Joan de Gènova,  conocido  también como Giovanni da Genova  o Johannes de Genoa, fue un orfebre y platero activo durante el  y que se encontraba establecido en Perpiñán.

Se tiene noticia documental que a primeros del , recibió un encargo procedente del monasterio de Sant Cugat para realizar la construcción de una arqueta con el fin de su utilización para la custodia de las reliquias de san Cugat.
Parece por su nombre que era procedente de Génova (Italia) aunque se encontraba establecido en Perpiñán, en aquel entonces capital continental del reino de Mallorca. En el documento del contrato aparece nombrado junto con su colaborador el escultor Arnau Campredon, también en el mismo documento, se establece que los desplazamientos a Barcelona de los dos artistas serían a cargo de los comitentes. Se tiene noticia que todavía permanecía en el gremio de artistas de Perpiñán en 1354.

Véase también
 Arqueta de Sant Cugat

Referencias

Bibliografía

Orfebres
Plateros de España del siglo XIV

Joan de Gènova


Barão Fukushima Yasumasa (福島 安正, 27 de maio de 1852 - 19 de fevereiro de 1919) foi um samurai e general do Exército Imperial Japonês.

Biografia

Início de vida
Fukushima nasceu em uma família samurai; seu pai era servo do daimiô de Matsumoto, Toda Mitsunori, na província de Shinano (atual Prefeitura de Nagano). Ele também se tornou um lacaio de Mitsunori. Em 1867, ele viajou para Edo (hoje Tóquio) para frequentar a escola militar Kobusho para se tornar um hatamoto, localizada em Tsukiji. Durante a Guerra Boshin (1868–1869), ele prestou serviço como membro do contingente de Matsumoto. Em 1869, com Toda Mitsunori, ele viajou novamente para Tóquio e estudou línguas estrangeiras na Kaisei Gakko, uma escola especializada em estudos estrangeiros. Depois de se formar na escola em 1874, ingressou no Ministério da Justiça como funcionário civil e depois mudou-se para o Ministério da Guerra. Ele participou das forças do governo na Rebelião de Satsuma (1877). Sua mente rápida e a capacidade de se dar bem com as pessoas lhe renderam um posto no Estado-Maior do Exército Imperial Japonês desde muito jovem.

Primeiras viagens ao exterior
Durante os anos seguintes, ele viajou extensivamente, visitando a Mongólia em 1879, servindo como adido militar em Pequim de 1882-1884. Ele era um oficial de estado-maior do Primeiro Exército Japonês quando a Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa estourou.

Levante dos Boxers

Após a guerra, Fukushima visitou a Índia britânica e a Birmânia em uma extensa viagem de 1886 a 1887. Em 1887, foi promovido a major e enviado como adido militar a Berlim. Nesta viagem, em 1892, ele foi acompanhado pelo Príncipe Saionji Kinmochi. Fukushima, que falava 10 idiomas fluentemente, era uma figura popular na sociedade alemã durante sua estadia em Berlim.

Outras viagens
Como oficial do Estado-Maior após a Rebelião Boxer, ele visitou o Egito, a Turquia Otomana, a Pérsia, a Arábia, a Índia, a Birmânia, o Sião (Tailândia) e o Turquestão. Em 1902, ele representou o imperador Meiji na coroação do rei Eduardo VII da Grã-Bretanha e participou de negociações diplomáticas secretas por trás da Aliança Anglo-Japonesa. Foi agraciado com o título honorário de Cavaleiro Comandante da Ordem do Banho (KCB) e Ordem do Príncipe Danilo I.

Guerra Russo-Japonesa

Durante a Guerra Russo-Japonesa (1904-1905), Fukushiama viajou por Saskatchewan, Canadá, a caminho de Nova Iorque, com o objetivo de negociar assistência financeira para a guerra. Ele parou sua comitiva a leste de Regina, Saskatchewan, para admirar as pradarias canadenses. O desvio onde ele parou foi batizado de Fukushima em sua homenagem.

Honras no Japão
Em 1907, Fukushima foi elevado ao título de danshaku (barão) sob o sistema de nobreza kazoku. De 26 de abril de 1912 a 15 de setembro de 1914, ele serviu como Governador-Geral do Território Arrendado de Kwantung. Em 1914, foi promovido a general e transferido para a segunda reserva. Após a transferência, atuou como vice-presidente da Associação de Reservistas Japoneses.

Morte
Fukushima morreu aos 67 anos e seu túmulo está localizado no cemitério de Aoyama, em Tóquio.

Notas de rodapé

Referências

Militares do Japão
Samurais

Fukushima Yasumasa


Max Rumpf (* 22. Juni 1906 in Berlin; † 12. September 1987 in Darmstadt) war ein deutscher Musiker (Piano, Schlagzeug) und Orchesterleiter der Jazz- und Unterhaltungsmusik.

Leben und Wirken
Rumpf erhielt während seiner Schulzeit auf der Oberrealschule Klavierunterricht; nach dem Abitur im Jahre 1924 immatrikulierte er sich an der Universität Berlin, wo er Medizin bis zum vierten Semester studierte, um dann Optiker zu werden. Während dieser Ausbildung entwickelt er tieferes Interesse an der Musik. Er wurde Musiker und tingelte bis 1928 als Kinopianist, um dann als Solopianist und in einem Klavierduo mit Mark Hermanns aufzutreten, das auch in Paris Gastspiele gab. Er konzentrierte sich zunehmend aufs Schlagzeugspiel und wurde 1932 Mitglied des Orchesters von Boris Romanoff, mit dem er auch an Plattenaufnahmen mitwirkte und auf Auslandstournee ging. 1933 ging er mit dem Septett von Alexander Grammatikoff auf Tournee, mit dem er dann eine gemeinsame Band leitete, aus der 1935 seine eigene Band Max Romme und seine Rommees entstand. Nach Ausbildung zum Schlagzeuger und Zulassung als Profimusiker durch die Reichsmusikkammer nannte er 1937 seine Band, die rasch auf Bigband-Stärke anwuchs, um.

Im Juli 1937 erhielt Rumpf einen Vertrag von der Deutschen Crystalate Gesellschaft m.b.H., der ihm monatliche Schallplattenaufnahmen auf deren Labeln Kristall und später Imperial zusicherte. Erste eigene Aufnahmen entstanden mit Sängern wie Rudi Schuricke, Hans Albers und Heinz Rühmann. Insbesondere zwischen September 1938 und Mai 1939 nahm Rumpf mit seinem Orchester (für das Imperial-Etikett) "etliche hervorragende angelsächsische Swingtitel auf, welche die hohe Qualität der Band erahnen lassen."

1939 kam es im Berliner Delphi zum Eklat, als SA-Leute Rumpfs Gesangssolisten Fin Olsen und Viola Rosé von der Tanzfläche holten, weil ihnen ein "Excentric-Tanz" der beiden Künstler nicht zusagte, der als "undeutsch" bewertet wurde. Trotz eines anprangernden Artikels im Stürmer hielt Rumpf an seinem musikalischen Kurs fest. Im März 1940 wurde er zum Kriegsdienst eingezogen, was das Ende seines Tanzorchesters bedeutete. Einige Musiker der Band wie Lubo D'Orio spielten weiterhin Swingmusik.

Rumpf wurde im Krieg mehrfach verwundet. Eine neue Band, die er 1945 in britischer Kriegsgefangenschaft in Oldenburg gründete, musste er wegen eines schweren Gehörschadens, den er sich im Krieg zugezogen hatte, aufgeben. Von 1946 bis 1964 war Rumpf in der Automobilbranche tätig, zunächst als Verkäufer und dann als Verkaufsleiter. Beruflich bedingt gelangte er über Kaiserslautern nach Darmstadt, wo er 1966 ein Optikergeschäft gründete, das 1970 um einen Filialbetrieb ergänzt wurde.

Literatur
 Michael H. Kater: Gewagtes Spiel. Jazz im Nationalsozialismus. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 1995, ISBN 3-462-02409-4
 Horst H. Lange: Zwischen Optik und Hot-Takt – Max Rumpf (Fox auf 78 Nr.5, Frühjahr 1988, S. 4 ff.)
 Jürgen Wölfer: Jazz in Deutschland. Das Lexikon. Alle Musiker und Plattenfirmen von 1920 bis heute. Hannibal, Höfen 2008, ISBN 978-3-85445-274-4.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Jazz-Schlagzeuger
Bigband-Leader
Musiker (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1906
Gestorben 1987
Mann

Max Rumpf (Musiker)


Bobovišta su naseljeno mjesto u općini Ravno, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Povijest

Do potpisivanja Daytonskog mirovnog sporazuma bilo je u sastavu tadašnje općine Trebinje koja je ušla u sastav Republike Srpske.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 38

 Srbi - 38

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 31

 Srbi - 30
 ostali, nepoznati i neopredjeljeni - 1

Izvori

Naselja u Hercegovačko-neretvanskoj županiji
Ravno

Bobovišta


ආජ් නිව්ස් යනු පැය 24 පුරාම ප්‍රවෘත්ති විකාශනය කරනු ලබන පාකිස්තානු නාලිකාවකි.

ආජ් නිව්ස්


2018 අන්තර්-කොරියානු සමුළුව (ද.කොරියා: , උ.කොරියා: ) 2018 වසරේ බක්මස 27වන දින දකුණු කොරියානු ජනපති මූන් ජෑ-ඉන් හා උතුරු කොරියානු ශ්‍රමික පක්‍ෂයේ සබනයු කිම් ජොං උන් අතර දකුණු කොරියාවේ සමූහාරක්‍ෂක කලාපයේ දී පැවැත්වුණි. එය දෙවැන්නෙන් අවුරුදු 11කට පසුව පවත්වනු ලැබූ තෙවන අන්තර් කොරියානු සමුළුව විය. 1953හි කොරියන් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු උතුරු කොරියානු නායකයෙක් විසින් දකුණු කොරියාවට පය තැබූ පළමු අවස්ථාව ද මෙය විය; ජනපති මුන් ද ස්වල්ප වේලාවකට උතුරට පා තැබුවේ ය.

න්‍යායපත්‍රය
දෙකොරියාවන්වල උසස් රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරීහු 2018 බක්මස 4දා රාජකාරී මට්ටමේ රැස්වීමක් සාම මැඳුරේ දී සමුළු විස්තර සාකච්ඡාව සඳහා කැඳවන ලද්දහ. සමුළු න්‍යායපත්‍රය වින්‍යශ්ටිකකරණය, සාමය තහවුරු කිරීම හා දෙරටේම වාසයි තකා අන්තර් කොරියානු සබඳතා ගොඩනැංවීම ඇතුළත් කොට සැලසුම් විය. රා.නො.සං 200කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් මානව හිමිකම් කඩවීම් පිළිබඳව උතුර සහ පැහැරගත් පුරවැසියන් පිළිබඳව ජපන් අගැමති ෂිංඦෝ අබෙ ද ඇතුළත් කිරීම යෝජනා කළ ද ඒවා ඇතුළත් නො වුණි.

හමුව

ද.කොරියාවෙන් යෝජනා කළ ස්ථාන අතුරින් ද.කොරියාවේ පන්මුන්ජොම් හවුල් ආරක්ෂක පෙදෙසේ පිහිටා ඇති සාම මැඳුර උතුර මඟින් සමුළු පිහිටුම ලෙස පිළිගන්නා ලදී.

සාකච්ඡාවලට අමතර ව, දෙරට නායකයින් විසින් දෙරටේ ම පස් හා ජලය යොදා ගනිමින් රුක් රෝපණෝත්සවයක් හා භෝජනෝත්සවයක් ද පවත්වන ලදී. හමුවේ මෙම වසර සංකේතවත් කිරීමට යොදාගත්  මිලිමීටර 2018ක් වන බිජුයුරු රැස්වීම් මේසය මෙන්ම රැස්වීමේ බොහෝ කරුණු අතිශය සංකේතාත්මක විය.

පැමිණි අන් අය
දෙනායකයන් සිය භාර්යාවන් වන කිම් ජුං-සුක් හා රි සොල්-ජු කැටුව සහභාගී වූ අතර තවත් සීමිත පිරිසකගේ සහභාගිත්වය ද දක්නට ලැබුණි:

මේවාත් බලන්න

 2017–18 North Korea crisis
 2018 North Korea–United States summit
 Kim Jong-un and Xi Jinping's meeting
 Korean reunification
 North Korea–South Korea relations

References

External links

 2018 Inter-Korean Summit The official website of the 2018 Inter-Korean Summit (English)
 2018 Inter-Korean Summit The official website of the 2018 Inter-Korean Summit (Korean)
 The full text of the agreement in English

2018 අන්තර් කොරියානු සමුළුව


The vertical viola, or alto violin, is a stringed instrument with the range of a viola that is played vertically in the manner of a cello. It is the fourth-highest member of the violin octet (after the treble, soprano, and mezzo violins).

The standard viola is about as big as can conveniently be played under the chin. The physicist/instrument maker Carleen Hutchins, working during the 1960s, reasoned that a viola played vertically could be made larger, and that a larger viola might produce a better sound. Based on principles of instrument design she had observed in top-quality existing instruments, Hutchins designed a viola about  longer than the regular viola, intended to be played vertically like a cello.  (Despite Hutchins's original intention, a few violists have played her viola horizontally.)

The fundamental acoustic principle underlying the vertical viola is that the main body resonance (resonance of the wood of the instrument) should match the second-highest string, and the main cavity resonance (resonance of the air the instrument contains) should match the third-highest string. On a viola these strings are D and G, respectively. The standard viola is too small to achieve this matchup of string frequency to resonance frequency.

The same design principle was used by Hutchins to design a complete family of eight stringed instruments, commonly called the violin octet, of which the vertical viola has been the most successful. Since all of the instruments are designed based on the violin, Hutchins gave the name alto violin to her vertical viola design.

Hutchins's instrument has attracted admiration for its power and beauty of tone. The cellist Yo-Yo Ma has employed a Hutchins vertical viola to perform and record Béla Bartók's Viola Concerto.

External links
Web site of the New Violin Family Association
Yo-Yo Ma's recording of the Bartók Viola Concerto (record company's site)
Yo-Yo Ma playing the Bartók Viola Concerto on the vertical viola
Yo-Yo Ma's recording of Bartók Viola Concerto on the vertical viola, the New York Album, tracks 5-6-7

Violas

Vertical viola


Makaro/Ward Island ist eine Insel im Süden des Wellington Harbour bei Wellington in Neuseeland. Sie liegt in der Hafenzufahrt zwischen der Miramar Peninsula im Westen und dem etwa 2 km östlich gelegenen Eastbourne an der Ostküste des Hafens. Die deutlich größere Insel Matiu/Somes Island liegt etwa 5 km nördlich.

Nach der Legende der Māori erhielten die Inseln Matiu und Makaro ihre ursprünglichen Namen von Kupe, dem legendären ersten Navigator, der mit Berichten über Neuseeland in seine Heimat Hawaiki zurückkehrte. Die Inseln soll er nach seinen Töchtern (andere Versionen der Legende sprechen von Nichten) benannt haben, als er vor etwa 1000 Jahren erstmals in den Wellington Harbour einfuhr.

Die Insel erhielt vom New Zealand Geographic Board offiziell den bilingualen Namen Makaro/Ward Island.

Die Hauptmasse der Insel besteht aus einem steil abfallenden Block gelblich-braunen Argillits (eines Talkschiefers) mit einer abgeflachten Oberfläche. Die Ostküste der Insel besteht aus Grauwacke-Geröll. Der Rest der Küstenlinie ist felsig. Zwei kleine Sandstrände an der Westküste sind den etwa 20 Meter hohen Klippen vorgelagert. Die Küste, vor allem das Südende, ist von zahlreichen kleinen Felsriffen umgeben.

Die Hauptfahrrinne der Hafenzufahrt verläuft westlich von Ward Island. Das Meeresgebiet östlich zwischen Ward und Eastbourne ist hingegen zu seicht für größere Schiffe. Vor der Westküste befindet sich ein Leuchtfeuer.

Die Insel wurde bereits im frühen 19. Jahrhundert von Māori der Ngati Ira als Rückzugsort in Kriegszeiten (Pā) genutzt, das als Rückzugsort jedoch nicht dauerhaft bewohnt war. Da die Insel mit ihren steilen Klippen bereits Schutz bot, mussten keine Befestigungsanlagen errichtet werden.

Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurde eine 1,8 km lange U-Boot-Sperre aus Holzpfählen zwischen der Robinson Bay bei Eastbourne und der Ostküste der Insel errichtet, ein an Bojen verankertes Sperrnetz zog sich weiter von der Westseite der Insel nach Kau Point an der Westseite der Hafenzufahrt. Davon sind nur noch einige Betonblöcke an der Westseite der Insel erhalten.

Die Insel wird gern mit Sportbooten angefahren, die Felsküste wird zum Angeln und Schnorcheln genutzt. Ward Island ist vom DOC als wissenschaftliches Schutzgebiet eingestuft, so dass Camping, Lagerfeuer und Hunde nicht erlaubt sind.

Auf der Insel lebt eine kleine Population von Möwen und anderen Seevögeln, die an den steilen Hängen nisten. Ansonsten ist die Insel unbewohnt. Vor dem Südende der Insel befinden sich Felder aus Wasserpflanzen, in denen zahlreiche Fische und essbare Muscheln wie Paua und Grünlippmuschel leben.

Um die Ansiedlung von Nagern zu verhindern, betreibt das DOC seit 2005 auf der Insel Köderstationen, die Pellets mit dem Wirkstoff Brodifacoum enthalten.

Die Makaro Street in Eastbourne ist nach der Insel benannt, die von ihrem westlichen Ende aus zu sehen ist.

Einzelnachweise

 Topografisches Kartenwerk NZTOPO50 Blatt BQ32 567 268

Insel (Region Wellington)
Insel (Australien und Ozeanien)
Insel (Pazifischer Ozean)

Makaro/Ward Island


دوبييفكا (Дубіївка) هي مدينة في مقاطعة بورغاس في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3142   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

دوبييفكا (بورغاس)


WSL este un acronim de trei litere, care se poate referi la:

Computing
 Wide-spectrum language, un anumit tip de limbaj de programare
 Windows Subsystem for Linux, part al sistemului de operare Microsoft Windows 10, care permite instalarea oricărei distribuții Linux.

Organizații
 White Star Line, companie maritimă, proprietara vasului Titanic
 Workers' Socialist League, partid troțkist din Regatul Unit
 Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft — WSL (în română, Institutul federal elvețian pentru cercetarea pădurii, zăpezii și reliefului)

Sport
 World Series Light, mai exact World Series Formula V8 3.5, a fost o serie de competiții de mașini de curse promovate de RPM Racing (din 1998) și Renault Sport (între 2005 și 2015).
 FA Women's Super League, ligă semi-profesională engleză pentru fotbalul feminin de cluburi
 Women's Super League, uniune de cluburi de rugby feminin de prima ligă din
 World Surf League, liga mondială de surf, fondată în 1976
 Wrestling Superstars Live, program de promovare wrestling, actualmente terminat

Alte utilizări
 Weatherscan Local, numele anterior la canalului de vreme 24/7 Weatherscan

A se vedea și
 Sigle de trei litere de la UAA la XZZ

Acronime de trei litere

WSL


Karadağ, Türkiye'nin Bursa iline bağlı Karacabey ilçesinin kuzeybatısında yer alan dağ. Marmara Denizi ile Karacabey Ovası'nı birbirinden ayırır. Her tarafı ormanlarla kaplı bir dizi dağdır. Ihlamur, kayın, meşe, kestane zengin bitki örtüsünü meydana getirir . En yüksek yeri 833 metredir.Karadağ kütlesi, Susurluk nehrinin yardığı bir boğazla Mudanya tepelerinden ayrılır. Mudanya tepeleri veya sırtları genelde plato özelliği gösteren hafif engebeli düzlüklere sahiptir. Bunlarda genellikle kıyıdan itibaren yükselirler. Türkiye'de tüketilen ıhlamurun 3'te 1'i bu dağdan karşılanmaktadır. Ayrıca orman bölge işletmesi Karadağdan kereste, yakacak odun, maden direği ve travers elde etmektedir..

Bursa ilinin dağları
Karacabey

Karadağ (Bursa)


المعهد العالي للإعلامية وتقنيات الاتصال بحمام سوسة هو إحدى المؤسسات العليا التابعة لجامعة سوسة، وقد أحدث بمقتضى الأمر عدد 2001-1912 المؤرخ في 14 أوت 2001. بهدف تكوين الكفاءات في ميدان تكنولوجيا الإعلامية والاتصالات.

أرقام
طبقا لأرقام السنة الدراسية 2007-2008 يدرس بها 1037 طالبا من بينهم 457 طالبة.

الشهادات
يحصل الطالب المتخرج من المعهد على إحدى الشهادات التالية:
 الإجازة التطبيقية : تكنولوجيات الملتيميديا والواب
 الإجازة التطبيقية : تكنولوجيات الشبكات الإعلامية
 الإجازة التطبيقية : تكنولوجيات الاتصالات
 الشهادة الوطنية للهندسة في اتصالات الإعلامية

وصلات خارجية
 موقع المعهد العالي للإعلامية وتقنيات الاتصال بحمام سوسة.

التعليم في تونس
تعليم عال
جامعة سوسة
معاهد علمية


Ivano-Frankivsk (, ), formerly Stanyslaviv and Stanislav, is a city in western Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast as well as Ivano-Frankivsk Raion within the oblast. Ivano-Frankivsk also hosts the administration of Ivano-Frankivsk urban hromada. Its population is

Built in the mid-17th century as a fortress of the Polish Potocki family, Stanisławów was annexed to the Habsburg Empire during the First Partition of Poland in 1772, after which it became the property of the State within the Austrian Empire. The fortress was slowly transformed into one of the most prominent cities at the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. After World War I, for several months, it served as a temporary capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Following the Peace of Riga in 1921, Stanisławów became part of the Second Polish Republic. After the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, the city was annexed by the Soviet Union, only to be occupied by Nazi Germany two years later. With the liberation of Soviet Ukraine in 1944 and the shifting of borders, the city remained part of the Ukrainian SSR and was renamed in 1962 after Ivan Franko. With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city become part of newly independent Ukraine.

Ivano-Frankivsk is one of the principal cities of the Carpathian Euroregion. There are elements of various cultures intertwined in the city's architecture, including the Polish city hall, the Austro-Hungarian city's business centre, the Soviet prefabricated apartment blocks at the city's rural–urban fringe, and others.

Name

The town was founded as a fortress known as Stanisławów where it was named after the Polish hetman Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki. Some sources claim it was named after his grandson Stanisław. Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the name was transliterated as Stanislau in German, as the city became part of the Austrian Empire, and later Austria-Hungary; however, after the Revolutions of 1848, the city carried three different linguistic renderings of its name: German, Polish, and Ruthenian (, ; , ;  Stanislaviv, , or  Stanyslaviv, ). Other spellings used in the local press media included  Stanislavov and .

After World War II it was changed by the Soviet authorities into a simplified version Stanislav (, ; , ). In 1962, to honor the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko on the city's 300th anniversary, it was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk () or Ivano-Frankovsk  (). It is sometimes colloquially called  Franyk () by its residents.

History

The town of Stanisławów was founded as a fortress in order to protect the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar invasions and to defend the multi-ethnic population of the region in case of armed conflicts such as the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648. The fort was originally built next to Zabolotiv village (known since 1435), and Knyahynyn (1449). The village of Zabolotiv and the land around it were purchased by Andrzej Potocki from another Polish nobleman, Rzeczkowski. Stanisławów was issued by Potocki and his declaration establishing the city with Magdeburg rights on May 7, 1662; but the city and its rights, however, were not recognized by the Polish Crown until August 14, 1663, when John Casimir had finally approved it. By 1672, the fortress had been rebuilt from wood to stone, brick, and mortar. Also a new large fortified Potocki palace was erected in the place of an older wood structure. Today this building serves as the military hospital. In the same year Jews were granted the right to become permanent residents, who could work, conduct commerce and travel in and out of the city as they pleased.

Originally the city was divided into two districts: Tysmenytsia and Halych. Sometime in 1817–1819 the neighbouring village of Zabolottya, that had a special status, was incorporated into the city as a new district, while Tysmenytsia district was divided into Tysmenytsia and Lysets districts. Each district had its main street corresponded with its name: Halych Street (Halych district), Tysmenytsia Street which today is Independence Street (Tysmenytsia district), Zabolotiv Street – Mykhailo Hrushevsky Street and Street of Vasylyanok (Zabolottya district), and Lysets Street – Hetman Mazepa Street (Lysets district). Later the city was split into six small districts: midtown where the rich Catholic population and patricians lived, pidzamche (subcastle), and four suburbs – Zabolotiv, Tysmenytsia, Halych and Lysets where the plebeians lived.

In October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) was proclaimed. In the early months of 1919 (from January to May) the city became a temporary capital of the West Ukrainian National Republic, while still recovering from World War I. All state affairs took place in the building of Dnister Hotel where the Act Zluky (Unification Act) was composed and signed on January 22, 1919 by the Ukrainian People's Republic.  The same year it was subjected to the Polish–Ukrainian and the Romanian-Ukrainian skirmishes eventually being annexed by Poland as part of the Second Polish Republic as the centre of the Stanisławów Voivodeship. It was occupied by the Romanian army for the summer months from May 25 through August 21, 1919. During the Polish–Soviet War in 1920, the Red Army took over the city for a brief period. After the Soviet retreat, Ukrainian troops loyal to Symon Petlura occupied the city for a few days. At this period of history the city was in complete disorder. It then became part of Poland until the start of World War II.

In the 1939 invasion of Poland by German and Soviet forces, the territory was captured by the Soviets in September 1939 and annexed to the Ukrainian SSR. Between September 1939 and June 1941, the Soviet regime ordered thousands of inhabitants of the city to leave their houses and move to Siberia, where most of them perished. Numerous people were taken out of the city prison and simply shot outside of the city when Soviet forces were leaving it in 1941. Ivano-Frankivsk was occupied by German forces from July 2, 1941 to July 27, 1944. There were more than 40,000 Jews in Stanisławów when it was occupied by the Nazi Germany on July 26, 1941. The Stanisławów Ghetto was formed. During the occupation (1941–44), more than 600 educated Poles and most of the city's Jewish population were murdered.

In early 1944, the city became part of the Soviet Union and was again renamed Stanislav. The Soviets forced most of the Polish population to leave the city, where most of them settled in the Recovered Territories. In 1962, the city was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk after the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko.

During the post-war period, the city was part of the Carpathian Military District housing the 38th Army (70th Motor Rifle Division) that participated in Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.

Until 18 July 2020, Ivano-Frankivsk was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and the center of Ivano-Frankivsk Municipality. The municipality was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast to six. The area of Ivano-Frankivsk Municipality was merged into the newly established Ivano-Frankivsk Raion.

On 24 February and 11 March 2022, Ivano-Frankivsk was struck by Russian missiles during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. See 2022 bombing of Ivano-Frankivsk.

Timeline

 1650–1662: establishing a private fortress of Potocki
 1662–1772: Stanisławów, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (within the Kingdom of Poland),
 1772–1815: Stanisławów (Stanislau), Austrian Monarchy (within the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria),
 1815–1918: Stanisławów (Stanislau), Austrian Empire, then Austria-Hungary,
 November 1918 – May 1919: Stanyslaviv, West Ukrainian People's Republic,
 May 1919 – September 1939: Stanisławów, Poland, seat of the Stanisławów Voivodeship,
 October 1939 – June 1941: Stanyslaviv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,
 July 1941 – August 1944: Stanisławów (Stanislau), seat of the Stanislau Kreis, District of Galicia, General Government,
 August 1944 – November 9, 1962: Stanislav,
 November 9, 1962: renamed as Ivano-Frankivsk, oblast seat, Ukrainian SSR,
 1991–present: Ivano-Frankivsk, independent Ukraine

Geography
The city is situated in the Carpathian region northeast of the mountain range, sitting approximately  above mean sea level. One of the several main geographical features is the Vovchynets Hill also known as the Vovchynets Mountains. The hill reaches 300- above sea level and is part of the Pokuttya Highland (Upland). Around the hill Bystrytsia River branches into Bystrytsia of Nadvirna, Bystrytsia of Solotvyn, and Vorona. The last two rivers serve as a natural border between the Pokuttya Highland and Stanislav Basin. The Vovchynets Hill is located just outside and northeast of Ivano-Frankivsk. Located southeast from the Stanislav Basin in the direction of the Prut Valley is the Khorosnen (Prut-Bystrytsia) Highland. The highest point of that highland is Mount Hostra, .

The closest neighboring city is Tysmenytsia, less than  to the east. Other cities that lie in the radius of  are Tlumach (east), Nadvirna (south), Kalush (west), and Halych (north). The city also administers five adjacent villages that surround it: Mykytyntsi, Krykhivtsi, Vovchynets, Uhornyky, and Khryplyn.

Climate
As is the case with most of Ukraine, the climate is moderate continental with warm summers, and fairly cold winters. The following climate data provided is for the past 62 years. The average number of days with precipitation is 170 spread almost equally throughout a year. Most precipitation takes place during the winter months and least – early fall. Thunderstorms occur mostly in summer months averaging around 25 annually. Ivano-Frankivsk averages about 296 days of fog or misty days with about 24 per month.

Demographics

Note: Historical population record is taken out of Ivano-Frankivsk portal, more recent – the Regional Directorate of Statistics. There is also other information on a population growth such as the JewishGen. With asterisk there are identified years of approximate data. In the 18th century, differentiation among Poles and Ukrainians was by religious background rather than ethnic (Catholics vs. Orthodox).

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 97% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 3% spoke Russian.

Administration
Both city and oblast administrations as well as the regional council are all located in a massive white building on Hrushevsky Street locally known as Bily Dim or Bily Budynok. In front of the building, there is a big open space bordered by Shpytalna Street on the north-east, Hrushevsky Street on the south-east, and Melnychuk Street on the south-west. Next to the building, there is a memorial to the Unification of the Western Ukraine with the rest of Ukraine. The main feature of the memorial is a tall marble stele, both sides of which are adorned with statues: kamenyar (west) and kobzar (east).

City Council
The city council currently consists of 42 deputies. The political representation after the 2020 Ukrainian local elections by political blocs was elected as such: 28 seats for Svoboda, 10 seats for European Solidarity and 4 seats for Batkivschyna.

Recent city mayors

 Bohdan Borovych (OUN) July 1994 – June 1998
 Zinoviy Shkutiak (Our Ukraine) March 1998 – 26 March 2006
 Viktor Anuškevičius (UPP) 26 March 2006 – 2015
  (All-Ukrainian Union «Svoboda») 2015–2023
  (All-Ukrainian Union «Svoboda») 2023–present

In the (first round of the) 2020 Ukrainian local elections Martsinkiv was reelected with about 85% of the vote.

Streets

All street names reflecting the city's Soviet or Russian past have been returned to their former names, or given new names of national historic importance, or other non-controversial names. For example, Gagarin Street (connecting the city with its suburbs) became Vovchynets Street, Suvorov Street is now Harbar Street, and Soviet Street is Independence Street.

Around 100 other streets were renamed.
 Important transportation arteries
 Independence Street (vulytsya Nezalezhnosti) / Tysmenytsya Road (doroha Tysmenetska)
 Halych Road (vulytsya Halytska)
 Hetman Mazepa Street (vulytsya Hetmana Mazepy) / Krykhivtsi Road (doroha Krykhivetska)
 Yevhen Konovalets Road (vulytsya Yevhena Konovaltsya)
 Vovchynets Street (vulytsya Vovchynetska)
 Vasyl Stefanyk Shore Drive (naberezhna Vasylya Stefanyka)

City squares
The city has seven main city squares, four of them located in the "old town" part of the city.
 Viche Maidan
 Market Square
 Sheptytsky Square
 Pryvokzalna Square
 Mickiewicz Square (Mickiewicz Park)
 Liberation Square
 European Square

Rural-urban fringe districts
Like a lot of regional centers in Ukraine and the former Soviet Union, Ivano-Frankivsk is well known for its rural-urban fringe panel building residential districts, too.
 BAM
 Kaskad
 Positron
 Budivelnykiv

Transport

 Public transportation
The city of Ivano-Frankivsk has an extensive network of public transport including buses, trolleybuses, and taxis. There are nine trolleybus routes and about 52 for regular buses. Some of the routes run beyond the city into nearby villages.

 Railway transportation
The city is served by the Ivano-Frankivsk railway station. There are also smaller railway stations in adjacent villages, including Uhryniv and Khryplyn. All of them are part of Lviv Railways.

 Bus transportation
Until 2008, the railway terminal also housed a bus terminal which provided several inter-city bus routes, including some to international destinations. In 2000, construction began on a new bus terminal next to the railway terminus on Zaliznychna Street. Inauguration of the new bus terminal took place on 22 May 2010. At the opening ceremony the Mayor of the city, Viktor Anushkevičius, noted that the new bus terminal was only partially completed, and for a period it would be necessary to offload passengers at the Pryvokzalna Square, which is already saturated with traffic. He also emphasised the need for another bus station on the outskirts of the city.

 Airways transportation
The city is served by Ivano-Frankivsk International Airport, which was granted international status in 1992. The airport shares its facilities with the 114 Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force. Since 2002, the airport has been leased to the private enterprise company Yavson, and from 2005 the Public limited company Naftokhimik Prykarpattia, a (subsidiary of Ukrnafta). The contract with Naftokhimik Prykarpattia expired in 2013.

 Lodging
There are many lodging options in Ivano-Frankivsk. Ivano-Frankivsk has one four-star hotel ("Park Hotel") and three three-star hotels ("Nadia", "Auscoprut", "Pid Templem").

Routes
The city of Ivano-Frankivsk is located on the intersection of three major national (Ukraine) routes: , , and . There also is one important regional route T09-06. All the H-routes eventually connect to .

Education

The city has over 25 public schools of general education for grades 1 through 11. There are also some privately owned schools and lyceums. In addition, the city has several professional public institutes.

There also numerous sports schools: Fitness Sport Association "Ukraine" – 5 schools, MVK – 3 schools, Fitness Sport Association "Spartak" – 2 schools, Fitness Sport Association "Kolos" – 1 school, and the others.

Universities

The city has six universities, the Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Management that is a local campus of Ternopil National Economic University, and the Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Management and Economics "Halytska Akademia". All of those universities are state funded.
 Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University
 Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (University of Oil and Gas)
 Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University
 King Daniel of Galicia Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law
 Ivano-Frankivsk Theological Academy of Greek-Catholic Church
 West Ukrainian University of Economics and Law

Culture and sports

National landmarks
 the Church of the Holy Resurrection (Greek Catholic Cathedral)
 the Church of Virgin Mary (at the moment used as museum of Sacred Art of Galicia)
 Latin Collegiate
 the Armenian church (presently used by one of the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches).
 City Brewery

Other attractions
 Market Square with the city's old town hall, today hosting an ethno-cultural museum.
 Shevchenko Park, a big park that consists of an amusement park, a big lake with swans, couple of full-size football fields, and many other interesting places which are worth a visit.
 Bily Budynok, a big white building in the middle of the city and next to the Market place. It is the main administration building of Ivano-Frankivsk and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. In front of the building, there are two full-size sculptural monuments to Franko and Shevchenko.
 Bazaar, a huge area that covers the old market and the new market with a couple of supermarket stores locally known as the universal stores.
  stretch (stometrivka), unofficial local name for a part of Independence Street that consists of numerous shops and is restricted to pedestrian traffic only.

Architecture
 Stanislav fortress compound and Potocki palace
 Cathedral of the Holy Resurrection, locally known as Katedra (Greek-Catholic Cathedral)
 Jesuit Kostel, the second building of Jesuits after they were forced to surrender Katedra
 Fara, also known as the Collegiate Church of Virgin Mary and Saint Stanislaus (today – the Regional Art Museum)
 Ratusha, a former city hall
 Battle of Grunwald monument – commemorating the victory of the Poland on Grunwald fields in  1410.
 Monument to Adam Mickiewicz (1930) – it was reconstructed in 1989, located in Adam Mickiewicz Square next to a regional concert (philharmonic) hall. It is the oldest surviving monument in the city and was built on 20 November 1898 (sculptor Tadeusz Błotnicki).
 Monument to Stepan Bandera and Museum of the Insurgent Army in European Square were awarded the best architectural project of 2007 designed by a local architecture company "Atelie Arkhitektury"

Theaters and Cinemas
 Ivan Franko Academic Regional Music and Drama Theater
 Mariika Pidhirianka Academic Regional Puppet Theater
 Ivan Tobilevich Ukrainian National Theater
 Regional Philharmonic Society
 Lumiere Movie Theater (previously, Ivan Franko Movie Theater)
 Cosmos Movie Theater
 Former
 Patriot Movie Theater
 Shevchenko Movie Theater (previously "Pioneer")
 "Videotech"
 Gorky Movie Theater
 Komsomolets Movie Theater
 Shevchenko Movie Theater (original)
 Trembita, a summer movie theater

City parks
 Shevchenko Park
 Park of Warriors-Internationalists
 Park "Valy"
 Pryvokzalny park
 Memorial Park, near Ivan Franko Academic Regional Music and Drama Theater

Festivals
 «Sviato Kovaliv» (Blacksmiths festival)
 «Karpatskyi Prostir» (Carpathian Space)
 «Kolyada na Mayzlyakh» Christmas Festival
 «Burak Fest» Festival of Street Food
 «Prykarpattya Honey Fest»
 «Holiday of Grapes and Wine»
 «Stanislavska Marmulada»

Night life
Bomba
Panorama Plaza
Pasage Gartenberg
eL Dorado
Deja Vu

Sports

Ivano-Frankivsk is home to a number of sports teams. Most notably, it was home to the football club FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk (Prykarpattya) that participated on the national level since the 1950s. Since 2007, the club only fields its youth team Spartak-93 and competes in the Children-Youth Football League of Ukraine. The former president of Spartak Anatoliy Revutskiy reorganized the local university (University of Oil and Gas) team in 2007 into the new "FSK Prykarpattia" with support of the city mayor Anushkevychus making it the main football club in the region and replacing Spartak. Previously during the interbellum period, the city was home to another football club based on the local Polish garrison and called Rewera Stanisławów (1908). That club competed at a regional level that had evolved at that period. With the start of World War II, that club was disbanded. During the Soviet period among several others there was another club "Elektron" that successfully participated at a regional level around the 1970s.

The city also is the home to a futsal team, PFC Uragan Ivano-Frankivsk, that competes in the Ukrainian Futsal Championship. They were the Ukrainian champions having won the 2010/11 season playoffs and therefore took part in the 2011–12 UEFA Futsal Cup for the first time.

The city had an ice hockey team, HC Vatra Ivano-Frankivsk, which previously played in the Ukrainian Hockey Championship.

Ivano-Frankivsk is also the hometown of Ukrainian gymnasts; one of them is Dariya Zgoba who won gold on the uneven bars in the 2007 European Championships and became a finalist on the Beijing Olympics; the other one is Yana Demyanchuk, who won gold on the balance beam at the 2009 European Championships.

Other clubs include:
 Hoverla Ivano-Frankivsk (basketball)
 Roland Ivano-Frankivsk (rugby)
 Uragan (futsal)

 Main Stadiums and Sport Complexes
 MCS Rukh, a sport complex consisting of the major arena and two auxiliary fields next to it
 Yunist Stadium (Youth)
 Hirka Stadium, property of the Ivano-Frankivsk Locomotive Maintenance Plant
 Nauka Stadium (Science), which belongs to Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University
 Stadium of Oil and Gas University
 Sport-Recreational Center "Tsunami", which contains an ice arena for the local hockey events and a waterpark

City's radio, television, press media
 Press
 "Reporter" – Ivano-Frankivsk weekly
 "Halytsky Korrespondent" – a social-political weekly
 "Halychyna" – regional newspaper
 Radio
 "Zakhidny Polyus (104.3 FM)" – city's radio
 "Vezha (107 FM)" – city's radio
 Television
 "Ivano-Frankivsk ODTRK" – regional state broadcasting company
 "3-Studia" – regional broadcasting company
 "Halychyna" – regional television

Notable people

 Eliezer Adler (born 1866), founder of the Jewish Community in Gateshead, England
 Svetlana Alexievich (born 1948), Belarusian journalist and writer, winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize for Literature
 Yuri Andrukhovych (born 1960), Ukrainian writer
 Daniel Auster (1893–1963), Mayor of Jerusalem
 Menachem Avidom (1908–1995), Israeli composer
 John Banner (1910–1973), Austrian-American actor. Star of Hogan's Heroes
 Naftali Blumenthal (1922-2022), Israeli Member of the Knesset
 Maxim Bugzester (1909–1978), Polish painter
 Arthur F. Burns (1904–1987), American-Jewish economist and politician
 Yaroslav Huzar (1897–1963), Ukrainian public figure, father of Liubomyr Huzar
 Ana Casares (1930–2007), Polish-Argentine actress
 Zbigniew Cybulski (1927–1967), Polish actor
 Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski (1881–1942), Polish general, politician and diplomat
 Albin Dunajewski (1817-1894), Roman Catholic cardinal
 Wiktor Eckhaus (1930–2000), Polish–Dutch mathematician
 Feliks Falk (born 1941), Polish film director
 Moshe Flimann (1905–1973), Mayor of Haifa
 Fritz Grossmann (1902–1984), art historian and Professor of Art History
 Ludwik Hass (1918–2008), Polish historian
 Moses Horowitz (1844–1910), playwright and actor of Yiddish theatre
 Alfred Johann Theophil Jansa von Tannenau (1884–1963), Austrian general
 GreenJolly (active 2004–2005), Ukrainian rap band
 Tina Karol (born 1985), Ukrainian singer, actress, and television presenter
 Maria Antonina Kratochwil (1881–1942), nun beatified by Pope John Paul II who tried to save Jews during the Holocaust
 František Kriegel (1908—1979), Czechoslovak politician and physician
 Manfred H. Lachs (1914–1993), Polish diplomat and British jurist
 Oksana Lada (born 1976), Ukrainian actress
 Chaim David Lippe (1823–1900), Austrian Jewish publisher and bibliographer
 Alfreda Markowska (born 1926), Polish-Romani woman who during World War II saved approximately 50 Jewish and Roma children from death in the Holocaust and the Porajmos genocide
 Leo Aryeh Mayer (1895–1959), Israeli scholar of Islamic art and rector of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
 Bernard Mond (1887–1957), Jewish general of the Polish Army
 Itzhak Nener (1919–2012), Israeli jurist
 Yevhen Nakonechny (1931–2006), Ukrainian historian, librarian, library scientist, and linguist
 Daniel Passent (1938–2022), Polish journalist
 Anastasiya Petryshak (born 1994), Ukrainian violinist
 Józef Potocki (1673–1751), a Polish nobleman, son of the Polish founder of the city
 Mikhail Prusak (born 1960), Russian politician
 Horacy Safrin (1899–1980), Polish poet, comedian, author, and translator
 Max Schur (1897–1969), physician
 Anna Seniuk (born 1942), Polish actress
 Tryzuby Stas (1948–2007), a representative of the Ukrainian humorous original songs, bard
 Klemens Stefan Sielecki (1903–1980), Polish engineer and technical director of Fablok
 Stanisław Sosabowski (1892–1967), Polish general, hero of Arnhem
 Mordechai Surkis (1908–1995), Israeli politician
 Gabriel Talphir (1901–1990), Israeli poet, art critic, publisher, editor, and translator
 Vasyl Velychkovsky (1903–1973), bishop of Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
 Taras Voznyak (born 1957), Ukrainian political scientist, editor-in-chief and founder of Independent Cultural Journal
 Alexander Wagner (1868–1942), Polish chess theoretician
 Ksenia Zsikhotska (born 1989), Professional dancer

Sport
 Yana Demyanchuk (born 1993), Ukrainian gymnast and 2009 European Champion on balance beam
 Myroslav Stupar (born 1941), Ukrainian football referee
 Vasyl Virastyuk (born 1974), Ukrainian strongman athlete 2004 World's Strongest Man

Twin towns – sister cities

Ivano-Frankivsk is twinned with:

 Arlington County, United States (2009)
 Braga, Portugal (2017)
 Brest, Belarus
 Chrzanów, Poland (2001)
 Chrzanów County, Poland (2016)
 Jelgava, Latvia (2007)
 Koszalin, Poland (2010)
 Lublin, Poland (2009)
 Nanning, China (2019)
 Nowa Sól County, Poland (2010)
 Ochota (Warsaw), Poland (2006)
 Opole, Poland (2005)
 Potsdam, Germany (2023)
 Přerov, Czech Republic (2010)
 Diyarbakır,Turkey (2023)
 Rustavi, Georgia (2016)
 Rybnik, Poland (2001)
 Rzeszów, Poland (2000)
 Strășeni District, Moldova (2016)
 Świdnica, Poland (2008)
 Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland (2004)
 Trakai, Lithuania (2006)
 Zielona Góra, Poland (2001)

In February 2016 Ivano-Frankivsk City Council terminated its twinned relations with the Russian cities Surgut, Serpukhov and Veliky Novgorod due to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Partner cities
Ivano-Frankivsk cooperates with:

 Baia Mare, Romania (1990)
 Nyíregyháza, Hungary (2004)
 Oradea, Romania (2003)
 Târgoviște, Romania (2005)

Orientation
 Local orientation

 Regional orientation

See also
 Dem'ianiv Laz

Notes

References

Sources
 "Endure, Defy and Remember", by Joachim Nachbar, 1977

 "False papers: deception and survival in the Holocaust", by Robert Melson, Univ. of Illinois Press, 2000. Dr. Melson is a professor of political science at Purdue, whose grandfather owned the Mendelsohn factory in Stanislawow.
 "I'm not even a grown up, the diary of Jerzy Feliks Urman", translated by Anthony Rudolf and Joanna Voit, ed. by Anthony Rudolf. London: Menard Press, 1991. 11-yr old in Stanislaw commits suicide to avoid capture by Nazis.
 "Living Longer than Hate", by C.S. Ragsdale

External links

 Local government
 mvk.if.ua – Official site of Ivano-Frankivsk
 The Regional Directorate of Statistics website
 Association of Ukrainian cities website
 General information and travel
 Site of Ivano-Frankivsk|Franyk (ua)
 Web company in Frankovsk|Frankivsk.in.ua (ua)
 Іvano-Frankivsk |Portal (ukr.)
 ifportal.net
 pravda.if.ua

 Local business catalog
 Maps
 Soviet topographic map 1:100,000
 2005 Ivano-Frankivsk – Satellite image
 Area map of Stanislawow, with the general shape of the major streets, showing enlarged town detail from a 1905 Austrian military map
 History
 The Stanislau Phenomenon – How the Western Ukrainian provincial nest of Ivano-Frankivsk turned into a thriving literary metropolis and multicultural frontier between East and West. By Holger Gemba at signandsight.com
  – Transliteration of Unpublished List of Citizens Murdered by the Nazis, from documents of the Russian Commission to Investigate Nazi Crimes
 Polish historical website on Stanislawow
 Photographs of Jewish sites in Ivano-Frankivsk in Jewish History in Galicia and Bukovina

 Photos
 Stanislaw: virtual Ivano-Frankivs'k |spherical panoramas
 Old photos and postcards which highlight city architecture at the beginning of the 20th century
 Photos of modern Ivano-Frankivsk (from 2004)
 Photos of Ivano-Frankivsk

1660s establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Cities in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Magdeburg rights
Oblast centers in Ukraine
Populated places established in 1663
Ruthenian Voivodeship
Stanisławów Voivodeship
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine

Ivano-Frankivsk


G-type asteroids are a relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid that makes up approximately 5% of asteroids. The most notable asteroid in this class is 1 Ceres.

Characteristics
Generally similar to the C-type objects, but contain a strong ultraviolet absorption feature below 0.5 μm. An absorption feature around 0.7 μm may also be present, which is indicative of phyllosilicate minerals such as clays or mica.

In the SMASS classification
the G-type corresponds to the Cgh and Cg types, depending on the presence or absence (respectively) of the absorption feature at 0.7 μm. The G-type, C-type and some rare types are sometimes collected together into a wider C-group of carbonaceous asteroids.

See also
 Asteroid spectral types

References
 D. J. Tholen Asteroid taxonomic classifications in Asteroids III

Asteroid spectral classes

G-type asteroid


Crowea exalata, es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es nativa de los estados de  Queensland, Nueva Gales del Sur y Victoria en Australia.

Descripción
Es un arbusto que alcanza un tamaño de 1 m de alto; las ramitas delgadas, casi en ángulo. Las hojas oblongas, cuneadas a espatuladas, de 1.5-5 cm de largo, 1-6 mm de ancho, el ápice redondeado a obtuso y apiculado, la base gradualmente atenuada, glabras. Las flores terminales o en axilas superiores en un brote axilar corto con pocas hojas, con pedúnculo de 2-4 mm de largo, carnosa hacia el ápice. Sépalos 2-2,5 mm de largo, ligeramente peludos a glabros, finamente ciliados. Pétalos estrechos a una amplia-ovados, de 5-12 mm de largo, de color rosa al malva pálido (a veces verde en la fruta). Estambres ligeramente imbricados.

Hábitat
Se encuentra generalizada en el bosque esclerófilo seco en suelos arenosos.

Híbridos
Híbridos incluidos::
 'Bindalong Compact'
 'Ginninderra Falls'
 'Green Cape'
 'Pink Blush'
 'Ryans Star'
 'Southern Stars'
 'Star of Heaven'
 'Whipstick'
 'White Star'

Taxonomía
Crowea exalata fue descrita  por el  botánico Ferdinand von Mueller  y publicado en Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Victoria 1: 11, en el año 1855.
Sinonimia
 Eriostemon crowei F.Muell. var. crowei
 Eriostemon crowei var. exalata (F.Muell.) Maiden & Betche
 Eriostemon crowei'' F.Muell.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Australian National Botanic Gardens: Crowea exalata
 Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (ASGAP): Crowea exalata
 PlantNET: New South Wales Flora Online: Crowea exalata

exalata

Crowea exalata


Katsura drvo (lat. Cercidiphyllum), maleni biljni rod ukrasnog drveća koji čini samostalnu porodicu Cercidiphyllaceae, red kamenikolike. Sastoji se od dvije vrste porijeklom iz Japana i Kine. '

List katsura drveta u mladosti je brončane boje, tek kasnije pozeleni, a u jesen prealazi od žute do grimizne boje, nakon što otpadne dobije miris na prženu karamelu.

Rod Cercidiphyllum, lokalno nazvan katsura tree, ne smije se brkati s rodom Kadsura, grmastim penjačicama iz porodice Schisandraceae

Vrste
 Cercidiphyllum japonicum
 Cercidiphyllum magnificum

Izvori

Kamenikolike

Katsura drvo


Carl Iver Hovland  (Chicago, 12. lipnja 1912. – New Haven, 16. travnja 1961.) bio je američki psiholog poznat po studijama o promjeni ponašanja pojedinca.
Tijekom njegova radnog vijeka posebno se ističe doprinos razvoju komunikacijskih znanosti na Sveučilištu Yale, kao i Hovlandovi eksperimenti provedeni tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata među američkim vojnicima.

Rana karijera
Carl Hovland završio je prediplomski i diplomski studij psihologije na Sveučilištu Northwestern, te upisao doktorski studij psihologije na Sveučilištu Yale, kako bi mogao surađivati s Clarkom L. Hullom, psihologom koji se bavio ljudskim učenjem. Hull je u svom Institutu za međuljudske odnose (The Institute of Human Relations) okupljao grupu interdisciplinarnih znanstvenika s kojima je radio studije o društvenim problemima, poput delikvencije, nezaposlenosti..., jer je vjerovao da će se društveni problemi lakše riješiti, ako se bolje razumiju.
Uz Hulla, Hovland se zainteresirao za učenje kod životinja te je s njim provodio studije o učenju i frustraciji.

Istraživanje Američki vojnik
Hovland se 1942. pridružio istraživačkom centru unutar američke vojske gdje je među vojnicima provodio istraživanje o stavovima i učinkovitosti persuazije.
Smatrao je kako stavovi prema osobama ili stvarima ne mogu predvidjeti buduće ponašanje pojednica, ali kako pod određenim okolnostima utječu na ponašanje.
Hovland je istraživao utjecaj edukacijskih filmova na vojnike, kojima su im pokušavali objasniti zašto SAD pristupa ratu, tko su zaraćene strane i slično. Vojnicima je prikazano sedam 50-minutnih filmova nazvanih "Why we fight", koje je snimio američki redatelj Frank Capra.

Veliki dio filmova činile su fotografije o događajima koji su doveli do uključenosti SAD-a u rat i sadržavale su propagandne poruke.
Poslije rata Hovland je, 1949., s Lumsdaineom i Sheffieldom objavio knjigu Eksperimenti o masovnoj komunikaciji (Experiments on Mass Communication) u kojoj su zaključili kako su filmovi povećali znanje vojnika o ratu te kako su se njihovi stavovi promijenili, no kako filmovi nisu imali mjerljivi utjecaj na njihovu spremnost da sudjeluju u ratu.

Povratak na Yale
Hovland se na Yale vratio 1945. gdje je pokrenuo studijski program Komunikacija i promjena stavova. S Janis i Kelley (1953) proveo je laboratorijski ekperiment o vjerodostojnosti izvora, kojim su željeli utvrditi ponašanje pojedinca pod utjecajem masovne komunikacije.
Dvije grupe ispitanika dobile su istu poruku. Jednoj grupi su rekli da poruka dolazi od izvora kojem su vjerovali, a drugoj da dolazi od nevjerodostojnog izvora. Shvatili su da do promjene stavova dolazi kad su izvori vjerodostojni, no nakon četiri tjedna više nije bilo razlike između povjerenja u vjerodostojne i nevjerodostojne izvore. Došli su do zaključka kako je utjecaj izvora najveći odmah nakon primanja poruke, ali s vremenom slabi (efekt spavača).<

Izvori

Američki psiholozi
Socijalna psihologija
Komunikolozi

Carl Iver Hovland


Sumbat I. (gruz. სუმბატ I; umro 958.), iz dinastije Bagrationi, bio je gruzijski knez Tao-Klardžetije, nasljedni vladar Donjeg Taoa i naslovni kralj Iberije od 937. godine do svoje smrti.

Sumbat je bio najmlađi sin Adarnaza IV. i mlađi brat Davida II. nakon čije je smrti ga je naslijedio kao "kralj Iberaca" 937. godine. Smrću Ašota II. 954. godine, naslijedio je bizantski dostojanstvo kuropalata. Sumbat se spominje u crkvenim natpisima iz Išhanija i Doliskane u današnjoj turskoj provinciji Artvin.

Naslijedio ga je Bagrat II.

Izvori

Gruzijski vladari
Bagrationi

Sumbat I. od Iberije


Adenanthera, rod drveća iz porodice mahunarki raširen po Madagaskaru i tropskoj Aziji. Rod je opisan 1753. Postoji 12 vrsta.

Vrste
 Adenanthera abrosperma F.Muell.
 Adenanthera aglaosperma Alston
 Adenanthera borneensis Brace ex Prain
 Adenanthera forbesii Gagnep.
 Adenanthera intermedia Merr.
 Adenanthera kostermansii I.C.Nielsen
 Adenanthera malayana Kosterm.
 Adenanthera mantaroa Villiers
 Adenanthera marina I.C.Nielsen
 Adenanthera microsperma Teijsm. & Binn.
 Adenanthera novoguineensis Baker f.
 Adenanthera pavonina L.

Izvori

Mimoseae

Adenanthera


Kaashidhoo (en dhivehi: ކާށިދޫ) es una de las islas habitadas de Atolón Kaafu. Se encuentra en la punta del atolón y es la quinta isla más grande del archipiélago de las Maldivas. Kaashidhoo es bien conocida por su riqueza en árboles de coco.

Kaashidhoo está incluido en el atolón de Malé. Sin embargo, es un atolón en sí geográficamente. Para facilitar la administración de la isla está organizado como parte del Atolón Kaafu. Posee 1917 habitantes y una superficie terrestre estimada en 2,89 kilómetros cuadrados (9,54 kilómetros cuadrados, si se incluye la laguna)

Véase también
 Geografía de Asia
 Organización territorial de Maldivas

Referencias

 Divehi Tārīkhah Au Alikameh. Divehi Bahāi Tārikhah Khidmaiykurā Qaumī Markazu. Reprint 1958 edn. Malé 1990.
 Divehiraajjege Jōgrafīge Vanavaru. Muhammadu Ibrahim Lutfee. G.Sōsanī.
 Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999.

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Maldivas

Kaashidhoo


Etela ist ein weiblicher litauischer Vorname, abgeleitet von   Ethel.

Personen

 Etela Karpickienė (* 1966),  Politikerin, Mitglied des Seimas.

Weiblicher Vorname
Litauischer Vorname

Etela


Malkotsch steht für:
 eine Ortschaft in der Gemeinde Kirkowo in der Oblast Kardschali in Bulgarien
 den deutschen Namen der Ortschaft Malcoci im Kreis Tulcea in Rumänien, siehe Malcoci (Tulcea)

Malkotsch


Die Staatliche Universität für Informationstechnologien, Mechanik und Optik Sankt Petersburg () ist eine Universität in Sankt Petersburg.
Die Gründung erfolgte im Jahr 1900. Seit 1994 hat die Bildungseinrichtung den Status einer Universität.

Siehe auch
Liste der Universitäten in Russland

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Informationstechnologien
Sankt Petersburg #Informationstechnologien
Gegründet 1900


est une compagnie de transport de passagers qui exploite une ligne de chemin de fer dans la préfecture de Kumamoto au Japon. Son siège social se trouve dans le bourg de Takamori.

Histoire
La compagnie a été fondée le . Elle commence l'exploitation de la ligne Takamori le  après son transfert de la Japanese National Railways.

Ligne
La compagnie possède une ligne.

Matériel roulant

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Transport ferroviaire au Japon
 Liste des chemins de fer japonais

Liens externes

Entreprise de transport ferroviaire ayant son siège au Japon
Entreprise ayant son siège dans la préfecture de Kumamoto

Minami-Aso Railway


Benigna Schönhagen (* 14. August 1952) ist eine deutsche Historikerin.

Leben
Schönhagen studierte Geschichte, Geographie und Germanistik und wurde 1991 mit einer Arbeit zur Geschichte Tübingens zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus promoviert.

Sie war von 2001 bis 2018 Leiterin des Jüdischen Kulturmuseums Augsburg-Schwaben und ist Autorin vieler Beiträge zur Landesgeschichte, insbesondere zur regionalen Zeitgeschichte. 2017 wurde sie zur Honorarprofessorin an der Universität Tübingen ernannt.

Ehrungen
 2012: Verdienstkreuz am Bande der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 2019: Obermayer German Jewish History Award

Werke (Auswahl)

 Das Gräberfeld X. Eine Dokumentation über NS-Opfer auf dem Tübinger Stadtfriedhof (= Kleine Tübinger Schriften 11). Tübingen 1987. Siehe auch https://graeberfeldx.de/.
 Tübingen unterm Hakenkreuz. Eine Universitätsstadt in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (= Beiträge zur Tübinger Geschichte, hrsg. von der Universitätsstadt Tübingen 4). Stuttgart 1991 (Druckfassung der Dissertation.)
 "Ja, es ist ein weiter Weg von der Judenschule in Laupheim bis hierher...". Kilian von Steiner und Laupheim (= Spuren 42), hrsg. von der Schiller-Gesellschaft Marbach. Marbach a. N. 1998.
 Jüdisches Laupheim. Einladung zu einem Gang durch die Stadt (= Orte jüdischer Kultur 4). Haigerloch 1998.
 Von Menschen und Maschinen. Industriekultur in Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart 1999 (in Zusammenarbeit mit Kerstin Laschewski und Wilfried Setzler).
 Jüdisches Tübingen. Schauplätze und Spuren (= Orte jüdischer Kultur 11).  Haigerloch 1999 (in Zusammenarbeit mit Wilfried Setzler).
 Jüdisches Krumbach-Hürben. Einladung zu einem Rundgang (= Orte jüdischer Kultur 22). Haigerloch 2003 (in Zusammenarbeit mit Herbert Auer)
 Das "Dritte Reich"  in der Ortsgeschichte. In: "Der furnembste Schatz". Ortsgeschichtliche Quellen in Archiven. Vorträge eines quellenkundlichen Kolloquiums im Rahmen der Heimattage Baden-Württemberg am 23. Oktober 1999 in Pfullingen. Eine Publikation der Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg. Hrsg. Von Nicole Bickhoff und Volker Trugenberger. Stuttgart 2001, S. 17–32 (online).
 Die Synagoge in Augsburg. Ein Rundgang (= Orte jüdischer Kultur). Haigerloch 2006.
 "… ein treuer und gewissenhafter Diener und Helfer …". Der Schwäbische Heimatbund in der NS-Zeit. In: Schwäbische Heimat 2009/2, S. 144–155 (online)
 Stadt und Universität Tübingen in der NS-Zeit. In: Urban Wiesing (Hrsg.): Die Universität Tübingen im Nationalsozialismus (= Contubernium, Bd. 73). Steiner, Stuttgart 2010, S. 731–758, ISBN 978-3-515-09706-2.
 (mit Wilfried Setzler und Hans-Otto Binder): Kleine Tübinger Stadtgeschichte. 2. Aufl. Silberburg-Verlag, Tübingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8425-1287-0.
 (Hrsg.): Wiederhergestellte Synagogen.Raum - Geschichte - Wandel durch Erinnerung. Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-95565-141-1.
 (Hrsg.): Eine Erinnerung ist eine Erinnerung ist eine Erinnerung? Judaica aus dem Umfeld der Synagoge Kriegshaber. Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-95565-248-7.
 Das Jüdische Kulturmuseum Augsburg-Schwaben 2006-2018. Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg 2018, ISBN 3-95976-140-6.
 Der Jüdische Friedhof Wankheim. Stätte der Erinnerung, historisches Dokument und Gedenkort (= Schriftenreihe des Fördervereins für Jüdische Kultur in Tübingen e.V., Bd. 2). Verlag der faire Kaufladen, Tübingen 2021.
 (Hrsg., mit Henning Tümmers und Stefan Wannenwetsch): Entgrenzte Anatomie. Eine Tübinger Wissenschaft und der Nationalsozialismus (= Schriften des Museums der Universität Tübingen, MUT, Bd. 26). MUT, Tübingen 2023, ISBN 978-3-949680-05-2.

Weblinks

 Honorarprofessur für Benigna Schönhagen
 Schriftenverzeichnis bis 2011

Einzelnachweise

Neuzeithistoriker
Museumsleiter
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Deutscher
Person (Augsburg)
Geboren 1952
Frau

Benigna Schönhagen


Karıncalı, Antalya ilinin Serik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 33 km, Serik ilçesine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Serik'in mahalleleri

Karıncalı, Serik


The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is . The symbol œ is a lowercase ligature of the letters o and e. The sound , a small capital version of the  ligature, is used for a distinct vowel sound: the open front rounded vowel.

Open-mid front compressed vowel
The open-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated IPA diacritic for compression. However, the compression of the lips can be shown by the letter  as  (simultaneous  and labial compression) or  ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic  may also be used with a rounded vowel letter  as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Features

Occurrence
Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.

Open-mid front protruded vowel

Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One Scandinavian language, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, , will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is  or  (an open-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but it could be misread as a diphthong.

Acoustically, the sound is "between" the more typical compressed open-mid front vowel  and the unrounded open-mid front vowel .

Features

Occurrence

Notes

References

External links

Open-mid vowels
Front vowels
Rounded vowels

Open-mid front rounded vowel


Winfried Holzenkamp (* 1970) ist ein deutscher Kontrabassist und Tangomusiker.

Holzenkamp begann im Alter von siebzehn Jahren Kontrabass zu spielen und war zunächst Mitglied verschiedener Jugendorchester. Er erhielt Engagements an den Opernhäusern von Mönchengladbach und Köln, spielte Rundfunkaufnahmen beim WDR ein und unternahm Konzertreisen mit der Klassischen Philharmonie Bonn. An der Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln studierte er bis 2001 klassischen Kontrabass bei Veit-Peter Schüssler. Daneben nahm er Unterricht bei dem Jazz-Bassisten Dieter Manderscheid, spielte in einer Klezmer-Gruppe und gründete mit Murat Coskun ein Quartett für orientalische Musik
(Döner four one).

Mit einem Stipendium des DAAD ging er nach seinem Konzertexamen für ein Jahr nach Buenos Aires und studierte dort an der Escuela de Música Popular de Avellaneda. Er wurde Mitglied des von Emilio Balcarce geleiteten Orquesta Escuela de Tango, mit dem er beim Tangofestival 2004 mit dem Solisten Gustavo Beytelmann am Teatro Colón auftrat und nahm privaten Unterricht bei Hector Console, Oscar Giunta, Alcides Rossi, Igancio Varchausky, Daniel Buono und Horacio Carbarcos.

Nach seiner Rückkehr aus Argentinien spielte Holzenkamp in verschiedenen Tango-Formationen, so dem Silencio Tango Orquesta Tipica, dem Orquesta Tipica Sabor a Tango von Peter Reil, im Duo mit Marcelo Nisinman sowie in Michael Zismans Trio und seinem Quintett 676 nuevo tango.

Diskographie
Gian Francesco Malipiero: Ricercari, for 11 instruments in: Christopher Hogwood: kammerorchester basel vol. 3, 2003
Silencio, 2005
Silencio live in Berlin
Silencio an las almas
Gabriel Vallejo: Un nuevo comenzo (mit Helena Rüegg, Stephan Breith)
Marcelo Nisinman, Winfried Holzenkamp: Al Principio, Duos für Bandoneon und Kontrabass
Marcelo Nisinman: Desvios (mit Araceli Fernández, Carlos Trafic, Hannu Siiskonen), 2007-08
Michael Zisman con 676 nuevotango: Mi Bandoneon (mit Daniel Zisman, Theodoros Kapilidis, Richard Pizzorno), 2008
Sabor a Tango live, 2010

Weblink
Homepage von Winfried Holzenkamp

Quellen

insieme Tango - Winfried Holzenkamp

Kontrabassist
Tango
Deutscher
Geboren 1970
Mann

Winfried Holzenkamp


ترافيان ، لعبة على الشبكة العالمية (الإنترنت) ،ألمانية الإصدار، تم تأسيسها في 2004، ونالت جائزة أفضل لعبة في 2006 أون لاين وبدون تحميل. تلعب اللعبة في دورات تدعى سيرفر، مدة العادي(وهو الأكثر شيوعًا)حوالي 300 يوم، والسريع 100 يوم. يضم السيرفر آلاف اللاعبين، الذين يبدأون في قرية صغيرة، ليحولوها مع الوقت إلى امبراطوريّة اقتصادية عسكرية.هدف اللعبة هو الوصول إلى ما يسمى معجزة العالم، وبناءها. كما أن الوصول إليها يتطلب جهدا كبيرا

هدف اللعبة

هناك 13 أرض فارغة ومخفية في الخريطة الإجمالية ومكانها مجهول ويمكن أن تكون أكثر وتتبع هذه الأراضي لقبائل تسمى قبائل الناتار(NATARS) ولا يمكن تشييد معجزة العالم إلا في إحدى هذه الأراضي بعد أن تقوم باحتلالها بواسطة الزعيم وأول حلف يطور معجزة العالم لمستوى 100 يربح اللعبة وينتهي السيرفر ويعاد لاحقا وعند احتلال أي أرض من الأراضي الثلاثة عشر المختارة تقوم قبائل الناتار بالهجوم على هذه الأرض لمحاولة تدمير معجزة العالم بقوات هائلة وكبيرة. لذا يجب على من بنى المعجزة أن يمتلك قوات دفاعية كبيرة جدا من حلفه والأحلاف المساندة وتستمر عليه الهجمات مع كل مستوى يرفعه من معجزة العالم لتدميرها.

تجدر الإشارة هنا إلا أنه من المستحيل أن يبني لاعب واحد وحده معجزة العالم ويتصدى للناتار ،بل يجب أن يكون هناك حلف قوي جدا يسانده بالقوات الدفاعية والموارد باستمرار.

الموارد

هناك أربعة موارد هي الطين، الخشب، الحديد والقمح. تشكل هذه الموارد الأربع الركيزة الأساسية لأي عملية تنموية أو عسكرية في القرية. الطين هو أكثر مادة ضرورية للبناء، ولتدريب جنود الاغريق. يعتبر الخشب المادة الأساسية لتدريب الجيوش الجرمانية ومحطمات الأسوار والسكن. الحديد تحتاجه بشكل أساسي لتدريب الجنود الرومان. يعتبر القمح أقل مادة محتاجة للبناء، لكن إنتاجه ينقص كلما زاد عدد السكان والجنود، لذا يجب تطويره باستمرار. يمكن الحصول على الموارد أيضا من خلال النهب والتبادل في السوق. كما أن أفضل طريقة للنمو السريع هو الاهتمام بالموارد أوّلاً.

القرى

تتكون القرية من منطقتين أساسيتين هما الحقول ومركز القرية.

الحقول

منها يمكن إنتاج الموارد وهي على النحو التالي:
 4 حقول خشب
 4 حقول طين
 4 حقول حديد
 6 حقول قمح

يمكن تطويرها للمستوى 10 في القرى الفرعية وللمستوى 20 في العاصمة أو القرية الرئيسية.

وكلما زاد مستوى الحقل زاد معدل إنتاجه في الساعة.

وبعد أن تصبح قريتك قوية تستطيع بناء السكن أو القصر لاحتلال قري من أنواع وحقول اخري.... مثل بعض القري التي تحوي 9 أو 15 حقل قمح.. وغالبا هي مفيدة للجيوش

مركز القرية

ويحتوي على عدة مبان هي كالتالي:
 المبنى الرئيسي أقصى مستوى 20 = لتسريع البناء في القرية
السوق أقصى مستوى 20. = لتبادل مواد الخام واستقبالها وارسالها
 المكتب التجاري أقصى مستوى 20. = لتكبير حمولة التجار
 نقطة التجمع أقصى مستوى 20. = لارسال الجيوش ولتوجيه المقاليع للاهداف
 الثكنة أقصى مستوى 20. = لتدريب الجنود وكلما ارتفع المستوى يتم تدريب الجندي اسرع
 مستودع الأسلحة أقصى مستوى 20. = لتحسين الأسلحة الموجودة مع الجنود
 الإسطبل أقصى مستوى 20. = لتدريب الفرسان
 الأكاديمية الحربية أقصى مستوى 20.= لاظهار نوع جديد من الجيش
 المصانع الحربية أقصى مستوى 20. = لتدريب آلات التدمير مثل المقاليع ومحطمات الأبواب
 الحجار أقصى مستوى 20. = لزيادة قوة المباني ضد المقاليع (لايبني إلا في العاصمة)
 ساحة البطولة أقصى مستوى 20. = لتقريب الأماكن البعيده قليلا
 البلدية أقصى مستوى 20. = لزيادة النقاط الحضاريه لبناء أو احتلال القرى
 قصر الابطال أقصى مستوى 20. =احتلال واحات
 قصر أقصى مستوى 20. = لاحتلال القرى أو استعمارها في المستوى 10 و15 و20
 السكن أقصى مستوى 20. = لاحتلال القرى أو استعمارهافي المستوى 10و20 (ارخص من القصر)
 السور أقصى مستوى 20. = لحماية المدينة وفي المستوى 20 يصبح الجندي عن قوة 2 جندي
 المخبأ أقصى مستوى 10. = لحماية الموارد من المهاجمين
 الصياد للشعب الاغريقي فقط أقصى مستوى 20. = لصنع الأفخاخ والإمساك بالجنود
 الخزنة أقصى مستوى 20. = لوضع التحف من التتار
 مخزن حبوب كبير أقصى مستوى 20. = يحمل عدد كبير من القمح ولا ياتي الا في القرية الذي من التتار
 مخزن كبير أقصى مستوى 20 = يحمل عدد كبير من المواد الخام ولا ياتي الا في القرية الذي من التتار
 اسطبل كبير أقصى مستوى 20. = لتدريب الفرسان في اسطبلين
 ثكنة كبيرة أقصى مستوى 20. = لتدريب الجنود في ثكنتين
 معجزة العالم أقصى مستوى 100. = للفوز بالسيرفر
 مخزن أقصى مستوى 20. = لتحميل المواد الخام
 مخزن القمح أقصى مستوى 20. = لتحميل القمح
 معمل النشارة أقصى مستوى 5. = لزيادة إنتاج الخشب
 مسبك حديد أقصى مستوى 5. = لزيادة إنتاج الحديد
 مصنع الطوب أقصى مستوى 5. = لزيادة إنتاج الطين
 المطاحن أقصى مستوى 5. = لزيادة إنتاج القمح
 المخابز أقصى مستوى 5. = لزيادة إنتاج القمح

الواحات

تنتشر أراضي في مختلف أرجاء الخريطة يطلق عليها اسم واحة.
الهدف منها هو زيادة نسبة الإنتاج في قريتك لاحد الموارد .
للاستفادة من هذه الواحات يتوجب على اللاعب أن يحتلها، ولاحتلالها يتوجب تحقيق الشروط التالية:
 أن تكون الواحة في نصف قطر 3 أراضي حول قريتك.
 أن توصل قصر الأبطال للمستوى 10(للواحة الأولى) و15 (للواحة الثانية) و 20 (للواحة الثالثة).
 القضاء على الوحوش التي تسكنها.

كما تجدر الإشارة هنا إلى أن اللاعب لا يستطيع احتلال أكثر من 3 واحات من القرية الواحدة وتقدر ان تحتل البقيه من القرية الثانية

 أنواع الوحوش

الجرذ

العنكبوت

الأفعى

الخفاش

الخنزير البري

الذئب

الدب

التمساح

النمر

الفيل

معجزة العالم
غرفة الكنز تظهر عند قرب نهاية اللعبة وبعدها بقليل تظهر قبيلة (الناتار) وتبدأ ملحمة النهاية غرفة الكنز تعمل كخزنة لتحف ترافيان وتحف ترافيان تظهر في البداية عند قبيلة (الناتار) تستطيع ان تحدد من يحتفظ بالتحف من غرفة الكنز المستوى الأول وفي المستوى العاشر تستطيع امتلاك تحف ترافيان عن طريق سرقتها من مالكها. طبعا في البداية تظهر التحف في الواحات وبعد أن يسرقها أحد اللاعبين تستطيع ان تعرف من يحتفظ بها عن طريق غرفة الكنز المستوى الأول لكي تسرق أحد التحف يجب عليك ان تهاجم القرية أو الواحة المالكة للتحفة وتدمر غرفة الكنز ثم ترسل هجوم عادي أخير وسوف تصبح التحفة موجودة في قريتك.... لا تستطيع الاحتفاظ باكثر من تحفة واحدة لكل غرفة كنز طبعا لذلك تحتاج العديد من القرى التحف تقدم زيادة لشي ما.... مثال :

- يوجد تحف تمكنك من بناء المخزن الكبير - يوجد تحف بدونها لا تستطيع بناء (معجزة العالم) - يوجد تحف تقلل استهلاك قواتك من القمح

متطلبات بناء غرفة الكنز
 المبنى الرئيسي المستوى العاشر أو أكثر
 لا يسمح ببناء غرفة الكنز في العاصمة
 لا يسمح بوجود مبنى (معجزة العالم) في نفس القرية لان القرية لها شروط ستجدونها عند شرح المعجزة

ملاحظة : قرية المعجزة جميعها مخازن كبيرة فقط لا غير للقمح والموارد الباقية

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
موقع اللعبة : https://travian-arb.com/

ألعاب المتصفح
ألعاب فيديو 2004
ألعاب فيديو عن الإمبراطورية الرومانية
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في ألمانيا
ألعاب متصفح جماعية على الإنترنت

ترافيان


An Grandiphyllum in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Grandiphyllum in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Grandiphyllum

Grandiphyllum


L'Ensemble Nostri Temporis (ENT) est un ensemble ukrainien spécialisé dans l'interprétation de la musique classique contemporaine et la promotion du travail de compositeurs contemporains, notamment ukrainiens. L'Ensemble Nostri Temporis organise également des événements artistiques en Ukraine dédiés aux nouvelles musiques.

L'Ensemble Nostri Temporis est fondé en 2007 par Alexey Shmurak et Maksym Kolomiets, issus de l'Académie de musique Tchaïkovski de Kiev. Selon Alexey Shmurak lui-même : "C'est un ensemble qui joue de la musique académique moderne et réalise divers projets multimédias."

Discographie
En 2012, ENT sort son premier disque "LIVE", qui comprend des œuvres de cinq compositeurs ukrainiens de la nouvelle génération : Alexey Shmurak, Maxim Kolomiyets, , Anna Arkushina et Elena Serova.

En 2016, ENT enregistre le disque "Dialogues sans frontières", qui est sorti en Pologne chez Requiem Records. Il comprend cinq compositions : deux œuvres de compositeurs polonais (Dariusz Przybylski et Jerzy Kornowicz) et trois œuvres de compositeurs ukrainiens (Alexey Shmurak, Maxim Kolomiets et Bohdan Sehin).

Activités
En 2010, l'ensemble participe aux cours de musique nouvelle de Darmstadt.

En 2012, à l'initiative de l'ENT, l'Ukraine accueille des « Master classes internationales de cours de musiques nouvelles ».

En 2014, ENT interpréte un programme de musique de compositeurs ukrainiens et allemands contemporains dans le programme "ensemble[:E:]uropa" sur la radio ouest-allemande.

En 2014, le projet polono-ukrainien à grande échelle "Neo Temporis Group", un grand ensemble organisé conjointement par des membres de l'ENT et le quatuor à cordes polonais "NeoQuartet", fait ses débuts avec un concert à "Warsaw Autumn". En 2015, ce groupe international donne une série de concerts en Pologne et en Ukraine, et en 2016 fait une grande tournée en Ukraine.

En 2018, dans le cadre du projet de la République de Pologne "100 pour 100. Des décennies musicales de liberté », dédiées au 100e anniversaire de l'indépendance de la Pologne, l'ensemble interpréte des œuvres de cinq compositeurs polonais contemporains à Lviv.

Notes et références

Articles connexes

Ensemble de musique contemporaine
Groupe musical ukrainien

Ensemble Nostri Temporis


Sevastianos Rossolatos (grego Σεβαστιανός Ροσσολάτος; Ermoupoli, Syros Island, 19 de junho de 1944) é um clérigo grego e arcebispo católico romano emérito de Atenas e Administrador Apostólico da Arquidiocese de Rodes.

Sevastianos Rossolatos primeiro freqüentou a escola primária na ilha de Syros e depois a Escola Secundária Greco-Francesa de São Paulo em Atenas, que era dirigida pelos Padres Maristas. Em 1962 ingressou no Pontifício Colégio Grego de Santo Atanásio e estudou Filosofia e Teologia Católica na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana de Roma. Em 21 de julho de 1968 recebeu o Sacramento da Ordem em Ano Syros do Bispo de Siros e Milos, Georges Xenopulos SJ.

Rossolatos trabalhou inicialmente como reitor do santuário da Virgem "Faneromeni" em Siros e como diretor do jornal da igreja diocesana. Ele também ocupou vários cargos nas comissões da Conferência Episcopal da Igreja Católica Romana na Grécia. Mais tarde, Sevastianos Rossolatos foi também chanceler da cúria diocesana e membro da corte eclesiástica da diocese de Siros e professor de religião em várias escolas públicas. Além disso, participou dos cursos de preparação matrimonial na diocese de Siros.

Em 12 de agosto de 2014, o Papa Francisco o nomeou Arcebispo Católico Romano de Atenas e Administrador Apostólico de Rodes. Seu predecessor Nikolaos Foskolos deu-lhe a consagração episcopal em 25 de outubro do mesmo ano na Catedral de São Dionísio Areopagita em Atenas; Os co-consagradores foram o bispo emérito de Syros e Santorini, Frangiskos Papamanolis OFMCap, e o arcebispo de Naxos, Andros, Tinos e Mykonos, Nikolaos Printesis. Desde 11 de novembro de 2016, Sevastianos Rossolatos também é Presidente da Conferência Episcopal da Igreja Católica Romana na Grécia.

Em 14 de julho de 2021, o Papa Francisco aceitou a renúncia de Sevastianos Rossolatos por motivos de idade.

Rossolatos fala grego, italiano e francês.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Grécia

Sevastianos Rossolatos


Versuri și Proză a fost o revistă literară și de artă română, cu puternică tentă simbolistică, redactată de Alfred Hefter-Hidalgo și I. M. Rașcu și publicată în Iași din 1912 până în 1916. Aici au apărut scrieri semnate de Barbu Solacolu (sub pseudonim), Benjamin Fondane și Victor Ion Popa.

Referințe

Fondări în 1912
Desființări în 1916
Presa din Iași
Publicații românești
Reviste literare din România

Versuri și Proză


As batalhas da Segunda Guerra Mundial ocorreram em praticamente todo o mundo, estas batalhas sendo distribuídas em 10 diferentes frentes de batalha, sendo elas as frentes: Africana, Oriente Médio, Mediterrâneo, Europeia Ocidental, Europeia Oriental, Oceano Pacífico, Oceano Índico, Oceano Atlântico, Chinesa e do Sudeste Asiático. Durante as batalhas, é estimado que mais de 73 milhões de pessoas (entre militares e civis) envolvidos na guerra, sendo o teatro de operação mais letal aqueles presentes na Europa.

Os teatros de operações na África ocorreram por todo continente, atingindo principalmente os países ao norte da África tendo em vista sua proximidade com os conflitos já iniciados próximos ao Oriente Médio e o Mediterrâneo. Os conflitos na África iniciaram-se principalmente no ano de 1940 se alastrando pelo continente e tendo seus finais em 1943, os conflitos foram travados principalmente pelos países aliados que possuíam colônias em solo africano.

A frente do Oriente Médio e Mediterrâneo envolveu a luta entre os Aliados e as forças do Eixo para conseguir o domínio do Mar Mediterrâneo e países limítrofes. A ideia do domínio da região seria a conquista dos países do Oriente Médio para facilitar a expansão do Eixo pela África e posteriormente uma facilidade para uma possível chegada à América do Sul e Oceania. Estes combates no Oriente Médio acabaram por enfraquecer a Itália, tendo em vista a proximidade do país com a região, o que acarretou seu enfraquecimento e na assinatura do Armistício de Cassibile.

Sendo considerado o berço da guerra a Europa foi o primeiro continente a sofrer com a guerra. Considerando o início da segunda grande guerra a invasão da Polônia pela Alemanha que posteriormente seria um forte representante do Eixo. É considerada a frente mais duradoura da guerra, tendo em vista que foi a primeira a começar após a invasão da Polônia e tendo seu final apenas em 1945.

Os teatros da Ásia durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial reuniram principalmente os conflitos entre a China que era apoiada pelos Aliados e o Japão desta vez apoiado pelo Eixo, envolvendo também terceiros normalmente apoiando um dos dois protagonistas do continente. Inicialmente o conflito era centralizado no conflito preexistente entre a China e o Japão, porém com a aproximação dos países a um dos lados da Segunda Guerra Mundial, a influência estrangeira fomentou os conflitos, principalmente após o ataque à Pearl Harbor que precipitou a entrada dos Estados Unidos no conflito.

A frente oceânica da Segunda Guerra Mundial, trata-se basicamente de guerras e batalhas realizadas entre os Aliados e o Eixo nos oceanos Atlântico, Índico e Pacífico. As batalhas eram realizadas predominantemente de maneira naval e aérea, e de maneira mais discretas incursões terrestres em países banhados pelo seu respectivo oceano. Fazem parte da frente oceânica os breves combates na América do Norte e na América do Sul.

Frente da África
Men of the 4th Indian Division with a captured German flag at Sidi Omar, North Africa.

Campanha Norte-Africana ou Guerras do Deserto

A campanha norte-africana foi iniciada após a invasão italiana do Egito em setembro de 1940, despertando o interesse da França Livre e do Reino Unido na defesa do território africano. A campanha teve seu início oficial em junho de 1940 com a tentativa de defesa do Egito e teve seu final em maio de 1943 com a retirada das forças do Eixo do território norte-africano. A maioria das batalhas foram realizadas entre os territórios da Líbia, Egito e Tunísia.

Campanha da África Oriental
Os teatros da África Oriental ocorreram por conta da vontade dos aliados em sua tentativa de recuperação e manutenção dos territórios existentes na região, principalmente pelo Império Britânico contra a Itália e sua colônia da África Oriental Italiana, entre junho de 1940 e novembro 1941. Os aliados contaram com tropas do Reino Unido, África do Sul, Índia Britânica, Protetorado de Uganda, Quênia, Somalilândia, África Ocidental, Rodésia do Norte e do Sul, Sudão e Niassalândia. Além de uma pequena parte da França Livre.

Frente da África Ocidental
Os teatros na África Ocidental foram batalhas conhecidas como as "Batalhas da África Francesa" tendo em vista que a maioria dos conflitos foi realizado em colônias francesas na África. Onde a França dividida em duas, a França de Vichy apoiada pelo Eixo e a França Livre apoiada pelos Aliados estavam tentando conquistar o domínio estratégico de suas colônias pré-existentes.

Frente do Mediterrâneo e Oriente Médio

Campanha do Oriente Médio
A campanha do Oriente Médio durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial foi determinante para o domínio de países que facilitavam a ligação por solo entre a África (onde existiam diversas colônias europeias) e a Europa que já estava com seu território disputado. Era uma região extremamente estratégica que aumentava a vontade do Eixo em um possível domínio da região e o interesse dos Aliados na defesa do território.

Campanha do Mediterrâneo
Os teatros de operação no mar Mediterrâneo tinham objetivos similares aos conflitos no Oriente Médio, a tomada estratégica do mar mediterrâneo e as terras aos redores, era importante para a entrega de suprimentos na região. A maioria das batalhas foram navais ou aéreas, porém existiram diversas batalhas em solo nos países e ilhas ao redor do mar.

Frente da Europa

Campanha da Europa Ocidental
Nos teatros de batalha da Europa Ocidental, eram comuns grandes invasões combinadas, tendo em vista a grande complexidade do fronte de guerra. A Alemanha, por exemplo, realizou diversas tentativas de invasão em diversos países, enquanto os Aliados tentavam desalojar os alemães da França ocupada.

Campanha da Europa Oriental
A frente da Europa oriental envolveu conflitos entre as potências do Eixo Europeu contra a União Soviética (URSS), Resistência Polónia e outros Aliados. Aliados estes que englobavam aliados da Europa Central, Europa Oriental, Nordeste da Europa (Bálticos) e Sudeste da Europa (Bálcãs) de 22 de junho de 1941 a 9 de maio de 1945.

Frente da Ásia

Campanha da China
A campanha da China também conhecida como a Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa baseou-se basicamente de uma guerra de defesa da China sob os ataques efetuados pelo Japão que era apoiado pelo Eixo. O conflito entre os países era algo preexistente dês da Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa sendo que o conflito foi desencadeado antes do início da Segunda Guerra Mundial que, porém foi agravada e incentivada pela Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Campanha do Sudeste Asiático
A campanha do sudeste asiático envolveu de forma mais abrangente a Segunda Guerra Mundial tendo em vista que ao contrário da Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa o conflito não preexistia e foi fomentado pela grande guerra. Ao lado do eixo, o Japão permaneceu sendo o protagonista, já os aliados tiveram protagonistas variados tendo em vista que a China estava se defendendo da expansão do Japão para dentro de seu território.

Frente Ocêanica

Campanha do Atlântico
A batalha do Atlântico foi uma série de conflitos ocorridos no Oceano Atlântico entre os Aliados e as forças do Eixo, o principal objetivo destas batalhas basicamente navais era retardar o avanço do inimigo, tendo em vista que o Oceano Atlântico era uma rota estratégica para envio de suprimentos para a Europa onde a guerra eclodiu.

Campanha do Índico
Os conflitos que ocorreram no oceano Índico durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial tinham como objetivo básico retardar a passagem de navios inimigos pela região, por ser o oceano que banha África e Ásia, as batalhas na região eram normalmente realizadas para o apoio durante os conflitos que estavam ocorrendo simultaneamente nestes continentes. Ao contrário das batalhas realizadas no Atlântico, diversos conflitos foram realizados em solo, em ilhas e arquipélagos estratégicos da região.

Campanha do Pacífico
Os conflitos do Pacífico foram os mais disputados entre os oceanos que receberam conflitos. Enquanto a preocupação no oceano Atlântico era a proximidade nazista do território americano, e o oceano Pacífico a defesa das ilhas próximas ao continente Africano, as batalhas do Pacífico envolveram diversas invasões em países e ilhas presentes no Pacífico. Diversos fatos importantes como ataque a Pearl Harbor e o bombardeamento de Hiroshima e Nagasaki.

Listas relacionadas à Segunda Guerra Mundial
Cronologia da Segunda Guerra Mundial

Lista de batalhas da Segunda Guerra Mundial


Charles Dacre Parsons (né le  à Cambridge (Massachusetts)) est un philosophe et mathématicien américain.

Biographie
Parsons étudie les mathématiques à l'université Harvard à partir de 1950 avec un baccalauréat summa cum laude en 1953. Il étudie ensuite la philosophie au King's College (Cambridge) en 1954-55 et à Harvard avec une maîtrise en 1956 et un doctorat (Ph.D.) sous la supervision de  Willard van Orman Quine en 1961 (titre de la thèse : On Constructive Interpretation of Predicative Mathematics). De 1958 à 1961, Parsons est Junior fellow à Harvard. À partir de 1961, il professeur assistant de philosophie à l'université Cornell, puis à partir de 1962 à Harvard et, en 1965, il devient professeur associé et en 1969 professeur à l'université Columbia; il a présidé le département de philosophie de 1976 à 1979 et de 1985 à 1989. En 1989, il devient professeur à l'université Harvard, où il devient professeur Edgar Pierce en 1991. En 2005, il devient émérite.

De plus, entre 2002 et 2009, il est plusieurs fois professeur invité à l'université de Californie à Los Angeles. Il a également été professeur invité et chercheur invité à l'Université Rockefeller, à l'Université de Heidelberg, à Yale, à l'Université de Pittsburgh, à Padoue et à Chicago. De 1979 à 1980, il a été chercheur invité au All Souls College d'Oxford et, en 1986/87, il est Guggenheim fellow.

De 1966 à 1990, Parsons est rédacteur en chef adjoint du Journal of Philosophy, dont il est ensuite devenu rédacteur en chef consultatif. Il est rédacteur en chef adjoint du Bulletin of Symbolic Logic de 1994 à 1998 et rédacteur en chef adjoint du Journal of Symbolic Logic de 1980 à 1986. À partir de 1992, il est membre du comité de rédaction de Philosophia Mathematica et de 1978 à 1994 du Journal of Philosophical Logic. De 1989 à 1992, il a été président de l'Association for Symbolic Logic.

Parsons a publié sur la logique mathématique, la philosophie des mathématiques et de la logique, la philosophie du langage, sur Emmanuel Kant et sur des personnalités historiques qui ont étudié les fondements des mathématiques telles que Gottlob Frege, David Hilbert, Willard van Orman Quine et Kurt Gödel. Avec Solomon Feferman et d'autres, il a été l'éditeur de certains  volumes des Œuvres complètes de Gödel. En 2011, il a coédité les écrits de Hao Wang avec Montgomery Link.

En 2017, il est conférencier Gödel. Il est fellow de l'American academy of arts and sciences depuis 1982. Membre titulaire de l'Institut International de Philosophie, 2001-13, membre émérite depuis. Membre étranger de l'Académie norvégienne des sciences et des lettres depuis 2002/

Écrits
Ouvrages
 Mathematics in Philosophy: Selected Essays, Cornell University Press 1983, 2005 (recueil d'essais)
 Mathematical Thought and its Objects, Cambridge University Press, 2008
 From Kant to Husserl: Selected Essays, Cambridge University Press et Harvard University Press, 2012 (recueil d'essais)
 Philosophy of Mathematics in the Twentieth Century: Selected Essays, Harvard University Press 2014 (recueil d'essais)

Articles (sélection)

Bibliographie
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Page d'accueil, Harvard

Naissance en avril 1933
Philosophe américain du XXe siècle
Mathématicien américain du XXe siècle
Professeur à l'université Harvard
Professeur à l'université Columbia
Gödel Lecturer

Charles Dacre Parsons


An Stenotaphrum dimidiatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart. An Stenotaphrum dimidiatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stenotaphrum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Stenotaphrum

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum


Endpoint was a hardcore band from Louisville, Kentucky. Many of their songs dealt with social and political issues.

The band was founded in 1988 as Deathwatch. They released only one record, posthumously in 1991, which was a split 7-inch with another local band named Crain. In 1988, the band changed their name and the following year, with most of the original line-up, released a 17-song album on cassette through the Slamdek Record Company label. The album, called If The Spirits Are Willing, was available in Louisville area stores in May 1989. However, following this release, the band got a new rhythm section and went on to write "In a Time of Hate," which was held up in production but was released in early 1991 on Conversion Records. The following year, the band released "Catharsis," on Doghouse Records. Endpoint released two more records and toured the United States extensively and Europe between 1992 and 1994.

In 1994, the band finally decided to call it quits after a seven-year career. On December 31, they played their last and largest show for over two thousand people in, of course, Louisville.  In 1995, the band released their last record, appropriately entitled "The Last Record".

They reunited for two shows in 2010 as a benefit for Jason Noble of Rodan, who had been diagnosed with cancer.

A large number of Endpoint's songs were political. They have been described as having a "soaring pro-community message".

Members
 Rob Pennington - vocals
 Duncan Barlow - Guitar
 Lee Fetzer - drums
 Rusty Sohm - drums
 Chad Castetter - Guitar
 Pat McClimans - Bass
 Kyle Crabtree - drums
 Kyle Noltemeyer - bass
 Jason Graff - bass
 Jason Hayden - bass
 Curtis Mead - bass
 David Wagenschutz - drums
 Ben Clark - bass
 Thommy Browne - drums

Discography

Albums
 Crain and Deathwatch Split 7-inch - Slamdek
 If the Spirits Are Willing - Slamdek
 Endpoint and Sunspring Split 7-inch- Slamdek
 Endpoint and Sunspring Split 7-inch-Written in Rock: Songs of Rick Springfield - Slamdek
 EP2 7-inch - Break Even Point
 Idiots 7-inch/CD - Doghouse
 Every 26 Seconds 7-inch - Doghouse
 Slamdek Discography 1988-1991 - Slamdek
 In a Time of Hate - Conversion
 Catharsis - Doghouse
 After Taste - Doghouse
 The Last Record - Doghouse

References

Sources
Slamdek A to Z: The Illustrated History of Louisville's Slamdek Record Company 1986-1995 by K. Scott Ritcher
http://history.louisvillehardcore.com/index.php?title=Endpoint

External links

Hardcore punk groups from Kentucky
Musical groups from Louisville, Kentucky
Rock music groups from Kentucky
1988 establishments in Kentucky
Musical groups established in 1988
Doghouse Records artists

Endpoint (band)


Rejdová (bis 1927 slowakisch "Radová"; deutsch Neuhaus oder Neuhay, ungarisch Sajóréde – bis 1907 Rédova) ist eine Gemeinde im Osten der Slowakei, mit  Einwohnern (Stand ), die zum Okres Rožňava, einem Kreis des Košický kraj gehört.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde liegt im Südostteil des Slowakischen Erzgebirges am Osthang dessen höchsten Berges Stolica (). Im gebirgigen Gemeindegebiet entspringt der Fluss Slaná, der hier verschiedene Bäche zunimmt. Das Ortszentrum liegt auf einer Höhe von  und ist 11 Kilometer von Dobšiná sowie 32 Kilometer von Rožňava gelegen.

Geschichte
Rejdová entstand am Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts nach der Grundlage des wallachischen Rechtes und wurde zum ersten Mal 1551 als Redowa schriftlich erwähnt. Der Ort jedoch entstand auf dem Platz zweier früheren Holzfäller-Ansiedlungen. Er gehörte zum Geschlecht Bebek sowie zum Herrschaftsgebiet der Burg Krásna Hôrka. 1672 brannte Rejdová nach einem türkischen Angriff nieder und die Pest von 1709 bis 1710 kostete 530 Menschen das Leben. Die Bevölkerung war und noch ist in Bergbau, Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie Sennerei beschäftigt.

Bevölkerung
Ergebnisse nach der Volkszählung 2001 (738 Einwohner):

Bauwerke
 evangelische Kirche im Renaissance-Stil aus dem 17. Jahrhundert
 erhaltene Volksarchitektur des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts

Ort in der Slowakei
Ersterwähnung 1551

Rejdová


Greg Coolidge (n. 28 de diciembre de 1972 en Redbank, Nueva Jersey) es un actor, actor de voz, guionista, director y productor quién ha estado activo en el cine, televisión y animación desde 1995.

Filmografía
Actor:

Rocket Power (2002)... Trent
Sorority Boys (2002)... Pete
In God We Trust (2000)...
Queen for a Day (2000)... Rick
Possums        (1998)... Jake Malloy
Profilers        (1997)... Gabriel Vanderhorn
Hope and Gloria   (1996)... Dale

Escritor:

Dirty Old Men        (2012)
Untitled Greg Coolidge Project         (2011)
The Troop               (2010)
Ride Along              (2010)
Coxblocker             (2009)
Born to Rock           (2009)
Mancrush               (2009)
Employee of the Month  (2006)
Sorority Boys          (2002)
Queen for a Day        (2000)

Director:

For Sale                    (2011)
Untitled Greg Coolidge Project         (2011)
Coxblocker             (2011)
The Troop               (2010)
Employee of the Month  (2006)
Queen for a Day        (2000)

Productor:

Untitled Greg Coolidge Project         (2011)
The Troop             (2010)
Mancrush               (2009)
Possums                (1998)

Referencias

Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores de voz de Estados Unidos
Guionistas de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de Nueva Jersey

Greg Coolidge


Gedesby er en by på Falster med , beliggende 4 km nord for Gedser og 21 km syd for kommunesædet Nykøbing Falster. Byen hører til Guldborgsund Kommune og ligger i Region Sjælland.

Byen hører til Gedesby Sogn, som også har omfattet Gedser Sogn, der blev udskilt 1. oktober 2010 efter at have været et kirkedistrikt i Gedesby Sogn. Gedesby Kirke, der stammer fra omkring 1350, ligger i byen. Øst for byen ligger sommerhusområdet Gedesby Strand.

Historie

Gedesbyskibet
Under oprensning af en kanal ved Bøtø Nor Pumpestation i 1988 fandt man vraget af Gedesbyskibet. Det var et handelsskib, som er dateret til første halvdel af 1300-tallet og er et af de bedst bevarede middelalderskibe i Nordeuropa. Middelaldercentret ved Nykøbing har lavet en rekonstruktion af skibet.

Skoler
Gedesby fik i 1720'erne en af Frederik 4.s rytterskoler. I 1804 hørte 31 gårde og omtrent 60 husmænd til skolen, og der var mellem 70 og 80 børn. Det var mange til den lille skole, selvom de nok kun gik der hver anden dag. Læreren købte nabogrunden og opførte der et bindingsværkshus, som han i 1809 fik godkendt og betalt som ny skolebygning, så den gamle skole kun skulle være lærerbolig. Bindingsværkshuset forfaldt dog hurtigt og blev solgt til nedrivning i 1840 efter at der et par år tidligere var tilbygget en ny skolestue i vestenden af den gamle rytterskole.

I 1886 blev "den røde skole" opført med to rummelige klasseværelser og en lejlighed til den andenlærer, der nu blev ansat. Førstelæreren blev boende i rytterskolen, nu i hele bygningen efter at skolestuen var nedlagt. I 1961 blev centralskolen Østersøskolen opført mellem Gedser og Gedesby, og også den røde skole blev nu lærerbolig. Frederik 4.'s mindetavle på rytterskolen blev muret ind i centralskolens forhal, men flyttet tilbage da centralskolen blev nedlagt. Den er nu revet ned.

Stormfloden i 1872
Under stormfloden i 1872 omkom 52 mennesker på Falster, heraf 20 i Gedesby, hvor også mange kreaturer omkom. Ved kirken er der opstillet en mindesten med vandstanden på stormflodsnatten.

Gedserbanen
Gedesby fik trinbræt på strækningen Nykøbing Falster-Gedser, der blev åbnet 1. juli 1886. Gedserbanen var en del af den oprindelige Sydbane, hvor togtrafikken til Tyskland gik.

Efter åbningen af Fugleflugtslinjen til Rødbyhavn i 1963 mistede Gedserbanen betydning. Gedesby trinbræt blev nedlagt i 1971. Det sidste ordinære tog kørte i december 2009. Skinnerne ligger der endnu, og banen er ikke officielt nedlagt, men den er så nedslidt, at der ikke længere kan køre veterantog på den.

1900-tallet
I 1899 beskrives Gedesby således: "Gjedesby (i Vald. Jrdb. Getæsby), ved Landevejen, med Kirke, Skole, Fattiggaard for Skjelby-Gjedesby Komm. (opf. 1882, Plads for 40 Lemmer), Forsamlingshus (opf. 1894), Mølle og Jærnbaneholdepl.". Fattiggården lå lige syd for grænsen mellem de to sogne og betegnes som alderdomshjem på målebordsbladet fra 1900-tallet, der desuden viser et mejeri i Gedesby.

Gedesby Sogn var anneks til Skelby Sogn. Tilsammen udgjorde de Skelby-Gedesby sognekommune, der havde 2.368 indbyggere, da den ved kommunalreformen i 1970 indgik i Sydfalster Kommune sammen med Væggerløse og Idestrup Sogne.

Gedesby Mølle
Gedesby Mølle er en hollandsk vindmølle fra 1911. Den erstattede en stubmølle, som overlevede stormfloden i 1872, men var utidssvarende. Møllen fungerede frem til 1947, hvorefter den forfaldt. I 1985 begyndte lokale folk at bevare og restaurere den, og i 1995 stod den færdig og fuldt funktionsdygtig.

Gedsermøllen
Gedsermøllen vest for Gedesby blev opført i 1957 og var dengang verdens største vindmølle. Den lagde grunden til principper, der er videreført i moderne vindmøller, og blev brugt til forsøg indtil sidst i 1970'erne. Den producerer ikke længere elektricitet, men der er sat en moderne møllehat på den – den oprindelige er udstillet på Elmuseet ved Tangeværket.

Kendte personer
 Bjørn Ploug (1912-96), skuespiller
 Ellen Margrethe Løj (1948-), diplomat

Noter

Referencer

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Gedser.Net for borgere, erhverv, turister og rejsende ... fra Gedser til Staureby
 Geodatastyrelsen: Høje målebordsblade 1842-1899 og lave målebordsblade 1901-1971
 Jørgen Nielsen, 2000: Gedesby - historisk håndbog samt onlineadgang
 Jørgen Nielsen: Gedesby i 30'erne, 1997/2023

Byer på Falster
Byer i Guldborgsund Kommune

Gedesby


Kragerøbanen er en nedlagt jernbane mellem Neslandsvatn Station på Sørlandsbanen og Kragerø i Norge.

Kragerøbanen blev åbnet 1. december, samtidig med at Sørlandsbanen blev forlænget fra Lunde til Neslandsvatn. De første år fortsatte Sørlandsbanens tog ad Kragerøbanen, men efter at den næste etape af Sørlandsbanen fra Neslansvatn til Nelaug åbnede 10. november 1935, blev Kragerøbanen en sidebane.

Persontrafikken på banen blev indstillet 1. januar 1989, efter at Stortinget havde besluttet at nedlægge den. Sporet mellem Sannidal og Kragerø er efterfølgende blevet fjernet og erstattet af en ny riksvei. Den tidligere Kragerø Station fungerer nu som turistinformation og busterminal.

I 2008 præsenterede Jernbaneverket en plan for, hvordan Sørlandsbanen kan blive forbundet med Vestfoldbanen med en ny jernbane kaldet Grenlandsbanen mellem Skorstøl og Porsgrunn. Det vil imidlertid medføre, at togtrafikken skal indstilles mellem Kongsberg og Gjerstad. For at kompensere for det foreslog Jernbaneverket, at der kan køre tog fra Kongsberg til Neslandsvatn og derfra videre ad en genetableret Kragerøbanen til Kragerø.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger
 Kragerøbanen på openstreetmap.org

Noter

Nedlagte jernbanestrækninger i Norge
Etableret i 1927
Ophørt i 1989

Kragerøbanen