El Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Cuba (PDC-Cuba) es un partido político afiliado a la Internacional Demócrata de Centro (IDC), a la Organización Demócrata Cristiana de América (ODCA) y a la Unión de Partidos Latinoamericanos (UPLA).

Historia
Sus orígenes se remontan a 1959 cuando José Ignacio Rasco fundó en Cuba el Movimiento Demócrata Cristiano, inspirado en el humanismo cristiano, constituyéndose oficialmente como partido político en Miami, Florida, en 1991, como resultado de una fusión entre el Movimiento Demócrata Cristiano con varias otras organizaciones defensoras de valores y principios similares, las cuales operaban en el exilio debido a la represión imperante en Cuba. Aunque los cambios introducidos en la Constitución de Cuba en 1992 despenalizaron la formación de partidos políticos, ninguno estaba autorizado para hacer campaña o participar en cualquier actividad política pública en la isla. La nueva Constitución de 2019 eliminó esa opción para limitarla a la formación de "organizaciones de masas y sociales" dedicadas "a las tareas de la edificación, consolidación y defensa de la sociedad socialista" (Artículo 14). El manifiesto del partido afirma:"Hemos tomado la decisión de fundar el Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Cuba, porque queremos ofrecer una alternativa política a nuestra patria en la lucha por los derechos humanos, el desarrollo económico y la justicia social dentro de un marco democrático y pluralista".El partido invoca el legado de José Martí, y Simón Bolívar y de quienes afirman que concibieron a América Latina como una hermandad de naciones comunes, compartidas y soberanas. El PDC, entre otros postulados, aboga por el establecimiento de un Estado de Derecho basado en el pleno respeto a las libertades públicas y los derechos humanos y la construcción de una sociedad próspera y justa basada en la implementación de una Economía Social de Mercado.

Marcelino Miyares Sotolongo fue presidente del PDC de Cuba hasta 2014. Miyares fue elegido presidente en 2002, manteniéndose en el cargo hasta 2008, y retornando en 2010.. En mayo de 2014 el partido realizó su XIII Congreso en Miami, en el cual René Hernández fue elegido presidente.

El sábado 2 de junio de 2018, el Dr. Andrés Hernández Amor fue elegido Presidente, acompañado por un equipo integrado por tres vicepresidentes: Héctor Caraballo, Enix  Berrio Sardá y René Hernández. Fue motivo de especial reconocimiento durante el Congreso la entrada en la directiva de Enix Berrio Sardá, economista y sociólogo, residente en La Habana, quien también ha sido vocero de la Mesa de Unidad de Acción Democrática (MUAD), conocida concertación opositora al régimen cubano.

El 27 de junio de 2020 celebró por vía digital su XVI Congreso durante el cual se debatió un informe sobre la realidad cubana, se establecieron las líneas de acción de la organización tanto en la isla como en el exilio y fue reelegida la anterior directiva en pleno.

Andrés Hernández ya había sido Presidente del PDC de Cuba en 2008-2010 y desde 2012 ejerce también el cargo de Vicepresidente de la Internacional Demócrata de Centro (IDC). El PDC de Cuba ha participado activamente desde hace décadas en las directivas de la Organización Demócrata Cristiana de América (ODCA).  Reciente ejemplo de ello ha sido que fueran elegidos sucesivamente para ocupar el cargo de Vicepresidente de la ODCA para el Área del Caribe dos dirigentes del PDC de Cuba, Héctor Caraballo (2019-2022) y Yaxys Cires (2022-2025).

El PDC ha denunciado con frecuencia la sistemática represión de todos los derechos civiles, políticos, sociales, económicos y culturales del pueblo cubano por parte del régimen de corte estalinista que los hermanos Castro impusieron en Cuba hace más de seis décadas así como la creciente represión que ejercen contra sus pueblos otros gobiernos dictatoriales en la América Latina -de más reciente aparición- tales como los presididos por Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela y Daniel Ortega en Nicaragua.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial del partido

Partidos políticos fundados en 1959
Democrata Cristiano
Oposición al gobierno de Fidel Castro
Miembros de la Organización Demócrata Cristiana de América

Partido Demócrata Cristiano (Cuba)


فرانتيسيك ستامباتشر ، من مواليد 13 فبراير 1953 ، لاعب كرة قدم تشيكوسلوفاكي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب تشيكوسلوفاكيا لكرة القدم.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1980
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
رياضيون تشيكوسلوفاكيون مغتربون في اليونان
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية أولمبية من تشيكوسلوفاكيا
لاعبو أيك أثينا
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1976
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو كأس العالم 1982
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون من تشيكوسلوفاكيا
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكوسلوفاكيون مغتربون
ستامباتشر
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1980
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو منتخب تشيكوسلوفاكيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أبولون سميرني
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
ستامباتشر
لاعبو دوكلا براغ
أشخاص من مقاطعة برنو-الريف
رياضيون من محافظة مورافيا الجنوبية
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة مورافيا الجنوبية

فرانتيسيك ستامباتشر


Sübhaneke, İslam dininde, Sünni mezheplerde namazın başlangıcında, iftitah tekbirinden hemen sonra okunan dualardan biridir. Şia mezhebinde namazda okunmaz. Çünkü Şia inanışına göre Muhammed'den hadislerle aktarıldığı üzere namazda sadece Kur'an'da geçen sureler ve dualar okunur.

سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ وَبِحَمْدِكَ ﴿﴾ وَتَبَارَكَ اسْمُكَ ﴿﴾ وَتَعَالَى جَدُّكَ ﴿﴾ وَلاَ إِلَهَ غَيْرُكَ

Okunuşu:

 Subhânekellâhumme ve bi hamdik
 ve tebârakesmuk
 ve teâlâ cedduk (ve celle senâuk*) ve lâ ilâhe ğayruk
 ve celle senâük yalnızca cenaze namazlarında kullanılır.

Çevirisi ve anlamı
Kelime kelime incelendiğinde, sade ve manzum (şiirsel) bir yapısı vardır:
Subhâneke: yücelik/üstünlük sana/senin
Allahümme: Allah'ım
bihamdik: övgü de sana
tebârakesmuk: ismin kutlu
teâlâcedduk: şanın yüce
lâ ilâhe ğayruk: başka ilah yoktur.

Düz Çevirisi: Allah'ım! Mutlak Üstün (Subhan), Övgüye layık, İsmi kutlu ve Şanı yüce olan sensin. Senden başka ilah yoktur.
Manzum Çevirisi: Mutlak üstünsün Allah'ım, Övülen'sin. Kutludur (mübarektir) adın, pek Yüce'dir şanın. Olamaz Sen'den başka ilah.
Mealen Anlamı: Allah'ım! Sen eksik sıfatlardan pak ve uzaksın. Seni daima böyle tenzih eder ve överim. Senin adın mübarektir. Varlığın her şeyden üstündür. Senden başka ilah yoktur.

Okunduğu yerler
 Her namazın ilk rek'atinde iftitah tekbirinden sonra,
 İkindi namazının sünnetinde üçüncü rek'ate kalkınca fatihadan önce,
 Yatsı namazının ilk sünnetinde üçüncü rek'ate kalkınca fatihadan önce,
 Teravih namazı dört rek'atte bir selâm verilerek kılınıyorsa üçüncü rek'ate kalkıldığı zaman fatihadan önce.
 Cenaze namazında birinci tekbirden sonra.

Kaynakça

İslam'da dualar

Sübhaneke


The Arcadian Court is an Art Deco event space in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on the eighth floor of the flagship downtown Toronto location of the Canadian department store The Bay at Yonge and Queen Streets. For many years, it was an exclusive restaurant, then an art gallery, then closed and used for storage. It was restored and is now used as an event space.

The facility first opened in 1929, when the store was part of the Simpson's chain. The Arcadian Court was intended to compete with the Royal York Hotel's Imperial Room, the Georgian Room at the main Eaton's store, and the Eaton's Seventh Floor on College Street (now called The Carlu) for downtown lunch business. The Court was two stories in height, the main floor and a mezzanine (called "The Men's Grill" from 1968–1969), which was men-only for many years. The restaurant's architecture featured wrought iron railings, arched windows, and huge chandeliers. Three skylights allow light to enter the whitewash hall interior. At its opening, it was the largest department store restaurant in the world, seating 1,300. The restaurant hosted many of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra's first radio broadcasts, and in 1967, it hosted the first auction ever held outside Britain by Sotheby's.

In 1978, Simpson's was acquired by the Hudson's Bay Company, and subsequently became downtown Toronto's flagship Bay store in 1991.  From 1988 to 1989, some of the mezzanine space was converted to gallery space, which displayed the Canadian art collection of Kenneth Thomson.  Much of the second floor of the Arcadian Court was closed off or used for the storage of chairs.  A small pictorial display and a cast-iron fountain is located outside the hall.  This gallery space was closed in 2004, and the Thomson collection was transferred to the Art Gallery of Ontario and now displayed as the Thomson Collection.

Reopened in May 2012, the Arcadian Court is now a part of a larger event complex (which now includes the neighboring Arcadian Loft) called "Arcadian", which is operated by Oliver & Bonacini Events. The renovations were carried out by architecture firm DeSignum Design. The renovations have stripped back layers of walls and flooring that have been added over the years, reclaiming approximately  of the perimeter. The arches were also restored. Eight of the 16 grand arches in the mezzanine that were closed off in past renovations were reopened and the squared-off arches were restored. The renovations added  in height to the remaining eight. The Court is now  with improved acoustics, new chandeliers that are a deconstructed take on the original Lalique crystal chandeliers and an opened-up mezzanine.

The "Arcadian Court" name has been carried on as a brand name for other restaurants operated in Bay stores, though none are as opulent or exclusive as the Toronto original was. The Arcadian Court also figures prominently in Margaret Atwood's novel The Blind Assassin, as the center of Toronto's high society to which Iris Chase Griffen is introduced. On November 18, 2022, Trinity College at the University of Toronto hosted its 85th annual Saints Ball at the Arcadian Court, a prestigious philanthropic event that supports a different charitable cause every year.

See also
 The Bay Queen Street

References

Notes

External links
 Arcadian Court official website

1929 establishments in Ontario
Restaurants in Toronto
Art Deco architecture in Canada
Hudson's Bay Company

Arcadian Court


Giuseppe Pignatone (Caltanissetta, 8 de maio de 1949) é um magistrado italiano, ex-promotor da República de Roma, presidente do Tribunal da Cidade do Vaticano desde 3 de outubro de 2019.

Ver também

Juízes da Itália

Giuseppe Pignatone


الحميرة بسكون الحاء، هي نوع من النخيل الموجودة في منطفة الساورة تتميز بتمورها اللذيذة، وتُعد من أهم مصادر التمور بالمنطقة.

تمور جزائرية

الحميرة (تمر)


National Historic Sites of Canada () are places that have been designated by the federal Minister of the Environment on the advice of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC), as being of national historic significance. Parks Canada, a federal agency, manages the National Historic Sites program. As of July 2023, there were 1,004 National Historic Sites, 171 of which are administered by Parks Canada; the remainder are administered or owned by other levels of government or private entities. The sites are located across all ten provinces and three territories, with two sites located in France (the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial and Canadian National Vimy Memorial).

There are related federal designations for National Historic Events and National Historic Persons. Sites, Events and Persons are each typically marked by a federal plaque of the same style, but the markers do not indicate which designation a subject has been given. For example, the Rideau Canal is a National Historic Site, while the Welland Canal is a National Historic Event.

History

Early developments

Emerging Canadian nationalist sentiment in the late 19th century and early 20th century led to an increased interest in preserving Canada's historic sites. There were galvanizing precedents in other countries. With the support of notables such as Victor Hugo and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, the Commission des monuments historique was created in France in 1837; it published its first list of designated sites, containing 934 entries, in 1840. In the United Kingdom, the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was created in 1894 to protect that country's historic and natural heritage.  While there was no National Park Service in the United States until 1916, battlefields of the Civil War were designated and managed by the War Department: Chickamauga and Chattanooga (created 1890), Antietam (1890), Shiloh (1894), Gettysburg (1895), Vicksburg (1899), and Chalmette (1907).

Domestically, Lord Dufferin, the Governor General from 1872 to 1878, initiated some of the earliest, high-profile efforts to preserve Canada's historic sites. He was instrumental in stopping the demolition of the fortifications of Quebec City, and he was the first public official to call for the creation of a park on the lands next to Niagara Falls.

The 1908 tricentennial of the founding of Quebec City, and the establishment that same year of the National Battlefields Commission to preserve the Plains of Abraham, acted as a catalyst for federal efforts to designate and preserve historic sites across Canada. At the same time, the federal government was looking for ways to extend the National Park system to Eastern Canada. The more populated east did not have the same large expanses of undeveloped Crown land that had become parks in the west, so the Dominion Parks Branch (the predecessor to Parks Canada) looked to historic features to act as focal points for new national parks. In 1914, the Parks Branch undertook a survey of historic sites in Canada, with the objective of creating new recreational areas rather than preserving historic places. Fort Howe in Saint John, New Brunswick was designated a national historic park in 1914, named the "Fort Howe National Park". The fort was not a site of significant national historic importance, but its designation provided a rationale for the acquisition of land for a park. Fort Anne in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia was also designated in 1917.

In 1919, William James Roche, the Minister of the Interior, was concerned over the fate of old fur trade posts in Western Canada, and he was also being lobbied by historical associations across Canada for federal funds to assist with the preservation and commemoration of local landmarks. At the same time, the Department of Militia and Defence was anxious to transfer old forts, and the associated expenses, to the Parks Branch. Roche asked James B. Harkin, the first Commissioner of Dominion Parks, to develop a departmental heritage policy. Harkin believed that the Parks Branch did not have the necessary expertise to manage historic resources; he was troubled by the relatively weak historic value of Fort Howe, the country's first historic park, and feared that the Branch's park improvements were incompatible with the heritage attributes of Fort Anne, the second historic park.

Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada

On Harkin's recommendation, the government created the Advisory Board for Historic Site Preservation (later called the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada) in 1919 in order to advise the Minister on a new program of National Historic Sites. Brigadier General Ernest Alexander Cruikshank, a noted authority on the War of 1812 and the history of Ontario, was chosen as the Board's first chairman, a post he held for twenty years. The first place designated and plaqued under the new program was the "Cliff Site" in Port Dover, Ontario, where two priests claimed sovereignty over the Lake Erie region for Louis XIV of France in 1670.

Due to a lack of resources, the HSMBC limited itself to recommending sites for designation, and the focus of the program was on commemoration rather than on preservation. Benjamin Sulte, a member of the HSMBC, wrote to Harkin in 1919 about the significant ruins at the Forges du Saint-Maurice, demonstrating his preference for the installation of a plaque over restoration: "All that can be done in our days is to clear away the heap of stones, in order to reach the foundation walls and plant a sign in the centre of the square thus uncovered."

In the early years of the program, National Historic Sites were chosen to commemorate battles, important men, the fur trade and political events; the focus was on the "great men and events" credited with establishing the nation.  Of the 285 National Historic Sites designated by 1943, 105 represented military history, 52 represented the fur trade and exploration, and 43 represented famous individuals (almost entirely men). There was also a strong bias in favour of commemorating sites in Ontario over other parts of the country. At one point, some members of the HSMBC concluded that there were no sites at all in Prince Edward Island worthy of designation. The then prominence of sites in Ontario related to the War of 1812 and the United Empire Loyalists has been attributed to the influence of Cruikshank, resulting in a "veritable palisade of historical markers along the St. Lawrence", and in Niagara, promoting a loyalist doctrine of imperial unity with Britain, while commemorating resistance to "Americanism". Proposals to designate sites related to the immigration of Jews, Blacks and Ukrainians to Canada were rejected, as were attempts to recognize patriots of the Rebellions of 1837. Such was the view of Canadian history by the Board in the first half of the 20th century. The HSMBC at the time has been described by historian Yves Yvon Pelletier as a "Victorian gentlemen's club", made up of self-taught historical scholars, whose decisions were made without public consultation and without the benefit of a secretariat to further investigate the recommendations of Board members.

The following have served as members of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada:

Evolution of the program

As time passed and the system grew, the scope of the program and the nature of the designations evolved. By the 1930s, the focus of the heritage movement in Canada had shifted from commemoration to preservation and development. The change was most marked in Ontario, where the Niagara Parks Commission was restoring Fort George and the Department of Highways was restoring Fort Henry. It took the Great Depression to create opportunities for significant heritage preservation projects at the federal level. Although the HSMBC took little interest in these efforts, limiting itself to a commemorative role, the Parks Branch made wide use of government relief funds to hire workers to assist with the restoration of old forts.

In 1943, the interim chairman of the HSMBC, Frederic William Howay, urged his fellow Board members to consider a broader range of designations, and to correct the geographic and thematic imbalance in the designations. In particular, Howay encouraged the HSMBC to pay more attention to economic, social and cultural history, and he urged a moratorium on additional designations related to the War of 1812. In 1951, the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences highlighted the imbalances of the National Historic Sites program, urging a more ambitious program with more attention paid to architectural preservation. In 1955, the Historic Sites and Monuments Act was amended to allow the designation of buildings due to their age or design, resulting in a new focus on the designation of Canada's built heritage. The 1950s also marked the beginning of the "big project" era, which reached its apogee in the 1960s, in which the federal government invested significant funds in the restoration and reconstruction of high-profile National Historic Sites such as the Halifax Citadel, the Fortress of Louisbourg, the fortifications of Quebec City and the historic core of Dawson City.

The 1970s marked the start of a new shift in the nature of the designations. Of the 473 National Historic Sites designated between 1971 and 1993, the formerly dominant category of political-military events represented only 12 percent of the new designations, with the "Battle of..."-type commemorations being overtaken by sites associated with federal politics. The largest group of designations (43 percent) pertained to historic buildings. By the 1990s, three groups were identified as being underrepresented among National Historic Sites: Aboriginal peoples, women, and ethnic groups other than the French and the English. Efforts were subsequently made to further diversify the designations accordingly. Saoyú-ʔehdacho in the Northwest Territories was designated in 1997, becoming the first National Historic Site both designated and acquired on the basis of consultation with Aboriginal peoples, and the largest National Historic Site in land area (approximately the size of Prince Edward Island). It was at this time that the use of the term "National Historic Park", then still used for the class of larger National Historic Sites operated by Parks Canada and deemed to be of "extraordinary value to Canadian history", was phased out.

Changes were not limited to new designations, as the interpretation of many existing National Historic Sites did not remain static and evolved over time. For example, the commemoration of National Historic Sites on the Prairies related to the Red River Rebellion and the North-West Rebellion has gone through at least three phases to date. In the 1920s, plaques erected at these sites trumpeted the expansion of Canada and western civilization across North America. Due to local pressures, changes at the HSMBC and evolving historiography, texts introduced in the 1950s avoided the previous triumphalist version of events, but also avoided any analysis of the causes or consequences of the events. Commencing in the 1970s, a changing approach to heritage conservation at Parks Canada, coupled with growing regionalism and a more assertive Aboriginal rights movement, led to the next generation of interpretative documents, one that included a focus on the societies which Canada's 19th-century expansion had displaced.

Designations

National Historic Sites are organized according to five broad themes: Peopling the Land, Governing Canada, Developing Economies, Building Social and Community Life, and Expressing Intellectual and Cultural Life. To be commemorated, a site must meet at least one of the following criteria:

illustrate an exceptional creative achievement in concept and design, technology or planning, or a significant stage in the development of Canada;
illustrate or symbolize, in whole or in part, a cultural tradition, a way of life or ideas important to the development of Canada;
be explicitly and meaningfully associated or identified with persons who are deemed to be of national historic significance; or
be explicitly and meaningfully associated or identified with events that are deemed to be of national historic significance.

Designation as a National Historic Site provides no legal protection for the historic elements of a site. However, historic sites may be designated at more than one level (national, provincial and municipal), and designations at other levels may carry with them some legal protections.

Most National Historic Sites are marked by a federal plaque bearing Canada's Coat of Arms. In earlier years, these plaques were erected on purpose-built cairns, and in later years have been attached to buildings or free-standing posts. These maroon and gold markers are typically in English and French, though some are trilingual where another language is relevant to the subject being commemorated.

Lists of National Historic Sites by location

See also
 Canadian Register of Historic Places
 National symbols of Canada
 Royal monuments in Canada
 Seven Wonders of Canada
 List of World Heritage Sites in Canada

References

Further reading
 Campbell, Claire Elizabeth. Nature, Place, and Story: Rethinking Historic Sites in Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2017.

External links

National Historic Sites of Canada – Parks Canada
Historic places – Administered by Parks Canada

Canada

National Historic Sites of Canada


Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau, (Pariz, 23. rujna 1819. — Pariz, 18. rujna 1896.), bio je francuski fizičar. Neovisno o Christianu Doppleru otkrio je Dopplerov efekt 1848. godine.

Zajedno s Léonom Foucaultom proveo je 1849. mjerenja brzine svjetlosti uz pomoć aparata s brzorotirajućim kugličnim ležajem (Fizeau–Foucaults aparat). Njihova mjerenja pokazala su, između ostalog, da je brzina svjetlosti manja u vodi nego u zraku što je doprinijelo istraživanjima o prirodi svjetlosti.

Fizeau je postao član Francuske akademije znanosti 1860., član Društva znanosti u Uppsali 1870. godine. Član Kraljevskog društva postao je 1875. a član Švedske kraljevske akademije znanosti 1877. Odlikovan je Rumfordovom medaljom 1866. Njegovo ime nalazi se na popisu 72 znanstvenika ugraviranih na Eifellovom tornju.

Francuski znanstvenici
Francuski fizičari

Hippolyte Fizeau


L USS Competent (AFDM-6) (ancien YFD-62), est une cale sèche flottante auxiliaire moyenne  de classe AFDM-3 construite en 1943 et exploitée par l'US Navy. Elle a été mise en service en  et, en 1945 elle a été renommée AFDM-6. En 1979, elle reçut le nom de Competent. Elle a été mise hors service en 1997 et vendue

Historique

Base navale de Subic Bay
En 1968, le remorqueur  a effectué des missions d'étude des îles des Carolines de l'Ouest et a ensuite aidé à rechercher l'AFDM-6 qui s'était détaché de son remorqueur civil.

En 1971, l'équipage du destroyer USS Carpenter (DD-825) alors qu'il se dirigeait vers la baie de Subic a découvert plusieurs fuites dans la coque du navire. Se déplaçant immédiatement dans la cale sèche AFDM-6 à la base navale de Subic Bay, le placage rouillé a été réparé par des équipes de travail et le destroyer est retourné à  le .
En 1972, l'USS Higbee (DDR-806) a été mis en cale sèche après avoir été le premier navire à être bombardé pendant la guerre du Vietnam.

Du 14 au , la frégate USS Bronstein (FF-1037) est retourné à Subic Bay pour faire réparer un trou dans son puits.

Base navale de Pearl Harbor
Le , le sous-marin USS Barbel (SS-580) entre en cale sèche sur Competent à Pearl Harbor pour une période de deux semaines.

Le , le sous-marin USS Aspro (SSN-648) est entré dans la cale sèche flottante pour une disponibilité restreinte.

L' a été mis en cale sèche du  au . Le , il a de nouveau été mis en cale sèche pour une disponibilité restreinte jusqu'au

Du  au , l' a été mis en cale sèche à l'intérieur de Competent. Il y est retourné en 1995

Retrait de service
Elle a été désarmée en  et plus tard rayée du registre naval le  La cale sèche a d'abord été donnée à une entreprise privée pour être utilisée à Kalaeloa. Plus tard elle a été vendue à PT Arpeni Pratama Ocean Line pour être exploité à Batam, en Indonésie.

Décoration
   American Campaign Medal
   Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
   World War II Victory Medal
  National Defense Service Medal
  Meritorious Unit Commendation
   6

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes
 USS Competent (AFDM-8) - Site NavSource.Online
 Floating Docks (AFDB, AFDM, AFDL, ARD, ARDM, YFD) - Shipbuilder Site

Liens connexes
 Liste des navires auxiliaires de l'United States Navy
 Base navale de Pearl Harbor
 Base navale de Subic Bay

Auxiliary Floating Drydock de l'US Navy
Bateau lancé en 1944
Navire construit dans l'État de Washington
Navire auxiliaire de l'US Navy de la guerre froide
Bateau de l'US Navy de la guerre du Viêt Nam

USS Competent (AFDM-6)


Móanóra (fræðiheiti: Minuartia stricta eða Sabulina stricta) er fjölær jurt af hjartagrasaætt sem vex fjöllum og í heimskautaloftslagi á Norðurhveli. Á Íslandi er hún aðallega á hálendinu og norðantil.

Tilvísanir

Hjartagrasaætt
Plöntur á Íslandi

Móanóra


Den kinesiske ekspedition til Tibet i 1910 eller den kinesiske invasion af Tibet i 1910 var en militærkampagne fra Qing-dynastiets side for at etablere et direkte styre over Tibet i begyndelsen af 1910. Ekspeditionen besatte Lhasa den 12. februar og afsatte officielt den 13. Dalai Lama den 25. februar.

Qing-styret over Tibet blev etableret i begyndelsen af det 18. århundrede efter den kinesiske ekspedition til Tibet i 1720, men det var i det væsentlige et protektorat snarere end et direkte overherredømme. Det faktiske styre faldt også betydeligt med den gradvise svækkelse af Qing-dynastiet i det 19. århundrede.

Efter den britiske ekspedition til Tibet i 1904 og den kinesisk-britiske traktat i 1906 besluttede Qing at etablere et direkte styre over Tibet og sendte således en sådan ekspedition i 1910. Som professor Dawa Norbu sagde: "Den britiske militærekspedition og den efterfølgende konvention gjorde, at Kineserne indså, at deres magt i Tibet var forsvundet. Så i 1910 invaderede Kina Tibet, og Dalai Lama flygtede til Indien."

I slutningen af vinteren 1910 var manchu-regeringen i Beijing rasende på den trettende Dalai Lama. Hans regering afskar, efter at have oplevet opløsningen af sine domæner i Kham af Qing-administratorer og af frygt for, at ambanen (manchuregeringens repræsentant) i Lhasa ville fjerne hans tidsbegrænsede myndighed, denne kejserlige officer af den indkomst, som den tibetiske regering havde garanteret ham i en forudgående aftale med Qing-hoffet. Da en redningskolonne ankom til Lhasa fra Sichuan for at redde ambanen ud af hans isolation, flygtede Dalai Lama til Britisk Indien.

Den direkte styre over Tibet viste sig imidlertid at blive kortvarigt: efter Xinhai-revolutionens udbrud og Xinhai Lhasa-uroen i 1911-1912 blev Qing-styret i det væsentlige afsluttet i Lhasa og andre dele af Tibet. Alle Qing-styrker forlod Tibet inden udgangen af 1912.

Noter

Litteratur
 Melvyn C. Goldstein: A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 1: 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State. University of California Press. 1989,

 Dawa Norbu: Tibet : the road ahead. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India 1999. . OCLC 68481965.
 Max Oidtmann: "Playing the Lottery with Sincere Thoughts: the Manchus and the selection of incarnate lamas during the last days of the Qing" (Academia.edu, 40)

Ekspedition til Tibet (1910)
Tibets historie

Kinesiske ekspedition til Tibet (1910)


البركليوم عنصر مشع مصنع رمزه الكيميائي، Bk ورقمه الذري 97. ويوجد لهذا العنصر عشرة نظائر، ويبلغ الوزن الذري لأكثر تلك النظائر استقراراً 247، ونصف عمره 1400 سنة. ويمكن إنتاج البركيليوم - 247 الذي يبلغ نصف عمره 314 يوماً، بكميات صغيرة في المفاعلات النووية. وقد استخدم هذا النظير في دراسة العديد من المركبات الكيميائية للبركيليوم.

على الرغم من أن أنتجت كميات صغيرة جدا من البركيليوم في التجارب النووية السابقة، تم تصنيعه لأول مرة عن عمد، معزولة، في ديسمبر كانون الأول 1949 من قبل جلين سيبورج، وألبرت غيورسو ستانلي تومسون G.. استخدموا سيكلوترون 60-بوصة في جامعة كاليفورنيا، . كانت العناصر الجديدة البركيليوم

التطبيقات

لا يوجد أي استخدام لأي من النظائر خارج البركيليوم من البحوث العلمية الأساسية. من المفيد للالنظير كاليفورنيوم-249، والذي يستخدم للدراسات في كيمياء كاليفورنيوم في الأفضلية لأكثر المشعة كاليفورنيوم-252 التي تم إنتاجها في مرافق قصف النيوترون

وأعدت دفعة 22 مليغرام من البركيليوم-249 في تشعيع وتنقيته ثم لمدة 90 يوما في أوك ريدج في عام 2009. هذا الهدف أسفرت عن أول 6 ذرات أنون سيبتيوم في المعهد المشترك للأبحاث النووية (JINR)، دوبنا، روسيا، بعد قذف أيونات الكالسيوم في سيكلوترون U400 لمدة 150 يوما. كان هذا التوليف تتويجا للتعاون بين روسيا والولايات المتحدة وJINR مختبر لورانس ليفرمور الوطني على تجميع العناصر 113 حتي 118 الذي بدأ في عام 1989.

مخاطره

قد لا يعرف إلا القليل عن آثار البركيليوم على جسم الإنسان، وبسبب انخفاض الطاقة المنبعثة من الإلكترونات من البركيليوم-249 (أقل من 126 كيلو) يعيق الكشف، يجعل هذا النظير غير مؤذية نسبيا للبشر بالمقارنة مع الأكتينيدات أخرى. ومع ذلك، بسبب التحويلات مع عمر نصف لهذا العنصر يجعله باعث قوي 249-كاليفورنيوم، وهو أمر خطير نوعا ما، ويجب أن يتم التعامل معها في صندوق القفازات في مختبر مخصص.
معظم البيانات المتاحة سمية البركيليوم تنشأ من البحوث على الحيوانات. على ابتلاع من قبل الفئران، عن فقط 0.01٪ البركيليوم ينتهي في مجرى الدم. من هناك، حوالي 65٪ يذهب إلى العظام، و 25٪ إلى الرئتين (بعمر نصف بيولوجي نحو 20 عاما).

مراجع

أكتينيدات
عناصر كيميائية

بركيليوم


Celjska biskupija (lat.: Dioecesis Celeiensis; slov.: Škofija Celje ) je biskupija koja se nalazi u Celju, a podložna je Mariborskoj nadbiskupiji.

Povijest
Biskupija je osnovana 7. travnja 2006. izdvajanjem iz Mariborske nadbiskupije

Biskupi
 Maksimilijan Matjaž (5. ožujka 2021. – danas)
 Stanislav Lipovšek (15. ožujka 2010. – 18. rujna 2018.)
 Anton Stres (31. siječnja 2009. – 15. ožujka 2010.)
 Anton Stres (7. travnja 2006. – 31. siječnja 2009.)

Vidi još

 Katolička Crkva u Sloveniji

Napomene
 Kao apostolski administrator

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
Katolička upravna podjela Slovenije

Celjska biskupija


Lillian Chloe Carter, née le  dans le Tennessee et morte le  à Los Angeles, est une danseuse de music-hall, showgirl américaine, connue aussi par son nom de scène Cleo Cullen ou encore Cleo Rubenstein avant son divorce.

Biographie
Au début des années 1920, elle s'installe à New York et commence à danser dans les Ziegfeld Follies avec pour nom de scène Cleo Cullen. Elle apparait dans de nombreux spectacles de Broadway, notamment She's My Baby en 1928, Lady Fingers, Treasure Girl et Show Girl en 1929.

Au cours des années suivant sa rencontre avec Jean Acker, Chloé danse dans des comédies musicales telles que The Broadway Melody of 1936 (1935), The Great Ziegfeld (1936), The Wizard of Oz (1939). Elle travaille aussi occasionnellement comme figurante au cinéma et des petits rôles dans des films tels que The Girl Friend (1935), San Francisco  (1936), Vogues of 1938 (1937), My Favorite Wife (1940) et  Spellbound (1945). Chloe Carter est également esthéticienne.

Chloe et Jean achète une maison à Fox Hills Drive, à côté des studios de la 20th Century Fox, à Los Angeles. Elles louent une partie de la maison à Patricia Neal de1948 à 1952. Elles deviennent amies et confidentes. Patricia les présente à son amant, l'acteur Gary Cooper, déjà marié. Elles sont les seules à connaître leur relation. Chloe et Jean soutiennent Patricia lors de son avortement lorsqu'elle est tombée enceinte de Gary et lorsqu'il la quitte.

Elles louent ensuite à Lex Barker.

Après le décès de Jean, Chloé continue à vivre à Los Angeles. Le 28 octobre 1993, elle meurt à l'âge de quatre-vingt-dix ans. Elle est enterrée à côté de Jean au Holy Cross Cemetery de Culver City, en Californie.

Vie privée
Le 9 septembre 1930, Chloe Carter épouse l'auteur-compositeur Harry Rubenstein (Ruby). Le couple emménage à Beverly Hills. En 1933, elle rencontre l'actrice Jean Acker. Les deux femmes tombent amoureuses. Aidée par le témoignage de Jean, elle demande et obtient le divorce en janvier 1934. Chloé reçoit 6 000 $.

Chloe Carter et Jean Acker sont restées amantes jusqu'à la mort de Jean en 1978.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
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Liens externes

Actrice américaine du XXe siècle
Ziegfeld Girl
Danseuse de comédie musicale
Actrice américaine de théâtre
Naissance en juin 1903
Décès en octobre 1993
Décès à 90 ans

Chloe Carter


(né vers 800 et mort le ) est abbé de Corvey en 831.

Biographie
Fils du comte saxon  de la lignée des Egbertins et de la dévote franque Ida de Herzfeld, il grandit comme otage à la cour de Charlemagne. Quoi qu'issu de la noblesse, il renonce aux faveurs de la cour et se retire à l'Abbaye de Corbie comme disciple de Paschase Radbert.

En 822, il est de la première congrégation de Nova Corbeia (Corvey), dans la vallée de la Weser. Les sources indiquent qu'il y est maître avant d'être choisi comme abbé le . Son élection est ratifiée en 833 par Louis le Pieux, qui le nomme de plus abbé de Rebais dans le diocèse de Meaux, consacrant l'autonomie de Corvey avec l'abbaye-mère de Corbie.

Varin fait de Corvey le foyer de l'évangélisation du nord-ouest de la Germanie, en établissant une mission en 834 à Meppen. La mission de Visbek, fondée en 819 par Charlemagne, lui est finalement subordonnée en 855 par donation de Louis le Germanique. Paschase dédie à Varin son traité De corpore et sanguine Domini et lui fait parvenir un autre de ses écrits, De fide, spe et caritate.

L'abbé Hilduin de Saint-Denis fait don en 836 de reliques de Saint Vit à l'abbaye de Corvey.

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Abbé franc
Abbé du IXe siècle
Décès en 856
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom

Varin de Corvey


Süleyman Çelebi ya da diğer adı ile Emîr Süleyman (1377 - 17 Şubat 1411), Osmanlı şehzadesi. 1396-1402 yılları arasında Timur tarafından Sarıhan Valisi olarak atanmıştır. Fetret Devri'nde 1402-1411 yılları arasında Edirne'de Sultanlığını ilan edip padişahlık yapmıştır.

Osmanlı devletinin var olduğu zamanlarda hazırlanan Osmanlı ve yabancı tarihlerde istinasız olarak Osmanlı padişahları listelerine alınmamaktadır. Fakat modern dönemde tektũk tarihçi, Rumeli'de ve bir kısa dönem Bursa'da bağımsız olarak hüküm sürmesi nedeniyle onu 5. Osmanlı Padişahı olarak kabul etmekte ve Birinci Rumeli Sultanı olarak bilinmesini gereğini iddia etmektedirler.

1377 yılında I. Bayezid'in oğlu olarak dünyaya geldi. Fetret Devri karmaşasında Edirne'ye giderek hükümdarlığını ilân etti. 9 yıl boyunca adına hutbe okuttu, para bastırdı. Kendisine biat etmeyen kardeşleri Musa Çelebi ve Mehmet Çelebi ile sürdürdüğü taht mücadelesinde Musa Çelebi'ye yenildi. 1411 yılında Edirne'den kaçarken çapulcu köylüler tarafından öldürüldü. Orhan Çelebi ve Muhammed Şah isminde iki oğlu ile Paşa Melike Hanım adında bir kızı vardı.

Ankara Savaşından önceki yaşamı

Süleyman Çelebi'nin annesi ve çocukluğu hakkında belge bulunmamaktadır. Fakat "Çelebi" lakabı okuyup yazar ve iyi eğitim görmüş kişilere verildiği için iyi bir Osmanlı-İslam eğitiminden geçtiği çok olasıdır.

Niğbolu zafernamesine göre, Süleyman Çelebi (25 Eylül 1396) Niğbolu Muharebesi'nda sağ cenahta Çandarlı Ali Paşa ile birlikte Rumeli tımarlı sipahilerine komuta etmiştir. Bu muharebede sağ koldaki Rumeli tımarlı sipahileri önce Macar güçleri ile çarpışma yapmışlar ve sonradan da sağ kol ve sol kolla birlikte ilerleyip ana Haçlı ordusunu kıskaca almışlardır.

Timur'a karşı Yıldırım Beyazid'in yaptığı Ankara Muharebesi'nde de Süleyman Çelebi önemli komuta rolü oynamış ve Osmanlı ordusunun sol kanadı komutanı olarak görev yapmıştır. Bu muharebe'de Timur kuvvetlerinin üstünlüğü ortaya çıkmış; Osmanlı ordularının sağ kolu ve Süleyman Çelebi'nin komutasındaki sol kol çekilmek zorunda kalmış ve ortada bulunan Yıldırım Beyazid komutasında yeniçeriler ve diğer kapıkulu birliklerinin Timur tarafından kıskaca alınmalarına sonuç olmuştur.

Rumeli'de hükümdarlık
1402'de Ankara Muharebesi'nde yenilgiden sonra Süleyman Çelebi Yıldırım Beyazid'in veziriazamı olan Çandarlı Ali Paşa ile birlikte önce Bursa'ya gidip sonra Rumeli'ye geçmek amacı ile kaçmaya başladılar. Bursa'ya kadar Timur birliklerinin yakın kovalaması altında kaldılar.

Bursa'ya kaçma nedeni farklı olarak tarihlere geçmiştir. Bazı kaynaklara göre Süleyman Çelebi Osmanlı Devleti hazinesini almak için önce Bursa'ya gelmiş ve Timur güçleri şehre varmadan bu hazine ile şehirden kaçmaya imkân bulmuştur. Diğer kaynaklar ise hazineyi alamadığı üzerinde anlaşmakta ama bunun nedeni değişik olarak verilmektedir: ya devlet hazinesini almaya vakit olmadan Timur güçleri Bursa'ya gelip hazineyi kendi ellerine geçirmişlerdir ya da devlet hazinesi ordu ile birlikte Ankara Muharebesi'nde Timur eline geçmiştir. En son yorum ise hazinenin devletin ikinci başkenti Edirne'de bulunup Bursa'da bulunmadığıdır ve Süleyman Çelebi Edirne'ye geldiğinde hazineye el koymuştur.

Timur birlikleri Bursa'ya Süleyman Çelebi oradan ayrıldıktan hemen sonra girip şehri yakıp yıkıp talan ettiler. Süleyman Çelebi Ağustos 1402'de Gelibolu'ya geldi. Venedik ve Geneviz gemileri onu ve askerlerini Rumeli yakasına taşıdılar. Yabancıların bu fena inancı Timur'un çok kızgısına neden oldu ve belki de Timur'un başlarında Tatar ordularının ta İzmir'e gidip Anadolu da önemli bir Hristiyan kalesi ve deniz üssü olan İzmir'i kuşatıp bütün Hristiyan savunucularının öldürülüp kesik başlarından piramitler yapılmasına bir neden oldu.

Süleyman Çelebi Rumeli'deki Osmanlı bölgelerine hakim olmak için Bizans desteğini almak üzere o zaman Avrupa'da bulunan Bizans İmparatoru II. Manuil yerine taht naipliği yapan VII. İoannis ile müzakerelere girişti. 1402 yıl sonunda müzakereler sona erdi 1403 başında şahsen Emir Süleyman ile Bizans taht naibi, Venedik, Cenova, Rodos San Jean Şövalyeleri, Sırp Despotu Stefan Lazareviç ve Latin Naksos Dükü arasında bir barış anlaşması imzalandı. Bu anlaşma şartları şöyle idi:
 Bizans Osmanlılara vasal olmaktan çıkacak ve yıllık tazminat ödemeyi dururacak ve buna karşılık Süleyman Çelebi hükümdarlığı Bizans'ın üst egemenliğini kabul edecekti.
 Süleyman Çelebi iyi niyetini göstermek için Bizans'a Ege kıyılarında Selanik ve civarını, Athos yarımadasını, bazı Ege adalarını ve Karadeniz kıyılarında Boğaz'a girişten ta Nişabur'a kadar (hatta Varna'ya) araziyi geri verecekti.
 Osmanlı ülkelerinde İtalyan denizci şehirlerine (Venedik ve Cenova) daha fazla ticari imtiyazlar sağlanacaktı.
 Osmanlılar elinde bulunan bütün Bizans ve diğer imzalayıcı ülke esirlerini geri teslim edilecekti.
 Osmanlı gemileri Çanakkale ve İstanbul boğazlarına Bizans'tan izin almadan girmeyeceklerdi.
 Buna karşılık anlaşmayı imzalayan bütün ülkeler Süleyman Çelebi'nin başkenti Edirne'de bulunan Osmanlı Devleti'nin hükümdarı olarak kabul edeceklerdi.

Bu haberi Avrupa'da Venedik'te alan II. Manuil hemen İstanbul'a geri döndü ve kendi imzasını atarak bu anlaşmayı kabul etti.

1402'de Edirne'de tahta geçen ve Rumeli'de adına hutbeler okutan Süleyman Çelebi başveziri Çandarlı Ali Paşa aracılığı ile sivil ve asker kadroların desteğini kazanmış ve 1403 başındaki barış anlaşmasından sonra da komşu ülkeler tarafından resmen meşru Osmanlı Devleti hükümdarı olduğu kabul olmuştu.

Süleyman Çelebi, babası gibi, yerinde duramayan asker kişi değildi. Barışcıl ve zevkini eğlencesini seven bir kişi idi. Edirne'de sarayda içki alemleri ile iyi vakit geçirmeye kendini terk etti. Bu sırada Sırp despotluğunda Stefan Lazareviç ile Jorg Brankoviç arasında çıkan mücadeleden faydalanarak Sırbistan üzerindeki gücünü artırdı. Fakat Anadolu'yu alıp eski Osmanlı Devletini yenileme idealinden hiç vazgeçmedi.

Bu nedenle 1403'te kendine sığınan kardeşi İsa Çelebi'ye büyük bir ordu vererek onu Anadolu'ya Çelebi Mehmet üzerine gönderdi. Ama ne o ordu ile ne de sonradan Anadolu beylerinden topladığı ordularla İsa Çelebi Çelebi Mehmet'e karşı bir askerî başarı sağlayabildi. 1406'da İsa Çelebi, Çelebi Mehmet tarafından öldürtülüp bertaraf edildi.

Bursa'yı ele geçirme ve Anadolu ve Rumeli'de hükümdarlık

Süleyman Çelebi tekrar Anadolu'yu ele geçirip, Osmanlı devletini birleştirmeye karar verip harekete geçti. Rumeli'deki Osmanlı kuvvetlerini toplayıp Bizans yardımı ile Anadolu yakasına geçti. Çelebi Mehmet Bursa'da bulunmadığı için bu haberi alamadı. Süleyman Çelebi hemen hücuma geçerek Bursa'yı ele geçirdi. Çelebi Mehmet, Süleyman Çelebi'nin gücüne karşı koyamayacağını anladı ve Amasya'ya çekildi. Süleyman Çelebi onu takip ederek Anadolu'ya yürüdü; Başvezir Çandarlı Ali Paşa'nın entrikası ile Ankara'yı aldı ve kardeşinin geride bıraktığı arazileri talan etti. Sonra Bursa'ya dönerek yine bir dönem barışçıl zevk ve alem hayatına bu sefer hem Rumeli ve hem Anadolu'nun hükümdarı olarak devam etti. Çelebi Mehmet bu tutumunu fırsat bilerek tekrar Bursa üzerine yürüdü. Süleyman Çelebi ve Çelebi Mehmet orduları Yenişehir ovasında karşı karşıya geldiler. Fakat Süleyman Çelebi'nin başveziri Çandarlı Ali Paşa Çelebi Mehmet ordusunun danışmanları ile önceden gizli konuşmalara başladı ve onları Çelebi Mehmet'ten ayrılmaya inandırdı. Böylece savaşa girmeden ordusunun dağılması üzerine Çelebi Mehmed bu sefer ordusuz tekrar Amasya'ya kaçmaya mecbur oldu.

Süleyman Çelebi yine Bursa'da rahat hayata devama başladı. 1406'da tekrar biraz askerî canlılık gösterdi. Timur'un Karamanoğullarına vermiş olduğu Sivrihisar kalesini zaptetti ve akıncıları Karaman ülkesine hücum ettiler. Aydınoğlu Cüneyd Bey ve Menteşeoğlu İlyas Bey Süleyman Çelebi'nin üst-egemenliğini tanımaya mecbur oldular.

1406'da da I. Murad dönemi sonundan beri 20 yıldır başvezirlik yapmış olan ve Süleyman Çelebi'nin bu başarısının mimarı olan Çandarlı Ali Paşa öldü. Bu deneyimli devlet adamının ölümünden sonra Süleyman Çelebi gücünün çöküşü başladı. Buna başlıca bir neden Rumeli'de bulunan gazi akıncı ve göçmen Türkmen güçlerinin Süleyman Çelebi'nin Bursa'da yerleşip Anadolu'ya önem vermesini ve Rumeli'ye önem vermediğine gösterge sayarak Süleyman Çelebi'ye verdikleri desteği kesmeleri oldu.

Çandarlı Ali Paşa öldükten sonra Süleyman Çelebi'nin vezirinin kim olduğu kesin değildir. Bazı tarihçiler sonraki vezirin Şeyh Ramazan Paşa olasılığını kabul etmektedirler. Vezirlerin kazaskerlikten geldikleri ve Çandarlı Ali Paşa'nın da vezir olmadan kazasker olduğu gerçeklerine dayanarak Süleyman Çelebi'ye kazaskerlik yapmış olan Şeyh Ramazan Paşa'nın vezir olduğunu iddia edilmektedir. Bu iddia Şerafeddin Yezdî'nin zafernamesinde verilen bilgiler ile de desteklendiği iddia edilmektedir. Bu zafernamede Timur'un Ege bölgesi ve İzmir'e gelmiş olduğu sıralarda iki defa Süleyman Çelebi'nin Timur'a elçi olarak Şeyh Ramazan Paşa'nın gönderildiği yazılmaktadır. Yine bu eserde Şeyh Ramazan Paşa'nın kadılıktan vezir olduğu bildirilmektedir. Böylece Süleyman Çelebi'nin Çandarlı Ali Paşa'dan sonraki vezirinin Şeyh Ramazan Paşa olması çok muhtemel görülmektedir. Şeyh Ramazan Paşa'nın Kırşehir doğumlu olduğu ve baba isminin Bayezid olduğu da bilinmektedir. Fakat görev tarihi ve ölüm tarihi hakkında şu anda elde hiç belge bulunmamaktadır.

Diğer taraftan 1409'da Çelebi Mehmet yeni bir strateji ortaya çıkardı. Kardeşi Musa Çelebi ile anlaşarak onu Eflak üzerinden Rumeli'ye gönderdi. İki kardeş Musa Çelebi'nin Rumeli'yi eline geçirip Edirne'de hükûmet edeceğini ummakta idi. Hatta, bu Süleyman Çelebi'yi Rumeli'de sadece biraz oyalasa bile, Çelebi Mehmed Anadolu'yu ve Bursa'yı ele geçirebilecekti.

Süleyman Çelebi Ayasuluk'ta iken kardeşi Musa Çelebi'nin Eflak'a gidip orada bir ordu toplama haberini aldı. Yanına İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey'i katıp Bizans desteğini sağlayıp hemen hızla Rumeli'ye geçti ve Edirne'ye vardı. Musa Çelebi'nin hücumlarına karşı durabilmek için, olabilecek anlaşmazlıklar, Trakya'nın emniyeti Boğazlardan rahat geçişi sağlamak amacıyla o sonbahar Süleyman Çelebi Bizans İmparatoru ile görüşmek üzere İstanbul'a gitti. Görüşmelerde Bizans İmparatoru II. Manuel'e sevgili baba olarak hitap ettiği bildirilmiştir. Süleyman Çelebi Musa'nın yeni ordusuyla hücumlarına Bizans desteği olmadan karşı koyamayacağını açıkladı. Bizanslılar için Yıldırım'ın İstanbul kuşatmalarını hatıraları hala yeniydi ve Musa Çelebi'nin Bizans'a karşı çok daha sert bir politika güdeceği de bilinmekteydi. İki taraf bir karşılıklı destek anlaşmasına vardılar. Süleyman Çelebi Bizans'a iyi niyetini açıkça ifade için genç erkek kardeşi Kasım'ı ve kız kardeşi Fatima'yı Bizans'a rehin olarak verdi ve Mora Despotu Teodor'un gayri-meşru kızı ve İmparator'un yeğeni olan Bizanslı aristokrat bir genç kız da Süleyman Çelebi'ye eş olarak verildi. Hemen ardından Süleyman Çelebi Karamanoğulları ile barış anlaşması yaptı.

Çelebi Mehmet'in yeni stratejisinin birinci aşaması başarılı olmuştu. Süleyman Çelebi Rumeli'ye geçer geçmez Çelebi Mehmet Bursa'ya girdi ve Anadolu idaresini eline aldı. 1410'da Musa Çelebi Eflak Voyvodası'nın kızı ile evlendi. Rumeli sınır boylarında yerleşmiş Türkmenlerden ve Eflak, Bulgar ve Sırbistan'dan asker desteği alarak yeni bir ordu yarattı. Bulgaristan'a indi ve oradaki Boyarların da desteğini sağladı. Bunu Anadolu'da haber alan Emir Süleyman hemen Bizans desteği için Konstantinopolis'e ve oradan da Edirne'ye geçti. Musa Çelebi yeni topladığı ordusu ile 1410'da Balkanlardan güneye indi. Bizans'tan aldığı askerî desteklerle güçlenen Süleyman Çelebi ordusu ile savaşa girişti. 11 Şubat 1410'da Musa Çelebi Süleyman Çelebi'nin üzerine gönderdiği bir orduyu Yanbolu'da yendi. Fakat Süleyman Çelebi şahsen ordusunun başına geçtikten sonra 15 Haziran 1410'da Hasköy Hisarı önünde yapılan savaşta Musa Çelebi yenildi. Musa Çelebi Eflak'a geri kaçmak zorunda kalıp Çirmen ve Yanbolu civarlarında çete savaşları başlattı ve Süleyman Çelebi'ye bağlı mevkilere baskınlar yapmaya başladı.

Süleyman Çelebi pek o kadar savaşçı bir kişi değildi; sonbahar ve kış geldiğinde Musa Çelebi askerî gücü ile uğraşırken, Süleyman Çelebi yine barışçıl zevk ve eğlenceye başladı. Etrafındakiler vaktini içki ve eğlenceye vermesinden ve özellikle Hristiyanlara karşı çok iyi davranmasından hoşnut değillerdi. Önemli önemsiz birçok taraftarı Süleyman Çelebi'nin yanından ayrıldı.

Ölümü

Musa Çelebi 17 Şubat 1411'de çok soğuk bir kış günü Edirne'ye bir baskın yaptı. Zaten sayıları azalmış ve Süleyman Çelebi'nin tutumu ve siyaseti dolayısı ile demoralize olmuş olan taraftarları bu baskına karşı koyamadı. Necdet Sakaoğlu'na göre bu sırada Süleyman Çelebi yine bir alemde, sarhoş olarak bir hamamda idi. Bu baskının haberini kendisine getirenleri sinirli bir tavırla; hakaret ederek, hatta saçlarını ve sakallarını tıraş ettirerek yanından kovmaktaydı. Gazi Evrenos Bey'na "Ey Hacı İslam, nedir bu pür âlâm? Musa kimdir ki benim üstüme leşger çekip dava-yi saltanat eyleye?" dediği söylenir.

Fakat sonunda durumunun vahametini anladı ve çok az sayıda adamıyla ile gece karanlığında Bizans'tan destek bulmak üzere İstanbul'a doğru kaçmaya koyuldu. Fakat Döğenciler köyüne geldiği zaman kılavuzu ona ihanet etti. Onun hüviyetini köylülere açıklayarak eğer onu öldürürlerse Musa Çelebi'den bahşiş alacaklarını açıkladı. Köylüler de sırf maddi bir ödül almak amacıyla Emir Süleyman'ı öldürdükleri ve kesilmiş başını Edirne'ye gönderdikleri bildirilir. Oysa orta Asya'dan gelme eski Türk geleneklerine göre sultanların ve onların soyundan gelenlerin kesinlikle kanları akıtılmazdı. Bu kurala uymayanların soyu kurutulur ve tümü imha edilirdi. Bu nedenle köy Musa Çelebi tarafından imha ettirilmiştir.

Süleyman Çelebi naaşı da Bursa'ya götürülüp babasının türbesi yanına defnedilmiştir.

Böylece 1411'de tekrar Osmanlı Devleti Çelebi Mehmet Anadolu'da ve Musa Çelebi Avrupa'da hükümdar olarak ikiye bölünmüş oldu.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İsa Çelebi
 Musa Çelebi
 Mehmet Çelebi
 Fetret Devri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İnalcık, Halil (2008), Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ (1300-1600). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. ISBN 975-08-0588-7.
 Norwich, John Julius (1999) Byzantium: the Decline and Fall, Penguin: Londra  ISBN 0-14-011449-1.
 Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1999), Bu Mülkün Sultanları, İstanbul: Oğlak Yayınları. say. 63-68 ISBN 875-329-299-6.
 Öztuna, Yılmaz (1996, 2005 3.baskı) Devletler ve Hânedânlar, Ankara:Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları; C.II, say. 113-116  ISBN 975-1704-715.

 Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007), The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman. Civil War of 1402-1413, Brill,   ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8

Fetret Devri'nde kişiler
Osmanlı şehzadeleri
1377 doğumlular
1411 yılında ölenler
Tahta çıkamayan varisler
Cinayet kurbanları
Linç
Dayaktan ölenler

Süleyman Çelebi (emir)


Das Haus Pölle 55  ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude in der Stadt Quedlinburg in Sachsen-Anhalt.

Lage
Es befindet sich südöstlich des Marktplatzes der Stadt und gehört zum UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe. An der Südseite des Hauses verläuft der Mühlengraben. Es ist im Quedlinburger Denkmalverzeichnis als Wohnhaus eingetragen.

Architektur und Geschichte
Das zweigeschossige Fachwerkhaus entstand in der Zeit um 1500. Die Fachwerkfassade weist spätgotische Zierelemente wie Birnstabbalkenköpfe, Trapezfries, Andreaskreuze sowie Kerbschnittmedaillons mit Fischblasen- und Vierpassmotiven auf. Das Erdgeschoss und das Mansarddach wurden im 18. Jahrhundert erneuert. Die zum Mühlengraben zeigenden Hofseite des Erdgeschosses ist als Quadermauerwerk ausgeführt. Die Haustür entstand um 1820.

Literatur
 Falko Grubitzsch in: Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 1: Ute Bednarz, Folkhard Cremer u. a.: Regierungsbezirk Magdeburg. Neubearbeitung. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7, S. 756.
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 7: Falko Grubitzsch, unter Mitwirkung von Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried und Mario Titze: Landkreis Quedlinburg. Teilband 1: Stadt Quedlinburg. Fliegenkopf, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4, S. 217.

Kulturdenkmal in Quedlinburg
Fachwerkhaus in Quedlinburg
Wohngebäude in Quedlinburg
Pölle (Quedlinburg)

Pölle 55 (Quedlinburg)


Gerolding ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Gerolding (Gemeinde Andorf), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Andorf, Bezirk Schärding, Oberösterreich
 Gerolding (Gemeinde Dunkelsteinerwald), Katastralgemeinde von Dunkelsteinerwald, Bezirk Melk, Niederösterreich

Siehe auch:
 Geroldinger

Gerolding


An Puya lasiopoda in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Puya lasiopoda in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya lasiopoda


An Sauromatum in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Sauromatum in nahilalakip ha familia nga Araceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sauromatum

es:Sauromatum

Sauromatum


Philipp von Mansfeld-Vorderort zu Bornstedt (* 1589; † 8. April 1657 in Raab, heute Győr in Ungarn) war Offizier im Dreißigjährigen Krieg. Er kämpfte zunächst auf Seiten der Schweden und Protestanten, wurde gefangen genommen, konvertierte zum Katholizismus und trat in kaiserliche Dienste. Er baute an der Ostsee eine Flotte auf und kämpfte später an verschiedenen Kriegsschauplätzen. Zuletzt stand er im Rang eines Feldmarschalls und war Kommandeur der Stadt Raab im damaligen Königlichen Ungarn.

Familie
Er war der jüngste Sohn des Grafen Bruno II. aus der Linie Mansfeld–Vorderort–Bornstedt des Adelsgeschlechtes Mansfeld (siehe auch Stammliste des Hauses Mansfeld). Seine Mutter war Christine von Barby und Mühlingen. Zwei seiner Brüder, Wolfgang und Bruno, traten später in kaiserliche Dienste.

Philipp war dreimal verheiratet.

Er heiratete im Jahr 1611 Maria von Mansfeld-Hinterort (* 1567 (nach 3. März); † zw. 1625 und 1635), Tochter des Grafen Johann von Mansfeld-Hinterort und Witwe des 30 Jahre älteren und 1604 verstorbenen Landgrafen Ludwig IV. von Hessen-Marburg. Die Ehe war kinderlos geblieben. Bei dem nach dem Tod des Landgrafen ausbrechenden bitteren Erbstreit mit dessen Neffen, den Landgrafen Moritz von Hessen Kassel und Ludwig V. von Hessen-Darmstadt, wurde sie des Ehebruchs mit dem Haushofmeister Philipp Ludwig von Baumbach bezichtigt.

In zweiter Ehe heiratete er zwischen 1625 und 1635 Klara N.N., († (Mai) 1648). Das Paar hatte folgende Kinder:
 Maria Clara (~ 21. Dezember 1635)
 Ferdinand (~ 6. Juni 1637)
 Anna Caroline  († 19. August 1712)
⚭  Karl Heinrich von Zierotin († 1682)
⚭  Philipp Franz von Gallas (1666–1731)
 Susanne Polyxena Catharina (~ 7. Juli 1640; † 1693)
⚭ Graf Matthias Ernst von Berchtold (* 26. Februar 1632; † 7. Juli 1678)
⚭ Graf Julius Leopold von Hoditz und Wolframitz (* 19. Juli 1640; † 23. Juli 1693)
 Georg Albert (* 4. Mai 1642; † 26. Dezember 1696) ⚭ (August 1696) Barbara Magdalena von Mansfeld-Hinterort (* 12. Januar 1618; † 25. Dezember 1696)

Nach dem Tod seiner zweiten Frau Klara heiratete er, am 20. Juni 1648 in Penzing bei Wien, Gräfin Margareta Katherina Popelovna Lobkowitz. Sie war in erster Ehe mit Johann Karl von Schönberg verheiratet gewesen und war Hofdame der Kaiserin Maria Anna. Aus dieser Ehe stammt:

 Franziska Margarethe (* 1653; † 31. Mai 1720) ⚭ Friedrich von Zedlitz († 15. Dezember 1690; ▭ Oktober 1691) aus dem Haus Bolckenhain

Leben
Nach dem Tod des Vaters 1615 wurde er zusammen mit seinen Brüdern regierender Graf der Linie Mansfeld–Vorderort–Bornstedt.

Er hatte zunächst bei den Schweden gedient und nahm möglicherweise am Ingermanländischen Krieg teil, der 1617 endete. Auch danach war er noch Inhaber eines schwedischen Infanterieregiments. Im Jahr 1622 kämpfte er auf protestantischer Seite unter seinem entfernten Verwandten Ernst von Mansfeld und geriet während der Schlacht auf der Lorscher Heide (10. Juni 1622) in Gefangenschaft. Wahrscheinlich übten seine Brüder in Wien ihren Einfluss aus, um ihn frei zu bekommen. Auch seine Frau dürfte sich in Brüssel, der Hauptstadt der Spanischen Niederlande, für seine Freilassung eingesetzt haben. Diese zog sich hin und er scheint noch 1624 in Gefangenschaft gewesen zu sein. Nach seiner Freilassung konvertierte er zum Katholizismus und wechselte in das kaiserliche Lager über.

Er war 1628 Kommandant der kaiserlichen Ostseeflotte unter Wallenstein und sammelte zum Aufbau der Flotte Schiffe und Seeleute zusammen. Er ließ eine Gießerei bauen, erwarb mehrere große Handelsschiffe und ließ sie zu Kriegszwecken umrüsten. Weitere Schiffe wurden gebaut. Von Danzig kamen 1629 sieben Kriegsschiffe, andere Schiffe sollten aus Dünkirchen kommen. Die Dänen versuchten, die in Wismar liegende Flotte durch Angriffe zu zerstören. Beide Seiten kaperten Schiffe des jeweiligen Gegners. Ein größerer dänischer Angriff mit vierzehn Schiffen folgte am 2. April 1629. Der Lübecker Frieden beendete die Kämpfe. Mit den Schweden gab es später nur kleinere Gefechte.

1631 nahm er an der Belagerung von Magdeburg teil. Am 3. Mai verlegte er sein Quartier von Wanzleben nach Westerhüsen. Er eroberte eines der wichtigen Außenwerke der Stadt. Beim eigentlichen Sturm soll er zögerlich vorgegangen sein. Im selben Jahr wurde er zum Hofrat und kaiserlichen Kämmerer ernannt. Ein Jahr später war er Feldzeugmeister und 1633 Feldmarschall.

Seit 1633 kämpfte er als "Generalcapo an der Weser" in Westfalen, in der Wetterau und später in der Landgrafschaft Hessen. Einer seiner wichtigsten Untergebenen war Lothar Dietrich von Bönninghausen, der meist die Kavallerie kommandierte.

Pfalzgraf Wolfgang Wilhelm beklagte sich beim Kaiser über das zügellose Wüten der Soldaten Mansfelds bei Übergriffen in seinem Gebiet. Auch in Hessen gingen seine Soldaten rücksichtslos vor. Er drohte, dass im Nassauischen "kein Schweinestall mehr stehen bleiben" solle. Tatsächlich kam es zu Übergriffen und Zerstörungen. Bei Dillenburg kam es zu heftigen Gefechten mit den Hessen und die Stadt wurde geplündert.

Später stand er an der Spitze einer im Wesentlichen von den Spaniern übernommenen Armee in Süddeutschland. Er kommandierte im Oktober 1634 etwa 10.000–15.000 Mann. Zusammen mit Gallas und Piccolomini, sollte der als vorsichtig operierender Kommandeur geltende Mansfeld, die Schweden nach deren Niederlage in der Schlacht bei Nördlingen in die Zange nehmen. Aus der Gegend um Köln setzte er sich im November in Richtung der Wetterau in Marsch. Es ging darum, das Gebiet zwischen Lahn, Rhein und Main unter kaiserliche Kontrolle zu bringen und katholische Priester zurückzuführen. Gegen ihn formierte sich eine Armee unter Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar. Mansfeld zog seine Truppen bei Aschaffenburg zusammen und verschanzte sich. Mit verstärkten Truppen rückte Mansfeld bis in die Nähe von Gelnhausen vor. Dort standen sich beide Armeen einige Tage unmittelbar gegenüber, ohne dass es zur Schlacht kam. Nachdem die gegnerischen Truppen abgezogen waren, konnte Mansfeld die Kinziggegend unter Kontrolle bekommen.

Danach hielt er sich vor allem in Wien auf. Er wurde 1637 Kommandant der Hartschier-Leibgarde. Als seine Frau Margareta Katherina eine Affäre mit einem ungarischen Oberstleutnant hatte, kam es zu einem Skandal.

Im Jahr 1639 kämpfte er in Schlesien gegen die Schweden, bis er sein Kommando dort 1640 an Martin Maximilian von der Goltz übergab. Zuletzt war er 1657 Kommandant der Festung Raab im Königlichen Ungarn.

Literatur
 Ludwig Ferdinand Niemann: Geschichte der Grafen von Mansfeld. Aschersleben, 1834, S. 248–251 (Digitalisat).

 Holger Thomas Gräf: Von ungleichen Paaren und gierigen Erben. Maria von Mansfeld (1567–vor1635), die letzte Landgräfin von Hessen-Marburg, und ihre Ehen. In: Zeitschrift des Vereins für hessische Geschichte. Band 113, 2008, S. 117–124 (Online-Version PDF; 387 kB).

Weblinks
 Gotha Stammliste bei angelfire.com
 Eintrag auf 30jaehrigerkrieg.de

Einzelnachweise

Philipp
Person im Dreißigjährigen Krieg (HRR)
Militärperson (Schwedisches Heer)
Kaiserlicher General (HRR)
Geboren 1589
Gestorben 1657
Mann

Philipp von Mansfeld


is an anime television series aired in 2003 and produced by AIC.

The original series spans 5 story arcs across 15 episodes of 12 minutes each.

Plot summary
The story of BPS revolves around a "freelance artist" named Akira Shirase. He's a very talented, yet mysterious computer programmer. Because of his incredible abilities, he's contacted by several individuals (curiously, all of them are very similar persons named Akizuki Kaoru) to do all sorts of strange computer-related hacking/security jobs. He's a very quiet guy who lives alone in a small apartment near his niece's house. At first, the episodes revolved around some freelance jobs that highlighted his abilities - however, later on in the series, characters came back and offered help or plot twists. The school that Shirase had gone to had been hinted throughout the series, and it finally made an appearance in the last episode, when some of the characters began to show their hidden relationships to the others. However, the series was not continued.

Characters

 He's the main character of the story. Akira is a very talented computer connoisseur and is known in the hacking world as Battle Programmer Shirase (which is typically shortened to BPS). A genius in computer hacking and security who can do anything on any computer, or phone.

 Misao is Akira's great-niece. She is a very shy girl who loves to spend her time with Akira, whom she often refers to as . She cares for him deeply and it's very common to see her cooking for him or worrying about him. Sometimes, Misao says , which doesn't have an actual meaning (this may be a "cute" form of speech the creators added for her to please fans of cute anime girls). Misao looks very young for a 6th grader.  Misao Amano has made a cameo appearance in the final OVA of (Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure) and is a main character in the series (Magical Girl Pretty Sammy) in which her alter ego is Pixy Misa.

 Yoriko, nickname "Yon", is a child prodigy who works for the United States Navy. Her rank is Lieutenant Commander. She first meets BPS (Akira) when he is seen walking home after waiting in front of a book store. He explains that the book store clerk only opens when he wants to. She had been following Misao and asked if she could go to her house. She seems to have the same knowledge of computers as Akira and in one episode asks him to join her in the National Guard as her partner. She also asks him to go to America with her, and seems to have strong feelings for Akira as well.

 Sae is Misao's teacher. In an earlier episode she had tried to get Misao together with a boy from grade class. She is later seen drinking in an alley where she meets Akira, whom she hasn't seen since high school. She was being forced to have a marriage interview, and since she didn't want to go she ended up getting drunk in the alley.

Music
There are two theme songs used in the series. The opening theme (OP) is called "Suddenly" by Naomi Amagata. The closing theme (ED) is "Pure Enough" by Yuki Matsuura.

Thanking the viewers
The final episode of the show made the unusual step of explicitly apologizing for ending the series, not only to the local Japanese viewers, but also those in the fansub community: It was addressed to "those who enjoy the show on TV, and to those outside the broadcast area who took special measures to watch the show on their PC monitors, and to everyone who watched it subtitled overseas without permission."

References

External links

2003 anime television series debuts
Comedy anime and manga
Anime with original screenplays
Anime International Company
Maiden Japan

Battle Programmer Shirase


Nottingham Express Transit (NET) is a  tram system in Nottingham, England. The system opened to the public on 9 March 2004 and a second phase, that more than doubled the size of the total system, opened on 25 August 2015, having been initially planned to open two years earlier.

The network is operated and maintained by Nottingham Trams Ltd on behalf of the Tramlink Nottingham consortium. It was operated by Arrow Light Rail, another consortium, from 9 March 2004 until 16 December 2011. Arrow Light Rail had been contracted to operate the system for 30years; the addition of lines to the system led to retendering.

History

Planning and construction of phase one
Nottingham and the surrounding urban area is the UK's seventh largest and third fastest-growing urban area. Traditionally, Nottingham's economy was to a large extent based on manufacturing and coal mining, and in the second half of the 20th century the area was affected by the decline in these industries. High population density, a road system constrained by crossings of the River Trent, and a concentration of retail and entertainment outlets in the city centre led to road congestion and high bus usage. In the late 1980s, Nottingham City Council and Nottinghamshire County Council identified the possibility of using a modern tramway as a means of stimulating urban renewal, as well as tackling road congestion.

Plans began from around 1990, by Nottingham Development Enterprise, under Malcolm Reece. Studies in Grenoble in France had shown that up to 20% of commuters switched from their car. Possible routes were developed by Bob McKittrick of Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick. The first route was to Hucknall, but would go through the Victoria Centre tunnel. Other routes would follow the railway to Carlton and the railway to Beeston; the consulting engineers' advice was to follow along railway routes, where possible. By 1991, the route under the Victoria Centre was dropped, to follow the present route. It would be twenty five years before the other routes would be built.

The scheme was known as the Greater Nottingham Light Rapid Transport - GNLRT. The Greater Nottingham Light Rapid Transport Act 1994 received Royal Assent on 21 July 1994. The scheme now required £68m of government funding.

During 1998, Minister of State for Transport John Reid confirmed the availability of £167million funding for a new tram system, to be known as Nottingham Express Transit, to run between Nottingham and Hucknall.

In March 2000, the joint promoters, Nottingham City Council and Nottinghamshire County Council, awarded a 30-year Private Finance Initiative concession to the Arrow Light Rail Ltd consortium, with responsibility for the design, funding, building, operation and maintenance of the line. The consortium was made up of Adtranz (later subsumed into Bombardier Transportation), who were responsible for the trams, Carillion, who were responsible for the infrastructure, Transdev and Nottingham City Transport (NCT).

As built, the system was  long and served 23 tram stops. The construction cost a total of £200million, a sum equivalent to  at  prices.

Opening of phase one
Nottingham Express Transit began operation in March 2004, with a line operating north from a terminal at Station Street, just to the north of Nottingham railway station, through the city centre, branching to serve twin termini at Hucknall and Phoenix Park. Once the line was complete, operation was sub-contracted by Arrow Light Rail to the Nottingham Tram Consortium (NTC), an equal partnership between Transdev and Nottingham City Transport.

The new line proved successful, leading to an increase of public transport use for the Nottingham urban area of 8% in the five years to 2008, together with a less than 1% growth in road traffic, compared to the national average of around 4%. The line itself exceeded expectations, with 8.4million journeys in 2004-5 and 9.7million in 2005–6, against targets of 8million and 9million respectively. By 2007–8, ridership had reached 10.2million journeys. This bolstered the case for the construction of new lines.

On 27 July 2009, the GMB trade union held a strike in protest at a proposed pay cut of 0.6% offered by Nottingham Tram Consortium. A maximum of five trams out of a normal service of 13 ran from 06:00 until 18:00 on the Hucknall route, with replacement buses running a shuttle from Phoenix Park.

Planning and construction of phase two

In January 2003, even before the first phase had opened, the two councils had decided to start consultation on a second phase to serve the urban areas south and west, with routes to Clifton via Wilford, and to Chilwell via Beeston.

Approval for phase two was given on 25 October 2006 with the UK Government agreeing to provide up to £437million in Private Finance Initiative (PFI) credits. The local councils will also provide up to £141million in PFI credits.  The two local councils (Nottinghamshire County and Nottingham City Councils) voted on 22 February 2007 and 3 March 2007 respectively to table an application for a Transport and Works Act Order. The City and County Councils' application for the order were available to view from 26 April 2007 to 7 June 2007 when it was submitted to the Secretary of State for Transport for consideration.  A public inquiry was held in December 2007. The project was given the go-ahead by the government on 30 March 2009.

Following the local elections in 2009, the county council indicated that it was no longer willing to contribute financially to the project, so Nottingham City Council decided to cover the shortfall and be the sole promoter. The county council confirmed that it would not obstruct the project. Funding was approved by the government on 31 July 2009. Selecting and appointing the contractor was expected to take two years. Building work was expected to begin in 2011, in two phases, with trams running from 2014. The scheme survived the 2010 Comprehensive Spending Review ordered by the government, and on 24 March 2011 the government confirmed that funding had been approved.

As part of this process, the concession to operate the existing system was terminated. A new concession put out to tender to design and build phase two, to operate and maintain the existing system in the meantime, and to operate and maintain the extended system once completed. Although Arrow Light Rail bid, they lost out to a new consortium known as Tramlink Nottingham Limited, made up of Meridiam (30 per cent), OFI InfraVia (20 per cent), Alstom Transport (12.5 per cent), Keolis (12.5 per cent), Vinci Investments (12.5 per cent), and the Wellglade Group (12.5 per cent). As with the previous consortium, operation was further sub-contracted to a consortium of Keolis (80%) and Wellglade (20%), with maintenance sub-contracted to Alstom Transport. As a result of Wellglade's ownership of Trent Barton, who operate bus services in the Nottingham area, the new concession was referred to, and approved by, the Office of Fair Trading. The finalised contract was signed on 15 December 2011.

The severing of the link between NET and Nottingham City Transport, which affected joint ticketing arrangements, may have contributed to a fall in passenger numbers on phase one. This started in 2008 with the recession of that year, reducing the total number of journeys to a minimum 7.4million by 2013. By 2014–15, passenger numbers had rebounded to 8.1million.

Construction of phase two started in 2012. There were construction delays and by the end of 2014 it was at least six months behind schedule. There were complaints from residents affected by works and traders whose businesses have been damaged by the late running construction. Track laying was completed on 11 December 2014.

Opening of phase two
The two new bridges that form a major part of phase two were both officially named in 2014, in advance of their actual use by trams. The bridge across the Clifton Boulevard (A52) near the Queen's Medical Centre was named the Ningbo Friendship Bridge to acknowledge the links between the city of Ningbo, in China, and the University of Nottingham. The naming took place on 11 June 2014, and was undertaken by the vice-mayor of Ningbo. The bridge constructed over Nottingham railway station was officially opened on 17 October 2014 and named the Karlsruhe Friendship Bridge to acknowledge the technical support provided by Nottingham's twin city Karlsruhe. The opening event also unveiled a new tram named in honour of the late Jim Taylor who developed the initial vision for the tram system.

The first powered test run on a short section of the line took place in the early hours of Friday 22 August 2014, running from Station Street via The Meadows to Wilford, before returning to Station Street. With the completion of track laying and electrification work in early 2015, testing began in earnest.

The first section of phase two to open to the public was the new tram station above Nottingham railway station, which replaced the Station Street stop as the southern terminus of the line on 27 July 2015. The remainder of phase two finally opened at 06:00 on 25 August 2015, with the route from Toton Lane Park and Ride into Nottingham running the first public service.

During the planning and construction phases, the initial system (including both branches) was often referred to as line 1, with the line 2 name used for the new line to Clifton and line 3 for the new line to Toton. With the publication of the timetables covering through running between the initial system and phase two, this terminology was changed, with line 1 referring to the through service from Hucknall to Toton, and line 2 to the service from Phoenix Park to Clifton.

Current network

The network consists of two lines that cross the city, running together on a common section for the middle part of their journey, including the city centre section. Line 1 runs between Toton Lane tram stop and Hucknall, features a total of 33 or 34 tram stops, depending on direction, and has a journey time throughout of 62minutes. Line 2 runs between Clifton and Phoenix Park, features 27 or 28 tram stops, depending on direction, and has a journey time throughout of 47minutes. The system has a total length of .

Trams on each line run at frequencies that vary between four and eight trams per hour, depending on the day and time of day. These services combine to provide up to 16 trams per hour on the common section.

Toton branch (line 1)
The southern branch of line 1 commences at Toton Lane, a large Park & Ride site that is to the west of Chilwell, north of Toton and south of Stapleford, and is just   along the Stapleford bypass (A52) from junction 25 of the M1 motorway. The line then proceeds through Chilwell, largely on its own right of way and serving tram stops at Inham Road, Eskdale Drive, Bramcote Lane and Cator Lane, before joining the street at High Road – Central College. From here it runs on street through Beeston, serving tram stops at Chilwell Road, Beeston Centre and Middle Street before reaching the tram stop at University Boulevard. Beeston Centre provides a specially designed interchange with local bus services.

From University Boulevard, the line proceeds on segregated track alongside the road of the same name to the University of Nottingham tram stop, which serves the University of Nottingham's main campus. From here it uses the Ningbo Friendship Bridge to cross the Clifton Boulevard (A52) to the elevated stop at the Queen's Medical Centre, before descending back to street level again. Street stops at Gregory Street, NG2 and Meadows Way West follow, before reaching the junction with the Clifton branch (line 2).

The branch is  long, of which about half is segregated. There are 15 tram stops on the branch, and the journey between Toton Lane and Nottingham railway station takes 30minutes. The line from Toton to just before University Boulevard is in the Borough of Broxtowe, with the rest of the branch in the City of Nottingham.

Clifton branch (line 2)
The southern branch of line 2 commences at Clifton South, a large Park & Ride site that lies just to the south-west of the large suburb of Clifton, on the A453. It then proceeds on street through the heavily built up Clifton Estate, serving stops at Summerwood Lane, Holy Trinity, Clifton Centre, Rivergreen and Southchurch Drive North, before entering a newly created right of way out of the estate.

The new right of way joins the route of the former Great Central Railway, serving stops on the old railway formation at Ruddington Lane, Compton Acres and Wilford Lane before reaching the village of Wilford. Here it diverges from the former railway and serves Wilford Village tram stop before crossing the River Trent on the former Wilford Toll Bridge, long closed to motor vehicles, which has been widened to allow pedestrians and cyclists to continue to use it. It then  runs through the Meadows residential area, serving tram stops at Meadows Embankment and Queens Walk before reaching the junction with the Toton Branch (line 1).

The branch is  long, of which almost two thirds is segregated. There are 12 tram stops on the branch, and the journey between Clifton South and Nottingham railway station takes 21minutes. The stop at Clifton South is in the Borough of Rushcliffe, and the line between just before Ruddington Lane and just before Wilford Village forms the boundary between the Borough of Rushcliffe and the City of Nottingham. The rest of the branch, including the section through the Clifton Estate, is within the City of Nottingham.

Common section (lines 1 & 2)
The two southern branches unite at a junction to the south of Nottingham railway station, which is situated on the southern edge of the city centre. The tramway crosses above the station platforms on its own dedicated bridge, the Karlsruhe Friendship Bridge, that also carries a tram stop that is directly connected to the station concourse.

From Nottingham station the common section runs north through the city centre, serving stops at Lace Market, Old Market Square and the Royal Centre. Leaving the city centre, the line continues, calling at Nottingham Trent University and High School before reaching The Forest. To the north of here is a section of about , where northbound and southbound trams follow different streets, crossing at each end to run on the 'wrong side'. The line serves different stops in different directions, with northbound trams stopping at Noel Street, Beaconsfield Street and Shipstone Street, while southbound trams stop at Radford Road and Hyson Green Market. The two tracks rejoin at Wilkinson Street, where the depot is situated. Between the station and Wilkinson Street, trams run in the street, but all other traffic is heavily restricted or, in some cases, banned altogether. There are Park & Ride sites at the Forest Recreation Ground and Wilkinson Street.

North of Wilkinson Street, the route joins a former Midland Railway alignment, which it shares with the Robin Hood railway line. The railway and tram lines run next to each other, segregated by a fence, with tram stops at Basford, David Lane and Highbury Vale. At Highbury Vale, the two tram lines again diverge.

The whole common section lies within the City of Nottingham.

Hucknall branch (line 1)
Line 1 continues to run alongside the Robin Hood line north of Highbury Vale as far as its terminus. The line serves Bulwell railway station where railway interchange is provided. North of this station, the tram line becomes single track as far as its terminus at Hucknall railway station, albeit with passing loops at each of the three intermediate stops at Bulwell Forest, Moor Bridge and Butler's Hill. Hucknall station provides interchange with the Robin Hood line, as well as being a Park & Ride site. The branch is within the City of Nottingham to a point just past Moor Bridge, beyond which it is in Ashfield District.

Phoenix Park branch (line 2)
Line 2 diverges from line 1 at Highbury Vale, serving two separate platforms connected to the Line 1 platforms by footpath. Beyond Highbury Vale, the line becomes single track as far as its terminus at Phoenix Park, a Park & Ride site, following the alignment of a former colliery railway. Cinderhill is the only intermediate stop on this branch, and the only stop on the system where trams use the same single platform in both directions. The whole branch is within the City of Nottingham.

Rolling stock

Current fleet
NET currently operates the following fleet:

Bombardier Incentro AT6/5

The system started with 15 Incentro AT6/5 trams, similar to those used on the Nantes tramway, built by Bombardier at Derby Litchurch Lane Works. They were named after famous local people. The Flexity Outlook had also been considered and rejected as its large single-leaf doors did not comply with British door-alarm regulations.

On 8 March 2013, NET announced that all trams would be refurbished and receive a new livery and interior. Refurbishment was completed by September 2014.

In 2019, another refurbishment was commenced, which includes replacing the floors and internal fittings, a new livery to match the Citadis trams, and a mechanical overhaul to improve reliability. Tram 203 was the first to be returned to service on 10 May 2019.

Alstom Citadis 302

Twenty two new Alstom Citadis 302 trams were ordered in preparation for the Phase Two extensions to Beeston and Clifton. The first Citadis tram (216) arrived at the depot on 10 September 2013. Along with the current Incentro fleet, they ran test operation on the new lines from Summer 2014 and also on the current network. The first Citadis trams (216-221) entered passenger service for the day on 27 July 2014, as part of a trial for the new timetable, which was then introduced on 26 August 2014.

The trams are stored and maintained at the Wilkinson Street depot, which was expanded as part of the phase two works.

Ancillary vehicles
NET have a road-rail-equipped Unimog truck. A battery-powered shunter is used to move trams on non-electrified tracks within the depot.

Naming
Each tram in the network is named after "a local hero of the past or present". In November 2015, a tram was named after local screenwriter, playwright and actor William Ivory. In December 2021, a tram  was named after Professor Martyn Poliakoff.

Fares and ticketing
All tickets are purchased in advance - passengers need to buy a ticket or validate a smart card before they board the tram. There are ticket machines at all tram stops, where passengers can buy single, return, day and weekly tickets using cash or credit/debit card; tickets can also be bought on the NET app, NETGO!  Ticket options such as Robin Hood smartcards and season passes are available on the website and at the NET Travel Centre in the City Centre. Various concessionary schemes are also in place. The validators at each stop also accept payments by contactless credit and debit card including Apple Pay and Android's Google Wallet for single and day fares without the need to buy a physical ticket.

Services

Cycle parks
Under a scheme run by Nottingham City Council, the city has covered secure cycle parks that feature CCTV, lighting, Citycard access controlled doors and, at some sites, Citycard activated lockers and 24 hour access.  Nottingham Cycle Parks are available at the following tram stops: Clifton Centre, Clifton South, Hucknall, Nottingham Station, Phoenix Park, Toton Lane and Wilkinson Street.

Access was originally free, with a one-off £5 registration charge. However, from July 2020, the council has introduced a revised charging structure, with an annual charge of £7.50, reduced to £5.25 for those paying by annual direct debit.

Corporate affairs

Ownership and structure
NET is run as a concession by a consortium known as Tramlink Nottingham Limited, to finance, build, operate and maintain two new tram lines (known as phase two) and to operate and maintain the initial tram line (phase one), until 20 March 2034 for the grantor, Nottingham City Council.

Tramlink Nottingham Limited's parent company is Tramlink Nottingham (Holdings) Limited, which in turn is owned by the following shareholders:

Operations are sub-contracted to Nottingham Trams Limited, a consortium of Keolis (80%) and Wellglade (20%), with maintenance sub-contracted to Alstom Transport.

Business trends
The consortium company Tramlink Nottingham Limited has produced annual accounts since April 2011, when it took over the concession, and
NET passenger revenue and passenger numbers are published by the Department of Transport.

The key available trends in recent years for Nottingham Express Transit are (years ending 31 March):

Activities in the financial year 2020/21 were severely reduced by the impact of the coronavirus pandemic; during the year Tramlink Nottingham received a Covid grant of £18.5million from the Department for Transport to maintain essential services.

Passenger numbers
Detailed passenger journeys since Nottingham Express Transit commenced operations on 9 March 2004 were:

Future developments

Additional routes
During the development of NET a number of possible additional routes around the city were considered, although there are no detailed plans for these.

However, in 2009, during the tendering process for phase two, documents contained nine possible routes:
Hucknall to Linby.
Phoenix Park to Kimberley and/or Watnall
Nottingham to West Bridgford and then Gamston/Tollerton/Edwalton/Ruddington.
Queen's Medical Centre to Arnold, via Basford.
Nottingham to Gedling.
Nottingham to Gamston.
Chilwell to Ilkeston.
Clifton to East Midlands Parkway or East Midlands Airport.
Chilwell to Stapleford town centre and/or Sandiacre.

The documentation also raised the possibility of tram-train lines from Nottingham to Gedling and/or Bingham, and to Ilkeston.

Extension of route 2 to Kimberley
Kimberley, Eastwood & Nuthall Tram Action Group (KENTAG) campaigns for an extension from Phoenix Park to Eastwood and Kimberley. In December 2012, Nottingham City Council agreed to seek money to conduct a feasibility study on the route.  In a major setback for tram proponents, in December 2014 Broxtowe Borough Council voted to reject a proposal to help fund a feasibility study into a line to Kimberley, due to the problems and delays of Lines 2 and 3. Richard Robinson, Labour Councillor for Kimberley, said the plan was always to bring the proposals back to the table. He said: "The vote in December was a roadblock put in our way, but we will overcome it". Councillors voted 19 to 13 in favour of Cllr Robinson stepping down pending the outcome of an inquiry after he admitted on Radio Nottingham to encouraging a pro-tram campaigner to flood local media with positive letters, while using aliases to make them appear local.

In 2015, Broxtowe Borough Council (jointly with British Land) commissioned a £55,000 study from Mott MacDonald to look into all transport options to reduce congestion along the A610 corridor though Broxtowe. It considered four potential tram routes to the Kimberley retail park. This estimated that the cost of the extension could reach £168million.

Extension of route 1 to serve HS2 at Toton and Derby
News that a station for the proposed HS2 line (the East Midlands Hub) is likely to be built on the site of Toton sidings, only a short distance from the Toton Lane terminus has fuelled speculation that the line could be extended to the new station. In November 2015 there was a proposal for the tram network to be extended from Toton to Derby. Two routes were later proposed by the D2N2 local enterprise partnership for the route to Derby. The first route would be via the A52 while the second would be via Borrowash and Spondon. Land has been protected in planning application for housing developments between the Toton Lane terminus and Toton Sidings.

Extension of route 2 to Fairham Pastures
By mid-2018, a short extension southwards beyond the Clifton South terminus was being investigated, in order to serve the 3,000-home "Fairham Pastures" development next to the A453 road.

Additional stops on existing lines
There is also a proposal for a stop at the redeveloped Broadmarsh Shopping Centre.

Special events
 On 15 May 2004, a special tram transported members of the Tramway and Light Railway Society on a tour of crossovers and less used sections of track, prior to the society's Annual General Meeting.
 On 11 June 2014, a technical tour of the Nottingham Tram system was scheduled for delegates of the 9th Annual UK Light Rail Conference meeting at Nottingham Conference Centre.
 In May 2014, during the construction of the tram extension to Beeston, work was stopped and the road temporarily resurfaced so that a bride could travel to their wedding.
 In December 2014, tram 209 Sid Standard made a special journey between The Forest and Nottingham Market Square to bring Sid Standard's granddaughter to her wedding at Nottingham Council House.
 In May 2017, a bride and her group of bridesmaids travelled from Cinderhill tram stop to Old Market Square for her wedding at the Council House.
 On 7 May 2018, a tram tour of the Wilkinson Street Depot and other rarely used pieces of track was held to raise money for the National Tramway Museum at Crich and the Forever Stars stillbirth charity.
 On 2 June 2018, a special tram transported a wedding party from Station Street tram stop to Nottingham Trent University tram stop for their wedding at Nottingham Quaker Meeting House. The group had arrived from Beeston along the Nottingham Canal to Castle Lock by boat. Tram fares were donated to Macmillan Cancer Support.
 On 23 March 2019, a wedding group travelled from Phoenix Park tram stop to Nottingham Market Square for a wedding at the council house, before continuing with a historic bus.

Accidents and incidents
 On 6 October 2007, a 23-year-old man from Hucknall died after being hit by a tram when he stepped in front of it at Weekday Cross.  His death was the first fatality since the trams were relaunched.
 On 11 November 2011, a 44-year-old man from Barnsley died following an incident close to Wilkinson Street depot.
 On 28 November 2012, a 13-year-old girl was hit by a tram on the Bayles and Wylies footpath crossing, on the border of Bestwood and Hucknall. She was rushed to hospital but later died from her injuries. The local MP remarked "I am mindful that this is not the first fatality on Nottingham's tramline and we obviously need to look at what's going wrong and how we can fix it." The crossing was subsequently closed and both it and the adjacent crossing, that took the footpath across a nearby railway line, were replaced by a footbridge.
 On 15 August 2016, late at night, a 51-year-old man was killed by a tram between David Lane and Basford. The man had got off at David Lane and was spotted walking along the tramway, but misunderstandings between control staff resulted in the tram driver not being warned of his presence.
 On 18 July 2017, a technical fault with a tram caused damage to overhead lines near Basford. The network was unable to run trams between David Lane and The Forest tram stops, causing major disruption over a three-day period.
 On 6 December 2017, a van collided with a tram on University Boulevard. Four passengers were slightly injured.  The incident led to severe traffic jams across much of the city, and the tram service continued to be disrupted for many days afterwards.
 On 17 December 2017, the raincover of an empty pushchair became trapped in a tram door whilst departing Radford Road stop. After investigating, the Rail Accident Investigation Branch issued a recommendation to all UK-based tram-operators to undertake visual checks, in addition to the automatic electronic door interlocking detection, prior to a tram moving off.
 On 7 October 2020, a man was injured after he was hit by a tram on Victoria Street.
 During a heatwave in July 2022, services became extremely disrupted due to the withdrawal of almost half the fleet, as NET were not confident that the trams were fit for service in such conditions. Some trams were out of service for weeks.
 On 30 September 2022, a tram became derailed on the points at Highbury Vale, which caused significant disruption to services throughout the day, particularly affecting passengers travelling to the opening day of Goose Fair, which was taking place for the first time in three years at the Forest Recreation Ground. Services were resumed the following day.

See also
 Nottingham and District Tramways Company Limited (horse and steam tram service from 1878 to 1902)
 Nottingham Corporation Tramways (electric tram service from 1901 to 1936)
 List of town tramway systems in the United Kingdom

References

Bibliography

  Special publication distributed with October 2015 edition of Tramways & Urban Transit magazine

External links

 A virtual ride on the Nottingham tram

Keolis
Railway lines opened in 2004
Electric railways in the United Kingdom
Tram transport in England
750 V DC railway electrification
Nottingham
2004 establishments in England

Nottingham Express Transit


El Museo de la Payesía (en catalán, y oficialmente, Museu de la Pagesia) de Castellbisbal, en la comarca del Vallés Occidental, tiene por objeto conservar y difundir el patrimonio cultural local asociado al mundo agrícola. El fondo del Museo está formado por aperos del campo, utensilios domésticos, fotografías y recuerdos personales; todos estos materiales conforman una exposición permanente que quiere dar una visión panorámica de la tradición agrícola de la población, de las labores del campo y la estructura social del mundo rural. La exposición permanente se divide en tres ámbitos: las personas, la tierra y el transporte. Además, el Museo organiza exposiciones temporales, talleres y visitas guiadas.
El Museo reabrió sus puertas en agosto de 2006 tras un periodo de reformas para mejorar su accesibilidad e implantar un nuevo proyecto museográfico. Forma parte de la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página del Museo en el sitio del Ayuntamiento
 Web del Museo más grande de Cataluña

Museos de la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona
Museos etnográficos de España
Museos de agricultura de España
Museos de España inaugurados en 1965

Museo de la Payesía


Boris Lukašík, (nacido el 24 de febrero de 1935 en Ružomberok, Checoslovaquia), es un exjugador eslovaco de baloncesto. Consiguió 1 medalla de bronce en el Europeo de Turquía 1959 con Checoslovaquia. Es el hermano de Dušan Lukašík.

Enlaces externos
Perfil en sports reference

Baloncestistas de Eslovaquia
Baloncestistas de Checoslovaquia
Hermanos baloncestistas
Baloncestistas del MBK Baník Handlová
Baloncestistas del BK Iskra Svit
Nacidos en Ružomberok

Boris Lukašík


Rafik Baha El Deen Al-Hariri (1. nóvember 1944 – 14. febrúar 2005) var líbanskur athafna- og stjórnmálamaður. Hann var mjög áberandi í líbönsku stjórnmála- og efnahagslífi á árunum eftir borgarastyrjöldina í landinu og var tvívegis forsætisráðherra Líbanons, frá 1992 til 1998 og 2000 til 2004. Líkt og allir forsætisráðherrar landsins var Hariri súnnímúslimi.

Hariri flutti árið 1965 í viðskiptaerindum til Sádi-Arabíu og efnaðist þar mjög í byggingariðnaðinum en flutti aftur til Líbanons árið 1990 og tók þar þátt í endurbyggingu Beirút eftir eyðileggingu borgarastyrjaldarinnar. Hann varð forsætisráðherra Líbanons árið 1992 og vann náið með sýrlenskum áhrifamönnum í landinu. Hann fjarlægðist síðar Sýrlendingana og krafðist þess árið 2004 að sýrlenskir hermenn hefðu sig á brott úr Líbanon. Þegar embættistíð Émile Lahoud forseta landsins var framlengd vegna þrýstings frá Sýrlendingum sagði Hariri af sér í mótmælaskyni.

Rafik Hariri var myrtur í sprengjuárás á bílalest hans á götum Beirút þann 11. febrúar árið 2005. Fjórir meðlimir Hizbollah voru ákærðir fyrir morðið og síðar sakfelldir að þeim fjarstöddum af sérstökum dómstól Sameinuðu þjóðanna árið 2020. Aðrir telja þó fremur að sýrlensk stjórnvöld hafi staðið á bak við morðið. Morðið á Hariri leiddi til sedrusbyltingarinnar í Líbanon, sem leiddi til þess að Sýrlendingar drógu her sinn úr landinu.

Tilvísanir

Forsætisráðherrar Líbanons

Rafik Hariri


El Castillo Smithsonian, también conocido como Castillo de la Institución Smithsonian y Edificio Institucional Smithsonian,   es un edificio situada en el National Mall detrás del Museo Nacional de Arte Africano, en Washington D.C., Estados Unidos. Alberga las oficinas administrativas y el centro de información de la Institución Smithsonian, con pantallas interactivas y mapas. Las computadoras electrónicamente responden a las preguntas más comunes.

Descripción
Es una edificación con aspecto de castillo, ubicada . El edificio se construyó en piedra arenisca roja con estilo Normando (una combinación del siglo XII de tardío románico con motivos góticos) y normalmente se le denomina como El Castillo.

Historia
Fue el primer edificio de la Smithsonian, completado en 1855 por el arquitecto James Renwick Jr. Otras obras de este arquitecto son la Catedral de San Patricio de Nueva York y la Galería Renwick, también de la Smithsonian en Washington D.C. A lo largo de los años muchas reconstrucciones se han llevado a cabo. La primera fue consecuencia del fuego que el 24 de enero de 1865 destruyó la planta alta del segmento principal y las torres norte y sur. En 1884, el ala este se protegió contra incendios y se amplió para albergar más oficinas. Las remodelaciones de 1968 a 1969 restauraron la atmósfera Victoriana del edificio, que era la original de cuando se construyó.
El edificio fue el hogar del primer secretario de la Institución Joseph Henry y su familia. Durante muchos años albergó todos los aspectos de las operaciones de la Institución, incluyendo una sala de exhibiciones desde 1858 a los años 1960. Cerca de la entrada norte se encuentra la cripta de James Smithson, el benefactor de la Institución, mientras que fuera en el National Mall hay una escultura de Joseph Henry. Esta escultura honra al primer secretario y fue ejecutada por William Wetmore Story. En 1996, en conmemoración del 150 aniversario de la Institución, se colocó una campana. Aunque Renwock pensó en una campana en sus planos originales, la falta de dinero canceló sus planes. Ahora suena cada hora.Fue designado como Monumento Histórico Nacional en 1965.

Uso actual
El Castillo Smithsonian alberga todas las oficinas administrativas de la Institución Smithsonian. El principal centro de visitantes Smithsonian también se encuentra aquí,

Galería

Véase también
 Arquitectura neorromanica

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Peck, Garrett (2013). The Smithsonian Castle and the Seneca Quarry. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 122–126. ISBN 978-1609499297.
 Scott, Pamela; Lee, Antoinette J. (1993). "The Mall". Buildings of the District of Columbia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 94–96. ISBN 0-19-509389-5.
 Field, Cynthia R. Smithsonian Preservation Quarterly, "Director's Column: The Second Architect of the Smithsonian Building." Fall 1994 edition. Washington, D.C.

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial con información sobre el castillo

Castillos de Estados Unidos
Edificios y estructuras de Washington D. C.
National Mall
Smithsonian Institution
Obras de James Renwick Jr.

Castillo de la Institución Smithsonian