Pakt der Rache (Originaltitel: Seeking Justice) ist ein US-amerikanischer Action-Thriller von Roger Donaldson aus dem Jahr 2011 mit Nicolas Cage in der Hauptrolle.

Handlung
Der Film beginnt mit einem Mann, der offensichtlich einem Journalisten ein Interview gibt. Er erklärt, dass er seines Lebens nicht mehr sicher sein könne, wenn er die Machenschaften seiner Organisation ans Tageslicht brächte. Kurz danach wird dieser Mann in seinem Auto mit einem Geländewagen von der Dachetage eines Parkhauses gestoßen und stirbt dabei.

Der High-School-Lehrer Will Gerard führt mit seiner Ehefrau Laura eine glückliche Beziehung in New Orleans. Eines Abends wird Laura auf dem Heimweg von ihrer Arbeitsstelle von einem Unbekannten geschlagen und vergewaltigt. Im Krankenhaus wartet Will zusammen mit seinem besten Freund Jimmy, der ebenfalls an der Rampart High School arbeitet, auf Nachrichten über den Gesundheitszustand seiner Frau. Nachdem Jimmy gegangen ist, wird Will von einem Fremden angesprochen, der sich ihm als "Simon" vorstellt. Simon erzählt ihm, dass er einer Organisation angehöre, die sich "der Gerechtigkeit" verschrieben habe. Die Mitglieder könnten, falls Will dies wünsche, sich um den Täter "kümmern" – ganz ohne Gerichtsverfahren. Danach schulde Will ihnen nur ab und zu mal einen kleinen Gefallen. Es handle sich dabei um Dinge wie etwa eine Überwachungskamera zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt abzuschalten und dergleichen. Nach anfänglichem Zögern geht Will auf den Vorschlag ein, und Lauras Vergewaltiger wird getötet.

Sechs Monate später erhält Will von Simon den Auftrag, den Kinderpornografen Leon Walczak zu töten. Anschließend sei die Organisation mit ihm quitt, und er werde in Ruhe gelassen. Man versichert ihm, dass die Überwachungskameras am Tatort ausgeschaltet seien und es wie Selbstmord aussehen würde. Zunächst weigert er sich. Aber nachdem Mitglieder der Organisation ihn unter Druck gesetzt haben und in seine Wohnung eingedrungen sind, geht er zum vorgesehenen Tatort und spricht Walczak dort an. Dieser greift ihn an, und im anschließenden Handgemenge stürzt Walczak ohne Wills Zutun über ein Geländer in den Tod. Will wird verhaftet, weil eine der Überwachungskameras doch nicht ausgeschaltet war und die Aufnahme ihn belastet.

Zu seiner Überraschung erfährt Will, dass der angebliche Verbrecher Leon Walczak in Wirklichkeit der investigative Journalist Alan Marsh war. Lieutenant Durgan, ein Polizist, der Teil der Organisation ist, lässt Will entkommen. Dieser befindet sich nun auf der Flucht vor der Polizei und der Organisation. Er findet heraus, dass Marsh der Organisation auf der Spur war – und damit auch den Grund, warum er ihn töten sollte. Will nimmt mit Laura Kontakt auf und warnt sie. Nachdem sie unter einem Vorwand von Mitgliedern der Organisation in ein Auto gelockt wird, kann sie durch Einsatz von Pfefferspray entkommen.

Nach weiteren Recherchen, bei denen Will sogar in die Redaktion von Marshs Zeitung, der New Orleans Post, eindringt, entdeckt er Beweismaterial. Auf dem Boot von Marsh, das in einer Garage steht, findet er eine CD. Darauf ist ein Interview, das Marsh mit einem Mitglied der Organisation geführt hat und aus dem hervorgeht, dass diese Organisation unter der Führung von Simon außer Kontrolle geraten ist, und nicht mehr nur Selbstjustiz gegen Vergewaltiger, Mörder und Kinderschänder ausübt, sondern gegen jeden, den Simon für nicht mehr lebenswert hält. Will erkennt anhand der Fotos auf der CD, dass sogar sein Freund Jimmy in die Machenschaften der Organisation verwickelt ist. Er fährt zu Jimmy und stellt ihn zur Rede. Auch Jimmy, dessen Bruder ermordet worden ist und für den die Organisation den Täter ausfindig gemacht hat, muss nun Gegenleistungen erbringen.

Hinter dem Decknamen Simon verbirgt sich Eugene Cook, einer der Polizisten, die Will den Mord an Marsh anhängen wollten. Will nimmt Kontakt mit Simon auf. Im Austausch gegen Marshs CD soll ihm Simon in einem Stadion die Aufzeichnung der Überwachungskamera geben, die seine Unschuld an Marshs Tod beweist. Inzwischen gelingt es Jimmy, Laura ausfindig zu machen und in seine Gewalt zu bringen. Im Stadion trumpft Simon mit Laura als Geisel auf. Simon hat sie von Jimmy in ein verlassenes Einkaufszentrum bringen lassen. Nachdem Simon Will die CD weggenommen hat, will er ihn und Laura beseitigen lassen. Als sein Helfer Laura erschießen will, wird dieser von Jimmy erschossen.

In einem dramatischen Showdown tötet Simon Jimmy, der das ungerechte Spiel nicht mehr mitmachen will. In dem Tumult kann Laura eine Schusswaffe in ihren Besitz bringen und wegrennen. Will wird im Zweikampf mit Simon schließlich von diesem mit einer Pistole bedroht. Da taucht Laura auf und erschießt Simon.

Lieutenant Durgan schlägt vor, den Fall so aussehen zu lassen, als ob sich Jimmy und Simon bei einer Auseinandersetzung gegenseitig erschossen hätten. Schließlich taucht auch das Video auf, das beweist, dass Will nicht die Schuld an Marshs Tod trägt. Will übergibt Marshs Beweismaterial an einen Journalisten, der Marshs Recherchen fortführen will. Dieser verabschiedet sich von Will mit den Worten: "Der hungrige Vogel greift an", dem Code der Organisation. Es ist nicht klar, auf wessen Seite er steht.

Hintergrund
 Im englischsprachigen Raum wurde der Filmtitel Seeking Justice auch als The Hungry Rabbit Jumps ("Das hungrige Kaninchen springt") bekannt, was ein bekanntes Schlüsselzitat des Films darstellt. In der deutschen Synchronisation wurde dieser Satz in "Der hungrige Vogel greift an" geändert. Eine Selbstjustizorganisation, deren Gerechtigkeitsempfinden aus dem Ruder läuft, war bereits Thema des Spielfilms Ein Richter sieht rot.

 Bei geschätzten Produktionskosten von etwa 17 Millionen US-Dollar wurden an den Kinokassen weltweit rund zwölf Millionen US-Dollar eingespielt.

 Kinostart in den USA (mit eingeschränkter Veröffentlichung an ausgewählten Standorten) war am 16. März 2012. In Deutschland erschien der Film am 1. Juni 2012 auf DVD und Blu-ray.

Synchronisation

Kritiken

Auszeichnungen
 Goldene Himbeere 2013: Nominierung in der Kategorie Schlechtester Schauspieler für Nicolas Cage (zusammen mit seiner Darstellung in Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

US-amerikanischer Film
Filmtitel 2011
Actionfilm
Thriller
Filmdrama

Pakt der Rache


පංච ද්‍රවිඩ ලෙස සාමාන්‍යෙයන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ,   ක්‍රි.පූ.  103 සිට ක්‍රි.පූ. 88 දක්වා වසර 14 ක් එකිනෙකා මරා රජවෙමින් අනුරාධපුර  සිට ලක්දිව  රජරට රාජධානිය පාලනය කල බොහෝවිට  පාණ්ඩ්‍ය රාජවංශයට අයත් වියහැකි ද්‍රවිඩ නායකයන් පස් දෙනෙකි.

පසුබිම

ද්‍රවිඩයන් පස් දෙන විසින් දිවයින ආක්‍රමණය කිරීමට පෙර, රජරට පාලනය කලේ, වට්ටගාමිණී අභය ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වුනු, වළගම්බා රජ (ක්‍රිපූ 104–103, ක්‍රිපූ 89–76) විසිනි. දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණි ආක්‍රමණිකයන් පස් දෙන විසින්, ක්‍රිපූ 103 දී, වළගම්බා රජ බලයෙන් පහකොට,   ක්‍රිපූ 89 වන තුරු රට පාලනය කරන ලද අතර, එවිට වළගම්බා රජ විසින් ඔවුන් පරාජය කොට, යළි සිහසුන හිමි කර ගත්තේය.

පාලකයෝ

පුලහත්ථ

පුලහත්ථ යනු ද්‍රවිඩයන් පස් දෙනගෙන් පළමුවැන්නා විය. පස් මසකට පෙර සිහසුනට පත් පාලක රජතුමාවූ වළගම්බා රජ බලයෙන් පහ කල ඔහු, දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන් පැමිණි, පාණ්ඩ්‍ය රාජවංශයේ දෙමළ නායකයෙකි.  ඔහුගේ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය ලෙසින් බාහිය පත් තල හෙතෙම, වසර තුනක් රාජ්‍යය පාලනය කලේ, ක්‍රිපූ 100 දී බාහිය විසින් ඔහු මරා දමන තෙක්ය.

බාහිය

බාහිය යනු ද්‍රවිඩයන් පස් දෙනාගෙන් දෙවැන්නා වූ අතර, හෙතෙම ක්‍රිපූ  100 සිට ක්‍රිපූ 98 දක්වා රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කලේය. පුලහත්ථගේ පාලන සමයේදී ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය වූ හෙතෙම, ඔහු මරා රජකම පැහැර ගති. බාහියගේ පාලන සමය කෙලවර වූයේ, ඔහු සිහසුනට පත්ව වසර දෙකක් ගත වත්ම, ඔහුගේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය වූ පණය මාර විසින් ඔහු මරා දැමීමත් සමගය.

පණය මාර

ක්‍රිපූ 98 සිට ක්‍රිපූ 91 දක්වා රාජ්‍යය පාලනය කල   පණය මාර , ද්‍රවිඩයන් පස් දෙන ගෙන් තෙවැන්නාවූ අතර, ද්‍රවිඩයන් පස් දෙනා අතුරින් වැඩිම කලක් රාජ්‍යය පාලනය කල තැනැත්තා විය. සිහසුනට පත් වීමට පෙර, හෙතෙම බාහිය යටතේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය තනතුර දැරූ අතර, පණය මාර විසින් බාහිය මරා රාජ්‍යය පැහැරගෙන සිහසුනට පත්වූයේ ඔහුගේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය ලෙසින් පිලිය මාර පත් කරමිනි.

පිලිය මාර

අනුරාධපුරයේ රජ ලෙසින්  පිලිය මාර  රාජ්‍ය පාලනය සිදු කලේ ක්‍රිපූ 91 සිට ක්‍රිපූ 90 දක්වා වෙයි. ඔහුගේ පූර්වප්‍රාප්තිකයන් කල අයුරින්ම සිහසුන ඩැහැගත් හෙතෙම, පණය මාර ඝාතනය කලේ ඔහුගේ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය ලෙසින් කටයුතු කරමින් සිටියදීය. ද්‍රවිඩයන් පස් දෙන අතුරින්, අඩුම පාලන කාලය සහිත වූයේ  පිලිය මාර වන අතර, ඔහුගේ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය දාඨික විසින් ඔහු මරා රජකම පැහැර ගැනුමට පෙර එය පැවැතියේ සත් මසක් පමණි.

දාඨික

 දාඨික  යනු ද්‍රවිඩයන් පස් දෙනාගෙන් අවසන් තැනැත්තේ වූ අතර ක්‍රිපූ  සිට ක්‍රිපූ 88 දක්වා රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කලේය. දාඨික සිහසුනට පත් වූයේ ඔහුගේ රජු  පිලිය මාර ඝාතනය කිරීමෙන් වන අතර, එවිට හෙතෙම ඔහුගේ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය විය. ක්‍රිපූ 88 දී  වළගම්බා රජ විසින් ඔහු මරා දමා සිහසුන පැහැර ගනිමින් විජය රාජ වංශය යළි ස්ථාපිත කලේය. ඊළඟ වසර 12 තුල වළගම්බා රජු විසින් අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය පාලනය කෙරිණි.

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි
 ඩිස්කවර් ශ්‍රී ලංකා - ලිස්ට් ඔෆ් කිංස් ඇන්ඩ් කිංඩම්ස් ඉන් ශ්‍රී ලංකා
  විජය ඇන්ඩ් ද ශ්‍රී ලංකන් මොනාක්ස්
 ලක්දිව - ලිස්ට් ඔෆ් ද සව්රින්ස් ඔෆ් ලංකා
 ද මහාවම්ශ හිස්ට්‍රි ඔෆ් ශ්‍රී ලංකා ද ග්‍රේට් ක්‍රොනිකල් ඔෆ් ශ්‍රී ලංකා
 කම්ප්ලීට් ලිස්ට් ඔෆ් ශ්‍රී ලංකන් ලීඩර්ස්

රජවරුන් ලැයිස්තු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය
ආසියානු රජවරු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ආශ්‍රිත ලැයිස්තු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරු
දෙමළ රජවරු
පංච ද්‍රවිඩ

පංච ද්‍රවිඩ


Lingvaj Respondoj est une collection de textes de Louis-Lazare Zamenhof compilée en 1925.

Présentation

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 Enciklopedio de Esperanto

Linguistique de la langue espéranto
Histoire de l'espéranto

Lingvaj Respondoj


المستنجد بالله الثاني هو أبو المحاسن يوسف بن المتوكل على الله, ولي الخلافة بعد خلع أخيه سنة 859 للهجرة، وذلك في عهد السلطان المملوكي الاشرف اينال وتوفي سنة 884 للهجرة وقد بلغ التسعين وما جاوزها. ودفن في مدفن الخلفاء بجوار مشهد السيدة نفيسة بالقاهرة، وخلفه في منصب الخلافة ابن اخيه أبو العز عبد العزيز المتوكل على الله الثاني .

خلفاء عباسيون في القرن 15
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
وفيات 1479
وفيات 884 هـ

المستنجد بالله الثاني


Crkva Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije (Velike Gospe) u selu Bastu, općina Baška Voda, jednobrodna je građevina s pravokutnom apsidom. Nalazi se usred groblja na kojem ima stećaka. Glavno pročelje crkve ima vrata uokvirena pragovima s motivom "štapa", nad njima okulus, a vrh zabata je zvonik na preslicu s tri lože za zvona. Preslica je ukrašena florealnim ukrasom. Crkva je svođena bačvastim svodom, na bočnim zidovima su mramorni oltari Uznesenja Blažene Djevice i sv. Josipa. U strukturi zidanja uočavaju se različite faze gradnje.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5283 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Uznesenja BDM
Crkve Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije

Crkva Uznesenja BDM u Bastu


Los omfrinos (Omphrina) son una subtribu de coleópteros adéfagos  perteneciente a la familia Carabidae.

Géneros
Tiene los siguientes géneros:

Referencias

 ; ;  2008: A review of the genus Omphra Reiche (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Helluonini). Oriental insects, 42: 367-378.
  2010: A review of the genus Macrocheilus Hope (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Helluonini) of China, with descriptions of seven new species. Polish Journal of Entomology 79 (1): 3-23. Full article:  .

Enlaces externos

 Carabidae of the World

Omphrina


Niels Juels Gade er en gade i Indre By i København, der går fra Holmens Kanal til Havnegade. Gaden ligger i forlængelse af Christian IV's Bro til Christians Brygge og indgår sammen med dem i Ring 2. Langs hele den sydlige side af gaden ligger Danmarks Nationalbank. På den nordlige side ligger der en række etageejendomme, der primært bruges til erhverv. Desuden ligger Nigers ambassade i gaden. Gaden er opkaldt efter søhelten Niels Juel (1629-1697).

Historie

Gaden ligger i kvarteret Gammelholm. Området var indtil 1859 en del af Orlogsværftet men blev derefter bebygget med etageejendomme i 1860'erne og 1870'erne. I den forbindelse blev der anlagt ni nye gader, der overvejende blev opkaldt efter søhelte og teaterpersoner. Niels Juels Gade blev således opkaldt efter admiral Niels Juel (1629-1697) i 1864. Han ledede den danske flåde under den Skånske Krig og er især kendt for sin sejr i Slaget i Køge Bugt i 1677. I 1881 blev der opsat en statue af ham udført af Theobald Stein midt i krydset med Holmens Kanal.

På det sydlige hjørne af Niels Juels Gade og Holmens Kanal opførtes en beboelsesejendom efter tegninger af Theodor Sørensen i 1865-1866. Fra 1869 blev det imidlertid til Hotel Kongen af Danmark. Hotellet var velanskrevet med en hyggelig restaurant og mange faste beboere. Under Anden Verdenskrig gik det dog tilbage for hotellet, der efterhånden blev reduceret til et slags pensionat. Ved siden af på Holmens Kanal opførtes et nyt hovedsæde for Nationalbanken i 1865-1870. De fik imidlertid pladsmangel, så efter at have opført en tilbygning på hjørnet af Havnegade begyndte de at opkøbe de tilstødende ejendomme mellem Havnegade, Niels Juels Gade og Holmens Kanal. I første omgang blev de indrettet til kontorer, men tanken var på sigt at rive dem ned til fordel for en ny bankbygning.

I 1961 blev der udskrevet en arkitektkonkurrence om en ny bygning for Nationalbanken, der blev vundet af Arne Jacobsen. Da banken skulle være i funktion i hele byggeperioden, måtte byggeriet ske i etaper. Der startedes i nord i 1964, hvor blandt andet Hotel Kongen af Danmark forsvandt. Resten af den sydlige side af Niels Juels Gade blev også efterhånden ryddet, heriblandt Schultz Forlags bygning i nr. 10-12, som de havde opført i 1872. Den samlede Nationalbank stod færdig i 1978. Langs Niels Juels Gade ligger den femetages hovedbygning med sokkelmur i norsk marmor i stueetagen og mørktonet glas på de øvrige etager, som husene på den anden side af gaden spejler sig i. Indeni hovedbygningen er der to lysgårde med taghaver ovenpå stueetagen, så der kan komme dagslys ind i bygningen. Derimod er der ingen døre på denne side af bygningen, idet hovedindgangen ligger på Havnegade. Til gengæld står der en række træer langs med banken på Niels Juels Gade.

Bebyggelse

På hjørnet af Holbergsgade og Niels Juels Gade opførtes Hotel l'Europe i 1870'erne. I modsætning til Hotel Kongen af Danmark på hjørnet overfor fik det dog ikke nogen lang levetid. I 1905 blev det købt af Østasiatisk Kompagni (ØK) og revet ned. I stedet opførtes en administrationsbygning efter tegninger af Gotfred Tvede i 1907-1908 med senere udvidelse af Harald Gad. Efter ønske fra ØK's grundlægger H.N. Andersen fik bygningen et østerlandsk skær. Bygningen blev udsat for schalburgtage i 1944 og udbrændte totalt. I 1946-1949 blev den genopbygget af Holger Jacobsen i samme stil men med tilføjelse af en ekstra etage. I dag holder dele af Danske Bank til i bygningen.

Nr. 5 er en femetages ejendom fra 1867 med en forholdsvis simpel facade. En flagstang afslører dog, at Nigers ambassade har til huse på første sal i bygningen. Nr. 7 er opført i 1870-1871. Den er dekoreret med en stor mængde pilastre og balustrader. Nr. 9-11 fra 1870 er dekoreret tilsvarende på den hvide facade. Nr. 13 er til gengæld holdt i en form for nyrenæssance med røde mursten og hvidt indrammede vinduer. Nr. 9-13 blev købt af ejendomsudvikleren Gefion Group i 2018. Hjørneejendommen Niels Juels Gade 15 / Havnegade 21 blev opført for forsikringsselskabet Søassurancen Danmark i 1870. Bygningen er primært holdt i røde mursten og med et afrundet hjørne.

Beboere
Erik Ritzau, der grundlagde Ritzaus Bureau, boede i nr. 5 fra 1898 til sin død i 1903. Kongelig hoffotograf Leopold Albert boede i nr. 9 fra 1905 til 1908.

Litteratur
 København før og nu - og aldrig, bind 2 Gammelholm og Frederiksholm af Steffen Linvald. Forlaget Palle Fogtdal, 1987.

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Gader i Indre By (København)
Gammelholm

Niels Juels Gade


Sylhet Division () is the northeastern division of Bangladesh. It is bordered by the Indian states of Meghalaya, Assam and Tripura to the north, east and south respectively, and by the Bangladeshi divisions of Chittagong to the southwest and Dhaka and Mymensingh to the west. Prior to 1947, it included the subdivision of Karimganj (presently in Barak Valley, Assam, India). However, Karimganj (including the thanas of Badarpur, Patharkandi and Ratabari) was inexplicably severed from Sylhet by the Radcliffe Boundary Commission. According to Niharranjan Ray, it was partly due to a plea from a delegation led by Abdul Matlib Mazumdar.

Etymology

The Sylhet Division is named after its headquarters, the city of Sylhet. Sylhet is the anglicisation of  (Śilhôṭ), one of the archaic native names for the city. The local name is generally thought to be directly derived from  (Śrīhaṭṭa), the Sanskrit name of the city, which was also commonly used in literary Bengali up until the 20th-century. The city of Śrīhaṭṭa takes its name from Śrīhaṭṭanātha, the tutelary deity of  the Nātha dynasty who promoted the early settlement of Nāthas in the Surma and Barak valleys between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, founding the Śrīhaṭṭa janapada and establishing Śrīhaṭṭanātha idols across the region. The later Hindu rajas of Sylhet, such as Gour Govinda, continued to pay tribute to the deity as Hāṭkeśvara or Haṭṭanātha as evident from the Devipurana and copper-plate inscriptions.

History

In 1874, the current Sylhet Division, which included Karimganj District, was entirely known as the 'Sylhet district'. On 16 February 1874, Sylhet was separated from mainland Bengal to be made a part of the non-regulation Chief Commissioner's Province of Assam (Northeast Frontier Province) in order to facilitate Assam's commercial development. The people of Sylhet submitted a memorandum to the Viceroy protesting the inclusion in Assam. The protests subsided when the Viceroy, Lord Northbrook, visited Sylhet to reassure the people that education and justice would be administered from Bengal, and when the people in Sylhet saw the opportunity of employment in tea estates in Assam and a market for their produce. In 1905, Sylhet district rejoined Bengal as a part of the new Surma Valley Division of Eastern Bengal and Assam. In 1912, the then Sylhet district was once again moved to the newly created Assam Province alongside the other districts of the Surma Valley Division.

Historically, the entire Sylhet region was a single district within the Surma Valley and Hill Districts Division as part of the Assam Province. In 1947, a referendum was held in the Sylhet district, the people of the whole district voting in favour of succession to Pakistan. However, the district's Karimganj subdivision was given to India by Cyril Radcliffe, after apparently being pleaded by a delegation led by Abdul Matlib Mazumdar. The four other subdivisions (North Sylhet, South Sylhet, Habiganj and Sunamganj) joined the Dominion of Pakistan; subsequently forming East Bengal's 'Sylhet district' in the Chittagong division.

Following the Independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Sylhet became part of the newly formed country. In 1984, the four subdivisions of Sylhet district were upgraded to districts as part of H M Ershad's decentralisation programme. The four districts remained in the Chittagong Division until 1995 when they formed the new Sylhet Division.

The Sylhet Division has a "friendship link" with the city of St Albans, in the United Kingdom. The link was established in 1988 when the St Albans District Council supported a housing project in Sylhet as part of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless. Sylhet was chosen because it is the area of origin for the largest ethnic minority group in St Albans. Sylhet also has many "friendship links" with other cities in the United Kingdom, as the majority of the half-million British Bangladeshis have origins in Sylhet. This includes places such as Rochdale, Oldham, London, and many more places.

Economy

The area around Sylhet is a traditional tea growing area. The Surma Valley is covered with terraces of tea gardens and tropical forests. Srimangal is known as the tea capital of Bangladesh; for miles around, tea gardens are visible on the hill slopes.

The area has over 150 tea gardens, including three of the largest tea plantations in the world, both in terms of area and production. Nearly 300,000 workers, of which more than 75% are women, are employed on the tea estates. Employers prefer to engage women for plucking tea leaves since they do a better job than, but are paid less than, men. A recent drought has killed nearly a tenth of the tea shrubs.

The plantations, or gardens, were mostly developed during the British Raj. The plantations were started by the British, and the managers still live in the white timber houses built during the Raj. The bungalows stand on huge lawns. The service and the lifestyle of managers are still unchanged.

Numerous projects and businesses in the city and in large towns have been funded by Sylhetis living and working abroad. As of 1986, an estimated 95 percent of ethnic British Bangladeshis originated from or had ancestors from the Sylhet region. The Bangladesh government has set up a special Export Processing Zone (EPZ) in Sylhet, in order to attract foreign investors, mainly from the UK.

Sylhet has also benefited from tourism. There are many natural landmarks people tend to visit, such as the Keane Bridge, Ali Amjad's Clock, Lalakhal, Jaflong, Madhabkunda waterfall, Ratargul Swamp Forest, Hakaluki Haor, Lawachara National Park, Tanguar Haor and Bichnakandi. Sylhet is also considered to be the spiritual capital of Bangladesh, due to the resting place of Shah Jalal, a Sufi saint who spread Islam in Bangladesh, along with hundreds of his disciples. The Sylhet Shahi Eidgah is a famous place where Eid prayers take place and it is one of the largest Eidgahs in Bangladesh, built by Farhad Khan during the reign of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. There are a number of hotels and resorts, particularly in Sreemangal Upazila and Bahubal Upazila.

Governance

In 1995, Sylhet split from the Chittagong Division and was declared the 6th division of the country. The Sylhet Division is overseen by the Divisional Commissioner, the current Divisional Commissioner is Md. Mashiur Rahman. The Sylhet Division is divided into four districts (Habiganj, Moulvibazar, Sunamganj and Sylhet) and further divided into 35 upazilas (sub-districts). These upazilas are further divided into 323 union parishads. Each union is roughly divided into 9 wards before going to village-level. There are roughly 10,185 villages in the Division. The Division hosts 19 Municipal corporations known as pourashavas, and one city corporation in Sylhet city. It also has 19 Parliamentary constituencies. The headquarters of the Sylhet Division is the city of Sylhet in Sylhet Sadar Upazila, Sylhet District. Pre-partition Sylhet's Karimganj has been governed by India since 1947.

Geography

Geographically the region is surrounded by hillocks (known as tillas) from all three sides except its western plain boundary with the rest of Bengal. In the south of the region (Habiganj, Moulvibazar), eight hill ranges enter the plains of Sylhet running uniformly from the west to the east. They are: Raghunandan, Dinarpur-Shatgaon, Balishira, Bhanugach-Rajkandi, Hararganj-Singla, Patharia, Pratapgarh-Duhalia and Sorrispur-Siddheswar hill ranges. At the centre of the region is also an isolated range known as the Ita Hills.

The region is considered one of the most picturesque and archaeologically rich regions in South Asia. It is home to three national parks; the Lawachara National Park, Khadim Nagar National Park and Satchari National Park, as well as numerous smaller parks and forests such as the Ratargul Swamp Forest, Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary. Its burgeoning economy has contributed to the regional attractions of landscapes filled with fragrant orange and pineapple gardens as well as tea plantations. The region has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) at higher elevations. The rainy season from April to October is hot and humid with very heavy showers and thunderstorms almost every day, whilst the short dry season from November to February is very warm and fairly clear. Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of  occurs between May and September.

The physiography of the division consists mainly of hill soils, encompassing a few large depressions known locally as "beels" which can be mainly classified as oxbow lakes, caused by tectonic subsidence primarily during the earthquake of 1762.

Geologically, the division is complex having diverse sacrificial geomorphology; high topography of Plio-Miocene age such as the Khasi and Jaintia Hills and small hillocks along the border. At the centre there is a vast low laying flood plain of recent origin with saucer shaped depressions, locally called haors. There are many haors in the region and the largest ones include Hakaluki, Kawadighi, Tanguar and Hail. Available limestone deposits in different parts of the region suggest that the whole area was under the ocean in the Oligo-Miocene. In the last 150 years, three major earthquakes hit the city, at a magnitude of at least 7.5 on the Richter Scale, the last one took place in 1918, although many people are unaware that Sylhet lies on an earthquake prone zone.

Flora and fauna
The region is home to the Asian elephant and the One-horned rhinoceros, mostly towards the south. Tigers and leopards were once found throughout the region. Other notable fauna include the Sambar deer, Indian hog deer, Sylhet hara and Sylhet roofed turtle.

The Asian elephant were once found in small numbers in places such as Chapghat, Bhanugach, Chamtolla, Mahram and the Raghunandan hills. More abundantly they are found near streams in Singla and Langai.

Culture

Language

The official language of Sylhet is Bengali. It is used in education and all government affairs in the division. The Sylheti dialect of Bengali is the most widely spoken in the district. At one point, the Nagri script was notably popular in its use to write Islamic puthis in the Sadhu Bhasha register of Bengali in the district.
The Adivasis and tea labourers brought over during the British colonial rule also have their own native languages such as Khasi, Kuki, Laiunghtor, Meitei, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Hajong, Garo, Odia, Kurmi creole, Hindi, Bhumij and Tripuri.

Architecture

The intense building of mosques which took place during the Sultanate era indicates the rapidity with which the locals converted to Islam. Today, mosques are present in every Muslim-inhabited village. Bengali mosques are normally covered with several small domes and curved brick roofs decorated with terracotta. Ponds are often located beside a mosque.

Faujdar Farhad Khan built Sylhet Shahi Eidgah in the 1660s under the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. It stands as the largest eidgah of the region.

In 1872, Nawab Moulvi Ali Ahmed Khan of Prithimpassa constructed Ali Amjad's Clock, named after his son, in Sylhet City. In 1936, a bridge was constructed across the Surma River known as the Keane Bridge. These two historic landmarks are known as the gateway to Sylhet city.

Assam-type architecture developed in Sylhet region under Assam Province during the late modern period.

Sports and games

Cricket is the most popular sport in Sylhet. Regional cricket teams include Sylhet Thunder, East Zone and the Sylhet Division cricket team. Football is also a common sport and the multi-use Saifur Rahman Stadium are known to host football matches. Beanibazar SC has played in the Bangladesh League. The home stadium of the football club, Sheikh Russel KC, is in Sylhet District Stadium. Board and home games such as Dosh Fochish and its modern counterpart Ludo, as well as Carrom Board, Sur-Fulish, Khanamasi and Chess, are very popular in the region. Nowka Bais is a common traditional rowing competition during the monsoon season when rivers are filled up, and much of the land is under water. Fighting sports include Kabaddi, Latim and Lathi khela.

Demography

The division's population is over 12 million and Bengalis make up a large majority of the region's population. The tribal and Adivasi population tend to live in secluded rural areas of the region primarily near the hills and tea gardens. They are made up of several ethnic groups such as the Bishnupriya Manipuris, Khasi, Lalengs, Tripuris, Meiteis, Garos, and Kukis. In the nineteenth century, the British brought over indigenous peoples from other parts of British India to work as tea garden labourers such as the Kurmis, Musahars, Bauris, Beens, Bonaz, Sabar and Bhumij amongst others.

Religion

Islam is the largest religion in the whole region practised by the Bengali Muslims. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination with majority following the Hanafi school of law although some also follow the Shafi'i and Hanbali madhhabs. There are significant numbers of people who follow Sufi ideals similar to the Barelvis, the most influential is the teachings of Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali of Zakiganj – a descendant of one of the disciples of Shah Jalal. The revivalist Deobandi movement is also popular in the region with Jamia Tawakkulia Renga being a notable centre and many are part of the Tablighi Jamaat. Haji Shariatullah's Faraizi movement was very popular during the British period and Wahhabism is adopted by some upper-class families. The Ahmadiyya community is mostly concentrated in Selbaras, which was the ancestral home of Ahmad Toufiq Choudhury, the leader of Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at Bangladesh.

There is a very small minority of Shia Muslims who gather every year during Ashura for the Mourning of Muharram processions. Places of procession include the Prithimpasha Nawab Bari in Kulaura, home to a royal Shia family, as well as Rajtila.

Hinduism is the second largest religion practised by the Bengali Hindus as well as majority of the Bishnupriya Manipuri, Beens, Bhumij, Bonaz, Sabar, Musahar, Kurmi, Lalengs, Bauris and Tripuri population. Sylhet has the largest concentration of Hindus in Eastern Bengal and is a part of the Shakti Peetha.

Other minority religions include Christianity (including the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sylhet and Sylhet Presbyterian Synod), Ka Niam Khasi, Sanamahism, Songsarek as well as animism. In the early 20th century, there were over a hundred Marwaris from Rajasthan that were living in Sylhet, mostly as merchants and followed Jainism.

There was a presence of Sikhism in Sylhet after Guru Nanak's visit in 1508 to spread the religion. Kahn Singh Nabha has stated that in memory of Nanak's visit, Gurdwara Sahib Sylhet was established. This Gurdwara was visited twice by Tegh Bahadur and many hukamnamas were issued to this temple by Guru Gobind Singh. In 1897, the gurdwara fell down after the earthquake.

In popular culture
 In season 4, episode 6, of Call the Midwife, the midwives tend to a woman from the Sylhet Division.

See also
 Divisions of Bangladesh
 List of people from Sylhet
 Sylhet roofed turtle
 Sylhet Hara

References

External links

Divisions of Bangladesh

Sylhet Division


Pascual García López (? - Astorga, 4 de marzo de 1393) fue un eclesiástico castellano,
obispo de Orense
y de Astorga.

Referencias

Obispos de Orense
Obispos de Astorga
Obispos de España del siglo XIV

Pascual García López


Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, né vers 145 et mort après 189, est un sénateur et homme politique de l'Empire romain.

Il est consul ordinaire en 178.

Biographie

Servius Cornelius est issu de la gens Cornelia, branche des Orfitus, il est le fils de Servius Cornelius Scipio Orfitus, consul en 149, et le petit fils de Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, consul en 110.

Il est né vers 145 et meurt après 189. Il épouse une Arria, probablement fille de Marcus Nonius Arrius Macrinus et de Sextia Asinia Polla, dont il a une fille, Cornelia Arria Sextia Praetextata, l'épouse de Caius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus. Il est consul ordinaire en 178 avec pour collègue Decimus Velius Rufus.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Consul de l'Empire romain
Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, Servius

Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus (consul en 178)


Dybvandsreje eller grønlandsreje (Pandalus borealis) er en art af ægte rejer i slægten Pandalus. Rejen lever i kolde områder af Atlanterhavet og Stillehavet.

Udbredelse
P. borealis lever på vanddybder fra 20-1.330 meter, almindeligvis på blød og mudret bund på steder med en temperaturer mellem 0 og 8 grader. Udbredelsen af underarten Pandalus borealis borealis i Atlanterhavet strækker sig fra New England, Canadas østlige kystlinje til det sydlige og østlige Grønland, Island, Svalbard, Norge og Nordsøen så sydligt som til den engelske kanal. I Stillehavet findes Pandalus borealis eous fra Japan, over det Okhotske Hav, over Beringstrædet og langs Nordamerikas kyst så sydligt som staten Washington.

Fysiologi
Rejerne har en levetid på op til omkring otte år, og de fuldvoksne hanner måler 12 centimeter lange, mens hunnerne bliver helt op til 16,5 centimeter lange.

Kommercielt fiskeri

Der foregår et intensivt fiskeri efter dybvandsrejer. Oprindeligt blev arten anset for at være ret sjælden og derfor ikke værd at fiske efter, men den norske marinebiolog og oceanograf Johan Hjort viste, at begge dele var helt forkert. Hans detaljerede informationer om rejernes foretrukne levesteder gjorde det lettere at lokalisere dem, og hans modifikationer af dybhavs-bundtrawl gjorde det lettere at fange dem. Kort efter, i starten af 1900-tallet, begyndte et stort fiskeri efter arten i Norge, og få år senere blev det efterfuldt af andre lande i Europa og Nordamerika. I Danmark fiskes der dybvandsrejer i de dybere dele af Nordsøen, Skagerrak og Kattegat og også omkring Færøerne og Grønland. Rejerne sælges pillede, kogte og nedfrosne eller i poser med hele kogte såkaldte "skalrejer".

Spise
I Danmark er pillede kogte rejer fra Grønland eller Nordsøen en populær forret, fx serveret på lyst brød med smør og mayonnaise eller som rejecocktail.

Referencer

Ekstern henvisning

Ægte rejer
Skaldyr

Dybvandsreje


محمود غنيم (25 ديسمبر 1901 - 1972) شاعر مصري ولد في قرية مليج التابعة لمحافظة المنوفية بمصر.

مولده ونشأته
ولد «محمود غنيم» عام 1901م في قرية «مليج» وهي إحدى قرى محافظة المنوفية، وتفتَّحت عيناه على خضرة الريف وهدوئه ونقائه وقيمه فتأثر بهذه الطبيعة البكر، فكانت بمثابة رافد من روافد الأصالة والانحياز إلى الفطرة.

دراسته
بدأ محمود غنيم حياته التعليمية- شأنها شأن الكثيرين من عمالقة الأدب والفكر المسلمين في القرن العشرين- في الكُتاب، وحفِظ القرآن الكريم، ثم نهل من علوم العربية والعلوم الشرعية، وبعد مرحلة الكتَّاب التحق وهو ابن الرابعة عشرة بالمعهد الأحمدي الأزهري بطنطا، وظل به أربع سنوات، ثم التحق بمدرسة القضاء الشرعي، وقد ظل فيها أعوامًا ثلاثة، وقبل أن يحصل على شهادتها تم إلغاء دراسته بها، لكنَّه لم يقف عند هذا الحد، فإلتحق بأحد المعاهد الدينية ونال منه الشهادة الثانوية، وبعد ذلك التحق بمدرسة دار العلوم، وكان ذلك عام 1925م، وتخرَّج فيها عام 1929م.
ثم بدأ حياته العملية بالتدريس

رحلته مع الشعر
بدأ «محمود غنيم» رحلته مع الشعر منذ صباه المبكر، واشتدَّ عوده في فن الشعر حتى استوى على سوقه وتبارت المجلات المختلفة في نشر أشعاره ومن هذه المجلات والجرائد ما هو داخل القطر المصري ومنها ما هو خارجه، فمن المجلات والجرائد داخل مصر: السياسة الأسبوعية، والبلاغ الأسبوعي، والرسالة، والثقافة، والأهرام، والمصري، وأبولو، ودار العلوم... ومن المجلات خارج القطر المصري: مجلة الحج السعودية، والعُصبة الأندلسية، وكانت تصدُر في البرازيل.

دواوينه
جمع «محمود غنيم» أشعاره ونَشَرها في دواوين، وكان قد جمع ديوانه الأول وهو «صرخة في واد» عام 1947م، وتقدم به لأول مسابقة شعرية يُعدها مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة ففاز بالجائزة الأولى.

أما ديوانه الثاني فكان بعنوان: «في ظلال الثورة»، وقد جمعه مماكان ينشره في الصحف والمجلات في المناسبات المتعددة، ونال عنه جائزة الدولة التشجيعية عام 1963م.

ومن دواوينه كذلك ديوان «رجع الصدى»، وقد اجتهد الشاعر في طباعته لكن القدَر لم يمهله، فتُوفي، وتمت طباعة الديوان بعد وفاته (طبع هذا الديوان عام 1399هـ = 1979م، وقد طبعته دار الشعب)، ومن سمات هذا الديوان البارزة تمجيد الكثير من قصائده للمبادئ والقيم الإسلامية التي تأثَّر فيها الشاعر بتاريخ الإسلام العظيم على مر عصوره.زنتا

رحلة مع شعره
كان «محمود غنيم» من الشعراء مرهفي الحس الذين يتأثرون بكل ما حولهم من أشياء وكائنات، وأحداث صغيرة أو كبيرة، أو مؤثرات نفسية يرى الشاعر أنها تجربة حركت نفسه وهزت مشاعره، وفي دواوينه المختلفة نجد صدى يبرز الحروب وأهوالها، كما نجده يكتب الكثير من القصائد التي تتميز بالخفة والدعابة والفكاهة، ونجد فيها العَبَرات والرثاء، كما نجد فيها المديح والوصف، ونجد فيها كذلك القصائد الوطنية والإسلامية، والكثير من القضايا الاجتماعية، والأدبية والنقدية، وقد قال الشاعر «عزيز أباظة» عن ديوان «محمود غنيم» الثاني «في ظلال الثورة» وهو يقدم له: «إنك تحس وأنت تطالع هذا الديوان أنك في متحف رائع للطبيعة تعرض فيه كل ما يخلب اللب ويأسر المشاعر من صور، فكل قصيدة من قصائده أشبه بلوحة رائعة أبدعتها يد صناع، وهيهات أن تجد في بيانه المحكم السبك ما يتجافى عنه الذوق السليم، وتنبو عنه النفس الشاعرة، ومرد ذلك إلى مكونات الشاعر، من ثقافة واسعة متنوعة، وموهبة فطرية تفاعلت معها أسرار الحياة، فلا عجب وقد تكاملت له عناصر الشاعرية المبدعة أن يهيم في كل واد من أودية الشعر، وأن يصبح بحق دعامة راسخة من الدعائم التي ارتفع عليها صرح النهضة الأدبية المعاصرة.»
جمع "محمود غنيم

نهجه الشعري وآراؤه النقدية
«محمود غنيم» في شعره يتبع الخليل في أوزانه والشعر العربي على مر عصوره في قوافيه وأغراضه مع تناوله لما جد من موضوعات عصرية، وهو بذلك ينتمي إلى المدرسة التي أطلق عليها بعض النقاد مدرسة المحافظين والتي من زعمائها «البارودي» و«شوقي» و«حافظ إبراهيم» وغيرهم من الأعلام، ويرفض الشعر الحر، ويتضح ذلك من قصيدة له بعنوان: «حديث خرافة» يقول فيها:

وله آراء نقدية تبرز هذا النهج الشعري ذكرها مقدم ديوانه «رجع الصدى» مستخلصًا إياها من مقال كتبه «غنيم» في مجلة الهلال بعنوان «الشعر المنحل لا الشعر الحر» وأبرز هذه الآراء يتمثل في:

- أن النقد لا بد وأن ينأى عن الميول والأهواء.

- يمجد الشعر الذي يلتزم بالعمود الشعري الذي عرف عن العرب أصالة وصياغة.

- ينكر رأي الذين يعيبون شعر المناسبات؛ لأن كلام الله- وهو القرآن الكريم- نزل في مناسبات متعددة.

- يرى أن الوضوح لازم في الشعر شأن العرب المطبوعين، وينسج على منوال «البحتري»، والشعر المعقد ليس إلا صدى لنفوس أصحابه المعقدة.

- يستنكر ما يقال أن هذا الغرض قديم، ولا بأس عنده بشعر المدح والرثاء.

هذه وجهة الشاعر النقدية والتي نراها واضحة في إبداعاته المختلفة من سهولة ممتنعة، ووضوح مقبول، ورقة رائقة، وإنشاده العديد من قصائد المناسبات وكتابته في الأغراض المختلفة من مدح ورثاء وغير ذلك، أما رأي الشاعر في الشعر الحر، فإننا نختلف معه في هذا الرأي.

وعلى كلٍّ فقد كان «محمود غنيم» صوتًا شعريًا متميزًا في عصرنا الحديث، لم ينل حظه من الشهرة مثلما نالها الآخرون، ونختم الحديث عنه بشكواه من الضيم والإهمال، وانقلاب الموازين لدى الناس في أذواقهم، يقول:

مراجع

شعراء مصريون
أشخاص من محافظة المنوفية
مواليد 1902
وفيات 1972

محمود غنيم


Unna, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletine bağlı bir kasaba ve Kreis Unna ilçe merkezidir. Unna'nın nüfusu 66.502 olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmî site

Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya'daki kasabalar
Kreis Unna
Hansa Birliği üyeleri

Unna


Hiya, rod papratnjača iz porodice Dennstaedtiaceae, koja čini dio reda osladolike. Postoje 4 priznate vrste, dvije u Maleziji, i po jedna u Južnoj Americi i jugozapadnom Pacifiku)

Vrste
 Hiya brooksiae (Alderw.) H.Shang
 Hiya distans (Hook.) Brownsey & Perrie
 Hiya nigrescens (Hook.) H.Shang
 Hiya scabristipes (Brownsey) H.Shang

Izvori

Denstetijevke

Hiya


SuperNada ist eine fünfköpfige portugiesische Alternative-Rock-Band. Sie wurde 2002 in Porto gegründet.

Geschichte
Nachdem Manuel Cruz 2002 aus der Rockband Ornatos Violeta ausgestiegen war, gründete er zur gleichen Zeit die Bands Supernada und Pluto. Die Band beschränkte sich auf Liveauftritte. Zwei Konzertmitschnitte im Hard Club in sowie im Santiago Alquimista erschienen als Alben. Im März 2012 erschien ein Album mit bislang unveröffentlichten Titeln.

Die bekanntesten Songs der Band sind À tua procura, Irreal, Sonho de Pedra und Anedota + Eco da Gargalhada.

Diskografie

Alben
 2005: Ao Vivo No Hard Club
 2005: Ao Vivo No Santiago Alquimista
 2012: Nada É Possível

Quellen

Weblinks
 SuperNada bei Musicbrainz

Rockband
Portugiesische Band
Musik (Porto)

Supernada


Sandra White (born 17 August 1951) is a retired Scottish National Party (SNP) politician. She was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Glasgow electoral region from 1999 until 2011, and then the MSP for the Glasgow Kelvin constituency from 2011 until she stood down from the Scottish Parliament at the May 2021 election.

Political career

White served as an SNP councillor in Renfrewshire. She contested Glasgow Kelvin in 1999, where she came second to the Labour Party candidate by 4,408 votes, but was elected to the Scottish Parliament on the Glasgow regional list. She was re-elected in 2003, topping the SNP's list of candidates for that region. Contesting Glasgow Kelvin that year she again came second to Labour, this time by the smaller margin of 3,289 votes.

White was re-elected on the regional list in 2007. In the 2011 election, she again contested the Glasgow Kelvin seat, this time defeating the sitting Labour MSP Pauline McNeill by 882 votes. White served as an SNP Parliamentary group whip in the first parliamentary session and sat on the parliament's Public Petitions Committee and Equal Opportunities Committee.

White holds her party's Deputy Social Justice portfolio. Her campaigns include against closures and downgrading (including a 1,600 signature petition) at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill and the Queen Mother's Hospital. She has also campaigned against racism and for improved treatment of asylum seekers, including joining an occupation against 'dawn raids'.

Her other campaigns have included the successful attempts to save the 7:84 theatre group from threatened loss of funding by the Scottish Arts Council and involvement in Stop the War Coalition events, while high-profile constituency work has included the August 2006 case of an 86-year-old widow who was threatened with court by Glasgow Housing Association.

In August 2020, White announced that she would not be standing for re-election at the upcoming Holyrood election.

Controversies
In November 2015 White re-tweeted an antisemitic cartoon showing piglets suckling a large pig with the word "Rothschild" written on it and showing a bank with a Star of David. The tweet had originally been sent by a Twitter user who had repeatedly posted antisemitic messages and images. After The Jewish Chronicle brought the tweet to the attention of the SNP, the party's spokesperson said the tweet had been re-tweeted in error, and had since been deleted.

Personal life
White was born on 17 August 1951 to Elizabeth Rodgers and Henry Harley. She married David White in 1971, and has two sons and one daughter. Her interests outside politics are walking, reading and gardening.

References

External links

 SNP website
 theyworkforyou.com

1951 births
Living people
Antisemitism in Scotland
Scottish National Party MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021
Members of the Scottish Parliament for Glasgow constituencies
Female members of the Scottish Parliament
20th-century Scottish women politicians
Politicians from Glasgow
Scottish National Party councillors
Councillors in Renfrewshire
Scottish republicans
Women councillors in Scotland

Sandra White


Henry Erskine peut faire référence à :

  (1624–1696), ministre presbytérien écossais
  (1650–1693), covenanter
 Sir Henry Erskine, 5e Baronnet (c. 1710–1765), Membre du Parlement pour Ayr Burghs 1749–1754 et Anstruther Easter Burghs 1754–1765
 Henry Erskine, 10e Comte de Buchan (1710–1767), pair écossais
 Henry Erskine (1746–1817), MP pour Haddington Burghs de avril à novembre 1806, et pour Dumfries Burghs de 1806 à 1807
  (1783–1857)
  (mort en 1859), deuxième fils de Lord Erskine et doyen anglican de Ripon Minster

Henry Erskine


Dubrovačka povelja je dokument iz 1230. godine kojom je bugarski car Ivan Asen II. dao dubrovačkim trgovcima pravo da slobodno trguju u njegovoj zemlji.

Povelja sadrži podatke o teritorijalnom širenju Drugog Bugarskog Carstva nakon bitke kraj Klokotnice, kao i vrijedne uvide o stanju bugarskog jezika u 13. stoljeću. Čuva se u rukopisnom odjelu Knjižnice Ruske akademije znanosti u Sankt Peterburgu.

Vanjske poveznice
 U Dubrovniku otkrivena spomen ploča bugarskom caru Ivanu Asenu II. i njegovoj Dubrovačkoj povelji iz 1230. godine
 Spomen ploča Dubrovačkoj povelji bugarskog cara Ivana Asena II.

Povijest Dubrovnika
Povijest Bugarske
Povelje
Srednjovjekovno pravo

Dubrovačka povelja


كونيليارة أو قورية الصغيرة الجزيرة الصغرى من أرخبيل قورية الذي يقع في الوسط التونسي شرق مدينة المنستير.

مراجع

انظر أيضا

 أرخبيل قورية.
 قورية.

جزر تونس

كونيليارة


Westfield Sportscars is a manufacturer of both factory built and kit versions of several two-seater, open top sportscars. Their main product is a Lotus Seven inspired car – vehicles originally designed by Colin Chapman with only the bare essentials for motoring in order to give the rawest and most exhilarating driving experience.

History
Whilst Caterham Cars bought the rights from Lotus Cars, Chris Smith set up a rival company and manufactured kits with very similar styling and construction. This led Caterham to threaten litigation (based on Industrial design rights) in the late 1980s which was eventually settled out of court and resulted in Westfield improving and changing the design of their cars. Whilst externally sharing a common look, Westfield and Caterham cars are somewhat different in construction. Westfield prefers to employ the same glass fibre body method that Lotus has traditionally used for their other models such as the Elise, Esprit, and Elan, rather than the aluminium used by Caterham.

Westfield also pioneered technical innovations such as independent rear suspension and a wider chassis, which other manufacturers have since adopted. The company introduced a version of its SEi kit that uses donor parts from the Mazda MX-5, with another kit also  sold that used a Ford Sierra as a donor.  The wide range of drivetrain configurations available to Westfield customers also included the Honda S2000 engine and gearbox as part of the company's MegaS2000 kit and cars.

According to figures given to the magazine Total Kit Car, Westfield produced about 450 SEi and XTR chassis each year.

In the first series of BBC's Top Gear, a Westfield XTR2 driven by the black Stig set a faster lap time than the reigning record holder of that series, the Pagani Zonda.

In December 2006, Westfield became a part of Potenza Sports Cars. In December 2007, it was announced that GTM Cars also became a part of Potenza Sports Cars.

In June 2009 Westfield became the first Niche Vehicle Manufacturer to be awarded European Small Series Production Status with its Sport Turbo model, and has subsequently produced the  – an all-electric racing vehicle, as well as a hybrid vehicle version of the Sport Turbo model.

In June 2022 Westfield went into administration and ceased trading.
In September 2022 Westfield was bought out of insolvency by Westfield Chesil Ltd.

Models

FW400
Megabusa
Megablade
MegaS2000
7SE
SE
SEi
SEiGHT
SDv
Sport
XTR2
XTR4
XI
John

Racing models
AeroSport
AeroRace

Prototypes and concept cars
TRZ
Topaz

Gallery

See also
 Lotus Cars
 Caterham Cars
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links
 Westfield Sportscars Ltd.
 Westfield France.
 Pictures, info and Technical help on Westfield Sports Cars

British racecar constructors
Sports car manufacturers
Kit car manufacturers
Lotus Seven replicas
Companies based in the West Midlands (county)
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1982

Westfield Sportscars


حدائق المعادى من المناطق الحديثة في القاهرة، أنشئت بعد خمسينيات القرن الماضي وكانت عبارة عن أرض زراعية لأطراف منطقه المعادى السكنية، وفي أواخر السبعينايات من القرن الماضي بدء الزحف العمرانى عليها وتحولت الأرض الزراعية إلى أرض بناء وتعد الآن من ازحم المناطق السكانية في القاهرة الكبرى حيث تحتل المرتبة الثالثة بعد شبرا ودار السلام.

جغرافيا

يحدها من الشمال دار السلام ومن الجنوب المعادي ومن الشرق المعادى الجديدة والغرب نهر النيل ومنيل شيحه وميدان التحرير بحوالى 15 دقيقة تقريبا وعن حلوان بحوالى 30 دقيقه تقريبا ويمر بها مترو انفاق خط حلوان المرج بمحطه حدائق المعادى.ويوجد بها مدرسة الخليل إبراهيم الخاصة ومدرسة الخلفاء الراشدين ومدرسه الشهيد عبد الخالق نبيل الحكومية تبعد عن مترو الانفاق 3 دقائق

أشهر الشوارع
 شارع عمار بن ياسر متفرع من شارع 9
 حسنين الدسوقى
 شارع رفعت الأمير بجوار مدرسة الخليل إبراهيم
 الثورة يمتد من شارع حسنين دسوقى حتى عبد الحميد مكي
 شارع الحرية يمتد من شارع أحمد ذكي إلى سور مترو الأنفاق وشارع 9
 عبد الحميد مكي
 شارع احمد زكي
أولاد حسن بكر
 حسنى محمود بين عبد الحميد مكي وإبراهيم عواد
 إبراهيم عواد
 شارع فرج يوسف وهو الموازي لشارع عبد الحميد مكي من جهة دار السلام
 شارع أبو الوفا وهو التالي لشارع فرج يوسف
 شارع النزهة
 شارع امتداد 9 وشارع 67 و 105 و 108 الموازى لخط المترو

معالم
وبها المحكمة الدستورية العليا وبالتالى فإنها كانت تتبع محافظة القاهرة أثناء وجود محافظة حلوان والتي تم إلغاؤها عام 2011 ودمجها مرة أخرى مع محافظة القاهرة عدا منطقة الصف وجنوبها فعادت تبعيتها إلى محافظة الجيزة

مصادر

المعادي

حدائق المعادي


Jakob Nielsen (15 October 1890 in Mjels, Als – 3 August 1959 in Helsingør) was a Danish mathematician known for his work on automorphisms of surfaces. He was born in the village Mjels on the island of Als in North Schleswig, in modern-day Denmark.  His mother died when he was 3, and in 1900 he went to live with his aunt and was enrolled in the Realgymnasium.  In 1907 he was expelled for being a member of an illicit student club.  Nevertheless, he matriculated at the University of Kiel in 1908.

Nielsen completed his doctoral dissertation in 1913.  Soon thereafter, he was drafted into the German Imperial Navy.  He was assigned to coastal defense.  In 1915 he was sent to Constantinople as a military adviser to the Turkish Government.  After the war, in the spring of 1919, Nielsen married Carola von Pieverling, a German medical doctor.

In 1920 Nielsen took a position at the Technical University of Breslau. The next year he published a paper in Mathematisk Tidsskrift in which he proved that any subgroup of a finitely generated free group is free. In 1926 Otto Schreier would generalize this result by removing the condition that the free group be finitely generated; this result is now known as the Nielsen–Schreier theorem.  Also in 1921 Nielsen moved to the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Copenhagen, where he would stay until 1925, when he moved to the Technical University in Copenhagen.
He also proved the Dehn–Nielsen theorem on mapping class groups.

Nielsen was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo.

During World War II some efforts were made to bring Nielsen to the United States as it was feared that he would be assaulted by the Nazis. Nielsen would, in fact, stay in Denmark during the war without being harassed by the Nazis.

In 1951 Nielsen became professor of mathematics at the University of Copenhagen, taking the position vacated by the death of Harald Bohr.  He resigned this position in 1955 because of his international undertakings, in particular with UNESCO, where he served on the executive board from 1952 to 1958.

Bibliography
 2011 pbk edition

See also

 Fenchel–Nielsen coordinates
 Nielsen transformation
 Nielsen theory
 Nielsen–Thurston classification
 Nielsen realization problem

References

External links

1890 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Danish mathematicians
People from Sønderborg Municipality

Jakob Nielsen (mathematician)


දින 5 ක් ගත වුවද රජය කිසිදු ප්රnතිචාරයක් දැක්වූයේ නැත. අවසානයේදී මැයි 27 දින රජය විසින් හදිසි නීතිය පනවන ලදී. ෆෙඩරල් පක්ෂය හා ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ තහනම් පක්ෂ ලෙස ප්රිකාශ කෙරුණි. දිවයිනෙහි ෆෙඩරල් පාක්ෂික ජ්යෙaෂ්ඨ දේශපාලනඥයන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකු අත්අඩංගුවට ගන්නා ලදි.

දින දෙකක් තුළ හමුදාව විසින් කොළඹ නගරය සන්සුන් කළ අතර පසුව මුළු දිවයින පුරා ඵය ව්යාකප්ත කළේය.

මේජර් ජෙනරාල් A.M මුතු කුමාර. O.B.E. E.D.නාමධාරී 1955 පෙබරවාරි 09 සිට1959 දෙසැ. 31 දක්වා පළමු ලාංකික හමුදාපති.

පැවති ආණ්ඩුවෙහි අලසකම හමුවේ A M මුතුකුමාර නැමැති ද්‍රවිඩ හමුදා ප්රෂධානියෙකු ගත් කාලීන ක්රිියා මාර්ග නිසා බොහෝ දෙමළ ජාතිකයින්ගේ දිවි ගලවා ගත හැකි විය.

12000 කට ආසන්න වූ දෙමළ අනාථයන් කොළඹ ආසන්නයේ වූ අනාථ කඳවුරු කරා ගියහ. රජය හොර රහසේම යුරෝපීය නැව් හයක් මගින් ඵම අනාතයන්ගෙන් වැඩි පිරිසක් යාපනයේ පදිංචි කරවීම පිණිස ජුනි මස මුලදී යැවීමට කටයුතු කළේය.

ඉන් පසු සිවිල් ජනතාව පදිංචිව සිටි දිවයිනේ අනෙකුත් පෙදෙස් වලින් හමුදාව ආපසු කැඳවන ලදී. එහෙත් අවුරුදු 25 ක් පමණ කාලයක් හමුදාව යාපනයේ සිටියහ.

උරුමය

අවුරුදු 40 ක පමණ කාලයක් තුළ සිදු වූ  ප්රවධාන හර්තාලයක් ලෙස 1958 දී සිදු වූ ඵම හර්තාලය හේතුවෙන් ප්රවධාන ජනවර්ග කණ්ඩායම් දෙක අතරේ විශ්වාසය පලුදු විය. දෙපාර්ශවය ඵකිනෙකාට චෝදනා එල්ල කර ගත්හ. තව දුරටත් සාකච්ඡා පැවැත්වීමෙන් පලක් නොවන බව ප්රාකාශ විනි.  එපරිදි අභ්යසන්තර යුද්ධයකට මග පෑදුනේය.

ඵවකට කුඩා ළමයෙක්ව සිටි වේලුපිල්ලේ ප්ර භාකරන් පසුව ප්රකකාශ කළේ 1958 දී සිදුවූ සිද්ධීන් ඔහුගේ දේශපාලන ගමන් මග වෙනස් කළ බවයි.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_riots_of_1958#Government_response

රජයේ ප්ර තිචාරය


is a book of observations and musings recorded by Sei Shōnagon during her time as court lady to Empress Consort Teishi during the 990s and early 1000s in Heian-period Japan. The book was completed in the year 1002.

The work is a collection of essays, anecdotes, poems, and descriptive passages that have little connection to one another except for the fact that they are ideas and whims of Shōnagon's spurred by moments in her daily life. In it she included lists of all kinds, personal thoughts, interesting events in court, poetry, and some opinions on her contemporaries. While it is mostly a personal work, Shōnagon's writing and poetic skill makes it interesting as a work of literature, and it is valuable as a historical document. Shōnagon meant her writing in The Pillow Book for her eyes only, but part of it was accidentally revealed to the Court during her life: "she inadvertently left it [her writing] on a cushion she put out for a visiting guest, who eagerly carried it off despite her pleas." She wrote The Pillow Book as a private endeavor of enjoyment for herself; it seemed to be a way for her to express her inner thoughts and feelings that she was not allowed to state publicly due to her lower standing position in the court. Though Shōnagon never intended her work for eyes other than her own, through the centuries it has become a famous work of literature. Six passages from the book were first translated into English in 1889 by T. A. Purcell and W. G. Aston. Other notable English translations have been the partial translation by Arthur Waley in 1928, the first complete translation by Ivan Morris in 1967, and Meredith McKinney's complete translation in 2006.

Overview
Starting with the "exhaustiveness" of the "collection of similar things" and how it is represented by "as for worms", "as for the flowers of trees", "hateful things", and "things of beauty" – which have been described anachronistically as "Borgesian lists" – author Sei Shōnagon's "Ramblings" observe the nature of everyday life and the four seasons, and describe in diverse sentences "her recollections" (her diary) that look back at the society of the imperial court surrounding Empress Teishi whom she served, among other things.

According to Meredith McKinney in the Kyoto Journal article, (who contributed to the translation of The Pillow Book from Japanese into English), The Pillow Book is a special case, and it is a genre-bending miscellany of short, largely unrelated pieces. Shōnagon's writing is categorized into three parts; the first consists of narratives, which focus mainly on the events that she witnessed and experienced during her time in the court, the second consists of her own thoughts and opinions on various matters and topics, and the third were the famous lists, or headings, with one example from Shōnagon's writing being "Things That Make the Heart Grow Fonder." The Pillow Book consists of 164 of these lists total, where they range from aesthetically pleasing items to being less diplomatic than Shōnagon's anecdotes. Three types of classification were proposed by Kikan Ikeda. However, there are sections that are rather ambiguous and are difficult to classify (e.g., in the first paragraph of her ramblings, "As for Spring, (it is) the dawn [that is lovely]", there are objections to common opinions of what is actually meant here).

It is composed primarily in Japanese hiragana, which is a syllabary that is actually derived from Chinese characters, and generally many of her short stories were written in a witty literary style. This style of writing was the native tongue for women in that time period and was used more often by women like Shōnagon. According to Matthew Penney in his critiquing article "The Pillow Book", the only Chinese terms that actually appear in The Pillow Book are in the place-names and personal titles, and the rest is classified as original hiragana. Confessions of her personal feelings are mixed into her writing with occasionally subtle sentimentality that reflects the downfall of the emperor's adviser, Fujiwara no Michitaka (her biological father), as well as the misfortune of both Emperor and Empress Teishi.

Both the author's sophisticated sense and her eye for particular things are fused; for if one compares the sentimentality of  (the Pathos of Things) as found in The Tale of Genji, similar beauty of the world is revealed through the use of the intellectual word  ('lovely') in this piece.

In general, The Pillow Book is written in brief statements, where the length of one paragraph is relatively short, and it is easy to read the contents, even for modern Japanese speakers. The miscellaneous collection has been arranged loosely into three specific types, while the collection of similar things has been compiled by distinct classification, and this so-called compiling was done afterwards by the hands of people other than Sei Shōnagon. Based on the beliefs of certain scholars, most of Shonagon's work was written during her time working in the court; however, some of the later entries were written in her later life, and were just based on her memories of the days and moments she experienced previously in the court.

An aspect that makes Shōnagon's writing in The Pillow Book different from other written diaries of her period and even modern day journals is the fact that she did not invest her time in soul-searching, nor was she searching for the attention or opinions of readers, simply because she did not invest in her writing for others, but only for herself. Shōnagon's focus in The Pillow Book is based on the likes and dislikes of the world, what she is interested in personally, and the delightedness of the world that she viewed and lived in. In the Kyoto Journal article, McKinney explains that Shōnagon is "engaging you [the reader], face to face across the centuries, assuming your familiarity with her and her world, compelling you to nod and smile." The selections in this anthology are meant to showcase the variety of Shonagon's musings and anecdotes. The Pillow Book is a collection of anecdotes, lists, and assorted writings that is one of the best sources of information concerning the court society of the 10th century and is considered an influential landmark in the history of Japanese literature. The Pillow Book is written entirely in Japanese. During the late 10th and early 11th centuries, Japanese men typically wrote in Chinese, using characters, while Japanese women wrote exclusively in their native tongue, using hiragana, a syllabary derived from Chinese characters. The Pillow Book is a part of a large tradition of women's literature. The simplicity and charm of Shonagon's style has been used as an example of the finest Japanese prose to this day. Shōnagon has been described as arrogant and confrontational by many readers, according to Penney and Matthew, though they describe her as freely expressing her feelings with sharp wit.

The Pillow Book influenced a genre of Japanese writings known as  ('assorted writing').

Background
The Heian period was essential to the aristocratic people. Poetry and vibrant art were a big part in the imperial court, of which Shōnagon was a part. The people in the imperial court were expected to be well educated in writing. Literature was seen as a "key part in social interaction." One's writing skills could make or break their reputation. For example, Shōnagon mentions in The Pillow Book how a courtier asked her for advice for writing a poem and she had to turn him away because of his poor writing skills. During the Heian period, women had a role in society, especially those women who were considered to be upper-class. Female authors in Japan during this time were more popular since they wrote in Japanese, which was considered the "people's language," and the male authors wrote in Chinese since that was considered to be of higher status. Since female author's works were more popular with the common people, it is safe to assume that their works influenced society.

Despite women in the Heian period still being less socially important than men, the writers studied today for their creativity and wordplay wrote in hiragana. Males tended to use kanji exclusively due to demonstrate their command of a writing system borrowed from their neighbour, China. The newer, exclusively Japanese hiragana was used by women. It used characters for syllables allowing more freedom to express inner thoughts than the logographic kanji. Since women were excluded from public life during the Heian period, upper-class, better-educated women had vast amounts of time to write. This removal from the public sector also sheltered women from political turmoil. Hiragana allowed women to convey their thoughts and feelings regarding their lives in a language all their own. Extensive schooling was not necessary in order to describe every feeling on paper; and the syllabic hiragana could note inflections heard in speech, unlike kanji. Educated women, like Shōnagon, did occasionally use kanji. Due to it being considered male writing, for a woman to properly use and understand it demonstrated her years of study. It was a way for Shōnagon to show her intelligence simply through her way of writing.

Textual history and English translations
The Pillow Book was circulated at court, and for several hundred years existed in handwritten manuscripts. First printed in the 17th century, it exists in different versions: the order of entries may have been changed by scribes with comments and passages added, edited, or deleted. Four main variants of the text are known to modern scholars. The two considered to be the most complete and accurate are the Sankanbon and Nōinbon texts. Later editors introduced section numbers and divisions; the Sankanbon text is divided into 297 sections, with an additional 29 "supplemental" sections which may represent later additions by the author or copyists.

 T. A. Purcell and W. G. Aston, in Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan XVI (1889), pp. 215-24. Translation of six passages.
 The Pillow-Book of Sei Shōnagon, trans. Arthur Waley (George Allen & Unwin, 1928). Partial translation based on Nōinbon text.
 The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, trans. Ivan Morris (in two volumes, Oxford University Press, 1967; followed by a condensed version by Penguin, 1971). Based on Nōinbon text.
 The Pillow Book, trans. Meredith McKinney (Penguin, 2006). Based on Sankanbon text.

Machiko Midorikawa describes McKinney's translation as "much more accurate than Morris's".

Other pillow books

More generally, a pillow book is a collection of notebooks or notes which have been collated to show a period of someone or something's life. In Japan such kind of idle notes are generally referred to as the  genre. Other major works from the same period include Kamo no Chōmei's  and Yoshida Kenkō's .  rose to mainstream popularity in the Edo period, when it found a wide audience in the newly developed merchant classes. Furthermore, it gained a scholarly foothold, as Japanese classical scholars began customarily writing in the  style. Reputable authors from this movement include Motoori Norinaga, Yokoi Yayu, and Matsudaira Sadanobu.

Peter Greenaway released his film The Pillow Book in 1996. Starring Vivian Wu and Ewan McGregor, it tells a modern story that references Sei Shōnagon's work.

The Pillow Book is also the name of a series of radio thrillers written by Robert Forrest and broadcast on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour Drama. These are detective stories with Sei Shōnagon as a principal character and feature many of her lists.

See also
 Heian literature

 The Dog Pillow, an Edo period parody of The Pillow Book
 The Tale of Genji, a novel contemporaneous to The Pillow Book
 Murasaki Shikibu

References

Bibliography

Bundy, Roselee. "Japan's First Woman Diarist and the Beginnings of Prose Writings by Women in Japan." Women's Studies, vol. 19, no. 1, July 1991, p. 79. Academic Search Complete, doi:10.1080/00497878.1991.9978855.
 Originally published in 1967 by Columbia University Press.

Gibney, Michele. "Defining the Feminine Impact on the Progression of Japanese Language: An inquiry into the development of Heian period court diaries" (2004) Library of the University of Pacific
Penney, Matthew. "The Pillow Book." Salem Press Encyclopedia 2016: Research Starters. Accessed 21 February 2017.
Reese, Lyn. Heian Period. Women In World History Curriculum. www.womeninworldhistory.com/Heian9.htm. Accessed 27 February 2017.

External links

The Pillow Book - World History Encyclopedia
 English excerpts from The Pillow Book
 Synopses of Robert Forrest's original five radio series
 Synopsis of further radio series by Robert Forrest

1002 books
Late Old Japanese texts
Heian period in literature
1002 in Asia
1000s in Japan
11th-century Japanese books

The Pillow Book


Baileys Corner ist der Name folgender Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Baileys Corner (Indiana), im Jasper County
 Baileys Corner (Massachusetts), im Plymouth County
 Baileys Corner (New Hampshire), im Merrimack County
 Baileys Corner (New Jersey), im Monmouth County

Baileys Corner


Greet Hofmans (23 June 1894 – 16 November 1968) was a Dutch faith healer and "hand layer".  For nine years she was a friend and advisor of Queen Juliana, often residing at Palace Soestdijk. She became the former Dutch queen's confidante in the 1950s, but was removed from the royal court after an affair that in the Netherlands is often referred to by her name, the Greet Hofmans affair.

Court crisis 1948–1956

Hofmans was introduced at the Dutch Royal Court on the initiative of Prince Bernhard in 1948 to treat the eye sickness of Princess Maria Christina. This illness arose after Juliana was infected with rubella during the pregnancy. Hofmans developed a great influence on the queen, encouraging pacifist ideas. In the period of the Cold War this caused a crisis in the royal household. Reputedly it reached the point where it threatened the marriage of Juliana and Bernhard. This crisis, which lasted to 1956, split the Dutch court into two camps. On the one side were Juliana and other admirers of Hofmans. On the other side were her husband Prince Bernhard, his supporters and the children of him and Juliana, including the later Dutch queen, Beatrix.

Outside the Netherlands, a great deal was written and speculated about the Hofmans affair. On 13 June 1956 an article appeared in the German magazine Der Spiegel subtitled "Zwischen Königin und Rasputin", literally meaning "Between queen and Rasputin".  Reportedly it was Bernhard who provided the information for the article, by which means he hoped to have Hofmans removed from the court.

The British newspaper Daily Mirror with headline: Royal Crisis over A Faith-Healer.

Beel Commission, 1956

The cabinet of Willem Drees banned the import of the edition of the German magazine and on 28 June 1956 appointed a commission of enquiry of former ministers (Louis Beel and Gerbrandy) and former governor-general of the Dutch East Indies A. W. L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer: the Beel Commission. The outcome was the termination of Hofmans' contacts with the court and the reorganisation of the royal household.

Through the secrecy imposed on the official side and the self-censorship of the Dutch press, the Hofmans affair took on a life of its own. Some have speculated that the affair was simply a mask for a looming divorce of the royal couple.

Hofmans retained until her death followers of the higher circles, who saw in her the personification of the ideal life: sober, peaceful, free of self-interest, and directed at one's fellow man. Others viewed her, however, as a charlatan, an intrigant, and a dangerous "witch", or at best a naive figure. She kept treating patients  till she died from cancer in 1968. She was buried at Zorgvlied cemetery.

On 7 February 2004 Bernhard wrote in an open letter to the Volkskrant newspaper:
"with respect to the so-named Hofmans affair, I recall that the Beel Commission in 1956 conducted an exhaustive investigation.  The report of this commission is for formal reasons still not public, therefore I express here my confidence that the eventual publication will place all those involved in this complex affair in the correct light".

Fasseur study 2008

In November 2008, the Dutch historian Cees Fasseur revealed in his book Juliana & Bernhard. Story of a marriage, 1936–1956 that Hofmans left the Dutch royal court in 1956 after receiving a letter warning that both she and Queen Juliana's private secretary Walraven van Heeckeren would be "assassinated if she did not leave "voluntarily". The existence of the anonymous letter, signed by "the Action Committee", was kept secret until that publication. However, it was known that two members of former Dutch resistance groups had sent a letter to Queen Juliana's mother, Wilhelmina, suggesting a violent solution for the crisis within the monarchy caused by the Hofmans' closeness to Queen Juliana.

Author Fasseur said he did not know if Bernhard, who had close ties with the former resistance, knew about the liquidation threat – or if he perhaps gave the order to send such a threat himself. Fasseur was the first who was granted permission by the then Queen Beatrix to read files related to the affair, that had been kept in the royal archives along with the 1956 secret report of the Beel Commission. The long-secret report of the commission appeared as an appendix to Fasseur's book in 2008.

The Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij (Dutch association against charlatans, or quackery) has ranked Hofmans in the 14th place of the top twenty charlatans of the 20th century in the Netherlands.

Literature
  Cees Fasseur Juliana & Bernhard – het verhaal van een huwelijk: de jaren 1936–1956, renewed ed. (2009)
  Cees Fasseur Juliana & Bernhard – het verhaal van een huwelijk: de jaren 1936–1956 (2008)
  Lambert J.Giebels De Greet Hofmans-affaire – hoe de Nederlandse monarchie bijna ten onder ging (2007)
  Hans Daalder Drees en Soestdijk – over de zaak-Hofmans en andere crises 1948–1958 (2006)
  J.G.Kikkert Crisis op Soestdijk – Nederland als bananenmonarchie, renewed ed. (2005)
  J.G.Kikkert Crisis op Soestdijk – Nederland als bananenmonarchie (1996)
  A.Bredenhoff Greet Hofmans – occult licht op een koninklijke affaire (1996)

References

1894 births
1968 deaths
Faith healers
People from Amsterdam
Political scandals in the Netherlands
Political controversies in the Netherlands
Religious controversies in the Netherlands
Royal scandals in the Netherlands
Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands

Greet Hofmans


Edward Grady Partin Sr., né le  à Woodville (Mississippi) et mort le  à Baton Rouge (Louisiane), est un syndicaliste et politicien démocrate américain, membre et agent d'affaires du syndicat des Teamsters (IBT). Il est surtout connu pour son témoignage en 1964 contre Jimmy Hoffa, le président de l'IBT, soupçonné par certains d'être derrière la mort de John F. Kennedy. Ceci permet alors au frère du président assassiné, Robert F. Kennedy de faire condamner Hoffa pour corruption de jury.

Activités au syndicat des Teamsters et dans les gangs
Partin a été durant 30 ans le directeur des cinq agences locales de l'IBT de Baton Rouge, la capitale de la Louisiane. En 1961, il est accusé par l'IBT de détournement de fonds après le vol dans un coffre-fort d'une somme d'argent appartenant au syndicat, deux témoins-clés pour le tribunal étant décédés. Il est mis en examen le 27 juin 1962, pour 26 chefs d'accusation de détournement de fonds et d'usage de faux, puis libéré sous caution.

Le 14 août 1962, Partin est poursuivi pour un accident de la circulation ayant blessé deux passagers et causé la mort d'un troisième. Il est inculpé pour homicide involontaire et délit de fuite. Il se rend aussi à la justice pour enlèvement aggravé.

En mars 1979, il est finalement reconnu coupable de complot en vue d'entraver la justice par subornation de témoins et parjure. Partin plaide la non-contestation pour de nombreuses autres accusations de corruption au sein du syndicat, y compris le détournement de fonds, et sortira de prison en 1986.

Témoignage contre Hoffa
En 1963, Jimmy Hoffa, le président du syndicat des Teamsters, est arrêté pour tentative de manipulation d'un jury par corruption d'un juré dans une affaire de l'année précédente sur des versements provenant d'une entreprise de camionnage. Partin déclare à cette occasion s'être vu offrir 20 000 $ pour influencer le jury en faveur de Hoffa. Ce témoignage constitue la principale preuve retenue par le ministère de la Justice pour condamner Hoffa à huit ans de prison. Toute l'affaire reposait sur son témoignage où il était considéré comme le seul et unique témoin.

Partin nie sous serment avoir été indemnisé par le ministère de la Justice, mais l'on apprend que son ex-femme s'était vue verser une pension alimentaire par le ministère. Il nie d'abord avoir bénéficié d'une immunité, immédiate ou rétroactive pour son témoignage, mais revient ensuite sur ses déclarations, sous serment lors d'une comparution au tribunal.

Voir aussi
 , un des avocat de Partin

Liens externes

Notes et références

Syndicaliste américain
Personnalité du Parti démocrate en Louisiane
Mort du diabète
Naissance en février 1924
Naissance dans le comté de Wilkinson (Mississippi)
Décès en mars 1990
Décès à Baton Rouge
Décès à 66 ans

Edward Grady Partin


Andy Savoy (born July 12, 1963) is a Canadian politician and engineer.

Early life
Savoy was raised in Victoria County in the Perth-Andover, New Brunswick area and educated at the University of New Brunswick in Fredericton where he earned a Bachelor of Science in engineering as well as a Master of Business Administration.

Entrance to politics
Elected to the Perth-Andover village council in 1989, he represented the village on the Grand Falls Regional Economic Development Commission before resigning in 1991, when he moved to Fredericton to work for the Research and Productivity Council.

In 2000, Savoy ran for Parliament in the conservative-minded riding Tobique—Mactaquac for the Liberal Party.  Savoy defeated the incumbent-Member of Parliament (MP), Progressive Conservative Gilles Bernier by only 150 votes.  His share of the vote was only 34%, compared to 33% for Bernier and 29% for Canadian Alliance candidate Adam Richardson—the smallest plurality of any successful candidate in that election.

After his first election, he became the first MP from Atlantic Canada to be elected chair of the Rural Caucus of the Liberal Party.  On February 4, 2004, he was elected chair of the National Liberal Caucus, the first Atlantic Canadian to hold the post since Brian Tobin in the 1980s.

Despite his success in his first term in office, pundits suggested that Savoy faced a tough battle for re-election especially with the creation of the new Conservative Party of Canada out of the old Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parties whose combined vote in 2000 was 63%.  This was not the case as Savoy was re-elected by a margin of 3,008 votes, beating the Conservative candidate Mike Allen 48% to 39%.  However, in the 2006 election his luck did not continue, his party lost the election nationally and he too was defeated by Allen by a margin of 254 votes.

Provincial Liberal leader Shawn Graham made comments in the press immediately following Savoy's federal defeat stating that he would be very excited to have Savoy stand under his banner for election to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the next provincial election, however Savoy did not offer as a candidate.

He supported Bob Rae's bid for the Liberal leadership in 2006.

1963 births
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from New Brunswick
People from Perth-Andover
21st-century Canadian politicians

Andy Savoy


Le titre de duchesse de Cornouailles est un titre de courtoisie porté par l'épouse du duc de Cornouailles. Le duché de Cornouailles est détenu par le fils aîné et héritier du monarque britannique. La duchesse actuelle est Catherine Middleton, épouse du prince William de Galles.

Histoire
Les seules femmes connues sous le titre unique de duchesse de Cornouailles sont Mary de Teck, qui l'utilise de janvier à novembre 1901, et Camilla Shand à partir de son mariage avec le prince Charles en 2005. Elle n'utilise pas le titre de princesse de Galles, associé par l'opinion publique à la première épouse de son mari, Diana Spencer.

Comtesses de Cornouailles

Maison de Mortain (1172-1140)

Maison de Rennes (1140-1141)

Maison de Normandie (1141-1175)

Maison Plantagenêt (1189-1199, 1225-1300)

Famille Gaveston (1307-1312)

Duchesses de Cornouailles

Maison Plantagenêt (1337-1485)

Branche directe (1337-1399)

Maison de Lancastre (1399-1461, 1470-1471)

Maison Tudor (1485-1603)

Maison de Hanovre (1714-1841)

Maison de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, puis Windsor (depuis 1841)

Références littéraires

 Le Roi Lear de Shakespeare inclut le personnage de Régane, duchesse de Cornouailles, la deuxième fille de Lear.
 Ygraine, mère du roi Arthur, est duchesse de Cornouailles lorsqu'elle attire l'attention du roi Uther Pendragon dans de nombreux récits de la Matière de Bretagne.

Articles connexes

 Duc de Cornouailles
 Comte de Cornouailles

Notes et références

Monarchie britannique
Duchesse de Cornouailles
Comtesse de Cornouailles
Personnalité liée aux Cornouailles

Liste des comtesses et duchesses de Cornouailles


Doğrusal cebir ya da lineer cebir; matematiğin, vektörler (yöney), vektör uzayları, doğrusal dönüşümler, doğrusal denklem takımları ve matrisleri (dizey) inceleyen alanıdır. Vektör uzayları, modern matematiğin merkezinde yer alan bir konudur. Bundan dolayı doğrusal cebir hem soyut cebirde hem de fonksiyonel analizde sıkça kullanılır. Doğrusal cebir, analitik geometri ile de alakalı olup sosyal bilimlerde ve fen bilimlerinde yaygın bir uygulama alanına sahiptir.

Modern doğrusal cebirin geçmişi 1843 ve 1844 yıllarına dayanır. 1843'te William Rowen Hamilton Kuaterniyonları keşfetti. 1844'te Hermann Grassmann Die lineale Ausdehnungslehre adlı kitabını yayınladı. Arthur Cayley, doğrusal cebirin en temel fikirlerinden birisi olan vektörleri 1857 yılında tanıttı. Ne var ki doğrusal cebir, asıl büyük atılımlarını 20. yüzyılda yapmıştır.

Temelleri
Doğrusal cebirin temelleri vektörlerin incelenmesinde yatar. Burada sözü edilen vektör, yönü ve büyüklüğü olan bir doğru parçasıdır. Vektörler yöney olarak da bilinir. Vektörler kuvvet gibi fiziksel birimlerin ifade edilmesinde kullanılabilir. Birbirlerine eklenebildikleri gibi sabit bir skalerle de çarpılabilirler. Böylece basit bir reel vektör uzayının oluşumu gösterilebilir.

Modern Doğrusal Cebir, 2 ve 3 boyut sınırlamasını kaldırarak isteğe bağlı veya sonsuz boyutlu uzaylarda işleyebilecek şekilde genişletilmiştir. 2 ve 3 boyutlu uzaylardaki sonuçların büyük bir kısmı n-boyutlu uzaylarda da geçerlidir. N boyutlu bir uzayın görselleştirilmesi zor gibi görünse de aslında bu tür uzaylar temel bilimlerde ve günlük hayatta sık kullanılır. Örneğin 8 ülkenin ulusal gelirini listelediğimiz zaman bu liste 8 boyutlu bir vektörü ifade eder. Bu vektördeki her bir elemanın bir ülkenin ulusal gelirini temsil ettiğini söyleyebiliriz.

Matematikte, soruna doğrusal bir açıdan bakıp, matris cebriyle ifade ettikten sonra onu matris işlemleriyle çözmek, matematikte sık kullanılan uygulamalardan birisidir. Örneğin doğrusal denklem sistemleri (dizge) matris yardımıyla ifade edilip çözülerek denklemin kökleri elde edilebilir.

Vektörler ve Matrisler
Aşağıda üç boyutlu bir sütun vektörü görülmektedir:

Burada ise 4 boyutlu bir satır vektörünü görmekteyiz:

Son olarak 4 satır ve üç sütundan oluşan bir matris örneğini şöyle gösterebiliriz:

Çalışmanın kapsamı

Vektör uzayları
Vektör uzayı, doğrusal cebirin ana yapısıdır. Bir F [[cismi]] üzerinde bir vektör uzayı bir V kümesi ile birlikte iki ikili işlemdir. V'nin ögelerine vektör ve F'nin ögelerine skaler denir. Aşağıdaki listede diyelim ki u, v ve w, V içinde keyfi vektörler ve a ve b, F içinde skalerler olsun.

Doğrusal dönüşümler
Verilen bir F alanı üzerinde V ve W iki vektör uzayı, bir doğrusal dönüşüm (ayrıca doğrusal gönderme, doğrusal gönderim veya doğrusal işlemci) bir göndermedir.

bu toplam ve skaler çarpım ile uyumlandırılabilir:

u,v ∈ V herhangi iki vektör ve bir skaler a ∈ F için.

toplanabilir herhangi iki vektör u, v ∈ V ve skaler a, b ∈ F için:

Alt uzay, germe ve taban
Yine diğer cebirsel nesnelerin teorileri ile analog olarak, lineer cebir vektör uzaylarının kendileri vektör alanlarının alt kümeleriyle ilgilenmektedir, bu alt kümeler doğrusal alt uzayı olarak adlandırılır. Örneğin, aralık ve doğrusal bir eşleme bölgesinin hem çekirdek hem de alt uzayları vardır ve bu nedenle sık sık aralık alanı olarak adlandırılır ve boşuzay; bu alt uzayların önemli örnekleridir. Bir alt uzayı oluşturmanın bir diğer önemli yolu da doğrusal kombinasyona almaktır, v1, v2, …, vk vektörlerinin bir kümesi:

burada a1, a2, …, ak skalerlerdir. Vektörlerinin doğrusal tüm bileşimlerinin kümesi v1, v2, …, vk buna germe denir, bunun bir alt uzay formudur.

Tüm sıfır katsayısı ile vektörlerinin herhangi bir sisteminin bir lineer kombinasyonu V sıfır vektörüdür.Bu lineer bir kombinasyonu olarak sıfır vektör ifade etmek için tek yoldur v1, v2, …, vk ise bu vektörler doğrusal bağımsızdır.Verilen bir vektörler kümesinin bu vektörlerinin bir uzay gerimi, eğer herhangi vektör w diğer vektörlerin doğrusal kombinasyonu (ve böylece kümeleri doğrusal bağımsız değildir), ise biz eğer w kümesinden germeyi kaldırırsak aynı kalacaktır. Böylece, doğrusal bağımlı vektörlerin kümesi bir doğrusal bağımsız alt kümesi aynı alt uzayı kapsar anlamında gereksizdir. Bu nedenle, bir vektör uzayı V yi geren vektörlerin lineer bağımsız kümesinin içinden daha çok ilgiliyiz, buna V'nin tabanı deriz. Vektörlerin herhangi kümesi that spans Vnin gerilmiş bir tabanını içerir, ve V içindeki vektörlerin herhangi doğrusal bağımsız kümesi bir tabana gerilebilir(yayılabilir). Buradan çıktığı üzere biz seçim aksiyomu olarak kabul edersek, her vektör uzayının bir tabanı vardır; yine de, bu doğal olmayan baz olabilir, ve gerçekten de, hatta inşa edilebilir olmayabilir. Örneğin, burada Kesirli üzerinde bir vektör alanı olarak kabul edilen reel sayılar için bir temel var, ama hiçbir açık temel inşa edilmemiştir.

V vektör uzayının herhangi iki tabanı aynı kardinalitesi varsa, buna V'nin boyutu denir. Bir vektör uzayının boyutu vektör uzayı için boyut teoremi ile iyi-tanımlıdır. Eğer V'nin bir tabanı ögelerin sonlu sayısı varsa, V'ye bir sonlu-boyutlu vektör uzayı denir. Eğer V sonlu-boyutlu ve U V'nin bir alt uzayı ise dim U ≤ dim V. Eğer U1 ve U2 Vnin alt uzayı ise

.

Birçoğu sonlu boyutlu vektör alanlarına önemi sınırlar. Lineer cebir temel bir teoremi aynı boyutun tüm vektör uzaylarının izomorf olduğunu belirtiyor, eş yapının karakterize edilmesi için bir kolay bir yol verir.

 Ayrıca bakınız
 Özvektörler
 Doğrusal regresyon, bir istatistiksel kestirim yöntemi
 Simpleks yöntemi, doğrusal programlama için teknik bir çözüm
 Dönüşüm matrisi
 Elementer matris

 Notlar

 Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Tarih
 Fearnley-Sander, Desmond, "Hermann Grassmann and the Creation of Linear Algebra" (), American Mathematical Monthly 86''' (1979), pp. 809–817.
 Grassmann, Hermann, Die lineale Ausdehnungslehre ein neuer Zweig der Mathematik: dargestellt und durch Anwendungen auf die übrigen Zweige der Mathematik, wie auch auf die Statik, Mechanik, die Lehre vom Magnetismus und die Krystallonomie erläutert, O. Wigand, Leipzig, 1844.
tanıtım ders kitapları

ileri ders kitapları

Çalışma kılavuzları ve anahatları

 Dış bağlantılar

 International Linear Algebra Society
 MIT Professor Gilbert Strang's Linear Algebra Course Homepage  : MIT Course Website Kursu
 MIT Linear Algebra Lectures: MIT OpenCourseWare dan videolar
 Linear Algebra - Foundations to Frontiers EDX tarafından açılacak özgür MOOC
 Linear Algebra Toolkit .

 Linear Algebra  on MathWorld.
 Linear Algebra tutorial  interaktif çevrimiçi programları ile.
 Matrix and Linear Algebra Terms on Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics
 Earliest Uses of Symbols for Matrices and Vectors on Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
 Linear Algebra Elmer G. Wiens.tarafından vektörler, matrisler, lineer denklem için etkileşimli web sayfaları
 Linear Algebra Solved Problems: Düşük seviyeden zor seviyeye doğrusal cebir problemlerinin tartışılması için interaktif forumlar(Putnam).
 Linear Algebra for Informatics. José Figueroa-O'Farrill, University of Edinburgh
 Online Notes / Linear Algebra Paul Dawkins, Lamar University
 Elementary Linear Algebra textbook with solutions
 Linear Algebra Wiki
 Linear algebra (math 21b) homework and exercises
 Textbook and solutions manual , Saylor Vakfı.
 An Intuitive Guide to Linear Algebra on BetterExplained

 Çevrimiçi kitaplar
 Beezer, Rob, A First Course in Linear Algebra  Connell, Edwin H., Elements of Abstract and Linear Algebra  Hefferon, Jim, Linear Algebra  Matthews, Keith, Elementary Linear Algebra  Sharipov, Ruslan, Course of linear algebra and multidimensional geometry Treil, Sergei, Linear Algebra Done Wrong ''

Lineer cebir


في الهندسة الرياضية، دوائر مالفاتي هي ثلاث دوائر تنشأ في مثلث بحيث تكون كل دائرة مماسة للدائرتين الأخرى تين ولضلعين من المثلث.

مصادر

 Dörrie, H. "Malfatti's Problem." §30 in 100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics: Their History and Solutions. New York: Dover, pp. 147–151, 1965. ISBN 0-486-61348-8
 Goldberg, M. "On the Original Malfatti Problem." Math. Mag. 40, 241-247, 1967.
 Ogilvy, C. S. Excursions in Geometry. New York: Dover, 1990. ISBN 0-486-26530-7

دوائر
دوائر هندسية
هندسة المثلث

دوائر مالفاتي


Alvaro Rodrigues (født 19. juli 1993) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Montedio Yamagata.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Alvaro Rodrigues


DCVDNS (* 20. Februar 1988 in St. Ingbert, Saarland) ist ein deutscher Rapper und Gründer des Musiklabels Rat-a-tat Records.

Werdegang
DCVDNS erlangte erste Bekanntheit als Teil der Hip-Hop-Formation Die Coole Gang, mit der er seit 2007 eine Reihe von Videos drehte und über die Video-Plattform YouTube veröffentlichte. Anfang 2010 nahm er unter dem Titel St. Dengbertdrama ein Album für private Zwecke auf, das nicht als kommerzielle Veröffentlichung erschien. Mit Du machst dir keine Gedanken solange die Nutella nicht nach Scheiße schmeckt wurde Ende 2010 sein erstes eigenes Musikvideo veröffentlicht. Es folgten Anfang 2011 die Videos Pimp Yannic und 23 sowie Ein Dealer Zahlt Bar, welches bis 2012 unter dem Titel Halt die Fresse 03 – Nr. 78 an die Reihe Halt die Fresse der Internetseite Aggro.TV angelehnt war.

Ende Mai 2011 gab der Osnabrücker Musikvertrieb Distributionz bekannt, DCVDNS' kommendes Album zu vertreiben. Zeitgleich erschien das Musikvideo Mörderfurz, in dem die Berliner Rapper MC Basstard und Blokkmonsta auftraten. Basstard nahm ihn anschließend bei seinem neu gegründeten Musiklabel Dunkle Materie unter Vertrag. Im Rahmen der "Weiss Tour" von MC Basstard trat DCVDNS daraufhin bei drei Konzerten als Support auf. Am 16. Dezember 2011 veröffentlichte der Rapper die kostenlose EP Könnt Ihr behalten, auf der die Lieder seiner Videos enthalten sind. Als einzige Ausnahme ist das Stück Du machst dir keine Gedanken solange die Nutella nicht nach Scheiße schmeckt nicht enthalten, da DCVDNS dieses für sein Debütalbum neu aufnehmen wollte.

Anfang Januar kündigte DCVDNS sein erstes Album unter dem Titel Brille zunächst für den 10. Februar 2012 an. Das Veröffentlichungsdatum wurde kurze Zeit später mit Verweis auf das parallel erscheinende Album des Rappers Haftbefehl um zwei Wochen verschoben. Zum Lied Mein Mercedes entstand ein Video, das Anfang 2012 veröffentlicht wurde. Des Weiteren wurde das Stück What's Tweef? kostenlos auf der Internetseite 16bars.de bereitgestellt. Mit Hilfe, ich werde bedroht folgte Mitte Februar eine weitere Video-Auskoppelung aus dem Album.

Am 24. Februar erschien DCVDNS' Album Brille über Dunkle Materie. Dieses war innerhalb eines Zeitraums von zwei Wochen im Studio von MC Basstard entstanden. Auf Brille sind die Hip-Hop-Musiker Frauenarzt, Boba Fettt, Justus, Hermann Weiss, Wolfgang H, Smoe83, Tamas, Trip sowie MC Basstard mit Gastbeiträgen vertreten. Außerdem konnte DCVDNS Jörg Stuttmann, den deutschen Synchronsprecher der Figur Eric Cartman aus der Serie South Park, gewinnen. Die Produktion der Beats sowie die Abmischung wurden von Wolfgang H. übernommen.  Brille konnte sich auf Platz 57 der Album-Charts positionieren.

Vom 7. September bis 12. Oktober 2012 begleitete DCVDNS gemeinsam mit den Formationen Durstlöscher und Keule die Musiker Frauenarzt, Manny Marc, DJ Reckless, Smoky und Sady K der Gruppe Die Atzen im Rahmen der "Atzen Musik Vol. 3 Tour". Eine weitere Tournee folgte vom 20. Oktober bis zum 29. Dezember 2012. Diese absolvierte DCVDNS unter dem Titel "Menschen, Tiere, AKKtraktionen" mit den Formationen 257ers und Genetikk. Im Anschluss daran folgte eine dritte Tournee als Begleitung von Kool Savas im Zuge der "Warum rappst du? Tour". Mit Laas Unltd., Architekt und Montez begleiteten drei weitere Rapper die Konzerte. Im Vorfeld der Tournee war ein gemeinsames Stück mit dem Titel Warum rappst du? aufgenommen und als Video umgesetzt worden.

Mitte Januar 2013 kündigte DCVDNS sein zweites Album unter dem Titel Der Wolf im Schafspelz für Mai 2013 an. Zwei Monate später verkündete der Rapper die Verschiebung der Veröffentlichung. Am 2. Mai trat DCVDNS erstmals in Stefan Raabs Late-Night-Show TV total auf. Mitte Mai 2013 wurde eines seiner Videos in der US-amerikanischen Comedy-Show Tosh.0 des Fernsehsenders Comedy Central ausgestrahlt. Des Weiteren trat der Rapper Mitte Juli im Rahmen des Hip-Hop- und Reggaefestivals Splash! auf. Beim Bundesvision Song Contest 2013 am 26. September ist er mit dem Titel Eigentlich wollte Nate Dogg die Hook singen für das Saarland angetreten und belegte den 5. Platz.

Am 7. November 2014 erschien mit Big Bad Birds ein gemeinsames Album von DCVDNS sowie Hermann Weiss und Wolfgang H. unter dem Crewnamen Inglebirds. Am selben Tag war sein erster Auftritt im Vorprogramm von Rapper Cro, der ihn für seine Mello-Tour 2014/15 als Support verpflichtet hat. Mit ihrem Song Getti war die Gruppe am 20. September beim Bundesvision Song Contest 2014 für das Saarland angetreten und belegte den 14. Platz.

Seit dem 3. Januar 2015 wurde jeden Sonntag auf seinem YouTube-Kanal die siebenteilige Serie Jesus Christoph Rap ausgestrahlt, die im Stile einer Scripted-Reality-Show Episoden aus seinem Leben zeigt. In der siebten und letzten Folge, welche am 15. Februar hochgeladen wurde, kündigte er an, ein neues Album schreiben zu wollen. Dieses solle keine Deadline haben, sondern erst dann erscheinen, wenn es "wirklich fertig ist".

Ende August 2015 unterzeichnete DCVDNS einen Vertrag bei Universal Urban.

Am 31. Dezember 2016 meldete sich DCVDNS mit einer Videobotschaft auf YouTube zurück und kündigte durch eine kurze Einblendung mit Der erste tighte Wei$$e ein neues Album an, das am 7. Juli 2017 erschien.

Am 11. September 2020 veröffentlichte er das Musikvideo zu seinem Song "Epstein Island".

Am 5. März 2021 veröffentlichte er das Musikvideo zu seinem Song Dead Body Bag.

Stil
Bis zum Erscheinen von D.W.I.S. nutzte DCVDNS einen roten Pullunder der Bekleidungsmarke Lacoste und eine Brille als seine Markenzeichen. Mit diesen trat er in seinen Videos und auf Konzerten in Erscheinung. Die Brille dient ihm nach eigener Aussage als "Maske", durch die er privat nicht erkannt werden könne. Seit 2013 tritt er nicht mehr mit dem Pullunder auf. Als eine Möglichkeit, diesen Bruch in seine Außendarstellung zu integrieren, nutzte DCVDNS einen Besuch bei TV Total im Mai 2013, bei dem er Stefan Raab seinen "einzigen" Pullunder schenkte.

Ein weiteres Charakteristikum ist der Humor des Rappers. Dieser kommt sowohl in seinen Texten als auch in seinen Videos zum Tragen. In Interviews antwortet der Rapper häufig irreführend. Da er inhaltlich absurde Aussagen ohne emotionale Regung vorbringt, sind viele Aussagen nicht als Tatsache oder Scherz zu unterscheiden. So benennt er etwa die Musik von Iron Maiden als Grund für seine Tätigkeit als Rapper oder er gibt an, in Zukunft vom Rauchen leben zu wollen. Erschwert wurde die Gesprächsführung für Interviews auch dadurch, dass DCVDNS speziell bei seinen ersten Interviews von seinem "Anwalt" – dargestellt vom Rapper Hermann Weiss, der ihn auch auf der Bühne unterstützt – begleitet wurde, der viele Fragen aus verschiedenen, ebenfalls absurden juristischen Gründen ablehnte. Dies ist als Schutzmechanismus zu interpretieren, damit DCVDNS Fragen entgehen konnte, die ihn aus seiner Rolle fallen ließen (vergleiche dazu Sacha Baron Cohen, der bei Interviews während der Verkörperung seiner Kunstfiguren Borat und Brüno die Fragen vorher auswählen ließ und nicht abgesprochene Einwürfe gezielt überhörte.)

Thematisch drehen sich viele Liedtexte von DCVDNS um das jeweilige Image, das er vertritt. Die Lieder Pullunder und Brille und Brille des ersten Albums drehen sich um seine damaligen äußeren Erkennungsmerkmale, während er sich in Hier kann ja jeder tanzen vom selben Album entsprechend seinem Erscheinungsbild als jugendkulturfremder Spießer darstellt; auf D.W.I.S. gibt er an, Derartiges nur vorgegeben zu haben, um die Szene zu infiltrieren, dementsprechend glorifiziert er in absurd-überzogenem Maße sein Gangstertum (Kein Gee, Frankfurter Zoo).

Stilistisch ist sein Werk breit gefächert. Viele seiner Lieder stehen in Verbindung zu den Liedern anderer Künstler oder bestimmter Genres (ZDS vom Album Brille ist textlich und musikalisch stark an LMS von Kool Savas angelehnt, die Machart des Lieds Wisst ihr noch? von D.W.I.S. wird dem Westcoast-Style der 80er Jahre zugeordnet), wobei sich DCVDNS der Behauptung erwehrt, er wolle sich damit über besagte Stile oder Hiphop an sich lustig machen; sein Spott gilt hingegen der überzogenen, unreflektierten Selbstüberhöhung anderer Rapper. Als Silla in einem Video-Interview DCVDNS als "lächerlich für Rap" bezeichnete und er "nicht den Gesamteindruck hebt", antwortete DCVDNS mit dem Disstrack Bravo wurde zensiert, in dem er das gesamte (deutsche) Gangstertum als lächerlich bezeichnete: "Ich soll lächerlich für deutschen Rap sein? // Na, dann pass' ich doch äußerst perfekt rein! // Niemand hier, der auch nur täuschend echt scheint. // Wie dumm können eure Fans sein!" An anderer Stelle bezeichnete er sich als "kleinste Blamage, die es im Rapbereich gibt", was erneut anzeigt, dass er seine ironische Präsentation der Imitation amerikanischer Rapper-Klischees voranstellt.

Außerdem gibt es vereinzelte Lieder, in denen die Texte von sozialer Isolation, Depression und Unzufriedenheit mit dem Musikerleben handeln (z. B. Solange die Nutella …, Warum, die erste Strophe von D.C.V.D.N.A.), wobei aufgrund obengenannten speziellen Humors immer offenbleibt, inwieweit es sich dabei um ernsthafte Statements oder etwa um Ironie handelt.

Name
Der Künstlername DCVDNS erfuhr mehrfach eine Umdeutung, so stand es zunächst für "Der Coole von der Neuen Schule", anschließend gab DCVDNS an, es wäre durch einen Schlag auf die Tastatur entstanden. Als neueste Version gab DCVDNS bei TV total an, dass es die Abkürzung für seinen angeblich bürgerlichen Namen Dominik Christoph von der Nordsee sei.

Rezeption
In einem Beitrag von Spiegel Online über den Rapper wird er als "Rap-Antiheld" bezeichnet, der die "gängigen Hip-Hop-Klischees" parodiert. Dabei nehme DCVDNS Hip-Hop trotzdem ernst. Nach der Veröffentlichung der Single Der erste Tighte Weiße geriet DCVDNS aufgrund der Nutzung des Wortes Nigga in Kritik, was in den Medien zu einer breiten Diskussion über die Benutzung rassistischer Begriffe in Raptexten führte. Dem Rapper wurde unter anderem deshalb und auch aufgrund von Liedern wie dem "Anti-Antifa"-Song der "Coolen Gang" rechtsextremes Gedankengut vorgeworfen.

Diskografie

Studioalben

Kollaboalben

EPs

Singles

Videos
 2010: Du machst dir keine Gedanken solange die Nutella nicht nach Scheiße schmeckt
 2011: Pimp Yannic
 2011: Ein Dealer Zahlt Bar
 2011: 23
 2011: Mörderfurz
 2012: Mein Mercedes
 2012: Hilfe, ich werde bedroht
 2012: Brille (mit MC Basstard, Tamas, Wolfgang H., Boba Fettt, Trip und Justus)
 2012: Warum rappst du? (mit Kool Savas, Montez, Ben Salomo und Laas Unltd.)
 2013: Kein Gee
 2013: Intro (Intro zu seinem Album Der Wolf im Schafspelz)
 2013: Frankfurter Zoo (feat. Celo & Abdi)
 2014: #hangster (mit Eko Fresh und Psaiko.Dino)
 2014: Wisst Ihr noch?
 2014: Eigentlich wollte Nate Dogg die Hook singen
 2014: Wadadadang (als Teil der Inglebirds)
 2014: Getti (als Teil der Inglebirds)
 2014: Kugeln in der Luft (als Teil der Inglebirds)
 2014: Intro (als Teil der Inglebirds; Intro des Albums Big Bad Birds)
 2015: German Choppers (mit Tamas)
 2017: Neuer alter Savas
 2017: Der erste tighte Wei$$e
 2017: Internationaler Pimp
 2018: Struggle (mit Tamas)
 2020: Epstein Island
 2021: Dead Body Bag
 2021: MNMMM
 2023: Spiel die Games
 2023: MANNY MARKT (mit LGoony)
 2023: Sympathie für den Teufel
 2023: KEIN DAMN
 2023: Hoes und Boot
 2023: Gucke Wie Drauf
 2023: WAZZUP

Sonstige
 2012: What's Tweef? (Freetrack)
 2012: Pissnuts (feat. Wolfgang H.) (auf Labelsampler Distributionz Sampler Nr. 2)
 2012: Bravo Wurde Zensiert ("Juice Exclusive!" auf Juice-CD #112)
 2012: Gankstaparty (mit Brutos Brutaloz) (Freetrack)

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Rapper
Teilnehmer am Bundesvision Song Contest
Pseudonym
Deutscher
Person (St. Ingbert)
Geboren 1988
Mann
Abkürzung

DCVDNS