Herbert Chapman (19 January 1878 – 6 January 1934) was an English football player and manager. Though he had an undistinguished playing career, he went on to become one of the most influential and successful managers in the early 20th century, before his sudden death in 1934. He is regarded as one of the game's greatest innovators.

As a player, Chapman played for a variety of clubs, at Football League and non-League levels. His record was generally unremarkable as a player; he made fewer than 40 League appearances over the course of a decade and did not win any major honours. Instead, he found success as a manager, first at Northampton Town between 1908 and 1912, which he led to a Southern League title. This attracted the attention of larger clubs and he moved to Leeds City, where he started to improve the team's fortunes before the First World War intervened. After the war ended, City were implicated in an illegal payments scandal and were eventually disbanded. Chapman was initially banned from football but successfully appealed. He took over at Huddersfield Town, winning an FA Cup and two First Division titles in the period of four years.

In 1925, Arsenal successfully tempted Chapman to join them, and he led the club to its first ever silverware by winning one FA Cup and two First Division titles. His work at Arsenal resulted in their becoming the dominant team of the 1930s – they won five League titles and two FA Cups in the decade before the suspension of football due to the outbreak of the Second World War – but he did not live to see the entirety of his team's success, dying suddenly from pneumonia in 1934, at the age of 55.

He is credited with improving Arsenal. He introduced new tactics (the WM formation, which forms the core of most modern-day formations) and training techniques to the game and the use of physiotherapists. He led the team, rather than letting board members lead. He also used floodlighting and numbered shirts, entered European club competitions, and has received many posthumous honours in recognition.

Early life
Chapman was born in Kiveton Park, near Rotherham on 19 January 1878. His father, John, was a coal miner, but rather than spend his own life working down the pit, the young Herbert was bright enough to win a place at Sheffield Technical College (later to become part of the University of Sheffield), where he studied mining engineering.

Chapman was one of eleven children and was born into a keen sporting family, with two of his brothers also playing professional football. The most successful of these was his younger brother Harry, who played for The Wednesday during the 1900s, winning two League Championships and an FA Cup. His elder brother Thomas played for Grimsby Town, while another brother, Matthew, later became a director of the same club.

Playing career
Chapman's playing career was that of a typical journeyman, owing mostly to the fact he often played as an amateur; this meant that whether he could play for a particular club was dictated by whether he could find an appropriate job nearby. He first played as a youth for his local side, Kiveton Park Colliery, winning the Hatchard Cup in 1894 alongside team-mate William Ross. He left the village that summer to join Ashton North End, before moving on to Stalybridge Rovers and then Rochdale (not to be confused with the modern-day Rochdale) – all three clubs being members of the Lancashire League. Chapman played at inside right, and although he lacked the skill of his brother Harry, he compensated for it with his strength and robustness.

In 1898, he moved to Second Division Grimsby Town. Though now playing in the professional Football League, Chapman was still an amateur at this stage and obtained a job with a firm of local solicitors to earn his way. Grimsby started the season poorly – they were near the bottom of the division by Christmas and were beaten 7–0 by Preston North End in the FA Cup, but rallied to finish tenth at the end of the 1898–99 season. By this time Chapman had been dropped from the team, having been unsuccessfully moved to centre forward, an unfamiliar position for him. He was released by Grimsby and drifted down into non-league football with a brief spell at Swindon Town, playing three games and scoring twice, but had to leave the club as he was unable to find a job in the area. He moved on to see out the season with Sheppey United, who finished bottom of the Southern League in 1899–1900. Chapman finished as United's top scorer but was injured at the end of this season, and still unable to find a job. Disheartened, he returned to his home town and turned out for Worksop Town of the Midland League in 1900–01, while resuming his studies, this time at Old Firth College in Sheffield.

Because of his studies, he mainly played for Worksop's reserves, but in a first-team match against Northampton Town he caught the opposition's eye and they offered him a contract, leading him to turn professional for the first time in 1901. He played for Northampton for the whole 1901–02 season, finishing as top scorer with 14 goals in 22 games for the club. During that season he had impressed in an FA Cup match against Sheffield United, leading them to offer Chapman a contract at the end of the season; Chapman accepted but dropped down to amateur status, wishing to make use of his engineering qualifications in the local area. He played 22 matches and scored twice for United, but struggled to keep his place in a team full of internationals, and was sold to Notts County for £300 at the end of 1902–03. Chapman turned professional again, but only made seven appearances in two years for County, scoring once.

In 1904, Chapman moved back to his old club Northampton Town, playing a season effectively on loan from Notts County (as they kept his registration), before being transferred permanently in 1905 to Tottenham Hotspur for £70. He scored eleven goals for Spurs in their 1905–06 Southern League campaign. He spent 1906–07 in and out of the side, scoring just three goals. With the season drawing to a close, he decided that he had had "a good innings" and decided to leave Tottenham and professional football for good, in favour of pursuing his career in engineering.

Managerial career

Northampton Town
In 1907, as he was about to leave Tottenham Hotspur, Chapman had recommended Spurs team-mate Walter Bull to his old club Northampton Town, as their new manager. However, Bull changed his mind, and in turn recommended that Chapman take the job instead. Chapman changed his mind about retiring from the game, and instead agreed to become player-manager of Northampton Town. Northampton had finished bottom of the Southern League two seasons running immediately before Chapman's appointment, but Chapman turned the club around within a short period of time.

At the time, teams rarely employed tactics of any sort – Chapman would later remark: "No attempt was made to organise victory. The most that I remember was the occasional chat between, say two men playing on the same wing." As a manager, he sought to change that; after seeing Northampton lose to Norwich City despite dominating, Chapman opined that "a team can attack for too long". He thus set about creating a tactical framework for all his players; he dropped the half backs (midfield) back to give his forwards more space and draw the opposition defenders out of the penalty area, while encouraging his own back line to pass their way out of trouble. Gradually, he created a style of highly organised, counter-attacking football, which was at odds with the prevailing orthodoxy but nevertheless highly effective; Swindon Town's England international Harold Fleming, after losing 4–1 at home to Northampton, remarked to Chapman: "You have something more than a team: you have a machine."

To allow his system to reach its full potential, Chapman encouraged his chairman to spend money on new players. The club's first ever transfer fee, £400, was paid for Welsh international Lloyd Davies who remains Northampton's most capped player, winger Fred McDiarmid and playmaking centre half David McCartney. With this new talent, in his first season in charge, Chapman led Northampton to eighth place; with additional new signings, such as inside forward Albert Lewis from Coventry City, he used this as a springboard to take the Southern League title in 1908–09, with Lewis finishing as top scorer.

By now, Chapman had retired as a player in first-class football, having played his last match against Watford in January 1909, but filled the gap he left, as well as showing his eye for spotting talent, by signing players such as future England international Fanny Walden. As Southern League champions, Northampton contested and lost the 1909 FA Charity Shield, 2–0 to Newcastle United, and although they did not win the Southern League title again during Chapman's time as manager, they finished in the top four in each of the following three seasons. Additionally, they proved their mettle in the FA Cup against First Division sides, knocking out The Wednesday and taking Nottingham Forest and Newcastle United to replays, losing 1–0 both times.

Chapman was keen to get Northampton Town into the Football League, but with no automatic promotion or relegation rules at the time this proved very difficult. Chapman proposed a new two-division Football Alliance underneath the two divisions of the Football League, with automatic promotion and relegation (a similar system to the four-division League setup introduced in 1921), but this was rejected at the time (and would not come about until 1920). In the 1912 close season, he was offered the chance to manage Second Division Leeds City, and with Northampton's blessing moved north again to join the League club.

Leeds City

Leeds City had finished 19th in the Second Division in the season preceding Chapman's arrival, and were facing re-election. Chapman played an essential part in lobbying for the side's readmission and Leeds City were duly re-elected. That done, Chapman signed new talent such as Jimmy Speirs from Bradford City and despite some erratic performances – losing 6–0 in between two 5–1 wins, for example – City finished sixth in 1912–13, Chapman's first season. Attendances rose at Elland Road from 8,500 to 13,000 in his first year, as Chapman's attacking side scored 70 goals, the second-highest total in the entire division.

With a strengthening of the defence, City's form improved further the next season, in 1913–14, coming fourth, two points outside the promotion places. Despite having failed on his promise to get the team promoted within two years, City's rising attendances and resulting better profits for the club kept the directors happy, and the club were confident of promotion in 1914–15. However, the declaration of the First World War disrupted Leeds City's season, with attendances down as men signed up to fight. Chapman by now had amassed a very large squad and was unable to pick a consistent side, continually changing his first-choice lineup. Leeds City lost six of their last eight games of the season, finishing just fifteenth.

League football was suspended for the rest of the war, with Leeds City playing in regional competitions. With many players away fighting or having left the game due to a drop in wages, Leeds relied heavily on guest players during these matches. Chapman, meanwhile, had decided to help the war effort by taking up a position as manager of a munitions factory at Barnbow, near Cross Gates in 1916. For the next two years, City's assistant manager, George Cripps stood in for Chapman on the administrative side, while chairman Joe Connor and another director took charge of the team.

Chapman returned to Leeds City from Barnbow after hostilities had ended, but resigned suddenly in December 1918, eventually moving to Selby to take up a position as a superintendent at an oil and coke works. No reason was given for his resignation, but as football resumed in 1919–20, Leeds City were accused by a former player of financial irregularities, involving illegal payments to guest players during wartime matches. No documentary evidence was produced, but Leeds' refusal to allow the authorities access to their financial records was deemed a sign of guilt, and they were expelled from the Football League in October 1919 and five club officials, including Chapman, were banned from football for life. The club was dissolved, with the players auctioned off and their Elland Road ground taken over by the newly formed Leeds United.

Huddersfield Town

Chapman was still working at the coke works in Selby when his ban was imposed, but by Christmas 1920 the company was sold up and he was laid off. Soon after, however, he was approached by Huddersfield Town to become assistant to Ambrose Langley, who had been a former team-mate of Herbert Chapman's brother Harry at The Wednesday. Huddersfield Town backed Chapman in an appeal against his ban, arguing that as he had been working at the factory in Barnbow during the war, he had not been in charge of Leeds City during the time illegal payments were supposed to have been paid. The ban was overturned, and Chapman was formally installed as Langley's assistant on 1 February 1921.

Chapman was promoted to full secretary-manager, replacing Langley, the following month, and soon made an impact, signing players such as England international Clem Stephenson from Aston Villa (who became captain under Chapman) and 18-year-old unknown George Brown (who went on to become Huddersfield's all-time top scorer). In Chapman's first full season in charge (1921–22), Huddersfield Town won the FA Cup, beating Preston North End 1–0 in the final at Stamford Bridge, the club's first major trophy. In the league, however, his side had spent most of the season fighting relegation and had finished 14th, so Chapman looked to strengthen his squad.

As at Northampton, Chapman's tactics were based upon the principles of a strong defence and a fast, counter-attacking response, with the focus on quick, short passing and mazy runs from his wingers, who would pass low inside the defence instead of crossing from the byline. He had been granted control of all footballing affairs at the club and made this responsibility work to his advantage, encouraging the club's reserve and third teams to play the same style of football so that their players would function effectively in the first team if selected. He employed a wide-ranging scouting network to find the right players for his tactical system. Bolstered by the money from the cup run, Chapman was able to make further signings such as goalkeeper Ted Taylor and forward Charlie Wilson (later to be joined by George Cook).

With new players and using Chapman's system, Huddersfield were transformed. They finished third in 1922–23 and went on to win their first League title in 1923–24. This success was by the narrowest of margins – equal on points with Cardiff City, Huddersfield won by a difference of 0.024 (1.818 to 1.794) in goal average. The final goal by Brown in a 3–0 win over Nottingham Forest on the final day of the season proved crucial, although ultimately it was Huddersfield's superior defensive record which had given them the advantage.

Following the title win, Chapman kept faith with his squad, making only one new signing – outside right Joey Williams – as they successfully defended their League title in 1924–25. Huddersfield started brightly but a poor run of form in October and November (in part caused by an injury to goalkeeper Ted Taylor) saw them drop to ninth at one point. Taylor was replaced by new signing Billy Mercer and a resurgence in form saw Huddersfield climb the table, regaining top spot with a 5–0 win over Arsenal in February, and eventually finishing two points clear of runners-up West Bromwich Albion. As a testament to Chapman's philosophy of relying on a strong defence, it was the first time a title-winning side had gone through a season without conceding more than two goals in any match.

Arsenal

In the 1925 close season, Chapman had already set about improving his squad for Huddersfield to seek a third successive title (something which had never been achieved before). At the same time, Arsenal was looking to replace Leslie Knighton, who had been sacked. Arsenal chairman Sir Henry Norris placed an advertisement in the Athletic News:

Although Arsenal had been fighting relegation in both the two previous seasons, and despite the chairman's restriction on spending, Chapman nevertheless moved to Arsenal soon afterwards, attracted both by the London club's larger crowds and a salary of £2,000, double what he earned at Huddersfield Town. At Arsenal, Chapman immediately made an impact by signing 34-year-old Charlie Buchan, an England international and Sunderland's all-time record goalscorer, whom he made Arsenal captain.

Chapman came to Arsenal promising to make them the "Newcastle of the South". Chapman and Buchan's arrival at the club also coincided with a change in the laws of the game in June 1925, that modified the offside law. The change had reduced the number of opposition players that an attacker needed between himself and the goal-line from three to two (including the goalkeeper). Buchan's idea, implemented by Chapman, was to move the centre half from a roaming position in midfield to a "stopper" position in defence. With the inside forwards brought back to help the midfield, this changed the usual formation from 2–3–5 to 3–4–3, or a "WM", so called after the shape it formed spelled out the letters. This meant the offside trap was now the responsibility of the single centre half, while the full backs were pushed wider to cover the wings.

Arsenal were by no means the only team to have come up with the idea of dropping the centre half into defence – Newcastle United beat Arsenal 7–0 that season employing such a system with Charlie Spencer at centre-half; Queen's Park and Tottenham Hotspur had also adopted similar systems. Chapman, however, was able to refine and improve on the idea better than his rivals, melding the tactical change with his own ideas on counter-attacking football, pacy wingers and a strong defence. Chapman himself summed it up by saying: "the most opportune time for scoring is immediately after repelling an attack, because opponents are then strung out in the wrong half of the field."

Arsenal went on to finish second in 1925–26, five points behind Chapman's old side Huddersfield Town, as they became the first club in England to win three titles in succession. It proved to be an early dawn for Arsenal, who spent most of the rest of the 1920s in mid-table, as Chapman took his time finding the right players to fit his new system, outlining a five-year plan for success. He retained relatively few players of his predecessor Knighton's era – Bob John, Alf Baker and Jimmy Brain being the exceptions – and instead looked to bring in talent from elsewhere.

In February 1926, he signed the pacy winger Joe Hulme, followed that summer by forward Jack Lambert and full-back Tom Parker, who would later succeed Buchan as captain. Although Arsenal's league form was indifferent, in 1927 they reached the FA Cup Final, their first, but lost 1–0 to Cardiff City after an error by goalkeeper Dan Lewis.

In the same year, Arsenal became embroiled in a scandal; footballers' pay at the time was limited by a maximum wage, but an FA inquiry found that Charlie Buchan had secretly received illegal payments from Arsenal as an incentive to sign for the club. Sir Henry Norris was indicted for his part and banned from football, but Chapman escaped punishment, and with the autocratic Norris replaced by the more benign Samuel Hill-Wood, Chapman's power and influence within the club increased, allowing him control over all aspects of the club's business. He persevered in building the team, strengthening his attacking lineup with the signings of David Jack in 1928, and Alex James and Cliff Bastin in 1929. As at his previous clubs, Chapman worked on improving the defence, notably through the signings of Herbie Roberts and Eddie Hapgood at centre half and left back respectively.

It was the signing of David Jack in particular that highlighted Chapman's cunning when it came to transfer negotiations. Bolton Wanderers had originally asked for a fee of £13,000, almost double the existing record. Bob Wall, Chapman's personal assistant at the time, later recounted the negotiations he made with Bolton's directors as follows:

Chapman's subterfuge succeeded, as he managed to bargain the inebriated Bolton directors down to £10,890. He was less successful in his attempt to sign Jimmy McGrory from Celtic. He had set up a meeting with Celtic manager Willie Maley and young McGrory in summer 1928 when Maley and McGrory were on their way to a pilgrimage in Lourdes. A huge sum was offered (a blank cheque, some say) for the prolific McGrory, and Maley was more than ready to accept, for Celtic needed money to pay for its new stand. The deal fell through when McGrory, a homesick young Scotsman with an intense love for Celtic, refused to sign. He later (in 1935) broke the all-time goalscoring record.

Chapman had laid out a five-year plan for success in 1925, and it came to fruition exactly on schedule, as his Arsenal won their first major trophy in the 1930 FA Cup Final, beating his old side, Huddersfield Town, 2–0. Despite having finished only 14th in the League the same season, the win spurred Arsenal on and laid the foundations for a decade in which Arsenal would become the dominant team in England and eventually win five league titles.

Chapman had by now perfected Arsenal's ruthless, counter-attacking strategy. He employed a robust front line of Lambert supported by David Jack and Alex James as deep-lying inside forwards, filling the gap vacated by the movement of the centre half into defence; Alex James in particular, with his passing supplying the front men, became celebrated as the engine of the team during the coming decade. Chapman employed Bastin and Hulme as pacy wingers who could cut inside instead of hugging the touchline; they could either shoot for goal themselves or pick each other out if the centre forward was marked out of the game. With the exception of James, keeping and dwelling on the ball and individuality were discouraged in favour of a quick passing game, although Chapman still conceded: "All the men are expected to play to plan, but not so as to stifle individuality."

Chapman's tactics of fast-moving play meant the wing half line of John and Jones were now pushed in to cover central midfield, pivoting around the halfway line so that they could drop back to defend when necessary. Chapman was equally committed to a strong defence, saying that maintenance of a back line was "the rock bottom of football". Arsenal's defence were told to play deep and, with the support of the wing halves, fall back into their own penalty area when the opposition had the ball; this allowed the opposition plenty of possession in Arsenal's half, until they reached the 18-yard line and faced a massed defence. Once Arsenal regained the ball – usually through the centre half Herbie Roberts – the ball would be quickly passed forward and the wing halves would push up to support the attackers, meaning Arsenal could quickly commit as many as seven men forward as a unit to rapidly attack and try to score.

Chapman's system demanded a high level of fitness from his players, something which he strongly emphasised. He balanced the need for players suited to each task – in which his skill in spotting the right players and his extensive scouting network proved vital – with adapting his system to account for their abilities. Though highly effective, Chapman's fast, counter-attacking passing approach to football contrasted with how the game was traditionally played in England at the time, with its emphasis on dribbling, possession and dwelling on the ball, and thus brought accusations of "Lucky Arsenal" or "Boring Arsenal" from commentators and opposition. Nevertheless, despite the stereotype, in Arsenal's first title-winning season of 1930–31, they scored 127 goals in the League, which still stands as a club record.

Having won both League and Cup in separate seasons with two clubs, Chapman was determined to go one better and win the Double – which had not yet been won in the 20th century – in 1931–32 but ended up missing out on both, finishing second in the League behind Everton and losing the 1932 FA Cup Final controversially to Newcastle United, with Newcastle's equaliser coming after the ball had gone behind for a goal kick. Undeterred, Chapman kept faith with his side and launched a bid for the 1932–33 title. However, it was during this season that Arsenal suffered one of the most infamous defeats in their history.

In the FA Cup third round, Arsenal had been drawn against Walsall of the Third Division North. Arsenal, as the previous season's losing finalists and league leaders, were clear favourites to win the match. On the day, five of the Arsenal first team were out with injury or flu and had their places taken by reserves. Arsenal lost 2–0 in one of the greatest FA Cup upsets. Chapman was enraged by the result, and showed his ruthlessness by selling one player, Tommy Black, who had conceded a penalty in the game, to Plymouth Argyle within a week of the result; another, striker Charlie Walsh, was sold to Brentford a week later.

Despite the FA Cup setback, Arsenal bounced back in the League, and with the same scoring form as in 1930–31, finished the season having scored 118 League goals in total, including a 5–0 win over rivals Aston Villa in that season's title-deciding match. In the following close season, Chapman became the first professional manager in charge of England, albeit in an ad hoc unofficial capacity, for a summer tour of Europe. He did not have any input into the selection process, the team being determined by the FA's International Selection Committee, but did advise on tactics and gave pre-match team talks. Chapman was in charge for a friendly against Italy in Rome on 13 May 1933, which finished 1–1, and England's 4–0 win over Switzerland a week later.

Wary of his ageing Arsenal team and the club's inadequate reserves (as proven by the Walsall match), it was around this time that Chapman noted to club director George Allison: "The team's played out, Mr Allison, we must rebuild". Chapman started the process, signing Ray Bowden, Pat Beasley and Jimmy Dunne, and had converted the young George Male from left half to right back. Chapman would not live to see the end of the season, let alone complete the task of rebuilding his side. Arsenal went into 1933–34 looking to retain the title, and started consistently; they worked their way to the top of the league and were a comfortable four points clear after a goalless draw with Birmingham on 30 December 1933. This proved to be Chapman's last match in charge.

Death

Chapman celebrated New Year in London before travelling north on a scouting trip to see Bury play Notts County on 1 January 1934. The following day, he travelled to his native Yorkshire to watch Sheffield Wednesday, Arsenal's next opponents, before spending a final night in his home town of Kiveton Park. He returned to London nursing a cold but was well enough to watch an Arsenal third-team match against Guildford City. Soon afterwards, his illness suddenly worsened; pneumonia set in, and Chapman quickly succumbed. He died in the early hours of 6 January 1934 at his home in Hendon. He was buried four days later in St Mary's Churchyard, Hendon.

Chapman was survived by a widow, Annie, two sons, Ken (born 1908) and Bruce (born 1911), and two daughters, Molly (born 1915) and Joyce (born 1919). Ken was a rugby union player for Harlequins, and later served as president of the Rugby Football Union.

Legacy

Chapman was one of the first football managers in the modern sense of the word, taking full charge of the team, rather than letting board members pick the side. As well as his tactical innovations, he was a strong believer in physical fitness in football – he instituted a strict training regime and the use of physiotherapists and masseurs. He encouraged his players to openly discuss tactics and the game, instituting weekly team meetings at his clubs, and encouraged them to socialise in extra-curricular activities such as golf. He wrote regularly on football for the Sunday Express newspaper, and a collection of his writings was published after his death in a book, entitled Herbert Chapman on Football.

Unlike many of his contemporaries in Britain, Chapman was a fan of the continental game and counted among his friends Hugo Meisl and Jimmy Hogan, coaches of the Austrian "Wunderteam" of the 1930s. As long ago as 1909, he had taken his Northampton side on a tour of Germany to play 1. FC Nürnberg, and at Arsenal he had instituted an ongoing series of home-and-away friendlies against the likes of Racing Club de Paris. Chapman had proposed a Europe-wide club competition more than twenty years before the European Cup was instituted, and regularly took his teams abroad to play foreign sides. He was one of the first managers to consider signing black and foreign players; as well as signing Walter Tull, one of the first black professionals in the game, for Northampton Town in 1911, he attempted to recruit Austrian international goalkeeper Rudy Hiden for Arsenal in 1930, but was blocked by the Ministry of Labour, after protests from the Players' Union and the Football League. However, in the same year he did succeed in signing Gerard Keyser, the first Dutchman to play English league football, as an amateur, and Hiden was signed by Jimmy Hogan for Racing Club de Paris.

After attending a night-time match in Belgium in 1930 with his friend Hugo Meisl, Chapman became an early advocate of floodlights. He had lights installed in Highbury's new West Stand when it was constructed in 1932; however, they were used only for training, and Arsenal would have to wait until the 1950s for their officially sanctioned use in matches. Chapman oversaw much of the development of Highbury in the early 1930s, including the building of the West Stand and the addition of a clock which was eventually placed by the south terrace, giving it the name of the "Clock End". He is also credited with being behind the renaming of London Underground's Gillespie Road station to Arsenal. He even designed the scoreboard and turnstiles at the stadium.

Chapman advocated the use of white footballs and numbered shirts, as well as adding hoops to Arsenal's socks to make it easier for players to pick each other out. He later made a further change to Arsenal's kit, adding white sleeves to the previously all-red shirt and brightening the colour, before a match against Liverpool on 4 March 1933; the same kit theme of red with white sleeves or trim survives to this day. The tradition of both teams walking out together at the FA Cup Final was started in 1930 due to Chapman's involvement with both clubs, and has continued since.

Honours

Although he did not win any major honours as a player, as a manager Chapman won a Southern League title in 1908–09 with Northampton Town, four Football League titles (1923–24 and 1924–25 with Huddersfield Town, 1930–31 and 1932–33 with Arsenal) and two FA Cups (1921–22 with Huddersfield Town, 1929–30 with Arsenal). After his death the team he had built at Arsenal, under his successors Joe Shaw and George Allison, went on to win the 1933–34 and 1934–35 titles, emulating his Huddersfield Town team by completing a hat-trick. No team was to repeat the feat until Liverpool between 1982 and 1984. Chapman was honorary president of Scottish amateur football club Chirnside United until his death in 1934.

In 2003, Chapman was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his impact as a manager. An English Heritage blue plaque commemorating Chapman was unveiled in March 2005, at the house in Hendon where Chapman lived from 1926 until his death. Chapman was the first footballer or football manager to be commemorated in this way by English Heritage. In 2004, on the seventieth anniversary of his death, The Sunday Times named him the greatest British manager of all time in a poll.

In tribute to his achievements at Arsenal, a bronze bust of Chapman, sculpted by Jacob Epstein resided inside the marble halls of the East Stand of Arsenal Stadium, Highbury until its closure in 2006 and will be reinstated there once redevelopment work in the stadium is completed. A replica sits in the Directors' Entrance at Emirates Stadium; he is one of only two Arsenal managers to be honoured this way, the other being Arsène Wenger. Furthermore, Arsenal's white away kit for the 2007–08 season was dedicated to Chapman and his achievements.

Huddersfield Town were presented with a replica of Chapman's bust by Arsenal, to celebrate their centenary in 2008. Additionally, as part of their centennial, Huddersfield contested the inaugural Herbert Chapman Trophy against Arsenal at the Galpharm Stadium on 6 August 2008, which Arsenal won 2–1.

On 9 December 2011, Arsenal unveiled a statue of Chapman outside Emirates Stadium in celebration of the club's 125th anniversary. The club also unveiled statues of former players Tony Adams and Thierry Henry.

Honours overview
Northampton Town
 Southern League: 1908–09

Huddersfield Town
 FA Cup: 1921–22
 First Division (2): 1923–24, 1924–25
 FA Charity Shield: 1922

Arsenal
 FA Cup: 1929–30 runner-up: 1931–32
 First Division (2): 1930–31, 1932–33
 FA Charity Shield (3): 1930, 1931, 1933

Individual
World Soccer 9th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013
France Football 24th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2019

See also
 List of English football championship-winning managers

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

The Notts player who went on to glory as a giant of the game, Nottingham Post. 17 August 2013.
A career on the rise, Nottingham Post. 19 August 2013.
Biography and Times obituary
Biography at Leeds United history site

1878 births
1934 deaths
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
People from Kiveton Park
Men's association football inside forwards
Men's association football player-managers
Footballers from South Yorkshire
English men's footballers
Kiveton Park F.C. players
Stalybridge Rovers F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Worksop Town F.C. players
English football managers
Arsenal F.C. managers
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. managers
Leeds City F.C. managers
Northampton Town F.C. managers
Deaths from pneumonia in England
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
Ashton North End F.C. players

Herbert Chapman


Die Indische Badmintonmeisterschaft der Saison 1995/1996 fand Anfang 1996 in Bharuch statt. Es war die 60. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Indien.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
http://www.badmintonindia.org/players/national-winners/

1996
Badminton 1996
Sport (Gujarat)
Distrikt Bharuch

Indische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1995/96


El Iraurgi Saski Baloia, también conocido como Juaristi ISB por motivos de patrocinio, es un equipo de baloncesto español con sede en la ciudad de Azpeitia, (Guipúzcoa), que compite en la LEB Plata, la tercera división del baloncesto español. Disputa sus partidos en el Polideportivo Municipal de Azpeitia, con capacidad para 900 espectadores. Es el equipo vinculado del RETAbet.es GBC de la Liga Endesa. Su equipo femenino participa en la primera división nacional.

Denominaciones
 Lan Mobel ISB: -2013
 Azpeitia Azkoitia ISB: 2013-2014
 Sammic ISB: 2015-2018
 Juaristi ISB: 2018-

Plantilla
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%; width: 90%; "
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;" |Juaristi ISB 2023-2024|- style="background-color: #000000;color: white; text-align: center;"
! Jugadores !! Cuerpo Técnico|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="sortable" style="background:transparent; margin:0px; width:100%;"
! N.º !!  !! Pos. !! Nombre !! Altura !! Peso !! Procedencia
|-

Trayectoria del JUARISTI ISB

PalmarésEuskal Kopa LEB: (1)'''
2014

Referencias

Jugadores destacados

Enlaces externos
iraurgisb.com Página oficial
feb.es Ficha del club en la web de la Federación Española de Baloncesto
muevetebasket.es Ficha del club en Muevetebasket.es
eurobasket.com.com Página del equipo en Eurobasket.com

Baloncesto en España en 1975
Equipos de la Primera División Nacional de Baloncesto
Equipos de la Liga EBA
Equipos de la LEB Plata
Clubes de baloncesto de la provincia de Guipúzcoa
Equipos de Baloncesto Femenino de España
Azpeitia
Clubes deportivos de Guipúzcoa

Iraurgi Saski Baloia


Pierre Nicolas Gerdy  (n. 1 mai 1797, Loches-sur-Ource (Aube)  - d. 18 martie 1856, Paris) a fost un chirurg, anatomist și fiziolog francez. Chirurg (1825), profesor de patologie externă la Facultatea de Medicina din Paris (1833), membru al Academiei de Medicină (1837), el a scris numeroase lucrări, care au îmbogățit anatomia și mai ales fiziologia cu date prețioase. De numele lui se  leagă mai multe eponime anatomice (fontanela Gerdy, ligamentul Gerdy, șanțul lateral al abdomenului Gerdy, șanțul Gerdy, tuberculul Gerdy) și chirurgicale (fractura Gerdy, fractura spiroidă Gerdy; operația Gerdy-Trendelenburg).

Note

Legături externe
 Pierre-Nicolas Gerdy pe situl jschweitzer.fr

Anatomiști francezi
Chirurgi francezi

Pierre Nicolas Gerdy


عبد الله الزاخر هو من رجالات النهضة العربية وأول من إنشاء مطبعة تطبع باللغة العربية عام 1734م. وكان يتمتع بموهبة الرسم إذ قام برسم الكثير من الوجوه. كما أنه رسم نفسه من خلال انعكاس صورته على الماء. إضافة إلى تميزه بالعطاء والبحث وحب المعرفة.

أصله
بهو الشماس عبد الله بن زكريا الزاخر ولد العام 1684 في حلب. جاء إلى لبنان بعد أن تعرض أبناء عائلته للاضطهاد. وقد اختار دير مار يوحنا الصابغ ليعيش فيه. لقب بالـ«شماس» لأنه «ابن الكنيسة» وأطلق عليه اسم الزاخر نظرا للعطاءات التي قدمها. وتابع في الدير مهنة الصياغة التي تعلمها من عائلته بطريقة مختلفة بالحفر على الخشب. ومنها جاءته فكرة المطبعة كي يوصل المعرفة المكتوبة إلى الرهبان في الكنيسة وإلى الناس. وبعد أن عاش في الدير طوال حياته مات ودفن فيه وكان أول من يدفن داخله رغم أنه لم يكن راهبا.

المطبعة
صنع الزاخر كل أدوات المطبعة من حروف ومكابس بيديه من مواد موجودة حول الدير الا الورق. فاستخدم الخشب من الأشجار حوله، وكان يصنع الحبر من الأعشاب وورق الشجر ورغم مرور الوقت فإن هذا الحبر ما زال كما هو ولم يجف أو يمح عن الكتب. وكانت الأحرف مصنوعة إما من الرصاص أو الخشب.

مراجع

 «ميزان الزمان» أول كتاب طُبع بالأحرف العربية - عن السياسة الكويتية

أشخاص من حلب
روم كاثوليك لبنانيون
طابعو حروف
مخترعون لبنانيون
مواليد 1684
وفيات 1748

عبد الله الزاخر


Skåla er et fjeld ved Loen i Stryn kommune, Vestland fylke i Norge. Skåla ligger 1.843 meter over havet, mens den nærliggende Stryneskåla er 1.848 moh. Skålas top ligger kun 6,4 kilometer fra fjorden.

På toppen står Skålatårnet (Kloumanstårnet), et tårn muret i sten med 22 sengepladser, som blev opført i 1891 af doktor Hans Henrik Gerhard Klouman. En udbredt myte hævder at tårnet var ment at være et tiltag mod tuberkulose. Der er uenighed mellem mundtlige genfortællinger og skriftlige kilder om dette.

Hvert år afholdes fjeldløbet Skåla 1848 meter rett opp. Det går fra dalbunden og op og er på 1.823 højdemeter. Bakkene fra Tjugen til Skålatårnet er Norges lengste sammenhengende motbakke.

Kloumanstårnet
Dr. Klouman var ifølge myten af den opfattelse at den tynde luft ville gøre folk friske og de kunne opholde sig i Kloumanstårnet. Frisk højfjeldsluft skulle angivelig være helsebringende for tuberkulosen som var en stor folkesygdom i slutningen af 1800-tallet. Det hævdes  at det var  argumentet doktor Hans Henrik Gerhard Klouman i Innvik brugte  da han skabte interesse for å få bygget et tårn på Skåla, 1848 moh. Samtidig så man at dette kunne være interessant for et øgende antal turister. De to hoteller i Loen støttede med 100 kr hver og i alt blev der indsamlet 1100 kr. Det blev bestemt at der skulle laves en en-meter bred ridevej op, sånn at folk kunne fragtes på hesteryg. Grundejerne afstod fri grund og fik som kompensation eneret til transporten. Tårnet har over metertykke vægge og er på to etager. I anden etage er det tre køjer over hinanden, i en halvcirkel, med plads til i alt syv i hver seng. Tårnet bliver drevet som selvbetjent turistforeningshytte af Bergen Turlag.

Litteratur

Opptur – 267 fotturar i Sogn og Fjordane av Anne Rudsengen

Kilder og henvisninger

 Bergen Turlag om Skålatårnet

Stryn
Bjerge i Vestland

Skåla


Vincenzo Federico Devany (* 16. August 1988 in San Luis Obispo) ist ein US-amerikanischer Volleyballspieler.

Karriere
Devany begann seine Karriere an der Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana. Ab 2008 studierte er an der UC Santa Barbara und spielte im Universitätsteam. 2011 wurde der Zuspieler vom deutschen Bundesligisten VC Gotha verpflichtet.

Weblinks
Profil bei Santa Barbara (englisch)

Volleyballspieler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Volleyballspieler (Belgien)
Volleyballspieler (VC Gotha)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1988
Mann

Vincenzo Federico Devany


هوبينيكا (Губиниха) هي بلدة من النمط المدني في محافظة دنيبروبيتروفسك في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 5688 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

هوبينيكا (محافظة دنيبروبيتروفسك)


Kurt Svanström (født 24. marts 1915, død 16. januar 1996) var en svensk fodboldspiller (midtbane). Han spillede på klubplan hele sin karriere, fra 1930 til 1945, for Örgryte IS.

Svanström spillede desuden 10 kampe og scorede ét mål for Sveriges landshold. Han repræsenterede sit land ved VM 1938 i Frankrig.

Referencer

Fodboldspillere fra Sverige
Fodboldspillere fra Örgryte IS

Kurt Svanström


IIHF Verdensmesterskabet Division III 2019 var en international ishockeyturnering styret af International Ice Hockey Federation.

Gruppens turnering blev afholdt i Sofia, Bulgarien fra 22. til 28. april og kvalifikationsturneringen i Abu Dhabi, De Forenede Arabiske Emirater fra 31. marts til 6. april 2019. Både Kirgisistan og Thailand fik deres VM-debut, hvor de begge vandt deres første kamp (Kirgisistans første fire sejre blev senere annulleret på grund af en uberettiget spiller).

Bulgarien rykkede op i Division II, mens De Forenede Arabiske Emirater vandt kvalifikationsturneringen og rykkede op i hovedturneringen. Sydafrika sluttede sidst og rykkede dermed ned i kvalifikationsturneringen.

Division III

Deltagere

Dommere
4 dommere og 7 linjemænd blev udvalgt til turneringen.

Stilling

Resultater
Alle tider er lokale ( UTC + 3 ).

Priser og statistikker

Priser

 Bedste spillere valgt af direktoratet:
 Bedste målmand: Dimitar Dimitrov
 Bedste Defenseman: Shen Yen-lin
 Bedste fremadrettet: Miroslav Vasilev

Kilde: IIHF.com

Topscorere
List viser de øverste markspillere sorteret efter point og derefter mål.

K = Kampe spillet; M = mål; A = Assists; Pts = Punkter; +/- = Plus / Minus ; PIM = straffe i minutter POS = Position Kilde: IIHF.com

Bedste målmænd
Kun de fem bedste målmænd, baseret på redningsprocent, der har spillet mindst 40% af deres holds minutter, er inkluderet i denne liste.

TOI = Tid på is (minutter: sekunder); SA = Skud imod; GA = Mål mod; GAA = Mål over gennemsnittet ; Sv% = Gem Procent; SO = Shutouts Kilde: IIHF.com

Division III kvalifikationsturnering

Deltagere

Dommere
4 dommere og 7 linjemænd blev udvalgt til turneringen.

Stilling

Resultater
Alle tider er lokale ( UTC + 4 ).

 Kirgisistans Aleksandr Titov blev diskvalificeret og resulterede i, at hans hold tabte deres første fire kampe.

Statistik
Alle statistikker fra Kirgisistans første fire kampe blev ikke talt af IIHF, herunder deres modstandere scoringer og målmandsdetaljer.

Topscorere
List viser de bedste markspillere sorteret efter point og derefter mål.

K = Kampe spillet; M = mål; A = Assists; Pts = Punkter; +/- = Plus / Minus ; PIM = straffe i minutter POS = Position Kilde: IIHF.com

 De kirgisiske spillere Vladimir Nosov (23 point), Vladimir Tonkikh (16), Mikhail Chuvalov (16), Islambek Abdyraev (10) og Maksim Egorov (10) vises ikke i denne liste, fordi deres statistikker fra deres første fire kampe blev anset for ugyldige.

Målmænd
Kun de fem bedste målmænd, baseret på redningsprocent, der har spillet mindst 40% af deres holds minutter, er inkluderet i denne liste.

TOI = Tid på is (minutter: sekunder); SA = Skud imod; GA = Mål mod; GAA = Mål over gennemsnittet ; Sv% = Gem Procent; SO = Shutouts Kilde: IIHF.com

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel hjemmeside
 Kvalifikationswebsted

Division III 2019
Ishockey i 2019
Pages with unreviewed translations


La chara gorjinegra o chara de niebla (Cyanolyca pumilo) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Corvidae. Es nativo de El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México y posiblemente Nicaragua. Su hábitat consiste de bosque húmedo tropical y subtropical. No tiene subespecies reconocidas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cyanolyca
Aves de América Central
Animales descritos en 1849

Cyanolyca pumilo


Chamaedorea pinnatifrons es una especie de palmera que se distribuye desde México a Bolivia.

Descripción
Son palmas con tallos solitarios, erectos, ocasionalmente decumbentes, que alcanzan un tamaño de hasta 4 m de alto y 0.5–3 cm de diámetro, frecuentemente con raíces zancudas, entrenudos 1–18 cm de largo. Las hojas 4–10, erecto-patentes, pinnadas, raramente simples y bífidas, de 0.8–1.5 m de largo; pinnas (2–) 4–8 a cada lado, pinnas medias más grandes, elípticas a lanceoladas o rómbico-lanceoladas, sigmoides a falcadas, de 15–40 cm de largo y 2.5–12 cm de ancho, nervio principal con 2 o 3 nervios a cada lado o 3–7 nervios principales prominentes en la haz; hojas cuando bífidas 25–75 cm de largo y 15–30 cm de ancho, incisas en el ápice por 1/3–2/3 de su longitud, lobos 5–15 cm de ancho, pinnatiacostillados con 8–14 nervios primarios a cada lado, raquis hasta 70 cm de largo, abaxialmente con una banda pálida que se extiende hasta la vaina; vaina tubular, 6–40 cm de largo, pecíolo 5–55 cm de largo. Las inflorescencias inter o infrafoliares, solitarias, erectas pero péndulas cuando están muy cargadas de frutos, pedúnculo de 10–70 cm de largo, brácteas 3–7, raquis de hasta 15 cm de largo, verdosos en flor, rojo-anaranjados en fruto; inflorescencias estaminadas con (3–) 5–21 raquillas de 5–28 cm de largo, péndulas, verdes a amarillo-anaranjadas, flores 3.5 mm de largo y ancho, verdes a amarillas, sépalos imbricados y/o connados en la base, pétalos valvados, connados apical y basalmente; inflorescencias pistiladas con (2–) 5–15 raquillas de 4–24 cm de largo, erectas, patentes, rígidas, simples o las basales raramente bifurcadas, verdes a amarillas en flor, tornándose algo péndulas y rojo-anaranjadas en fruto, flores 1–1.5 mm de largo y 3.5–4 mm de ancho, en espirales moderadamente densos, verdosas a amarillas, aromáticas, sépalos connados y/o imbricados en la base, pétalos imbricados casi hasta el ápice, connados en la base. Los frutos son elipsoides a globosos, hasta 20 mm de largo, amarillos, anaranjados o rojos cuando maduros y tornándose negros.

Distribución y hábitat
Es una especie poco común en bosques muy húmedos y ocasionalmente en suelos calizos, a una altitud de 0–1094 metros. Se distribuye por México, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá, Perú, Venezuela y Bolivia.

Taxonomía
Chamaedorea pinnatifrons fue descrita por (Jacq.) Oerst. y publicado en Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1858(1–4): 14, en el año 1859.
EtimologíaChamaedorea: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas: χαμαί (chamai), que significa "sobre el terreno", y δωρεά (dorea'') , que significa "regalo", en referencia a las frutas fácilmente alcanzadas en la naturaleza por el bajo crecimiento de las plantas.

Sinonimia
Lista de sinónimos de Chamaedorea pinnatifrons

Usos
La parte basal del tallo, con sus numerosas raíces adventicias, ha sido utilizado por la población local para batir los alimentos.( Svenning,JC, y H.Balslev. 1998)

En la construcción: Se utilizan las hojas en los techos de las viviendas

Como herramientas y utensilios: - En algunos casos se utiliza la raíz de como escoba y con el tallo se hacen ratoneras.

Los frutos se usan como cebo para pescar y como cuentas para collares en artesanía.

Los frutos maduros son comestibles. Las plantas se extraen de los bosques por los campesinos y los venden en los mercados callejeros de algunas ciudades.

El palmito, es cortado y aplicado directamente para aliviar el dolor de las picaduras de hormigas.

Nombre común
Español: Casha ponilla, Ponilla, Chontilla. Urarina. Eichú

Referencias

pinnatifrons
Plantas medicinales
Flora de América
Plantas descritas en 1859
Plantas descritas por Jacquin
Plantas descritas por Oersted

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons


Anadolu sığla ağacı (Liquidambar orientalis), Altingiaceae familyasındandır. Türkiye'de Güney Ege ve Batı Akdeniz bölgelerinde sınırlı alanlarda yetişir. Yerel dilde "Günlük ağacı" olarak bilinen sığla, 20 metreye kadar boylanabilir ve görünüş olarak çınara benzer. 200-300 yıla kadar yaşayabilir. Marmaris ve Datça bölgelerinde dere boylarında, Köyceğiz ve Fethiye civarında ise taban suyu yüksek olan düzlüklerde korulukları vardır. Köyceğiz'de bulunan doğal yayılış alanlarının, portakal bahçelerine dönüşmesi ile daraldığı belirtilir. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından korunan alanlarda yeni korulukları tesis edilmektedir. Türkiye dışında sadece Rodos Adasında bulunur. Subtropikal iklim özellikleri görülen sıcak, nemli ve suyu bol yerlerde yetişir.

Anadolu Sığla ağacı, 30–35 m (98–115 ft) yüksekliğinde ve 100 cm (39 inç) çapında bir gövdeye sahip yaprak döken bir ağaçtır. Tek eşeyli çiçekler Mart'tan Nisan'a kadar çiçek açar. Meyveler Kasım-Aralık aylarında olgunlaşır ve tohumlar rüzgarla dağılır. Anadolu sığla ağaçları 0–400 m (0-1,312 ft) arasında bir yükseklik, 1.000-1.200 mm (39-47 inç) yıllık ortalama yağış ve 18 °C (64 °F) yıllık ortalama sıcaklığı tercih eder. Ağacın optimal büyümesi bataklıklar, nehir kıyıları ve kıyı bölgeleri gibi zengin, derin ve nemli topraklardadır, ancak yamaçlarda ve kuru topraklarda da büyüyebilir.

Özellikleri

Kabuk
Kabuk gençken çatlaksız yaşlıyken çatlaklıdır. Kabuklar gençken rengi grimsi, yaşlanınca grimsi kahverengi veya kahverengiye döner. Kabuk ve odunundaki kokuya "Buhur" adı verilir. "Buhurcular" adlı Yörük Obasına da adını vermiştir.

Sürgünler
Genç sürgünler önce yeşilimtrak, sonra kırmızımsı-kahverengi olup, incedir. Çıplak ve parlak olan sürgünler üzerindeki lentiseller küçüktür ve çıplak gözle görülebilir. Yan tomurcuklar sürgünlere çok sıralı sarmal dizilmiştir ve sürgüne az çok yatıktır. Tepe tomurcuğu yan tomurcuklardan biraz daha büyüktür. Yumurta şeklinde, elipsoid ve sivri uçlu olan tomurcuklar parlak olup pulların kenarı hafif kirpikli, kahverengi sürmeli ve çıplaktır. Pulların rengi elma yeşili-kahverengidir. Ovuşturuldukları zaman aromatik olup, üzerinde 3 adet iletim demeti izi taşır.

Yapraklar
Beş loplu ve ışınsal damarlı olan yapraklarda her bir lop genellikle ikincil olarak loplara ayrılır. Ucu küt veya sivri olan lopların sayısı ender olarak 3 veya 7'dir. Yaprakların kenarı ince ve muntazam dişlidir. Yaprak ayasının tabanında, ana damarların birleştiği yerde tüy demetleri saplanmış olup, bazı yapraklarda söz konusu tüyler yok denecek kadar azdır. Üst yüzleri tamamen çıplak ve parlak yeşildir. Yaprağın sapı ince ve oldukça uzundur. Erkek çiçekler kurul şeklinde ve tomurcukların üst ekseninde bulunanlar sık ve sapsız, alt tarafında bulunanlar ise daha seyrek olarak yerleşmiştir.

Çiçekler
Çiçekler küre şeklinde, üzerleri küçük kırmızımsı çiçeklerle bezenmiştir. Çiçek olgunlaşınca dikenli kozalağa dönüşür ve grimsi-yeşil renk alır. Dişi çiçekler ilk oluştukları zaman renkleri yeşil olup daha sonraları kırmızımsı renk alır. Üzerleri hafif tüylü olup, meyve içinde dökülmeden kalırlar ve sertleşip odunsu bir yapı kazanırlar.

Meyveler
Meyve uzun bir sapın ucunda, aşağıya doğru sarkık olarak durur. Olgunlaştıkları zaman sertleşir, kapsüller açılır ve tohumlar dökülür. Çok küçük kanatlı olan tohumun rengi koyu kahverengidir, basık, dip tarafı yuvarlak, uç kısmı sivridir. Tohum kabuğu parlak, ince ve serttir.

Sığla yağı
Sığla yağı iyi bir antiseptiktir. Eczacılıkta, parfümeride ve ayrıca buhur olarak kilise vb. yerlerde kullanılır. Kuru yongaları çeşitli ayinlerinde tütsü olarak kullanıldığından ağaca "günlük ağacı" denir.

Ağacın kabuğunun yaralanmasıyla, özünden elde edilen bir çeşit balsam olan "Sığla yağı" özellikle parfüm sanayinde kullanılan önemli bir hammaddedir. Ağacın önemi, elde edilen bu yağdan kaynaklanmaktadır.

Eskiden Türkiye'de 20 ton dolaylarında sığla yağı elde edilirken, günümüzde ormanların azalmasıyla yılda ancak 3-4 ton sığla yağı elde edilebilmektedir. Yağa, yurt içinden ve yurt dışından yoğun talep olmakla beraber, yeterli miktarda üretim olmadığı için bu talep karşılanamamaktadır. 2000'li yıllarla birlikte artık parfümeri sanayinde sentetik fiksatörler kullanıldığından eskiden olan talepler azalmış ve sığla yağı üretimi 1 tona kadar düşmüştür.

Tarihte
Geçmişte Mısır Kraliçesi Kleopatra'nın "aşk iksiri" ve parfüm olarak kullandığı sığla yağı, Hipokrat döneminden beri ilaç olarak da kullanılmıştır. Eski Mısırlılar sığla yağını mumyalama işlemleri sırasında da kullanmışlardır. Batmış Fenike gemilerinden çıkarılan içi sığala yağı dolu amforalar geçmişte sığla yağının Akdeniz ticaretinde önemli bir yer tuttuğunu göstermektedirler.

Eldesi
Özsuyunun hasadı ve yağının hazırlanması, mayıs ayından kasım ayına kadar süren ve birkaç ayrı aşamadan oluşan oldukça meşakkatli işleri içerir. Kalın özsu, Haziran-Eylül döneminde, toplam gövdenin ¼'ü kademeli olarak uzunlamasına sıyrılarak elde edilir. Gövdenin yaralanması, gövdeye dokunularak daha fazla uyarılabilen özsuyun ortaya çıkmasına neden olur. Muğla'nın Köyceğiz ilçesine bağlı Kavakarası köyünde vatandaşlar, plastik şişelerin keskin kenarlarını kullanarak yaralı ağaç gövdelerinden özsuyu sıyırır. Soyulmuş özsu, yumuşaması için kaynar suya konur, ardından preslenir. Styrax daha sonra ¼ su ile inceltilir, yumuşak kalır ve aroması korunur. Buhar damıtma ile açık sarı bir yağ elde edilir.

Bileşimi
Sığla yağının bileşiminde kokusunu veren sinnamik asit, uçucu yağlar ve reçine bulunur.

Yağ, antiseptik özelliğe sahiptir. Parazitlere karşı etkilir. Ciltte yumuşatıcı, rahatlatıcı, iltihap giderici ve yara iyi edici etkileri bulunmaktadır. Halk tarafından özellikle mide rahatsızlıklarında ve yaraların iyileştirilmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda temizleyici ve ter kokularını giderici olarak da kullanılır.

Kullanımı
Bu yağ, parfümeride sabitleyici olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yani parfüm içerisindeki güzel kokuların uçmamasını sağlar. Bu nedenle sığla yağı parfüm sanayinde önemli bir hammaddedir. Bunun yanı sıra sığla yağıyla yapılan sabunlar cilt yumuşatıcı etkiye ve güzel kokuya sahiptir.

Dağılımı
Türkiye'de doğal olarak bulunan Anadolu sığla ağacı, Marmaris ve Fethiye ilçelerinin kıyı düzlükleriyle Köyceğiz ve Dalaman deltasında mesçereler halinde bulunur. Denizli-Acıpayam-Alcı Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırları içinde, Dalaman Çayı boyunca yayılışı görülür. Isparta ve Burdur arasında da dar bir yayılışı bulunmaktadır. Türkiye'de iki alt türü bulunmaktadır. Bu bölgelerde eskiden ormanlar oluşturan ağaçlar, günümüzde küçük korular halinde bulunmaktadır.

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Sığla ağacı
 June Haimoff

Dış bağlantılar
 www.agaclar.net
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070911020952/http://www.ogm.gov.tr/agaclarimiz/agac21.htm
 Anadolu sığla ağacı

Liquidambar
Türkiye'deki odunsu taksonlar
Şifalı bitkiler

Anadolu sığla ağacı


Farsótt apabólu átti sér stað 2022-2023. Útbreiðsla var staðfest í maí 2022. tilfelli greindust í Bretlandi, þar sem fyrsta tilfellið greindist í London 6. maí 2022 hjá sjúklingi með nýlega ferðasögu frá Nígeríu (þar sem sjúkdómurinn er algengur). Þann 16. maí staðfesti breska heilbrigðisöryggisstofnunin (UKHSA) fjögur ný tilfelli án tengsla við ferðalög til landsins. Einstaklingarnir virtust hafa smitast í London. Frá og með 18. maí voru tilkynnt um tilfelli frá fjölda landa og svæða, aðallega í Evrópu og Ameríku en einnig í Asíu, Afríku og Eyjaálfu. Faraldurinn er í fyrsta sinn þar sem apabóla hefur breiðst út utan Mið- og Vestur-Afríku.

Þann 23. júlí lýsti framkvæmdastjóri Alþjóðaheilbrigðismálastofnunarinnar, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, yfir alþjóðlegu neyðarástandi vegna apabólu. Frá og með 5. júní 2023 höfðu alls 87.929 staðfest tilfelli greinst í rúmlega 111 löndum.

Apabóla á Íslandi
Þann 8. júní 2022 greindust fyrstu tilfelli af apabólu á Íslandi. Samtals hafa 16 smit verið greind á Íslandi. Bólusetningar gegn veirunni hófust í lok júlí 2022.

Tilvísanir

2022
2023
Farsóttir

Apabólufaraldurinn 2022–2023


Campionatul European de Volei Masculin din 1950 a fost cea de a doua ediție a Campionatului European de Volei organizată de CEV. A fost găzduită de Sofia, Bulgaria în perioada 14-22 octombrie 1950.

Echipa campioană, Uniunea Sovietică, a reușit performanța de a nu pierde nici un set în cele 5 meciuri disputate. În fiecare din cele 15 seturi a primit mai puțin de 10 puncte (după vechiul sistem de punctaj).

Echipe participante

Competiția

</center>

Clasamentul final

Referințe
 Rezultate de pe un site privat

Campionatul European de Volei
Competiții sportive internaționale găzduite de Bulgaria
1950 în sport


Ivo Despot (Šibenik, 9. srpnja 1950. – 21. kolovoza 2017.), hrvatski veslač. Najbolji štroker u povijesti VK Krka.

Životopis
Rođen je 9. srpnja 1950. godina. Član VK Krka. 1987-ih dio Krkina osmerca Ivo Despot, Janko Grbelja, Zdravko Huljev, Zdravko Gracin, Nikica Bujas, Stevo Macura, Dragan Cvitan, Mladen Ninić i kormilar Jadran Radovčić, koji je harao u veslačkim natjecanjima u Hrvatskoj i Jugoslaviji. Trener posade bio je Milivoj Boranić. Godine 1972. godine nastupio je na Olimpijskim igrama u Münchenu. Na Olimpijadu nije išao izvorni Krkin osmerac, nego su zadarska braća Bajlo uvrštena u posadu odlukom čelnika tadašnjeg VSJ-a, pa je osmerac činila kombinirana posada od šestorice šibenskih veslača i braće Bajlo. Posada je bila peta u 2. kvalifikacijskoj skupini. Sudionik Mediteranskih igara u Splitu 1979. kad je osvojio srebrenu medalju u četvercu bez kormilara. Dobio je nagradu za zaslužnog športskog djelatnika Šibensko-kninske županije.

Izvori

Životopisi, Šibenik
Hrvatski veslači

Ivo Despot


L'abbaye Saint-Pierre est une abbaye catholique située à Beaumont (Puy-de-Dôme), en France.

Localisation
L'abbaye est située dans le département français du Puy-de-Dôme, sur la commune de Beaumont.

Historique
Aucun document ne permet de préciser la date et les fondateurs de l'abbaye. C'est un des plus anciens monastères de femmes de l'Auvergne. La tradition attribue la fondation de cette abbaye ou monastère de femmes aux comtes d'Auvergne, à l'initiative de saint Priest, évêque des Arvènes, entre 665 et 670, fondée sur des extrapolations de deux vies de cet évêque écrites au  et au  ou . On ne sait pas à quelle date la règle bénédictine a été introduite dans l'abbaye.

L'édifice actuel de style roman date de la seconde moitié du , probablement entre 1060 et 1090.

Le premier texte citant l'abbaye est la bulle de confirmation du pape Calixte II, en 1123. Le pape Alexandre III profitant de son passage dans le diocèse de Clermont a confirmé l'ensemble des possessions de l'abbaye, le , et la place sous la protection du Saint-Siège. En 1355, l'abbesse exerce les droits de haute, moyenne et basse justice dans sa juridiction et dispose des revenus de la châtellenie de Beaumont. Le monastère est alors placé sous protection royale. Son recrutement est aristocratique depuis au moins le , et l'est resté jusqu'en 1792.

L'église a été restaurée, une première fois, entre 1826 et 1831, par Louis Charles François Ledru pour restituer le clocher de la croisée du transept abattu en 1793, et une seconde fois, entre 1978 et 1984, par l'abbé Gérard Morel, curé de Beaumont, qui a restitué les dispositions initiales du chœur, a « dérestauré » les piles et les grandes arcades de la nef qui avaient été modifiées au . À l'extérieur, le bras nord du transept et la façade occidentale ont été dégagés des constructions qui s'étaient greffées contre.

Protection
L'ancienne église abbatiale a été inscrite au titre des monuments historiques le  et les vestiges du cloître, le .

Liste des abbesses
 Gondilène (Gundilana), première abbesse, nommée par l'évêque saint Priest. L'évêque a placé l'abbaye sous une règle qui tenait de celle de saint Césaire d'Arles, de saint Colomban et de saint Benoît.
 Ermengarde I, promet obéissance à l'évêque des Arvènes Aimeric,
 Cécile, professe obéissance au même. Le pape Alexandre III assure le monastère de sa protection et confirme tous les droits et les possessions qui lui ont été concédés, en 1165,
 Ermengarde II,
 Pétronille, promet obéissance à l'évèque Gilbert,
 Aalais, promet obéissance à l'évêque Robert,
 Haalaidis,
 Laureta,
 Aldina, en 1253,
 Ayceline, citée en 1306, 1314, 1316, 1321, 1326,
 Huga de Cros, 1343,
 Marie de Besse, décide en 1356 d'avoir pour seul suzerain le roi de France et refuse de reconnaître comme seigneur le Dauphin d'Auvergne Béraud . Après cette date, aucune abbesse n'a prêté hommage au Dauphin. Après sa mort, la communauté s'est déchirée, entre 1360 et 1364, sur sa succession. Une partie des religieuses choisissant une cousine du Dauphin, Ysabelle Dauphine, une autre préférant l'arrière petite-nièce d'Ayceline, Béatrice de Montaigut. Le pape intervint en 1364 pour désigner une supérieure d'une lignée plus neutre.
 Marguerite de Rochefort, 1366,
 Béatrice de Montaigut a obtenu sa revanche et a dirigé l'abbaye de 1375 à 1393. À sa mort les rivalités reprirent entre deux religieuses, Galiane de Saint-Flour et Randonne de La Forest. Galiane a été désignée par les religieuses, mais cette élection a été contestée par les partisane de Randonne. Le Saint-Siège a alors tranché en faveur de Randonne de La Foreste, apparentée aux Aycelin.
 Randonne de La Forest, 1399, 1402, 1406, 1412, 1413, présente le 4 juillet à l'église Saint-Martin de Chalvignac l'archiprêtre Maurice avec l'évêque Henri de La Tour,
 Agnès de Montmorin, 1428,
 Isabelle de la Forest, 1446. Elle transige avec l'abbé et le chapitre de Saint-Génes. Citée dans les chartes en 1463, 1471 et 1473. Elle obtient une lettre du conseil privé du roi Charles VII la reconnaissance de son abbaye comme « Fondation Royale », en 1448.
 Marie de La Forest, 1513. En 1505, un jugement a menacé l'abbesses d'excommunication afin de la contraindre à payer une dette qu'elle avait auprès d'un boucher de Clermont.
 Jeanne de Luchat, décédée en 1545, en laissant le monastère complètement ruiné. Le roi François  a alors décidé de placer dans sa main tous les biens et revenus du monastère pour qu'ils ne soient plus dispersés. Les biens son inventoriés et des commissaires sont désignés pour les gérer.
 Françoise du Vernet, désignée par le roi le . À partir de cette date, les abbesses ont été désignées par le roi conformément au concordat de Bologne.
 Claudia du Vernet, 1601,
 Anne le Groing, décédée en 1640,
 Appoline le Groing de la Pouvrière (1606 -1685), désignée en 1643. Elle a exercé son abbatiat pendant 42 ans. Son abbatiat correspond à une période faste de l'abbaye. Pour contrer la prétention des évêques de Clermont d'intervenir dans la gestion de l'abbaye, elle a rédigé en 1650 de nouvelles règles pour l'abbaye. Elle a rétabli la stricte clôture de l'abbaye. Elle a rédigé plusieurs ouvrages pieux et entretenu des relations avec d'autres monastères dans le diocèse de Clermont et au-delà, comme l'abbaye Notre-Dame de Montmartre, à Paris. Elle a fait construire de nouveaux locaux pour l'abbaye.
 Jeanne de Villelum du Batiment. Elle a transigé pour l'abbaye Saint-Ausone d'Angoulême avec Angélique d'Espinay de Lignery,
 Angélique d'Espinay de Lignery, abbesse de 1687 à 1700. Elle a conduit l'abbaye au bord du gouffre financier. D'une santé mentale fragile, elle a été relevée de ses fonctions par Louis XIV qui l'a envoyé finir ses jours à l'abbaye des Andelys.
 Marie-Françoise de Lantillac, arrière-petite-nièce d'Appoline le Going, elle est désignée le . Elle a réussi à redresser la situation.
 Marie-Gilberte de Chabannes a lancé la reconstruction partielle des bâtiments conventuels en 1742. Elle a dû faire face à une cabale. En 1755, Louis XV lui ordonne de ne plus recevoir de novices. Les religieuses protestèresnt et le roi leva cette interdiction en 1757.
 Marie-Thérèse de Lantillac-Sédières (1720-1780). En 1763, les religieuses portèrent contre elle et sa sœur, Marie-Victoire des accusations d'impiété et de mauvais traitement. Entrée dans la communauté à l'âge de trois ans, elle souffrait d'alcoolisme. Elle cède l'abbaye à sa sœur, en 1768, après l'avoir ruinée.
 Marie-Victoire de Lantillac-Sédières, dernière abbesse de Beaumont, entre 1768 et 1792. Elle a été dénoncée par les moniales pour son immoralité et sa vie licencieuse. Elle est expulsée en 1792 avec dix religieuses.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques du Puy-de-Dôme

Liens externes
 Paroisse Saint Aubin de la Haute Artière : Histoire de l'église Saint Pierre de Beaumont

Monument historique inscrit en 1926
Monument historique inscrit en 1927
Beaumont
Beaumont

Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Beaumont


Glenea glauca é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrito por Newman em 1842.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

glauca
Coleópteros descritos em 1842

Glenea glauca


Beša este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Levice din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 638 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Beša este atestată documentar din 1292.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Beša, Levice


»Alternative fakta« er et begreb, som blev brugt af USA-præsident Donald Trump rådgiver Kellyanne Conway den 22. januar 2017 i nyhedsudsendelsen Meet the Press på fjernsynskanalen NBC i USA. I interviewet med Chuck Todd, hvor Todd anklagede pressesekretær Sean Spicer for at tale usandt om deltagerantallet ved Donald Trumps indsættelsesceremoni som præsident, svarede Conway »Ikke overdrive, Chuck. Du siger det er en løgn, og ... vor pressesekretær, Sean Spicer, gav alternative fakta.« Todd svarede med at sige, at »alternative fakta er ikke fakta. De er usandheder.«

Kellyanne Conways brug af begrebet »alternative fakta« for at beskrive det, som anses som usandheder blev latterliggjort på sociale medier og kritiseret af bl.a. Dan Rather, Jill Abramson, og Public Relations Society of America. Uttrykket blev beskrevet som orwellsk, og salget af romanen 1984 steg første uge med 9500 procent, så bogen blev en bestseller på Amazon.com.

Kilder
Denne artikkel bygger på «Alternative facts» fra engelske Wikipedia,  den 4. februar 2017.

Referencer

Baggrundsstof
Totalitarisme
Politisk terminologi

Alternative fakta


Gri kart, pozometrelerin kalibre edildiği referans orta tonu temsil eden ve ışığın %18'ini yansıtan standart gri renge boyalı kart. Fotoğrafta renklendirme için kullanılır.

Fotoğrafçılık ekipmanları
Renk
Fotometri

Gri kart


Huang Dongping (; Nan'an, 20 de janeiro de 1995) é uma jogadora de badminton chinesa, campeã olímpica.

Carreira

Nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020, em Tóquio, conquistou a medalha de ouro na categoria duplas mistas ao lado de Wang Yilyu após confronto na final contra os também chineses Zheng Siwei e Huang Yaqiong. Ela também foi duas vezes campeã asiática de duplas mistas em 2018 e 2019.

Jogadores de badmínton olímpicos da China
Jogadores de badminton nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Campeões olímpicos da China

Huang Dongping


فرانشيسكو (باكو) ماتيو (15 مايو 1917 في الجزيرة الخضراء - ) في ستراسبورغ)  لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم إسباني وحمل أيضا الجنسية الفرنسية راحل كان يجيد في خط الدفاع .

لعب ماتيو في أندية تطوان، إشبيلية ، برشلونة ، فالنسيا (1937-1939) بوردو (1939-1945) ستراسبورغ (1945-1950) .

تولى ماتيو تدريب نادي ستراسبورغ (1970-1971) .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو إشبيلية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو برشلونة
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو ستراسبورغ
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو نادي فالنسيا
مدربو ستراسبورغ
مدربو كرة قدم إسبان
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مواليد 1917
مواليد في الجزيرة الخضراء (إسبانيا)
وفيات 1979
وفيات في ستراسبورغ

فرانشيسكو ماتيو


Wario Land 3 is a platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color. In the game, Mario's archrival Wario must free a mysterious figure who is trapped inside a music box. It was followed by Wario Land 4 in 2001. It was also released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in 2013, and as part of the Nintendo Switch Online service on 8 February 2023.

Gameplay
The gameplay in Wario Land 3 is very similar to that of its predecessor, Wario Land II. Wario must take advantage of his enemies' attacks to physically change and access new areas. For example, if Wario eats a donut thrown by a certain enemy, he temporarily bulks up to twice his size, giving him extra protection against attacks and the ability to break certain blocks. While Wario will always be affected by his enemies, he must also find new powers and abilities in order to progress through the game.

The world of the music box is divided into four different areas, East, West, North, and South, each containing a number of individual stages. Each stage contains four treasures, each of which is locked in a colored treasure chest that can only be opened with the corresponding key. The colors of the chests are, in the approximate order that they are intended to be opened, Gray, Red, Green, and Blue. This order is not fixed, although the game provides hints as to the next stage to travel to and the next treasure to obtain. Often, when a treasure chest in one stage cannot be reached, Wario must backtrack to retrieve a new item to make it accessible.

Finding new treasures usually opens a path to a new stage, or unlocks a new area in a previous stage. Some treasures grant Wario a new ability, allowing him to access previously unreachable areas. Whenever Wario obtains a new treasure, he is transported back to the music box overworld. Time alternates between day or night each time Wario exits a stage. Some stages change depending on the time of day; certain enemies may be replaced or different paths may open up. Wario cannot control time initially, but gains this ability when he finds a certain treasure.

In some stages, Wario will have to play a golfing minigame to progress. He must knock the enemy into the cup without going over par for that hole, while avoiding hazards such as water, bunkers, lava and rough. Upon collecting certain items in the game, this golf minigame is available to be played at any time from the overworld map.

Coins can be found in each stage, and are used primarily to play the golfing minigame described above. Wario can carry a maximum of 999 coins. In addition, eight Music Coins are hidden in each level for Wario to find. If all eight are found in each of the 25 stages, an extra fourth golf hole will be available for play.

As in the previous Wario Land game, Wario has no health points and cannot die; the lone exception is that he can get captured by the game's final boss, Rudy the Clown and get a game over. This simply returns Wario back to the music box overworld.

Plot
One day, Wario's plane stalls and crashes while he is flying over the woods. Uninjured, he spends the rest of his afternoon wandering amongst the trees and underbrush until he stumbles upon a mysterious cave. Inside the cave, he discovers a magical music box and is suddenly sucked into it. There, a mysterious figure informs Wario that he had once ruled the world inside the music box, until an evil being sealed away his magical powers in five music boxes. In exchange for freeing it, the being promises to send Wario back to his own world and let him keep any treasure he finds. Enticed by the thought of returning to his own world with a cache of treasure, Wario departs on his quest, in search of the music boxes and the many treasures of this mysterious land.

After collecting all the music boxes, Wario returns to the mysterious being's temple. The music boxes play a medley together that frees the being, revealed to be Rudy the Clown. It transpires that Rudy is in fact the villain and had been imprisoned, although not before turning the music box's inhabitants into monsters, who had been attacking Wario simply to try to stop him from freeing the evil clown. After Wario defeats Rudy, he is met by the inhabitants of the music box, now restored to their former selves. They thank Wario and transport him back to his own world, along with the treasure that he has collected, as promised.

Reception

Wario Land 3 received highly positive reviews upon release. It has an aggregate score of 90.00% on GameRankings based on 15 reviews, making it the highest rated game in the Wario series. It was a runner-up for GameSpots annual "Best Game Boy Color Game" and "Best Platform Game" awards, losing to Dragon Warrior I & II and Banjo-Tooie, respectively.

GameSpot rated the game 9.8 out of 10, while IGN gave it an "outstanding" rating of 9 out of 10. Nintendo Power listed it as the ninth best Game Boy/Game Boy Color video game, describing it as the pinnacle of titular character Wario's early action-platform adventure games. Nintendojo awarded the game a perfect 10 out of 10 and called it one of the best platforming games for Game Boy system.

It was the tenth best selling Game Boy Color game in Japan, with 255,536 copies sold.

Notes

References

External links
 Official website (in Japanese)

2000 video games
Game Boy Color games
Metroidvania games
Nintendo Research & Development 1 games
Nintendo Switch Online games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS
Wario Land
Single-player video games

Wario Land 3


Ørkentopvagtel () er en topvagtelart.

Ørkentopvagtlen lever i ørkenregionerne i Arizona, Californien, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah og Texas, samt Sonora, Chihuahua og langs Coloradofloden i Baja California.

IUCN kategoriserer arten som ikke truet.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Mellemamerikas fugle
Fugle fra USA
Topvagtler

Ørkentopvagtel


Üzümlü, Erzincan'ın 9 ilçesinden biridir.

Eski adı Cimindir. Nüfus, 2000'li yılların başından itibaren göç alan değil göç veren pozisyonundadır. İlçeye bağlı Altınbaşak beldesi bulunmaktadır. Toplam belde ve köy sayısı 24'tür.

Doğusunda Erzincan Merkez ilçesi, batısında Tercan, kuzeyinde Çayırlı, güneyinde ise Tunceli iline bağlı Pülümür ilçesi yer alır. İlçede Urartular döneminden kalma Altıntepe kalesi bulunmaktadır. Kendine has hoş kokulu siyah üzümü ile meşhurdur. Ve bu üzüm dünyada eşi benzeri olmayan bir üzümdür. Dünya'nın ilk ve tek patentli üzümü olan Cimin Üzümü'ne sahiptir. Üzümlü yakınlarındaki Altıntepe Kalesinde 2003 yılından beri Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü öğretim üyelerinden Mehmet Karaosmanoğlu başkanlığında yapılan kazılar sürdürülmektedir. Kale Urartu, Pers, Bizans ve Anadolu Selçuklu dönemlerinde kullanılmıştır. Kalede Urartu Dönemine (M.Ö. 850-600) ait bir tapınak, kabul salonu/Apadana, Açık Hava Tapınağı, yeraltına taşlarla örülmüş 3 oda mezar ile sur duvarları ve giriş kapısının taş temellerine ait kalıntılar görülebilir. Bizans döneminden bir kilise yapısı ve sur duvarları bulunmaktadır.

1930 yılında belde belediyesi teşkilatı kurulan ve Erzincan merkez ilçeye bağlı olan Üzümlü, 1987'de ilçe statüsü aldı.

Nüfus

Belediye
Üzümlü Belediyesi 1924 yılında kurulmuştur.

Seçildikleri yıllara ve oy oranlarına göre belediye başkanları:

2019 Ahmet Sazlı AK Parti %49,80
2014 Ahmet Sazlı AK Parti
2009 Sami Sertadım AK Parti  %52.04
2004 Ensari Sürücü AK Parti %30,00
1999 İhsan Akbaş MHP   %45.736
1994 Yusuf Yeşilbağ RP %37.92
1989 Lütfü Yakut MHP %34.02

Kaynakça

Üzümlü


Gliese 667 Cd je mogući egzoplanet koji bi kružio oko zvijezde Gliese 667 C, koja je dio sustava Gliese 667. Bio bi masivniji od planeta Gliese 667 Cc. Bilo bi riječ o ledenom planetu, koji bi se nalazio izvan nastanjive zone, sa sličnošću od 49%, a predloženo je i da bi Gliese 667 Cd mogao imati ocean ispod leda.

Postojanje Gliese 667Cd bilo je predviđeno 2012. i podržano je daljnjom studijom u 2013. Reanaliza podataka Feroza i Hobsona 2014., međutim, pokazuje da je otkrivanje ovog planeta rezultat neispravnog objašnjenja zvjezdane buke u podacima radijalne brzine. Ali primjećen je signal od 91 dana, što se poklapa s orbitalnim periodom ovog planeta. No, pomnom analizom taj signal je otklonjen, što bi značilo da je planet rezultat zvjezdane buke. Ali 2019. ponovno su pobuđene sumnje u to, pa se taj planet može smatrati nepotvrđenim.

Gliese 667

Gliese 667 Cd


Koleraen er en dansk stumfilm fra 1912, der er instrueret af Christian Schrøder efter manuskript af Alfred Kjerulf.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1912

Koleraen


Akçakese, Karabük ilinin Eflani ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1530 yılı kayıtlarında Akçakilise, 1907 yılı kayıtlarında ise Akçekese olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri Safranbolu ilçesine bağlıyken, 23 Mayıs 1959'da Eflani ilçesine bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 73 km, Eflani ilçe merkezine 28 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Eflani belde ve köyleri

Akçakese, Eflani


ටයිපේ සොංෂාං ගුවන්තොටුපොල   () යනු,  චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ,  ටයිපේහී,  සොංෂාං  හී පිහිටි,  මධ්‍යම-ප්‍රමාණයේ වාණිජ ගුවන්තොටුපොලක් සහ හමුදාමය ගුවන්කඳවුරක් වෙයි. මෙම ගුවන්තොටුපොල  හෙක්ටෙයාර් 182  (1.82 කිමි2) ප්‍රමාණයක  භූමිභාගයක් පුරා පැතිරී පවතියි.

සොංෂාං ගුවන්තොටුපොලෙහි සිවිල් කොටස වන්නාවූ සහ, නිල වශයෙන්  ටයිපේ  ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපොල () විසින් , තායිවානය තුල දේශීය වශයෙන් සහ, චීනය, දකුණු කොරියාව සහ ජපානය වෙත, ඇරඹුමට නියමිත පියාසැරි කාර්ය සටහන් ගතව ඇති අතර, ටයිපේ වෙතින් පිටතට ජාත්‍යන්තරව නියමිත පියාසැරි බොහෝමයක්  ඇරඹුමට ඇත්තේ   ටවුයැං ජාත්‍යන්තර  ගුවන්තොටුපොල වෙතිනි.

සොංෂාං ගුවන් හමුදා කඳවුර () වෙතින් කොටසක් ලෙසින්, චීන සමූහාණ්ඩු ගුවන් හමුදාවෙහි සමහරක් ඒකකයන්හී කඳවුර ලෙසින්ද  සොංෂාං ගුවන්තොටුපොල ක්‍රියා කරයි. සොංෂාං පර්යන්ත බලඇණියේ  ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙය වන්නේ චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ ජනාධිපතිවරයා  සහ   උප ජනාධිපතිවරයා  සඳහා සේවා සැපයීමයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

ටයිපේ සොංෂාං ගුවන්තොටුපොල


Populația fula  sau fulani sau fulany sau fulɓe (Fula:fulɓe; ; Hausa:fulani sau hilani; ; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: fulaw), cu un număr cuprins între 20 și 25 de milioane de oameni, este unul dintre cele mai mari grupuri etnice din Sahel și Africa de Vest, dispersat în întreaga regiune. Fulanii, în mod tradițional, se crede că au rădăcini în Africa de Nord și Orientul Mijlociu, și că mai târziu s-au amestecat cu localnicii din Africa de Vest. Ca grup etnic, ei sunt legați între ei prin limba fula, prin afilierea la Islam ,prin istoria  și prin cultura comune.

O proporție semnificativă a fulanilor – o treime sau o valoare estimată la 7 - 8 milioane – sunt păstori, ceea ce face din ei grupul etnic cu cea mai mare comunitate pastorală nomadă din lume.  Locuind în multe țări, ei trăiesc în principal în Africa de Vest și părțile nordice ale Africii Centrale, dar și în Ciad, Sudan și în regiunile de lângă Marea Roșie.

Mulți fulani au fost luați captivi în America în secolele 16-19 , ca parte a comerțului cu sclavi. Ei au fost în mare măsură capturați din Senegal și Guineea, și cu un procent semnificativ din Mali și Camerun. Unii fulani faimoși luați ca sclavi au fost Bilali Muhammad, Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, Salih Bilali, Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, și Omar ibn Said. Se cunosc încă urmași de-ai lui Bilali Muhammad care locuiesc pe Sapelo Island, Georgia, Statele Unite ale Americii, și are descendenți chiar și în Arhipelag. Lucayan. Abdul-Rahman și multe alții, de asemenea, au mulți descendenți în America atât ca un rezultat al propriei lor destinații cât și ca o consecință a continuării comerțului cu "carne vie" din  Africa.

Fulanii sunt lideri în multe țări din Africa de Vest, printre aceștia se numără președintele Nigeriei, Muhammadu Buhari, președintele Senegalului, Macky Sall, președintele Gambiei, Adama Barrow, vice-președintele din Sierra Leone, Dr. Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh, și vice-președinte Gambiei, Fatoumata Tambajang.

Nume

Există multe nume (și grafii de nume), utilizate în alte limbi pentru a se referi la etnia fulɓe. Fulani din limba engleză este împrumutat din limba hausa. Termenul limba fula, din grupul de limbi mandinga, este utilizat în limba engleză și scris, uneori, Fulah sau Fullah. Fula și fulani sunt frecvent utilizate în limba engleză, inclusiv în Africa. Francezii au împrumutat un termen din limba wolof: pël, care este scris: Peul, Peulh și chiar Peuhl. Mai recent, fulfulde / pulaar, care sunt termeni din limba fulɓe, care este un substantiv la plural (la singular: pullo) a fost anglicizat ca Fulbe,. În portugheză sunt utilizați termenii fula sau futafula. Termenii Fallata, Fallatah sau Fellata sunt din limba kanuri, etnonime cu care fulanii sunt identificați în Sudan.

Distribuția geografică

Fulanii sunt împrăștiați pe scară largă, prin Sahel, de la Atlantic la Marea Roșie, în special în Africa de Vest. Țările în care acestea sunt prezenți includ Mauritania, Ghana, Senegal, Guineea, Gambia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Guineea-Bissau, Camerun, Coasta de Fildeș, Niger, Ciad, Togo, Sudanul de Sud în Republica Centrafricană, Liberia, și în est până la Marea Roșie, în Sudan și Egipt. Cu excepția țărilor: Guineea, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso și Niger, unde fulanii alcătuiesc cel mai mare grup etnic, fulanii sunt fie semnificativi, fie un grup etnic minoritar în aproape toate celelalte țări în care trăiesc. Mulți dintre ei vorbesc și limbile țărilor în care locuiesc, ceea ce face ca mulți fulani să fie bilingvi sau chiar trilingvi. Este vorba de limbi ca franceza, hausa, bambara, wolof și araba.

Concentrații majore de fulani există în Fouta-Djallon, zonă muntoasă a centrală Guineei centrale și de sud, în nordul Sierrei Leone; în pășunile savanelor Futa Tooro din Senegal și din sudul Mauritaniei; în zona deltei interioare a Nigerului - numită Massina, în Mali; și mai ales în regiunile din jurul Mopti și Nioro Du Sahel, în regiunea Kayes; așzările Borgu din Benin, Togo și Nigeria central-vestică; în nordul Burkinei Faso, în regiunea Sahel, provinciile Seno, Wadalan, și Soum; și suprafețele ocupate de Califatul Sokoto, care include ceea ce este acum Sudul Nigerului și Nigeria de Nord (Tahoua, Katsina, Sokoto, Statul Kebbi, Zinder, Bauchi, Diffa, Statul Yobe, Statul Gombe și, mai departe spre est, în valea râului Benue din nord-estul Nigeriei și nordul Camerunului).

Fulanii sedentari trăiesc în sate și orașe și au renunțat la viața nomadă complet, în favoarea uneia urbane.  Astăzi, orașe cu populație majoritară fula sunt: Labé, Pita, Mamou și Dalaba în Guineea, Kaedi, Matam și Podor în Senegal și Mauritania, Bandiagara, Mopti, Dori, Gorom-Gorom și Djibo în Mali și Burkina Faso, la cotul Nigerului, și Birnin Kebbi, Gombe, Yola, Jalingo, Mayo Belwa, Mubi, Maroua, Ngaoundere, Girei și Garoua în Camerun și Nigeria; în cele mai multe dintre aceste comunități, fulanii sunt de obicei percepuți ca o clasă conducătoare.

Istorie

Originile fulanilor sunt neclare, fiind propuse diverse teorii.

Referințe

Grupuri etnice din Guineea
Grupuri etnice din Mali
Grupuri etnice din Mauritania
Grupuri etnice din Niger
Grupuri etnice din Nigeria
Grupuri etnice din Senegal
Grupuri etnice din Sudan

Fula (etnie)


Compușii ce conțin macrocicluri sunt acei compuși chimici moleculari sau ionici care conțin în structura lor un ciclu alcătuit din cel puțin doisprezece atomi. Câteva exemple sunt: eterii coroană, calixarenele, porfirinele și ciclodextrinele.

Obținere

Note

Vezi și
 Compus ciclic
 Criptand

Macrociclu


Eptá Pigés (; []; ) est une zone de sources située au nord de la ville d'Archángelos, dans la partie orientale de l'île de Rhodes, en Grèce. Elle est située à une distance d'environ quatre kilomètres de la côte.

L'eau d'Eptá Pigés est utilisée depuis plusieurs siècles afin d'irriguer les cultures avoisinantes. Au début du , des ingénieurs italiens conçoivent des conduites d'eau et creusent un lac artificiel dans les environs de la zone. Les Italiens procèdent également à la plantation d'une forêt de pins dans la région d'Eptá Pigés. Aujourd'hui, diverses espèces d'orchidées sont visibles dans la forêt. Des oies, des canards, ainsi que des paons, cohabitent dans la zone des sources. Au sein du lac artificiel, des espèces telles que des crabes, des anguilles, des tortues, ainsi que Ladigesocypris ghigii, une espèce endémique du Dodécanèse et menacée, sont présentes.

Depuis les sources, le lac de retenue est accessible par des canaux, ainsi que par un tunnel de près de 200 mètres. Il existe également des chemins de randonnée menant au lac de retenue.

Notes et références

Références

Source en Grèce
Rhodes

Eptá Pigés


Lukovac je otočić uz obalu Raba, kod mjesta Lopar. Od otoka Raba, točnije od lukobrana lučice u Loparu, je udaljen oko 110 metara.

Površina otoka je 6289 m2, duljina obalne crte 341 m, a visina oko 12 metara.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kvarnerski otoci

Lukovac (Lopar)


Sønsteby Station (Sønsteby holdeplass) var en jernbanestation på Bergensbanen, der lå i Flå kommune i Norge.

Stationen blev oprettet som trinbræt 2. juni 1930. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 23. maj 1982, og 3. juni 1984 blev stationen nedlagt formelt.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Bergensbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1930
Ophørt i 1984
Jernbanestationer i Viken

Sønsteby Station


Mörel er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Mittelholstein i den sydlige del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Mörel er beliggende omkring 20 km vest for Neumünster og 20 km syd for Rendsborg i Naturpark Aukrug. Sydvest for Mörel krydser Bundesstraße 77 fra Rendsborg mod Itzehoe, Bundesstraße 430 fra Neumünster mod Meldorf.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Mörel (Holstein)


De Hyrkanske skove findes i lavlandet langs sydkysten af det Kaspiske hav og op i bjergene syd derfor. Skovene dækker et område på ca. 55.000 km² i Aserbajdsjan og det nordlige Iran.

Placering
Dette økosystem dækker i Aserbajdsjan lavlandet i Länkarän lavlandet og højlandet i Talyshbjergene. I Iran findes det langs kysten af det Kaspiske hav og på nordskråningerne af Alborzbjergene. Her dækker skovene 30.400 km², og udgør dermed størsteparten af økosystemet. Sydpå strækker skovene sig op i større højder og går over i skovsteppeerne på Alborz.

Økoregionens klima er subtropisk, i højderne og mod nord dog tempereret og kystpræget, mens det er fugtigt og fastlandspræget oppe i bjergene. Den årlige nedbørsmængde ligger mellem 900 mm mod nord og 2.900 mm mod syd, hvad der gør dette økosystem betydeligt mere fugtigt end de ørken-, halvørken- og steppeområder, som det grænser op til.

Flora

Engang var kystegnene ved det Kaspiske hav dækket af skove, domineret af Rød-El (Alnus glutinosa). Floderne var kantet af Sølv-Poppel (Populus alba), Kaukasisk Vingevalnød (Pterocarya fraxinifolia) og Iransk El (Alnus subcordata), men området er i mellemtiden blevet næsten fuldstændigt omdannet til landbrugsland og stærkt bebygget.

I forbjergene til Talysh- og Elbursbjergene finder man forskellige skove med Papegøjebusk (Parrotia persica), Kaukasisk Zelkova (Zelkova carpinifolia), Silkerosentræ (Albizia julibrissin) og Asiatisk Kaki (Diospyros lotus) foruden Kristtornarten (Ilex hyrcana), Musetornarten (Ruscus hyrcanus) og Sarsaparilarten (Smilax excelsa) . Papegøjebusken er endemisk for Talyshbjergene og Nordiran, hvor den findes i skove med betydelig tæthed. Lavbevoksede grene er vokset ind mellem hinanden, og man finder kun døde blade i den dybe skygge på skovbunden. Om efteråret skifter dette træs blade fra gult til en bleg lyslilla. I den yderste, østlige ende af Elbursbjergene (Golestan) dominerer forskellige Ege (Quercus) og Lønne (Acer), mens Orientalsk Bøg (Fagus sylvatica subsp. orientalis) er mest hyppig mod vest (Gilan). I de hyrkanske skove findes næsten ingen væltede træer, da veddet omsættes meget hurtigt i det fugtigt-varme klima.

I mellemhøjderne dominerer Orientalsk Bøg, egearter (Quercus spp.), avnbøgearter (Carpinus spp.) og Ægte Kastanje (Castanea sativa). Netop i dette bøgeskovsniveau findes store, utilgængelige urskove i en tilstand af uberørthed, som er enestående for den nordlige halvkugle. Dette og den kendsgerning, at de hyrkaniske skove i vidt omfang blev skånet for nedisningen af den nordlige halvkugle, berettiger dem til betegnelsen "hotspots". I den internationale diskussion om biodiversitet bruger man dette udtryk om en sammenklumpning af endemiske arter, der altså udgør en uerstattelig genpulje .

De højere bjergområder og de egentlige, subalpine niveauer er kendetegnet ved stepper, makier og bevoksninger med Kaspisk Eg (Quercus macranthera). På de allerhøjeste skråninger findes alpin tundra og sætere.

På grund af den særlige beskyttelsesværdighed hos de kaspisk-hyrkanske skove indledte Iran og det tyske ministerium for naturbeskyttelse NABU-skovsamtalerne i 1999/2001 med det såkaldte "Parrotia-projekt". Projektet har siden da ført til, at den iranske skovpolitik er blevet ændret i betydelig grad. F.eks. standsede man de fuldstændige rydninger (renafdrift), og store arealer er helt taget ud af forstmæssig drift.

Fauna
Den nu uddøde, kaspiske tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) levede engang i disse skove. Af de endnu eksisterende pattedyr kan nævnes persisk leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor), europæisk los (Lynx lynx), brun bjørn (Ursus arctos), vildsvin (Sus scrofa), ulv (Canis lupus), guldsjakal (Canis aureus), junglekat (Felis chaus), grævling (Meles meles), kronhjort (Cervus elaphus) og odder (Lutra lutra).
Skovområdet er desuden en vigtig rasteplads for trækfugle på rejse mellem Rusland og Afrika, og det danner en nøglehabitat for mange fuglearter. Til de omtalte trækfugle hører grågås (Anser anser), blisgås (Anser albifrons), dværgtrappe (Tetrax tetrax), ibisarten (Plegadis falcinellus), skestork (Platalea leucorodia), nathejre (Nycticorax nycticorax), rødhalset gås (Branta ruficollis), vandrefalk (Falco peregrinus), krøltoppet pelikan (Pelecanus crispus), kohejre (Bubulcus ibis), tophejre (Ardeola ralloides), stor flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) og skarveanden (Oxyura leucocephala).

Naturbeskyttelsesområder

Naturbeskyttelsesområder i Aserbajdsjan
 Gizil-Agach-Statsreservat - 88.4 km²
 Hirkan-nationalparken - 427.97 km²
 Zuvand-nationalparken - 15 km²

Naturbeskyttelsesområder i Iran
 Golestan-nationalparken - 918.9 km²
 Jahannama-naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 384 km²
 Alborz- naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 134 km²
 Lisar- naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 352.044 km²
 Siah-Keshim- naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 416 km²
 Dodangeh- naturbeskyttelsesområdet
 Miankaleh- naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 376 km²
 Selkeh-naturbeskyttelsesområdet
 Dashtenaz- naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 56 km²
 Findiqliq nationalparken - 24 km²
 Gasht-Rodkan naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 574 km²
 Javaherdasht naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 266 km²
 Beles Kuh naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 135 km²
 Vaz naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 152 km²
 Do Dangeh und Boola naturbeskyttelsesområdet - 430 km²

Se også
 Vegetationsliste for de hyrkaniske skove

Eksterne links
 Worldwildlife.org: Central Asia: Northern Iran into southern Azerbaijan
 Livius: ''Hyrcania''  - om egnens historie på

Noter

Aserbajdsjans natur
Irans geografi
Aserbajdsjans geografi
Skove
Alborz
Verdensarven i Iran

Hyrkaniske skove


Zbor Iuventus Salinarum je pjevački zbor iz Tuzle. Mješoviti je četveroglasni zbor pri Franjevačkom samostanu Sv. Petra i Pavla u Tuzli. Zbor je također i vokalno instrumentalni sastav, koji čine klavijatura, gitare, konge i pjevači.

Povijest
Počeo je djelovati 1997. godine s četvero framaša. Broj članova rastao je iz godine u godinu. Danas je dosegao broj od dvadesetak članova, među kojima je hrvatski kulturni djelatnik Ivica Kovačević. Animator glazbene skupine i zborovođa je Zlatko Špoljarević, pedagog-psiholog u Gimnaziji pri Katoličkom školskom centru "Sv. Franjo" u Tuzli. Osmerostruki sudionici Framafesta, Festivala duhovne glazbe u Sarajevu.
Za skoro sve pjesme tekst i glazbu pišu članovi zbora, kao i pjesme za Bonofest 2009.
Pjevali su u Banjolučkoj zračnoj luci na dočeku pape Ivana Pavla II. skupa sa župnim zborom "sv. Petar i Pavao". Nastupali su pjevajući na "završnoj misi" ekumenskog kongresa katoličkih i pravoslavnih crkava jugoistočne Europe u Beogradu, na poziv beogradskoga nadbiskupa. Nastup je bio u franjevačkoj crkvi sv. Ante Misu je predvodio kardinal Kasper, uz koncelebraciju desetak nadbiskupa i biksupa i oko 50 svećenika. Nastupali su na brojnim koncertima i misnim slavljima na patronima u susjednim župama, širom Bosne Srebrene, u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji.

Nagrade
 dvaput ih je Radio postaje MIR-Međugorje nagradila kao najperspektivniju skupina s Framafesta
 jedna nagrda za najslušaniju pjesmu s Framafesta na HKR-u i Radio postaji MIR-Međugorje
 za nastup na ekumunskom kongresu u Beogradu kardinal Kasper pohvalio zbor, a zborovođa dobio "papinu" brončanu medalju.

Diskografija
 CD s opusom vlastitih pjesama izvedenih na Framafestovima i pjesmom "Krist na žalu"
 CD s klasičnim četveroglasnim duhovnim skladbama

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
HKD Napredak  Priredili: Zlatko Špoljarević i fra Josip Zvonimir Bošnjaković: Crkveno pjevanje u Tuzli, str. 14-5, Hrvatski glasnik, Tuzla, ožujak-travanj 2017.

Kultura u Tuzli
Crkveni zborovi
Crkvena glazba u Bosni i Hercegovini
Bosanskohercegovački glazbeni sastavi

Zbor Iuventus Salinarum


الحركة الاستعمارية الروسية  امتدت لتشمل المناطق التي تشكل الآن بولندا وأوكرانيا وبيلاروسيا وفنلندا ودول البلطيق وآسيا الوسطى وسيبيريا ومنطقة القوقاز. يمكن أن نقول أن الحركة تعود إلى بدايات الفتح في بلدية موسكو لجمهورية نوفغورود في 1478 واستعمارها لاحقا على يد مستوطنين من مسكوفي. على الرغم من أن الحركة الاستعمارية الروسية انتهت رسميا في عام 1991 مع الاستقلال السياسي من الجمهوريات السابقة، في الممارسة العملية العاصمة الروسية لا تزال تسيطر على تلك الأراضي، يمكن أن يقال انها تحافظ على علاقة استعمارية جديدة معهم، تماما كما الولايات المتحدة والبلدان الأوروبية ما زالت تتحكم في المستعمرات السابقة. المستوطنون الروس الذين وصلوا في العهد السوفياتي ما زالوا يميلون إلى الانتماء الثقافي والفكري إلى موسكو وروسيا، بدلا من الدول التي يعيشون فيها فالجمهوريات المستقلة حديثا، باستثناء دول البلطيق، لا تزال شديدة الترسو. أكثر من ذلك الكثير من المنتجات السمعية والبصرية الروسية مما تبرره الحصة المئوية من السكان الروس.

السياسة الاستعمارية
في أواخر القرن 19، التصنيع، أصبح القوة الدافعة وراء السياسة الإمبراطورية، واستخراج الفحم وخام الحديد نما سريعا في مناطق مثل حوض دونتس، في نهاية المطاف تفوقت على الإنتاج في منطقة الاورال. بدأ غرس القطن الروسي في آسيا الوسطى. في حين أن النمو الصناعي قد وقع لكنه كان من جانب واحد بسبب التشطيب والتصنيع كانت في الأراضي غير الروسية، باستثناء بولندا الروسية.

في أوكرانيا تحت الحكم القيصري، سنت المركانتيلية التشريعات 1720 من أجل تشجيع التجارة والتبادل التجاري في وسط وشمال غرب روسيا، على نحو فعال دمر التصنيع الأوكراني في المناطق الحضرية والتجار من القرن التاسع عشر. طوال القرن القادم، استفاد المنتجون المركزيون الروس من السياسة الجمركية على حساب المنتجين الحدوديين غير الروس. البرامج التي ترعاها الدولة في ظل الأنظمة القيصرية والسوفياتية المتقدمة الاستخراجية والثقيلة وبناء الصناعات وتشجيع الصادرات الزراعية. من ناحية أخرى، فإنها تهمل الصناعة الاستهلاكية، وتشطيب قطاعات الخدمات.في عام 1900، أنتجت أوكرانيا 52 في المئة من قطع حديد الإمبراطورية و20 في المئة من الحديد الصلب. بين عامي 1900 و1914، أنتجت أوكرانيا القيصرية في المتوسط 75 في المئة من صادرات حبوب الامبراطورية. وفي الوقت نفسه، الفلاحون، لا يزالون يستخدمون الأواني الفخارية والخشبية والمفصلات والمحاور، والاسقف المصنوعة من القش. تم الانتهاء من السلع المستوردة بأسعار باهظة التي حددتها روسيا، في حين أن أسعار المنتجات الصناعية كانت منخفضة. فلاديمير لينين، في المنفى في عام 1914، ذكر في كلمة القاها انها «[أوكرانيا] أصبح بالنسبة لروسيا ما كانت عليه أيرلندا لانكلترا: تستغل كثيرا ولا تتلقى شيئا في المقابل.»
أوكرانيا السوفيتية، مع 19 في المئة من سكان الاتحاد السوفياتي، جمعت 8.4 في المئة فقط من السيارات السوفياتية، ولم يكن هناك مصنع واحد للفونوغراف. في عام 1989، سوى 50 في المئة من جميع المساكن وفقط 10 في المئة من المساكن الريفية كانت بها وسائل الراحة الحديثة (أنابيب المياه، والتدفئة المركزية والصرف الصحي).

عشية استقلال أوكرانيا ثمانية من الأحزاب الثلاثة عشر المشار إليها في البلاد باعتبارها تستغل «مستعمرة» في برامجها. بعد عام 1991 معظم المؤرخين الأوكرانيين وصفواأنفسهم ضحايا للاستعمار بينما وجه الأدبييون الانتباه إلى حالة الأمة «ما بعد الاستعمار». معظم المؤرخين الروس شدد على أن الأوكرانيين هم أيضا عملاء للإمبراطورية، وتميزت أوكرانيا مع المكانة التاريخية بأنها «شبه استعمارية». في حين أن الأكاديميين يختلفون حول ما إذا كانت السياسات المركزية «الروسية،» القيصرية، أو السوفياتي ومتعمدة «المضادة للالأوكرانية»، وعما إذا كانت التنمية التي لم تحدث كانت يستحق هذه التكلفة، ومعظم الروس وأقلية من السكان في أوكرانيا الصدد في البلاد الجمعية التاريخية مع روسيا بشكل إيجابي وينكر أنه كان ضحية للسلطة الاستعمارية الامبريالية الروسية.

انتهى استعمار الامبراطورية الروسية في 1917. يجادل البعض بأن السياسات السوفيتية غير الروسية في الجمهورية كما تم الاستعمارية في الطبيعة. الرأي العام العالمي لم ينظر في إعلان عام 1960 للامم المتحدة على «منح الاستقلال للبلدان والشعوب المستعمرة» ينطبق على الاتحاد السوفياتي. بشكل عام، العلاقة التاريخية بين الوضع السياسي من مختلف المنظمات غير المناطق الروسية تحت الحكم القيصري/السوفياتي والتنمية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لا تزال موضوعا للجدل التي ينتظر التفصيلية المقارنة السياقية التوليف.

انظر أيضاً

 الاستعمار الروسي في الأمريكتين
 الامبراطورية الروسية
 استعمار

ملاحظات

الإمبراطورية الروسية
إمبريالية
تاريخ الاستعمار
تاريخ روسيا
تاريخ روسيا الجغرافي
تاريخ مجموعات عرقية في روسيا
تطور إقليمي
جيوسياسية
سياسة روسيا
علاقات روسيا الخارجية
قومية روسية

الحركة الاستعمارية الروسية