Lawrence Gonzi,  (born 1 July 1953) is a Maltese politician, retired Nationalist politician and lawyer, who served for twenty-five years in various critical roles in Maltese politics.  Gonzi was Prime Minister of Malta from 2004 to 2013, and leader of the Nationalist Party. He also served as speaker of the House from 1988 to 1996, and Minister of Social Policy from 1998 to 2004, as well as Deputy Prime Minister from 1999 to 2004. He served in practically all positions in Parliament, being also Leader of the House, an MP and Leader of the Opposition.

Taking over as Prime Minister from Eddie Fenech Adami, Lawrence Gonzi led the islands through the delicate first years of EU membership. He piloted crucial economic and political reforms, spearheaded Malta's adoption of the euro, and the entry into force of the Schengen agreement. His decision to privatise the Malta shipyards, and the pensions reform, proved to be unpopular. Following a razor-thin electoral victory in 2008, perceptions of arrogance in his cabinet, fomented by the Labour Party opposition and rebel backbenchers, dented his second term of office. Following the loss of a financial vote, his government lost supply in December 2012. The Nationalist party went on to lose the successive general election, leading to Gonzi's resignation and eventual retirement from politics.

Gonzi stressed the need to ensure sustainable development and environmental stewardship on the islands, also focusing on strengthening the education and healthcare sectors. In international diplomacy, Gonzi was lauded for his role in the Libyan Revolution, breaking Malta's long relationship with the Gaddafi regime, and siding with the rebels. Additionally, his humanitarian response to the migratory pressures enfolding around Malta led to the first voluntary European migrant burden sharing pact. He was also highly regarded by EU leaders who worked by his side during his nine years as prime minister.

Family and early life
Lawrence Gonzi was born on 1 July 1953, in Valletta, British Malta, the son of Luigi Gonzi (1921–2010) and Ines Gonzi (née Galea). He is the grandnephew of Mikiel Gonzi, Archbishop of Malta from 1944 until 1976. His younger brother, Michael Gonzi, is a Nationalist backbencher. Gonzi spent his childhood years in the youth section of the local Catholic Action organisation, the Circolo Gioventù Cattolica.

He began his education at the Archbishop's Seminary in Floriana, continuing his studies there until sitting for his matriculation exams. Gonzi attended the University of Malta, studying law and graduating as a lawyer in 1975. After practicing law in a private firm, he worked as a company lawyer with the Mizzi Organisation, serving as group chairman between 1989 and 1997. Gonzi is very active in the voluntary sector, particularly in areas relating to disability and mental health issues. His strong commitment to his Catholic faith led him to join the Malta Catholic Action Movement, serving as its general president between 1976 and 1986. He was also the first chairman of the Kummissjoni Nazzjonali Persuni b' Diżabilità (KNPD), a national commission for persons with disability.

He is married to Catherine "Kate" Gonzi, née Callus. The couple have three children (David, Mikela and Paul), five grandchildren and live in Marsascala.

Political career

Speaker of the House of Representatives

The political and religious turmoil in Malta during the 1980s moved him to get involved in local politics. After unsuccessfully contesting the 1987 general election with the Nationalist Party, Gonzi was appointed Speaker of the House of Representatives on 10 October 1988. In 1992, his re-appointment to the post was proposed by the Prime Minister, seconded by the Leader of the Opposition and approved unanimously by the House on 4 April 1992.

During his term as Speaker of the House of Representatives, Gonzi overhauled the methods with which Parliament operated, including the set up of its permanent committees. He also introduced new procedures with regards to the timing of debates between the two sides of the House. His tenure as Speaker of the House of Representatives exposed his modest but firm bearing, which calming fraying tempers in difficult moments for the house.

Member of Parliament
Gonzi contested the October 1996 general elections and was elected to Parliament on 29 October 1996. In November 1996, he was appointed as Whip for the Opposition, secretary to the Opposition Parliamentary Group, and Shadow Minister for Social Policy. The following year, he was elected Secretary General of the Nationalist Party. After the Nationalist Party won the 1998 election, Gonzi was appointed Minister for Social Policy and Leader of the House of Representatives on 8 September 1998. He also served as Deputy Prime Minister from May 1999 to March 2004.

His negotiating skills and business acumen helped in restructuring the local economy. As Minister for Social Policy, he was driving force behind many social and economic reforms including two milestones which revolutionised social dialogue and industrial relations in Malta. With an economy which was being reformed and opened up in the run-up to Malta's accession to the European Union, the need to overhaul industrial relations legislation became pressing. Gonzi drafted and piloted a new act of parliament, the Employment and Industrial Relations Act (2002).  He was also instrumental in setting up the framework for the Malta Council for Economic and Social Development, enabling social partners to make recommendations on social and economic matters.  These employment and industrial relations reforms were applied to the restructuring of the Malta shipyards, and the introduction of a stringent zero-tolerance policy for benefit fraud.

Gonzi was re-elected in the 2003 election, and appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Social Policy on 15 April 2003.

Prime Minister

Following the resignation of Eddie Fenech Adami as party leader, a party leadership contest was held in March 2004. Nominations opened for a week on 9 February. Gonzi, John Dalli and Louis Galea submitted their nominations, with the first round of elections held on 28 February. Gonzi obtained 508 party delegate votes (59.3 percent), Dalli polled 219 votes (25.3 percent) and Galea received 133 (15.4 percent). Galea was eliminated after placing third, and Dalli withdrew his candidature, leaving Gonzi to face the second round of voting alone on 3 March. Lawrence Gonzi was elected leader, obtaining 808 of the 859 votes cast, securing 94.1 per cent of the vote.

Lawrence Gonzi was appointed Prime Minister and Minister of Finance on 23 March 2004. George W. Bush, Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, and Pope John Paul II, and many other foreign leaders, congratulated Lawrence Gonzi on his new, important responsibilities at a critical time in Malta's history. Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2004, and as Prime Minister, Gonzi attended the EU enlargement official ceremony which took place in Dublin, Ireland, where the Maltese flag was hoisted for the first time alongside those of the other member states.

Gonzi, in his responsibility for the finance portfolio, successfully managed the process to achieve the Maastricht convergence criteria, allowing Malta to join the Eurozone on 1 January 2008. He also embarked upon a drive to improve the management of public finances, focused sharply upon improving Malta's competitiveness in the international market and accelerated the restructuring process of the public sector. Gonzi stressed the importance to attract high-value added sectors of the economy, particularly information technology, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals.  His negotiating skills were crucial in Malta obtaining €2.4 billion in EU funds from 2007 onwards, and achieving a voluntary EU burden-sharing agreement on illegal migration.

The first priority of Gonzi's government was to move the country forward, reforming different sectors of the economy such as the restructuring of Air Malta, the Malta shipyards, the Gozo Channel shipping line, public transport and others. These became a priority following Malta's accession to the EU, economic reform became crucial to the country's development. Even if unpopular, Gonzi also pushed for a reform of the pension system, to guarantee its future sustainability. Despite the cost to his party and personal popularity, Lawrence Gonzi continued to push through these reforms, trying to ensure Malta took the best advantage of EU funding available to new member states.

Financial crisis and 2008 re-election

Gonzi was re-elected Prime Minister on 8 March 2008, in a deeply contested general election; he was the first Prime Minister in the euro area to be re-elected after introducing the euro. The Nationalist Party won this election with a majority of less than 1,200 votes, which translated in a one-seat majority. This proved to be the eventual undoing of the administration. In his first message to the nation at the beginning of this legislature, Gonzi said that the work of his government should be based on sustainable development, putting the environment on par with education and the economy. He relinquished his post as Minister of Finance in favour of Tonio Fenech, but assumed responsibility for the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA), in particular its reform.

Gonzi's second government focused on crucial aspects of the Maltese economy, dealing with the repercussions of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. His cabinet initiated various projects, such as SmartCity Malta and an architectural showcase project by Renzo Piano in Valletta. Gonzi's government provided financial aid and support to local industries, allowing investment to continue unimpeded and keeping unemployment low in the country. Guarantees were also provided to public-sector companies. In his response to the crisis, Gonzi's macroeconomic focus rested on the creation of employment opportunities. His economic policies were hailed by the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy and the German chancellor, Angela Merkel.

Throughout his administration as prime minister, the restructuring of the Maltese economy was accelerated; Malta became an attractive location for foreign direct investment in financial services, information technology, maritime and aviation hubs and high value-added manufacturing clusters.

Libya policy

The Libyan crisis was a major foreign policy challenge for Lawrence Gonzi and his government. The Prime Minister denounced the crimes against humanity being perpetrated by the Gaddafi regime at an early stage of the conflict, when the outcome was not yet clear. Throughout the crisis Malta served as a hub for the evacuation of foreign nationals from Libya. Gonzi provided humanitarian and medical assistance to Libya, granted asylum to two Libyan Air Force pilots who defected after being ordered to bomb protesters in Benghazi. Lawrence Gonzi refused to return the pilots' jets to the Gaddafi regime, allowing NATO jets to implement a UN-sanctioned no-fly zone to land in Malta whenever necessary, exchanging intelligence on the Libyan conflict with NATO. Gonzi also offered valuable support to other European nations, negotiating the release of two Dutch pilots held captive by Gaddafi's forces.

Lawrence Gonzi also made it clear, back in March 2011, that Gaddafi's exit from Libya was "inevitable", a message he reiterated in early April. Gonzi told the visiting Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister, Abdul-Ati al-Obeidi, that Gaddafi and his family "must go", and the Libyan people's wish for democracy should be respected. Malta's support for the Libyan revolution was appreciated by the country's new rulers, and the chairman of the Transitional National Council, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, made it clear that Malta was to have a "distinguished role" in the rebuilding of Libya.

Backbench rebellion and 2013 election

The weak, one seat majority of the second Gonzi administration was open to internal divisions and backbencher rebellions. These included the sabotage of plans to construct a museum beneath St. John's Co-Cathedral in Valletta by Jeffrey Pullicino Orlando, who then went on to vote against the government in a motion calling for the resignation of Malta's permanent-representative to the EU, Richard Cachia Caruana. Jesmond Mugliett, a Nationalist MP, abstained on this motion citing concerns with Malta's reactivation of its Partnership for Peace collaboration with NATO - something he believed was pushed by Cachia Caruana.

In another crisis, Franco Debono, the third rebel MP, abstained in a vote of confidence in Transport Minister Austin Gatt, and voted against the government in a no confidence vote on Home Affairs Minister, Carm Mifsud Bonnici. In early 2012, Lawrence Gonzi lost his majority when Pullicino Orlando declared himself to be an independent MP. The Nationalist Party executive condemned the three rebel MPs for their votes on the motions against Mifsud Bonnici and Cachia Caruana. However, Gonzi managed to keep his party in government right until a budget vote on 10 December 2012, when Franco Debono joined the Labour party Opposition, and voted against the budget. Debono's reasons included his belief that the government had mismanaged major privatisation initiatives, as well as dozens of perceived slights to his person. This vote brought down the Nationalist government, with parliament dissolved on 7 January 2013. An election held in March resulted in a Labour victory, by a 35,107 vote margin.

Within half an hour of the start of the vote counting, Gonzi conceded defeat  and held a press conference in which he expressed his desire to resign from the PN leadership. Gonzi shouldered "total and complete responsibility" for the electoral defeat, later admitting that mistakes were made "in attitude, arrogance" by his second cabinet. However he insisted that the results achieved by Malta, as an exception to the rest of the EU, were down to his cabinet's performance in the midst of a backbench rebellion. His detractors criticised his lack of resolve in confronting the three dissident backbenchers, Jeffrey Pullicino Orlando, Franco Debono and Jesmond Mugliett. Additionally, Gonzi's principled unwillingness to vote in favour of the introduction of divorce in Parliament, following its approval by the electorate, proved unpopular. His conscientious vote against divorce, however, did not stop him from ensuring there were enough votes on both sides of the House for its ultimate approval.

Gonzi became Leader of the Opposition on 20 March 2013, resigning from this post on 13 May 2013. He was succeeded by Simon Busuttil. Lawrence Gonzi resigned from parliament on 17 July 2013,  saying that his seat ought be occupied by someone "who can give the electorate all his energy". Gonzi has since retired from active political life. However, he attends and has given guest lectures in a number of universities and various conferences. His recollections of the critical decisions leading up to Malta's break with Gaddafi were published as a memoir in December 2013. Gonzi also led the Commonwealth Observer Group for the 2013 Maldivian presidential election.

Honours

National Honours
 :
 Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (2004) by right as a Prime Minister of Malta

Foreign Honours
 :
 Honorary Knight Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (2005)
 :
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic - (2009)

See also
Prime Minister of Malta
List of prime ministers of Malta

References

External links

Lawrence Gonzi's profile on Parlament.mt
Lawrence Gonzi's government biography on his term as prime minister

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1953 births
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Companions of Honour of the National Order of Merit (Malta)
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Deputy Prime Ministers of Malta
Living people
Maltese Roman Catholics
Nationalist Party (Malta) politicians
People from Valletta
Prime Ministers of Malta
Speakers of the House of Representatives of Malta
Finance Ministers of Malta
20th-century Maltese politicians
21st-century Maltese politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Malta)

Lawrence Gonzi


"New Year's Day" pjesma je američke kantautorice Taylor Swift, snimljena za njen šesti studijski album Reputation (2017). Pjesma je prvi put objavljena 27. studenog 2017. godine kao četvrti singl albuma.

Ljestvice

Izvori

Singlovi iz 2017.
Skladbe Taylor Swift

New Year's Day (pjesma Taylor Swift)


Blažena Jolanda Poljska ili Jolanda Ugarska (također poznata kao Helena, Ostrogon, 1235. – Gniezno, 11. lipnja 1298.) bila je kćer ugarskoga i hrvatskoga kralja Bele IV. i kraljice Marije Laskarine. Supruga je vojvode Boleslava Pobožnoga. Bila je sestra svete Margarete Ugarske i sv. Kuningunde Poljske. Jedna od njenih teta bila je poznata svetica Elizabeta Ugarska.

Rođena je kao kći kralja Ugarske u Ostrogonu, tada glavnom gradu. Njen otac Bela IV. proglasio je Zagreb slobodnim kraljevskim gradom, također i Samobor, Križevce i Jastrebarsko. Kao mlada djevojka, Jolanda je poslana u Poljsku kako bi bila podučavana pod nadzorom svoje sestre Kuningunde (Kinge), koja je bila udana za vojvodu Poljske. Tamo je bila ohrabrena da se uda za Boleslava Pobožnoga, što je i učinila 1257. Imali su tri kćeri:

Elizabeta od Kališa (1263. – 28. rujna 1304.); udala se za Henrika V., vojvodu od Legnice;
Hedviga od Kališa (1266. – 10. prosinca 1339); udala se za Vladislava I. Kratkoga, kralja Poljske;
Ana od Kališa (rođena 1278. godine, nepoznat datum smrti); časna sestra u Gnieznu.

Za vrijeme svog braka, Jolanda je bila poznata po svojim velikim uslugama siromašnima i potrebitima u zemlji, kao i glavna dobročiniteljica samostana i bolnica povezanih s njima. Njezin joj je suprug pružio toliko podrške u dobrotvornim organizacijama da je zaradio nadimak "Pobožni". Godine 1279. postala je udovica.

Nakon smrti supruga, Jolanda se sa sestrom Kuningundom i kćeri Anom, povukla u samostan sestara klarisa, koji je Kuningundom osnovala u Novom Sączu. Prisilno je zbog oružanoga sukoba u regiji, Jolanda osnovala novi samostan u Gnieznu. Bila je poglavarica zajednice časnih sestra prije svoje smrti.

Proglašena je blaženom 1827. godine. Njezine sestre Kuningunda Poljska i Margareta Ugarska te teta Elizabeta Ugarska proglašene su sveticama.

Poljski blaženici
Katoličanstvo u Mađarskoj
Kanonizirani i beatificirani Arpadovići
Poljsko plemstvo
Klarise

Jolanda Poljska


Der Leuchtturm Friedrichsort ist ein 31,7 Meter hoher runder Stahlbeton-Leuchtturm mit einem Durchmesser im zentralen Bereich von 3,5 Metern in den Farben grün und weiß. Er steht auf einer kleinen Insel direkt am Strand, auf der nordwestlichen Seite in der Kieler Förde vor Friedrichsort, nördlich des Nord-Ostsee-Kanals an der Stelle, wo die Förde ihre engste Stelle hat. Er dient als Leit-, Quermarken- und Orientierungsfeuer für Einfahrt in den Kieler Hafen sowie zu den Schleusen des Nord-Ostsee-Kanals und markiert die Untiefen Klever Berg und Au-Haken.

Die Leuchtturminsel und der Leuchtturm sind eingetragene Kulturdenkmäler der Stadt Kiel (Objektnummer: 41711 LD).

Geschichte

An der Friedrichsorter Enge, wo die Kieler Förde nur etwa 1,9 Kilometer breit ist, befindet sich seit 1815 ein Leuchtfeuer. Das erste war eine hölzerne Leuchtbake, die 1807 auf der Prinz-Georg-Bastion erbaut, aber erst 1815 in Betrieb genommen wurde. Zwischen 1853 und 1864 stand auf der vorgelagerten Sandbank eine eiserne Leuchtbarke als Ersatz für das Leuchtfeuer. Nach ihrer Zerstörung durch Eisgang wurde 1866 an dieser Stelle ein Leuchtturm aufgebaut und 1889 wurde dieser auf eine Höhe von 14,5 Metern erhöht. Nachdem dieser Turm über 100 Jahre dort stand, wurde 1965 mit dem Bau des heutigen Leuchtturms begonnen, da die Höhe des alten Turms nicht mehr ausreichte. Der Bau des neuen Turms konnte im Jahr 1971 abgeschlossen werden. Die Inbetriebnahme fand am 29. Oktober 1971 statt. Bis 1973 standen beide Türme nebeneinander. Das Fundament des alten Leuchtturmes ist noch heute wenige Meter neben dem neuen Turm zu sehen.

Das Turmhaus des alten Turms stand von 1973 bis 2002 am Bootshafen in der Kieler Innenstadt und befindet sich seit 2003 wieder im Stadtteil Friedrichsort an der Friedrichsorter Straße. Im Jahr 1990 wurde der neue Turm saniert und zusätzlich mit einem Nebelfeuer ausgestattet. Dabei wurde auch der mit weißen Fliesen ummantelte Turmschaft durch eine Verkleidung aus Aluminium geschützt. Heute wird der Turm von der Verkehrszentrale in Travemünde ferngesteuert, das Wasserstraßen- und Schifffahrtsamt Ostsee ist für seinen Unterhalt verantwortlich.

Technische Daten
Das Leuchtfeuer ist mit zehn Sektoren ausgestattet und besitzt drei verschiedene Taktkennungen. Weiterhin besitzt der Turm eine Nebelschallanlage, einen Funksender sowie eine Wasserstandüberwachung. Die Baukosten des Turms betrugen 158.000 Deutsche Mark.

Philatelistisches
Mit dem Erstausgabetag 7. Juli 2022 gab die Deutsche Post  AG in der Serie Leuchttürme ein Postwertzeichen  im Nennwert von 70 Eurocent heraus. Der Entwurf  stammt vom Grafiker Hans Schabacker aus Berlin.

Bilder

Siehe auch

Weblinks

 Bildgalerie Leuchtturm Kiel-Friedrichsort im Wandel der Zeit

Einzelnachweise

Friedrichsort
Erbaut in den 1960er Jahren
Verkehrsbauwerk in Kiel
Friedrichsort
Friedrichsort
Schifffahrt (Kiel)
Friedrichsort
Verkehrsbauwerk (Ostsee)
Turm in Kiel
Rundturm
Bauwerk aus Beton

Leuchtturm Friedrichsort


MewithoutYou, usually styled as mewithoutYou, was an American rock band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The band consisted of Aaron Weiss (vocals),  Michael Weiss and Brandon Beaver (guitars), Greg Jehanian (bass guitar), and Rickie Mazzotta (drums). The band's music is generally dominated by spoken-word vocals and free-ranging drums, bass, and guitar.

History

Early years, first albums: 2001–2008

The band was originally conceived as a side project. The Weiss brothers, Aaron and Michael, together with guitarist Christopher Kleinberg, were playing together in another band, called the Operation, with bassist Greg Jehanian. Aaron wanted to start another project, to experiment with new sounds. With the help of Ricky Mazzotta, Ray Taddeo, and his brother Mike, Aaron formed what is now formally known as mewithoutYou. At first, the band was a four-piece, with Aaron on both bass and vocals. However, in only a few months, Chris Kleinberg joined to play third guitar. The band released their first EP, I Never Said That I Was Brave, in 2001 and shortly thereafter signed to Tooth & Nail Records after a show at Cornerstone Festival the same year. Around this time, Taddeo had moved on, and Daniel Pishock was recruited to be the first official bass player of the band. The Operation disbanded soon after, and mewithoutYou's debut full-length album, [A→B] Life, was released in 2002. The band garnered more attention for their second release, 2004's Catch for Us the Foxes, which was produced by Brad Wood. In December 2004, Pishock had made the decision to retire bass duties in order to pursue a career in teaching and explore other musical ventures, and former Operation frontman, Greg Jehanian, was selected to replace him. In 2005, they won mtvU's Left Field award for most original artist, for their song "January 1979". Their third album, Brother, Sister, again produced by Wood, was released on September 26, 2006. In late 2007, Kleinberg left the band to pursue a degree in medicine. Pete Syoum filled in on guitar in the fall of 2007, but later, Kleinberg returned to play with the band on their 2008 summer tour.

New sound, new music, and touring: 2008–2012
In September 2008, the band finished recording the follow-up to Brother, Sister, titled It's All Crazy! It's All False! It's All a Dream! It's Alright. The name of the album is taken from parable 518 in the book The Golden Words of a Sufi Sheikh, by Bawa Muhaiyaddeen. The album was a departure from Weiss' trademark shouting and the band's rough grooves. The fast rants, thick with lyrical angst, were traded for simpler melodies with lyrics about anthropomorphic food and animals. Similarly, the band scaled back their edgier post-hardcore sound, at times trading riffs for chords and guitars for pianos and harp; a classical composer was called into their Fishtown, Philadelphia studio for various arrangements on several tracks. The album was produced by Dan Smith and Brian McTear, and mixed by Brad Wood.

The band toured in a 42-foot 1976 MC8 Charter bus that ran on vegetable oil.

In 2011, they added Brandon Beaver of Buried Beds to play second guitar, as stated on their blog by Rickie Mazzotta. In August 2011, Mazzotta stated in an interview that the band had parted ways with Tooth & Nail Records, due to perceived restrictions placed on them by the label. They hinted at starting their own label as they prepared to release their fifth album. Other band members, however, expressed satisfaction with and gratitude and affection toward their old label, citing different reasons for ceasing to work with them: namely, having completed their contract, the declining relevance of record labels in the current music world, and simply the excitement to try something new.

In February 2011, Alternative Press announced that the band's fifth album, due in early 2012, would be produced by Daniel Smith. Thirteen songs were recorded in the studio sessions, eleven planned for the album, and two b-sides. On May 8, 2012, the band announced on their blog that a pre-release of Ten Stories could be streamed in its entirety on Spotify.

Anniversaries and farewell: 2014–2022
In April 2014, the band announced a Catch for Us the Foxes ten-year anniversary tour along the US west coast and southwest, followed by a second leg along the east coast. In September 2014, they announced a vinyl reissue of the album.

In March 2015, they stated that their sixth album would be released in mid-2015 on Run For Cover Records, and in April 2015, they announced that they would support their album Pale Horses with a mid-year tour and revealed that the record would be released on June 16.

On August 11, 2017, the band announced an [A→B] Life 15th-anniversary tour with Pianos Become the Teeth, Strawberry Girls, and Slow Mass and also reissued the album on vinyl and cassette.

On August 13, 2018, they touted the release of a new single, "Julia (or, 'Holy to the LORD' on the Bells of Horses)", from their seventh album. The single was published on Run for Cover Records. In an interview with Billboard, the band confirmed that Will Yip would be returning to produce the new record. The album [Untitled] was released on October 5, 2018.

In October 2019, they announced that 2020 would be their final year as an active band. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, they extended the timeline of their farewell, stating that 2022 would be their last active year. The band played their final gigs in August 2022.

Lyrical themes
The Weiss brothers are of Jewish descent and their songs use Jewish, Muslim, and Christian imagery to explore spiritual themes. The two were raised in a Sufi Muslim household; their mother had converted from the Episcopal church and their father from Judaism. Due to the Christian imagery in some of Aaron Weiss' lyrics, the band has been categorized as a Christian band, although in an interview, Aaron stated he does not think they are a Christian band. He added that their lyrics reflect a personal relationship with God and are not evangelistic. Other lyrical themes explored include suffering and self-doubt.

Many lyrics are taken from the Sufi poet Rumi, including the song "The Cure for Pain" from [A→B] Life and a line in the song "Seven Sisters" from Catch for Us the Foxes.

In the song "Everything Was Beautiful and Nothing Hurt", from their album [A→B] Life, Aaron' lyrics are based on a poem from the metaphysical poet John Donne, called "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning". Donne wrote the poem to his wife to explain that there is no need for dreading their physical separation or distance because their spiritual love will always keep them together.

The title of the band's second album, Catch for Us the Foxes, is taken directly from Song of Songs 2:15: "Catch for us the foxes, / the little foxes / that ruin the vineyards, / our vineyards that are in bloom" (New International Version).

In a 2007 interview, Aaron Weiss stated that the title of their third album, Brother, Sister, comes from a verse in the Bhagavad Gita.

The band's fourth album, It's All Crazy! It's All False! It's All a Dream! It's Alright, explores many of the teachings of Bawa Muhaiyaddeen. The Sufi teacher's story of "The Fox, the Crow, and the Cookie" from My Love You My Children: 101 Stories for Children is told, as well as his story about the "King Beetle" from The Divine Luminous Wisdom that Dispels Darkness. Other concepts from the teacher are explored in "Allah, Allah, Allah", about seeing God in every blade of grass and in "Fig with a Bellyache", dealing with sexual temptation from The Divine Luminous Wisdom and The Golden Words of a Sufi Sheikh. Guitarist Mike Weiss has been quoted as saying that the themes of the album reflect a time in Aaron's life where he is "sort of revisiting [religion] and holding himself up to those teachings that there's no one religion that's going to be the only way to God [...]". He adds, "If you really want to just try to follow a path to God, I don't believe you need anything beyond [Jesus Christ], but it's just the idea that you're fixed on the only way and that everybody else is just completely misguided [...] that is a sort of obtuse attitude that can hurt your own spirit".

Band members
Current
 Aaron Weiss – lead vocals, accordion (2000–2022), guitar (2006–2022), bass (2000–2001)
 Michael Weiss – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2000–2022)
 Rickie Mazzotta – drums (2000–2022)
 Greg Jehanian – bass, backing vocals (2004–2016, 2018–2022)
 Brandon Beaver – guitar, backing vocals (2012–2022)

Past
 Dominic Angelella – bass, backing vocals (2016–2018)
 Christopher Kleinberg – guitar (2001–2006)
 Daniel Pishock – bass, backing vocals, keyboards (2001–2004)
 Ray Taddeo – guitar (2000–2001)

Touring musicians
 Brandon Beaver – (2010–2012)
 Kris Klein – guitar (2011)
 Christopher Kleinberg – guitar (2008–2010)
 Pete Syoum – guitar (2007)
 Stephen Smoker – bass (2001)

Discography

 [A→B] Life (2002)
 Catch for Us the Foxes (2004)
 Brother, Sister (2006)
 It's All Crazy! It's All False! It's All a Dream! It's Alright (2009)
 Ten Stories (2012)
 Pale Horses (2015)
 [Untitled] (2018)

References

External links

American post-hardcore musical groups
Musical groups from Philadelphia
Tooth & Nail Records artists
Musical groups established in 2000
2000 establishments in the United States
Run for Cover Records artists
Jews in punk rock
Big Scary Monsters Recording Company artists

MewithoutYou


est une rivière située dans le comté de Park au Wyoming aux États-Unis. Il s'agit de l'une des deux rivières situées aux États-Unis s'appelant .

C'est une rivière ou une crique dont l'eau est acide car traversant le parc national de Yellowstone. C'est un affluent de la rivière Gibbon.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
  B. Jacob Lowenstern, Laura E. Clor & Henry P. Heasler, Systematics of Water Temperature and Flow at Tantalus Creek During Calendar Year 2005, Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5234, .

Liens externes

Cours d'eau au Wyoming

Tantalus Creek (Wyoming)


ميلت فرانكلين  ولد وتوفي (16 سبتمبر 1897 نيويورك- 24 أبريل 1962 لوس آنجلوس). كان ملحن وموزع موسيقى عمل على كارتون لووني تونز لمصلحة وارنر براذرز، بدأ العمل في وارنر براذرز أواخر الثلاثينات، موزعا المقطوعات التي ينتجها كارل ستالينغ، بينما بدأ يؤلف مقطوعاته الخاصة أواسط الأربعينات، بعد تقاعد ستالينغ في 1958، أصبح فرانكلين المؤلف الوحيد في وارنر براذرز كارتونز. درس في جامعة يوتاه، جامعة كاليفورنيا، وجامعة بنسلفانيا.

مات فرانكلين إثر جلطة قلبية في 24 أبريل 1962. قبل وفاته، كان فرانكلين يقوم بتأليف مقطوعة لكارتون تويتي ذا جيت كايج، ليكمل ويليام لافا عمله بعد رحيل فرانكلين. هذا أثر على نوع الموسيقى في الفيلم، إذ كان أسلوب فرانكلين مشابها لأسلوب ستالينغ في دمج النغمات التقليدية، بينما لافا يمتلك أسلوبا معاصرا مختلفا عن أسلوب فرانكلين وستالينغ، يمكن إدراكه بسرعة لكارتون وارنر براذرز ما بعد 1962، لم يتم ذكر اسم لافا في قائمة فريق العمل في ذلك الفيلم.

ميلت فرانكلين، تشاك جونز، ومايكل مالتيز كانوا وراء "ذا ميتشغان راغ"، الأغنية التي كتبت لكارتون وان فروغي إيفننغ من بطولة ميتشغان جاي. فروغ.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

خريجو جامعة بنسيلفانيا
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (بركلي)
ديمقراطيون من ولاية كاليفورنيا
ملحنون أمريكيون
ملحنون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1897
مواليد في نيويورك
موسيقيون ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 20
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام أمريكيون
وفيات 1962
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية
وفيات في هوليوود
خريجو جامعة يوتا
مؤلفو موسيقى أفلام أمريكيون ذكور

ميلت فرانكلين


Fyrst Johan Georg 2. af Anhalt-Dessau (; 17. november 1627 – 7. august 1693) var fyrste af det tyske fyrstendømme Anhalt-Dessau fra 1660 til sin død i 1693.

Litteratur

Eksterne links

Huset Askanien
Fyrster af Anhalt-Dessau
Personer fra Dessau
Feltmarskaller fra Preussen
Tyskere i 1600-tallet

Johan Georg 2. af Anhalt-Dessau


An Herminium glossophyllum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tang ngan Fa Tsuan Wang. An Herminium glossophyllum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Herminium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Herminium

Herminium glossophyllum


Kleptomania (Greek: Κλεπτομανία) is the inability to resist the urge to steal items, usually for reasons other than personal use or financial gain. First described in 1816, kleptomania is classified in psychiatry as an impulse control disorder. Some of the main characteristics of the disorder suggest that kleptomania could be an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, but also share similarities with addictive and mood disorders.

The disorder is frequently under-diagnosed and is regularly associated with other psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety, eating disorders, alcohol and substance use. Patients with kleptomania are typically treated with therapies in other areas due to the comorbid grievances rather than issues directly related to kleptomania.

Over the last 100 years, a shift from psychotherapeutic to psychopharmacological interventions for kleptomania has occurred. Pharmacological treatments using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), mood stabilizers and opioid receptor antagonists, and other antidepressants along with cognitive behavioral therapy, have yielded positive results. However, there have also been reports of kleptomania induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Signs and symptoms
Some of the fundamental components of kleptomania include recurring intrusive thoughts, impotence to resist the compulsion to engage in stealing, and the release of internal pressure following the act. These symptoms suggest that kleptomania could be regarded as an obsessive-compulsive type of disorder.

People diagnosed with kleptomania often have other types of disorders involving mood, anxiety, eating, impulse control, and drug use. They also have great levels of stress, guilt, and remorse, and privacy issues accompanying the act of stealing. These signs are considered to either cause or intensify general comorbid disorders. The characteristics of the behaviors associated with stealing could result in other problems as well, which include social segregation and substance use. The many types of other disorders frequently occurring along with kleptomania usually make clinical diagnosis uncertain.

There is a difference between ordinary theft and kleptomania: "ordinary theft (whether planned or impulsive) is deliberate and motivated by the usefulness of the object or its monetary worth," whereas with kleptomania, there "is the recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal items even though the items are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value."

Cause
Initial models of the development of kleptomania came from the field of psychoanalysis. These have been replaced by cognitive-behavioral models, which supplement biological ones based mostly on pharmacotherapy treatment studies.

Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approach
Several explanations of the mechanics of kleptomania have been presented. A contemporary social approach proposes that kleptomania is an outcome of consumerism and the large quantity of commodities in society. Psychodynamic theories depend on a variety of points of view in defining the disorder. Psychoanalysts define the condition as an indication of a defense mechanism deriving in the unconscious ego against anxiety, prohibited intuition or desires, unsettled struggle or forbidden sexual drives, dread of castration, sexual excitement, and sexual fulfillment and orgasm throughout the act of stealing. The psychoanalytic and psycho-dynamic approach to kleptomania granted the basis for prolonged psychoanalytic or psycho-dynamic psychotherapy as the core treatment method for a number of years. Like most psychiatric conditions, kleptomania was observed within the psycho-dynamic lens instead of being viewed as a bio-medical disorder. However, the prevalence of psychoanalytic approach contributed to the growth of other approaches, particularly in the biological domain.

Many psychoanalytic theorists suggested  that kleptomania is a person's attempt "to obtain symbolic compensation for an actual or anticipated loss", and feel that the key to understanding its etiology lies in the symbolic meaning of the stolen items. Drive theory was used to propose that the act of stealing is a defense mechanism which serves to modulate or keep undesirable feelings or emotions from being expressed. Some French psychiatrists suggest that kleptomaniacs may just want the item that they steal and the feeling they get from  theft itself.

Cognitive-behavioral models
Cognitive-behavioral models have been replacing psychoanalytic models in describing the development of kleptomania. Cognitive-behavioral practitioners often conceptualize the disorders as being the result of operant conditioning, behavioral chaining, distorted cognitions, and poor coping mechanisms. Cognitive-behavioral models suggest that the behavior is positively reinforced after the person steals some items. If this individual experiences minimal or no negative consequences (punishment), then the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur is increased. As the behavior continues to occur, stronger antecedents or cues become contingently linked with it, in what ultimately becomes a powerful behavioral chain. According to cognitive-behavioral theory (CBT), both antecedents and consequences may either be in the environment or cognitions. For example, Kohn and Antonuccio (2002) describe a client's antecedent cognitions, which include thoughts such as "I'm smarter than others and can get away with it"; "they deserve it"; "I want to prove to myself that I can do it"; and "my family deserves to have better things". These thoughts were strong cues to stealing behaviors. All of these thoughts were precipitated by additional antecedents which were thoughts about family, financial, and work stressors or feelings of depression. "Maintaining" cognitions provided additional reinforcement for stealing behaviors and included feelings of vindication and pride, for example: "score one for the 'little guy' against the big corporations". Although those thoughts were often afterward accompanied by feelings of remorse, this came too late in the operant sequence to serve as a viable punisher. Eventually, individuals with kleptomania come to rely upon stealing as a way of coping with stressful situations and distressing feelings, which serve to further maintain the behavior and decrease the number of available alternative coping strategies.

Biological models
Biological models explaining the origins of kleptomania have been based mostly on pharmacotherapy treatment studies that used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), mood stabilizers, and opioid receptor antagonists.

Some studies using SSRIs have observed that opioid antagonists appear to reduce the urge to steal and mute the "rush" typically experienced immediately after stealing by some subjects with kleptomania. This would suggest that poor regulation of serotonin, dopamine, and/or natural opioids within the brain are to blame for kleptomania, linking it with impulse control and affective disorders.

An alternative explanation too based on opioid antagonist studies states that kleptomania is similar to the "self-medication" model, in which stealing stimulates the person's natural opioid system. "The opioid release 'soothes' the patients, treats their sadness, or reduces their anxiety. Thus, stealing is a mechanism to relieve oneself from a chronic state of hyperarousal, perhaps produced by prior stressful or traumatic events, and thereby modulate affective states."

Diagnosis
Disagreement surrounds the method by which kleptomania is considered and diagnosed. On one hand, some researchers believe that kleptomania is merely theft and dispute the suggestion that there are psychological mechanisms involved, while others observe kleptomania as part of a substance-related addiction. Yet others categorize kleptomania as a variation of an impulse control disorder, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or eating disorders.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM IV-TR), a frequent and widely used guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, the following symptoms and characteristics are the diagnostic criteria for kleptomania:
  repeated inability to defend against urges to steal things that are not essential for private use or for their economic value;
  escalating sense of pressure immediately prior to performing the theft;
  satisfaction, fulfillment or relief at the point of performing the theft;
  the theft is not executed to convey antagonism or revenge, and is not in reaction to a delusion or a fantasy; and
  the thieving is not better accounted for by behavior disorder, a manic episode, or antisocial personality disorder.

Skeptics have decried kleptomania as an invalid psychiatric concept exploited in legal defenses of wealthy female shoplifters. During the twentieth century, kleptomania was strongly linked with the increased prevalence of department stores, and "department store kleptomaniacs" were a widely held social stereotype that had political implications.

Comorbidity
Kleptomania seems to be linked with other psychiatric disorders, especially mood swings, anxiety, eating disorders, and alcohol and substance use. The occurrence of stealing as a behavior in conjunction with eating disorders, particularly bulimia nervosa, is frequently taken as a sign of the harshness of the eating disorder.

A likely connection between depression and kleptomania was reported as early as 1911. It has since been extensively established in clinical observations and available case reports. The mood disorder could come first or co-occur with the beginning of kleptomania. In advanced cases, depression may result in self-inflicted injury and could even lead to suicide. Some people have reported relief from depression or manic symptoms after theft.

It has been suggested that because kleptomania is linked to strong compulsive and impulsive qualities, it can be viewed as a variation of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, together with pathological gambling, compulsive buying, pyromania, nailbiting and trichotillomania. This point achieves support from the unusually higher cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; see below) in close relatives of patients with kleptomania.

Substance use disorder
Kleptomania and drug addictions seem to have central qualities in common, including:
 recurring or compulsive participation in a behavior in spite of undesirable penalties;
 weakened control over the disturbing behavior;
 a need or desire condition before taking part in the problematic behavior; and
 a positive pleasure-seeking condition throughout the act of the disturbing behavior.
Data from epidemiological studies additionally propose that there is an affiliation between kleptomania and substance use disorders along with high rates in a unidirectional manner. Phenomenological data maintain that there is a relationship between kleptomania and drug addictions. A higher percentage of cases of kleptomania has been noted in adolescents and young adults, and a lesser number of cases among older adults, which imply an analogous natural history to that seen in substance use disorders. Family history data also propose a probable common genetic input to alcohol use and kleptomania. Substance use disorders are more common in kin of persons with kleptomania than in the general population. Furthermore, pharmacological data (e.g., the probable efficacy of the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, in the treatment of both kleptomania and substance use disorders) could present additional support for a joint relationship between kleptomania and substance use disorders. Based on the idea that kleptomania and substance use disorders may share some etiological features, it could be concluded that kleptomania would react optimistically to the same treatments. As a matter of fact, certain non-medical treatment methods that are successful in treating substance use are also accommodating in treating kleptomania.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Kleptomania is frequently thought of as being a part of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), since the irresistible and uncontrollable actions are similar to the frequently excessive, unnecessary, and unwanted rituals of OCD. Some individuals with kleptomania demonstrate hoarding symptoms that resemble those with OCD.
Prevalence rates between the two disorders do not demonstrate a strong relationship. Studies examining the comorbidity of OCD in subjects with kleptomania have inconsistent results, with some showing a relatively high co-occurrence (45%-60%) while others demonstrate low rates (0%-6.5%). Similarly, when rates of kleptomania have been examined in subjects with OCD, a relatively low co-occurrence was found (2.2%-5.9%).

Pyromania
Pyromania, another impulse disorder, has many ties to kleptomania. Many pyromaniacs begin fires alongside petty stealing which often appears similar to kleptomania.

Treatment
Although the disorder has been known to psychologists for a long time, the cause of kleptomania is still ambiguous. Therefore, a diverse range of therapeutic approaches have been introduced for its treatment. These treatments include: psychoanalytic oriented psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy.

Behavioral and cognitive intervention
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has primarily substituted the psychoanalytic and dynamic approach in the treatment of kleptomania. Numerous behavioural approaches have been recommended as helpful according to several cases stated in the literature. They include: hidden sensitisation by unpleasant images of nausea and vomiting, aversion therapy (for example, aversive holding of breath to achieve a slightly painful feeling every time a desire to steal or the act is imagined), and systematic desensitisation. In certain instances, the use of combining several methods such as hidden sensitisation along with exposure and response prevention were applied. Even though the approaches used in CBT need more research and investigation in kleptomania, success in combining these methods with medication was illustrated over the use of drug treatment as the single method of treatment.

Drug treatment
The phenomenological similarity and the suggested common basic biological dynamics of kleptomania and OCD, pathological gambling and trichotillomania gave rise to the theory that the similar groups of medications could be used in all these conditions. Consequently, the primary use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) group, which is a form of antidepressant, has been used in kleptomania and other impulse control disorders such as binge eating and OCD. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), lithium and valproic acid (sodium valproate) have been used as well.

The SSRI's usage is due to the assumption that the biological dynamics of these conditions derives from low levels of serotonin in brain synapses, and that the efficacy of this type of therapy will be relevant to kleptomania and to other comorbid conditions.

Opioid receptor antagonists are regarded as practical in lessening urge-related symptoms, which is a central part of impulse control disorders; for this reason, they are used in treatment of substance use. This quality makes them helpful in treating kleptomania and impulse control disorders in general. The most frequently used drug is naltrexone, a long-acting competitive antagonist. Naltrexone acts mainly at μ-receptors, but also antagonises κ- and λ-receptors.

There have been no controlled studies of the psycho-pharmacological treatment of kleptomania. This could be as a consequence of kleptomania being a rare phenomenon and the difficulty in achieving a large enough sample. Facts about this issue come largely from case reports or from bits and pieces gathered from a comparatively small number of cases enclosed in a group series.

History
In the nineteenth century, French psychiatrists began to observe kleptomaniacal behavior, but were constrained by their approach. By 1890, a large body of case material on kleptomania had been developed. Hysteria, imbecility, cerebral defect, and menopause were advanced as theories to explain these seemingly nonsensical behaviors, and many linked kleptomania to immaturity, given the inclination of young children to take whatever they want. These French and German observations later became central to psychoanalytic explanations of kleptomania.

Etymology
The term kleptomania was derived from the Greek words κλέπτω (klepto) "to steal" and μανία (mania) "mad desire, compulsion". Its meaning roughly corresponds to "compulsion to steal" or "compulsive stealing".

First generation of psychoanalysis
In the early twentieth century, kleptomania was viewed more as a legal excuse for self-indulgent haut bourgeois ladies than a valid psychiatric ailment by French psychiatrists.

Sigmund Freud, the creator of controversial psychoanalytic theory, believed that the underlying dynamics of human behaviours associated with uncivilized savages—impulses were curbed by inhibitions for social life. He did not believe human behaviour to be rational. He created a large theoretical corpus which his disciples applied to such psychological problems as kleptomania. In 1924, one of his followers, Wilhelm Stekel, read the case of a female kleptomaniac who was driven by suppressed sexual urges to take hold of "something forbidden, secretly". Stekel concluded that kleptomania was "suppressed and superseded sexual desire carried out through medium of a symbol or symbolic action. Every compulsion in psychic life is brought about by suppression".

Second generation of psychoanalysis
Fritz Wittels argued that kleptomaniacs were sexually underdeveloped people who felt deprived of love and had little experience with human sexual relationships; stealing was their sex life, giving them thrills so powerful that they did not want to be cured. Male kleptomaniacs, in his view, were homosexual or invariably effeminate.

A famous large-scale analysis of shoplifters in the United Kingdom ridiculed Stekel's notion of sexual symbolism and claimed that one out of five apprehended shoplifters was a "psychiatric".

New perspectives
Empirically based conceptual articles have argued that kleptomania is becoming more common than previously thought, and occurs more frequently among women than men.  These ideas are new in recent history but echo those current in the mid to late nineteenth century.

See also

 Portrait of a Kleptomaniac
 Kleptolagnia
 Pathological lying (or mythomania)

References

Habit and impulse disorders
Theft

Kleptomania


Edgar Chinchilla ( 8 de mayo de 1987 en Guatemala) es un futbolista Guatemalteco, que actualmente juega como Delantero en el Xelaju Mario Camposeco .

Trayectoria
Chinchilla inicia su carrera en el Club Comunicaciones con el cual da a conocer su talento futbolístico.
ICVH alias El Pollo

Clubes

Futbolistas de Guatemala
Futbolistas del Comunicaciones Fútbol Club en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Jalapa
Futbolistas del Deportivo Malacateco
Futbolistas del Xelajú Mario Camposeco

Edgar Chinchilla


Kosmos 2369, ruski ELINT (radioelektronsko izviđanje) satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Celina-2.

Lansiran je 3. veljače 2000. godine u 09:26 s kozmodroma Bajkonura u Kazahstanu. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Zenit-2 11K77. Orbita mu je 846 km u perigeju i 854 km u apogeju. Orbitne inklinacije je 71,01°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 26069. COSPARova oznaka je 2000-006-A. Zemlju obilazi u 101,92 minute. Pri lansiranju bio je mase kg.

Dio serije Celina koja je nosila signalne instrumente.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. 1998 год. (rus.)
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database (engl.)
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2369


An Prosthechea crassilabia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Friedrich Poeppig ngan Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Germán Carnevali och Ivón Mercedes Ramírez Morillo. An Prosthechea crassilabia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Prosthechea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Prosthechea

Prosthechea crassilabia


An Puccinellia jeholensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Masao Kitagawa. An Puccinellia jeholensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puccinellia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puccinellia

Puccinellia jeholensis


Philippe-Charles Schmerling (* 2. März 1790 (?) in Delft; † 17. November 1836 in Liège) war ein belgischer Arzt, Anatom und Paläontologe. Er gilt als einer der Wegbereiter der Paläoanthropologie und der Paläopathologie. Von Schmerling stammt die erste wissenschaftliche Beschreibung eines zum Neandertaler gehörenden Fossils.

Leben und Werk
Schmerling studierte zunächst Anatomie in Delft und später Medizin in Liège, wo er 1825 zum Doktor der Medizin promoviert wurde. 1829 hielt er sich in der Nähe von Flémalle auf und kam dort mit Fundplätzen von Fossilien in Berührung.

26 Jahre vor Darwins epochalem Werk Über die Entstehung der Arten beschrieb Schmerling im Jahr 1833 als Erster Knochenfunde – die er 1829 selbst in Belgien in den Höhlen von Engis und Engihoul entdeckt hatte – als zum einen fossil und zum anderen als gleich alt wie die Überreste ausgestorbener Säugetiere aus den gleichen Fundorten; aufgrund der Tierfossilien und gleichfalls entdeckter Steinwerkzeuge ordnete er seine Funde dem "Diluvium" (der Epoche der Sintflut) zu. Von den damaligen Naturforschern wurde diese Interpretation jedoch nicht aufgegriffen. Hieran änderte sich zunächst auch nichts, nachdem 1857 jene Fossilien aus der Feldhofer Grotte vorlagen (Neandertal 1), die seit 1864 als Neandertaler bezeichnet werden.

Selbst Charles Lyell, der die beiden belgischen Höhlen ebenfalls erkundet hatte und 1863 den Interpretationen Schmerlings zustimmte, stieß bei seinen Zeitgenossen noch auf weitgehend taube Ohren. Stattdessen setzte sich die Meinung von Thomas Henry Huxley durch, der die anatomischen Merkmale der Funde aus Belgien und aus der Feldhofer Grotte zwar detailliert beschrieb, aber – unter anderem aufgrund des im Vergleich zum modernen Menschen ungewöhnlichen Aussehens der Schädelknochen – zu dem Ergebnis kam, dass es sich um moderne Menschen mit einem niedrigen Grad an Zivilisation gehandelt habe. Diese Interpretation untermauerte er mit dem Hinweis, dass es möglich sei, anhand von Schädeln seiner Zeitgenossen aus unterschiedlichen Regionen der Erde eine lückenlosen Übergang von primitiven zu fortgeschrittenen Merkmalen zu belegen.

Erst mit Anerkennung der Abstammungstheorie wurde die von Schmerling erkannte Tatsache weithin geteilt, dass es sowohl ausgestorbene Tier- und Pflanzenarten gibt als auch ausgestorbene Arten der Gattung Homo.

Das von Schmerling entdeckte Fossil Engis 1 (ein nahezu vollständig erhaltener Schädel) wird heute als anatomisch moderner Mensch (Homo sapiens) interpretiert. Engis 2 ist ein teilweise erhaltener Neandertaler-Kinderschädel mit separat gefundenem Oberkiefer und gilt als das erste wissenschaftlich beschriebene Fossil des Neandertalers. Der Verbleib der als Engis 3 bezeichneten Knochen-Fragmente ist unbekannt, ihre stammesgeschichtliche Herkunft ebenfalls.

Aufgrund seiner Anmerkungen zu pathologischen Befunden bei den von ihm entdeckten Tierfossilien gilt Schmerling auch als einer der Wegbereiter der Paläopathologie.

Ehrungen
1834 wurde Philippe-Charles Schmerling zum Mitglied der Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina gewählt. Die Königlich Niederländische Akademie der Wissenschaften (damals Koninklijk Instituut) nahm ihn 1836 als korrespondierendes Mitglied auf.

Belege

Paläoanthropologe
Mediziner (19. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Königlich Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Leopoldina (19. Jahrhundert)
Belgier
Geboren 1790
Gestorben 1836
Mann

Philippe-Charles Schmerling


La Carretera de Nebraska 79, y abreviada NE 79 (en inglés: Nebraska Highway 79) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nebraska. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  noroeste de Lincoln hacia el Norte en la  en Snyder. La carretera tiene una longitud de 97 km (60.28 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Carretera de Nebraska 79 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Carreteras de Nebraska por sus siglas en inglés NDOR.

Cruces
La Carretera de Nebraska 79 es atravesada principalmente por la  oeste de Weston en North Bend.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de NDOR

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nebraska

Carretera de Nebraska 79


Franz Halder () a fost un general german din Wehrmacht, care a îndeplinit funcția de șef al Marelui Stat Major al Armatei Germane de Uscat (Oberkommando des Heeres) din 1938 până în septembrie 1942.

Decorații
  Ordinul Militar "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III și clasa II (14 octombrie 1941) "pentru strălucirea cu care a contribuit la vijelioasele operațiuni ale armatelor aliate în ofensiva contra bolșevismului"

Note

Nașteri în 1884
Decese în 1972
Generali germani
Decorați cu Crucea de Cavaler al Ordinului Crucea de Fier
Decorați cu Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul"

Franz Halder


أبانوب أحد قديسي الكنيسة القبطية الأرثوذكسية، ولد بنهيسة بالقرب من طلخا في القرن الرابع الميلادي من أبوين مسيحيين، هما مقارة ومريم، فقدهما وهو في الثانية عشرة من عمره.

حياته
(حسب ماذكر في بعض الروايات) دخل الصبي الكنيسة في أحد الأعياد ووجد الكاهن يحث الشعب على احتمال الضيق والاضطهاد بفرح، إذ كان ديوكلتيانوس.دقلديانوس قد أثار الاضطهاد على المسيحيين، عاد الصبي الصغير إلى بيته وكلمات الأب الكاهن تدوي في أذنيه، عندئذ ركع الصبي أمام الله يطلب عونه، ثم قام ليسير إلى سمنود وهو متهلل بالروح ينتظر الاستشهاد، أخذ الصبي الصغير يطوف المدينة التي وجد فيها الكنائس مهدومة والناس يشتمون في المسيحية، فكان يطلب من الله مساندته له، عندئذ أرسل الله له رئيس الملائكة ميخائيل الذي عزاه وأرشده أن ينطلق في الصباح إلى الوالي ليشهد لمسيحه، مؤكدًا له أنه سيقويه ويشفيه وسط العذابات التي يحتملها.

بكَّر جدًا أبانوب الصبي، وانطلق إلى الوالي وصار يكلمه بجرأة وشجاعة، الذي دهش لتصرفات هذا الصبي الصغير، فصار يلاطفه بوعود كثيرة، أما الصبي فكان يشهد للإيمان الحق. اغتاظ الوالي وأمر بضربه على بطنه حتى ظهرت أحشاؤه، وجاء رئيس الملائكة ميخائيل بأمر من الله يشفيه. أُلقى الصبي في السجن ففرح به المسيحيون المسجونون، وتعرفوا عليه، وتعزوا بسببه. في اليوم التالي قتل الوالي من المسجونين حوالي ألفًا، ونالوا إكليل الشهادة في التاسع من برمهات.

استدعى الوالي الصبي أبانوب وأمر بربطه من قدميه على صاري المركب التي استقلها الوالي متجها إلى أتريب، وفي تهكم قال: «لينظر هل يأتي يسوع ليخلصه؟!». أقلعوا بالمركب البحارة مبحرين حتى المساء، ثم أرخوا القلع ليجلس الوالي ويأكل ويشرب، وإذ بالكأس تتحجر في يده ويصاب الوالي بنوع من الفالج، وأصبح الجند أشبه بعميان فنظر الوالي إلى الطفل المعلق ليجد رئيس الملائكة يقترب منه ليمسح الدم النازل من أنفه وفمه، ثم ينزله ويتركه في مقدمة المركب.

طلب الوالي من الصبي أن يصلي لإلهه ليشفيه لكي يؤمن هو وجنودة، لكن أبانوب أجابه أن الله سيشفيه في أتريب، وبالفعل صلى عنة وشفاه باسم الرب أمام والي أتريب، وقد آمن عدد كبير من الوثنيين بأتريب واستشهد بعضهم.

قام والي أتريب بتعذيب الصبي بالجلد وبإلقائه في زيت مغلي وحرقه بنار وكبريت، فظهر له السيد المسيح ومعه رئيسا الملائكة ميخائيل وجبرائيل، وشفُى. فعاد الملك ووضع سيخين محميين بالنار في عينيه فقام والرب يسوع له المجد وشفاه، فأمر الملك ببتر يديه ورجليه، لكن الرب لم يتركه وشفاه

أمن الكثيرون بسببه، وتقدم كثيرون للاستشهاد بفرح، وكان الرب يرسل ملائكته لتعزية الصبي.

إذ رأى الوالي الجموع التي تقبل الإيمان بسبب الصبي، فأوفده إلى الإسكندرية مقيدًا بالسلاسل. والتقى الصبي ابانوب بامرأة بها روح نجس أخرجه منها وهو مقيد اليدين بالسلاسل، فآمنت المرأة بالسيد المسيح له كل المجد، فاغتاظ أحد الجنود وقتلها. أمام أرمانيوس والي الإسكندرية اعترف الصبي بالسيد المسيح محتملًا عذابات أخرى، منها إلقاؤه في جب به ثعابين وحيّات جائعة وعقارب، والرب حفظه بملاكه ميخائيل. خرج الصبي من الجب وقد تبعته بعض الثعابين... فالتف أحدهما حول رقبة أرمانيوس والصبي أنقذه، الأمر الذي أدهش الكثيرين فقبلوا الإيمان واستشهدوا. تعرض لعذابات أخرى، وقُطعت رأسه خارج المدينة على صخرة عالية بعد أن وقف بفرح يصلي طالبًا أن يغفر الله له خطاياه، ويتقبل روحه. تقدم القديس يوليوس الأقفهصي وحمل جسده وكفنه وأرسله إلى نهيسة موطن ميلاده حيث دفن هناك، وقد كتب سيرته.

نقل جسده من نهيسة إلى سمنود، ويحتفل بعيد استشهاده في 24 من شهر أبيب.

انظر أيضا

 الكنيسة القبطية الارثوذكسية
 قائمة قديسين أقباط

مراجع

رئيس الملائكة ميخائيل
سنة الوفاة غير معروفة
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
شهداء مسيحيون
قديسون أطفال
قديسون أقباط أرثوذكس

أبانوب النهيسي


Das Außenlager Annener Gußstahlwerk des KZ-Buchenwald, oft auch kurz KZ-Außenlager Witten-Annen, war ein Außenkommando des Konzentrationslagers Buchenwald in Witten (Stadtteil Annen) und bestand vom 16. September 1944 bis zum 28. März 1945. Die insgesamt über 750 Häftlinge mussten Zwangsarbeit im Rüstungskonzern Annener Gußstahlwerk leisten.

Geschichte

Vorgeschichte

Seit 1940 beschäftigte das Annener Gussstahlwerk, das u. a. für die Flugzeugindustrie Stahlgussteile produzierte, zivile Zwangsarbeiter aus Belgien (500), den Niederlanden, der Tschechoslowakei und Polen (2200), seit 1941 auch russische Kriegsgefangene, zivile Zwangsarbeiter und ab Oktober 1943 italienische Militärinternierte. Diese waren in verschiedenen Lagern in der Nähe des Werks untergebracht.

Vor der Einrichtung des Konzentrationslagers waren in verschiedenen Betrieben in Witten schon über 10.000 ausländische Arbeitskräfte, Kriegsgefangene und zivile Zwangsarbeiter beschäftigt. Im Annener Gussstahlwerk arbeiteten Ende August 1944 2172 ausländische Frauen und Männer (zivile und kriegsgefangene Zwangsarbeiter), 51,4 % der Gesamtbelegschaft.

Das spätere KZ-Außenlager wurde als "Gefangenenlager für 1000 Mann" am Spiekermannschen Platz seit dem Jahreswechsel 1942/43 geplant, aber erst am 9. September 1944 bauordnungsrechtlich genehmigt. Nach SS-Anforderungen wurden zusätzliche Wachtürme errichtet und das Lager doppelt mit Stacheldraht umzäunt. In unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft bestand seit 1942 ein so genanntes "Russenlager", ein Arbeitslager für zivile Zwangsarbeiter und Kriegsgefangene, dessen Insassen ebenfalls im Annener Gußstahlwerk arbeiten mussten.

KZ-Außenlager

Am 16. September 1944 wurden 700 Männer in geschlossenen Güterwaggons aus dem KZ Buchenwald nach Annen verbracht. Überwiegend handelte es sich um Sowjetbürger (248) und Franzosen (226), aber auch Polen, Tschechoslowaken, Italiener, Deutsche, Belgier u. a. Das Alter der Gefangenen lag zwischen 16 und 63 Jahren. Im Durchschnitt waren sie unter 30 Jahre alt, ein Fünftel war jünger als 20.

Überwiegend handelte es sich um als politisch eingestufte Gefangene. Daneben gab es Häftlinge der Kategorien "Arbeitsscheue Reich" (ASR), "Arbeitserziehungshäftlinge" (AEH), so genannte "jüdische Mischlinge ersten Grades" und "Berufsverbrecher" (BV).

Die Wachmannschaft bestand aus ca. 40 SS-Männern, die die Gefangenen auch während der Arbeit im Werk bewachten und deren Baracken getrennt vom Häftlingsbereich auf der heutigen Restfläche standen. Lagerkommandant war bis November 1944 SS-Oberscharführer Ernst Zorbach, danach Hermann Schleef. Organisatorisch war das KZ-Außenlager dem Hauptlager Buchenwald zugeordnet, in disziplinarischer Hinsicht unterstand es dem KZ-Außenkommando Brüllstraße in Bochum.

Der Häftlingsbereich bestand aus vier Unterkunftsbaracken, in denen jeweils über 150 Männer untergebracht waren, einem Appellplatz, einem Krankenrevier, den üblichen Funktionsbauten und einer eigenen Unterkunft für den Lagerältesten. Insgesamt bestand das Lager aus 14 Gebäuden und war zumindest teilweise von der Bahnstrecke Witten-Dortmund aus einsehbar.

Die Gefangenen mussten sechs Tage die Woche zwölfstündige Tag- und Nachtschichten in der  (heute Annen Business Center) leisten. Die quantitativ und qualitativ ungenügende Nahrungsversorgung, die hauptsächlich aus Brot und dünner Kohlsuppe bestand, führte zu zahlreichen Mangelerscheinungen. Seit Jahreswechsel 1944/45 wurde im Betrieb und in den Baracken kaum noch geheizt. Dennoch war es den Gefangenen unter Strafe verboten, ihre dünne Häftlingskleidung auch nur behelfsmäßig (mit Pappe, Stroh oder Zeitungen) auszustopfen. Die medizinische Versorgung war unzureichend und bestand im Wesentlichen aus Verordnung von Bettruhe im Krankenrevier und gelegentlicher Gabe von ASS. Neun Häftlinge wurden wegen Lungentuberkulose zurück nach Buchenwald verbracht, zwei davon überlebten die Fahrt nicht. Die Gefangenen waren zudem der Gewalt und Willkür der SS-Leute und des Lagerältesten Alfred Spillner, einem "Berufsverbrecher", ausgesetzt.

Die Leichen der mindestens 30 in Witten verstorbenen KZ-Häftlinge wurden anfangs im Krematorium Dortmund verbrannt. Ab Februar 1945 wurden sie auf dem 1938 eingeebneten jüdischen Friedhof in Annen beigesetzt.

Ende März 1945 rückten die Alliierten näher. Die SS trieb in der Nacht vom 28. auf 29. März 1945 die verbliebenen 613 Häftlinge Richtung Nordosten. Anfang April 1945 wurden sie bei Lippstadt von amerikanischen Truppen befreit.

Mit der Besetzung durch amerikanische Truppen endete der Zweite Weltkrieg in Witten am 11. April 1945.

Zeit der Verdrängung

Schon ab dem Sommer 1945 nutzte die katholische St.-Josef-Gemeinde Baracken des Arbeitslagers und des Außenlagers als Kindergarten. Das übrige Lagergelände wurde bis auf die Fundamente geräumt und ab 1950 für die Bebauung freigegeben. 1958 zog der katholische Kindergarten um und auch die noch verbleibenden Baracken wurden abgerissen. Das Gelände diente als wilde Müllkippe und Parkplatz. Anfang der 1960er Jahre plante die Stadt, auf dem Gelände des ehemaligen Lagers ihr drittes Gymnasium zu errichten. Aus Finanzmangel wurde stattdessen aber ein leerstehendes Schulgebäude in der Innenstadt genutzt. 1977 entstanden auf dem Gelände Reihenhäuser.

Auf dem Kommunalfriedhof Witten-Annen wurde 1959 neben den Gräbern der KZ-Häftlinge und Zwangsarbeiter ein Gedenkstein mit der irreführenden Aufschrift "Tote der Alliierten" aufgestellt.

1967 erhob die Staatsanwaltschaft Bochum Anklage wegen versuchten Mordes gegen Ernst Zorbach. Ihm wurde vorgeworfen, 1944 vorsätzlich einem Häftling, der bei einem Fluchtversuch verunglückt war, Hilfe verweigert zu haben. Gegen Hermann Schleef wurde ebenfalls ein Ermittlungsverfahren eingeleitet. Verurteilt wurden beide aber vor allem wegen der Beteiligung an anderen Tötungsdelikten. Darüber hinaus gab es keine juristische Aufarbeitung.

Wiederentdeckung

1984 besuchte die damalige Klasse 10a des Albert-Martmöller-Gymnasiums die KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau und entdeckte dort das Außenlager Witten-Annen auf einer Übersichtskarte. Im Rahmen eines Geschichtswettbewerbs recherchierten die Schüler und lösten mit ihrem 1985 als Broschüre veröffentlichten Aufsatz eine öffentliche Diskussion über das kommunale Vergessen aus. Auf Initiative der Schüler stellte die Stadt Witten am 11. April 1985 einen von Anselm Treese gestalteten Gedenkstein am Rand der Restfläche auf. 1990 erfolgte die Untersuchung der Lager-Restfläche durch zwei Archäologen, ein Historiker suchte nach weiteren Quellen. 1992 rief die Stadt einen internationalen künstlerischen Wettbewerb mit insgesamt 29.000 DM Preisgeldern aus, an dem 161 Künstler aus dem gesamten Bundesgebiet und dem benachbarten Ausland teilnahmen. Der Kostenrahmen für die Realisierung der Gedenkstätte sollte ca. 250.000 DM betragen. Der erste Preis sah vor, die Restfläche mit 114 Beton-Quadern mit 2,20 m Kantenlänge im Abstand von 1,10 m zu bedecken. Aus Finanzmangel wurde aber keiner der Entwürfe aus dem Wettbewerb verwirklicht. Stattdessen besteht die heutige sog. Gedenkstätte Immermannstraße aus einer von Unkraut überwachsenen roten Kiesfläche und der schon 1985 aufgestellten Gedenktafel. Seit 1992 ist die Restfläche als Bodendenkmal in der städtischen Denkmalliste eingetragen.

1990 wurde die irreführende Aufschrift "Tote der Alliierten" am Denkmal auf dem Kommunalfriedhof in Annen entfernt und 1993 eine Gedenktafel für die in Witten ums Leben gekommenen Zwangsarbeiter aufgestellt. () Mit den dort genannten 394 Opfern wird auch der Toten aus dem KZ-Außenlager Witten-Annen gedacht. Im LWL-Museum für Archäologie in Herne sind seit 2003 einige Fundstücke der Grabung von 1990 als Teil der Dauerausstellung ausgestellt. In zwei Vitrinen sind dort Geschirr (Blechkanne und -schalen), Besteck und Identifikationsmarken der KZ-Häftlinge zu sehen. Auch im  befinden sich Fundstücke der Ausgrabung von 1990. In einem Rollschrank im Keller werden dort u. a. Geschirr, Besteck, Schilder, Kämme, Munitionshülsen und die Reste einer Brandbombe aufbewahrt.

2013 wurde der Gedenkstein auf die Restfläche versetzt und zwei Informationstafeln aufgestellt.

Ein Großteil der Grabungsfunde von 1990/91 wurde 2017 in einem Keller in Witten wiederentdeckt und von der LWL-Archäologie für Westfalen erstmals fachgerecht dokumentiert und archiviert. Die Grabung von 1990/91 markiert im Rückblick den unauffälligen Beginn einer sich entwickelnden Holocaust Archaeology.

Spekulationen über den Ort

Es gibt Spekulationen darüber, dass die Restfläche möglicherweise nicht Teil des KZ-Außenlagers war, sondern des benachbarten Arbeitslagers (eines sog. "Russenlagers").

Siehe auch

 Geschichte der Stadt Witten
 Liste der Außenlager des KZ Buchenwald
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Witten
 Zwangsarbeiterdenkmal Annen

Literatur

Zeitungsartikel

Filme

 Geklaute Jugend. Herman van Hasselt. Buchenwaldhäftling 20239. Filmstudio Sirius. Deutschland 2006. (DVD, 55 Min.) (Beschreibung, abgerufen am 22. März 2017)(Interview mit einem niederländischen Widerstandskämpfer, der auch im KZ Witten-Annen inhaftiert war. Enthält aber nur wenige Aussagen über dieses Lager.)
 Interview mit Hansheinz König. Aktuelle Stunde. 5. Juli 1985.

Weblinks

 Denkmal des Monats Mai 2015: Das Zwangsarbeitslager "Westfeldstraße" und KZ-Außenlager Buchenwald
 Fotos der Gedenkstätte von 2010 bei Flickr
 Gedenkstätte Außenlager Witten-Annen – Geocache auf der Restfläche

Einzelnachweise

Außenlager des KZ Buchenwald
KZ
Bauwerk in Witten
Geschichte (Witten)
Bauensemble im Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
Provinz Westfalen
Arbeitslager
Bauensemble in Europa

KZ-Außenlager Annener Gußstahlwerk


جبل ويتني هي أعلى قمة في الولايات المتحدة يرتفع 14505 قدم (4421 م). كان أول من صعد آه جونسون ، وجون لوكاس في عام 1873 ، صيادين يعيشون كاليفورنيا.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لجبل ويتني:

مراجع

جبال في أمريكا الشمالية يتجاوز ارتفاعها 4000 متر
أعلى الإرتفاعات في الولايات المتحدة
رموز كاليفورنيا
جبال مقاطعة تولير (كاليفورنيا)
جبال مقاطعة إنيو (كاليفورنيا)

جبل ويتني


Carl Gustav Witt ( - ) fue un astrónomo alemán descubridor de dos asteroides que trabajó en el  Observatorio de la Asociación astronómica Urania en Berlín (Urania Sternwarte Berlin).ref name="springer-Witt" />

Escribió su tesis doctoral bajo la dirección de Julius Bauschinger.

Descubrimientos

Witt descubrió dos asteroides, el más notable Eros, el primer asteroide que fue nombrado con un nombre masculino y el primer asteroide conocido con una inusual órbita que ocasionalmente le aproximaba a la tierra (en inglés, NEO) y hoy clasificado como asteroide Amor. El primero que había descubierto fue Berolina, que recibe el nombre del nombre latino de su ciudad adoptiva Berlín.

Honores
Varias décadas después de su muerte, el asteroide (2732) Witt recibió ese nombre en su honor. Se trata de un asteroide del Cinturón principal descubierto por Max Wolf en el observatorio de Heidelberg. La propuesta de la nominación vino de Brian G. Marsden, astrónomo americano director durante muco tiempo delMinor Planet Center y fue publicada el 22 de septiembre de 1983().<

Referencias

Astrónomos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Descubridores de asteroides
Nacidos en Berlín

Carl Gustav Witt


Respiration kan henvise til flere artikler:

 Respiration (biokemi) - en proces, hvorved levende væsener optager bioenergi fra organisk stof.
 Åndedræt - en proces, hvorved levende væsener med lunger (heriblandt mennesker) optager ilt fra luften.

Respiration


Daltaban Mustafa Paşa II. Mustafa saltanatında, 4 Eylül 1702 - 24 Ocak 1703 tarihleri arasında dört ay yirmi gün sadrazamlık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı

Manastır'da doğmuştur. Aslının Sırp olduğu belirtilmektedir. Kara İbrahim Paşa'nın iç mehterliğinde yetişti. 1684 yılında Kara İbrahim Paşa sadrazam olduğu zaman kapıcılar kethüdası oldu. Sırasıyla cebecibaşı olarak atandı ve 1691'de yeniçeri ağası oldu.

Vezirliğe yükseltilerek Babadağ muhafızlığına atandı. 1695 yılında Anadolu Valiliği'ne, 1696 yılında Diyarbakır Valiliği'ne atandı. Avusturya seferi sırasında Sofya'da iken mezaliminden şikayet olunması üzerine vezirliği elinden alınarak Bosna sınırında Pucitel palangası komutanlığına sürüldü. Bosna'ya düşman saldırısının artması üzerine 1697 yılında vezirliği iade edilerek Bosna cephesi seraskerliğine getirildi. Bosna'da başarılar göstererek düşmanı püskürttü. 1698 yılında Urfa merkezli Rakka Valiliği'ne tayin edildi. 1699 yılında Bağdat Valiliği'ne görevlendirildi. Asi kuvvetlerin elinden Basra ve Kurna'yı geri aldı; asi kuvvetleri sindirdi. Bu başarıları üzerine önce tekrar Anadolu Valiliği'ne getirildi.

4 Eylül 1702 tarihinde hastalığı dolayısıyla görevinden ayrılan Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Paşa yerine Sultan II. Mustafa'nın hocası olan şeyhülislam Feyzullah Efendi'nin tavsiyesi ile Daltaban Mustafa Paşa sadrazamlığa getirildi.

Daltaban Mustafa Paşa bu görevde devam etmek için Feyzullah Efendi'nin isteklerini yerine getirmesi gerektiğini anlamıştı. Zaten Sultan II. Mustafa kendine arz edilen sadrazam ve divan telhis ve tahrirlerini Şeyhülislam'la görüşülmeden huzuruna getirilmesini kabul etmemekte idi. Devlet ve hükûmetin uygulayacağı her politika ve göstereceği her faaliyet için Feyzullah Efendi'nin görüşlerinin ve düşüncelerinin alınmasını istemekteydi.

Daltaban Mustafa Paşa her ne kadar Feyzullah Efendi'nin gösterdiği yolda gitmeye devamlı kararlı ise de; taşralı olması ve İstanbulluların hareket ve davranışlarını anlayamadığı için ve kaba, haşin sert mizacı dolayısıyla devlet erkanı tarafından sevilmemekteydi. Hatta Sultan bile bu kaba, haşin tavrından tedirgin olmaya başlamıştı. Örneğin Feyzullah Efendi'nin oğlu Fethullah Efendi, Sadrazamın çalışma yeri olan Paşa Kapısına gelince onu kapı önünde karşılardı; Feyzullah Efendi gelince kapının önünde arabanın önüne geçerek ta binek taşına kadar gitmesini sağlamaya başlamıştı. O zamana kadar teşrifat kurullarına göre merasimlerde şeyhülislam, daha aşağı rütbede olduğunu göstermek için, Sadrazam'ın sol tarafında giderdi; ama Daltaban Mustafa Paşa Feyzullah Efendi'nin sol tarafında gitmeye başlayıp sanki Sadrazam'ın daha düşük rütbede olduğunu noktalamaktaydı.

Diğer taraftan Sadrazamlığa gelmeyi çok isteyen Reisülkittap Rami Mehmet Paşa devamlı olarak sadrazam aleyhinde çalışmaktaydı. Sadrazamın şeyhülislamdan bağımsız olarak çalışmak istediğini ve bunun için yeniçerilerden ve Kırımlılardan destek almaya çalıştığı söylentisini yaymış ve bir kontrol fetişçisi olan Feyzullah Efendi bundan ters etkilenmişti. Karlofça Antlaşması; Kırımlıların Rusya içine talan hücumları yapmaları men edilmiş ve aynı zamanda Rusların da bu sınırlarda tahkimat kurmaları yasaklanmıştı. Kırımlılar Rusların tahkimat kurduklarını gözlemlemekteydiler; bunun haberini İstanbul'a göndermişlerdi ama Osmanlı devleti bu antlaşma ihlali hakkında bir şey yapmamaya karar vermişti. Buna karşılık olmak üzere Kırımlılar Rus sınır bölgelerine talan hücumları yapmak istemekteydiler. Daha önceki sadrazam bunu kabul etmemişti; ama Daltaban Mustafa Paşa Kırımlıların isteklerine daha açıktı. Kırım Hanı Devlet Giray'ın isyankar tutumunu daha toleranslı karşılamaktaydı. Bu nedenle Devlet Giray'ın isyanının bastırılması için Feyzullah Efendi yoluyla Sultan'ın emirlerini uygulamakta ağır almakta idi. Bu durum Rami Mehmet Paşa ile Feyzullah Efendi için Daltaban Mustafa Paşa'nın bağımsız hareketine bir örnek sayıldı. Feyzullah Efendi, Daltaban Mustafa Paşa'nın azledilmesi için fikirlerini Sultan'a kabul ettirdi.

Daltaban Mustafa Paşa Kırım Hanı'nı padişaha karşı tahrik etmek suçuyla 24 Ocak 1703'te görevinden azledilerek üç gün sonra öldürüldü.

Değerlendirme

Daltaban Mustafa Paşa, bir vali ve askeri komutan iken başarılı olmuştu. İdam edilmesi askeri sınıfı özellikle kapıkulu ocağı askerlerini aksi olarak etkilemiştir.

Daltaban Mustafa Paşa'nın şivesi bozuk ve kullandığı dil içinde kendine has özel ifadeleri bulunmakta idi. Rami Mehmet Paşa bunu alaya alarak bir sözlük yaratmış ve buna "İsılahat-ı Daltaniye" adı vermiş olduğu bildirilmektedir. Şivesinin bozukluğu yetişmez gibi ağzı da bozuk ve kullandığı lisan da toksözlü, kaba ve haşin idi. Başkalarına karşı gösterdiği muamele çok kere şiddet gösterici ve kalp kırıcı idi.

Daltaban Mustafa Paşa zamanında vezirlerin divan günlerinde giydikleri giysiler için yeni kurallar kurulup uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu değişiklikler arasında vezirlerin divandaki diğer devlet erkanından ayrı olduğunu göstermek için başlarına yüzlerce yıldır geleneksel olarak giydikleri "mücevveze" adı verilen bir serpuş yerine "kallavi" isimli bir değişik kavuk şekli giymeleri kuralı konulmuştur.

"Zubdet ül Vekayı" genellikle sadrazamların özel idare, kalemiye ve sekreterlik için gelen hasılatın yılda 500 kese olduğunu; Daltaban Mustafa Paşa sadrazam iken azil, yeniden atama, iş değişme diğer bürokratik muamaleler için topladığı iradın yılda 1200 kese vardığını belirtmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1956), Osmanlı Tarihi IV. Cilt I. Bölüm Karlofça Anlaşmasından XVIII. Yüzyılın Sonuna Kadar, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları ISBN 075-16-0001-3 Say.17-19
 Danişmend, İsmail Hami (1971), Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi, say..

1703 yılında ölenler
İdam edilmiş Osmanlılar
Osmanlı sadrazamları
Manastır doğumlular
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
Resim aranan kişiler

Daltaban Mustafa Paşa


Amfoter, oksit ve hidroksitleri asidik ve bazik karakterleri bir arada taşıyan element veya bileşikler. Amfoter maddeler hem asitlerle hem de bazlarla tepkimeye girerler. Metal ve yarı metallerin bir kısmı, aminoasitler ve proteinler amfoterik özellik gösterirler.

Bir elementin oksit veya hidroksitinin amfoterliği, elektronegatiflik şiddeti ve dolayısıyla periyodik cetveldeki yeri ile ilgilidir. Elektronegatifliği en düşük olan IA ve IIA gruplarının element oksit ve hidroksitleri kuvvetli bazik özellik gösterir: NaOH (Sodyum hidroksit), Ca(OH)2 (Kalsiyum hidroksit), K2O (Potasyum oksit), MgO (Magnezyum oksit) vb.

Periyodik cetvelin orta kısmında kalan elementlerin ortalama bir elektronegatifliğe sahip olmaları bunların; oksit, hidroksit, hatta bazılarının sülfitlerinin amfoter özellik göstermelerindendir.

Amfoter özellik taşıyan elementler: Zn, Cr, Al, Sn, Pb, Be, Ga'dur. Ayrıca bu elementlerin oksitleri de amfoter özellik taşır.

Zn(OH)2 + 2 OH- → [Zn(OH)4]2- (1)

Zn(OH)2 + 2 H+ → Zn2+ + 2H2O (2)

Zn(OH)2 (çinko hidroksit), birinci tepkimede baza karşı asidik, ikinci tepkimede aside karşı bazik özellik göstermiştir.

 Berilyum Hidroksit
          o Asidik ortamda: Be(OH)2 + 2HCl → BeCl2 + 2H2O
          o bazik ortamda : Be(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2Be(OH)4

    * Kurşun Oksit
          o Asidik ortamda: PbO + 2HCl → PbCl2 + H2O
          o Bazik ortamda : PbO + Ca(OH)2 +H2O → Ca2+[Pb(OH)4]2-

Asit ve bazlar

Amfoter


جيمي سميتس  ممثل أمريكي من مواليد 9 يوليو 1955.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بروكلين
أمريكيون من أصل بورتوريكي
أمريكيون من أصل سورينامي
أمريكيون من أصل هولندي
بورتوريكيون من أصل أمريكي
بورتوريكيون من أصل سورينامي
بورتوريكيون من أصل هولندي
حائزون على جائزة إيمي
خريجو جامعة كورنيل
رومان كاثوليك أمريكيون
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون أمريكيون من أصل إسباني وأمريكي لاتيني
ممثلون أمريكيون من أصل هسباني ولاتيني
ممثلون من مدينة نيويورك
مواليد 1955
مواليد في بروكلين

خريجو كلية بروكلين
ممثلون ذكور من بروكلين

جيمي سميتس


Notre-Dame-de-Pierreville (, en abénaqui) est un village compris dans le territoire de la municipalité de Pierreville dans Nicolet-Yamaska au Québec (Canada). Le village est situé sur une île dans le delta de la rivière Saint-François.

Toponymie
Le nom du village comprend deux particules. D'une part, la particule « Notre-Dame » honore Marie (mère de Jésus). D'autre part, « Pierreville » rappellerait possiblement fils du seigneur Laurent Philippe, Pierre.

Entre 1871 et 1914, le bureau de poste de Notre-Dame-de-Pierreville est appelé  en raison des moulins qui s'y trouvaient. La forme abénaquise  signale aussi la présence d'industries tirant profit de la force hydraulique de la rivière Saint-François.

Géographie
Le village est situé à  au nord-ouest de l'agglomération formée de Pierreville, Odanak et Saint-François-du-Lac, en aval sur le cours de la rivière Saint-François.

Notre-Dame-de-Pierreville est située sur l'île du Fort, dans le delta de la rivière Saint-François à son embouchure au lac Saint-Pierre.

Histoire
Les environs de Notre-Dame-de-Pierreville sont colonisés par les Français au . C'est sur l'île du Fort que le seigneur de Saint-François, Jean Crevier localise son domaine.

Localisé stratégiquement à la confluence du fleuve Saint-Laurent et de la rivière Saint-François, Jean Crevier fait construire un fort afin de défendre les environs contre les attaques anglaises et iroquoises.

Des moulins à scie sont érigés en 1866 sur le chenal Tardif par la Compagnie des moulins à vapeur de Pierreville, qui transforme le bois acheminé par flottage depuis les Cantons-de-l'Est. Un moulin et une scierie avait déjà été répertoriés à Notre-Dame-de-Pierreville par Joseph Bouchette en 1815.

Services

Transports

Éducation

Loisirs, culture et vie communautaire

Notes et références

Annexes

Liens externes

Village au Québec
Nicolet-Yamaska

Notre-Dame-de-Pierreville


Mama Albania (în ) este o statuie din 1971 de 12 metri înălțime care se află în Cimitirul național al martirilor din Tirana, Albania (în ).

Autorii monumentului sunt Muntaz Dhrami, Kristaq Rama și Shaban Hadëri.

Statuia reprezintă figurativ țara ca o mamă, care păzește toți soldații căzuți care și-au dat viața pentru ea. Statuia masivă are o mână în sus (dreapta) care ține o coroană de laur și o stea.

Statuia a fost ridicată pe un piedestal de trei metri, iar inscripția de pe aceasta este gravată astfel: Glorie veșnică martirilor Patriei (Lavdi é perjetshme deshmoreve te Atdheut).

Statuia este din beton.

Galerie

Note

Legături externe

Sculpturi din 1971Statui din 1971
SculpturiStatui
Tirana
Albania

Mama Albania


O futebol feminino, embora não seja tão popular no Brasil quanto o futebol masculino, cresce em popularidade desde os anos 2000.

História
Devido ao forte e contínuo estigma social, o futebol feminino brasileiro não contou durante boa parte de sua história com um grande apoio e visibilidade. Existe uma crença machista no país de que o futebol não é um esporte para mulheres. Era ilegal para as mulheres jogar futebol no Brasil de 1941 a 1979. Até recentemente, o país carecia de uma liga nacional feminina, organizando apenas competições estaduais porque havia pouco interesse financeiro e apoio ao jogo feminino.

A Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino foi disputada pela primeira vez em 2007. Teve o Saad como primeiro campeão. Em 2013, uma liga nacional, o Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino Série A1, foi oficialmente iniciada e se tornou a principal competição nacional feminina do país, ajudando a aumentar a qualidade do futebol feminino brasileiro. Teve o Centro Olímpico como primeiro campeão. Quatro anos depois, em 2017, a liga nacional ganhou uma segunda divisão, o Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino — Série A2. Teve o Pinheirense como primeiro campeão. E em 2022 expandiu-se ainda mais, com a criação do Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino — Série A3. Teve o Taubaté como primeiro campeão. E, apesar dos problemas, os clubes brasileiros são os mais vitoriosos da Copa Libertadores da América de Futebol Feminino, com onze títulos em catorze edições já disputadas.

Primeiras décadas e proibição
Durante o início do século XX, em um contexto de crescimento de ideias eugenistas no Brasil e ao redor do mundo, as mulheres foram desencorajadas a praticar esportes "masculinos", como o futebol, e aconselhadas a se concentrar mais em esportes estéticos, como a ginástica. Os especialistas em saúde no Brasil da época chegaram a afirmar que as mulheres que praticavam esses esportes corriam o risco de se tornar lésbicas. Em uma idade muito jovem, os meninos foram ensinados a ser fortes, enquanto as meninas foram ensinadas a se tornar mães melhores. As mulheres eram frequentemente intimidadas por jogar futebol e forçadas a deixar os campos para dar mais tempo para os homens jogarem. Apesar dos desafios sociais, as mulheres ainda continuaram a jogar futebol, pois as autoridades se preocupavam com a masculinização do corpo feminino e como isso seria prejudicial para a sociedade. Esses temores levaram o então presidente Getúlio Vargas a organizar um conselho nacional de esportes para estabelecer as diretrizes esportivas. O conselho passou a proibir as mulheres de praticar esportes agressivos e com forte contato físico, como o futebol, devido a precauções de saúde. Muitas jogadoras resistiram a essa proibição; O Primavera Athletico Club, do Rio de Janeiro, continuou jogando até ficar sem verbas e recursos. Esta lei não foi rigorosamente mantida, pois algumas mulheres continuaram a jogar. Na década de 1970, o futebol feminino estava ganhando popularidade em todo o mundo; isso inspirou vários protestos feministas no Brasil. Eventualmente, a proibição do futebol feminino no Brasil foi finalmente suspensa em 1979, após atletas de judô se inscreverem para o mundial da Argentina com nomes masculinos.

Retomada e desenvolvimento
A partir da década de 1980, com o fim da proibição, alguns avanços começaram a ser vistos no futebol feminino brasileiro. Em 1983 começou a Taça Brasil, organizada pela então CBD para organizar e fomentar o futebol feminino. Três anos depois, em julho de 1986, a seleção feminina do Brasil realizava seu primeiro jogo oficial, uma derrota por 2x1 para os Estados Unidos, no Mundialito realizado em Jesolo, na Itália.

Presente em todas as edições de Copa do Mundo e Jogos Olímpicos, o Brasil desponta como a maior potência futebolística da América do Sul, com oito das nove conquistas da Copa América. Mas nunca conseguiu um grande título mundial, ficando com o vice da Copa de 2007 e as medalhas de prata das Olimpíadas de 2004 e 2008 como sendo suas melhores campanhas em toda a sua história.

A partir da Copa do Mundo de Futebol Feminino de 2019, a Rede Globo, principal emissora de TV do país, passou a ser a emissora oficial dos jogos da seleção brasileira, transmitindo amistosos e os jogos da Copa do Mundo Feminina, além de jogos do Brasileirão Feminino. Apesar da má campanha do Brasil na copa, com uma eliminação precoce para a França nas oitavas de final, os quatro jogos da seleção feminina geraram alta audiência e alavancaram o ibope da programação global. Antes disso, a Rede Bandeirantes e a extinta TVE Brasil foram pioneiras nas transmissões de futebol feminino no Brasil, com a TVE transmitindo algumas edições da Taça Brasil, enquanto a Band transmitiu as copas de 2003, 2007, 2011 e 2019, e a TV Brasil transmitiu a Copa de 2015. O esporte vem ganhando crescimento da visibilidade, com transmissões televisivas não apenas por grandes emissoras, como também por streaming de jogos, bem como maior cobertura jornalística.  Para a Copa de 2023, além da transmissão da Globo, o Streamer Casimiro realizou a transmissão dos jogos do torneio em seu canal no YouTube. Isso tem contribuído para aumentar o interesse do público pelo esporte.

Em outra medida que visa promover a categoria e reflete o desenvolvimento do futebol feminino no país, a CBF decidiu que todos os clubes da Série A do Campeonato Brasileiro deveriam ter equipes femininas, com a determinação valendo desde 2019, e planos para que a partir de 2027 ela seja efetivada para todas as divisões do futebol brasileiro. Alguns clubes tradicionais, como Corinthians e Flamengo, investiram fortemente em suas equipes femininas. Outros times clássicos, como o Santos e Palmeiras, ainda possuem grande destaque, e outros times, como o Ferroviária e o Red Bull vem ganhando mais destaque.

Investimentos
Grandes empresas e marcas têm firmado parcerias e acordos de patrocínio com clubes de futebol feminino. Esses investimentos não apenas proporcionam recursos financeiros necessários para a gestão e manutenção das equipes, mas também conferem visibilidade e reconhecimento a essas organizações.

Além do apoio institucional aos clubes, empresas têm buscado parcerias com atletas individuais. Essas colaborações podem incluir contratos de patrocínio pessoal, fornecimento de equipamentos esportivos e apoio logístico para as jogadoras.

O envolvimento das empresas não se limita apenas ao aspecto financeiro. Elas também desempenham um papel crucial na promoção da modalidade, criando campanhas de marketing e eventos para aumentar a visibilidade do futebol feminino. Isso ajuda a atrair novos fãs e a inspirar mais jovens a praticar o esporte.

Sistema atual

 Série A1
 Série A2
 Série A3
 Taça Brasil de Futebol Feminino (descontinuado)

Copas nacionais

 Copa do Brasil (descontinuado)
 Supercopa do Brasil

Campeonatos estaduais

 Acre
 Alagoas
 Amapá
 Amazonas
 Bahia
 Ceará
 Distrito Federal
 Espírito Santo
 Goiás
 Maranhão
 Mato Grosso
 Mato Grosso do Sul
 Minas Gerais
 Pará
 Paraíba
 Paraná
 Pernambuco
 Piauí
 Rio de Janeiro
 Rio Grande do Norte
 Rio Grande do Sul
 Rondônia
 Roraima
 Santa Catarina
 São Paulo
 Sergipe
 Tocantins

Veja também

 Futebol no Brasil
 Seleção Brasileira de Futebol Feminino

Referências

Futebol feminino
Futebol do Brasil
!Wikiconcurso Mulheres Brasileiras no Esporte (artigos)

Futebol feminino no Brasil


Bombus consobrinus er tegund af humlum, ættuð frá Evrasíu.

Hún er yfirleitt svört með gulbrúnt bak og ljósgráan enda. Tungan er löng, og sækir hún aðallega blómasafa (nektar) í venusvögnum.

Myndir

Tilvísanir

Hunangsflugur

Bombus consobrinus


Harry Ilan Laufer (; ) este un politician român       cu origini evreiești, care a deținut funcția de ministru pentru mediul de afaceri, comerț și antreprenoriat între 29 iunie 2017 și 29 ianuarie 2018 în Guvernul Mihai Tudose.

Biografie
Conform declarației sale publice din 20 noiembrie 2018, Ilan Laufer s-a născut în București din părinți de naționalitate română, la maternitatea Polizu. Conform ziarului Jerusalem Post, acesta însă s-a născut în Israel, la Rishon LeZion. Datorită controversei create, Laufer și-a publicat certificatul de naștere în care scrie că e născut în București A absolvit Academia Națională de Educație Fizică și Sport.

Activitate

Prin firma de consultanță imobiliară H&L Retail Group deținută de acesta, a intermediat intrarea retailerului de îmbrăcăminte H&M pe piața din România. A contribuit la dezvoltarea brandului Zara în țară și a celorlalte nume din portofoliul companiei Inditex.

A lucrat pentru Guvernul României în calitate de consilier la Departamentul pentru Întreprinderi Mici și Mijlocii, Mediu de Afaceri și Turism în perioada 2013-2014, inclusiv în mandatul de ministru delegat în Cabinetul Ponta al fostului său șef, Florin Jianu, care a demisionat din Guvernul Grindeanu în contextul scandalului politic privind modificarea Codului Penal.

Activitate politică
La finele anului 2019, Laufer a fondat Platforma Social Liberală (PSL), un partid politic de centru. Partidul se autoidentifică drept social-liberal, fiind dispus să colaboreze atât cu partide de stânga, cât și de dreapta.

Note

Legături externe
 https://www.startupcafe.ro/finantari/smart-start-usa-firme-romanesti-sua-finantare-credit.htm
 https://start-up.ro/smart-start-usa-200-000-de-dolari-ca-sa-ti-duci-imm-ul-in-state/
 http://www.ziare.com/ilan-laufer/ministrul-mediului-de-afaceri/cine-este-ilan-laufer-absolvent-de-sport-ajuns-ministru-la-imm-uri-personaj-monden-cu-o-avere-impresionanta-1471420
 https://www.news.ro/politic-intern/biografie-ilan-laufer-desemnat-ministru-pentru-mediul-de-afaceri-este-mai-cunoscut-ca-personaj-monden-decat-ca-politician-si-va-fi-unul-dintre-cei-mai-bogati-membri-ai-cabinetului-tudose-1922401428332017061617059461
 https://www.dcnews.ro/ilan-laufer-ministru-pentru-imm-uri-ce-avere-impresionanta-are_548156.html

Nașteri în 1983
Miniștri români
Evrei români
Bucureșteni
Guvernul Tudose
Politicieni români în viață

Ilan Laufer