The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a  sector of the Eastern Front during World War II, between September 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated Hitler's attack on Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Soviet Union. Moscow was one of the primary military and political objectives for Axis forces in their invasion of the Soviet Union.

The German Strategic Offensive, named Operation Typhoon, called for two pincer offensives, one to the north of Moscow against the Kalinin Front by the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies, simultaneously severing the Moscow–Leningrad railway, and another to the south of Moscow Oblast against the Western Front south of Tula, by the 2nd Panzer Army, while the 4th Army advanced directly towards Moscow from the west.

Initially, the Soviet forces conducted a strategic defence of the Moscow Oblast by constructing three defensive belts, deploying newly raised reserve armies, and bringing troops from the Siberian and Far Eastern Military Districts. As the German offensives were halted, a Soviet strategic counter-offensive and smaller-scale offensive operations forced the German armies back to the positions around the cities of Oryol, Vyazma and Vitebsk, and nearly surrounded three German armies. It was a major setback for the Germans, and the end of their belief in a swift German victory over the USSR. As a result of the failed offensive, Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch was dismissed as supreme commander of the German Army, with Hitler replacing him in the position.

Background

Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion plan, called for the capture of Moscow within four months. On 22 June 1941, Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union, destroyed most of the Soviet Air Force on the ground, and advanced deep into Soviet territory using blitzkrieg tactics to destroy entire Soviet armies. The German Army Group North moved towards Leningrad, Army Group South took control of Ukraine, and Army Group Centre advanced towards Moscow. By July 1941, Army Group Centre crossed the Dnieper River, on the path to Moscow.

On 15 July 1941, German forces captured Smolensk, an important stronghold on the road to Moscow.
At this stage, although Moscow was vulnerable, an offensive against the city would have exposed the German flanks. In part to address these risks, and to attempt to secure Ukraine's food and mineral resources, Hitler ordered the attack to turn north and south to eliminate Soviet forces at Leningrad and Kiev. This delayed the German advance on Moscow. When that advance resumed on 30 September 1941, German forces had been weakened, while the Soviets had raised new forces for the defence of the city.

Initial German advance (30 September – 10 October)

Plans

For Hitler, the Soviet capital was secondary, and he believed the only way to bring the Soviet Union to its knees was to defeat it economically. He felt this could be accomplished by seizing the economic resources of Ukraine east of Kiev. When Walther von Brauchitsch, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, supported a direct thrust to Moscow, he was told that "only ossified brains could think of such an idea". Franz Halder, head of the Army General Staff, was also convinced that a drive to seize Moscow would be victorious after the German Army inflicted enough damage on the Soviet forces. This view was shared by most within the German high command. But Hitler overruled his generals in favor of pocketing the Soviet forces around Kiev in the south, followed by the seizure of Ukraine. The move was successful, resulting in the loss of nearly 700,000  Red Army personnel killed, captured, or wounded by 26 September, and further advances by Axis forces.

With the end of summer, Hitler redirected his attention to Moscow and assigned Army Group Centre to this task. The forces committed to Operation Typhoon included three infantry armies (the 2nd, 4th, and 9th) supported by three Panzer (tank) Groups (the 2nd, 3rd and 4th) and by the Luftwaffes Luftflotte 2. Up to two million German troops were committed to the operation, along with 1,000–2,470 tanks and assault guns and 14,000 guns. German aerial strength, however, had been severely reduced over the summer's campaign; the Luftwaffe had lost 1,603 aircraft and 1,028 had been damaged. Luftflotte 2 had only 549 serviceable machines, including 158 medium and dive-bombers and 172 fighters, available for Operation Typhoon. The attack relied on standard blitzkrieg tactics, using Panzer groups rushing deep into Soviet formations and executing double-pincer movements, pocketing Red Army divisions and destroying them.

Facing the Wehrmacht were three Soviet fronts forming a defensive line based on the cities of Vyazma and Bryansk, which barred the way to Moscow. The armies comprising these fronts had also been involved in heavy fighting. Still, it was a formidable concentration consisting of 1,250,000 men, 1,000 tanks and 7,600 guns. The Soviet Air Force (VVS) had suffered appalling losses of some 7,500 to 21,200 aircraft. Extraordinary industrial achievements had begun to replace these, and at the outset of Typhoon the VVS could muster 936 aircraft, 578 of which were bombers.

Once Soviet resistance along the Vyazma-Bryansk front was eliminated, German forces were to press east, encircling Moscow by outflanking it from the north and south. Continuous fighting had reduced their effectiveness, and logistical difficulties became more acute. General Heinz Guderian, commander of the 2nd Panzer Army, wrote that some of his destroyed tanks had not been replaced, and there were fuel shortages at the start of the operation.

Battles of Vyazma and Bryansk

The German attack went according to plan, with 4th Panzer Group pushing through the middle nearly unopposed and then dividing its mobile forces north to complete the encirclement of Vyazma with 3rd Panzer Group, and other units south to close the ring around Bryansk in conjunction with 2nd Panzer Group. The Soviet defenses, still under construction, were overrun, and spearheads of the 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups met at Vyazma on 10 October 1941. Four Soviet armies (the 16th, 19th, 20th, 24th and part of the 32nd) were encircled in a large pocket just west of the city.

The encircled Soviet forces continued to fight, and the Wehrmacht had to employ 28 divisions to eliminate them, using troops which could have supported the offensive towards Moscow. The remnants of the Soviet Western and Reserve Fronts retreated and manned new defensive lines around Mozhaisk. Although losses were high, some of the encircled units escaped in small groups, ranging in size from platoons to full rifle divisions. Soviet resistance near Vyazma also provided time for the Soviet high command to reinforce the four armies defending Moscow (the 5th, 16th, 43rd and 49th Armies). Three rifle and two tank divisions were transferred from East Siberia with more to follow.

The weather began to change, hampering both sides. On 7 October, the first snow fell and quickly melted, turning roads and open areas into muddy quagmires, a phenomenon known as rasputitsa in Russia. German armored groups were greatly slowed, allowing Soviet forces to fall back and regroup.

Soviet forces were able to counterattack in some cases. For example, the 4th Panzer Division fell into an ambush set by Dmitri Leliushenko's hastily formed 1st Guards Special Rifle Corps, including Mikhail Katukov's 4th Tank Brigade, near the city of Mtsensk. Newly built T-34 tanks were concealed in the woods as German armor rolled past them; as a scratch team of Soviet infantry contained their advance, Soviet armor attacked from both flanks and savaged the German Panzer IV tanks. For the Wehrmacht, the shock of this defeat was so great that a special investigation was ordered. Guderian and his troops discovered, to their dismay, that the Soviet T-34s were almost impervious to German tank guns. As the general wrote, "Our Panzer IV tanks with their short 75 mm guns could only explode a T-34 by hitting the engine from behind". Guderian also noted in his memoirs that "the Russians already learned a few things". In 2012, Niklas Zetterling disputed the notion of a major German reversal at Mtsensk, noting that only a battlegroup from the 4th Panzer Division was engaged while most of the division was fighting elsewhere, that both sides withdrew from the battlefield after the fighting and that the Germans lost only six tanks destroyed and three damaged. For German commanders like Hoepner and Bock, the action was inconsequential; their primary worry was resistance from within the pocket, not outside it.

Other counterattacks further slowed the German offensive. The 2nd Army, which was operating to the north of Guderian's forces with the aim of encircling the Bryansk Front, had come under strong Red Army pressure assisted by air support.

According to German assessments of the initial Soviet defeat, 673,000 soldiers had been captured by the Wehrmacht in both the Vyazma and Bryansk pockets, although recent research suggests a lower—but still enormous—figure of 514,000 prisoners, reducing Soviet strength by 41%. Personnel losses of 499,001 (permanent as well as temporary) were calculated by the Soviet command. On 9 October, Otto Dietrich of the German Ministry of Propaganda, quoting Hitler himself, forecast in a press conference the imminent destruction of the armies defending Moscow. As Hitler had never had to lie about a specific and verifiable military fact, Dietrich convinced foreign correspondents that the collapse of all Soviet resistance was perhaps hours away. German civilian morale—low since the start of Barbarossa—significantly improved, with rumors of soldiers home by Christmas and great riches from the future Lebensraum in the east.

However, Red Army resistance had slowed the Wehrmacht. When the Germans arrived within sight of the Mozhaisk line west of Moscow on 10 October, they encountered another defensive barrier manned by new Soviet forces. That same day, Georgy Zhukov, who had been recalled from the Leningrad Front on 6 October, took charge of Moscow's defense and the combined Western and Reserve Fronts, with Colonel General Ivan Konev as his deputy. On 12 October, Zhukov ordered the concentration of all available forces on a strengthened Mozhaisk line, a move supported by General Vasilevsky of the General Staff. The Luftwaffe still controlled the sky wherever it appeared, and Stuka and bomber groups flew 537 sorties, destroying some 440 vehicles and 150 artillery pieces.

On 15 October, Stalin ordered the evacuation of the Communist Party, the General Staff and various civil government offices from Moscow to Kuibyshev (now Samara), leaving only a limited number of officials behind. The evacuation caused panic among Muscovites. On 16–17 October, much of the civilian population tried to flee, mobbing the available trains and jamming the roads from the city. Despite all this, Stalin publicly remained in the Soviet capital, somewhat calming the fear and pandemonium.

Mozhaisk defense line (13–30 October)

By 13 October 1941, the Wehrmacht had reached the Mozhaisk defense line, a hastily constructed set of four lines of fortifications protecting Moscow's western approaches which extended from Kalinin towards Volokolamsk and Kaluga. Despite recent reinforcements, only around 90,000 Soviet soldiers manned this line—far too few to stem the German advance. Given the limited resources available, Zhukov decided to concentrate his forces at four critical points: the 16th Army under Lieutenant General Konstantin Rokossovsky guarded Volokolamsk, Mozhaisk was defended by 5th Army under Major General Leonid Govorov, the 43rd Army of Major General Konstantin Golubev defended Maloyaroslavets, and the 49th Army under Lieutenant General Ivan Zakharkin protected Kaluga. The entire Soviet Western Front—nearly destroyed after its encirclement near Vyazma—was being recreated almost from scratch.

Moscow itself was also hastily fortified. According to Zhukov, 250,000 women and teenagers worked building trenches and anti-tank moats around Moscow, moving almost three million cubic meters of earth with no mechanical help. Moscow's factories were hastily converted to military tasks: one automobile factory was turned into a submachine gun armory, a clock factory manufactured mine detonators, the chocolate factory shifted to food production for the front, and automobile repair stations worked fixing damaged tanks and military vehicles. Despite these preparations, the capital was within striking distance of German tanks, with the Luftwaffe mounting large-scale air raids on the city. The air raids caused only limited damage because of extensive anti-aircraft defenses and effective civilian fire brigades.

On 13 October 1941 (15 October, according to other sources), the Wehrmacht resumed its offensive. At first, the German forces attempted to bypass Soviet defenses by pushing northeast towards the weakly protected city of Kalinin and south towards Kaluga and Tula, capturing all except Tula by 14 October. Encouraged by these initial successes, the Germans launched a frontal assault against the fortified line, taking Mozhaisk and Maloyaroslavets on 18 October, Naro-Fominsk on 21 October, and Volokolamsk on 27 October after intense fighting. Because of the increasing danger of flanking attacks, Zhukov was forced to fall back, withdrawing his forces east of the Nara river.

In the south, the Second Panzer Army initially advanced towards Tula with relative ease because the Mozhaisk defense line did not extend that far south and no significant concentrations of Soviet troops blocked their advance. However, bad weather, fuel problems, and damaged roads and bridges eventually slowed the German army, and Guderian did not reach the outskirts of Tula until 26 October. The German plan initially called for the rapid capture of Tula, followed by a pincer move around Moscow. The first attack, however, was repelled by the 50th Army and civilian volunteers on 29 October, after a fight within sight of the city. This was followed by the counter-offensive by the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps whose flanks were secured by the 10th Army, 49th Army and 50th Army who attacked from Tula. On 31 October, the German Army high command ordered a halt to all offensive operations until increasingly severe logistical problems were resolved and the  subsided.

Wehrmacht advance towards Moscow (1 November – 5 December)

Wearing down
By late October, the German forces were worn out, with only a third of their motor vehicles still functioning, infantry divisions at third- to half-strength, and serious logistics issues preventing the delivery of warm clothing and other winter equipment to the front. Even Hitler seemed to surrender to the idea of a long struggle, since the prospect of sending tanks into such a large city without heavy infantry support seemed risky after the costly capture of Warsaw in 1939.

To stiffen the resolve of the Red Army and boost civilian morale, Stalin ordered the traditional military parade on 7 November (Revolution Day) to be staged in Red Square. Soviet troops paraded past the Kremlin and then marched directly to the front. The parade carried a great symbolic significance by demonstrating the continued Soviet resolve, and was frequently invoked as such in the years to come. Despite this brave show, the Red Army's position remained precarious. Although 100,000 additional Soviet soldiers had reinforced Klin and Tula, where renewed German offensives were expected, Soviet defenses remained relatively thin. Nevertheless, Stalin ordered several preemptive counteroffensives against German lines. These were launched despite protests from Zhukov, who pointed out the complete lack of reserves. The Wehrmacht repelled most of these counteroffensives, which squandered Soviet forces that could have been used for Moscow's defense. The only notable success of the offensive occurred west of Moscow near Aleksino, where Soviet tanks inflicted heavy losses on the 4th Army because the Germans still lacked anti-tank weapons capable of damaging the new, well-armoured T-34 tanks.

From 31 October to 13–15 November, the Wehrmacht high command stood down while preparing to launch a second offensive towards Moscow. Although Army Group Centre still possessed considerable nominal strength, its fighting capabilities had been vitiated by wear and fatigue. While the Germans were aware of the continuous influx of Soviet reinforcements from the east as well as the presence of large reserves, given the tremendous Soviet casualties, they did not expect the Soviets to be able to mount a determined defense. But in comparison to the situation in October, Soviet rifle divisions occupied a much stronger defensive position: a triple defensive ring surrounding the city and some remnants of the Mozhaisk line near Klin. Most of the Soviet field armies now had a multilayered defense, with at least two rifle divisions in second echelon positions. Artillery support and sapper teams were also concentrated along major roads that German troops were expected to use in their attacks. There were also many Soviet troops still available in reserve armies behind the front. Finally, Soviet troops—and especially officers—were now more experienced and better prepared for the offensive.

By 15 November 1941, the ground had finally frozen, solving the mud problem. The armored Wehrmacht spearheads, consisting of 51 divisions, could now advance, with the goal of encircling Moscow and linking up near the city of Noginsk, east of the capital. To achieve this objective, the German Third and Fourth Panzer Groups needed to concentrate their forces between the Volga Reservoir and Mozhaysk, then proceed past the Soviet 30th Army to Klin and Solnechnogorsk, encircling the capital from the north. In the south, the Second Panzer Army intended to bypass Tula, still held by the Red Army, and advance to Kashira and Kolomna, linking up with the northern pincer at Noginsk. The German 4th Field Army in the centre were to "pin down the troops of the Western Front."

Failed pincer
On 15 November 1941, German tank armies began their offensive towards Klin, where no Soviet reserves were available because of Stalin's wish to attempt a counteroffensive at Volokolamsk, which had forced the relocation of all available reserve forces further south. Initial German attacks split the front in two, separating the 16th Army from the 30th. Several days of intense combat followed. Zhukov recalled in his memoirs that "The enemy, ignoring the casualties, was making frontal assaults, willing to get to Moscow by any means necessary". Despite the Wehrmacht's efforts, the multi-layered defense reduced Soviet casualties as the Soviet 16th Army slowly retreated and constantly harassed the German divisions which were trying to make their way through the fortifications.

The Third Panzer Army captured Klin after heavy fighting on 23 November, Solnechnogorsk as well by 24 November and Istra, by 24/25 November. Soviet resistance was still strong, and the outcome of the battle was by no means certain. Reportedly, Stalin asked Zhukov whether Moscow could be successfully defended and ordered him to "speak honestly, like a communist". Zhukov replied that it was possible, but reserves were urgently needed. By 27 November, the German 7th Panzer Division had seized a bridgehead across the Moscow-Volga Canal—the last major obstacle before Moscow—and stood less than  from the Kremlin; but a powerful counterattack by the 1st Shock Army drove them back. Just northwest of Moscow, the Wehrmacht reached Krasnaya Polyana, little more than 29 km (18 mi) from the Kremlin in central Moscow; German officers were able to make out some of the major buildings of the Soviet capital through their field glasses. Both Soviet and German forces were severely depleted, sometimes having only 150–200 riflemen—a company's full strength—left in a regiment.

In the south, near Tula, combat resumed on 18 November 1941, with the Second Panzer Army trying to encircle the city. The German forces involved were extremely battered from previous fighting and still had no winter clothing. As a result, initial German progress was only  per day. Moreover, it exposed the German tank armies to flanking attacks from the Soviet 49th and 50th Armies, located near Tula, further slowing the advance. Guderian nevertheless was able to pursue the offensive, spreading his forces in a star-like attack, taking Stalinogorsk on 22 November 1941 and surrounding a Soviet rifle division stationed there.

On 26 November 1941, the German 2nd Panzer Army under General Heinz Guderian began advancing towards Kashira, which was a strategic stronghold that lay 120 kilometres southwest of Moscow and 80 kilometres northeast of Tula. Kashira was of paramount importance, considering that it was the headquarters of the Soviet Western Front, one of the three main groups of resistance against the Nazi storm. The Germans were capable of seizing Venev and pushing towards storming formidably towards Kashira. Should Kashira fall, the road to Moscow would be open for the 2nd Panzer Group. In an attempt to halt the onslaught of the 2nd Panzer Group, the STAVKA High Command hurled Major General Pavel Belov's 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, General Andrei Getman's 112th Tank Division, an armoured brigade and a battalion of BM-13 Katyusha rocket launchers along with support from the air force against the armoured beast of the Wehrmacht. The cavalrymen of the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, which was primarily armed with the SVT-41 semi-automatic battle rifle and Cossack shashkas, as well as the mechanized troops possessing T34 M1940 and KV-1 tanks, battled relentlessly against Heinz Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group. After much vicious fighting, the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps was able to repel the armoured forces of Guderian and subsequently drove them back by 40 kilometres to the town of Mordves.

The Germans were driven back in early December, securing the southern approach to the city. Tula itself held, protected by fortifications and determined defenders mostly from the 50th Army, made of both soldiers and civilians. In the south, the Wehrmacht never got close to the capital. The first stroke of the Western-Front's counter-offensive on the outskirts of Moscow fell upon Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army.

Because of the resistance on both the northern and southern sides of Moscow, on 1 December the Wehrmacht attempted a direct offensive from the west along the Minsk-Moscow highway near the city of Naro-Fominsk. This offensive had limited tank support and was directed against extensive Soviet defenses. After meeting determined resistance from the Soviet 1st Guards Motorized Rifle Division and flank counterattacks staged by the 33rd Army, the German offensive stalled and was driven back four days later in the ensuing Soviet counteroffensive. On the same day, the French-manned 638th Infantry Regiment, the only foreign formation of the Wehrmacht that took part in the advance on Moscow, went into action near the village of Diutkovo. On 2 December, a reconnaissance battalion came to the town of Khimki—some  away from the Kremlin in central Moscow reaching its bridge over the Moscow-Volga Canal as well as its railway station. This marked the closest approach of German forces to Moscow.

The European Winter of 1941–42 was the coldest of the twentieth century. On 30 November, von Bock claimed in a report to Berlin that the temperature was −45 °C (−49 °F). General Erhard Raus, commander of the 6th Panzer Division, kept track of the daily mean temperature in his war diary. It shows a suddenly much colder period during 4–7 December: from −36 to −38 °C (−37 to −38 °F), although the method or reliability of his measurements is not known. Other temperature reports varied widely. Zhukov said that November's freezing weather stayed only around −7 to −10 °C (+19 to +14 °F). Official Soviet Meteorological Service records show that at the lowest point, the lowest December temperature reached −28.8 °C (−20 °F). These numbers indicated severely cold conditions, and German troops were freezing with no winter clothing, using equipment that was not designed for such low temperatures. More than 130,000 cases of frostbite were reported among German soldiers. Frozen grease had to be removed from every loaded shell and vehicles had to be heated for hours before use. The same cold weather hit the Soviet troops, but they were better prepared. German clothing was supplemented by Soviet clothing and boots, which were often in better condition than German clothes as the owners had spent much less time at the front. Corpses were thawed out to remove the items; once when 200 bodies were left on the battlefield the "saw commandos" recovered sufficient clothing to outfit every man in a battalion.

The Axis offensive on Moscow stopped. Heinz Guderian wrote in his journal that "the offensive on Moscow failed ... We underestimated the enemy's strength, as well as his size and climate. Fortunately, I stopped my troops on 5 December, otherwise the catastrophe would be unavoidable."

Some historians have suggested that artificial floods played an important role in defending Moscow. They were primarily meant to break the ice and prevent troops and heavy military equipment from crossing the Volga river and Ivankovo Reservoir. This began with the blowing up of the  waterworks reservoir dam on 24 November 1941. On 28 November 1941, the water was drained into the Yakhroma and Sestra Rivers from six reservoirs (, , , , , and  reservoirs), as well as from Ivankovo Reservoir using dams near Dubna. This caused some 30–40 villages to become partially submerged even in the severe winter weather conditions of the time.
Both were results of Soviet General Headquarters' Order 0428 dated 17 November 1941. Artificial floods were also used as an unconventional weapon of direct impact.

Soviet counter-offensive

Although the Wehrmacht's offensive had been stopped, German intelligence estimated that Soviet forces had no more reserves left and thus would be unable to stage a counteroffensive. This estimate proved wrong, as Stalin transferred over 18 divisions, 1,700 tanks, and over 1,500 aircraft from Siberia and the Far East after learning that Imperial Japan had no plans to invade the USSR in the near future from Richard Sorge. The Red Army had accumulated a 58-division reserve by early December, when the offensive proposed by Zhukov and Vasilevsky was finally approved by Stalin. Even with these new reserves, Soviet forces committed to the operation numbered only 1,100,000 men, only slightly outnumbering the Wehrmacht. Nevertheless, with careful troop deployment, a ratio of two-to-one was reached at some critical points.

On 5 December 1941, the counteroffensive for "removing the immediate threat to Moscow" started on the Kalinin Front. The South-Western Front and Western Fronts began their offensives the next day. After several days of little progress, Soviet armies retook Solnechnogorsk on 12 December and Klin on 15 December. Guderian's army "beat a hasty retreat towards Venev" and then Sukhinichi. "The threat overhanging Tula was removed".

On 8 December, Hitler had signed his directive No.39, ordering the Wehrmacht to assume a defensive stance on the whole front. German troops were unable to organize a solid defense at their initial locations and were forced to pull back to consolidate their lines. Guderian wrote that discussions with Hans Schmidt and Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen took place the same day, and both commanders agreed the current front line could not be held. On 14 December, Franz Halder and Günther von Kluge finally gave permission for a limited withdrawal to the west of the Oka river, without Hitler's approval. On 20 December, during a meeting with German senior officers, Hitler cancelled the withdrawal and ordered his soldiers to defend every patch of ground, "digging trenches with howitzer shells if needed". Guderian protested, pointing out that losses from cold were actually greater than combat losses and that winter equipment was held by traffic ties in Poland. Nevertheless, Hitler insisted on defending the existing lines, and Guderian was dismissed by 25 December, along with generals Hoepner and Strauss, commanders of the 4th Panzer and 9th Army, respectively. Fedor von Bock was also dismissed, officially for "medical reasons". Walther von Brauchitsch, Hitler's commander-in-chief, had been removed even earlier, on 19 December.

Meanwhile, the Soviet offensive continued in the north. The offensive liberated Kalinin and the Soviets reached Klin on 7 December, overrunning the headquarters of the LVI Panzer Corps outside the city. As the Kalinin Front drove west, a bulge developed around Klin. The Soviet front commander, General Ivan Konev, attempted to envelop any German forces remaining. Zhukov diverted more forces to the southern end of the bulge, to help Konev trap the Third Panzer Army. The Germans pulled their forces out in time. Although the encirclement failed, it unhinged the German defenses. A second attempt was made to outflank Army Group Centre's northern forces, but met strong opposition near Rzhev and was forced to halt, forming a salient that would last until March 1943. In the south, the offensive went equally well, with Southwestern Front forces relieving Tula on 16 December 1941. A major achievement was the encirclement and destruction of the German XXXV Corps, protecting Guderian's Second Panzer Army's southern flank.

The Luftwaffe was paralysed in the second half of December. The weather, recorded as –42 °C (–44 °F), was a meteorological record. Logistical difficulties and freezing temperatures created technical difficulties until January 1942. In the meantime, the Luftwaffe had virtually vanished from the skies over Moscow, while the Red Air Force, operating from better prepared bases and benefiting from interior lines, grew stronger. On 4 January, the skies cleared. The Luftwaffe was quickly reinforced, as Hitler hoped it would save the situation. The Kampfgruppen (Bomber Groups) II./KG 4 and II./KG 30 arrived from refitting in Germany, whilst four Transportgruppen (Transport Groups) with a strength of 102 Junkers Ju 52 transports were deployed from Luftflotte 4 (Air Fleet 4) to evacuate surrounded army units and improve the supply line to the front-line forces. It was a last minute effort and it worked. The German air arm was to help prevent a total collapse of Army Group Centre. Despite the Soviets' best efforts, the Luftwaffe had contributed enormously to the survival of Army Group Centre. Between 17 and 22 December the Luftwaffe destroyed 299 motor vehicles and 23 tanks around Tula, hampering the Red Army's pursuit of the German Army.

In the centre, Soviet progress was much slower. Soviet troops liberated Naro-Fominsk only on 26 December, Kaluga on 28 December, and Maloyaroslavets on 2 January, after ten days of violent action. Soviet reserves ran low, and the offensive halted on 7 January 1942, after having pushed the exhausted and freezing German armies back  from Moscow. Stalin continued to order more offensives in order to trap and destroy Army Group Centre in front of Moscow, but the Red Army was exhausted and overstretched and they failed.

Aftermath

Furious that his army had been unable to take Moscow, Hitler dismissed his commander-in-chief, Walther von Brauchitsch, on 19 December 1941, and took personal charge of the Wehrmacht, effectively taking control of all military decisions. Hitler surrounded himself with staff officers with little or no recent combat experience.

The Red Army's winter counter-offensive drove the Wehrmacht from Moscow, but the city was still considered to be threatened, with the front line relatively close. Because of this, the Moscow theater remained a priority for Stalin. In particular, the initial Soviet advance was unable to reduce the Rzhev salient, held by several divisions of Army Group Centre. Immediately after the Moscow counter-offensive, a series of Soviet attacks (the Battles of Rzhev) were attempted against the salient, each time with heavy losses on both sides. By early 1943, the Wehrmacht had to disengage from the salient as the whole front was moving west. Nevertheless, the Moscow front was not finally secured until October 1943, when Army Group Centre was decisively repulsed from the Smolensk landbridge and from the left shore of the upper Dnieper at the end of the Second Battle of Smolensk.

For the first time since June 1941, Soviet forces had stopped the Germans and driven them back. This resulted in an overconfident Stalin further expanding the offensive. On 5 January 1942, during a meeting in the Kremlin, Stalin announced that he was planning a general spring offensive, which would be staged simultaneously near Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov, and the Crimea. This plan was accepted over Zhukov's objections. Low Red Army reserves and Wehrmacht tactical skill led to a bloody stalemate near Rzhev, known as the "Rzhev meat grinder", and to a string of Red Army defeats, such as the Second Battle of Kharkov, the failed attempt at elimination of the Demyansk pocket, and the encirclement of General Andrey Vlasov's army in a failed attempt to lift the siege of Leningrad, and the destruction of Red Army forces in Crimea. Ultimately, these failures would lead to a successful German offensive in the south and to the Battle of Stalingrad.

A documentary film, Moscow Strikes Back, (, "Rout of the German Troops near Moscow"), was made during the battle and rapidly released in the Soviet Union. It was taken to America and shown at the Globe in New York in August 1942. The New York Times reviewer commented that "The savagery of that retreat is a spectacle to stun the mind". As well as the Moscow parade and battle scenes, the film included images of German atrocities committed during the occupation, "the naked and slaughtered children stretched out in ghastly rows, the youths dangling limply in the cold from gallows that were rickety, but strong enough".

Legacy

The defense of Moscow became a symbol of Soviet resistance against the invading Axis forces. To commemorate the battle, Moscow was awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1965, on the 20th anniversary of Victory Day. A Museum of the Defence of Moscow was created in 1995.

In the Russian capital of Moscow, an annual military parade on Red Square on 7 November was held in honor of the October Revolution Parade and as substitute for the October Revolution celebrations that haven't been celebrated on a national level since 1995. The parade is held to commemorate the historical event as a Day of Military Honour. The parade includes troops of the Moscow Garrison and the Western Military District, which usually numbers to close to 3,000 soldiers, cadets, and Red Army reenactors. The parade is presided by the Mayor of Moscow who delivers a speech during the event. Prior to the start of the parade, an historical reenactment of the Battle of Moscow is performed by young students, volunteers, and historical enthusiasts.

The parade commands are always given by a high ranking veteran of the armed forces (usually with a billet of a Colonel) who gives the orders for the march past from the grandstand near the Lenin Mausoleum. On the command of Quick March! by the parade commander, the parade begins with the tune of Song of the Soviet Army, to which the historical color guards holding wartime symbols such as the Banner of Victory and the standards of the various military fronts march to. Musical support during the parade is always provided by the Massed Bands of the Moscow Garrison, which includes various military bands in the Western Military District, The Regimental Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment, and the Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of Russia.

Casualties
Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Not all historians agree on what should be considered the "Battle of Moscow" in the timeline of World War II. While the start of the battle is usually regarded as the beginning of Operation Typhoon on 30 September 1941 (or sometimes on 2 October 1941), there are two different dates for the end of the offensive. In particular, some sources (such as Erickson and Glantz) exclude the Rzhev offensive from the scope of the battle, considering it as a distinct operation and making the Moscow offensive "stop" on 7  January 1942—thus lowering the number of casualties.

There are also significant differences in figures from various sources. John Erickson, in his Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, gives a figure of 653,924 Soviet casualties between October 1941 and January 1942. Glantz, in his book When Titans Clashed, gives a figure of 658,279 for the defense phase alone, plus 370,955 for the winter counteroffensive until 7 January 1942. The official Wehrmacht daily casualty reports show 35,757 killed in action, 128,716 wounded, and 9,721 missing in action for the entire Army Group Centre between 1 October 1941 and 10 January 1942. However, this official report does not match unofficial reports from individual battalion and divisional officers and commanders at the front, who record suffering far higher casualties than was officially reported.

On the Russian side, discipline became ferocious. The NKVD blocking groups were ready to shoot anyone retreating without orders. NKVD squads went to field hospitals in search of soldiers with self-inflicted injuries, the so-called 'self shooters' – Those who shot themselves in the left hand to escape fighting. A surgeon in a field hospital of the Red Army admitted to amputating the hands of boys who tried this 'self-shooting' idea to escape fighting, to protect them from immediate execution via punishment squad. In the first three months, blocking detachments shot 1,000 penal troops and sent 24,993 to penal battalions. By October 1942, the idea of regular blocking detachments was quietly dropped; by October 1944, the units were officially disbanded.

See also
 Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen
 German war crimes during the Battle of Moscow
 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division
 Russian Winter

Footnotes

Sources
 .
 Braithwaite, Rodric. Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War. London: Profile Books Ltd., 2006. .
 Collection of legislative acts related to State Awards of the USSR (1984), Moscow, ed. Izvestia.

 Heinz Guderian, Воспоминания солдата (Memoirs of a soldier), Smolensk, Rusich, 1999 (Russian translation of )
 Hill, Alexander (2009)."British Lend-Lease Tanks and the Battle of Moscow, November–December 1941 – Revisited." Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 22: 574–87. .
 .
 Hardesty, Von. Red Phoenix. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991.

  or

 Reinhardt, Klaus. Moscow: The Turning Point? The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1992. .

  (English translation )

External links
 "Operation Typhoon": , lecture by David Stahel, author of Operation Typhoon. Hitler's March on Moscow (2013) and The Battle for Moscow (2015); via the official channel of USS Silversides Museum
 Map: Deployment of troops before the battle of Moscow
 Map (detailed): Battle of Moscow 1941. German offensive
 WW2DB: Battle of Moscow

1941 in the Soviet Union
1942 in the Soviet Union
Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
Battles of World War II involving Germany
Conflicts in 1941
Conflicts in 1942
1941 in Moscow
1942 in Moscow
Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front
Battle

Battle of Moscow


سلافوليوب موسلين  ولد في (15 يونيو 1953-بلغراد) لاعب كرة قدم صربي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في خط الدفاع و يدرب حالياً نادي الفيحاء السعودي .

المسيرة الرياضية
ولد موسلين لأب كرواتي وأم صربية . بدأ موسلين مسيرته الرياضية في نادي بيوغراد ثم انتقل إلى نادي باسك سنة 1972 ثم انتقل إلى نادي راد سنة 1973 ثم استقر في نادي النجم الأحمر بلغراد سنة 1975 . خلال سنواته الست التي أمضاها في النادي زامل العديد من نجوم الكرة اليوغوسلافية أمثال دراغان دزاجيتش ، فلاديسلاف بوغيتشيفيتش، جوفان أسيموفيتش ، فلاديمير بتروفيتش ، ودوتشان سافيتش . حقق مع النادي 3 بطولات دوري الدرجة الأولى في مواسم 1976/1977 ، 1979/1980 ، 1980/1981 كما ساهم في تأهل النادي إلى المباراة النهائية لبطولة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي موسم 1978/1979 ولكنه خسر من نادي بوروسيا مونشنغلادباخ الألماني الغربي . في سنة 1981 انتقل إلى نادي ليل الفرنسي ثم انتقل إلى نادي بريست سنة 1983 وأخيرا انتقل إلى نادي كاين في سنة 1986 وقرر إعلان اعتزاله لعب كرة القدم بشكل نهائي في سنة 1987 .

بدأ موسلين مسيرته التدريبية في نادي بريست سنة 1988 وظل فيه حتى 1992 . أبرز ما قام به صقل موهبة نجم الكرة الفرنسية المستقبلي دافيد جينولا . في سنة 1992 تولى تدريب نادي باو وبعد 3 مواسم تولى تدريب نادي بوردو . بوجود نجوم حقبة التسعينات وهم زين الدين زيدان ، بيسنتي ليزارازو ، وكريستوف دوغاري فإن موسلين استطاع أن يقود النادي بسهولة إلى الوصول إلى الدور الربع النهائي من بطولة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي ولكن تمت إقالته في ربيع 1996 بسبب سوء نتائجه في بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى .

تولى تدريب أندية لنس الفرنسي (1996-1997) لومان الفرنسي (1997-1998) الوداد البيضاوي المغربي (1998-1999) النجم الأحمر بلغراد (1999-2001) ليفسكي صوفيا البلغاري (2002-2003) النجم الأحمر بلغراد مجددا (2003-2004) ميتالورغ دونيتسك الأوكراني (2004-2005) لوكيرين البلجيكي (2005) لوكوموتيف موسكو الروسي (2005-2006) لوكيرين مجددا (2006-2007) خيمكي الروسي (2007-2008) .

استطاع موسلين أن يقود نادي النجم الأحمر بلغراد للتتويج ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى 3 مرات مواسم 1999/2000 ، 2000/2001 ، و2003/2004 وبطولة كأس يوغوسلافيا مرتان موسمي 1999/2000 و2003/2004 . مع نادي ليفسكي صوفيا حقق بطولة كأس بلغاريا موسم 2002/2003 .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية صرب
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون مغتربون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في السعودية
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في المغرب
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في أوكرانيا
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في بلجيكا
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في بلغاريا
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في روسيا
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في روسيا البيضاء
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون صرب مغتربون في قبرص
رياضيون من بلغراد
رياضيون يوغوسلافيون مغتربون في فرنسا
صرب مغتربون في أوكرانيا
صرب مغتربون في بلجيكا
صرب مغتربون في بلغاريا
صرب مغتربون في روسيا
صرب مغتربون في روسيا البيضاء
صرب مغتربون في فرنسا
صرب مغتربون في قبرص
صرب من أصل كرواتي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري اليوغوسلافي الأول
لاعبو النجم الأحمر بلغراد
لاعبو أو إف كيه بيوغراد
لاعبو بريست
لاعبو بي أيه إس كيه بيوغراد
لاعبو راد بيوغراد
لاعبو كاين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون
لاعبو كرة قدم صرب
لاعبو كرة قدم صرب مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم من بلغراد
لاعبو كرة قدم يوغوسلافيون
لاعبو ليل
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو الدوري الأوكراني الممتاز
مدربو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
مدربو الدوري الفرنسي
مدربو الرجاء البيضاوي
مدربو أمكار بيرم
مدربو أنورثوسيس فاماغوستا
مدربو دوري المحترفين السعودي
مدربو دينامو مينسك
مدربو ريد ستار بلغراد
مدربو ستاندارد لييج
مدربو كرة قدم صرب
مدربو كرة قدم صرب مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في السعودية
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في المغرب
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في أوكرانيا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلغاريا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في روسيا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في روسيا البيضاء
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
مدربو كرة قدم يوغوسلاف
مدربو كرة قدم يوغوسلافيون مغتربون
مدربو لوكوموتيف موسكو
مدربو ليفسكي صوفيا
مدربو منتخب صربيا لكرة القدم
مدربو ميتالورغ دونيتسك
مدربو نادي باو
مدربو نادي بريست
مدربو نادي بوردو
مدربو نادي كراسنودار
مدربو نادي لانس
مدربو نادي لوكيرين
مدربو نادي لومان
مواليد 1953
مواليد في بلغراد

سلافوليوب موسلين


Genital piercing is a form of body piercing that involves piercing a part of the genitalia, thus creating a suitable place for wearing different types of jewellery. Nevertheless, the term may also be used pars pro toto to indicate all body piercings in the area of the anus, perineum, penis, scrotum, vulva, and mons pubis, including piercings such as anal, guiche, and pubic that do not involve perforation of genitalia. Genital piercings can be done regardless of sex, with various forms of piercings available. The main motive is beautification and individualization; in addition, some piercings enhance sexual pleasure by increasing stimulation. Pre-modern genital piercings is most culturally widespread in Southeast Asia, where it has been part of traditional practice since ancient times. Records of genital piercing are found in the Kama Sutra.

History

The traditional prehistoric and historic practice of genital piercing is most culturally widespread in Southeast Asia (particularly in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar), where the insertion of various kinds of implants into the penis were common until modern times, in addition to other ancient body modifications like tattooing, supercision or circumcision, pearling, ear piercings and ear plugs, gold teeth fillings, teeth filing, teeth blackening, and artificial cranial deformation. The primary purpose of such inserts were to enhance pleasure. The practice also spread to neighboring regions, where scattered references to genital piercings exist, like the South Asian apadravya, a male genital piercing that passes vertically through the glans (unlike most Southeast Asian piercings which are inserted horizontally), in the Kama Sutra (2nd century AD). Other smaller traditions of genital piercings also arose independently in other cultures (like in Central America).

In the Philippines, penile piercings were widely documented by European explorers among the Visayan people. Visayan penile piercings consists of a rod or bar (usually made from gold, brass, tin, or ivory; and often ornamented) called the tugbuk or tudruk that is inserted horizontally through the glans of the penis. Its ends are attached to the sakra (also transcribed as sacra or sagra), a wheel or half-ring (made from the same material as the tugbuk) that goes around the head of the penis, similar to a cock ring. The sakra comes in many variants, but is usually ornamented with blunt knobs around the circumference. The ends of the tugbuk are then secured to the sakra with plugs (also often ornamented). The Italian explorer Antonio Pigafetta who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in the first circumnavigation of the globe describes the practice as such:

The anonymously-written Boxer Codex () also has a similar description:

These piercings were done to boys at an early age. They were meant to enhance sensation and pleasure during sexual activity for both men and women. Notably, Pigafetta describes that it was the women who controlled how the penis with the sakra is inserted. Men without penile piercings were reported to be derided by women as asog ("impotent" or "effeminate"). The practice was heavily suppressed by the Spanish clergy and eventually lost during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, as it was considered by the Spanish clergy to be a "sin of the flesh."

The ampallang, a similar piercing (which also passes horizontally through the glans, but differs in that it is not attached to a ring), is found in different tribes throughout Sarawak and Sabah on the island of Borneo. Genital piercings became first introduced in western countries by ethnographic report, done by explorers such as in the 19th century. The Dutch explorer Anton Willem Nieuwenhuis described in his ethnographic record In Centraal Borneo: reis van Pontianak naar Samarinda – documenting his travel through Borneo in 1897 – the procedure of an ampallang piercing:

Piercing the genitals became a short-lived trend at the end of the 19th century, in particular for upper classes of the society: "It was during the Victorian era that the practice of body piercing in the Western world reemerged. Many men and women of the Victorian royalty chose to receive nipple and genital piercings.″

However, the popularity diminished again, with genital piercings becoming rather uncommon in the western world until the second half of the 20th century. In the 1970s, they were introduced to the emerging body modification community by the early piercings pioneers like Jim Ward and Doug Malloy, many of them associated with the legendary piercing studio The Gauntlet in Los Angeles. With the advent of Piercing Fans International Quarterly in 1977, information about genital piercings became available to a wider community. Genital piercings were later sported by the modern primitives movement that developed during the 1980s in the San Francisco Bay Area. Still, only until the 21st century, genital piercing was confined to a body modification subculture.

Just like nipple piercings, genital piercings became increasingly more popular and part of mainstream culture in the second decade of the 21st century, with ″nice and normal″ people endorsing them.  Many celebrities such as Christina Aguilera, Fantasia Barrino, Pete Doherty, Janet Jackson, Lenny Kravitz, Katarina Waters, or Pete Wentz, stated that they had or planned to have genital piercings. Genital piercings nowadays have a growing demand, especially in a young adult, college-aged population.

With regard to (female) genital piercings, Marilyn W. Edmunds, adjunct clinical professor at the Johns Hopkins University, stated, "Women with genital piercings are no longer on the social fringe or part of the 'punk' culture who are experimenting with behaviors that are 'socially provocative.' Over the past 30 years, genital piercing has become mainstream, and women engage in it for a variety of reasons."

However, according to Chelsea Bunz, professional piercer from UK, the clearly existing rise in popularity might as well be an effect of more people openly talking about their genital piercings: "I think genital piercing has always been popular – it's just discussed more openly these days, which makes it increasingly acceptable to the mainstream. People from all classes and professions have them (...)."

Motives

Like body piercings at large, genital piercings are often done for aesthetic reasons and as an expression of personal style. In addition, some (but not all) types of genital piercing increase sensitivity and provide additional stimulation during sexual intercourse or stimulation. According to an Association of Professional Piercers expert report by Elayne Angel, body piercing pioneer, former member of The Gauntlet and inventor of several genital piercings such as the fourchette and the lorum, individual motives and preferences are quite diverse:

Aesthetic reasons
Motivation can be restricted purely to aesthetic taste. Like all other types of body piercing, genital piercings are decorative, appealing to the people wearing them. Violet Fenn of Metro stated, "For me personally, it was sheer aesthetics – I just like how it looks. Even if I was the only person who ever saw my piercing, I'd like it in the same way that I like having painted toenails – something pretty for my own personal pleasure.″

Culture and life style

Traditional cultures
In many traditional cultures, these piercings are done as a rite of passage during adolescence and, symbolically and literally, mark the admittance to the adult world and serve as a marker of cultural identity. Similar to religiously motivated circumcision, it may be regarded as a "purification of the flesh" and a common bodily sign to members of the same faith. These traditional meanings of modifying the body were revived in contemporary western society by the modern primitive. Inspired by ethnographic accounts of tribal practices, this subculture adopted genital piercings as a matter of individuation and spirituality.

Contemporary western society
For most people that seek genital piercings nowaday, a sense of uniqueness and non-conformism prevails. In a 2015 study that evaluated a qualitative dataset of 484 self-reports and characteristics of men and women with genital piercings came to the conclusion that:

Enhanced pleasure and sensation
Additionally, genital piercings can enhance sexual pleasure during masturbation, foreplay and intercourse. While female genital piercings do this only to the women wearing them, male genital piercings can enhance stimulation for both the person wearing the jewelry and their partner by stimulating both the glans of the wearer and the vaginal wall or the anus of the penetrated partner. Due to genital physiology, women seem to gain more sexual pleasure from both, their own as well as her partner's genital piercings.

For the sexual partner
This effect is in particular reported for piercings passing through the glans penis: the ampallang and apadravya piercing. Women of the Dayak in Sarawak, Borneo prefer men with an ampallang, claiming that intercourse without would be dull:

Paolo Mantegazza stated, "The Dayak women have a right to insist upon the ampallang and if the man does not consent they may seek separation. They say that the embrace without this contrivance is plain rice; with it is rice with salt."
On another account by the anthropologist Tom Harrisson, who spent much of his life in Borneo and interviewed natives about the traditional ampallang; he stated, "the function of this device is, superficially, to add to the sexual pleasure of the women by stimulating and extending the inner walls of the vagina. It is, in this, in my experience, decidedly successful."

For the pierced person
For men, piercings that stimulate the sensitive urethra, either during masturbation or sexual intercourse, increase sensation.
Female genital piercings that are reported to enhance pleasure are the piercings that pass through or close to the clitoris, i.e. the clitoris piercing and the clitoral hood piercing. In an empirical study at the University of South Alabama, the authors reported a positive relationship between vertical clitoral hood piercings and desire, frequency of intercourse, and sexual arousal. However, this might depend on many factors such as placement, jewelry shape, and the individual. The triangle piercing is known to be quite pleasurable by providing stimulation of the underside of the clitoral glans, an area that is usually not stimulated at all.

Potential health risks
Comparable to other piercings, improper hygiene during the piercings process carries the risk of transmitting blood borne diseases and during the healing process it might lead to infection.

Some physicians believe that male genital piercings increase the risk of STD transmission by making safer sex barriers (condoms) less effective. Most professional piercers and body art enthusiasts believe these risks are over-stated or nonexistent. In two surveys, 5%–18% of men with genital piercings reported unspecified "problems using condoms" though it is unclear how many of these men used condoms regularly. There is no conclusive evidence that wearers of genital piercings are more likely to contract sexually transmitted infections.

Aftercare
The time to fully heal a genital piercing varies tremendously, depending on piercing site and individual characteristics: it can range from a week up to six months. Until fully healed, preparations should be made against possible causes of infection, such as proper cleaning on a daily basis. People with fresh piercings should abstain from sexual activity for the first few days and also then should use physical protection barriers such as condoms until the piercing is fully healed.

Legal considerations
Laws in other countries vary. In many European countries, minors are required to bring a signed consent form from or to be escorted by a legal guardian. Even in countries that have no laws regulating genital piercing in minors, many piercers refrain from doing them (since physiological development is not completed in minors). In the United States, it is prohibited to pierce the genitals of persons younger than 18 years.

Types of genital piercings

Male genital piercings

Possible piercing sites on the male genitalia include the glans, the skin of the penis shaft, the scrotum or the perineum.

Glans penis

Piercings through the glans of the penis include the ampallang, which passes horizontally, and the apadravya, that passes vertically through the glans. The Prince Albert piercing is situated on the ventral side (underside) of the penis immediately behind the glans, while the reverse Prince Albert piercing passes through the dorsal (top) side of the glans. The dydoe pierces through the coronal rim of the glans. With the exception of the dydoe, all these piercings traditionally pass through the urethra. This is preferred because healing time and incidence of infection are reduced by the flow of sterile urine.

These piercings provide increased stimulation during intercourse to the male  (who is carrying the piercing) as well as to the partner. Piercings through the head, or the glans, are the genital piercings with the best-documented historical evidence.

Skin of the penis shaft and scrotum

Foreskin piercing passes through the penile prepuce on the dorsal, ventral or lateral side. It is required that the male is not circumcised. The frenum piercing passes through the penile frenum, a small skin bridge that connects the glans with the shaft skin. This anatomical part is also often missing in circumcised men. The hafada piercing is situated on the skin of the scrotum. As an intermediate version between frenulum and hafada, the lorum piercing (low frenum) sits at the point where penis and scrotum connect. The Jacob's Ladder is a ladder from frenum to scrotum. The guiche piercing is a body piercing on the perineum. These piercings play a lesser role in adding stimulation and more or less fulfill only a decorative purpose.

Female genital piercings
In female individuals as well, various anatomical parts can be suitable for piercings. These include the mons pubis, the clitoral hood, the outer, inner labia and the vulval vestibule (which is the area surrounding the vaginal opening).

Clitoris and clitoral hood

The glans of the clitoris itself can be pierced. Since this anatomical part is too small in many cases and is susceptible to nerve damage, this piercing is not very common. In contrast, the clitoral hood piercing is the most common genital piercing for female bodied individuals. It can be applied horizontally and vertically. The deep hood piercing is a variation of the clitoral hood piercing that pass deeper through the clitoral hood. The Isabella piercing passes vertically through the clitoral shaft and is rather complicated to pierce.

Labia and vulval vestibule

Labia piercing can be applied to the labia majora or the labia minora. The triangle piercing is located at the ventral end of the labia minora, at the point of transition between labia and clitoral hood. It runs horizontally, partly under the clitoral shaft. The fourchette piercing passes through the dorsal rim of the vulval vestibule. A less common version of the fourchette piercing is the suitcase piercing which can be considered as a deeper version of the fourchette because it enters through the perineum. Also rather uncommon is the Princess Albertina piercing, the female version of the Prince Albert piercing, that passes through the ventral (lower) wall of the urethra.

Mons pubis

The Christina piercing is a surface piercing, situated on the upper part of the mons pubis where the outer labia meet. It is similar to the Nefertiti piercing, that can be seen as a combination between vertical clitoral hood piercing and Christina piercing.

Unisex genital piercings
Body piercings that do not involve perforation of genitalia but referred to as "genital piercings" by convention can be worn by all sexes. These include the pubic piercing, which is situated above the penis in males and on the mons pubic in females (comparable to the Christina piercing, but horizontally). The guiche piercing passes horizontally through the perineum while the anal piercing passes through the anus.

See also
 Bikini waxing
 Chastity piercing
 Cock ring
 Genital jewellery
 Genital modification and mutilation
 Genital tattooing
 Nipple piercing
 Play piercing
 Pubic piercing
 Transdermal implant
 Vajazzle

References

Citations

Sources

External links

General information
Elayne Angel: An approach to genital piercings. published by the Association of Professional Piercers:
General issues
Clitoral hood and labia piercings
Prince Albert and pubic piercings
Frenum, Lorum, Hafada and Guiche
Foreskin, Dydoe, Ampallang and Apadravya

Body piercing

Genital piercing


Sambar  (, romanized: Sāmbār) is a lentil-based vegetable stew, cooked with pigeon pea and tamarind broth. It is popular in South Indian, Sri Lankan and Maldivian cuisines. The stew has been adapted into Burmese cuisine as a popular accompaniment to Burmese curries.

History

According to food historian K. T. Achaya, the earliest extant mention of sambar in literature can be dated to the 17th century in Tamil Nadu.

The word sambar () stems from the Tamil word champāram ().

A Tamil inscription of 1530 CE, shows the use of the word champāram in the sense of meaning a dish of rice accompanying other rice dishes or spice ingredients with which a dish of vegetable rice is cooked:

Another story about the origin of sambar states that the recipe for sambar can be traced to Maratha ruler Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje Bhonsale who attempted to make dal for himself when his head chef was away.
He loved his own concoction which was then referred to as 'Sambar'.

Regional variations
Sambar is variously called thizone chinyay hin (သီးစုံချဉ်ရည်ဟင်း; ), thizone pe kala hin (သီးစုံပဲကလားဟင်း, ), or derivatives like thizone hin or pe kala hin in the Burmese language. The Burmese version incorporates dried salted fish and a variety of vegetables including eggplants, okra, moringa, gourd, green beans, and potatoes in a soup base of pureed chickpeas, which is seasoned with ripe tamarind, curry leaf, pyindawthein leaf, masala, cumin, chilies, onions and garlic.
In southern states of India namely Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala and Tamilnadu, Sambar is made using different vegetables, fruits along with lentils or coconut. Each region has its own version of making sambar even though same vegetables is used, the condiments and ingredients and the way of making differ regionwise. In Tulu speaking areas of coastal Karnataka coconut is predominantly used to prepare Koddel(Sambar).The grated coconut is ground with spices to form a paste which is added to vegetables boiled.

See also

Cuisine of Andhra Pradesh
Cuisine of Tamil Nadu
Cuisine of Maharashtra
Cuisine of Karnataka
Kerala cuisine
 List of soups
 List of stews
Udupi cuisine
South Indian cuisine

References

Tamil cuisine
Kerala cuisine
Karnataka cuisine
Andhra cuisine
Lentil dishes
South Indian cuisine
Vegetarian dishes of India
Burmese soups
Sri Lankan cuisine
Maldivian cuisine

Sambar (dish)


Indian clubs () er i dag et redskab der bruges i rytmisk gymnastik, og som tidligere også har været brugt i redskabsgymnastik. De blev opfundet i den form vi kender dem i dag omkring år 1600. Ved mødet mellem de europæiske landes militær og militæret i de lande der udgjorde Persien. Sammensmeltningen mellem den victorianske gymnastik og militære fysiske træning og østens store trækøller blev til træningsredskabet Indian clubs som senere blev til de køller som bruges i den moderne rytmiske gymnastik i Europa.

Historie
Fra 1600 tallet og til 1700 tallet formodes Indian clubs at være forbeholdt militæret og særligt søværnet da træningen er oplagt at bruge på skibets dæk i samspil med krops vægts øvelser.
Fra 1800 og frem efter bliver Europas finere borgerskab og idræts stjerner introduceret for træningen. Efterfølgende implementere man Indian clubs i både folkeskoler og idræts foreninger af alle slags over hele Europa og Amerika. Der skrives et utal af bøger om emnet og hele den folkelige udbredelse kulminerer ved deltagelsen i sommer-OL 1932. Sportsgrene der har særligt stort udbytte fra træningen er: Håndbold, Tennis, Badminton, Svømning, Fægtning og golf.

Fra 30'erne og frem efter forsvinder Indian Clubs som trænings form, udkonkurreret af fitness maskiner og ændrede skønhedsidealer. Gymnastikken ændrer form og udtryk i retning af opvisning med musik og dans som grundpiller til det vi i dag kender som den rytmiske gymnastik.
Indian Clubs går dog aldrig helt i glemmebogen og i det små lever træningen videre overleveret fra generation til generation.
Fra slut halvfemserne og især efter årtusindskiftet blomstrer indian Clubs træningen op igen Bl.a. hos engelske universitetsstuderende. Det bliver starten på en ny æra indenfor fysisk træning.

Der bliver arbejdet for genintroduktion og udbredelse i flere lande og der findes nu officielle steder at henvende sig i følgende lande: USA, Storbritannien, Portugal, Tyskland, Frankrig, Danmark, Finland, Holland, Rusland.

Indian Clubs træning
Indian Clubs svinges i cirkulære mønstre i alle retninger i forhold til kroppen. Systemet bygges om omkring strakt arms cirkler og håndleds cirkler. Disse bruges så i enten fulde cirkler eller som brudstykker af fulde cirkler. Som brugeren opnår erfaring bruges kombinationer af strakt arms cirkler og håndleds cirkler. Alle cirkler kan udføres i begge retninger. Der kan vælges mellem at bruge en clubs af gangen som muliggør håndskifte og er langt mere simpelt at lære i forhold til to Clubs sving.

Med to clubber udfordres både krop og hjerne i højere grad, da brugeren nu kan vælge hvad de to clubs skal gøre i forhold til hinanden. Svinge i samme retning på samme tid eller efterfølgende, typisk forskudt 180 grader. modsat retning på samme tid eller forskudt. Det er også muligt at lade hver club lave forskellige mønstre på samme tid. Mulighederne er tæt på uendelige og kan tilpasses alle mennesker uanset fysiske form. Fra barn til pensionist, fra skadet til professionel atlet.

Eksterne henvisninger
Øvelser
Træningsudstyr

Indian clubs


Levon Sayan (Aix-en-Provence, de Francia, 17 de diciembre de 1934) es un empresario, productor y tenor de ópera franco-armenio.

Levon Sayan nació en Francia. Sirvió en el ejército francés en Indochina. Comenzó su carrera profesional como cantante clásico en 1966. Sayan grabó su primer disco con Renée Doria. Como tenor, cantó en "Rigoletto", "Fausto", "Carmen" y otras óperas.
También ha sido el empresario de Liza Minnelli, Plácido Domingo y Mario del Monaco. Es ampliamente conocido como el empresario musical desde hace mucho tiempo y como amigo de Charles Aznavour.
Sayan es oficial de la "Légion d'honneur". En 2006 recibió el "Premio Especial" del Premio Nacional de Música de Armenia.

Oficiales de la Legión de Honor
Tenores de Francia
Músicos clásicos del siglo XX de Francia
Nacidos en Aix-en-Provence

Levon Sayan


An Fuirena leptostachya in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Daniel Oliver. An Fuirena leptostachya in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fuirena, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 F. l. leptostachya
 F. l. nudiflora

Mga kasarigan

Fuirena

Fuirena leptostachya


Det mystiske bryllup i Pistoja er et maleri af Kristian Zahrtmann fra 1894.

Tilblivelsestidspunkt
Maleriet blev malet vinteren 1893/94 over knapt fem måneder, det krævede ham store anstrengelser, da han samtidig arbejdede på ni andre malerier til udstillinger på Den frie Udstilling og Charlottenborg.

Rammen

Rammen er udformet så den kan bringe en mindetavle fra renæssancen i erindring. Rammen er udformet som en aedicula (fra latin: aediculum, lille hus) med søjle der bærer en entablatur, rammen er rigt ornamenteret. Trods dette tilføjede Zahrtmann to par basunblæsere. Der er formodning om at Niels Larsen Stevns kunne have været med til fremstillingen af rammen.

Højeste auktionspris
I 1894 var der ingen købere til maleriet, Zahrtmann satte det på auktion i 1896 og med et bud på 700 kr blev det trukket tilbage. Samme år fik Zahrtmann et bud på 1.000 kr, men ønskede ikke at sælge til den pris. I 1903 blev det solgt for 4.500 kr. Efter Zahrtmanns død blev det solgt i 1918 for 90.000 kr - det (på det tidspunkt) højeste nogensinde for et maleri af en dansk kunstner.

Litteratur
 Bornholms Kunstmuseum og Museo Civico di Pistoia, Kristian Zahrtmann og Det Mystiske bryllup i Pistoia,

Referencer

Malerier fra 1894
Malerier af Kristian Zahrtmann

Det mystiske bryllup i Pistoja


Hacı Murad (Rusça: Хаджи-Мурат, Avarca: Khadji Murad) (d. 1790'ların sonu - ö. 23 Nisan 1852), Şeyh Şamil zamanında yaşamış olan İmam Şamil'in naiblerinden olan Avar kökenli Kafkasyalı lider.

Hacı Murat, Kafkasya'nın 2. İmam'ı Hamzad Bek'in, Avar hanlarının çocukları olan Hunzak prenslerini öldürmesinden sonra, ağabeyi Osman'la süt kardeşleri olan prenslerin intikamını almak için Hamzad Bek'e Hunzak Camii'nde bir suikast düzenler.

Suikast başarılı olur, camideki Hamzad Bek'in müritleri ve suikastçılar birbirlerine girer, bu arbededen sadece Hacı Murat kurtulur. Çar'ın özel iltifatları ile Tiflis'e gider, ama Lekler'in Rus Hükûmetini uyarması sonucu tutuklanır, sevk sırasında kendini onlarca metrelik uçurumdan aşağı atar ve kurtulur. Bu olaydan sonra bir ayağı aksayarak yürümek zorunda kalan Hacı Murad uzun bir süre sonra yaptığı hatanın farkına varır. Zamanın İmam'ı Şamil'e bir mektup göndererek ona iltica eder, Şamil onu yanına çağırır ve onunla ilişkilerini geliştirir. Hacı Murad, Rus generallerine birçok zorluk çıkarır ve yaptığı manevralarla özellikle Avar süvarilerinden oluşan küçük birliklerle Rus tabyalarını mahveder. Dağlarda gerilla taktiği uygulayan Hacı Murad'ın kullandığı taktikleri Ruslar anlamakta güçlük çekmiş ve karşısında hiçbir strateji üretememişlerdir.

Zaman hızla ilerlerken Rusya kendi sanayi inkılaplarını gerçekleştirmiştir ve artık ağızdan dolma tüfeklerle Ruslar'a karşı savaşmak Avarlar için zorlaşmıştır. Hacı Murad, Şamil'e Ruslar'a iltica edeceğini böylece geri hatlara sarkıp düşmanı arkadan vurarak Rus birliklerinin dayanak noktalarını yok edeceğini söyler, ama bu fikir Şamil'ce tutulmaz. Hacı Murad yine de Ruslar'a iltica eder, planlarını gerçekleştiremez ve esir hayatı yaşamaya mecbur edilir, esarete dayanamayarak kaçar ama arkadaşlarının ve kendisinin atları bir bataklığa saplanır. Son nefesine kadar savaşan Hacı Murad, barut bitince atını yere yatırıp kamayla yerde bir çukur açar. Kılıçla savaşır ve en sonunda öldürülür. Hacı Murad'ın kabri Azerbaycan sınırları içinde yer alan Kah'ta (Qax) yer almaktadır. Başı kesilerek Rus çarına götürülmüş, sonra kafatası halinde korunarak Rusya Kunstkammer müzesinde sergilenmeye başlanmıştır. Ünlü Rus yazar Lev Tolstoy'un 1896'da basılan Hacı Murad adlı, Türkçe'ye de çevrilmiş biyografik bir eseri vardır.

Hacı Murat hakkında 1959 yılında baş rolünde Steve Reeves'in oynadığı İtalyan yapımı A gi Murad il diavolo bianco/Beyaz Şeytan -Savaşçı- Hacı Murad (91 dakika, renkli film); 1967 yılında Cüneyt Arkın'ın oynadığı Hacı Murat; 1968 yılında Cüneyt Arkın'ın oynadığı Hacı Murat Geliyor; 1972 yılında Tamer Yiğit'in oynadığı Hacı Murat'ın İntikamı filmleri çekilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
Lev Tolstoy'un aynı adı taşıyan eserinin İngilizce tam metni için
 Lev Tolstoy 1896. Hacı Murat

1852 yılında ölenler
Avar (Kafkasya) asıllı kişiler
Rus Müslümanlar
Kafkas Savaşı'nda kişiler

Hacı Murad


الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز 2004–05  هو الموسم الثالث عشر للدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز في مسماه الجديد. انطلق في 14 غشت 2004 واختتم في 15 مايو 2005 بتتويج نادي تشيلسي الذي حصد 95 نقطة (رقم قياسي في حينه)، محققا لقبه الثاني بعد خمسين سنة من الغياب عن منصة التتويج بالدوري. في حين حصل الغزال الأسمر تيري هنري مهاجم الجانرز على جائزة هداف الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز للمرة الثانية تواليا والثالثة في آخر أربعة مواسم تشيلسي كبير لندن</ref>

عن الدوري
قبل انطلاق الموسم الثالث عشر من الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز أو دوري باركليز الممتاز (المسمى التسويقي للدوري) كانت جل الترشيحات تصب في صالح فريقي أرسنال ومانشستر يونايتد. إلا أن تشيلسي استطاع أن يرفع التحدي ويفوز باللقب الغالي بعد نصف قرن من الانتظار (أول لقب للنادي كان موسم 1954-55 بمسماه القديم دوري كرة القدم الإنجليزية).

فأرسنال المرشح الأبرز حامل اللقب في النسختين الأخيرتين بقيادة المدرب الفرنسي أرسين فينغر؛ والذي استطاع تحقيق آخر ألقابه موسم 2003-04 بسجل خال من الهزائم مسجلا رقما قياسيا فريدا في تاريخ البريمييرليغ، مؤازرا بكوكبة من النجوم في مقدمتهم لاعبه الأسطوري تييري هنري الفائز بالحذاء الذهبي الأوروبي 2004 وهداف الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز موسمي 2001-02 و2003-04. وكذا مانشستر يونايتد المرشح فوق العادة في حقبة المدرب الأسكتلندي المخضرم السير أليكس فيرغسون بنجومه الكبار يتقدمهم القناص رود فان نستلروي والأسطورة كريستيانو رونالدو في بداياته والفتى الذهبي واين روني، بالإضافة إلى بقية الأساطير في مختلف المراكز بدءا بالأخوين غاري وفيل نيفيل والصخرة ريو فرديناند وجون أوشيا وريان غيغز وروي كين وبول سكولز وآخرون.

رئيس نادي تشيلسي الروسي رومان أبراموفيتش تعاقد مع المدرب الظاهرة آنذاك البرتغالي جوزي مورينيو الفائز بدوري أبطال أوروبا 2004 مع نادي بورتو البرتغالي، وأنفق بسخاء لتعزيز صفوف النادي للمنافسة بجدية على اللقب المتمنع حينها. فانضم في صيف 2004 الإيفواري ديديي دروغبا قادما من مارسيليا ليصبح بعد ذلك واحدا من أساطير النادي والبريمييرليغ، والتشيكي بيتر تشيك قادما من نادي رين، وتعاقد النادي مع الجناح الطائر الهولندي أريين روبين قادما من إندهوفن، ومع الثلاثي البرتغالي ريكاردو كارفايو وباولو فيريرا  ونونو مورايس. ومع توفر النادي على لاعبين متميزين أمثال جون تيري وفرانك لامبارد وكلود ماكيليلي ووليام غالاس وجو كول وغيرهم عمل مورينيو على تطبيق أفكاره الخططية الجانحة إلى التكتل الدفاعي وممارسة الضغط القوي في وسط الميدان والاعتماد على التسلل من الأجنحة والمرتدات السريعة، ليتحول تشيلسي مورينيو إلى فريق صلب يصعب التسجيل في مرماه، بله هزيمته. ولتبدأ حقبة جديدة في الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز عنوانها الأبرز الظاهرة مورينيو يسحب البساط من فينغر وفرغسون.

في نهاية المطاف وبعد موسم صعب لكل المتنافسين تمكن تشيلسي من كسب اللقب حاصدا  95 نقطة؛ ومحققا رقما قياسيا في عدد النقاط المحصل عليها في موسم إلى حينه (تمكن مانشستر سيتي من تجاوز هذا الرقم موسم 2018-18).

وقد تأهل تشيلسي وأرسنال ومانشستر يونايتد وإيفرتون وليفربول (باعتباره حامل اللقب الأوروبي) إلى دوري أبطال أوروبا 2005–06، وتأهل بولتون واندررز وميدلزبره إلى كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي 2005–06، بينما تأهل نيوكاسل يونايتد إلى كأس إنترتوتو 2005.

ولم يعرف من سيهبط إلى دوري البطولة الإنجليزية حتى الجولة الأخيرة، إذ استطاع ويست بروميتش ألبيون صاحب الصف الأخير من تحقيق فوز شاق في آخر جولة ويضمن البقاء في الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز، في حين هبط ساوثهامبتون ونورويتش سيتي وكريستال بالاس إلى دوري البطولة الإنجليزية 2005–06.

وفي بقية الأرقام والإحصائيات المميزة كان أرسنال هو صاحب أقوى خط هجوم في البطولة، حيث سَجَّلَ لاعبوه 87 هدفًا، بينما كان تشيلسي هو صاحب أقوى خط دفاع في البطولة، حيث استقبلت شباكه 15 هدفًا.

وتصدر تييري هنري قائمة هدَّافي البطولة مسجلا 25 هدفا، في حين نال جون تيري مدافع تشيلسي جائزة أحسن لاعب بالموسم.

الفرق المشاركة

الترتيب النهائي

 = المركز ; لعب = المباريات الملعوبة; فاز = عدد مباريات الفوز; تعادل = عدد مباريات التعادل; خسر = عدد مباريات الخسارة; له = الأهداف التي سجلها; عليه = الأهداف التي استقبلها; +/- = فارق الأهداف; النقاط = النقاط

1. على الرغم من أنه أخفق في التأهل إلى دوري أبطال أوروبا بصفته أحد أفضل أربعة فرق إنجليزية في نهاية الموسم، ليفربول كان له الحظ الأوفر للمنافسة بصفته حامل اللقب في المنافسة الأوروبية، وقد تم إجباره على اللعب في الجولة الأولى من مرحلة التصفيات في دوري أبطال أوروبا 2005-06.

2. الفريق الذي في المركز الخامس (ليفربول) كان قد تم نقله إلى دوري أبطال أوروبا 2005-06  في حين أن الفريقين المحتلين للمركزين السادس والسابع قد تم مكافأتها بالمشاركة في  كاس الاتحاد الأوروبي 2005-06

إحصائيات الموسم

هدافي الموسم

المراجع

دوريات كرة قدم أوروبية في 2004–05
الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز لكرة القدم 2004–05
دوريات كرة قدم إنجليزية في 2004-05
مواسم الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز

الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز 2004–05


Cuevas de Batuhttp://murugan.org/temples/batu_caves.htm (en malayo: Gua Batu) es una colina de piedra caliza, que tiene una serie de cuevas y templos cuevas, situadas en el distrito de Gombak, a 13 kilómetros (8 millas) al norte de la ciudad de Kuala Lumpur, Malasia. Toma su nombre del río Batu o Sungai Batu, que fluye más allá de la colina. "Cuevas Batu" es también el nombre de una aldea cercana.

La cueva es uno de los santuarios hindúes más populares fuera de la India, y está dedicado a Murugan. Es el punto focal de un festival hindú de Thaipusam en Malasia.

Se encuentra ubicada en la estación de metro llamada del mismo nombre Batu Caves, lo cual facilita el acceso a turistas y devotos.
En el exterior destacan pequeños mausoleos Hindúes y una gran estatua de color dorado de 10 pisos de altura.
Tanto al interior de la cueva como en el exterior se pueden apreciar monos en estado libre.

Véase también
Geografía de Malasia
Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cuevas Batu y Festival de Thaipusam

Cuevas de Malasia
Hinduismo en Malasia
Cuevas sagradas

Cuevas de Batu


ස්කාරා බ්‍රේ

ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ඕක්නි මහා භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ ස්කේල් මුහුදු බොක්ක මත පිහිටා ඇති ස්කාරා බ්‍රේ, නව ශිලා යුගයට අයත් විශාල ශෛලමය ගොඩනැංවී‍ම් සහිත ගම්මානයකි. එහි නිවාස 10ක් පවතින අතර ක්‍රි.පූ. 3100-2500 කාලයේ දී ජනාවාස වී ඇත. යුරෝපයේ වඩාත්ම සම්පූර්ණ නව ශිලා ගම්මානය මෙය වන අතර යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුමවලට අයත් වීමට ආරක්ෂා සහිතව මෙය පැවතුණි.

ස්කාර් බ්‍රේහි සොයා ගැනීම හා එහි ලක්ෂණ
ස්කාර් බ්‍රේ නම් වූ විශාල පස් ගොඩැලිවලින් තෘණ උදුරා දැමීමට තරම් විශාල කුණාටුවක් නිසා 1850 වන තෙක් ස්කාර් බ්‍රේ පැවතියේ පසට යට විය.

ස්කේල් හි ස්කොට්ලන්ත වාසියකු වන විලියම් වොට් විසින් ශෛලමය ගොඩනැඟිලි කීපයක් කටු සටහන් සොයා ගන්නා ලද අතර මූලික කැනීම් ද සිදු කරන ලදී. 1926 ඇති වූ තවත් කුණාටුවකට පසු 1928 ත් 1930 ත් අතර දී එය වීර් ගෝඩන් ඩයිල්ඩ් විසින් සම්පූර්ණයෙන් කැනීමට භාජනය කරන ලදී.

ස්කාරා බ්‍රේ පදිංචිකරුවන් පැහැදිලි ලෙසම ග්රූව්ච්වෙයා සාදන්නෝ සහ භාවිතා කරන්නෝ වූහ. නිවෙස් මැටියෙන් ඉදි කළ ඒවා විය. ඒවා පොළවට කිඳා බැස්සේය. ඒවා විශාල කුණු ගොඩවල් බවට පත් වූයේය. ඒවා සුළු වශයෙන් ස්ථිර නිවාස වූ අතර ඔක්නෙයි හි රළු ශීත දේශගුණයට ඔරොත්තු දෙන ආකාරයේ නිර්මාණයක් විය. නිවසක් වර්ග මීටර 40 ක වපසරියකින් යුක්ත වූ අතර එහි විශාල හතරැස් කාමරයක් ද උෂ්ණත්වය ලබා දීමට හා කෑම පිසීමට විශාල ලිපක් ද විය. දූපතේ එතරම් ගස් නොතිබූ නිසා එම නිවෙස්වල වහළ සෙවිලි කිරීම සිදු වූයේ ලී දඬු හා තල්මස් ඇටකටු තණ පිඩැලි සමඟ ඇල්ලීමෙනි. නිවෙස්වල ගලින් කරන ලද ගෘහ භාණ්ඩ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් විය. ඊට කබඩ්, මේස, පුටු හා ඇසුරුම් පෙට්ටි අන්තර්ගත විය. කාණු පද්ධතියක් පවා ග්‍රාම නිර්මාණයේ සම්පාදනය කොට තිබිණි. සෑම නිවසකම ප්‍රාථමික මට්ටමේ වැසිකිලියක් තිබිණි.

සොයා ගත් නිවාස දහයෙන් හතකම ඇඳවල් හා මේස සහිත එක හා සමාන ගෘහ භාණ්ඩ විය. ඒවා වූයේ ද සමාන ස්ථානවලය. මේසය තිබුණේ නිවසට ඇතුළු වන විටම පෙනෙන ලෙස දොරට මුහුණ දා බිත්තියට හේත්තු කරය. අටවනනිවසේ මේස හෝ ඇසුරුම් පෙට්ටි නොතිබිණි. නමුත් එය එක හා සමාන කුඩා කුටිවලට බෙදා තිබුණි. මෙම නිවසේ කැනීම්වලදී ගල් කැබලි, අස්ථීන් සහ සත්ව අං හමු විය.  මෙම ගොඩනැඟිල්‍ල ඇටකටු ඉදිකටු හෝ ගිනිගල් කෙටේරි වැනි සරල ආයුධ නිෂ්පාදනය කළ වැඩපළක් විය හැකිය.

යුරෝපයේ මිනිස් මැක්කා පියුලෙක්ස් ඉරිටන්ස් පිළිබඳ ප්‍රථම වාර්තාව මෙම බිමෙන් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.

විකිරණ කාබන් පරීක්ෂාවෙන් පෙන්නුම් කරන්නේ ස්කාරා බ්‍රේ හි ජනාවාස ඇතිවීම ක්‍රි.පූ. 3100 සිට වසර 600ක් පුරා පමණ පැවති බවයි. ක්‍රි.පූ. 2500 දී පමණ කාළගුණ විපර්යාසය සිදු වීමෙන් පසු එනම් බොහෝ ශීතල තෙත් කාළගුණයක් පැවතීමට පටන් ගත් පසු පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් මෙය අත්හැර දමන්නට ඇත. ස්කාරා බ්‍රේහි මිනිසුන් එහි පදිංචිය හදිසියේ අත්හැරීමට හේතු පිළිබඳ නොයෙකුත් සිද්ධාන්ත ඇතත් මෙය සිදු වූ ආකාරයට අදාල ශක්තිමත් සාක්ෂි තවම හමු වී නැත.

මෙම දෘශ්‍යමාන ගොඩනැඟිලි මෙහි ජීවී සම්භවයක් තිබූ බවට හැඟීමක් ඇති කරනවන නමුත් මෙම භූමිය නැවත සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර සමුද්‍ර ඛාදනය නිසා මීට අදාල සාක්ෂි බොහෝ ලෙස විනාශ වී ඇත. අනාවරණය වූ ශේෂයන් පුරාණ ස්මාරකවලට යාබදව තිබෙන්නට ඇත. කොටු කරන ලද ප්‍රදේශයේ දකුණට වන්නට වූ පර්වතයේ සෝදා යාමක් දක්නට ලැබී ඇත. විශාල ශෛලමය පවුර විසින් වූ ශේෂ සෝදා යාමෙන් ආරක්ෂා කෙරෙයි.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skara_Brae

ස්කාරා බ්‍රේ


Mk IV (A22) Birleşik Krallık, SSCB ve milletler topluluğunun II. Dünya Savaşı'nda kullandığı ağır piyade tankıdır. Tankı tamamen çevreleyen paletleri ve uzun şasisi ve ağır zırhıyla bilinir. II.Dünya Savaşı'ndaki Müttefiklerin en ağır tanklarından biridir. Piyade tankları piyade birliklerinin duraklamak zorunda kaldıkları yerlerde düşman mevzilerini açmaya yarayan tanklardır. İsmini Winston Churchill'den almasının en büyük sebebi, kendisinin Birleşik Krallık başbakanı olmasının yanı sıra I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında tank üretimine katkıda bulunmasıdır.

Teknik Veriler

Mk IV

Kullanıcılar
  1951 yılında hizmetten çıkarıldı
  1969 yılında emekli edildi
  1947 yılında emekli edildi
  Kanada
  Yerini Josef Stalin Tank aldı

Piyade tankları
II. Dünya Savaşı tankları
Birleşik Krallık tankları
Winston Churchill

Churchill (tank)


An Mnesithea in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Mnesithea in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Mnesithea

Mnesithea


Die Theologische Fakultät Lugano (ital. Facoltà di Teologia di Lugano FTL)  ist eine römisch-katholische philosophisch-theologische Hochschule in Lugano im  Schweizer Kanton Tessin.

Geschichte
Die Facoltà di Teologia di Lugano wurde am 27. April 1992 per Dekret durch Eugenio Corecco, Bischof von Lugano, als Istituto Teologico di Lugano gegründet. Hintergrund war das in den siebziger Jahren nach Freiburg im Üechtland verlagerte Priesterseminar wieder im Bistum Lugano anzusiedeln. Bischof Corecco weihte zusammen mit Kardinal Zenon Grocholewski, Präfekt der Kongregation für das katholische Bildungswesen, die Hochschule ein. Am 20. November 1993 erfolgte die Umfirmierung zu Facoltà di Teologia di Lugano FTL. 2004 erfolgte die Akkreditierung der Facoltà di Teologia di Lugano.

Die Hochschule fördert die Einbindung von geistlichen Gemeinschaften in die Hochschule wie die des Neokatechumenalen Wegs, Gemeinschaft der Seligpreisungen, der Franziskanischen Fraternität von Bethanien oder der in Brasilien entstandenen Bewegung Shalom (Shalom Brasil).

Organisation
Sitz der Hochschule war zunächst in der Via Nassa in der Altstadt. Seit 2002 befindet sich der Sitz in dem von Michele Christen geplanten neuen Campus zusammen mit der institutionell getrennten Universität der italienischen Schweiz an der Via Giacomo e Filippo Ciani an der  Cassarate, einem Fluss durch Lugano.

Rektor ist seit Februar 2015 der Kirchenhistoriker René Roux, Grosskanzler ist der Ortsbischof, zur Zeit Valerio Lazzeri.

Die Hochschule bietet die Fachrichtungen Katholische Theologie und Philosophie sowie Kanonisches Recht mit Bachelor, Master und Doktoratsstudien an. Das Institut für Kanonisches Recht und Vergleichendes Religionsrecht (DiReCom; Istituto internazionale di diritto canonico e diritto comparato delle religioni) bietet einen Master des Vergleichenden Religionsrechts an.

Bekannte Dozenten
 Libero Gerosa, Kirchenrechtler, Rektor seit 2000
 Georges Cottier OP †, Theologe und Philosoph
 Manfred Hauke, Dogmatiker und Patrologe
 Markus Krienke, Theologe und Rosmini-Forscher
 Michael Kunzler †, Liturgiewissenschaftler
 Klaus Müller, Fundamentaltheologe und Religionsphilosoph
 Ludger Müller †, Kirchenrechtler
 Michael Schulz, Dogmatiker

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite

Einzelnachweise

Private Hochschule in der Schweiz
Lugano, Theologische Fakultat
Römisch-katholische Organisation (Schweiz)
Religion (Kanton Tessin)
Theologische Fakultat Lugano
Theologische Fakultat Lugano
Gegründet 1992
Christliche Bildungseinrichtung (Schweiz)

Theologische Fakultät Lugano


Tekkeköy, Samsun ilinin Kavak ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı köy ortasında bulunan mezarlıktaki büyük bir türbe ve çevresinde Cumhuriyet öncesi var olan Tekkeden gelmektedir. Bugün yatır ya da türbe hâlen ziyarete açıktır.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 45 km, Kavak ilçesine ise 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kavak'ın mahalleleri

Tekkeköy, Kavak


Karaburç, Nizip - Gaziantep ili Nizip ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karaburç, Kiraz - İzmir ili Kiraz ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karaburç, Hacıbektaş - Nevşehir ili Hacıbektaş ilçesine bağlı köy
 Karaburç, Bafra - Samsun ili Bafra ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Karaburç, Hilvan - Şanlıurfa ili Hilvan ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Karaburç


Hytera (en ), anciennement HYT, est un fabricant chinois d'émetteurs-récepteurs radio et de systèmes radio.

L'entreprise a été fondée à Shenzhen en 1993 et opère à l'échelle mondiale.

Entreprise ayant son siège à Shenzhen
Entreprise de fabrication ayant son siège en Chine
Entreprise fondée en 1993
Entreprise de télécommunications ayant son siège en Chine

Hytera


حضرة المحترم رواية للأديب العالمي المصري نجيب محفوظ، وهي تحكي عن نضال «عثمان بيومي» الذي التحق موظفاً صغيراً في قسم المحفوظات في إحدى إدارات الدولة، وقد نال شهادة ـ البكالوريا ـ معتمدا على نفسه بعد وفاة والديه الكادحين، وهو يطمح منذ البداية لأن يصير مديراً عاماً للإدارة، فينال إجازة في الحقوق، وينهل من منابع الثقافة العامة، ويوطد علاقاته برؤسائه من خلال الاجتهاد والاستقامة ويبدأ بالادخار استعدادا للزواج من فتاة تكون سبيله إلى العلاء، ولكن الزمن يتسرب من خلال أصابعه، وقد أعرض عن الزواج من اثنتين أحبهما في فترتين متباعدتين من حياته، هما «سيدة» و «أنيسة» لأنهما لا تقدمان له ما يبغي من زواجه، فإذا هو لا يجد عزاء إلا في وصاله الجسدي لقدريّة ـ البغي الغانية ـ ولقد أفسحت له الظروف مجال الترقي فصار مديراً للإدارة، ولكنه في لحظة يأس وافتقار إلى الحب الحقيقي تزوج من «قدرية» وحين أخفق معها تزوج ثانية من سكرتيرته (راضية) وفي اللحظة التي صمّم فيها على الإنجاب والتخلي عن حلمه بالدرجة العظيمة ومنصب المدير العام جاءه قرار تعيينه وهو على فراش المرض فقضى بلا حب دافئ، وبلا ذرية، ودون أن يباشر الحكم من إدارته.

تحويلها لمسلسل
تم تحويلها لمسلسل مصري بطولة أشرف عبد الباقي، نورهان، سمية الخشاب، سوسن بدر وصلاح رشوان. سيناريو وحوار عاطف بشاي إخراج سيد طنطاوي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 مراجعات القراء حول رواية حضرة المحترم على موقع أبجد

روايات نجيب محفوظ
روايات عن الزواج
أدب عربي في القرن 20

حضرة المحترم


María Alejandra Restrepo Tafur (Cali, 12 de abril de 1985), más conocida como Maleja Restrepo, es una presentadora, modelo, actriz e influencer colombiana.

Trayectoria
María Alejandra Restrepo inició su carrera a los 15 años en el programa infantil TV Aventuras emitido por el canal regional Telepacífico, y más adelante presentó el programa juvenil Tiempo Real producido por la Universidad Autónoma de Occidente.

En el año 2007 participó en el reality show La isla de los famosos: Una aventura maya reality en el que conoció a su actual pareja, el motocrosista Sebastián Tatán Mejía con el que tiene dos hijas Guadalupe y Macarena Mejia Restrepo. Al finalizar su participación en éste, presentó el programa infantil Latitud 4°13'' de Señal Colombia, trabajó durante 2 años como DJ en La Mega (Cali) y desde 2009 hasta 2012 fue conductora y presentadora de Play Zone junto a Juan Sebastián Quintero en el Canal Caracol.

Filmografía

Televisión

Como presentadora

Reality

Programas

Cine

Radio

Referencias

Nacidos en Cali
Actores de televisión de Colombia
Presentadores de televisión de Colombia
Modelos femeninas de Colombia
Actrices de Colombia

Maleja Restrepo


Gustavo Girón Higuita OCD (Medellín, Colômbia, 28 de maio de 1940) é um clérigo católico romano e bispo emérito de Tumaco.

Gustavo Girón Higuita ingressou na Ordem dos Carmelitas Descalços e foi ordenado sacerdote em 2 de dezembro de 1967.

Em 8 de fevereiro de 1990, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou vigário apostólico de Tumaco e bispo titular de Bisica. O núncio apostólico na Colômbia, Angelo Acerbi, concedeu-lhe a consagração episcopal em 22 de abril do mesmo ano; Os co-consagrantes foram Carlos José Ruiseco Vieira, Arcebispo de Cartagena, e Miguel Angel Lecumberri Erburu OCD, Vigário Apostólico Emérito de Tumaco.

Com a elevação à diocese em 29 de outubro de 1999, foi nomeado primeiro bispo de Tumaco.

O Papa Francisco aceitou sua aposentadoria em 25 de julho de 2015.

Ver também

{{esboço-bispo}]

Bispos católicos da Colômbia

Gustavo Girón Higuita


Šterusy este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Piešťany din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 496 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Šterusy este atestată documentar din 1262.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Šterusy


Dacha Útkina (en idioma ruso Уткина дача) es un conjunto arquitectónico del  situado en San Petersburgo, cerca de la confluencia de los ríos Okkervil y Okhta. La dacha se incluye en el registro de patrimonio cultural de Rusia con el número 7810250000. Durante los últimos años fue abandonado.

Antes de la fundación de San Petersburgo, estos terrenos cerca de la fortaleza de Nyenschantz fueron propiedad del coronel sueco Okkervil. Más tarde, se convirtió en su propietario el jefe de la  Cancillería Secreta, el general Andrei Uixakov. A mediados del  esta tierra fue concedida a Agafókleia Poltoràtskaia y su marido Mark Poltoratski como premio por su participación en producciones operísticas.

La finca de Okkervil la administraba su hija Agafókleia Súkhareva, que también poseía los terrenos vecinos, aguas arriba del río Okhta. Una de sus hijas, Ielizaveta, se convirtió en la esposa de Alexei Olena. Alexander Pushkin se enamoró de su otra hija, Anna Olenina, nieta de Poltoratski. Pushkin pidió su mano durante el verano de 1828, pero fue rechazado.

Se especula que el diseñador de la casa fue el famoso arquitecto Nikolai Lvov. En los años 1820-1830 se construyó un edificio de servicios anexo.

Después de la revolución rusa de 1917, la propiedad pasó al Comisariado de Salud, y albergaba las oficinas de Malaia Okhta del hospital psiquiátrico. Al final de 1930, algunos de los edificios fueron reconvertidos como apartamentos residenciales, mientras que otros locales eran utilizados por diversas instituciones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

  Patrimonio cultural de la Federación Rusa, objeto #7810250000 "УТКИНА ДАЧА"
  www.save-spb.ru
  Fotografíass de la zona

Arquitectura de San Petersburgo
Arquitectura de Rusia del siglo XVIII

Dacha Útkina


Le Journal des Vosges est un journal publié entre le  et le , puis du  jusqu'en . Créé sous la monarchie de Juillet, ce journal se présente d'abord comme proche de l'opposition dynastique. En raison de son engagement politique, le Journal des Vosges est contraint dès  de changer sa ligne éditoriale : il devient une feuille d'annonces hebdomadaire. Ce changement de ligne éditoriale perdure jusqu'à la fin du régime monarchique en , où il redéveloppe son engagement politique.

Le Journal des Vosges sous la monarchie de Juillet (-)

Ligne éditoriale jusqu'en
Du  à , le journal est édité de manière bihebdomadaire par le spinalien Pierre-Hippolyte Faguier. Ce dernier édite déjà La Sentinelle des Vosges depuis , un journal républicain d'opposition radicale et très lu par les carbonaristes. Après s'être désolidarisé des républicains radicaux, Pierre-Hippolyte Faguier crée donc le Journal des Vosges, plus proche du Mouvement, un parti politique orléaniste. Ses membres ne contestent pas la monarchie, mais demandent qu'elle soit plus démocratique et se rallient derrière Jacques Laffite.

Les feuilles d'annonce
Malgré le ton plutôt modéré du journal, Pierre-Hyppolite Faguier comparaît au tribunal correctionnel d'Épinal. En effet, la loi du  prévoit des sanctions pour toutes les personnes qui font outrage au roi, à la religion d'État, aux autorités et aux administrations publiques. L'éditeur avait déjà été poursuivi dès le premier numéro du Journal des Vosges.
Les inquiétudes du préfet à propos d'un tel journal oblige Pierre-Hippolyte Faguier à transformer le Journal des Vosges en feuilles d'annonce à partir de . Il ne paraît plus qu'une seule fois par semaine. Les annonces sont commerciales ou juridiques principalement et ces feuilles avaient vocation à être affichées dans les lieux publics. Ce type de journal créé dans les années  est très populaire sous la monarchie de Juillet et les tirages progressent. Le Journal des Vosges paraît surtout dans l'arrondissement d'Épinal. Cette situation durera jusqu'en .

Le Journal des Vosges sous la Deuxième République

L'engagement orléaniste

À partir des années 1840 dans les Vosges, la presse d'opinion réémerge. À la mort de Pierre-Hippolyte Faguier en , Alexis Cabasse devient l'éditeur du journal. C'est donc lui qui, pendant la Révolution de 1848, montre l'engagement politique du Journal des Vosges et le soutien apporté aux orléanistes. Les annonces disparaissent et laissent place à des dépêches télégraphiques de Paris et rapportent des paroles des membres du nouveau gouvernement, comme Léopold Turck.

L'avènement du Second Empire
Toutefois, après le coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851 de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte la liberté de la presse se retrouve en péril et le Journal des Vosges, qui avait continué de soutenir les opposants orléanistes représentés par Adolphe Thiers, aussi. Le préfet décide d'accorder l'exclusivité des annonces judiciaires, rentrée financière souvent indispensable à la survie d'un journal, au Courrier des Vosges. Le Journal des Vosges cesse de paraître en 1853.

Le Journal des Vosges sous la Troisième République
Le Journal des Vosges est republié une dernière fois après l'instauration de la Troisième République en . Il paraît trois fois par semaine et représente toujours l'organe des orléanistes. Tiré en , à l'instar des autres titres du moment, le journal bénéficie en plus d'un soutien financier de la part d'acteurs privés. Malgré cette aide, le journal disparaît en .

Notes et références

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Monarchie de Juillet
 Presse d'opinion

Liens externes

 Notice du Journal des Vosges, Limédia Kiosque

Presse écrite dans le Grand Est
Presse quotidienne régionale disparue en France
Titre de presse créé en 1832
Titre de presse disparu en 1874

Le Journal des Vosges


جول البير فيجدينبوش  من مواليد (2 مايو 1941 في باراماريبو) هو سياسي سورينامي، عضو بالحزب الدمقراطي الوطني، الذي سيطر على السلطة بشكل مطلق في سورينام خلال الثمانينات.

كان رئيسا للوزراء من عام 1987 حتى عام 1988 ، نائب للرئيس خلال الفترة من يناير 1991 و حتى سبتمبر 1991 و تولى الرئاسة من 1996 حتى 2000.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من باراماريبو
رؤساء سورينام
رؤساء وزراء سورينام
مواليد 1360 هـ
مواليد 1941
مواليد 1942
مواليد في باراماريبو
نواب رؤساء سورينام
وزراء مالية سورينام

خوليس ويدنبوش


Regionalna nogometna liga Zagreb – IV skupina Kutina – Sisak, također i kao RNL Zagreb - IV. skupina - I podgrupa Kutina-Sisak; IV. Regionalna liga Kutina-Sisak je bila jedna od dvije skupine Regionalne nogometne lige Zagreb – IV skupina u sezoni 1986./87. te je predstavljala ligu četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.  Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio "Gavrilović" iz Petrinje.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Hrvatska liga – Sjever 1986./87.
 Regionalna liga ZO Zagreb 1986./87.
 II. regionalna liga Bjelovar 1986./87.
 III. regionalna liga Varaždin 1986./87.
 Međuopćinska liga Kutina – Ivanić-Grad – Novska 1986./87.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Stjepan Balog: HNŠK "Moslavina", Kutina : 85 [godina], Kutina, 2004., , str. 44-45
 Edvard Bogović: Sve je počelo prije 85 godina : monografija 85 godina nogometa u Novskoj , Novska, 2005., , str. 87

1986-87 reg KT-SI
Zagreb regija
1986-87 HRV Zagreb

Regionalna nogometna liga Zagreb – IV skupina Kutina – Sisak 1986./87.


Gradina je lokacija u Sasama. Datira iz antike. Nalazište je starorimskih artefakata. Ostatak je velikog municipija Domavije koji je bio središtem rudarske uprave za provincije Panoniju i Dalmaciju.

Iskopavanjem se našlo nalaze koji su doveli do zaključka o velikoj važnosti ove rimske naseobine. Epigrafski spomenici pokazuju nam da se ovdje intenzivirala rudarska djelatnost. Nađena su imena prokuratora na spomenicima. Nalaz iz Drinjače datira iz 218. i na natpisu piše da je Domavia "Res publica". Jedan je spomenik posvećen prokuratoru Valeriju Superu. Navodi mu zasluge za priskrbljivanje dovoljne količine vode za javno kupatilo. Tu su još natpisi iz 230., te ara nekog rimskog namjesnika. Pretpostavlja se da je Karakala, sin Septimija Severa posjetio Domaviju 2014. godine. Nađen je stup koji je podigao neki ducenarij u čast Lucija Domicija, prokuratora Panonije i Dalmacije, tj. vrhovnog upravitelja svih rudnika u cijeloj Dalmaciji i Panoniji. Iz natpisa iz 274. znamo da je i u ovom trećini stoljeća eksploatiralo srebro. Proizvodnja je vremenom opadala, iako je bilo još mnogo rude. Razlog je nedovoljno razvijena tehnologija. Nađen je i rimski novac od bakra i srebra. Pronađeni su komadi olovne rude, troska, poluistopljena olovna ruda, brončana i željezna oruđa, dijelovi zemljanih svjetiljaka i drugo. Iskopani su ostatci građevina i gradskih nekropola, što nam daje dokaz o relativno visokom životnom standardu stanovnika Domavije.

Gradina je stavljena na privremeni popis nacionalnih spomenika BiH.

Izvori

Rimski arheološki lokaliteti u Bosni i Hercegovini
Srebrenica
Nacionalni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine

Gradina (Domavia)


Yeni Yüzyıl, Türkiye'de yayımlanmış olan eski ulusal günlük gazete.

15 Aralık 1994 tarihinde yayın hayatına başlayan Yeni Yüzyıl, tiraj kaybı nedeniyle 11 Haziran 1999 tarihinde yayın hayatına son verdi. 5 Kasım 2015'te yeni bir yatırımcıyla yayın hayatına yeniden başlamıştır. 15 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde Yeni Yüzyıl gazetesi kağıt baskıya son verdiğini açıkladı.

Tarihçe
15 Aralık 1994 tarihinde yayın hayatına başlayan Yeni Yüzyıl, Okay Gönensin ile Atv - Sabahın sahibi Dinç Bilgin tarafından kurulmuştu. Daha modern görünüm ve içerik kaygısı taşımış bir gazeteydi.

Gazetenin ilk dönem yazar kadrosunda Kenan Işık, Sevinç Yavuz, Yasemin Çongar, Aslı Aydıntaşbaş, Vivet Kanetti, Metin Münir, Kürşat Başar, Ali Bayramoğlu, Coşkun Kırca, Ayfer Tunç, İlhan Mimaroğlu, Güngör Uras, Leyla İpekçi, Sibel Köklü, Cüneyt Koryürek, Tayfun Talipoğlu, Meltem İnan, Ahmet Çakır, Can Dündar, Işın Eliçin, Kaan Kural, İsmet Berkan, Yiğiter Uluğ, Kemal Anadol, Piyale Madra, Mine Söğüt, Yurtsan Atakan ve Ali Kırca isimleri yer almıştır.

Gazete, 1998 yılında Ateş gazetesi ile birlikte Korkmaz Yiğit tarafından satın alındı. Ancak yeraltı dünyasının da dahil olduğu bir kaset skandalının patlak vermesinin ardından gazete tiraj kaybına uğradı. 11 Haziran 1999 tarihinde "Tadilat Nedeniyle Kapalıyız" manşetiyle son baskısını yaparak kapatıldı. Ancak gazetenin isim hakkı, eski başyazarı Okay Gönensin'de kalmıştır.

2014 Türkiye yerel seçimlerinde Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi'nden Şişli belediye başkanlığı aday adayı olan Haliç Üniversitesi mütevelli heyeti başkanı  Mansur Topçuoğlu, Okay Gönensin'den gazetenin isim hakkını satın aldıktan sonra gazete 5 Kasım 2015'te yeniden yayın hayatına başlamıştır.

13 Mayıs 2016'da gazetenin sahibi Mansur Topçuoğlu'nun mütevelli heyeti başkanı olduğu Haliç Üniversitesi'ne Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu tarafından el konulmasından iki gün sonra 15 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde Yeni Yüzyıl gazetesi "Bu bir veda değil Fatiha'dır" manşeti ile kağıda basılı yayına son verdiğini açıkladı. Gazete yönetimi, yayın hayatını dijital sürümde devam edileceğini açıkladı.

Kaynakça

Türkçe gazeteler
Türkiye gazeteleri
Türkiye'de yayımlanan günlük gazeteler
Yayımı sona eren Türkiye gazeteleri
1994'te Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar
1994'te kurulan gazeteler
1999'da sona eren yayınlar
2016'da sona eren yayınlar

Yeni Yüzyıl


Bracovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Michalovce din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 945 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu Ložín, Hatalov, Dúbravka, Falkušovce, Trebišov și Bánovce nad Ondavou.

Istoric
Localitatea Bracovce este atestată documentar din 1227.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Bracovce