2008, Canal+ started broadcasting the encrypted parts of its main channel in high-definition in the terrestrial network. Canal+ announced plans to turn off the analogue terrestrial signals by 2010.

An account of the rise of Canal+ and CanalSatellite, and the establishment of the Canal+ Group as a major satellite broadcaster in Europe is given in the book, High Above, which tells the story of the foundation and development of the leading European satellite operator, Astra.

In February 2013, for €29 million per year, Canal+ bought the TV rights for the FIA Formula One World Championship. The same year, the group bought the rights to the English Premier League, the most watched football league in the world.

In July 2014, the launch of a new pan-African TV channel - A+ - was announced. Based in Abidjan (Ivory Coast), it aims to become the leading television company in French-speaking Africa.

In September 2015, Vincent Bolloré -Chairman of Vivendi- was appointed as chairman of Canal Plus. He changed several former executives and aligned Canal +'s operations with Vivendi's.

On 15 November 2017, Quebec cable system Videotron began carrying Canal+ International, marking it the first provider to carry the channel. It is also the second attempt at making Canal+ available in Canada since the former paid Canal+ Canada channel on Dailymotion, launched in 2013.

As of August 2018, Canal+ International is on U.S. satellite provider DirecTV in HD on channel 2010.

Programmes
Original French TV Shows :
 Les Guignols de l'info
 Groland
 H
 Jamel Comedy Club
 Spiral (Engrenages)
 Mafiosa
 Le Journal du Hard
 Pigalle la Nuit
 La Commune
 Braquo
 Reporters
 Scalp
 Le Grand Journal
 La Matinale
 Le petit journal
 La Nouvelle Edition
 Lundi Investigation
 Canal Football Club
 Dimanche+
 Maison Close
 The Returned ()
 The Spy
 Savages ()
 UFOs (OVNI(s)) Of Money and Blood ()
Original French/British TV Show :
 Marie Antoinette Versailles The Tunnel War of the WorldsOriginal French/German/Italian TV Show :
 BorgiaKids Show
 TeletubbiesAnimated TV Shows :
 Rugrats (Les Razmokets) Kaeloo Mia and Me The Cramp Twins
 The Tom and Jerry ShowAmerican TV Shows (simulcasts):
 24 (24 heures chrono) 30 Rock Big Love Cold Case Damages Desperate Housewives Dexter Fallen Angels FlashForward How I Met Your Mother It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (Philadelphia) Mad Men Nurse Jackie Pushing Daisies Royal Pains The Daily Show The L Word The New Adventures of Old Christine (Old Christine) The Office (U.S.) The Pacific The Secret Life of the American Teenager (La Vie Secrète d'une Ado Ordinaire)
 The Shield Two and a Half Men (Mon Oncle Charlie)
 Vampire Diaries Weeds United States of Tara Boomtown Rome Six Feet Under Spin City Surface
 Will & Grace  Game of ThronesAmerican adult animated TV Shows :
 The Simpsons American Dad! Drawn Together Family Guy (Les Griffin)
 South ParkAmerican reality TV Shows (simulcast):
 The Simple LifeJapanese animated TV Shows :
 Fullmetal Alchemist Monster
 Noir
 Samurai ChamplooBritish TV Shows (simulcasts):
 Skins Merlin Wire in the Blood The Office
 Spooks (MI-5)Irish/Canadian/British/American TV Shows :
 The Tudors (Les Tudors)Canadian TV shows (simulcasts):
 Flashpoint Little Mosque on the Prairie Life with Derek Naturally Sadie Total Drama: Revenge of the IslandCanadian/French TV Shows :
 Donkey Kong Country (Donkey Kong)French erotic TV series :
 X Femmes (2008–2009)
Italian TV Show :
 The Name of the Rose Sister channels Les Chaînes Canal+ is the brand name used for all the Canal+-branded channels in France. Prior to 2008 it was called Canal+ Le Bouquet''.

See also
Canal+ Group
StudioCanal

References

External links

Television stations in France
French-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 1984
European Broadcasting Union members
Pay television
Groupe Canal+

Canal+


Rhynchospora spruceana é uma espécie de planta do gênero Rhynchospora e da família Cyperaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1908 por Charles Baron Clarke.
Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:
 Rhynchospora filiformis latifolia  Uittien
 Rhynchospora graminea  Uittien

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e herbácea.

Descrição

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná e São Paulo.
Em termos ecológicos, é encontrada nos  domínios fitogeográficos de Floresta Amazônica, Cerrado e Pampa, em regiões com vegetação de  campo limpo e cerrado.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Thomas, W.W.; Weber, P.; Silva Filho, P.J.S. Rhynchospora  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Rhynchospora spruceana no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil
 Rhynchospora spruceana no portal do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (Brasil)

Rhynchospora
Plantas descritas em 1908
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Rhynchospora spruceana


Takiyüddin'in Rasathanesi (Dar-ü'r Rasad-ül Cedid), 1575 yılında Osmanlı bilgini Takiyüddin tarafından İstanbul'da Tophane sırtlarında kurulan gözlemevidir.

1571 yılında Osmanlı Sarayı'na müneccimbaşı olarak atanan Takiyüddin'in, Padişah III. Murad'a, astronom Uluğ Bey'in Semerkant'da hazırlattığì "Zic-i İlhânî" adlı astronomi gözlem ve hesaplarının eskidiğini belirten raporunu sunmasından sonra kurulmuştur. İstanbul Rasathanesinin yapımına kesin olarak ne zaman başlandığına dair kanıt niteliğinde herhangi bir belge bulunmamasına karşın, rasathanenin aletleri ve yapımı tamamlanmamış bile olsa 1575-1580 yılları arasında gözleme açık olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Rasathane 1580 yılında, Şeyhülislam Kadızade'nin onaylayan fetvası ve padişah III. Murad'ın emriyle denizden topa tutularak yıkılmıştır.

Tarihi

Kuruluşu
Osmanlı Devleti'nde 16. yüzyılda namaz vakitlerinin belirlenmesi, kıble yönünün tayin edilmesi ve takvimin hazırlanması için gökbilim kullanılmaktaydı ancak kurulan küçük çaplı rasathanaler gündelik hayata yönelik oldukları için uzun ömürlü olmamıştı.
1571'de Müneccimbaşı Mustafa Çelebi ölünce yerine Müneccimbaşılığa atanan Takiyüddin'i himayesi altına alana Vezir Sokullu Mehmet Paşa  ve Hoca Sadettin Efendi, onun gözlemevi kurma isteği ile ilgilendiler ve onu desteklediler.

Uluğ Bey, Zîci'nin gününü doldurduğunu, günün ihtiyaçlarına uygun olmadığını ve yeni gözlemler ışığı altında yeni tablolar oluşturulmasının gerekliliğini açıklayan bir layiha hazırlayıp padişah III. Murat'tın huzuruna çıkan Takiyüddin,  Padişahın adıyla anılacak bir zîc hazırlamakla görevlendirilerek rasathanenin kurulması için izin, yer ve ödenek aldı; rasathanenin müdürlüğüne atanarak inşasına nezaret etme görevi de kendisine verildi.

Kaynaklara göre gözlemevinin kurulması için hükûmetin tahsis ettiği masraf on bin altındır; Bu tutar o dönemde büyük bir miktardır ancak Merâga ve Semerkand gözlemevlerinin masrafları göz önüne alındığında oldukça düşüktür.

Konumu
Gözlemevinin yerleşim yeri için İstanbul'da Avrupa yakasında bulunan yüksek bir yer olan Tophane sırtlarındaki bir bölge seçilmiştir. Bu yer kimilerine göre "Galatasaray Mektebi'nin bulunduğu mevki civarında"; kimi kaynaklara göre Galata Kulesi'nde ve Galata Sarayı'da; kimilerine göre ise Galata Dağı'nın tepesindedir.

Hüseyin Ayvansarayî'nin 18. yüzyıl sonlarında yayımlanan Hadikatü'l Cevami adlı eserinde, bir rivayete göre Galata Kulesi'nin Takiyüddin tarafından bir gözlemevi olarak yaptırıldığından; ancak bu gözlemevinin Padişah III. Murad tarafından Ocak 1580'de yarısına kadar yıktırılsa da kulenin yıkılmadığından bahsedilir. Aynı eserin başka bir yerinde ise Tophane'de yer alan kulenin, Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi'nin "astronomiyle uğraşan devletlerin kısa sürede yıkılması" yönündeki ifadelerinden ötürü yıktırıldığı ifade edilir. Tayyarzâde Ahmed Atâ'nın Tarih-i Atâ adlı eserinde, kulenin 1582 civarında Takiyüddin tarafından gözlemevi olarak kullanma amacıyla tamir ettirildiği belirtilir. Takiyüddin de Cedvel-i Esma-i Buldan adlı eserinde, Galata'daki bir kulede gözlemler yaptığından bahseder. Mehmed Süreyya, bu gözlemevinin Galata Kulesi'nde kurulduğunu belirtse de Johannes Heinrich Mordtmann, Mehmed Süreyya'nın Tarih-i Atâda geçen "Tophane üstünde kulle-i cebelde" ("Tophane üstündeki tepenin zirvesinde") ifadesindeki "büyük bağ evi" anlamına gelen "kulle" sözcüğünün "kule" olarak yorumlanmasıyla birlikte "hatalı olarak" gözlemevinin Galata Kulesi'nde olduğu çıkarımında bulunduğunu ifade eder. Kulenin, Takiyüddin'in gözlemevi olduğu yönündeki iddialar günümüzde geçerliliğini korumamaktadır; ancak Takiyüddin, gözlemevinin inşası öncesinde Galata Kulesi'nde birtakım çalışmalar gerçekleştirmiştir.

Yıkılışı
İddiaya göre rasathanenin tamamlanmasının üzerinden birkaç ay geçtikten sonra beliren bir kuyruklu yıldız nedeniyle Sultan III. Murad Takiyüddin'den kehanette bulunmasını talep etmiş, o da bu yıldızın bir mutluluk ve saadet devrinin habercisi olduğu tahmininde bulunmuştu. Ancak bunun tam aksine o devirde ortaya çıkan bir salgın hastalığın getirdiği felaket nedeniyle rasathanenin muhaliflerinin sayısında bir hayli artış olmuştu. Takiyüddin gözlemlerine bir iki yıl daha devam edebilmişti. Bazı kaynaklar ise bilime muhalif bir tarikatın yıkım kararının alınmasında etkili olduğunu belirtmektedir.

İlber Ortaylı'ya göre İstanbul'daki bir depremden sonra halk ayaklanmış ve depremin rasathane yüzünden olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Sarayın önünde büyük gösteriler olmuş, bunun üzerine III. Murat, denizden top atışı ile rasathaneyi yıktırmak zorunda kalmıştır.

Kimi araştırmacılar rasathanenin yıkılmasının gerçek sebebinin bir siyasal çekişme olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Rasathanenin kurulmasına önayak olan Hoca Sadettin Efendi'nin  Şeyhülislam Kadızade Ahmet Şemsettin Efendi ile  farklı siyasi gruplarda yer alması ve bu gruplar arasındaki çekişmenin yıkıma sebep olduğu sanılmaktadır.

Kullanılan aletler
Takîyüddîn, bu gözlemevinde dokuz gözlem aleti yapmış ve kullanmıştır:
 Zât el-Halâk (Halkalı Araç), Zât el-Şubeteyn (Cetvelli Araç)
 Zât el-Sak- beteyn (İki Delikli Araç)
 Duvar Kadranı
 Zât el- Semt ve'l-irtifâ (Azimut Yarım Halkası)
 Rub-u Mıstara (Tahta Kadran)
 Müşebbehe bi'l-Monâtık
 Zât el-Evtar (Kirişli Araç)
 Saatler

Hazırlanan tablolar
İstanbul Gözlemevi'nde Güneş, Ay ve gezegenlere ilişkin gözlemler yapılmış, bu gözlemler şu tablolarda verilmiştir:

 Sidret el-Müntehâ (1577/78-1580)
 Teshil Zîc el-Aşârîy- ye el-Şehinşâhiyye (Sultanın Onluk Sisteme Göre Düzenlenen Tablolarının Yorumu, 1580)
 Cerî- det el-Dürer ve Hâridet el-Fiker (İnciler Topluluğu ve Görüşlerin İncisi, 1584)

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Dış bağlantılar
 Meteoroloji tarihi

Osmanlı yapıları
Osmanlı kültürü
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda bilim ve teknoloji
Türkiye'deki gözlemevleri
1570'lerde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar
1577'de bilim
1575'te kurulan oluşumlar
1580'de feshedilmiş oluşumlar
16. yüzyılda İstanbul

Takiyüddin'in Rasathanesi


Bremen Mızıkacıları, Grimm Kardeşler (Jacob Grimm-Wilhelm Grimm)'in yazdığı masallardan biridir. Fabl uslübunda yazılmıştır. Sahiplerinin kendilerine olan kötü tutumundan dolayı evden kaçan bir eşek, bir köpek, bir kedi ve bir horozun Bremen'e gidip orada müzisyenlik yapma düşleri ana temadır. Yola çıkarak iyi arkadaş olurlar. Bir kız ve annenin evine giren hırsızlar girdiği bir evin önünde dururken bir canavar silüetini andırmaları (eşek üstünde köpek, onun üstünde kedi, onun üstünde de horoz) ve hepsinin bağırması sonucu ortaya çıkan kakofoni hırsızları korkutur. Bu canavar silüetinden korkan hırsızlar bir daha asla geri dönmezler. Dört kafadar da bu evde yaşarlar.

Bremen Mızıkacıları masalı, kültürel açıdan önemlidir çünkü hayvanların insanlar tarafından kötü muamele görmesi hakkında bir mesaj verir. Masal ayrıca dayanışma, arkadaşlık ve müzik gibi değerleri de vurgular. Masalın farklı uyarlamaları, animasyon filmleri, çizgi romanlar, müzikaller ve tiyatro oyunları dahil olmak üzere birçok farklı formatta yapılmıştır. Bremen Mızıkacıları, Almanya'nın Bremen şehrinde popüler bir turistik mekandır ve hayvanların müzik yaparken tasvir edildiği bir heykel de dahil olmak üzere birçok farklı görsel sanat eseri yaratılmıştır.

Grimm Masalları
Çocuk kitapları
Mızıkacı
Fabllar
Grimm Masal karakterleri
Edebiyat karakterleri

Bremen Mızıkacıları


Emily Margaret Watson, OBE (født 14. februar 1967) er en engelsk teater-, tv- og filmskuespiller. Watson brød igennem i rollen som Bess McNeill i Lars von Triers film Breaking the Waves fra 1996, hvor hun blev nomineret til en Oscar i kategorien bedste kvindelige hovedrolle. Hun blev nomineret igen i 1998 for rollen som Jacqueline du Pré i filmen Hillary og Jackie.

Jean-Pierre Jeunet skrev oprindeligt titelrollen i Den fabelagtige Amélie fra Montmartre til hende, men hun takkede nej, dels på grund af vanskelighederne på fransk, dels fordi hun ikke ville være hjemmefra. Rollen gik derefter til Audrey Tautou i stedet.

Watson var i den nye årsliste for 2015 udnævnt officer (OBE) af Order of the British Empire.

Privatliv
Emily Watson er gift med skuespiller Jack Watson med hvem hun har en datter, født i 2005, og en søn, født i 2009.

Filmografi
 1996 – Breaking the Waves
 1997 – The Boxer
 1998 – Hilary og Jackie
 1999 – Angelas aske
 2000 – The Luzhin Defence
 2001 – Gosford Park
 2002 – Cubic
 2002 – Den røde drage
 2004 – The Life and Death of Peter Sellers
 2005 – Corpse Bride
 2006 – Miss Potter
 2008 – Synecdoche, New York
 2011 – War Horse
 2012 – Anna Karenina
 2013 – Bogtyven
 2014 – Teorien om alting
 2014 – Testament of Youth
 2015 – A Royal Night Out
 2015 – Everest
 2017 – Genius

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra England
Personer fra London
Bodilprisen for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle
Robertprisen for årets kvindelige hovedrolle
Personer tildelt Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Englændere i 1900-tallet
Englændere i 2000-tallet

Emily Watson


An Carex asraoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dinesh Mohan Verma. An Carex asraoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Assam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex asraoi


Dimitrije Sergejevski (Sankt Peterburg, 20. lipnja 1886. – Sarajevo, 10. prosinca 1965.), ruski i bosanskohercegovački arheolog i epigrafičar.

Studij je završio u Sankt Peterburgu, a nakon Prvog svjetskog rata došao je u Sarajevo, gdje se 1924. zaposlio u Zemaljskom muzeju. Godine 1930. postao je kustosom antičke zbirke, a potom i voditelj antičkoga odjela. Redoviti član Akademije nauka i umjetnosti BiH. Bavio se uglavnom klasičnom, ranokršćanskom i srednjovjekovnom arheologijom te epigrafskom građom iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Istraživao je rimske ceste na području BiH i Crne Gore te proučavao rimske rudnike željeza. Radove je uglavnom objavljivao u Glasniku Zemaljskoga muzeja BiH.

Izbor iz radova
Rimski kameni spomenici s Glamočkog i Livanjskog polja i iz Ribnika (1928.)
Mitrej iz Jajca (Das Mithräum von Jajce, 1937.)
Japodske urne (1949.)
Kasno-antički mauzolej u Turbetu (1951.)
 Rimska cesta od Epidauruma do Anderbe (1962.)
 Ludmer (1952.)

Izvori

Bosanskohercegovački arheolozi
Životopisi, Sarajevo

Dimitrije Sergejevski


The uvular ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .

Features
Features of the uvular ejective:

Occurrence
One ejective
A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all Northeast Caucasian languages, all South Caucasian languages, and some Athabaskan languages, as well as Itelmen, Quechua and Aymara.
Itelmen, where it is written ӄ': ӄ'ил'хч  to depart.
Georgian, where it is written ყ: ტყავი  skin, pelt. Unlike its velar counterpart, it does not contrast with voiced or voiceless uvular stops; the voiceless uvular stop of Old Georgian has merged with the voiceless velar fricative in modern Georgian. Some scholars view this Georgian phoneme as being rather an uvular ejective fricative .
Tahltan:  door.

Two ejectives
Most Salishan languages, the Tlingit language, and Adyghe and Kabardian (Northwest Caucasian) demonstrate a two-way contrast between labialised and plain uvular ejectives.
Klallam: wəq̕ə́q̕  frog, sq̕ʷúŋi(ʔ)  head.
Lezgian, where the two are written кь and кьв: кьакьан  tall, high, кьвех  groin.
North Straits Salish, where the two are written K and K̴ in the Saanich orthography: Saanich KEYOṮEN  slug, snail, SK̴EḰĆES  red huckleberry.
The Akhvakh language appears to have a contrast between lax and tense uvular ejectives:  soup, broth (lax) vs.  cock's comb (tense).

Three ejectives
Abkhaz contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written ҟ ҟь ҟə: аҟаҧшь  red, -ҵəҟьа  really, indeed (a verbal suffix), Аҟәа  Sukhum. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in Abaza.

Five ejectives
The plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants in Ubykh, due to its presence in the past tense suffix . But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses a pharyngealised version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five:  he said it,  small and round,  to seize,  to chew,  cavern.

See also
 List of phonetics topics

References

External links

Uvular consonants
Ejectives
Oral consonants
Central consonants

Uvular ejective stop


Paz perpétua: um esboço filosófico ou A Paz Perpétua: Um Projeto Filosófico (: Ein philosophischer Entwurf) é um livro de 1795 da autoria do filósofo prussiano Immanuel Kant.

Nele, propõe um programa para a paz que deve ser implementado pelos governos.

Estrutura

(Títulos, secções e pontos baseiam-se na edição de 1990, traduzida por Artur Romão de Kant, A Paz Perpétua e Outros Opúsculos.)

/ PRIMEIRA SECÇÃO
QUE CONTÉM OS ARTIGOS PRELIMINARES PARA A PAZ PERPÉTUA ENTRE OS ESTADOS

 «Não deve considerar-se como válido nenhum tratado de paz que se tenha feito com a reserva secreta de elementos para uma guerra futura»
 «Nenhum estado independente (grande ou pequeno, aqui tanto faz) poderá ser adquirido por outro mediante herança, troca, compra ou doação.»
 «Os exércitos permanentes (miles perpetuus) devem, com o tempo, desaparecer totalmente.»
 «Não se devem emitir dívidas públicas em relação com os assuntos de política exterior.»
 «Nenhum Estado deve imiscuir-se pela força na constituição e no governo de outro Estado.»
 «Nenhum Estado em guerra com outro deve permitir tais hostilidades que tornam impossível a confiança mútua na paz futura, como, por exemplo, o emprego no outro Estado de assassinos (percussores), envenenadores (venefici), a rotura da capitulação, a instigação à traição (perduellio), etc.»

/ SEGUNDA SECÇÃO
QUE CONTÉM OS ARTIGOS DEFINITIVOS PARA A PAZ PERPÉTUA ENTRE OS ESTADOS

/ Primeiro Artigo definitivo para a Paz Perpétua

A Constituição civil de cada Estado deve ser republicana.

/ Segundo Artigo definitivo para a Paz Perpétua

O direito das gentes deve fundar-se numa federação de Estados livres

/ Terceiro Artigo definitivo para a Paz Perpétua

O direito cosmopolita deve limitar-se às condições de hospitalidade universal.

/ SUPLEMENTO PRIMEIRO
DA GARANTIA DA PAZ PERPÉTUA

/ SUPLEMENTO SEGUNDO
ARTIGO SECRETO PARA A PAZ PERPÉTUA

/ APÊNDICE
I. SOBRE A DISCREPÂNCIA ENTRE A MORAL E A POLÍTICA  A RESPEITO DA PAZ PERPÉTUA

II. DA HARMONIA DA POLÍTICA COM A MORAL SEGUNDO O CONCEITO TRANSCENDENTAL NO DIREITO PÚBLICO

Conteúdo e Impacto

Conteúdo e relação com a Teoria da Paz Democrática
O ensaio de Kant, em alguns aspetos, assemelha-se à teoria da paz democrática moderna.

Define os estados republicanos, Republikanisch (não democráticos), como tendo governos representativos, nos quais o legislativo é separado do executivo. Kant afirma que as repúblicas estarão em paz umas com as outras, pois devem tender ao pacifismo mais do que outras formas de governo. O ensaio não trata os governos republicanos como suficientes por si próprios para produzir a paz: a hospitalidade universal (ius cosmopoliticum) e uma federação de estados livres são necessários para implementar conscientemente seu programa de seis pontos.

Contudo, Kant argumenta contra um governo mundial, pois seria sujeito à tirania. A solução preferível para a anarquia no sistema internacional era criar uma liga de estados republicanos independentes.

Impacto na Política e na Economia
A ideia geral de que governos populares e responsáveis estariam mais inclinados a promover a paz e o comércio tornou-se uma corrente do pensamento e da prática política europeia. Foi um elemento da política americana de George Canning e da política externa de Lord Palmerston. Também foi representado no internacionalismo liberal de Woodrow Wilson, George Creel e H. G. Wells. As recomendações de Kant foram claramente representadas na década de 1940 nas Nações Unidas.

Em 1909, Norman Angell confiou apenas na segunda etapa, argumentando que o comércio moderno tornava a guerra necessariamente não lucrativa, mesmo para o país tecnicamente vitorioso e, portanto, a possibilidade de uma guerra bem-sucedida era a Grande Ilusão. James Mill descreveu o colonialismo como um alívio ao ar livre para as classes altas; Joseph Schumpeter argumentou que o capitalismo tornou os Estados modernos inerentemente pacíficos e opostos à conquista e ao imperialismo, o que favoreceu economicamente as velhas elites aristocráticas.

Essa teoria foi bem desenvolvida nos últimos anos. Mansfield e Pollins, escrevendo no Journal of Conflict Resolution, resumem um grande corpo de trabalho empírico que, em sua maior parte, apóia a tese. Existem várias exceções e ressalvas que parecem limitar as circunstâncias sob as quais a interdependência econômica resulta na redução de conflitos. Por outro lado, indo além da interdependência econômica para a questão da liberdade econômica dentro dos estados, Erik Gartzke encontrou evidências empíricas de que a liberdade econômica (medida pelo libertário Fraser Institute) é cerca de cinquenta vezes mais eficaz do que a democracia na redução de conflitos violentos.

Ver também

 1795 na literatura
 Paz mundial

Livros de 1795
Ensaios de filosofia
Livros de Immanuel Kant

A Paz Perpétua: Um Projeto Filosófico


Íslam er næststærsta trúarbragð í Bretlandi, en niðurstöður frá manntalinu 2011 gefa heildaríbúafjölda sem 2.786.635, eða 4,4% af heildarfjölda Bretlands, en niðurstöður manntalsins 2021 sem gefnar hafa verið út hingað til (frá og með nóvember 2022) sýna íbúafjölda af 3.868.133 (6,5%) í Englandi og Wales, 3.801.178 á Englandi og 66.950 í Wales. Manntalið 2011 greindi frá 76.737 múslimum í Skotlandi (1,45%). Í London eru flestir múslimar í landinu. Mikill meirihluti múslima í Bretlandi aðhyllist súnní-íslam, en minni fjöldi tengist sjía-íslam. á meðan minni fjöldi er tengdur við shía-íslam.

Á miðöldum voru nokkur almenn menningarskipti milli kristna heimsins og íslamska heimsins, hins vegar voru engir múslimar á Bretlandseyjum (nokkrir krossfarar snerust í austri, eins og Róbert frá St. Albans). Á tímum Elísabetar urðu samskipti skýrari eftir því sem Tudor-hjónin gerðu bandalög gegn kaþólskum Habsborgara Spáni, þar á meðal við Marokkó og Ottómanveldið. Þegar breska heimsveldið stækkaði, einkum á Indlandi, kom Bretland til að stjórna svæðum með mörgum múslimskum íbúum; vitað er að sumir þeirra, þekktir sem lascararnir, hafa sest að í Bretlandi upp úr miðri 18. öld. Á 19. öld ýtti Victorian Orientalism við áhuga á íslam og sumir Bretar, þar á meðal aðalsmenn, snerust til íslamstrúar. Marmaduke Pickthall, enskur rithöfundur og skáldsagnahöfundur, og breytti til íslamstrúar, útvegaði fyrstu heildarþýðingu bresks múslima á Kóraninum á ensku árið 1930.

Undir stjórn breska indverska hersins barðist umtalsverður fjöldi múslima fyrir Bretland í fyrri og síðari heimsstyrjöldinni (nokkrir þeirra voru sæmdir Viktoríukrossinum, æðsta heiðursmerki Bretlands). Á áratugunum eftir síðari átökin og skiptingu Indlands árið 1947 settust margir múslimar (frá því sem í dag er Bangladesh, Indland og Pakistan) að í Bretlandi sjálfu. Enn þann dag í dag eru Breskir Asíubúar meirihluti múslima í Bretlandi hvað varðar þjóðerni, þó að það séu umtalsverð tyrknesk, arabísk og sómölsk samfélög, auk allt að 100.000 breskir breskir tiltrúar af mörgum þjóðernisuppruna. Íslam er ört vaxandi trú í Bretlandi og fylgismenn þeirra eru með lægsta meðalaldur allra helstu trúarhópa. Milli 2001 og 2009 fjölgaði múslimum næstum 10 sinnum hraðar en ekki múslimum.

Tengt efni
 Íslam
 Íslam í Evrópu
 Íslam á Íslandi
 Evrabía

Tilvísanir

Íslam í Evrópu

Íslam á Bretlandi


Bath & Body Works ist eine US-amerikanische Parfümeriekette im Besitz von Limited Brands.

Das Unternehmen wurde im Jahr 1990 von Leslie Wexner gegründet, der den ersten Laden in Boston eröffnete. Die Kette umfasste im Jahr 2012 1.587 Filialen, wovon sich die meisten in den USA befinden. Nach der Übernahme der kanadischen Gesellschaft La Senza durch Limited Brands im Jahr 2008 konnte Bath & Body Works sechs Läden in Kanada eröffnen. Danach eröffnete die Kette auch Läden in Kuwait und in anderen Staaten des Nahen Ostens.

Bath & Body Works verkauft Hygiene- und Parfümerieprodukte für Männer und Frauen. Unter den Handelsmarken "Signature Collection", "C.O. Bigelow", "Slatkin" und "True Blue Spa" werden unter anderem Lotionen, Seifen, Parfümes, Lippenstifte und ähnliche Kosmetikartikel verkauft. Daneben werden Produkte von Victoria's Secret, das sich ebenfalls im Besitz von Limited Brands befindet, angeboten.

Im August 2021 nannte sich die Muttergesellschaft Limited Brands um und nahm den Namen Bath & Body Works, Inc. an. Der Victoria's Secret Wäschebereich wurde in eine eigene Firma Victoria's Secret & Co. ausgelagert.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Einzelhandelsunternehmen (Vereinigte Staaten)
Unternehmen (Ohio)
Gegründet 1990
Reynoldsburg

Bath & Body Works


الشبكة الخصيوية  هي شبكة من النبيبات الدقيقة المتفاغرة والمتوضعة في سرة الخصية، وتنقل الشبكة النطاف من النبيبات المنوية إلى القنيات الصادرة عن الخصية.

معرض صور

مراجع

صفن

شبكة خصوية


Asseiceira adını taşıyan Portekiz'de yerleşim birimleri:

 Asseiceira - Rio Maior belediyesinde bucak.
 Asseiceira - Tomar belediyesinde bucak.

Asseiceira


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1915:

Events
 The United States Navy establishes a lighter-than-air arm, charged with the operation of airships and of kite balloons to be towed behind warships. By the end of World War I, four of its battleships and six of its destroyers will have operated balloons.
 The United States Army forms one company of the 2d Aero Squadron for service in the Philippine Islands.

January
 January 6 or 15 – The German submarine U-12 departs Zeebrugge with a Friedrichshafen FF.29 seaplane lashed to her deck in an attempt to use submarines to carry seaplanes within range of England. The seaplane is forced to take off early, reconnoiters the coast of Kent, and has to fly all the way back to Zeebrugge when bad weather makes returning to U-12 impossible. It is the only German attempt to operate an aircraft from a submarine.
 January 7 – Italy establishes the Corpo Aeronautica Militare ("Military Aviation Corps") as part of the Italian Royal Army.
 January 19–20 (overnight) – The first Zeppelin raid on the United Kingdom takes place, carried out by the Imperial German Navy dirigibles L 3, L-4, and L-6. L-6 turns back with engine trouble, but L-3 drops six 50-kg (110-lb) high-explosive and seven incendiary bombs on Great Yarmouth and L-4 bombs Sheringham, Snettisham, and King's Lynn. The raid kills four people and injures 16.
 January 24 – An airship plays a role in a naval battle for the first time, when the German Navy Zeppelin L 5, flying a routine patrol, arrives over the ongoing Battle of the Dogger Bank between British and German battlecruisers in the North Sea. Operating cautiously after taking fire from British light cruisers, L-5 finds it difficult to track the action through cloud cover and plays a minimal role in the engagement, passing limited information to the commanding German admiral, Franz von Hipper, in the late stages of the battle.
 January 25 – The Imperial German Navy suffers its first wartime loss of an airship when PL 19 is forced down on the Baltic Sea by icing and engine failure while attempting to return to base after bombing Libau, Russia. Two Imperial Russian Navy minesweepers capture her seven-man crew and set her ablaze, destroying her. No further airship operations will take place in the Baltic theater until mid-July.

February
 February 2 – The only Imperial Russian Navy seaplane carrier to see service in the Baltic Sea during World War I, Orlitza, is commissioned.
 February 15 – Russian Sikorsky Ilya Muromets bombers attack the Vistula-Dobrzhani area of Poland, the first bombing raid by the Ilya Muromets.
 February 17 – Only four weeks after they became the first two airships to bomb the United Kingdom, the Imperial German Navy Zeppelins L-3 and L-4 are wrecked in Denmark while attempting to search for British ships off Norway. L-3s crew burns her before being interned by Danish authorities. L-4 is blown out over the North Sea after touching down in Denmark and disappears with four men still on board; the Danes intern the rest of her crew.
 February 26 – The second German attempt to bomb the United Kingdom fails when strong headwinds force the German Navy Zeppelin L-8, sent out to attack alone, to give up her attempt and land at an Imperial German Army camp in German-occupied Belgium.

March
 The Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet begins seaplane carrier raids against the Bosporus and the Ottoman Empires European Black Sea coast. The raids, which continue until May, are historys first in which battleships play a subsidiary role while operating with aviation ships, foreshadowing the aircraft carrier-battleship task forces of World War II.
 March 3 – In the United States, an Act of Congress creates the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), a United States Government agency charged with undertaking, promoting, and institutionalizing aeronautical research. NACA will operate until October 1, 1958, when the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will replace it.
 March 4 – The third German attempt to bomb the United Kingdom fails when the naval Zeppelin L-8, sent to attack alone, encounters a gale over the North Sea and is blown out of control over Nieuwpoort, Belgium, where Belgian antiaircraft gunners shoot her down.
 March 7 – The first British tactical bombing raids are made in support of ground troops in Menin and Courtai.
 March 11 – The Royal Navy charters the cargo ship SS Manica for conversion into the first British balloon ship, HMS Manica. The Royal Navy will be the only navy during World War I to operate balloon ships, specialized ships designed to handle observation balloons as their sole function.
 March 14 – Pioneering American pilot Lincoln J. Beachey dies when his Beachey-Eaton Monoplane suffers a structural failure while he is flying inverted before a crowd of 250,000 at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition and crashes into San Francisco Bay.
 March 17 – The Imperial German Army attempts its first airship raid against the United Kingdom with the Zeppelin Z XII. Unable to find targets through cloud cover, Z XII drops no bombs, but over Calais, France, on the way home makes the first use of a manned observation car lowered by winch below the Zeppelin to allow observation while the airship remains safely above cloud cover. The German Navy later also experiments with such cars and later makes them standard equipment aboard German naval airships.
 March 18 – Imperial Russian Air Service Stabskapitän Alexander Kazakov uses a grapnel to hook his aircraft to a German Albatros two-seater aircraft in mid-air, hoping to destroy the Albatros by detonating a small bomb fixed to the grapnel. When his grapnel mechanism jams as he unreels it, he instead downs the Albatros by ramming it with his undercarriage.
 March 24 – Five Royal Naval Air Service Avro 504s of No. 1 Squadron bomb the German submarine depot at Hoboken in Antwerp, Belgium, starting a fire in the shipyard that destroys two German submarines.

April
 April 1
In a Morane-Saulnier L, future French ace Jean Navarre and his observer/gunner, Sub-Lieutenant Jean Robert, attack a German Aviatik B.I over Merval, France. Robert uses a carbine to damage it and wound its pilot, forcing it to land behind French lines and surrender. It is Navarres first victory.
 Later in the day, French pilot Lieutenant Roland Garros scores the first kill achieved by firing a machine gun through a tractor propeller when he shoots down a German Albatros observation plane. With no synchronization gear yet available for his machine gun, he uses metal deflector wedges installed on the propeller of his Morane Saulnier L fighter to keep the machine gun from shooting his own propeller blades off. It is also his first kill. He will score two more victories this way, on April 15 and April 18.
 April 3 – French pilot Adolphe Pégoud scores his fifth aerial victory, becoming historys first ace.
 April 14–15 (overnight) – Germany bombs the United Kingdom for the second time when the German Navy Zeppelin L 9 bombs the Tyneside area of England, either killing or injuring a woman and a small boy.
 April 15–16 (overnight) – The German Navy Zeppelins L 5, L 6, and L 7 – the latter carrying Peter Strasser, the commander of the German Naval Airship Division, as an observer – bomb England. Although they meet little resistance other than rifle fire, their bombs inflict little damage.
 April 16 – The United States Navy conducts the first catapult launch of an aircraft from a floating platform, launching an airplane from Navy Coal Barge No. 214 at Naval Air Station Pensacola at Pensacola, Florida.
 April 18
 German forces shoot down and capture Roland Garros.
 Flying a B.E.2c, Royal Flying Corps pilot Lanoe Hawker attacks the German Zeppelin sheds at Gontrode, Belgium, destroying a brand-new shed and shooting down a nearby Drachen observation balloon. He will be awarded the Distinguished Service Order for the action. The Germans soon cease to use Gontrode as an airship base.
 April 19 – During the Gallipoli campaign, the Royal Navy balloon ship Manica lofts her observation balloon operationally for the first time in the first operational use of a balloon ship during World War I. The observer in her balloon directs fire against Ottoman positions for the armored cruiser Bacchante. Manicas work during the campaign impresses the British Admiralty enough for it to order additional balloon ships
 April 20 – Flying a reconnaissance mission along the border with Mexico in a Martin T biplane, First Lieutenant Byron Q. Jones (pilot) and Lieutenant Thomas D. Milling (observer) become the first United States Army aviators to come under enemy fire during a flight when Mexican forces open fire on them with small arms and at least one machine gun while they are over the Rio Grande at Brownsville, Texas. Their plane is hit, but they are uninjured. It is considered the first combat air sortie in U.S. Army history.
 April 26 – Second Lieutenant William Rhodes-Moorhouse of the Royal Flying Corpss No. 2 Squadron is mortally wounded while carrying out a bombing attack on a railway junction at Kortrijk, Belgium; he dies the next day. For the action, he posthumously will become the first airman of any sort while flying against the enemy to receive the Victoria Cross.

May
 The British War Office issues instructions specifying the aircraft and armament Royal Flying Corps squadrons are to have ready for defense of the United Kingdom against German airships. One aircraft is to be kept ready for immediate takeoff at all times, with the Martinsyde Scout preferred over other aircraft. The instruction also lists a specific mix and numbers of weapons the aircraft are to carry, including bombs, grenades, and incendiary darts.
 May 3
 On patrol over the North Sea, the German Navy Zeppelin L 9, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Mathy, encounters four British submarines on the surface and attacks them while  fires at her and the other three dive; L 9 tries to bomb E5 as E5 dives, but does no damage. L 9 later catches  on the surface and attacks with bombs, but E4 dives and survives as well. L 9  later sights another surfaced submarine and moves in to attack while the submarine fires at her, but the submarine dives before L 9 can attack.
 The oldest continually operational Royal Air Force station, RAF Northolt (on the edge of London), opens as the home to the Royal Flying Corps' No. 4 Reserve Aeroplane Squadron.
 May 10–11 (overnight) – The Imperial German Army Zeppelin LZ 38 attempts to bomb Southend-on-Sea on Englands Thames Estuary, but is driven off by unexpected gunfire. LZ 38s commander, Hauptmann Erich Linnarz, allegedly scrawls a threat to return on a calling card from his wallet and drops it in a weighted canister which the British find on Canvey Island.
 May 11 – An early attempt to intercept an airship with a shipborne aircraft takes place in the North Sea when the Royal Navy seaplane tender  tries to launch a Royal Naval Air Service Sopwith seaplane to attack a German Zeppelin sighted low on the horizon at a range of . The attempt fails when the launching platform collapses, and the unmolested Zeppelin goes on to bomb four surfaced British submarines – without damaging them.
 May 16–17 (overnight) – Two Royal Naval Air Service Avro 504s intercept the Imperial German Navy Zeppelins LZ 38 and LZ 39, badly damaging LZ39 with four 20-lb (9-kg) bombs dropped on its envelope from above.
 May 23 – Italy enters World War I on the side of the Allies, declaring war on Austria-Hungary.
 May 24 – Italy's only dirigible, Città de Ferrara, bombs Pola, beginning Italy's bombing campaign against Austria-Hungary.
 May 26 – Oberleutnant Kästner and Lt Georg Langhoff score the first German air-to-air victory of World War I.
 May 31-June 1 (overnight) – The Imperial German Navy Zeppelin LZ 38 carries out the first air raid on London, killing seven people and injuring 14.

June
 While scouting to protect German minesweepers in the North Sea, the German Navy Zeppelin L 5 encounters a force of Royal Navy light cruisers and destroyers while at low altitude. The light cruiser HMS Arethusa quickly launches a Sopwith seaplane which is closing rapidly on L 5 when its pilot mistakes smoke from British destroyers as a recall signal and abandons the chase, ending one of the most promising early opportunities for the interception of an airship by a shipborne aircraft.
 June 1 – The United States Department of the Navy awards its first contract for an airship – the DN-1-Class Blimp – to the Connecticut Aircraft Company.
 June 7 – The German Army Zeppelin LZ 37 becomes the first airship destroyed in air-to-air combat when Flight Sub-Lieutenant Reginald Warneford of the Royal Naval Air Services No. 1 Squadron, flying a Morane-Saulnier L, destroys her with air-to-air bombing over Ghent, Belgium. LZ 37 crashes in Sint-Amandsberg, Belgium, killing one person on the ground and all but one of the crew. Within 36 hours, Warneford is the second-ever Commonwealth pilot, following William Rhodes-Moorhouse two months earlier, to receive the Victoria Cross for the action.
 June 15 – French airplanes raid Baden and Karlsruhe, Germany.
 June 17 – Shortly after a ceremony in Paris in which he receives the French Légion d'honneur for shooting down the Zeppelin LZ 37 on June 7, Royal Naval Air Service Flight Sub-Lieutenant Reginald Warneford dies along with American journalist Henry Beach Newman in the crash of a new Farman biplane during takeoff from Buc, France.
 June 23 – The Royal Flying Corps decrees that all aircraft with covered fuselages use the tricolor roundel on the sides of their fuselages. Previously, the roundel was used only on the wings.

July

 July 1
German Leutnant Kurt Wintgens, flying the Idflieg-serialed E.5/15 Fokker M.5K/MG production prototype of the Fokker Eindecker fighter (one of five built) armed with a Parabellum MG14 gun, achieves the first aerial victory using a synchronization gear which allows a machine gun to shoot through a turning propeller without hitting its blades, downing a Morane-Saulnier L two-seat "parasol" observation aircraft over the Western Front. His victory begins the period that will become known as the "Fokker Scourge," in which German Fokker Eindeckers will take a heavy toll of Allied aircraft over the Western Front. Wintgens would down two more Morane Type L two-seaters, one each on July 4 and 15, with the July 15th victory being his first confirmed victory, all achieved with E.5/15.
The French Navy seaplane carrier Pas-de-Calais is commissioned. She is the first paddle steamer to serve as an aviation vessel.
The United States Department of the Navy establishes an Office of Naval Aeronautics, the first formal recognition of naval aviation within the United States Navy bureaucracy.
 July 4 – A force of six German Navy airships (five Zeppelins and a Schütte-Lanz) sets out to attack a Royal Navy force of light cruisers, destroyers, and the seaplane tender HMS Engadine operating in the German Bight to conduct an aerial reconnaissance of the Ems estuary and Borkum and intercept reacting German airships. The British reconnaissance achieves nothing, British seaplanes are unable to launch in heavy seas to pursue the airships, the airships do no damage to the British ships, and although British ships fire on some of the airships, they fail to shoot any down.
 July 6 – The German ace Leutnant Oswald Boelcke claims his first victory, a Blériot Parasol, while flying an Albatros C.I two-seater with Leutnant von Wühlisch as the observer and gunner.
 July 19 – Flying a Morane-Saulnier L monoplane named Vieux Charles, the French ace Georges Guynemer scores the first of his 54 victories, shooting down a German Aviatik.

 July 25 – Following his bombing raid exploits on the Gontrode zeppelin base some three months earlier, while flying a Lewis machine gun-armed Bristol Scout C, military s/n 1611, Royal Flying Corps Captain Lanoe Hawker shoots down three German aircraft while on patrol over Passchendaele, Belgium. For this achievement, he will become the first single-seat scout/fighter pilot to be awarded the Victoria Cross for combat against enemy airplanes.

August
 Future Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini rides in an airplane for the first time. He will begin flying lessons in July 1919 and qualify as a pilot in May 1921.
 August 1 -– Leutnant Max Immelmann shoots down his first aircraft with the lMG 08-armed production Fokker E.I, E.13/15, beginning his career as an ace.
 August 2 – Building upon 1913 flying-off experiments aboard , an aircraft takes off from a platform aboard a fully operational British aviation ship for the first time, when a Sopwith Baby equipped with wheeled floats takes off from .
 August 6–9 – Plagued by weather and communications problems, German Navy airships prove unable to provide effective reconnaissance support to a minelaying sortie by the German auxiliary cruiser SMS Meteor, which scuttles herself when she is intercepted by British light cruisers and destroyers.
 August 10–11 (overnight) – Led personally by the chief of the Naval Airship Division, Peter Strasser, five German Navy Zeppelins raid England. L 9 bombs Goole, destroying some houses and warehouses and killing 16 people. The other four attempt to bomb London, but fail to reach the city, and instead bomb Eastchurch Naval Air Station, Dover (where three men are injured), and parts of the Thames Estuary. Damaged by a British 3-inch (76.2-mm) antiaircraft gun L 12 comes down in the North Sea on the way home and is towed into Ostend, Belgium, by a German torpedo boat.
 August 12 – Flying a Short Type 184 from HMS Ben-my-Chree. Royal Naval Air Service Flight Commander Charles Edmonds becomes the first pilot to attack a ship with an air-launched torpedo, torpedoing a 5,000-gross-register-ton Turkish supply ship during the Dardanelles Campaign.
 August 12–13 (overnight) – Four German Navy airships attempt to bomb England. Two turn back short of England, while L 10 bombs Harwich, destroying two houses, and L 12 finds no targets and barely makes it home after encountering violent thunderstorms over the North Sea.
 August 17–18 (overnight) – Four German Navy airships attempt to bomb London. Two turn back with engine trouble, and L 11 mistakenly bombs open fields near Ashford and Faversham. L 10, however, becomes the first German Navy airship ever to reach London, but thinking she is over central London she mistakenly bombs Leyton, hitting the railroad station and a number of houses, killing 10 people and injuring 48.
 August 19 – Flying a Fokker M.5K/MG bearing IdFlieg serial number E.3/15, fitted with a gun synchronizer and Parabellum MG 14 machine gun, Leutnant Oswald Boelcke shoots down his first aircraft.
 August 20 – The first sustained aerial bombing offensive is made by Italian Caproni Ca.2s against Austria-Hungary. The Ca.2 becomes the first Italian bomber to strike enemy positions during World War I.
 August 31 – The first French ace, Adolphe Pegoud, is killed in combat. He had scored six victories.

September
 September 3–4 (overnight) – Four Imperial German Navy airships attempt to bomb England. One of them, L 10, is struck by lightning and crashes in flames in the North Sea near Neuwerk, Germany, with the loss of her entire 20-man crew.
 September 7 – A force of Royal Navy ships in the North Sea bombarding Imperial German Army positions at Ostend, Belgium, comes under attack by German aircraft, which bomb the scout cruiser . Attentive suffers two killed and seven wounded, and the Royal Navy force disperses briefly before returning to resume its bombardment.
 September 7–8 (overnight) – Two Imperial German Army airships raid England. One, the Schütte-Lanz SL-2, bombs Millwall, Deptford, Greenwich, and Woolwich docks, but crash-lands in Germany short of her base after suffering engine failure on the way home. The other, the Zeppelin LZ 74, drops most of her 2,000-kg (4,409-lb) bombload on greenhouses in Cheshunt before dropping her lone remaining incendiary bomb onto a shop on Fenchurch Street in London.
 September 8–9 (overnight) – Four German Navy Zeppelins attempt to bomb England. Two suffer engine trouble, while L 9, attacks a benzole plant at Skinningrove, Yorkshire, but her bombs fail to penetrate the roof of the benzol house or of a neighboring TNT store, and there are no casualties. L 13, however, bombs London – including the dropping of a 300-kg (661-lb) bomb, the largest yet dropped on Britain – killing 22 people and inflicting the most damage – valued at £530,787 – in a single airship or airplane bombing raid throughout all of World War I. Her commander, Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Mathy, becomes a great hero in Germany.
 September 12
Flying a Nieuport 10 named le Demon ("The Demon"), Jan Olieslagers forces a German Aviatik C.I down, becoming the first Belgian pilot to score an aerial victory.
Fearing large-scale British retaliatory raids for German airship raids against London and resentful of German Navy publicity about the achievements of naval airships in bombing the city, Chief of the German General Staff General Erich von Falkenhayn issues a statement pointing out that German Army airships are restricted to bombing Londons docks and harbor works and are prohibited from attacking the central City of London.
 September 14 – Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff, Chief of the German Naval Staff, restricts German naval airships bombing London to targets along the banks of the River Thames and directs them as far as possible to avoid bombing the poorer, working-class northern quarter of the city.

October
 October 13–14 (overnight) – After a five-week hiatus, German airships resume raids against the United Kingdom, as five German Navy Zeppelins attempt to bomb London. L 15 bombs central London, during which Royal Flying Corps pilot John Slessor, flying a B.E.2c, intercepts her, becoming the first man to intercept an enemy aircraft over the United Kingdom, although he is unable to fire on L 15. The other four Zeppelins scatter their bombs over various towns and the countryside. The raid is one of the deadliest of World War I, killing 71 people and injuring 128.
 October 14 – Bulgaria enters World War I on the side of the Central Powers. During October, the Imperial Russian Navys Black Sea Fleet raids Varna, Bulgaria, employing a seaplane carrier-battleship force.
 October 15 – Orville Wright sells the Wright Company – which he had founded in 1909 with his late brother Wilbur Wright – to a group of New York investors.
 October 18 – The Third Battle of the Isonzo begins. It will last until 3 November, and during the battle Italian aircraft will make their first contribution to Italy's ground war."

November
 November 1 – The Royal Naval Air Service adopts the same roundel as used by the Royal Flying Corps and discontinues the use of the Union Jack on fuselage sides.
 November 3 – Royal Naval Air Service Flight Sub-Lieutenant Fowler makes the first British take-off of an aircraft with a conventional, wheeled undercarriage from a ship when he flies a Bristol Scout from .
 November 6 – The United States Navy armored cruiser USS North Carolina becomes the first warship to launch an aircraft by catapult, launching a Curtiss AB-2 flying boat piloted by Lieutenant Commander Henry C. Mustin over her stern.
 November 13 – Flying a BE.2c, Royal Naval Air Service Flight Commander J. R. W. Smyth-Pigott makes a daring night bombing attack on a bridge of the Berlin-Constantinople railway over the Maritsa River at Kuleli Burgas in the Ottoman Empire from an altitude of . Although the bridge survives, he receives the Distinguished Service Order for gallantry.
 November 19 – Royal Naval Air Service pilots Squadron Commander Richard Bell-Davies and Flight Sub-Lieutenant Gilbert Smylie are flying a bombing raid against a railway junction in Bulgaria when ground fire shoots down Smylie's Farman bomber. In history's first combat rescue mission by an aircraft, Bell-Davies lands his single-seater Nieuport 10, crams Smylie into it while Bulgarian infantrymen close in, and takes off, flying safely back to base. Bell-Davies receives the Victoria Cross for his actions.

December
 Gaston Caudron of the Caudron company is killed in the crash of a Caudron R.4.
 British officials become interested in procuring explosive and incendiary ammunition for use by aircraft against German airships. It will be issued to Royal Flying Corps home air defense squadrons in the summer of 1916.
 Imperial Japanese Army aviation gains a degree of independence for the first time when it is organized as the Air Battalion of the Army Transport Command.
 December 1 - The United States Armys 2d Aero Squadron is formed.
 December 12 - German Leutnant Theodor Mallinckrodt makes the initial "hop" of the world's first practical all-metal aircraft, the Junkers J 1.

First flights
Nieuport 11
Nieuport 12
 Siemens-Schuckert B
 Spring – Grigorovich M-5
 Late 1915
Halberstadt D.II
Siemens-Schuckert E.I
Siemens-Schuckert R.III

January
 Airco DH.1
 January 30 – Gotha FU (for Friedel-Ursinus), prototype of the Gotha G.I

March
 March 8 – White & Thompson Bognor Bloater - 1171

April
 April 11 – Zeppelin-Staaken V.G.O.I

May
May 21 – SPAD S.A-2
May 24 – Siemens-Schuckert G.I, later redesignated Siemens-Schuckert R.I

June
 June 1 – Airco DH.2
 June 4 — Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.1

August
 August 14 – Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9

October
 October 26 – Siemens-Schuckert R.II

September
Nieuport 14

December
 Sopwith 1½ Strutter
 December 12 – Junkers J 1, the first practical all-metal aircraft
 December 15 – Anatra D
 December 17 – Handley Page O/400, with Rolls-Royce Eagle engines, the first flight of an aero engine built by Rolls-Royce Limited

Entered service
 Aviatik B.II with the German Luftstreitkräfte
 Farman F.40 with the Aéronautique Militaire, the aviation arm of the French Army
 Siemens-Schuckert B with the German Luftstreitkräfte

February
February 5 - Vickers F.B.5 Gunbus with No. 5 Squadron RFC

April
Avro 508
Morane-Saulnier Type N

June
Fokker Eindecker

September
 Royal Aircraft Factory FE.2 with No. 6 Squadron RFC

October
 October 13 – Siemens-Schuckert R.I with the German Luftstreitkräfte

November
 November 20 – Siemens-Schuckert R.II with the German Luftstreitkräfte

December
 December 30 – Siemens-Schuckert R.III with the German Luftstreitkräfte

Retirements

November
 Nieuport-Macchi Parasol

References

Aviation
Aviation by year

1915 in aviation


ජාතික රාජ්‍ය යනු, නිශ්චිත දේශසීමාවක් තුළ විසූ, එක ම බසක් තෙපළූ, එක ම සංස්කෘතියකට අයත් ගෝත්‍ර කිහිපයක් ඇතැම් රජවරුන්ගේ පුරෝගාමීත්‍වයෙන් එක්සත් කිරීම තුළින් බිහිකරගත් රාජ්‍යයන් වේ.
වැඩවසම් යුගයේ එක් එක් ප්‍රාදේශීය පාලකයන් යටතේ බලය විකේන්‍ද්‍රව පැවැතිණි. එනිසා තමා ජීවත්වන ප්‍රදේශයේ හෝ නගරයේ වැසියන් ලෙස සිතූ මිස එකමුතු ජාතියක් ලෙස හැඟීමක් නොවිණි. එනමුදු දොළොස්වන සියවසේ පමණ සිට විවිධ ක්‍ෂේත්‍රවල ඇතිවූ වෙනස්කම්වලට අනුරූපව දේශපාලන ක්‍ෂේත්‍රයේ වූ පෙරළිය ජාතික රාජ්‍ය හෙවත් නව රාජාණ්ඩු ක්‍රමය යි.
ඒ අනුව, පෙර තිබූ විවාහ සම්බන්ධතා, යුඬ, උරුමය ආදී නොයෙකුත් උපක්‍රම අනුගමනය කරමින් එක් පාලකයෙකු යටතේ එක්සත් කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියක් දක්නට ලැබිණි.

ලක්‍ෂණ
 රජු වෙත බලය සංකේන්‍ද්‍රනයවී පැවතීම.
 රජවරුන්ගේ උපදේශකයන් හා රාජ්‍ය සේවකයන් සම්බන්‍ධයෙන් ඇතිවූ වර්ධනය.
 නව සමාජ පන්ති බිහිවීම.
 රජුට ස්ථිර යුද්ධ හමුදාවක් සිටීම.
 ක්‍රිස්තු සභාවේ ආධිපත්‍යය බිඳවැටීම.
 ස්වයංපෝෂිත භාවය ඇතිවීම.

යුරෝපය

යුරෝපයේ ජාතික රාජ්‍ය


Sholom Dovber Schneersohn () was the fifth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. He is known as "the Rebbe Rashab" (for Reb Sholom Ber). His teachings represent the emergence of an emphasis on outreach that later Chabad Rebbes developed into a major theme.

Life

Early life
Schneersohn was born in Lubavitch, on 20 Cheshvan 5621 (24 October, 1860), the second son of Shmuel Schneersohn, the fourth Chabad Rebbe. In 1882, when his father died, he was not quite 22 years old, and his brother Reb Zalman Aharon was not much older. A period followed, during which both brothers fulfilled some of the tasks of a rebbe, but neither felt ready to take on the title and responsibilities. Over this period he gradually took on more responsibilities, particularly in dealing with the impact of the May Laws regarding the Jews, and on Rosh Hashanah 5643 (10 September 1892 OS) he accepted the leadership of the Lubavitch movement.

Schneersohn married his cousin, Shterna Sara Schneersohn. She was the daughter of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn of Avorutch, a son of the Tzemach Tzedek. They had one son whom they named Yosef Yitzchok after Shterna Sara's father. Yosef Yitzchok later succeeded his father as Rebbe.

In Central Europe
In 1903, Schneersohn spent two months in Vienna, where he met Sigmund Freud for consultation. Freud referred him to Wilhelm Steckel, who employed electrotherapy. He told Steckel that from 6 until his marriage at age 13, he was sexually molested by one of his attendants. The trauma engendered a severe neurosis, causing the paralysis of Schneersohn's left hand. The treatment had some success, restoring some feeling to the hand, but the rabbi could not stay in Vienna for longer than two months. When Schneersohn returned home, he attempted to continue his treatment with a small machine that he had purchased in Vienna, but experienced no further improvement and eventually gave up.

Later life
In 1916, as the fighting in World War I neared Lubavitch, Schneersohn was deported to Rostov-on-Don. As Bolshevik forces approached Rostov he considered moving to Israel, which was part of the Ottoman Empire at the time, and prepared all the necessary paperwork; his only extant picture comes from his Turkish visa since he usually refused to be photographed. But eventually, he decided to stay in Rostov, where he died on 21 March 1920 (2 Nisan 5680).

During the construction of the "Rostov Palace of Sport" on top of the Old Jewish Cemetery in 1940, his remains were secretly moved by a religious group of Chassidim to a different burial site where they are located to this day in the "Rostov Jewish Cemetery." His grave is visited daily by followers of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, who come from all over the world.

Leadership

Schneersohn established the first Chabad yeshiva, Tomchei Temimim, in 1897. In 1911 he established another yeshivah, Toras Emes, in Israel, and in 1916 he established a yeshivah in Georgia. Avrum Erlich has argued that it was these institutions that made Lubavitch the dominant of the various Chabad Hasidic movements.

He maintained a lengthy correspondence, not only with Chabad Chasidim in other countries, but also with non-Chabad chasidim and members of other groups who wrote to him for advice. He also met with other Jewish and Hasidic leaders, working with them on issues such as education, unity, policy, and strategy. He was held in high esteem by the Chofetz Chaim, so much so that the Chofetz Chaim declared of him, "the words of the [Lubavitcher] Rebbe are holy, and anyone who argues [or] disagrees with him [should know that] it is as if he is disagreeing with Moses."

Schneersohn promoted Jewish agricultural settlement, and the creation of employment for Jews, particularly those displaced by the May Laws.

He was a prominent opponent of Zionism, both in its secular and religious versions and a staunch ally of Reb Chaim Brisker. In 1903 he published Kuntres Uma'ayan, which contained a strong polemic against Zionism. He was deeply concerned that secular nationalism would replace Judaism as the foundation of Jewish identity. Together with Reb Chaim he joined and supported Machazikei Hadas - a union of Eastern European haredim and the forerunner of the Agudah - but in 1912, when the Agudah was formed in Katowice, Reb Chaim raised 18 objections to its constitution, and Schneersohn kept Lubavitch out of the Agudah.

After the February Revolution, elections were called for Jewish city councils and a General Jewish Assembly. Schneersohn worked tirelessly to organize a religious front with a center and a special office to deal with it all. For this reason, he called a unique conference of all the Torah giants throughout Russia. This conference was held in 1917 in Moscow, and was preceded by a meeting of the leading Rabbis, to decide the matters to be discussed there. This smaller meeting was held in Petrograd. However, because the participants in this meeting were few and in a hurry to return home, the Moscow conference failed to yield proper results. Thus, it was necessary to convene once again in Kharkiv in 1918, to discuss the elections for the General Jewish Assembly.

His worries about the Mountain Jews led him to send a famous Mashpia, Rabbi Shmuel Levitin of Rakshik, to the Caucasus to set up institutions to bring them closer to Orthodox observance, setting a precedent for his two successors, who conducted similar activities.

Distinguished disciples of Schneersohn include R. Levi Yitzchak Schneerson, R. Itche Der Masmid, and R. Zalman Moishe HaYitzchaki. The Malach.

Published works
Schneersohn was a prolific writer on Chabad theology. Much of his work has been published in Hebrew, and some of it has been translated into English and is available online.
 Sefer HaMa'amarim - a 31-volume set of Chasidic discourses, according to the years set. The most important of these include two three-year-long cycle of discourses beginning "Yom Tov Shel Rosh Hashanah 5666" ("Samech-Vov") and "B'shaah Shehikdimu 5672 (Ayin-Beis)". They serve today as major in-depth encyclopedic introductory works into "oral" Chabad Chassidism (as opposed to the "written" one, i.e., Tanya) studied in Chabad yeshivas.
 Igros Kodesh - six volume set of letters
 Toras Sholom - compilation of public addresses
 Kuntres Uma'ayan - basic Chasidic text on self-transformation (as opposed to self-nullification as taught in Musar philosophy) and battling evil desires in an intellectual, Kabbalah-based way
 Kuntres HaTefillah - explanation of Chabad Chasidic prayer
 Kuntres HoAvodah - even more in-depth analysis of Chabad Chasidic prayer
 Maamar Veyadaata - To know G-d, explanation of the unity of G-d with the created Universe and how to reach the understanding and appreciation of it
 Maamar Heichaltzu - On Ahavas Yisroel, mystical aspects, sources and reasons for a love to a fellow Jew (and explanation of how exactly the dictum of loving one's fellow as oneself is the basis of all the Torah, including seemingly not related areas of it)
 Kuntres Eitz HaChayim - The Tree of Life—essay on the importance of learning (how learning of Judaism can transform a Jew's life and personality and change his perception on his purpose in life), order of learning (for Chabad yeshivah students), and focus of Jewish learning.
 Chanoch Lana'ar - The Ethical Will
 "Hagaos" Scholarly glosses on Tanya, The Siddur, Torah Ohr and Likkutei Torah
 Issa B'Midrash Tehillim - Bar Mitzvah Maamar—mystical aspects of the commandment of tefillin; a Chasidic discourse usually recited by a Chabad boy at his bar mitzvah
 Some of his published works in Hebrew

Publication gallery

Citations

External links
 An ongoing translation of Hemshech Samech Vav - one of the most foundational works of the "Schneersohn"
 Life timeline and published works
 A brief biography of Rabbi Sholom Dovber, the "Schneersohn"
 Schneersohn with Sigmund Freud
 The visual Culture of Chabad

1860 births
1920 deaths
People from Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast
People from Orshansky Uyezd
Schneersohn family
Rebbes of Lubavitch
Russian Hasidic rabbis
Kabbalists
Philosophers of Judaism
Hasidic rabbis in Europe
Anti-Zionist Hasidic rabbis
Hasidic writers

Sholom Dovber Schneersohn


An Genyorchis pumila in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Olof Swartz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Genyorchis pumila in nahilalakip ha genus nga Genyorchis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Genyorchis

Genyorchis pumila


Horace Gură-de-Ham (engleză Horace Horsecollar) este un personaj de desene animate creat în 1929 de către Ub Iwerks and Walt Disney. El este un cal antropomorfizat înalt și negru și unul dintre prietenii lui Mickey Mouse. Caracterizat ca fiind un știe-tot bine dispus, Horace îi era de ajutor lui Mickey în expedițiie sale în benzile desenate, cel puțin înainte ca Goofy să-și asume acel rol. De cele mai multe ori acesta apare ca un animal uman, deși o fază comună în vechile sale apariții era abilitatea de a se schimba la nevoie dintr-un cal normal într-un personaj mult mai omenesc.

Debutul oficial al lui Horace a fost drept un cal de arat în The Plow Boy (1929). Tot în acel an apare și în desenul The Jazz Fool, după care devine un membru regulat al personajelor de suport Disney (pe lângă Vaca Clarabelle, Clara Cluck și alte personaje minore). Mai recent Horace poate fii văzut în Fabrica de râs a lui Mickey (Mickey Mouse Works), Casa lui Mickey Mouse (Disney's House of Mouse), noile desene Mickey Mouse și Mickey și piloții de curse (Mickey and the Roadster Racers).

Istorie
Personajul a apărut frecvent din 1930 până în 1932 după care nu foarte des, astfel în 1942 făcându-și ultima apariție oficială clasică. Cel mai mare rol al lui Horace a fost în desenul Camping Out din 1934, unde a fost starul poveștii.

În cea mai veche incarnație a sa, Horace a fost arătat ca calul de arat cu patru picioare a lui Mickey. Putea totuși să meargă în două labe pe picioarele din spate, timp în care cele din față îi deveneau mâini cu mănuși (uneori chiar se întorcea imediat la poziția sa de cal obișnuit). Horace a jucat mai mult părți mici ca personaj în aproximativ 30 de scurt-metraje animate în care a fost văzut. Ca și Goofy în primele sale apariții, corpul lui Horace părea a fi făcut din tubulatură din cauciuc.

Ca și multe personaje create de Disney, el a avut parte de apariții scurte în Colindul lui Mickey (Mickey's Christmas Carol) (1983) și Cine vrea pielea lui Roger Rabbit? (Who Framed Roger Rabbit?) (1988). Dar are un rol mai mare ca fiind tutorele Prințului (clona regală a lui Mickey din acel episod) în Prinț și cerșetor (The Prince and the Pauper) (1990).

Mai târziu vocea îi este jucată de Bill Farmer (responsabil de asemenea pentru vocile lui Goofy și Pluto). În Casa lui Mickey Mouse (Disney's House of Mouse), Horace capătă un rol minuscul în câteva episoade ca fiind tehcicianul clubului, rulând episoade de animație pentru audiență și în general alimentând mașinăria. Farmer i-a stabilit vocea pe loc în timpul înregistrărilor de la Prinț și cerșetor atunci când regizorul l-a surprins cu cererea. Solicitându-i-se ceva "aristrocratic și snob", el a mărturisit că a făcut un amestec între Ben Stein și Jim Bacchus.

După ce a părăsit studioul Disney în 1930, Ub Iwerks a conceput un personaj similar cu Horace, pe nume Orace, pentru propriul său studio în desenele cu Broscoiul Flip (Flip the Frog).

În anii 90, Horace a fost propus pentru propriul său serial creat pentru programul The Disney Afternoon, cu numele Maximum Horsepower. Acesta intenționa să explice dispariția sa din scurt-metraje în urma anilor 30, iar conceptul era acela că în 1939 Horace s-a săturat să mai aibă părți așa mici în desene, iar după ce află că Mickey va juca în Fantasia, îi cere lui Walt să joace și el în film. În drumul său către biroul lui Walt, însă, este răpit de niște extratereștrii ce îl plimbă dincolo de galaxie deoarece aceștia erau într-o disperare de a găsi un erou, iar Horace era crezut a fi acela, deși el voia să se întoarcă înapoi pe Pământ la vechia slujbă. Acest serial, însă, nu a fost lansat niciodată.

Horace mai apare în cele mai recente episoade din Mickey și piloții de curse (Mickey and the Roadster Racers) când deși este un locuitor al Hot Dog Hills, el este văzut în numeroase costume și aler-ego-uri.

Bineînțeles că personajul și-a făcut apariția ca mascotă în numeroase parcuri și resorturi Disney, de obicei alături de Vaca Clarabelle. Iar debutul său, de pildă, a fost la Disneyland în Anaheim, California, făcând parte din programul Character Fan Days Weekend.

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Personaje de desen animat
Desene animate
Personaje Disney
Personaje fictive
Mickey Mouse

Horace Gură-de-Ham


En detektiv i provinsen er en dansk fiktions- og dokumentarserie i tre afsnit fra 2012 instrueret af Christoffer Dreyer.

Seriens instruktør Christoffer Dreyer er selv hovedpersonen i denne historie om byen Gedser. Han kommer til byen med ideen om at åbne et detektivbureau, for at se hvad der gemmer sig bag facaderne. Gedser er valgt som et typisk eksempel på en dansk udkantsby, som vi normalt bare kører igennem. Hans egen forestilling om hvad der foregår blander sig helt naturligt ind i Gedsers virkelige liv. Denne blanding af fiktion og realisme er forsøget på, at give et andet billede af en by og dens beboere.

Afsnit

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske tv-serier fra 2010'erne

Dokumentarserier fra Danmark

En detektiv i provinsen


An Mnesithea laevis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Anders Jahan Retzius, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Mnesithea laevis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mnesithea, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Nag-uusahan nga subspecies: M. l. chenii.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Mnesithea

Mnesithea laevis