Angelo La Barbera (3 de julio de 1924 – julio de 1975) fue un potente miembro de la Mafia siciliana. Junto con su hermano Salvatore La Barbera (Palermo, 20 de abril de 1922 – 17 de enero de 1963) encabezó la familia mafiosa de Palermo Centro. Salvatore La Barbera tenía una silla en la primera Comisión que se creó en 1958 como capo mandamento para las familias mafiosas de Borgo Vecchio, Porta Nuova y Palermo Centro.

Gaia Servadio, una periodista italiana establecida en Gran Bretaña que escribió una biografía sobre Angelo La Barbera, le describió como el símbolo del gánster eficiente e inteligente; un nuevo mafioso de posguerra que al final se convertiría en víctima de muchos políticos que él mismo había aupado. Representaba el proletariado, que trató de convertirse en mafioso, de clase media, pero que en última instancia no tendría éxito.

Trayectoria mafiosa
Angelo y Salvatore La Barbera habían nacido en los barrios marginales
de Partanna-Mondello en Palermo. Su padre era un carbonero y vendedor ambulante. Empezaron con pequeños hurtos y asesinatos, y llegaron a convertirse en destacados líderes de una nueva generación de mafiosos en los años 50 y 60 que hacían su fortuna en las transacciones inmobiliarias, el contrabando de cigarrillos y el tráfico de heroína. Los hermanos estaban decididos a dejar atrás su pasado con la pobreza. Angelo la Barbera llegó a ser el protegido de un jefe mafioso local, y en 1952 había organizado una empresa de materiales de construcción. Luego asesinaron a la mano derecha del contratista Salvatore Moncada, y en consecuencia pudieron convertirse en lugartenientes del empresario de la construcción.

En 1955 Angelo La Barbera se había convertido en subjefe, y de facto en la referencia de la cosca de Palermo Centro. Uno de los sicarios de La Barbera era Tommaso Buscetta, quien más tarde se convertiría en pentito (colaborador de la justicia) en 1984. Todavía en la treintena,  Angelo la Barbera empezó a actuar como hombre de negocios, adquiriendo bulldozers, camiones y otros materiales de construcción, así como edificios de viviendas. Generoso y encantador, asumió la forma de vida del gánster de Chicago de los años 30, con coches nuevos, lujosas vestimentas y frecuentes visitas a Milán y Roma, en donde se hospedaba en los mejores hoteles y se rodeaba de mujeres hermosas. Buscetta le describe como "altivo y arrogante".

Los hermanos La Barbera, juntamente con otros advenedizos jefes mafiosos como Pietro Torretta y sus secuaces eran vistos como integrantes de una "nueva mafia" que adoptaron nuevas técnicas de gánsteres. Otras cosche más pequeñas llegaron a reconocer la supremacía de estos jefes – una supremacía basada en la pura violencia. Hombres que estaban comenzando su "carrera" en su sombra se estaban formando en la nueva generación de mafiosos; tenían iniciativa, y el camino hacia el liderazgo de una cosca se vislumbró, por tanto, más fácil y accesible para aquellos que hubieran pretendido escalar posiciones a base de actos violentos. Algunos de ellos eran también Tommaso Buscetta, y Gerlando Alberti.

Vínculos con la política
La nueva generación de mafiosos como La Barbera necesitó crear una nueva base política afín, impulsando a nuevos políticos a través de los cuales podría influir en el control de las sociedades regionales, los bancos de crédito y en la manipulación de las ordenanzas urbanísticas. Angelo La Barbera tenía conexiones con políticos locales del partido de la (DC - Democracia cristiana) – en particular con Salvo Lima, el alcalde de Palermo durante el período 1958-1963. En 1964, durante una investigación, Lima tuvo que admitir que conocía a Angelo La Barbera. Según Buscetta, el padre de Lima, Vincenzo Lima, era un "hombre de honor" de la familia mafiosa de Palermo Centro que había sido dirigido precisamente por los hermanos La Barbera. La elección de Lima fue apoyada por el clan de La Barbera. Su candidato en el parlamento nacional era Giovanni Gioia.

El periodo de Lima como alcalde de Palermo fue más tarde conocido como el "saqueo de Palermo", porque el auge de la construcción provocó la destrucción del cinturón verde de la ciudad y de las villas que habían simbolizado un gusto por la arquitectura, para dar paso a una invasión de cemento y de bloques de apartamentos de mala calidad.  Paralelamente el centro histórico de Palermo vio como se desmoronaba. En esta época los La Barbera estaban relacionados con el principal empresario de la construcción Francesco Vassallo. En cinco años, se concedieron unas 4,000 licencias para la construcción, más de la mitad de ellas a nombre de tres pensionistas que actuaban como testaferros y que no tenían ningún tipo de relación con el mundo de la construcción.

Tráfico de heroína
Los hermanos La Barbera estuvieron presentes en las reuniones entre mafiosos sicilianos y americanos que tuvieron lugar en Palermo entre el 12 y el 16 de octubre de 1957, en el hotel Delle Palme en Palermo. Joseph Bonanno, Lucky Luciano, John Bonventre, Frank Garofalo, Santo Sorge y Carmine Galante fueron algunos de los mafiosos americanos presentes en la reunión, mientras que entre el círculo siciliano estaban Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco y su primo Salvatore Greco "l'ingegnere", Giuseppe Genco Russo, Gaetano Badalamenti, Calcedonio Di Pisa y Tommaso Buscetta.  Uno de los temas en las reuniones fue la organización del tráfico de heroína a los Estados Unidos.

En 1960 Angelo La Barbera fue descubierto en Ciudad de México y posteriormente expulsado de los Estados Unidos y Canadá por presunto tráfico de heroína. Según Buscetta, La Barbera trató de contrabandear heroína desde México hacia los EE. UU., pero se lo impediría Carlo Gambino, el jefe de la poderosa familia criminal Gambino de Nueva York, quien amenazó con matarlo.

En la Comisión
Salvatore La Barbera se convirtió en miembro de la primera Comisión cuando se creó en 1958. Sin embargo, los La Barbera rápidamente se metieron en problemas con la Comisión, cuando el contratista Moncada (ex patrón de La Barbera) se quejó ante la Comisión de que los hermanos La Barbera le cobraban de forma abusiva por los materiales de construcción. La Comisión decidió en favor de Moncada y ordenó a Angelo La Barbera a renunciar a la dirección de la familia de Palermo Centro – el cual se negó a hacerlo. Angelo La Barbera se negó a reconocer la autoridad de la Comisión sobre su familia por completo.

Primera Guerra de la Mafia
Los hermanos La Barbera fueron los protagonistas en un sangriento conflicto entre clanes rivales en Palermo a principios de 1960. Conocido como la Primera guerra de la mafia – una segunda se inició en la década de 1980 – la lucha fue por arrebatar el control de las extorsiones de los mercados de Palermo, la venta de parcelas edificables, la construcción y el tráfico de heroína a América del Norte de la vieja mafia.

El conflicto estalló por un cargamento manipulado de heroína. Cesare Manzella, los primos Greco de Ciaculli y los hermanos La Barbera habían financiado la expedición. Las sospechas recayeron sobre Calcedonio Di Pisa, que había recogido la heroína para Manzella del proveedor corso Pascal Molinelli, y había organizado el transporte para los socios de Manzella en Nueva York.

El caso fue llevado ante la Comisión, pero el desacuerdo sobre la manera de manejarlo, y la vieja hostilidad hacia los La Barbera, provocó un conflicto sangriento, entre los aliados del clan de los Greco, dirigido por Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco, y los aliados del clan de La Barbera. Lo que provocó la serie de ataques y contraataques, fue el asesinato de Di Pisa el 26 de diciembre de 1962. Los Greco sospechaban de Salvatore y de Angelo La Barbera como causantes de tal asesinato.

El 17 de enero de 1963, Salvatore La Barbera desapareció y nunca más se supo de él. Angelo La Barbera también desapareció, pero dos semanas después reapareció en Milán, dando una conferencia de prensa. La participación de los medios de comunicación en los asuntos de la mafia era algo inaudito en el momento. Mientras tanto, La Barbera trató de tomar represalias, pero los clanes rivales ya le estaban encima. El 25 de mayo de 1963, recibió un disparo en Milán y resultó gravemente herido. Fue arrestado en el hospital. Buscetta admitió haber aceptado el encargo de matar a Angelo La Barbera, pero afirmó que otra persona llevó a cabo tal encargo en Milán antes que él.

El 30 de junio de 1963, un coche bomba en Ciaculli mató a siete policías y militares enviados para desactivarla después de una llamada telefónica anónima. La indignación por la Masacre de Ciaculli cambió lo que hasta entonces había sido una guerra entre clanes de la mafia en una guerra contra la mafia. Ello llevó a que aparecieran los primeros indicios de lucha contra la mafia por parte del Estado. La Comisión fue disuelta y muchos de los mafiosos que habían escapado del arresto huyeron al extranjero.

Juicio y muerte
Angelo La Barbera fue acusado de siete asesinatos. Fue uno de los pocos mafiosos que recibió una dura sentencia en el proceso de Catanzaro en diciembre de 1968. Fue condenado a 22 años, pero apeló. En mayo de 1970, un decreto del gobierno estableció que los acusados cuyas sentencias aún no había adquirido firmeza después de haber sido detenidos sin fianza por un periodo de cuatro a seis años tenían que ser puestos en libertad provisional en espera de sus apelaciones. La Barbera fue uno de los beneficiados.
Pendiente de apelación, fue desterrado primero al norte de Italia, y después a la isla de Linosa. Fue finalmente puesto en prisión preventiva en Perugia, donde tres mafiosos le apuñalaron mortalmente el 28 de octubre de 1975. Ya para entonces, su influencia y poder había caído. El grupo mafioso que había liderado se disolvió. Hubo prensa que publicó que su asesinato fue ordenado por los Greco, y otros expertos afirmaron que la causa fue que amenazó con revelar los contactos entre la mafia y los políticos.

Véase también

Referencias y notas de pie
Notas aclaratorias

Notas al pie

Bibliografía
 Servadio, Gaia (1974). Angelo La Barbera: the profile of a Mafia boss, London: Quartet Books, 1974.
 Dickie, John (2004). , London: Coronet, ISBN 0-340-82435-2
 Lewis, Norman (1964/2003). Honoured Society: The Sicilian Mafia Observed, London: Eland ISBN 0-907871-48-8
 Servadio, Gaia (1976). Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg ISBN 0-436-44700-2
 Schneider, Jane T. & Peter T. Schneider (2003). Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo, Berkeley: University of California Press ISBN 0-520-23609-2
 Shawcross, Tim & Martin Young (1987). Men Of Honour: The Confessions Of Tommaso Buscetta, London: Collins ISBN 0-00-217589-4
 Sterling, Claire (1990). Octopus. How the long reach of the Sicilian Mafia controls the global narcotics trade, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-73402-4
 Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage ISBN 0-09-959491-9

Mafiosos de Italia
Asesinatos en Italia
Nacidos en Palermo
Fallecidos en Perugia

Angelo La Barbera


Franzberg ist der Name folgender Orte:

in Deutschland:
 Franzberg (Moosthenning), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Moosthenning, Landkreis Dingolfing-Landau, Bayern
 Franzberg (Sondershausen), Ortsteil der Stadt Sondershausen, Kyffhäuserkreis, Thüringen

in Österreich:
 Franzberg (Gemeinde Hargelsberg), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Hargelsberg, Bezirk Linz-Land, Oberösterreich

in Tschechien:
 Franzberg, deutscher Name des Ortsteils Františkův Vrch von Huntířov, Ústecký kraj
 Franzberg, deutscher Name der Siedlung Františkov (Velké Kunětice) von Velké Kunětice, Olomoucký kraj
 Franzberg, deutscher Name der Siedlung Františkov von Horní Životice, Moravskoslezský kraj

Franzberg


FIS je bosanskohercegovačka privatna tvrtka. Suvlasnici su Pero Gudelj, jedan od najbogatijih ljudi u BiH, i Snežana Gudelj.

Povijest

FIS je s poslovanjem započeo 1995. godine u obiteljskoj kući najprije kao trgovina na malo, a zatim i veleprodaja. Dvije godine kasnije FIS otvara prvi prodajni objekt u Vitezu na oko 2000 m2 korisne površine. Već 1998. FIS u Banjoj Luci otvara prvi prodajni centar izvan Viteza. Dana 17. prosinca 2003. godine u rad je svečano pušten prvi Prodajni centar FIS na 64.000 m2 što je značajno doprinijelo razvoju viteškog Poslovnog centra 96.

Od 2005. FIS pušta u rad Tvornicu namještaja Ambyenta, a iste godine FIS je zapošljavao 1570 radnika. Prvi prodajni centar izvan granica BiH otvoren je 2005. u Splitu. FIS se, osim proizvodnjom namještaja, bavi i proizvodnjom čarapa, kućnog tekstila i dječje odjeće. Godine 2013. u Banjoj Luci je otvoren novi objekt, koji je nakon onog u Vitezu najveći FIS-ov prodajni centar. Od 2016. u Mostaru na oko 7000 m2 posluje prvi prodajni centar na području Hercegovine. Tvrtka je vlasnik i sportsko-rekreacijskog centra i turističkog naselja EKO-FIS Vlašić na Babanovcu.

Godine 2015. FIS Vitez imao je ukupan promet od 307,2 milijuna KM, 16 prodajnih centara u BiH i Hrvatskoj i više od 3.000 zaposlenika.

Prodajni centri

 Banja Luka
 Bugojno
 Brčko
 Bijeljina
 Bihać
 Cazin
 Čelinac
 Dugopolje
 Dujmovača (Solin)
 Doboj Jug
 Gračanica
 Livno
 Mostar
 Sanski Most
 Sarajevo
 Slavonski Brod
 Vitez
 Žepče

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službene stranice

Bosanskohercegovačke tvrtke
Vitez
Bosanskohercegovačka industrija

FIS (tvrtka)


المشوكة العديدة المساكن  ديدان من الشراطيات حلقيات المحاجم، مثل المشوكة الحبيبية يسبب داء المشوكات للعديد من الثدييات بما فيها القوارض والاٍنسان.

وصلات خارجية
طفيليات الجهاز الهضمي

مراجع

أمراض حيوانية
أمراض طفيلية
حلقيات المحاجم
حيوانات وصفت في 1863
ديدان شريطية
طفيليات الكلاب

مشوكة عديدة المساكن


كريمان (18 ديسمبر 1936 - 12 سبتمبر 2023)، هي ممثلة مصرية.

حياتها

ولدت في القاهرة، درست في مدرسة الليسية وعملت في برامج الأطفال مع بابا شارو عملت في مسرح مدرستها حيث قدمت «قيصر وكليوباترا» عملت في طفولتها في الإذاعة واشتركت في ركن الأطفال وأثنى عليها بابا شارو. عرفت بعزوفها عن الاختلاط بالوسط الفني ولم يعرف عنها سيرة خاصة حيث ابتعدت عن الأضواء دون سابق إنذار لمعت في دور البنت الشقية، وربما كان دورها في «بنات اليوم» من أبرز أدوارها رغم قصره، كما لعبت دور خطيبة مصطفى (إسماعيل ياسين) في فيلم الفانوس السحري ولعبت دور المهندسة عايدة زميلة المهندس حسين (صلاح ذو الفقار) في فيلم مراتي مدير عام وآخر أعمالها فيلم نورا.

أعمالها الفنية

الأفلام

المسرحيات

 1960: عمتي فتافيت السكر
 1960: منافق للإيجار
 1961: عريس في علبة
 1962: كناس في جاردن سيتي
 1963: حركة واحدة أضيعك

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

ممثلات أفلام مصريات
ممثلات مسرح مصريات
ممثلات مصريات في القرن 20
ممثلات من القاهرة
مواليد 1355 هـ
مواليد 1936
مواليد في القاهرة
وفيات 2023
وفيات في القاهرة
وفيات 1445 هـ
مصريون من أصل لبناني
مصريون من أصل تركي

كريمان


Altensteinia, biljni rod iz porodice kaćunovki smješten u podtribus Cranichidinae.

Postoji osam vrsta raširenih po Andama A. cundinamarcae otkrivena je u Kolumbiji tek 2014.

Vrste
 Altensteinia boliviensis Rolfe ex Rusby
 Altensteinia citrina Garay
 Altensteinia cundinamarcae S.Nowak, Szlach. & Mytnik
 Altensteinia elliptica C.Schweinf.
 Altensteinia fimbriata Kunth
 Altensteinia longispicata C.Schweinf.
 Altensteinia marginata Rchb.f.
 Altensteinia virescens Lindl.

Izvori

Cranichidinae

Altensteinia


وحدة تحكم طرفية  هي جهاز إلكترونى معتمد على المعالج الصغري في عملية التحكم، حيث يتصل هذا الجهاز فيزيائياً مع العالم عن طريق نظام التحكم الموزع أو نظام سكادا من خلال بث بيانات قياس عن بعد.

مراجع

قياس عن بعد
ملحقات الحاسوب

وحدة تحكم طرفية


Cheshire is a county in the northwest of England.

Cheshire may also refer to:

Places in the United States
Cheshire, Connecticut
Cheshire, Massachusetts
Cheshire (CDP), Massachusetts, a census-designated place
Cheshire, Ohio, a village in Gallia County
Cheshire, Delaware County, Ohio, an unincorporated community
Cheshire, Oregon
Cheshire County, New Hampshire
Cheshire Township, Michigan
Cheshire Township, Gallia County, Ohio

Other
 Cheshire (comics), a villain in DC Comics
 Cheshire (passenger train), a named passenger train operated by the Boston & Maine railroad
 Cheshire (South), a former regional English rugby union league
 Cheshire (surname), a list of people with the name
 Cheshire cheese, a traditional cheese produced in Cheshire, England
 HMS Cheshire, a ship of the British Royal Navy 1927–1957
 Cheshire (EP), 2022 release from Itzy
 "Cheshire" (song), 2022 song by Itzy

See also
 Cheshire Bridge (disambiguation)
 Cheshire Cat (disambiguation)

Cheshire (disambiguation)


NGC 7527 je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7527
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7527 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7527 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7500 - 7549

7527

NGC 7527


The Whole of the Law deveti je studijski album britanskog ekstremnog metal sastava Anaal Nathrakh. Album je 28. listopada 2016. godine objavila diskografska kuća Metal Blade Records.

O albumu
Naslovnica albuma preuzeta je sa slike Dante i Vergilije u paklu slikara Williama Bouguereaua.

Za pjesmu "We Will Fucking Kill You" bio je snimljen glazbeni spot.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Anaal Nathrakh
Irrumator – bas-gitara, gitara, programiranje, produkcija, omot albuma, miksanje, mastering
V.I.T.R.I.O.L. – vokali

Dodatni glazbenici
Gore Tech – elektronika (na pjesmama 6 i 10)
G.Rash – gitara (na pjesmi 11)
Andrew Knudsen – dodatni vokali (na pjesmi 4)
CJ Rage – nepoznato
The Shid – dodatni vokali (na pjesmi 11)

Izvori

Albumi iz 2016.
Britanski glazbeni albumi

The Whole of the Law


Polistes is a cosmopolitan genus of paper wasps and the only genus in the tribe Polistini. Vernacular names for the genus include umbrella wasps, coined by Walter Ebeling in 1975 to distinguish it from other types of paper wasp, in reference to the form of their nests, and umbrella paper wasps. Polistes is the single largest genus within the family Vespidae, with over 200 recognized species. Their innate preferences for nest-building sites leads them to commonly build nests on human habitation, where they can be very unwelcome; although generally not aggressive, they can be provoked into defending their nests. All species are predatory, and they may consume large numbers of caterpillars, in which respect they are generally considered beneficial.

Description
As part of subfamily Polistinae, Polistes wasps are covered in short and inconspicuous hair, have a clypeus with a pointed apex, have a gena that is wide throughout, tergum 1 of the metasoma is almost straight to gently arched in profile, the tibia of the mid leg has two spurs, and the legs end in simple tarsal claws. The genus can be distinguished from other Polistinae by a sessile metasoma (the first segment at most slightly longer than wide) and the fourth tarsomeres of the mid and hind legs being symmetrical.

Polistes show sexual dimorphism, with males having seven externally visible metasomal segments whereas females have six. This trait is shared with other vespid wasps.

Polistes species have single-layered nests which are shaped like an umbrella, with the cells exposed to the air from the bottom, and no layer wrapping around the nest. The nests are suspended from a surface by a petiole and are constructed from a paper-like substance made of a mix of saliva and wood fibres chewed off old and soft wood or dead twigs. Many Polistes species in general often have nests supported by a longer petiole than those of Vespula.

Biochemistry
Similar to many insects, Carlson et al 1998 finds Polistes cuticular hydrocarbons to be predominantly many branched, methyl branched alkanes. The reviews of Nelson 1978, Lockey 1988 and Nelson 1993 concur.

Life cycle
The general life cycle of Polistes can be divided into four phases:
Founding (or pre-emergence) phase
Worker phase
Reproductive phase
Intermediate phase

Founding (or pre-emergence) phase
The founding stage begins in the spring when a solitary female (the "foundress") (or a small group of related females) initiates the construction of a nest. The wasps begin by fashioning a petiole, a short stalk which will connect the new nest to a substrate (often the eave of a house or outbuilding), and building a single brood cell at the end of it. Further cells are added laterally in a hexagonal pattern, each cell surrounded by six others. Although nests can achieve impressive sizes, they almost always maintain a basic shape: petiolated (stellocyttarous), single-combed, unprotected, and open (gymnodomous).

Eggs are laid by the foundress directly into the brood cells and are guarded by the foundress and the assisting females (if present). After the first larvae hatch, the foundress feeds them via progressive provisioning, bringing softened caterpillar flesh to the larvae multiple times throughout their development (as opposed to the one-time provisioning seen in some other hymenopteran groups). Each of this first seasonal brood of new paper wasps is exclusively female and destined to a subordinate worker position inside the nest; they do not found their own nests and instead assist their mother in the care and maintenance of future sisters.

Some foundress wasps do not build their own nests, but rather attempt to usurp that of another female. These usurpation attempts may or may not be successful, but almost always result in impressive displays of aggression and violence. Females may also adopt a more peaceful alternative reproduction strategy by joining the nest of a close relative (usually a sister) and working as assisting females. In the latter case, such cofounding females are generally, but not exclusively, close relatives.

Worker phase
The worker phase usually begins in the early summer, roughly two months after colony initiation, with the emergence of the first workers. These new females take up most of the colony's work duties, foraging, caring for brood, and maintaining the structure of the nest. Around this time, those females which assisted in nest foundation (if present) are driven from the nest by aggressive behavior on the part of the foundress, and leave either to start their own late-season nests or usurp another's.

Reproductive phase
The reproductive phase of the colony begins when the first female reproductives (the gynes) emerge from their brood cells. These reproductives differ from their worker sisters by having increased levels of fat stores and cryoprotectant carbohydrate compounds (allowing them to survive the overwintering period). These reproductives contribute genes directly to the next generation, while their worker sisters normally pass along their genes indirectly.

Intermediate phase
Once male reproductives emerge and both males and females disperse from the natal nest for mating flights, the so-called intermediate phase begins. Brood care and foraging behavior decline and worker numbers drop as dying individuals are no longer replaced by new ones. Intracolonial aggression increases and the social cohesion of the nest declines. In temperate Polistes species, individuals (almost exclusively inseminated females) gather in groups of up to 50 individuals and seek a sheltered location (called a hibernaculum) in which to overwinter.

Behavior

Kin selection

The reproductive behavior of Polistes wasps provided some of the first evidence for the mathematical biologist W. D. Hamilton's 1964 theory of kin selection. Hamilton showed that animals such as workers could be expected to provide assistance to relatives such as their queens according to the costs and benefits involved (K) and their degree of genetic relatedness (r), and gave the rule that now carries his name, K > 1/r. Early caution existed among researchers as to whether social insects could really assess their relatedness. Hamilton himself suggested an alternative possibility, namely that kin could become associated simply by "population viscosity" —that offspring tend not to disperse far from their birthplaces— and West-Eberhard (1969) found some evidence for this in Polistes. However, Polistes species are now known to learn and remember chemical signals (hydrocarbons) picked up from the nest to distinguish nestmates accurately from non-relatives.

Dominance hierarchy system
Morphologically, the foundress and subordinate reproductive members of the colony differ little. However, behavioral differentiation occurs among females both between and within generations. For example, in the species Polistes humilis the queen displays a "tail-wagging" behavior to assert her dominance over the worker class. Similarly,  Polistes canadensis also possesses behavioral differentiation between the queen and her nestmates, with the queen often suppressing the aggressive behavior of subordinates through lateral abdominal vibrations and stroking. In contrast, unmated females are not aggressive. In Polistes exclamans queens have different amounts of glucose, fructose, and trehalose which lead to different cryoprotectant levels. This alters their survivability in different temperatures, increasing their odds of reproduction. Females in P. bellicosus are also morphologically similar between caste separations. For example, a P. bellicosus worker could become queen, and egg-layer, if all of the original foundresses die or leave the nest. This is also true for Polistes dorsalis, which also displays dominant behavior. Despite having no distinct morphological caste, roles of P. dorsalis tend to be fixed in a system with division of labor.

Nestmate recognition
Polistes spp. discriminate colony mates using an acquired (i.e. learned) cue, absorbing hydrocarbons from the natal nest at eclosion. This cuticular hydrocarbon "signature" is derived both from the plant material and the foundress-applied substances from which the nest is made. Studies of Polistes fuscatus have researched the molecular basis of the recognition "pheromone" used by the wasps, and indicate at least some of the recognizable labels have the same chemical constituents as the adult cuticular hydrocarbons. Similar recognition is found in Polistes metricus.

Dominant individuals of P. dominula have differing cuticular profiles from workers, and the frequent observations of the dominant female stroking its gaster across the nest surface, combined with its staying on the nest for longer times than subordinates, suggests the dominant individual may contribute more to the nest odor.

P. carolina females do not preferentially feed their own progeny (as larvae), so it may be the case that nest odor only serves as a likely indicator of relatedness, rather than a specific label of kinship.

Further to this recognition of nestmates, Polistes biglumis foundresses discriminate between 'alien' eggs and their own via differential oophagy. The mechanism of differentiation is not elucidated, but is thought to be based upon differences in cuticular hydrocarbon odor.

Gallery

Species
203 species were described in the genus by 1996, and new species continue to be described. There are nine species in Europe.

224 species and 126 subspecies are as follows:

Polistes actaeon Haliday, 1836
Polistes adelphus Richards, 1978
Polistes adustus Bingham, 1897
Polistes affinis Gusenleitner, 2006
Polistes africanus Palisot de Beauvois, 1818
Polistes albicinctus de Saussure, 1890
Polistes albocalcaratus du Buysson, 1905
Polistes angulinus Richards, 1951
Polistes angusticlypeus Gusenleitner, 2006
Polistes annularis (Linnaeus, 1763)
Polistes apachus (de Saussure, 1857)
Polistes apicalis de Saussure, 1858
Polistes aquilinus du Buysson, 1905
Polistes arizonensis Snelling, 1954
Polistes arthuri Cameron, 1901
Polistes assamensis Bingham, 1897
Polistes associus Kohl, 1898
Polistes asterope Cameron, 1901
Polistes asterope arvidi Petersen, 1990
Polistes asterope asterope Cameron, 1901
Polistes asterope narupi Petersen, 1990
Polistes aterrimus de Saussure, 1853
Polistes atrimandibularis Zimmermann, 1930
Polistes atrox Richards, 1978
Polistes aurifer de Saussure, 1853
Polistes austroccidentalis Van Achterberg & Neumeyer, 2017
Polistes badius Gerstaecker, 1871
Polistes bahamensis Bequaert & Salt, 1931
Polistes balder Kirby, 1888
Polistes bambusae Richards, 1978
Polistes bambusae bambusae Richards, 1978
Polistes bambusae humboldti Richards, 1978
Polistes bellicosus Cresson, 1872
Polistes bequaertellus Snelling, 1983,
Polistes bequaerti von Schulthess, 1921
Polistes bequaertianus Willink, 1954
Polistes bicolor Lepeletier, 1836
Polistes biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Polistes biguttatus Haliday, 1836
Polistes billardieri Fabricius, 1804
Polistes billardieri biglumoides Ducke, 1904
Polistes billardieri billardieri Fabricius, 1804
Polistes billardieri ruficornis de Saussure, 1853
Polistes binotatus de Saussure, 1853
Polistes bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937
Polistes bituberculatus du Buysson, 1905
Polistes boharti Snelling, 1983
Polistes brevifissus Richards, 1978
Polistes brunus Nguyen & Carpenter, 2017
Polistes bucharensis Petersen, 1990
Polistes buruensis Erichson, 184
Polistes buyssoni Brèthes, 1909
Polistes callimorphus de Saussure, 1853
Polistes canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Polistes canadensis borientalis Richards, 1978
Polistes canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Polistes candidoi von Ihering, 1903
Polistes capnodes van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes capnodes capnodes van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes capnodes incomptus van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes capnodes quadrifasciatus van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes carnifex (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes carnifex boliviensis Bequaert, 1936
Polistes carnifex carnifex (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes carnifex carnifex Latreille, 1817
Polistes carolina (Linnaeus, 1767)
Polistes cavapyta de Saussure, 1853
Polistes cavapytiformis Richards, 1978
Polistes chinensis (Fabricius, 1793)
Polistes chinensis antennalis Pérez, 1905
Polistes chinensis chinensis (Fabricius, 1793)
Polistes cinerascens de Saussure, 1854
Polistes claripennis Ducke, 1904
Polistes clavicornis van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes comanchus de Saussure, 1857
Polistes comanchus comanchus de Saussure, 1857
Polistes comanchus navajoe Cresson, 1868
Polistes communalis  Nguyen, Vu, & Carpenter, 2017
Polistes consobrinus de Saussure, 1858
Polistes contrarius Cheesman, 1951
Polistes crinitus (Felton, 1765)
Polistes crinitus americanus (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes crinitus crinitus (Felton, 1765)
Polistes crinitus multicolor (Olivier, 1792)
Polistes cubensis Lepeletier, 1836
Polistes davillae Richards, 1978
Polistes dawnae Dover & Rao, 1922
Polistes deceptor Schulz, 1905
Polistes defectivus Gerstaecker, 1871
Polistes delhiensis Das & Gupta, 1984
Polistes diabolicus de Saussure, 1853
Polistes diakonovi Kostylev, 1940
Polistes dominicus (Vallot, 1802)
Polistes dominula (Christ, 1791)
Polistes dorsalis (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes dorsalis californicus Bohart, 1949
Polistes dorsalis clarionensis Bohart, 1949
Polistes dorsalis dorsalis (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes dorsalis maritimus Bequaert, 1940
Polistes dorsalis neotropicus Bequaert, 1940
Polistes ebsohinus Sonan, 1943
Polistes eburneus Bequaert, 1943
Polistes elegans Smith, 1859
Polistes ellenbergi du Buysson, 1908
Polistes ephippium Cameron, 1900
Polistes erythrinus Holmgren, 1868
Polistes erythrocephalus Latreille, 1813
Polistes exclamans Viereck, 1906
Polistes extraneus Kirby, 1883
Polistes facilis de Saussure, 1853
Polistes fastidiosus de Saussure, 1853
Polistes ferreri de Saussure, 1853
Polistes flavobilineatus (Cameron, 1902)
Polistes flavus Cresson, 1868
Polistes foederatus Kohl, 1898
Polistes fordi van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes formosanus Sonan, 1927
Polistes franciscanus Richards, 1978
Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius, 1793)
Polistes gallicus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Polistes geminatus Fox, 1898
Polistes geminatus geminatus Fox, 1898
Polistes geminatus guyanensis Cameron, 1912
Polistes gigas (Kirby, 1826)
Polistes goeldii Ducke, 1904
Polistes haugi du Buysson, 1906
Polistes hebridensis Giordani Soika, 1981
Polistes hebridensis erromangensis Giordani Soika, 1981
Polistes hebridensis hebridensis Giordani Soika, 1981
Polistes hebridensis malekulensis Giordani Soika, 1981
Polistes hebridensis vilensis Giordani Soika, 1981
Polistes helveticus Neumeyer, 2014
Polistes hirsuticornis Buck, 2012
Polistes horrendus Gusenleitner, 2006
Polistes huacapistana Richards, 1978
Polistes huisunensis Kuo, 1987
Polistes humeralis Polašek, 2023
Polistes humilis (Fabricius, 1781)
Polistes humilis centrocontinentalis Giordani Soika, 1975
Polistes humilis humilis (Fabricius, 1781)
Polistes humilis synoecus de Saussure, 1853
Polistes incertus  Cresson, 1865
Polistes indicus Stolfa, 1934
Polistes infuscatus Lepeletier, 1836
Polistes infuscatus anduzei Bequaert, 1943
Polistes infuscatus ecuadorius Richards, 1978
Polistes infuscatus infuscatus Lepeletier, 1836
Polistes infuscatus mariae Richards, 1978
Polistes infuscatus metensis Richards, 1978
Polistes instabilis  de Saussure, 1853
Polistes intermedius Kojima, 1988
Polistes iranus Guiglia, 1976
Polistes japonicus de Saussure, 1858
Polistes jokahamae Radoszkowski, 1887
Polistes kaibabensis Hayward, 1932
Polistes khasianus Cameron, 1900
Polistes laevigatissimus Giordani Soika, 1975
Polistes lanio (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes lanio lanio (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes lanio satanulus Bequaert, 1940
Polistes lanio weberi Bequaert, 1940
Polistes lateritius Smith, 1857
Polistes latinis Das & Gupta, 1984
Polistes legnotus van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes lepcha Cameron, 1900
Polistes lineonotus Bohart, 1949
Polistes loveridgei Bequaert, 1938
Polistes lycus Cameron, 1901
Polistes macrocephalus Bequaert, 1918
Polistes madecassus de Saussure, 1853
Polistes madiburensis von Schulthess, 1921
Polistes major Palisot de Beauvois, 1818
Polistes major bonaccensis Bequaert, 1937
Polistes major castaneicolor Bequaert, 1936
Polistes major colombianus Bequaert, 1940
Polistes major major Palisot de Beauvois, 1818
Polistes major weyrauchi Bequaert, 1940
Polistes mandarinus de Saussure, 1853
Polistes maranonensis Willink, 1964
Polistes marginalis (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes marginalis baidoensis Giordani Soika, 1944
Polistes marginalis lindensis Giordani Soika, 1981
Polistes marginalis marginalis (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes marginalis meruensis Giordani Soika, 1981
Polistes maroccanus Schmid-Egger, 2017
Polistes meadeanus von Schulthess, 1913
Polistes melanopterus Cameron, 1911
Polistes melanosoma de Saussure, 1853
Polistes melanotus Richards, 1978
Polistes mertoni du Buysson, 1913
Polistes metricus Say, 1831
Polistes mexicanus Bequaert, 1940
Polistes minor Palisot de Beauvois, 1818
Polistes mongolicus Buysson, 1911
Polistes moraballi Richards, 1951
Polistes myersi Bequaert, 1934
Polistes myersi curassavicus Richards, 1978
Polistes myersi myersi Bequaert, 1934
Polistes mysteriosus Bequaert, 1938
Polistes niger Brèthes, 1903
Polistes nigrifrons Smith, 1859
Polistes nigrifrons nigrifrons Smith, 1859
Polistes nigrifrons obdurus Cheesman, 1951
Polistes nigrifrons stotherti Meade-Waldo, 1916
Polistes nigritarsis Cameron, 1900
Polistes nimpha (Christ, 1791)
Polistes ninabamba Richards, 1978
Polistes nipponensis Pérez, 1905
Polistes notatipes Richards, 1978
Polistes obscurus de Saussure, 1863
Polistes occipitalis Ducke, 1904
Polistes occultus Kojima, 1988
Polistes oculatus Smith, 1857
Polistes olivaceus (DeGeer, 1773)
Polistes opacus Gusenleitner, 2006
Polistes ornatus Lepeletier, 1836
Polistes pacificus Fabricius, 1804
Polistes palmarum Bequaert, 1936
Polistes paraguayensis Bertoni, 1921
Polistes parametricus Buck, 2012
Polistes penai Richards, 1978
Polistes penthicus van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes penthicus ater Petersen, 1990
Polistes penthicus malaitensis van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes penthicus penthicus van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes perflavus van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes peruvianus Bequaert, 1934
Polistes philippinensis de Saussure, 1853
Polistes philippinensis funebris Bequaert, 1940
Polistes philippinensis philippinensis de Saussure, 1853
Polistes poeyi Lepeletier, 1836
Polistes poeyi haitiensis Bequaert and Salt, 1931
Polistes poeyi poeyi Lepeletier, 1836
Polistes praenotatus Kohl, 1908
Polistes pseudoculatus Snelling, 1955
Polistes quadricingulatus Gusenleitner, 2006
Polistes ridleyi Kirby, 1890
Polistes riekii Richards, 1978
Polistes riparius Yamane & Yamane, 1987
Polistes rossi Bohart, 1949
Polistes rothneyi Cameron, 1900
Polistes rothneyi carletoni van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi engeli van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi grahami van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi gressitti van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi hainanensis van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi helvenacus van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi ingrami van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi iwatai van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi koreanus van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi krombeini van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi quatei van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi robinsoni van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi rothneyi Cameron, 1900
Polistes rothneyi sikkimensis van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi tibetanus van der Vecht, 1968
Polistes rothneyi vechti Das and Gupta, 1984
Polistes rothneyi rothneyi Matsumura, 1911
Polistes rubellus Gusenleitner, 2006
Polistes rubiginosus Lepeletier, 1836
Polistes rufidens  de Saussure, 1853
Polistes rufiventris Ducke, 1904
Polistes rufodorsalis  Yamane & Kusigemati, 1985
Polistes sagittarius de Saussure, 1853
Polistes santoshae Das & Gupta, 1984
Polistes satan Bequaert, 1940
Polistes saussurei Dalla Torre, 1894
Polistes schach (Fabricius, 1781)
Polistes semenowi Morawitz, 1889
Polistes semiflavus Holmgren, 1868
Polistes sgarambus Giordani Soika, 1975
Polistes shirakii Sonan, 1943
Polistes sikorae de Saussure, 1900
Polistes similis Das & Gupta, 1984
Polistes simillimus Zikán, 1951
Polistes simulatus Smith, 1860
Polistes simulatus halmaheirensis Petersen, 1990
Polistes simulatus morotaiensis Petersen, 1990
Polistes simulatus obiensis Petersen, 1990
Polistes simulatus simulatus Smith, 1860
Polistes smithii de Saussure, 1853
Polistes smithii neavei von Schulthess, 1921
Polistes smithii smithii de Saussure, 1853
Polistes snelleni de Saussure, 1862
Polistes stabilinus Richards, 1978
Polistes stenopus van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes stenopus brandti van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes stenopus ganonganus van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes stenopus manni van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes stenopus stenopus van der Vecht, 1972
Polistes stigma (Fabricius, 1793)
 Polistes stigma alagari Petersen, 1987
 Polistes stigma bernardii Le Guillou, 1841
 Polistes stigma dubius de Saussure, 1867
 Polistes stigma galatheae Petersen, 1987
 Polistes stigma goestai Petersen, 1987
 Polistes stigma jani Petersen, 1987
 Polistes stigma maculipennis de Saussure, 1853
 Polistes stigma madsi Petersen, 1987
 Polistes stigma manillensis de Saussure, 1853
 Polistes stigma nebulosus Yamane & Kusigemati, 1985
 Polistes stigma novarae de Saussure, 1867
 Polistes stigma papuanus Schulz, 1905
 Polistes stigma pouli Petersen, 1987
 Polistes stigma sauiensis Petersen, 1987
 Polistes stigma stigma (Fabricius, 1793)
 Polistes stigma svendi Petersen, 1987
 Polistes stigma tamulus (Fabricius, 1798)
 Polistes stigma townsvillensis Giordani Soika, 1975
 Polistes stigma tualensis Petersen, 1987
Polistes strigosus Bequaert, 1940
Polistes strigosus atratus Das and Gupta, 1989
Polistes strigosus mimus Bequaert, 1940
Polistes strigosus strigosus Bequaert, 1940
Polistes subsericeus de Saussure, 1854
Polistes takasagonus Sonan, 1943
Polistes tenebricosus Lepeletier, 1836
Polistes tenebris Nguyen & Lee 2017
Polistes tenellus du Buysson, 1905
Polistes tenellus lahejensis Giordani Soika, 1981
Polistes tenellus minutissimus Giordani Soika, 1981
Polistes tenellus tenellus du Buysson, 1905
Polistes tenuispunctia Kim, 2001
Polistes tepidus (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes tepidus batjanensis Cameron, 1911
Polistes tepidus malayanus Cameron, 1906
Polistes tepidus manusensis Petersen, 1990
Polistes tepidus picteti de Saussure, 1853
Polistes tepidus speciosus du Buysson, 1913
Polistes tepidus tepidus (Fabricius, 1775)
Polistes tepidus theodori Petersen, 1990
Polistes testaceicolor Bequaert, 1937
Polistes thoracicus Fox, 1898
Polistes torresae Silveira, 1994
Polistes tristis Meade-Waldo, 1911
Polistes tullgreni Schulz, 1906
Polistes utakwae Meade-Waldo, 1916
Polistes variabilis (Fabricius, 1781)
Polistes veracrucis  Richards, 1978
Polistes versicolor (Olivier, 1792)
Polistes versicolor flavoguttatus Bequaert, 1934
Polistes versicolor kaieteurensis Bequaert, 1934
Polistes versicolor versicolor (Olivier, 1792)
Polistes wattii Cameron, 1900
Polistes watutus Kojima, 1988
Polistes weyrauchorum Willink, 1964
Polistes williamsi Petersen, 1990
Polistes xanthogaster Bequaert, 1940
Polistes xanthogaster willei Bequaert, 1940
Polistes xanthogaster xanthogaster Bequaert, 1940
Polistes xantholeucus van der Vecht, 1984

Pest status

Along with the German and common wasps, the Asian and Australian paper wasps (P. chinensis and P. humilis) are considered pests in New Zealand. Arriving in 1979, the Asian paper wasp has established itself in both the North Island and the northern parts of the South Island. Because it competes with native species (such as the kaka) for insects, nectar, and honeydew, it is a hindrance to conservation efforts.

Parasites
Various other insects are parasites or parasitoids of Polistes, including flies (e.g., Sarcophagidae), mantispids, and wasps in the families Torymidae, Mutillidae (rarely), Braconidae, and Ichneumonidae (e.g. Latibulus argiolus). Some more specialized groups are more intimately associated with Polistes; this includes strepsipterans in the family Stylopidae (genus Xenos), wasps of the genus Elasmus (formerly placed in their own family, "Elasmidae"), and wasps in the family Trigonalidae.

The nests of many species of this wasp genus are invaded by the parasitoid caterpillars of the moth Chalcoela iphitalis which feed on the wasp larvae and pupas at night, spinning their cocoons in empty cells.

Within the subgenus Polistes are four known social obligate parasites: P. atrimandibularis, P. austroccidentalis, P. maroccanus, and P. semenowi, which parasitize other Polistes wasps. Known host species of these parasites are P. dominulus, P. gallicus, P. nimphus, P. associus, and P. biglumis. Although these parasites differ in their host invasion strategies, their end goal is to successfully infiltrate the host nest and reproduce at the host's expense.

References

Further reading

External links
Paper wasp Polistes dominula reference photographs, descriptions, taxonomy
Paper wasp Polistes fuscatus diagnostic photographs, natural history
 Polistes dominula facial markings indicating dominance

Insects used as insect pest control agents
Hymenoptera genera
Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille

Polistes


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La mitología de Galicia es el conjunto de los mitos más o menos relacionados (o incluso sin conexiones entre ellos), relatos que forman parte de la cultura gallega. Se puede obtener a través de discursos, narraciones o expresiones culturales de origen sagrado, que posteriormente fueron secularizados, y discursos relacionados con esta cultura en un momento determinado o una serie de creencias de carácter imaginario.

Los mitos son relatos basados en la tradición y la leyenda creados para explicar el universo, el origen del mundo, los fenómenos naturales y cualquier otra cosa para la que no hay una explicación simple.

Sin embargo, no todos los mitos tienen que tener este propósito explicativo. La mayoría de ellos están relacionados con una fuerza natural o deidad, pero muchos son simplemente historias y leyendas que se han transmitido oralmente de generación en generación.

Algunos personajes mitológicos y folclore de Galicia

Galería de imágenes

Referencias
 Juan R. Cuba, Antonio Reigosa, José Miranda, ilustraciones de Lázaro Enríquez: Diccionario de los seres míticos gallegos. Anaya Publicaciones Generales. ISBN-13: 978-8497824682

Mitología de Galicia

Mitología gallega


Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment. Evaporative cooling using water is often more efficient than air cooling. Water is inexpensive and non-toxic; however, it can contain impurities and cause corrosion.

Water cooling is commonly used for cooling automobile internal combustion engines and power stations. Water coolers utilising convective heat transfer are used inside high-end personal computers to lower the temperature of CPUs and other components.

Other uses include the cooling of lubricant oil in pumps; for cooling purposes in heat exchangers; for cooling buildings in HVAC and in chillers.

Mechanism

Advantages
Water is inexpensive, non-toxic, and available over most of the earth's surface. Liquid cooling offers higher thermal conductivity than air cooling. Water has unusually high specific heat capacity among commonly available liquids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure allowing efficient heat transfer over distance with low rates of mass transfer. Cooling water may be recycled through a recirculating system or used in a single-pass once-through cooling (OTC) system. Water's high enthalpy of vaporization allows the option of efficient evaporative cooling to remove waste heat in cooling towers or cooling ponds. Recirculating systems are open if they rely upon evaporative cooling or closed if heat removal is accomplished in heat exchangers, thus with negligible evaporative loss. A heat exchanger or condenser may separate non-contact cooling water from a fluid being cooled, or contact cooling water may directly impinge on items like saw blades where phase difference allows easy separation. Environmental regulations emphasize the reduced concentrations of waste products in non-contact cooling water.

Disadvantages
Water accelerates the corrosion of metal parts and is a favorable medium for biological growth. Dissolved minerals in natural water supplies are concentrated by evaporation to leave deposits called scale. Cooling water often requires the addition of chemicals to minimize corrosion and insulating deposits of scale and biofouling.

Water contains varying amounts of impurities from contact with the atmosphere, soil, and containers. Being both an electrical conductor and a solvent for metal ions and oxygen, water can accelerate corrosion of machinery being cooled. Corrosion reactions proceed more rapidly as temperature increases. Preservation of machinery in the presence of hot water has been improved by addition of corrosion inhibitors including zinc, chromates and phosphates. The first two have toxicity concerns; and the last has been associated with eutrophication. Residual concentrations of biocides and corrosion inhibitors are of potential concern for OTC and blowdown from open recirculating cooling water systems. With the exception of machines with short design life, closed recirculating systems require periodic cooling-water treatment or replacement raising similar concern about ultimate disposal of cooling water containing chemicals used with environmental safety assumptions of a closed system.

Biofouling occurs because water is a favorable environment for many life forms. Flow characteristics of recirculating cooling water systems encourage colonization by sessile organisms using the circulating supply of food, oxygen and nutrients. Temperatures may become high enough to support thermophilic populations of organisms such as types of fungi.  Biofouling of heat exchange surfaces can reduce heat transfer rates of the cooling system, and biofouling of cooling towers can alter flow distribution to reduce evaporative cooling rates. Biofouling may also create differential oxygen concentrations increasing corrosion rates. OTC and open recirculating systems are more susceptible to biofouling. Biofouling may be inhibited by temporary habitat modifications. Temperature differences may discourage the establishment of thermophilic populations in intermittently operated facilities, and intentional short-term temperature spikes may periodically kill less tolerant populations.  Biocides have been commonly used to control biofouling where sustained facility operation is required.

Chlorine may be added in the form of hypochlorite to decrease biofouling in cooling water systems, but is later reduced to chloride to minimize the toxicity of blowdown or OTC water returned to natural aquatic environments. Hypochlorite is increasingly destructive to wooden cooling towers as pH increases. Chlorinated phenols have been used as biocides or leached from preserved wood in cooling towers. Both hypochlorite and pentachlorophenol have reduced effectiveness at pH values greater than 8. Non-oxidizing biocides may be more difficult to detoxify prior to release of blowdown or OTC water to natural aquatic environments.

Concentrations of polyphosphates or phosphonates with zinc and chromates or similar compounds have been maintained in cooling systems to keep heat exchange surfaces clean enough that a film of gamma iron oxide and zinc phosphate can inhibit corrosion by passivating anodic and cathodic reaction points. These increase salinity and total dissolved solids, and phosphorus compounds may provide the limiting essential nutrient for algal growth contributing to biofouling of the cooling system or to eutrophication of natural aquatic environments receiving blowdown or OTC water. Chromates reduce biofouling in addition to effective corrosion inhibition in the cooling water system, but residual toxicity in blowdown or OTC water has encouraged lower chromate concentrations and the use of less-flexible corrosion inhibitors. Blowdown may also contain chromium leached from cooling towers constructed of wood preserved with chromated copper arsenate.

Total dissolved solids or TDS (sometimes called filterable residue) is reported as the mass of residue remaining when a measured volume of filtered water is evaporated. Salinity indicates water density or conductivity changes caused by dissolved materials. Probability of scale formation increases with increasing total dissolved solids.  Solids commonly associated with scale formation are calcium and magnesium both as carbonate and sulfate. Corrosion rates initially increase with salinity in response to increasing electrical conductivity, but then decrease after reaching a peak as higher levels of salinity decrease dissolved oxygen levels.

Some groundwater contains very little oxygen when pumped from wells, but most natural water supplies include dissolved oxygen. Increasing oxygen concentrations accelerate corrosion. Dissolved oxygen approaches saturation levels in cooling towers.  It is beneficial in blowdown or OTC water being returned to natural aquatic environments.

Water ionizes into hydronium (H3O+) cations and hydroxide (OH−) anions. The concentration of ionized hydrogen (as protonated water) in a cooling water system is reported as the pH level. Low pH values increase the rate of corrosion; high pH values encourage scale formation. Amphoterism is uncommon among metals used in water cooling systems, but aluminum corrosion rates increase with pH values above 9. Galvanic corrosion may be severe in water systems with copper and aluminum components. Acid can be added to cooling water systems to prevent scale formation if the pH decrease will offset increased salinity and dissolved solids.

Steam power stations

Few other cooling applications approach the large volumes of water required to condense low-pressure steam at power stations. Many facilities, particularly electric power plants, use millions of gallons of water per day for cooling. Water cooling on this scale may alter natural water environments and create new environments. Thermal pollution of rivers, estuaries and coastal waters is a consideration when siting such plants. Water returned to aquatic environments at temperatures higher than the ambient receiving water modifies aquatic habitat by increasing biochemical reaction rates and decreasing the oxygen saturation capacity of the habitat. Temperature increases initially favor a population shift from species requiring the high-oxygen concentration of cold water to those enjoying the advantages of increased metabolic rates in warm water.

Once-through cooling (OTC) systems may be used on very large rivers or at coastal and estuarine sites. These power stations put the waste heat into the river or coastal water. These OTC systems thus rely upon an ample supply of river water or seawater for their cooling needs. Such facilities are built with intake structures designed for bringing in large volumes of water at a high rate of flow. These structures tend to also pull in large numbers of fish and other aquatic organisms, which are killed or injured on the intake screens. Large flow rates may trap slow-swimming organisms including fish and shrimp on screens protecting the small bore tubes of the heat exchangers from blockage. High temperatures or pump turbulence and shear may kill or disable smaller organisms that pass through the screens entrained with the cooling water. More than 1,200 power plants and manufacturing facilities in the U.S. use OTC systems; the intake structures kill billions of fish and other organisms each year. More-agile aquatic predators consume organisms impinged on the screens; and warm water predators and scavengers colonize the cooling water discharge to feed on entrained organisms.

The U.S. Clean Water Act required the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue regulations on industrial cooling water intake structures. EPA issued final regulations for new facilities in 2001 (amended 2003), and for existing facilities in 2014.

Cooling towers

As an alternative to OTC, industrial cooling towers may use recirculated river water, coastal water (seawater), or well water. Large mechanical induced-draft or forced-draft cooling towers in industrial plants continuously circulate cooling water through heat exchangers and other equipment where the water absorbs heat. That heat is then rejected to the atmosphere by the evaporation of some of the water in cooling towers where upflowing air contacts the downflowing water. The loss of evaporated water into the air exhausted to the atmosphere is replaced by "make-up" fresh river water or fresh cooling water, but the amount of water lost during evaporative cooling may affect the natural habitat for aquatic organisms. Because the evaporated pure water is replaced by make-up water containing carbonates and other dissolved salts, a portion of the circulating water is continuously discarded as "blowdown" water to minimize the excessive build-up of salts in the circulating water; these blowdown wastes may change the receiving water quality.

Internal combustion engines

The heated coolant mixture can be used to warm the air inside the car by means of the heater core. Also, the water jacket around an engine is very effective at deadening mechanical noises, making the engine quieter.

Open method

An open water cooling system makes use of evaporative cooling, lowering the temperature of the remaining (unevaporated) water. This method was common in early internal combustion engines until scale buildup was observed from dissolved salts and minerals in the water. Modern open cooling systems continuously waste a fraction of recirculating water as blowdown to remove dissolved solids at concentrations low enough to prevent scale formation. Some open systems use inexpensive tap water, but this requires higher blowdown rates than deionized or distilled water. Purified water systems still require blowdown to remove the accumulation of byproducts of chemical treatment to prevent corrosion and biofouling.

Pressurization
Water for cooling has a boiling point temperature of around 100 degrees C at atmospheric pressure. Engines operating at higher temperatures may require a pressurized recycle loop to prevent overheating. Modern automotive cooling systems often operate at  to raise the boiling-point of the recycling water coolant and reduce evaporative losses.

Antifreeze
The use of water cooling carries the risk of damage from freezing. Automotive and many other engine cooling applications require the use of a water and antifreeze mixture to lower the freezing point to a temperature unlikely to be experienced. Antifreeze also inhibits corrosion from dissimilar metals and can increase the boiling point, allowing a wider range of water cooling temperatures. Its distinctive odor also alerts operators to cooling system leaks and problems that would go unnoticed in a water-only cooling system.

Other additives
Other less common chemical additives are products to reduce surface tension. These additives are meant to increase the efficiency of automotive cooling systems. Such products are used to enhance the cooling of underperforming or undersized cooling systems or in racing where the weight of a larger cooling system could be a disadvantage.

Power electronics and transmitters
Since approximately 1930 it is common to use water cooling for tubes of powerful transmitters. As these devices use high operation voltages (around 10 kV), the use of deionized water is required and it has to be carefully controlled.
Modern solid-state transmitters can be built so that even high-power transmitters do not require water cooling. Water cooling is however also sometimes used for thyristors of HVDC valves, for which the use of deionized water is required.

Liquid cooling maintenance

Liquid cooling techniques are increasingly being used for the thermal management of electronic components. This type of cooling is a solution to ensure the optimisation of energy efficiency while simultaneously minimising noise and space requirements. Especially useful in supercomputers or Data Centers because maintenance of the racks is quick and easy. After disassembly of the rack, advanced-technology quick-release couplings eliminate spillage for the safety of operators and protect the integrity of fluids (no impurities in the circuits). These couplings are also capable of being locked (Panel mounted?) to allow blind connection in difficult-to-access areas. It is important in electronics technology to analyse the connection systems to ensure:
 Non-spill sealing (clean break, flush face couplings)
 Compact and lightweight (materials in special aluminum alloys)
 Operator safety (disconnection without spillage)
 Quick-release couplings sized for optimized flow
 Connection guiding system and compensation of misalignment during connection on rack systems
 Excellent resistance to vibration and corrosion
 Designed to withstand a large number of connections even on refrigerant circuits under residual pressure

Computer usage

Water cooling often adds complexity and cost in comparison to air cooling design by requiring a pump, tubing or piping to transport the water, and a radiator, often with fans, to reject the heat to the atmosphere. Depending on the application, water cooling may create an additional element of risk where leakage from the water coolant recycle loop can corrode or short-circuit sensitive electronic components.

The primary advantage of water cooling for cooling CPU cores in computing equipment is transporting heat away from the source to a secondary cooling surface to allow for large, more optimally designed radiators rather than small, relatively inefficient fins mounted directly on the heat source. Cooling hot computer components with various fluids has been in use since at least the  Cray-2 in 1982, which used Fluorinert. Through the 1990s, water cooling for home PCs slowly gained recognition among enthusiasts, but it became noticeably more prevalent after the introduction of the first Gigahertz-clocked processors in the early 2000s. As of 2018, there are dozens of manufacturers of water cooling components and kits, and many computer manufacturers include preinstalled water cooling solutions for their high-performance systems.

Water cooling can be used for many computer components, but usually it is used for the CPU and GPUs. Water cooling typically uses a water block, a water pump, and a water-to-air heat exchanger. By transferring device heat to a separate larger heat exchanger using larger, lower-speed fans, water cooling can allow quieter operation, improved processor speeds (overclocking), or a balance of both. Less commonly, Northbridges, Southbridges, hard disk drives, memory, voltage regulator modules (VRMs), and even power supplies can be water-cooled.

Internal radiator size may vary: from 40mm dual fan (80mm) to 140 quad fan (560mm) and thickness from 30mm to 80mm. Radiator fans may be mounted on one or both sides. External radiators can be much larger than their internal counterparts as they do not need to fit in the confines of a computer case. High-end cases may have two rubber grommeted ports in the back for the inlet and outlet hoses, which allow external radiators to be placed far away from the PC.

A T-Line is used to remove trapped air bubbles from the circulating water. It is made with a t-connector and a capped-off length of tubing. The tube n acts as a mini-reservoir and allows air bubbles to travel into it as they are caught into the "tee" connector, and ultimately removed from the system by bleeding. The capped line may be capped with a fill-port fitting to allow the release of trapped gas and the addition of liquid.

Water coolers for desktop computers were, until the end of the 1990s, homemade. They were made from car radiators (or more commonly, a car's heater core), aquarium pumps and home-made water blocks, laboratory-grade PVC and silicone tubing and various reservoirs (homemade using plastic bottles, or constructed using cylindrical acrylic or sheets of acrylic, usually clear) and or a T-Line. More recently a growing number of companies are manufacturing water-cooling components compact enough to fit inside a computer case. This, and the trend to CPUs of higher power dissipation, has greatly increased the popularity of water cooling.

Dedicated overclockers have occasionally used vapor-compression refrigeration or thermoelectric coolers in place of more common standard heat exchangers. Water cooling systems in which water is cooled directly by the evaporator coil of a phase change system are able to chill the circulating coolant below the ambient air temperature (impossible with a standard heat exchanger) and, as a result, generally provide superior cooling of the computer's heat-generating components. The downside of phase-change or thermoelectric cooling is that it uses much more electricity, and antifreeze must be added due to the low temperature. Additionally, insulation, usually in the form of lagging around water pipes and neoprene pads around the components to be cooled, must be used in order to prevent damage caused by condensation of water vapour from the air on chilled surfaces. Common places from which to obtain the required phase transition systems are a household dehumidifier or air conditioner.

An alternative cooling scheme, which also enables components to be cooled below the ambient temperature while obviating the requirement for antifreeze and lagged pipes, is to place a thermoelectric device (commonly referred to as a 'Peltier junction' or 'pelt' after Jean Peltier, who documented the effect) between the heat-generating component and the water block. Because the only sub-ambient temperature zone now is at the interface with the heat-generating component itself, insulation is required only in that localized area. The disadvantage of such a system is higher power dissipation.

To avoid damage from condensation around the Peltier junction, a proper installation requires it to be "potted" with silicone epoxy. The epoxy is applied around the edges of the device, preventing air from entering or leaving the interior.

Apple's Power Mac G5 was the first mainstream desktop computer to have water cooling as standard (although only on its fastest models). Dell followed suit by shipping their XPS computers with liquid cooling, using thermoelectric cooling to help cool the liquid. Currently, Dell's only computers to offer liquid cooling are their Alienware desktops.

Asus are the first and only mainstream brand to have put water-cooled laptops into mass production. Those laptops have a built-in air/water hybrid cooling system and can be docked to an external liquid cooling radiator for additional cooling and electrical power.

Ships and boats
Water is an ideal cooling medium for vessels as they are constantly surrounded by water that generally remains at a low temperature throughout the year. Systems operating with seawater need to be manufactured from cupronickel, bronze, titanium or similarly corrosion-resistant materials. Water containing sediment may require velocity restrictions through piping to avoid erosion at high velocity or blockage by settling at low velocity.

Other applications
Plant transpiration and animal perspiration use evaporative cooling to prevent high temperatures from causing unsustainable metabolic rates.

Machine guns used in fixed defensive positions sometimes use water cooling to extend barrel life through periods of rapid fire, but the weight of the water and pumping system significantly reduces the portability of water-cooled firearms. Water-cooled machine guns were extensively used by both sides during World War I; however, by the end of the war lighter weapons that rivaled the firepower, effectiveness and reliability of water-cooled models began to appear on the battlefield. Thus water-cooled weapons have played a far lesser role in subsequent conflicts.

A hospital in Sweden relies on snow-cooling from melt-water to cool its data centers, medical equipment, and maintain a comfortable ambient temperature.

Some nuclear reactors use heavy water as coolant. Heavy water is employed in nuclear reactors because it is a weaker neutron absorber. This allows for the use of less-enriched fuel. For the main cooling system, normal water is preferably employed through the use of a heat exchanger, as heavy water is much more expensive. Reactors that use other materials for moderation (graphite) may also use normal water for cooling.

High-grade industrial water (produced by reverse osmosis or distillation) and potable water are sometimes used in industrial plants requiring high-purity cooling water. Production of these high-purity waters creates waste byproduct brines containing the concentrated impurities from the source water.

In 2018, researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder and University of Wyoming invented a radiative cooling metamaterial known as "RadiCold", which has been developed since 2017. This metamaterial aids in cooling of water and increasing the efficiency of power generation, in which it would cool the underneath objects, by reflecting away the sun's rays while at the same time allowing the surface to discharge its heat as infrared thermal radiation.

See also
 Cooling pond
 Deep lake water cooling
 Free cooling
 Full immersion cooling
 Heat pipe cooling
 Hopper cooling
 Oil cooling
 Peltier cooling
 Thermosiphon (passive heat exchange)

References

Bibliography

External links
 Basic Theory and Practice of Cooling Towers
 Howstuffworks "How Liquid-cooled PCs Work"

Engine cooling systems
Cooling technology
Computer hardware cooling
Water pollution

Water cooling


76309 Ronferdie este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
76309 Ronferdie este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  din Munții Santa Catalina de Richard Erik Hill. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,61 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 16,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 76001-77000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

76309 Ronferdie


Ferdinand Demus-Moran (St. Pölten, 27. ožujka 1868. – Bad Reichenhall, 19. siječnja 1946.) je bio austrougarski general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata obnašao je dužnost načelnika stožera I. korpusa, 7. i 4. armije, te je zapovijedao 10. pješačkom brigadom na Istočnom i Talijanskom bojištu.

Vojna karijera
Ferdinand Demus-Moran je rođen 27. ožujka 1868. u St. Pöltenu. Vojnu naobrazbu stekao je pohađajući Terezijansku vojnu akademiju u Bečkom Novom Mjestu. Po završetku iste, od 1886. raspoređen je na službu u 49. pješačku pukovniju gdje služi iduće tri godine. Pohađa i Ratnu vojnu školu u Beču, nakon čega je raspoređen na stožerne dužnosti. Godine 1905. imenovan je načelnikom stožera 34. pješačke divizije smještene u Przemyslu, dok je u svibnju 1910. promaknut u čin pukovnika. Godine 1913. postaje načelnikom stožera I. korpusa pod zapovjedništvom Eduarda Böhm-Ermollija koju dužnost obnaša i na početku Prvog svjetskog rata.

Prvi svjetski rat
Na početku Prvog svjetskog rata I. korpus kojim je zapovijedao Karl Kirchbach i u kojem je služio Demus Moran raspoređen je u sastav 1. armije kojom je na Istočnom bojištu zapovijedao Viktor Dankl. U sastavu I. korpusa sudjeluje u austrougarskoj pobjedi u Bitci kod Krasnika, te do kraja godine u povlačenju prema rijeci San i zaustavljanju ruske ofenzive iz smjera Varšave i Ivangoroda. Tijekom 1915. I. korpus sudjeluje u ofenzivi Gorlice-Tarnow, te tijekom rujna u borbama oko Rovna. U svibnju 1916. Demus-Moran premješten je zajedno s I. korpusom na Talijansko bojište gdje sudjeluje u Tirolskoj ofenzivi da bi ubrzo u lipnju ponovno bio premješten na Istočno bojište radi zaustavljanja Brusilovljeve ofenzive.

U rujnu 1916. imenovan je načelnikom stožera 7. armije na kojoj dužnosti se nalazi svega mjesec dana. Potom, u ožujku 1917., istodobno s imenovanjem Karla Kirchbacha za zapovjednikom 4. armije, postaje načelnikom stožera navedene armije. Navedenu dužnost obnaša do njezinog raspuštanja u ožujku 1917. godine. U međuvremenu je, u lipnju 1917., promaknut u čin general bojnika. Nakon raspuštanja 4. armije imenovan je zapovjednikom 10. pješačke brigade. Navedena brigada nalazila se na Talijanskom bojištu u sastavu 5. pješačke divizije, te u sastavu iste sudjeluje u lipnju u Bitci na Piavi, te u listopadu u Bitci kod Vittoria Veneta.

Poslije rata
Nakon završetka rata Demus-Moran je s 1. siječnjem 1919. umirovljen. Preminuo je 19. siječnja 1946. u 78. godini života u Bad Reichenhallu.

Vanjske poveznice
     Ferdinand Demus-Moran na stranici Weltkriege.at
     Ferdinand Demus-Moran na stranici Archivinformationssystem.at

  Ferdinand Demus-Moran na stranici Valka.cz

Austrougarski vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

Ferdinand Demus-Moran


Rogier este o stație de metrou din comuna Bruxelles, în Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles din Belgia. Situată pe liniile de metrou  și , stația este denumită după Piața Charles Rogier din vecinătate.

Istoric
Stația Rogier a fost deschisă pe 18 august 1974, ca parte a axei de premetrou Centura mică. După deschidere, tramvaiele puteau circula subteran între Porte de Namur și Rogier. Pe 20 septembrie 1976, Regele Baudouin I a pornit într-un tramvai special din această stație către De Brouckère pentru a inaugura prima linie de metrou din Bruxelles. În după-amiaza aceleiași zile, stația respectivă a fost deschisă publicului.

Pe 4 octombrie 1976, sub tunelul existent a fost pusă în funcțiune o nouă linie de premetrou, între Gare du Nord și Lemonnier, ceea ce a transformat Rogier într-o intersecție de linii. Pe 2 octombrie 1988, tunelul de premetrou al axei Centura mică, ce fusese construit la standard de metrou, a fost transformat în linia de metrou , după ce a fost prelungit cu stațiile Ijzer, Ribaucourt și Simonis.

În intervalul anilor 2003-2004, peroanele centrale ale stațiilor axei Nord-Sud au fost prelungite pentru a scurta timpul de îmbarcare al călătorilor. La începuturile acestei noi organizări s-a aplicat regula soluției spaniole: îmbarcarea se face de pe peronul central, iar debarcarea pe peroanele laterale. Totuși, acest sistem a fost din ce în ce mai puțin utilizat de-a lungul anilor.

De la reorganizarea rețelei de tramvai din 2007, fostul punct terminus al liniei  este deservit de liniile de tramvai  și . Odată cu reorganizarea rețelei de metrou din 2009, prin stația Rogier circulă liniile  și . În același an au început și lucrările de renovare a stației de metrou și a pieței Rogier de la suprafață. Sfârșitul acestora era prevăzut pentru anul 2013, dar lucrările au fost mult întârziate din diverse motive. Finalizarea lucrărilor a fost inițial amânată pentru 2014. Un nou termen de finalizare este prevăzut pentru anul 2017.

Caracteristici
Stația se găsește sub Piața Charles Rogier, în zona intrării pe artera comercială pietonală Rue Neuve. Un culoar subteran în linie dreaptă permite accesul direct în centrul comercial City 2.

Stația este construită pe trei niveluri: la nivelul –1 circulă ramele liniilor de metrou 2 și 6, la nivelul –2 se află stația terminus a tramvaielor liniilor 25 și 55, iar nivelul –3 se găsește stația pentru tramvaiele ,  și  ale axei de premetrou Nord-Sud. Nivelurile –1 și –3 sunt prevăzute fiecare cu câte un peron central și două peroane laterale.

Deasupra uneia din scările rulante de acces în stație a fost o vreme expusă lucrarea "Zigzagramme" a lui Pierre Cordier. Era vorba de patru dreptunghiuri imprimate pe hârtie fotosensibilă în interiorul cărora sunt trasate linii care, în timpul deplasării privitorului dau senzația de mișcare și creează dreptunghiuri, pătrate și alte forme rectangulare. În 2012, lucrarea artistului belgian a fost mutată în stația Porte de Namur.

La nivelul stației unde opresc tramvaiele liniilor 25 și 55 este expus din 2004 un mozaic realizat Gino Tondat, după un proiect de Pjeeroo Roobjee, și oferit Regiunii Capitalei Bruxelles de către organizația neguvernamentală non-profit Welzijnszorg și mișcarea muncitorească creștină flamandă.

Legături

Linii de metrou ale STIB
  Simonis - Elisabeth
  Roi Baudouin / Koning Boudewijn - Elisabeth

Linii de tramvai ale STIB în premetrou
  Esplanade - Churchill
  Gare du Nord / Noordstation - Parking Stalle
  Rogier - Boondael Gare / Bondaal Station
  Drogenbos Château / Drogenbos Kasteel - Da Vinci (doar seara, după ora 20:00)
  Rogier - Da Vinci

Linii de autobuz ale STIB în apropiere
  De Brouckère - Vilvoorde Station (în direcția Vilvoorde)
  Yser / IJzer - Vilvoorde (în direcția Yser / IJzer)
  Gare du Nord / Noordstation - Montgomery
  De Brouckère - Heysel / Heizel (în direcția Heysel / Heizel)

Linii de autobuz ale De Lijn în apropiere
 126  Bruxelles-Nord - Ninove (autobuz expres)
 127  Bruxelles-Nord - Dilbeek - Liedekerke - Ninove
 128  Bruxelles-Nord - Dilbeek - Ninove
 129  Bruxelles-Nord - Dilbeek
 212  Bruxelles-Nord - Aalst (autobuz expres)
 213  Bruxelles-Nord - Asse - Ternat - Aalst
 214  Bruxelles-Nord - Asse - Aalst
 230  Bruxelles-Nord - Grimbergen - Humbeek
 231  Bruxelles-Nord - Het Voor - Grimbergen - Beigem
 232  Bruxelles-Nord - Het Voor - Grimbergen - Verbrande Brug
 235  Bruxelles-Nord - Strombeek - Het Voor
 240  Bruxelles-Nord - Wemmel Robbrechts
 241  Bruxelles-Nord - Wemmel - Strombeek Drijpikkel
 242  Bruxelles-Nord - Wemmel - Asse
 243  Bruxelles-Nord - Wemmel - Zellik Drie Koningen
 245  Bruxelles-Nord - Wemmel - Merchtem - Dendermonde
 250  Bruxelles-Nord - Londerzeel - Liezele - Puurs
 251  Bruxelles-Nord - Steenhuffel - Londerzeel - Puurs
 260  Bruxelles-Nord - Nieuwenrode - Willebroek - Puurs
 270  Bruxelles-Nord - Haacht - Keerbergen
 271  Bruxelles-Nord - Kortenberg - Erps-Kwerps - Nederokkerzeel
 272  Bruxelles-Nord - Luchthaven - Haacht - Bonheiden
 318  Bruxelles-Nord - Sterrebeek - Leuven
 351  Bruxelles-Nord - Kortenberg - Everberg - Leuven
 355  Bruxelles-Nord - Ternat - Liedekerke
 358  Bruxelles-Nord - Kortenberg - Leuven
 410  Bruxelles-Nord - Tervuren - Leuven (bus rapide)
 460  Bruxelles-Nord - Londerzeel - Willebroek - Boom (autobuz expres)
 461  Bruxelles-Nord - Tisselt - Boom (autobuz expres)
 462  Bruxelles-Nord - Bormen (autobuz expres)

Linii de autobuz de noapte ale De Lijn
 620  Luchthaven - Hôpital Erasme / Erasmusziekenhuis

Locuri importante în proximitatea stației
 Centrul comercial City 2, care comunică direct cu stația, călătorii nemaifiind nevoiți să iasă în exterior;
 Hotelurile Sheraton, Hilton și Crowne Plaza;
 Rue Neuve;
 Universitatea Saint-Louis;

Note

Vezi și
Metroul din Bruxelles

Legături externe
Stația Rogier pe pagina oficială a MIVB-STIB

Galerie de imagini

Stații de metrou din Bruxelles
Stații de premetrou din Bruxelles

Rogier (stație de metrou din Bruxelles)


A dry deck shelter (DDS) is a removable module that can be attached to a submarine to allow divers easy exit and entrance while the boat is submerged. The host submarine must be specially modified to accommodate the DDS, with the appropriate mating hatch configuration, electrical connections, and piping for ventilation, divers' air, and draining water. The DDS can be used to deploy a SEAL Delivery Vehicle submersible, Navy divers, or Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC).

Active and future DDS-capable submarines

Royal Navy
In UK service it is formally named the Special Forces Payload Bay (SFPB) and was procured under 'Project Chalfont'.
 Training is conducted at the purpose-built Chalfont Shore Facility (CSF) constructed by BAE Systems at HMNB Clyde. It is used  by the .

United States Navy
The United States Navy's DDSs are  long and  high and wide, add about 30 tons to its host submarine's submerged displacement, can be transported by trucks or C-5 Galaxy airplanes, and require one to three days to install and test. They have three HY-80 steel sections within the outer glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) fairing: a spherical hyperbaric chamber at the forward end to treat injured divers; a smaller spherical transfer trunk; and a cylindrical hangar with elliptical ends. The hangar can support a SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) submersible, six Navy SEALs to man the SDV, and a crew of Navy Divers to operate the DDS and launch the SDV; or 20 SEALs with four Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC). The SDV release team consists of 2 officers, 2 enlisted technicians, and 18 divers.

The two SEAL delivery vehicle teams report to Naval Special Warfare Group 3.

There are currently six portable dry deck shelters in use by the USN, the first one built by Electric Boat. The first, designated DDS-01S ("S" for starboard opening outer door), was completed in 1982. The remaining five, DDS-02P ("P" for port opening), -03P, -04S, -05S, and -06P, were built between 1987 and 1991 and were built by Newport News Shipbuilding. The shelters are maintained by a combined effort of Navy divers stationed on the teams and workers of the maintenance company Oceaneering International. They have expected useful lives of about 40 years each.

The first submarine to have an operational dry deck shelter was the , which was fitted with the DDS in 1982 and first deployed with it in 1983. It is deployed on the , the , the :, and the
. The Ohio-class SSGNs are capable of supporting dual dry deck shelters.

Marine nationale

Barracuda-class submarine (France)

Former DDS-capable submarines
Former US Navy DDS-capable submarines include:

:

:

:

Note: The Benjamin Franklin-class special operations attack submarines were capable of supporting dual dry deck shelters.

Five s were also fitted to carry the DDS.

References

Submarine components
United States Navy SEALs

Dry deck shelter


Onthophagus pavidus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Harold em 1877.

Referências

Ligações externas

pavidus
Coleópteros descritos em 1877

Onthophagus pavidus


Dianne Helen Cook est une statisticienne australienne, rédactrice en chef du  et experte en visualisation de données de grande dimension et en statistique multivariée. Elle est professeure d'analyse commerciale au département d'économétrie et de statistiques commerciales de l'université Monash et professeure émérite de statistiques à l'université d'État de l'Iowa.

Éducation et jeunesse
Dianne Cook a grandi à Wauchope, en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud en tant que fille de ferme athlétique, la première femme à jouer dans son équipe de cricket locale (masculine). Elle a étudié les statistiques à l'Université de Nouvelle-Angleterre (Australie), où elle a obtenu un BSc et un  en 1982. Elle a obtenu sa maîtrise en 1990 et son doctorat en 1993 à l'Université Rutgers ; sa thèse, supervisée conjointement par Andreas Buja et Javier Cabrera, est intitulée Grand Tour and Projection Pursuit.

Carrière et recherche
Cook a rejoint la faculté de l'Université d'État de l'Iowa en 1993 et y est restée jusqu'à son déménagement à l'Université Monash en 2015.

Elle est professeure d'analyse commerciale au département d'économétrie et de statistiques commerciales de l'université Monash et professeure émérite de statistiques à l'université d'État de l'Iowa. Le statut de professeur émérite a été choisi pour qu'elle puisse continuer à superviser des étudiants diplômés à l'Université d'État d'Iowa après avoir déménagé en Australie.

À Iowa State, parmi ses étudiants figurent notamment Hadley Wickham et .

Elle est l'une des développeurs de , un outil logiciel libre de statistiques pour la visualisation de données interactive, et avec , elle est l'auteure de Interactive and Dynamic Graphics for Data Analysis: With R and GGobi (Springer, 2007).

Elle est membre de la Société américaine de statistique  et elle est rédactrice en chef du .

Références

Liens externes

Membre de la Société américaine de statistique
Professeur à l'université Monash
Professeur à l'université d'État de l'Iowa
Étudiant de l'université Rutgers
Statisticienne
Mathématicienne australienne
Statisticien australien

Dianne Cook


Pakpak, ou Batak Dairi, é uma língua  Malaio-Polinésia falada por cerca de 1,2 milhões de pessoa em Dairi (regência), Pakpak (regência, distritos  de  (Regência  Humbang Hasundutan)  e Manduamas (Regência Central Tapanuli) e  [[Subulussalam, e na Regência Aceh Singkil de Sumatra, Indonésia.

Escritas

A língua usa alternativamente o alfabeto latino sem as letras F, Q, V, X, Z ou a escrita batak.

Fonologia

Consoantes

 Um final de palavra /k/ também pode ser ouvido como uma oclusiva glotal .

Vogais

|s /i, u, e, o/ pode ter alofones abreviados de [, , , ].

Amostra de texto
Pai nosso (Mateus 6:9-13)

9.	Bagèen mo sodip ndènè, 'Ialè Bapa nami si ni sorga: Dak niperbadia mo gerarMu.

10.	Dak roh mo kerajaenMu, Saut mo lemmo atèMu i babo tanoh èn bagè si ni sorga.

11.	Berrèken mo bai nami sidari èn pangaan nami sipat ari.

12.	Sasa mo dosa nami bagè penasa nami, i dosa ni dengan simerdosa taba kami.

13.	Ulang kami arahken mi pengojiin, paluah mo kami ibas pengago nai[Ai Ko ngo sidasa kerajaen, dekket kegegohen, bang pè kesangapen soh mi amman sumendah. Amèn.

Português

9.	Assim, pois, orai: Pai nosso que estás nos céus, santificado seja o teu nome.

10.	Venha o teu reino. Seja feita a tua vontade assim na terra como no céu.

11.	Dá-nos hoje o pão nosso de cada dia.

12.	E perdoa-nos as nossas dívidas, assim como perdoamos aos nossos devedores.

13.	E não nos deixes cair em tentação, mas livra-nos do mal, porque teu é o reino, o poder e a glória para sempre. Amém.

Notas

Bibliografia

Ligações externas
Pakpak em Omniglot.com
Pakpak em Ethnologue

  Pakpak
 Pakpak

Língua pakpak


DisneyQuest was a chain of indoor interactive theme parks in the United States operated by the Disney Regional Entertainment subsidiary of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts.

The DisneyQuest project was designed as a way for the Disney brand to reach populations that may not have the chance to travel to its various theme park destinations. It was meant to target large cities and urban areas. Had the project continued, Disney would have had plans to construct locations in many major cities in the United States, like Philadelphia and Baltimore. However, only two locations were built; one in Walt Disney World and a much shorter-lived one in Chicago.

History
DisneyQuest first opened on June 19, 1998, as part of a major expansion of the Downtown Disney entertainment district (today Disney Springs) at Downtown Disney West Side, and was intended as the first of a larger chain of similar facilities.

The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16, 1999, with plans for more locations worldwide. The Chicago location was in a development, North Bridge, where ESPN Zone, a fellow Disney Regional chain, opened about a month later.

On December 9, 1998, Disney Regional announced Philadelphia as a new location as a tenant of the Pavilion at Market East project developed by Goldenberg Group on the former location of a Gimbels Department Store.

The Chicago location permanently closed on September 4, 2001, after 2 years and 3 months of operating due to low visitor numbers as well as other, broader issues. While the location was generating income, it was not enough for Disney.

After the failure of DisneyQuest Chicago, the DisneyQuest project was officially brought to an end. Construction that had begun in Philadelphia was scrapped, leaving a giant hole in its place for several years; the hole has since been filled and the space later became a parking lot. A DisneyQuest at the Disneyland Resort in California never proceeded past the planning stage. Disney announced another location to be built in downtown Toronto but the project was canceled. After the closure of the Chicago location, Disney Regional Entertainment turned over control of the remaining location to Walt Disney World operations.

On June 30, 2015, Disney officials announced that the Walt Disney World location would close in 2016 as part of the continued redevelopment of Downtown Disney into Disney Springs. A spokesperson for the labor unions that represent Disney employees who work at DisneyQuest stated that displaced workers will be relocated to other positions. The property was set to be redeveloped into a new attraction themed to the NBA after they left their previous location at Universal CityWalk. In November 2016, Disney officials announced that DisneyQuest would remain open for the remainder of the year and into 2017, with no definitive closing date. They further stated that they had no update on the status of the NBA attraction other than it was still planned for the site. On January 30, 2017, the Disney Parks announced that DisneyQuest would close after July 2, 2017, so work on the NBA Experience attraction could begin. DisneyQuest's final day of operation was on July 2, 2017, and was demolished a few months later.

Its replacement, the NBA Experience, officially opened on August 12, 2019. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the venue closed in March 2020, and all guest actors were laid off in October the same year. On August 16, 2021, Disney announced that the venue would not reopen, with a replacement not being announced yet.

Former attractions
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for Buccaneer Gold: Man a pirate ship and destroy other ships, sea monsters, and fortresses to collect gold. One player captains the ship by steering and controlling the throttle, while up to four gunners control the cannons to destroy other ships.
 Virtual Jungle Cruise: Guests paddle an inflatable raft (with real paddles) as they make their way down a prehistoric river, avoiding dinosaurs and occasionally getting sprayed with water. It is based on Jungle Cruise.
 CyberSpace Mountain: Guests design a roller coaster on a design kiosk, then sit in a pitch-and-roll simulator and ride it. Guests may also ride pre-built coasters. It is hosted by Bill Nye the Science Guy, who instead refers to himself as "Bill Nye the Coaster Guy". This attraction is based on the ride Space Mountain.
 Aladdin's Magic Carpet Ride: Players wear a head-mounted display as they ride a magic carpet through Agrabah, collecting gems to find The Genie, who has been hidden away in the Cave of Wonders.
 Animation Academy: Regular sessions throughout the day teach how to draw characters, step by step, and learning the process to draw the characters with lightpens on computer screens. Afterwards, guests may purchase a printout.
 Sid's Create-a-Toy: A program featuring the evil Sid character from Toy Story that allows one to custom design a toy out of parts of other toys, and then it will be available for purchase.
 Living Easels: An interactive touch screen program where guests can place various images onto several selectable backgrounds. A full-color printout of a guest's design may be purchased.
 The Song Maker: Guests are able to create their own song and then they are able to buy it later throughout their visit.
 Mighty Ducks Pinball Slam: Players "become" a pinball in a gigantic projected pinball game; by rocking their "duck" back and forth, up to twelve players at a time control their corresponding pinball on the screen, attempting to collect the most points.
 Buzz Lightyear's AstroBlaster: Players board bumper cars and attempt to navigate over foam balls, called asteroids on the floor. By doing so, the asteroids will be sucked up into the cabin where players can then load them into a cannon and shoot at the other cars. If hit in the correct spot, one's car may spin around uncontrollably for ten seconds. Usually there are two players to a car; however, it is possible for one person to pilot and shoot at the same time.
 Ride the Comix: Players wear an HMD to "enter the comic book world." Players battle with super villains by using a laser sword. Up to six players can be on a team at a time. As of early 2011, Ride the Comix 4 has been "overtaken by villains" and was in service only on days where the building is near capacity. However, guests were still able to play Ride the Comix on the fifth floor directly above. On September 7, 2014, Ride the Comix was closed to allow for additional seating for the FoodQuest quick service restaurant.
 Invasion! An ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter: Four players ride inside a rescue vehicle to save astronauts: one player drives, the other three shoot enemy aliens. Based on the former Magic Kingdom attraction, ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter; actor Jeffrey Jones reprised his role as Chairman Clench.
 Cave of Wonders Slide: A 150-foot (46m) long spiral slide that took guests from the third floor to the first. It was closed in DisneyQuest's first year of operation.
 Treasure of the Incas: Players drive small remote-control toy trucks through a maze in search of treasure. Along a wall were stations with a steering wheel and a video screen by which to drive the truck; the floor of the room was clear plastic through which friends could see the trucks driving around so that they could shout directions to the driver. This attraction was plagued by interference from emerging technologies such as cell phones, and was finally closed after one of the vehicles caught fire. The clear flooring and mazes could still be seen near the Virtual Jungle Cruise area, adjacent to the Safari hunting games until 2007 when the floor was recovered and new games moved to the area. This area was now entirely jungle themed and is home to several Let's Go Jungle!: Lost on the Island of Spice arcade machines.
 Magic Mirrors: Guests could take a picture of themselves and then edit their faces to appear like cartoons. The attraction closed in 2005 and was later converted to seating.
 Hercules in the Underworld: Six guests would each control their own character from Disney's Hercules with a joystick. The object of the game was to collect lightning bolts and defeat Hades. This attraction was replaced with "Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for Buccaneer Gold".
All the redemption games were removed from the facility in January 2015 as a cautionary measure, in response to a state law that Disney believed made the games illegal under certain circumstances.

When DisneyQuest closed down on July 2, 2017, the remaining arcade games (including the Fix-It Felix Jr. arcade games from Wreck-It Ralph) were removed, and most of them were sold or put into storage.

See also
 Six Flags Power Plant, a similar concept that opened in 1985

References

Further reading

1998 establishments in Florida
1999 establishments in Illinois
2001 disestablishments in Illinois
2017 disestablishments in Florida
Amusement parks closed in 2001
Amusement parks opened in 1998
Amusement parks opened in 1999
Buildings and structures completed in 1998
Buildings and structures in Lake Buena Vista, Florida
Disney Springs
Former buildings and structures in Chicago
Tourist attractions in Greater Orlando
Video arcades
Defunct amusement parks in Florida
Buildings and structures demolished in 2017
Former Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions

DisneyQuest


Los llamados asesinatos del Bósforo, que la prensa denominó también asesinatos del döner o asesinatos del kebab, fueron una serie de actos terroristas en Alemania entre 2000 y 2007 perpetrados por la extrema derecha neonazi, especialmente por la organización terrorista Clandestinidad Nacionalsocialista (CNS). Diez personas fueron asesinadas a tiros y una más resultó gravemente herida por una célula en la que participaban los activistas de ultraderecha Beate Zschäpe, Uwe Mundlos y Uwe Böhnhardt. En la investigación se ha implicado a miembros de los servicios secretos alemanes.

Las víctimas del CNS fueron ciudadanos de origen turco y griego, países a ambos lados del Bósforo. En su mayor parte eran pequeños empresarios (vendedores de Döner Kebab, carniceros, cerrajeros o sastres) a quienes disparaban en la cara con una pistola CZ83 a plena luz del día, por motivos xenófobos y contrarios a la multiculturalidad. También asesinaron a la policía alemana Michèle Kiesewetter en un atentado donde su compañero resultó gravemente herido y reivindicaron el atentado bomba en Colonia de 2004 en un DVD póstumo. El grupo se autofinanciaba cometiendo atracos. Tras un atraco fallido, Uwe Mundlos y Uwe Böhnhardt se suicidaron el 4 de noviembre de 2011 para evitar su captura mientras que Beate Zschäpe se entregó a las autoridades cuatro días después.

El hecho de que la trama terrorista detrás de estos asesinatos no haya sido descubierta a lo largo de tantos años generó gran polémica en todo el país despertando por múltiples razones sospechas sobre la complicidad pasiva e incluso activa de funcionarios de la policía y los servicios secretos. Hasta el desenlace final la policía sostuvo siempre la tesis, que los crímenes eran delitos comunes de mafias extranjeras.

La canciller Angela Merkel declaró a continuación que el "terrorismo de ultraderecha" es "una vergüenza" para Alemania y propuso ilegalizar el Partido Nacional Democrático (NPD) de ideología ultraderechista. El ministro de Interior Hans-Peter Friedrich había asegurado unos meses atrás que "en Alemania no hay indicios de terrorismo de ultraderecha", pero tras el descubrimiento de los hechos calificó estos atentados como "una nueva forma de terrorismo".

Durante la investigación parlamentaria, quedó en evidencia que el servicio secreto alemán (BFV) destruyó expedientes relacionados con los implicados y otros activistas de extrema derecha. El director de la BFV Heinz Fromm dimitió en julio de 2012 como consecuencia de estos hechos.

Lista de asesinatos

Véase también
 Beate Zschäpe
Uwe Böhnhardt
Uwe Mundlos
 Ataque incendiario de Solingen
 Turcos en Alemania
 Neonazismo
 Atentados de Noruega de 2011

Referencias

Atentados terroristas en Alemania
Terrorismo en Alemania
Antiturquismo

Asesinatos neonazis en Alemania de 2000 a 2007


Avelar ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Antonio Avelar (* 1958), mexikanischer Boxer
 Danilo Avelar (* 1989), brasilianischer Fußballspieler
 Elías Samuel Bolaños Avelar (* 1951), Bischof von Zacatecoluca
 Frank Avelar (* 1969), salvadorianischer Boxer
 Miguel González Avelar (1937–2011), mexikanischer Politiker

Avelar (Begriffsklärung)