El Círculo Argentino de Periodistas Agrarios (CAPA) es la entidad que agrupa a los periodistas dedicados a informar sobre el vasto sector agroalimentario nacional. Fue fundado el 26 de enero de 1956 como una asociación civil sin fines de lucro, y desde entonces trabaja en función de jerarquizar esta especialización periodística y estrechar lazos entre los centenares de periodistas agropecuarios que trabajan en la extensa geografía nacional.

La Argentina es un país de fuerte tradición agropecuaria. Su principal actividad económica es la producción y exportación de alimentos, y por lo tanto su desarrollo depende fuertemente de lo que suceda con este sector, un complejo entramado de productores primarios, industrias transformadoras, cadenas comerciales y economías regionales.

En este escenario, el periodismo agropecuario ocupa un espacio de importancia, al punto tal que la gran mayoría de medios nacionales de comunicación tienen segmentos o secciones dedicadas específicamente a esta temática, a la par de que existen revistas, sitios web y hasta canales de televisión dedicados exclusivamente a cubrir la información que genera el sector.

Pero además -y fundamentalmente- el periodismo agropecuario se expresa a lo largo de todo el país en una innumerable cantidad de propuestas periodísticas que se reproducen en medios de alcance local o regional, y que están estrechamente vinculados al quehacer agropecuario porque directamente conviven con el sector. Se estima que en la Argentina existen por lo menos 800 periodistas que difunden información agropecuaria de manera cotidiana.

El Círculo Argentino de Periodistas Agrarios (Capa) trabaja en función de tender lazos de cooperación y solidaridad en esa vasta red comunicacional, jerarquizar esta especialización periodística y contribuir al desarrollo del sector económico sobre el que informa y a la difusión de nuevas tecnologías, ya que lo que suceda con el campo y sus industrias vinculadas será vital para el progreso de toda la Argentina.

Reseña histórica
Es imposible separar los orígenes del periodismo agropecuario de los orígenes del periodismo en general en nuestro país. La historia de la Argentina está estrechamente vinculada al desarrollo de su sector agropecuario, y por lo tanto los primeros medios de comunicación que existieron en esta parte del mundo dedicaban grandes espacios a la información sobre la producción y el comercio de productos del campo.
Así, hay que remontarse a las épocas de la gestación de la República Argentina para hallar los orígenes del periodismo agropecuario. Casi una década antes de la Revolución de Mayo, Hipólito Vieytes se convirtió en el primer periodista del Río de la Plata, al editar el Seminario de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio. La palabra "agricultura" ya estaba presente.

Este órgano periodístico se editó de manera ininterrumpida desde al 1 de septiembre de 1802 hasta el 11 de febrero de 1807, cuando su creador "enfundó" la pluma y tomó su espada para luchar contra los ingleses en el cuerpo de Patricios. La figura de Hipólito Vieytes dio motivo para que el día de su "nacimiento", el 1º de septiembre, fuera escogido para celebrar cada año el Día del Periodista Agrario.

El primer periódico que apareció en las tierras del Plata fue el Telégrafo Mercantil, del español Francisco Antonio Cabello y Mesa, que lo hizo entre el 1 de abril de 1801 y el 17 de octubre de 1802. El tercero en salir fue el "Correo de Comercio", cuyo primer número vio la luz el 3 de marzo de 1810 y el último, el 23 de febrero de 1811. Su fundador y principal redactor fue uno de los más grandes hombres de la historia argentina: Manuel Belgrano.

Vieytes, en el número cero de su Semanario, expresó: "La agricultura bien ejercida, es capaz por sí sola de aumentar la opulencia de los pueblos hasta un grado casi imposible de calcular, porque la riqueza de un país se halla necesariamente vinculada a la abundancia de sus frutos más proporcionados a su situación, pues que de ello resulta una común utilidad a sus individuos".

También escribió: "No es posible que pueblo alguno pueda prosperar una vez que llegue a desatender a su agricultura, siendo cierto que la grandeza de las naciones, es un edificio cuyos primeros materiales se sacan del producto de sus tierras".

Mucho tiempo después, el 26 de enero de 1956, un grupo de periodistas especializados decide crear el Círculo Argentino de Periodistas Agrarios (CAPA). En ese momento, ya tenían muchos años de vida revistas dedicadas pura y exlclusivamente al sector rural, como Chacra y Anales, el órgano de prensa de la Sociedad Rural Argentina. Los grandes diarios de aquel entonces, como La Prensa y La Nación, ya contaban con suplementos específicos sobre el campo.

Desde principios del , además, la radio se convirtió en una aliada indispensable del productor. Uno de los primeros antecedentes viene de 1925, cuando Víctor D'Apice comenzó a transmitir las cotizaciones de la hacienda dentro del Mercado de Liniers. En septiembre de ese año, dicho pionero rompió el cerco e inauguró "La Hora Ganadera", que transmitía desde el mercado a través de Radio La Nación. Hoy son incontables los programas que, por diferentes emisoras, en todo el país, dedican espacio a la difusión de precios e información para el productor.

Con las incorporación, desde la década del noventa, de la televisión por cable e Internet, hubo una proliferación de programas, páginas y hasta canales enteramente dedicados a la información sectorial. El periodismo agropecuario argentino está más vigorozo que nunca.

Comisión directiva
 Presidente: Adalberto Rossi (Buenos Aires)
 Vicepresidente: Daniel Arturo Vaca (Tucumán)
 Secretario:  Miguel Eugenio Ruberto (Entre Ríos)

Premios CAPA-Banco de Galicia 2011
Categoría – Del producto periodístico

Mejor producto periodístico agropecuario del País en Radio 2011:  La Red Rural (Radio La Red) | Ciudad de Bs.As.

Mejor producto periodístico agropecuario del País en Televisión 2011:  Infocampo (Telefe) | Ciudad de Bs.As.

Mejor producto periodístico agropecuario del País en Medios Gráficos 2011:  Revista Producción Agroindustrial del NOA | Tucumán

Mejor producto periodístico agropecuario del País en Internet 2011:  Puntobiz.com | Rosario, Santa Fe

Categoría – Del periodista

Mejor periodista agropecuario del País en Radio 2011:  Carina Rodríguez (La Red Rural) | Radio La Red | CABA

Mejor periodista agropecuario del País en TV 2011:  Martín Roggero (Tranquera Abierta | Venado Tuerto, Sta Fe

Mejor periodista agropecuario del País en Gráfica 2011:  Cristian Mira (La Nación) | Ciudad de Bs.As.

Mejor periodista agropecuario del País en Internet 2011:  Diego Ramírez (elenfiteuta.com) | Ciudad de Bs.As.

Premios CAPA-Banco de Galicia 2012
Categoría – Del periodista

Mejor Periodista Agropecuario del País en Radio 2012:  Stringaro, de AM 680 | Rosario, Santa Fe.

Mejor periodista Agropecuario del País en Televisión 2012: Martín Roggero, de Tranquera Abierto | de Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe.

Mejor Periodista Agropecuario del País en Gráfica 2012: Cristian Mira, de La Nación Campo | Ciudad de Bs.As.

Mejor Periodista Agropecuario del País en Internet 2012: Mariano Galíndez, de Puntobiz.com | Rosario, Santa Fe.

Categoría – Del producto periodístico

Mejor Producto Periodístico Agropecuario del País en Radio 2012: Bichos de Campo (Radio Rivadavia)  | Ciudad de Bs.As.

Mejor Producto Periodístico Agropecuario del País en Televisión 2012: Agro TV (Trece Satelital)

Mejor Producto Periodístico Agropecuario del País en Medios Gráficos 2012: Revista Nuestro Agro | Rafaela, Santa Fe.

Mejor Producto Periodístico Agropecuario del País en Internet 2012:  agrositio.com | Ciudad de Bs.As.

Categorías – Revelación y Trayectoria

Premio a la Revelación en Periodismo Agropecuario 2012: Julia Luzuriaga, de Agrositio.com | Ciudad de Bs.As.

Premio a la Trayectoria en la Profesión 2012: Alfredo Guarino, periodista agropecuario con más de 30 años de ejercicio de la profesión quien diariamente informa al país y el mundo lo que sucede en el Mercado de Liniers. | Ciudad de Bs.As.

Premios CAPA-Banco de Galicia 2013
Categoría – Del periodista

Mejor Periodista Agropecuario del País en Radio 2013: Belisario Saravia Olmos

Mejor Periodista Agropecuario del País en Televisión 2013: Danilo Gallay

Mejor Periodista Agropecuario del País en Medios Gráficos 2013: Soledad Ricca

Mejor Periodista Agropecuario del País en Internet 2013: José Iachetta

Categoría – Del producto periodístico

Mejor Producto Periodístico Agropecuario del País en Radio 2013: Tiempo Agropecuario

Mejor Producto Periodístico Agropecuario del País en Televisión 2013: Campo en Acción

Mejor Producto Periodístico Agropecuario del País en Medios Gráficos 2013: La Voz del Interior

Mejor Producto Periodístico Agropecuario del País en Internet 2013: Agrositio

Categorías – Revelación y Trayectoria

Premio Revelación 2013: Elida Thiery

Premio a la Trayectoria 2013: Susana Merlo

Premio a la Vocación y al Compromiso 2013: Sandra Capocchi

Véase también
 Programa Capacitar -  Escuela para la formación de periodistas especializados en el sector agropecuario. Círculo Argentino de Periodistas Agrarios (CAPA) y la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de Buenos
 Círculo Argentino de Periodistas Agrarios (CAPA), integrar la Federación Internacional de Periodistas Agrarios (IFAJ)
 Concurso Fotográfico "Una Mirada Solidaria" - Solidagro Asociación Civil  y Círculo Argentino de Periodistas Agrarios
 ArgenINTA - Premio a la Calidad Agroalimentaria CAPA integra jurado 2011.
 Sociedad Interamericana de Prensa (SIP) - Banco de datos Leyes de prensa.

Enlaces externos
 Círculo Argentino de Periodistas Agrarios (CAPA) Web oficial
 Sociedad Interamericana de Prensa (SIP).

Referencias

Asociaciones de periodistas


Les élections législatives françaises de 2022 se dérouleront les  et . Dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, deux députés sont à élire dans le cadre de deux circonscriptions.

Contexte

À l'Assemblée
Les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence sont emportées en 2017 par la vague En Marche. Les deux circonscriptions, jusqu'alors tenues par la gauche, sont largement prises par deux candidats de la majorité présidentielle. Delphine Bagarry, conseillère départementale PS de Riez depuis 2015, est élue à Digne tandis que le sortant PS, député-maire de Forcalquier, Christophe Castaner, est réélu.

Au moment de sa prise de fonction, la nouvelle députée du sud-est du département, Delphine Bagarry quitte ses fonctions au département. Elle devient membre de la commission des affaires sociales et intègre le groupe majoritaire LREM. Dans ce cadre, elle intègre en 2018 la commission d'enquête sur les maladies professionnelles dans l'industrie et la lutte contre celles-ci. Elle en prend la vice-présidence. Aux côtés de 18 autres députés, elle participe à une mission d'information commune, en 2019, sur les perturbateurs endocriniens présents dans les plastiques. De mai à juillet 2019, elle est membre d'une autre mission d'information sur l'aide sociale à l'enfance. La même année, la députée Bagarry, déjà connue pour faire partie de l'aile gauche de la majorité, prend position sur la question migratoire en septembre. Elle est critique du discours présidentiel sur l'immigration et signe une tribune plaidant pour la répartition des migrants en zone rurale. En novembre, elle signe une nouvelle tribune pour s'opposer aux mesures du gouvernement concernant l'immigration. Elle quitte le parti et le groupe LREM à l'Assemblée en mars 2020 et quitte dans le même temps la commission des affaires sociales pour intégrer celle dédiée au développement durable. Elle co-fonde, deux mois plus tard, l'éphémère groupe Écologie démocratie solidarité. Le 15 juillet 2020, Delphine Bagarry vote contre, comme la majorité de son nouveau groupe, la confiance au nouveau gouvernement Castex. Elle dépose ensuite, avec les députés de son groupe, deux propositions de loi. L'une vise à autoriser des praticiens non-européens à exercer en France de plein droit s'ils ont fait leur preuve pendant la crise du Covid-19 et l'autre à mieux protéger les mineurs étrangers isolés en France. Le groupe EDS disparaît en octobre 2020 et Delphine Bagarry siège par la suite comme non-inscrite. Elle intègre alors la commission des affaires culturelles. En décembre 2020, elle devient trésorière des Nouveaux Démocrates, un nouveau parti de centre gauche. En 2021 et 2022, elle dépose deux nouvelles propositions de loi, avec plusieurs anciens membres du groupe EDS. La première souhaite rendre les transports publics gratuits aux étudiants et la deuxième traite des énergies renouvelables.

Au moment de sa réélection, Christophe Castaner est déjà secrétaire d'état chargé des relations avec le Parlement et porte-parole du gouvernement. Il laisse donc sa charge de député à sa suppléante, Emmanuelle Fontaine-Domeizel, conseillère départementale de Manosque-2. Lors de sa prise de fonction en juillet 2017, la députée suppléante rejoint le groupe LREM et la commission des affaires sociales. De mars à juillet 2018, Emmanuelle Fontaine-Domeizel est secrétaire d'une commission d'enquête sur l'égal accès au soin et la lutte contre la désertification médicale. Au deuxième semestre 2018, elle est vice-présidente d"une mission d'information relative à la loi bioéthique. De plus, en 2019, elle est à nouveau secrétaire d'une commission d'enquête sur l'inclusion des élèves handicapés et l'étude des effets de la loi de 2005. Enfin, en 2020, elle participe à une mission d'information commune sur le cannabis, dont elle est rapporteure sur le volet du cannabis thérapeutique. Le 6 juillet 2020, Christophe Castaner n'est pas reconduit au sein du gouvernement Castex et quitte la place Beauvau.

Le 4 août 2020, Emmanuelle Fontaine-Domeizel quitte l'Assemblée et Christophe Castaner retrouve son siège. Le 10 septembre 2020, à la suite de la démission de Gilles Le Gendre, Christophe Castaner est élu président du groupe LREM, face à Aurore Bergé. Christophe Castaner intègre la commission de la Défense et prend également la présidence du groupe d'amitié France-Maroc.

Élections intermédiaires
Les bas-alpins sont appelés aux urnes pour la première fois sous cette législature en 2019 pour les élections européennes. Comme ailleurs, la participation progresse par rapport à 2014 pour atteindre 55 % en AHP. Le RN régresse très légèrement par rapport à 2014 à 27 % mais est largement en tête devant LREM à 20 %, deux points en dessous de sa moyenne nationale. Les Verts sont dans leur moyenne nationale à 13 % et FI signe ici une assez bonne performance à 8 %, contrairement à LR à 6,5 % et le PS à 5 %. À Digne, le score du RN est légèrement inférieur à la moyenne départementale à 25 %, LREM à 20 % et EELV obtient 15 %. Manosque place LREM en tête de justesse devant le RN et les écologistes à presque 12 %. Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Sisteron et Oraison placent le RN largement premier tandis que Forcalquier offre une course à trois assez serrée entre LREM, le RN et les Verts, avec LREM en tête.

Les élections municipales de 2020 dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence tournent globalement à l'avantage de la droite et des marcheurs. La droite, particulièrement divisée, parvient à conserver Manosque dans une lutte à quatre au second tour - une liste de gauche, deux listes de droite et une liste RN. Ce sont cinq listes qui se maintiennent au second tour à Digne et moins de voix qui départagent les deux listes en tête. Trois voix d'avance ont permis à la liste de la maire centriste, Patricia Granet-Brunello, d'être réélue face à la première liste de droite. La droite parvient à conquérir Castellane et surtout Forcalquier, fief de Christophe Castaner. Fief de gauche depuis 1945, Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban élit un maire communiste pour la première fois de son histoire. Les marcheurs conservent Volonne et emportent largement Oraison. Les communistes conservent enfin Les Mées et la droite très largement Sisteron.

Les élections régionales de 2021 en PACA sont plus ou moins une répétition de 2015. La liste RN prend la tête du premier tour, la droite deuxième et la gauche troisième. Cette dernière se retire et la droite l'emporte. Cette fois, les scores de la droite sont plus élevés et ceux de l'extrême droite plus faibles d'environ trois points. En AHP, la liste Muselier obtient de meilleurs résultats qu'à l'échelle de la région, tout comme la liste Félizia d'union de la gauche au premier tour. Les Hautes-Alpes et les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence sont les seuls départements à placer la droite en tête à l'issue du premier tour. Muselier obtient presque 32 % à 28 % pour Mariani et presque 22 % pour la gauche. Seules les Hautes-Alpes donnent à la gauche un score légèrement supérieur. La liste Muselier obtient presque 62 % au second tour et, là encore, seules les Hautes-Alpes lui accordent plus. Digne accorde presque deux tiers de ses voix à la droite au deuxième tour. Au premier tour, la liste Mariani n'obtient que cinq voix d'avance sur la liste de gauche et  de retard sur LR. Manosque apporte un résultat plus serré au premier tour avec 34 % des voix pour la droite contre 30 % pour le RN. Forcalquier se démarque avec un premier tour serré entre la gauche et la droite, 36 % des voix pour Muselier contre plus de 32 % pour la liste Félizia et un peu plus de 17 % pour le RN.

Les élections départementales se tiennent dans un contexte particulier. Si la gauche a emporté une majorité confortable en 2015, une importante scission se crée à la mort du président socialiste du département, Gilbert Sauvan, en septembre 2017. Une majorité est créée alliant les socialistes et des conseillers de droite avec René Massette à leur tête, laissant dans l'opposition des soutiens des marcheurs, principalement. Les élections de 2021 apportent à la droite une large majorité et reviennent à la présidence, vingt-trois ans après l'avoir perdu. Six cantons basculent à droite tandis qu'un autre, Oraison, passe de la droite aux marcheurs. L'ancien canton de Gilbert Sauvan, Castellane, est conquis par la droite. Digne-2, jusque là tenu par la maire de la préfecture, Patricia Granet-Brunello, tombe également à droite sur le fil. Le canton de Forcalquier, sur les terres de Christophe Castaner, passe aussi à droite. Manosque-2 où se représentait l'ancienne députée Fontaine-Domeizel, est confortablement gagné par la droite. Enfin, les cantons de Riez et Valensole sont perdus par la gauche dès le premier tour. La nouvelle élue femme LR de Riez, Éliane Barreille, est élue présidente du nouveau conseil.

Une élection municipale partielle se tient en décembre 2021 à Digne-les-Bains, à la suite de l'annulation de l'élection de 2020. La maire sortante est réélue dans le cadre d'une triangulaire, avec une avance plus confortable qu'en 2020. (48 % des voix contre 42 % pour la liste de droite et 10 % pour une liste d'union de la gauche)

Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 2022 par circonscription

Système électoral
Les élections législatives ont lieu au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours dans des circonscriptions uninominales.

Est élu au premier tour le candidat qui réunit la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés et un nombre de voix au moins égal au quart (25 %) des électeurs inscrits dans la circonscription. Si aucun des candidats ne satisfait ces conditions, un second tour est organisé entre les candidats ayant réuni un nombre de voix au moins égal à un huitième des inscrits (12,5 %) ; les deux candidats arrivés en tête du  se maintiennent néanmoins par défaut si un seul ou aucun d'entre eux n'a atteint ce seuil. Au second tour, le candidat arrivé en tête est déclaré élu.

Le seuil de qualification basé sur un pourcentage du total des inscrits et non des suffrages exprimés rend plus difficile l'accès au second tour lorsque l'abstention est élevé. Le système permet en revanche l'accès au second tour de plus de deux candidats si plusieurs d'entre eux franchissent le seuil de 12,5 % des inscrits. Les candidats en lice au second tour peuvent ainsi être trois, un cas de figure appelé . Les second tours où s'affrontent quatre candidats, appelés  sont également possibles, mais beaucoup plus rares.

Partis et nuances
Les résultats des élections sont publiés en France par le ministère de l'Intérieur, qui classe les partis en leur attribuant des nuances politiques. Ces dernières sont décidées par les préfets, qui les attribuent indifféremment de l'étiquette politique déclarée par les candidats, qui peut être celle d'un parti ou une candidature sans étiquette.

En 2022, seules les coalitions Ensemble (ENS) et Nouvelle Union populaire écologique et sociale (NUP), ainsi que le Parti radical de gauche (RDG), l'Union des démocrates et indépendants (UDI), Les Républicains (LR), le Rassemblement national (RN) et Reconquête (REC) se voient attribuer  une nuance propre.

Tous les autres partis se voient attribuer l'une ou l'autre des nuances suivantes : DXG (divers extrême gauche), DVG (divers gauche), ECO (écologiste), REG (régionaliste), DVC (divers centre), DVD (divers droite), DSV (droite souverainiste) et DXD (divers extrême droite). Des partis comme Debout la France ou Lutte ouvrière ne disposent ainsi pas de nuance propre, et leurs résultats nationaux ne sont pas publiés séparément par le ministère, car mélangés avec d'autres partis (respectivement dans les nuances DSV et DXG).

Résultats

Élus

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par coalition

Résultats par nuance

Cartes

Résultats par circonscription

Première circonscription
Députée sortante : Delphine Bagarry (LND).

Deuxième circonscription
Député sortant : Christophe Castaner (LREM).

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Législatives, 2022

Élections législatives de 2022 dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Formel 1 2003 var den 57. sæson af FIA's Formel 1-verdensmesterskab. Sæsonen startede 9. marts og blev afsluttet 12. oktober. 26 kørere og 10 konstruktører konkurrerede over 16 løb om verdensmesterskabstitlen i henholdsvis kørermesterskabet og konstruktørmesterskabet.

Michael Schumacher og Ferrari-teamet genvandt de to titler, men ikke nær så suverænt som året forinden. Der var spænding om kørermesterskabet til sidste løb, og Schumachers forspring til finske Kimi Räikkönen blev på blot to point.

Pointgivningen var blevet ændret fra de tidligere sæsoner, så de otte første i hvert løb nu fik point mod seks tidligere. De tildelte point var tidligere 10-6-4-3-2-1, hvilket blev ændret til 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1. Hensigten var at give større spænding om mesterskabet, hvilket lykkedes.

Opsummering af sæsonen

Løbskalender og resultatsammendrag

Formel 1 2003


Ahmet Orhan Arda, (d. 19 Mayıs 1911, Selanik - ö. 4 Temmuz 2003, İstanbul), Türk mimar ve akademisyendir.

Selanik'te 19 Mayıs 1911 tarihinde doğdu. İlköğretim ve lise eğitimini İstanbul'da tamamladı. 1936'da (İTÜ) Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi'nden mezun oldu. 1938'de mezun olduğu yüksek okulun inşaat şubesine asistan olarak göreve başladı. 1939 yılında doçent olmaya hak kazandı. 1960'ta İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi ikinci bina kürsüsünde profesörlüğe atandı.

1 Mart 1941'de Anıtkabir için açılan uluslararası yarışmaya Emin Onat ile birlikte katıldı. İkilinin projesi birincilikle ödüllendirildi. Anıtkabir'in uygulama projeleri ve inşaat sürecinde Emin Onat'la birlikte çalıştı. Üniversitede 1945'e kadar Emin Onat'la birlikte daha sonra tek başına mimarî proje dersleri verdi. Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi'nin İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi'ne dönüştürülmesi ile birlikte, bina bilgisi alanında doçent unvanını aldı. Bu tarihten itibaren 10 Kasım 1953 tarihine kadar (Atatürk'ün Anıtkabir'e defni) geçen süre içinde bir taraftan akademik ve büro çalışmalarını yürütürken aynı süre içinde üniversitedeki görevinden izinli olarak, Anıtkabir'in şantiye çalışmalarına da katıldı.

1960 yılında İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi bina bilgisi profesörlüğüne atandı. Bir süre sonra aynı kürsünün başkanlığına getirildi. İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi'nde çevre analizi ve endüstrileşmiş bina tasarımı kürsüsünde profesör olarak görev yaptı. 1978 yılında üniversitedeki görevinden emekli oldu. Mimarlar Odası 828 numaralı üyesi Profesör Orhan Arda, 4 Temmuz 2003'te öldü. Taşkışla'daki İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi'nde düzenlenen törenin ve Şişli Camii'nde kılınan cenaze namazının ardından cenazesi Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Eserleri
 Emin Onat ile birlikte tasarlayıp uyguladığı Anıtkabir (1942-1953)

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

1911 doğumlular
Selanik doğumlular
2003 yılında ölenler
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk mimarları
21. yüzyıl Türk mimarları
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türk mimarlık akademisyenleri

Orhan Arda


In quantum mechanics, the particle in a one-dimensional lattice is a problem that occurs in the model of a periodic crystal lattice. The potential is caused by ions in the periodic structure of the crystal creating an electromagnetic field so electrons are subject to a regular potential inside the lattice.  It is a generalization of the free electron model, which assumes zero potential inside the lattice.

Problem definition
When talking about solid materials, the discussion is mainly around crystals – periodic lattices. Here we will discuss a 1D lattice of positive ions. Assuming the spacing between two ions is , the potential in the lattice will look something like this:

The mathematical representation of the potential is a periodic function with a period . According to Bloch's theorem, the wavefunction solution of the Schrödinger equation when the potential is periodic, can be written as:

where  is a periodic function which satisfies . It is the Bloch factor with Floquet exponent  which gives rise to the band structure of the energy spectrum of the Schrödinger equation with a periodic potential like the Kronig–Penney potential or a cosine function as in the Mathieu equation.

When nearing the edges of the lattice, there are problems with the boundary condition. Therefore, we can represent the ion lattice as a ring following the Born–von Karman boundary conditions. If  is the length of the lattice so that , then the number of ions in the lattice is so big, that when considering one ion, its surrounding is almost linear, and the wavefunction of the electron is unchanged. So now, instead of two boundary conditions we get one circular boundary condition:

If  is the number of ions in the lattice, then we have the relation: . Replacing in the boundary condition and applying Bloch's theorem will result in a quantization for :

Kronig–Penney model
The Kronig–Penney model (named after Ralph Kronig and William Penney) is a simple, idealized quantum-mechanical system that consists of an infinite periodic array of rectangular potential barriers.

The potential function is approximated by a rectangular potential:

Using Bloch's theorem, we only need to find a solution for a single period, make sure it is continuous and smooth, and to make sure the function  is also continuous and smooth.

Considering a single period of the potential:
We have two regions here. We will solve for each independently:
Let E be an energy value above the well (E>0)
 For :
For :

To find u(x) in each region, we need to manipulate the electron's wavefunction:

And in the same manner:

To complete the solution we need to make sure the probability function is continuous and smooth, i.e.:

And that  and  are periodic:

These conditions yield the following matrix:

For us to have a non-trivial solution, the determinant of the matrix must be 0. This leads us to the following expression:

To further simplify the expression, we perform the following approximations:

The expression will now be:

For energy values inside the well (E < 0), we get:

with  and .

Following the same approximations as above (), we arrive at

with the same formula for P as in the previous case .

Band gaps in the Kronig–Penney model

In the previous paragraph, the only variables not determined by the parameters of the physical system are the energy E and the crystal momentum k.  By picking a value for E, one can compute the right hand side, and then compute k by taking the  of both sides.  Thus, the expression gives rise to the dispersion relation.

The right hand side of the last expression above can sometimes be greater than 1 or less than –1, in which case there is no value of k that can make the equation true.  Since , that means there are certain values of E for which there are no eigenfunctions of the Schrödinger equation.  These values constitute the band gap.

Thus, the Kronig–Penney model is one of the simplest periodic potentials to exhibit a band gap.

Kronig–Penney model: alternative solution
An alternative treatment  to a similar problem is given. Here we have a delta periodic potential:

 is some constant, and  is the lattice constant (the spacing between each site). Since this potential is periodic, we could expand it as a Fourier series:

where

The wave-function, using Bloch's theorem, is equal to  where  is a function that is periodic in the lattice, which means that we can expand it as a Fourier series as well:

Thus the wave function is:

Putting this into the Schrödinger equation, we get:

or rather:

Now we recognize that:

Plug this into the Schrödinger equation:

Solving this for  we get:

We sum this last equation over all values of  to arrive at:

Or:

Conveniently,  cancels out and we get:

Or:

To save ourselves some unnecessary notational effort we define a new variable:

and finally our expression is:

Now,  is a reciprocal lattice vector, which means that a sum over  is actually a sum over integer multiples of :

We can juggle this expression a little bit to make it more suggestive (use Partial fraction decomposition):

If we use a nice identity of a sum of the cotangent function (Equation 18) which says:

and plug it into our expression we get to:

We use the sum of  and then, the product of  (which is part of the formula for the sum of ) to arrive at:

This equation shows the relation between the energy (through ) and the wave-vector, , and as you can see, since the left hand side of the equation can only range from  to  then there are some limits on the values that  (and thus, the energy) can take, that is, at some ranges of values of the energy, there is no solution according to these equation, and thus, the system will not have those energies: energy gaps. These are the so-called band-gaps, which can be shown to exist in any shape of periodic potential (not just delta or square barriers).

For a different and detailed calculation of the gap formula (i.e. for the gap between bands) and the level splitting of eigenvalues of the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation see Müller-Kirsten. Corresponding results for the cosine potential (Mathieu equation) are also given in detail in this reference.

Finite lattice

In some cases, the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically on a one-dimensional lattice of finite length using the theory of periodic differential equations. The length of the lattice is assumed to be , where  is the potential period and the number of periods  is a positive integer. The two ends of the lattice are at  and , where  determines the point of termination. The wavefunction vanishes outside the interval .

The eigenstates of the finite system can be found in terms of the Bloch states of an infinite system with the same periodic potential. If there is a band gap between two consecutive energy bands of the infinite system, there is a sharp distinction between two types of states in the finite lattice. For each energy band of the infinite system, there are  bulk states whose energies depend on the length  but not on the termination . These states are standing waves constructed as a superposition of two Bloch states with momenta  and , where  is chosen so that the wavefunction vanishes at the boundaries. The energies of these states match the energy bands of the infinite system.

For each band gap, there is one additional state. The energies of these states depend on the point of termination  but not on the length . The energy of such a state can lie either at the band edge or within the band gap. If the energy is within the band gap, the state is a surface state localized at one end of the lattice, but if the energy is at the band edge, the state is delocalized across the lattice.

See also
 Free electron model
 Empty lattice approximation
 Nearly free electron model
 Crystal structure
 Mathieu function

References

External links
 "The Kronig–Penney Model" by Michael Croucher, an interactive calculation of 1d periodic potential band structure using Mathematica, from  The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.

Condensed matter physics
Electronics concepts
Quantum models

Particle in a one-dimensional lattice


Žrnovska Banja ili Žrnovska banja je zaselak na sjevernoj obali Korčule, primorski dio naselja Žrnovo. Nalazi se 2,8 km zapadno od grada Korčule. Kroz Žrnovsku Banju prolazi županijska cesta Ž6224. Nalazi se ovdje istoimena šljunčana plaža. Blizu Žrnovske Banje nalaze se uvale Orlandusa, Medvidnjak, Vrbovica, Rasohatica i Pavja Luka.

Izvori

Korčula

Žrnovska Banja


In mathematics, a remarkable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number.

A cardinal κ is called remarkable if for all regular cardinals θ > κ, there exist π, M, λ, σ, N and ρ such that

 π : M → Hθ is an elementary embedding
 M is countable and transitive
 π(λ) = κ
 σ : M → N is an elementary embedding with critical point λ
 N is countable and transitive
 ρ = M ∩ Ord is a regular cardinal in N
 σ(λ) > ρ
 M = HρN, i.e., M ∈ N and N ⊨ "M is the set of all sets that are hereditarily smaller than ρ"

Equivalently,  is remarkable if and only if for every  there is  such that in some forcing extension , there is an elementary embedding  satisfying . Although the definition is similar to one of the definitions of supercompact cardinals, the elementary embedding here only has to exist in , not in .

See also
Hereditarily countable set

References

Large cardinals

Remarkable cardinal


البلفيدير، وهو حي بوسط مدينة تونس.
 منتزه البلفيدير، وهي منطقة خضراء بوسط مدينة تونس.
 حديقة الحيوانات بالبلفيدير، وهي حديقة حيوانات تقع بمنتزه البلفيدير بوسط مدينة تونس.

البلفيدير (توضيح)


Schlesen Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı bölge. 7,99 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2003 itibarıyla yaklaşık 525 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Peter Wiegner tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-selent-schlesen.de

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Schlesen


කැසිනෝ ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන කැසිනෝ යනු සූදුව සඳහා පමණක්ම වූ ස්ථාන වේ. බොහෝ විට නීත්‍යානුකූලව ක්‍රියාත්මක වන විවිධ සූදු ආයතන වෙත යොමු වේ.නීති විරෝධී සූදු ස්ථාන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සූදු ගුහා හෝ සූදු නිවාස ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

අපරාධ
කැසිනෝ හා සම්බන්ධ මතභේදාකාරී ක්ෂේත්‍රයන් අතුරින් එකක් වන්නේ අපරාධ සිදුවීමේ ප්‍රමාණය හා ඒවායේ ඇති සෘජු සම්බන්ධතාවයයි.

කැසිනෝ


Mauro Mantovani (Moncalieri, 3 de janeiro de 1966) é um padre, filósofo, escritor e bibliotecário italiano. Desde fevereiro de 2023 atua como prefeito da Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana.

Biografia

Formação acadêmica e primeiros anos
Mantovani nasceu em Moncalieri, no ano de 1966, na região italiana do Piemonte. De formação salesiana, realizou seus votos perpétuos em Castelnuovo Don Bosco no ano de 1992 e tronou-se padre dois anos depois, em 1994, ao ser ordenado em Turim.

Formou-se no curso de Filosofia oferecido pela Universidade de Roma Tor Vergata no ano de 1995. Na Pontifícia Universidade Salesiana (UPS), estudou teologia dogmática. Doutorou-se em filosofia e letras pela Universidade Pontifícia de Salamanca (UPSA), na Espanha, obtido em 2006. No ano de 2011, realizou seu segundo doutorado onde aprofundou seu estudo no Tomismo na Pontifícia Universidade São Tomás de Aquino.

Atuação
Com longa trajetória acadêmica, desde o ano de 2007, atua como professor na Universidade Salesiana, localizada em Roma. Entre suas principais linhas de pesquisa destacam-se teologia filosófica, filosofia da história, propedêutica filosófica e vários temas fronteiriços entre teologia, filosofia e ciência. Para além da sala de aula e pesquisa, exerceu cargo burocráticos na Universidade tendo sido Reitor entre 2015 e 2021.

Desde 2006, colabora no Departamento de Cultura e Universidade da Diocese de Roma, coordenando as atividades do Centro Cultural Paulo VI de Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza. Também é membro do conselho presbiteral da Diocese de Roma desde 2021.

Em fevereiro de 2023 foi indicado pelo Papa Francisco para ser prefeito da Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana, substituindo Cesare Pasini.

Posições
Suas áreas de pesquisa incluem teologia filosófica, ontologia, filosofia da história e várias questões de fronteira entre filosofia, teologia e ciência. Tem desenvolvido notadamente estudos sobre a história do tomismo, em particular sobre a segunda escolástica espanhola, aprofundando os temas relativos à "demonstração" filosófica da existência de Deus a partir dos cinco caminhos de São Tomás de Aquino e a transmissão de comentários e comparações relativo a isso.

Padre Mantovani é um dos principais conhecedores do realismo dinâmico e da obra do filósofo Tommaso Demaria.

Bibliografia selecionada

 Fede e ragione: opposizione, composizione?, LAS, Roma, 1999.
 Eleos, "l'affanno della ragione": fra compassione e misericordia, LAS, Roma, 2002.
 Sulle vie del tempo: un confronto filosofico sulla storia e sulla libertà, LAS, Roma, 2002.
 Momenti del logos : ricerche del "Progetto LERS" (Logos, Episteme, Ratio, Scientia) in memoria di Marilena Amerise e di Marco Arosio. Organizado por Flavia Carderi, Mauro Mantovani, Graziano Perillo, Nuova Cultura, 2012.

Nascidos em 1966
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Salesiana
Alunos da Universidade Pontifícia de Salamanca
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade São Tomás de Aquino
Padres católicos da Itália
Filósofos da Itália
Bibliotecários da Itália
Professores da Itália
Escritores da Itália

Mauro Mantovani


Driftwood  é um filme de drama estadunidense produzido e dirigido por Allan Dwan e estrelado por Ruth Warrick, Walter Brennan, Dean Jagger e Charlotte Greenwood. Foi lançado em 15 de setembro de 1947 pela Republic Pictures.

O filme foi restaurado pela Paramount Pictures, The Film Foundation e Martin Scorsese e foi exibido no Museu de Arte Moderna (MoMA) em 2 de fevereiro de 2018. A exibição fazia parte do programa do museu de exibir 30 filmes restaurados da biblioteca de Republic Pictures com curadoria de Scorsese.

Elenco

Recepção
Em 1º de fevereiro de 2018, Richard Brody, do The New Yorker, elogiou Driftwood como uma "obra-prima eletrizante e excêntrica" do diretor Allan Dwan, um filme que tem uma "devoção quase jornalística aos detalhes" e "tipifica e expande a inspiração central de Dwan: sua dramatização de um espesso emaranhado de conexões sociais e linhas conflitantes de poder e paixão que aparentemente dão vida à própria cidade junto com seus personagens individuais." Brody também comentou que a personagem de Jenny Hollingsworth é "uma das personagens infantis mais idiossincráticas e originais que já vi em um filme de Hollywood".

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1947
Filmes de drama dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes da Republic Pictures
Filmes com órfãos
Filmes dirigidos por Allan Dwan
Filmes ambientados em Nevada
Filmes em língua inglesa

Driftwood


Folkeskolens Idrætsstævne i København er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1928 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Før noget andet land indførte Danmark i 1828 legemsøvelser i sin folkeskole. Franz Nachtegall var den første gymnastikleder. En flok drenge 'ekserceres', de står på lige linjer og laver 'stræk og bøj'-øvelser. De leger også blindebuk. Dernæst ses åbningsceremonien for idrætsstævnet i København, hvor 11.000 deltager. Forrest kommer et 'levende' dannebrogsflag, så følger deltagere fra alle landets skoler og optog med gymnaster, fodboldspillere, spejdere og folk klædt i nationaldragter, alle med flag og bøgegrene. Der er også norske og svenske deltagere. Optoget marcherer ind på Østerbro Stadion, og borgmester Ernst Kaper åbner stævnet. Herefter begynder opvisningerne med drenge- og pigegymnastik, folkedans og boldspil.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1928
Folkeskolen
Dokumentariske optagelser
Danske film omhandlende København i 1900-tallet
Danmark i 1920'erne

Folkeskolens Idrætsstævne i København


Golgiorganet er en proprioceptiv sansereceptor, som sidder i overgangen mellem  en sene og  muskel og sender information til centralnervesystemet om senens belastning.

Kilder

Nervesystemets anatomi

Golgiorgan


නිවසේ රැගුම්හලහි ඇති ප්‍රක්ෂේපණ තිරය මගින් අධි - සුපැහැදිලි රෑපවාහිනි ප්‍රතිබිම්බයක් ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරනු ලැබේ.

අධි පැහැදිලි රෑපවාහිනිය (HDTV) සම්ප්‍රදායික රපෑවාහිනි පද්ධති (NTSC, SECAM, PAL) වලට වඩා වැඩි විභේදනයක් ඇති සංඛ්‍යාත රූපවාහිනි විකාශනය පද්ධතියක් වේ.  HDTV සංඛ්‍යාත විකාශනය වේ. එයට හේතුව ප්‍රමාණවත් විඩියෝ සම්පිඩනය භාවිතා වුවන් සංඛ්‍යාක රෑපවාහිනියට අඩු සංඛ්‍යාත පරායස් අවශ්‍ය විමයි.

HDTV – නුතනපද්ධති

ආවේණික චන්ද්‍රිකා HDTV පද්ධතියක සංඝටක

1.HDTV මොනිටර්ය මන්තුව

2.HD චන්ද්‍රිකා රිසිවරය

3.සම්මත චන්ද්‍රිකා කැටිය

4.HDMI රැහන DVI –D සහ ශ්‍රව්‍ය රැහැන් හෝ ශ්‍රව්‍ය සහ දෘශ්‍ය රැහැන්

HD සුදානම් රපෑවාහිනියකට අමතරන ලෙස HD රැපවාහිනිය පැලිම සදහා අනිකුත් උපකරණ අවශ්‍ය වේ. අමරත පෙට්ටියක් යොදා ගැනිමටත් තොරව රැහැන් සහිත රෑපවාහිනි යන්ත්‍ර මගින් HD සන්ධාරය නිරෑඵනය කර ගත හැක. ඒවා තුළ QAM සවිකළ ඇති අතර/හෝ Cable CART ඇතුලත් කර ඇත.

අධි පැහැදිලි ප්‍රතිබිම්බ මුලාශ්‍ර වලට භෞම විකාශිය සෘජු විකාශ චන්ද්‍රිකා සංඛ්‍යාන රැහැන් අධි පැහැදිලි BD තැටි අන්තර්ජාල අවශ්නය කිරිම (Download) ක්‍රිඩා පරිශුය 3 සහ X box 360  ක්‍රිඩා ස්විචය පාලක පුවරැ අයත් වේ.

].

ඉතිහාසය
අධි-විභේදන යන යෙදුම බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ 1930 හා 1940 යුග වලදී භාවිතයට පටන් ගත් 405 තීරු කලු-සුදු රූපවාහිනි පද්ධති විස්තර කිරිමට භාවිතා කරන ලදි. අද වන විට ඇමරිකානු 525-තීරැ NTSC පද්ධතිය හා යුරෝපානු 625-තීරු PAL හා SECAM පද්ධති සම්මත විභේදන ලෙස හදුන්වයි. ප්‍රංශ 819-තීරු කලු සුදු පද්ධති අධි-විභේදන ලෙස කලින් සැලකුවද 1986 පසු එය එලෙස හදුන්වන්නේ නැත.

1958 දී යුධමය අවශ්‍යතා සදහා සෝවියට් සංගමය මගින් 1125 තීරු විභේදනයක් සහිත රූපවාහිනි පද්ධතියක් නිපදවන ලදි.

1969 දී ජපන් ප්‍රචාරක NHC මගින් පළමු 5:3 දෘෂ්ටි අනුපාතයක් සහිත පාරිභෝගික අධි-විභේදන රූපවාහිනිය නිපදවන ලදි. ඇමරිකාවේ පලමු 5:3 අනුපාතයක් ඇති රූපවාහිනි පද්ධතිය 1981 දී ප්‍රදර්ශණය කරන ලදි.

1983 දී අන්ර්ජාතික විදුලි සංදේශ සංගමය මගින් වැඩකරන පාර්ශවයක් HDTV අන්තර්ජාතික සම්මතයක් බිහිකිරිමේ අරමුණින් පිහිටවන ලදි.

මෙමගින් කල එක් නිර්දේශයක් 16:9 අනුපාතයක් සහිත නිරූපිත වර්ණමිතියක් ඇති, 1080i (1080 සක්‍රිය ලෙස අතුරු ලියු තීරු ඇති විභේදනයක් ඇති) ප්‍රස්තාරිත විධියක් ඇති HDTV සම්මතයයි. එයට වෛකල්පිත 1440 x 1152 HDMAC ප්‍රස්තාරික විධියද අනුයුක්තය.

ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ HDTV තාක්ෂණය 1990 දී පමණ ඩිජිටල් HDTV ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් අලායනස් මගින් හදුන්වාදෙන ලදි. යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රතිසම 1.125-තීරු HD MAC පිළිබද පරීක්ෂණ ප්‍රචාරණ 1990 සිදුකලද මහජන ප්‍රචාරණ සේවයක් දක්වා එය දියුණු නොවිණ.

ජපානය සාර්ථක ලෙස ප්‍රතිසම HDTV ප්‍රචාරණය කරන ලොව එකම රටයි. එම පද්ධතිය ''අධි-දෘෂ්ටි" (High Vision) ලෙස හදුන්වන අතර එයට 5:3 අනුපාතික, 1.125" අතුරු ලියු තීරු, 60 ක්ෂේත්‍ර / තප්පරයට සහිත පද්ධතියක් අඩංගු වේ.

වර්තමාන HDTV ප්‍රචාරණ සම්මත වන්නේ ATSC (ඇමරිකාව) හා DVB (යුරෝපය හා අනිකුත් බොහෝ රටවල්) යන ඒවාය. HDTV වලට 5:1 චැනල නාද ශ්‍රව්‍යය පද්ධති සැපයිය හැක. උදාහරණ ඩොලිබි අංකිත (AC-3) ආකෘතිය. අද

ප්‍රචාරක ස්ථාන ආකෘති වි‍මර්ශනය
අඩුම තරමින් දෙගුණයක රේඛිය විභේනයක් HDTV වලට සම්මත-විභේදන රූපවාහිනී (SDTV) වලට වඩා තිබෙන බැවින් සාමාන්‍යය DVD හෝ ප්‍රතිසම (Analog) රූපවාහිනි වැඩි විස්තර සපයයි. HDTV සම්ප්‍රේෂණයේ තාක්ෂණික සම්මත 16:9 දර්ශනානුපාතය "letterboxing" හා විරූපිත ඇදීම් වලින් තොරව හසුරුවන නිසා කාර්යක්ෂම රූප විභේදන වැඩිවීමක් ඇතිකරයි.

ප්‍රචාරණයට සුදුසුම ආකෘතිය විඩීයෝ ග්‍රාපිත රූප සැටහිම් මාධ්‍යය වර්ගය හා රූප ලක්ෂණ මත රුද්‍ර පවතී. ක්ෂේත්‍ර හා රාමු සීඝ්‍රතාවය ප්‍රභව හා විභේදන සමඟ ගැලපිය යුතුය. නිවැරදිතාවයේ හිඟයක් නොමැතිව සම්ප්‍රේෂණය කරීමට නම් තිබෙන කලාප පළලට වඩා වැඩි කලාප පළලක් ඇති අධි විභේදන ප්‍රභවයක් අවශ්‍යය විය හැක. සංකෝචිත නැති ප්‍රභව හා සැසදීමේදී, HDTV සංචිත හා සම්ප්‍රේෂණ පද්ධති වල භාවිත හානි සංකෝචනය ලැබෙන රූප විකෘති කිරීමත් සිදුකරයි.

සමකාලීන පද්ධති
චන්ද්‍රිකා HDTV පද්ධතියක සංරචක

1.	HDTV මොනිටර
2.	HD චන්ද්‍රිකා ආදායකය
3.	සම්මත චන්ද්‍රිකා තැටිය
4.	HDMI රැහැන්, DVI – D හා ශ්‍රව්‍ය රැහැන්, හෝ ශ්‍රව්‍ය හා අඩංගු දෘශ්‍ය රැහැන්

HD සූදානම්ව ඇති රූපවාහිනියක් හැරුණු කොට HD රූපවාහිනී නැරඹීමට වෙනත් උපකරණයක් අවශ්‍යය වේ. Cable – ready රූපවාහිනී පද්ධතිවලට භාහිර පෙට්ටියක් යොදා නොගෙන HD අන්තර්ගත ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමේ හැකියාව ඇත. ඒවායේ සවි කර ඇති QAM ටියුනරයක් හා / හෝ CableCARD ඇතුළත් කිරීමට ස්ථානයක් ඇත.

HD රූප ප්‍රභව වලට භූමි විකාශන, සෘජු විකාශන චන්ද්‍රිකා, සංඛ්‍යාංක රැහැන්, HD තැටිය BD, අන්තර්ජාල බාගත කිරීම්, හා ප්ලේ ස්ටේෂන් 3 හා X box 360 ක්‍රීඩා උපාංග ඇතුළත් වේ.

තාක්ෂණික විස්තර
HDTV සංඥ හා වර්ණමිතිය Rec 709. MPEG - 2 ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වන අතර HDTV ප්‍රචාරණ සංකෝචිත සංකේත ලෙස පොදුවේ හදුන්වයි. MPEG - 2 ප්‍රමිතිය 4:2:2 Ycbcr වර්ණ තීව්‍රතා උපනියැදි හා 10 - මාත්‍රා ක්වොන්ටීකරණ වලට ආධාර කලද HD ප්‍රමිතිය 4:2:0 අනුපාත හා 8 - මාත්‍රා ක්වොන්ටිකරණයත් කලාප පළල සුරැකීමට භාවිතා කරයි. BBC වැනි සමහර ප්‍රචාරකයන් MPEG-4 AVC වැනි MPEG-2 පද්ධතිවලට වඩා හොදින් කලාප පළල සුරකින පද්ධති යොදා ගැනිමට අදහස් කර සිටියි. සමහර ජර්මානු ප්‍රචාරකයන් දැනටමත් MPEG-4 AVC සමග DVB-S2 (Pro 7, Sat 1 හා ප්‍රිමියර්) භාවිතා කරයි. දැනට MPEG-2 විශාල ලෙස භාවිත කලත් අනාගතයේදී යුරෝපානු HDTV MPEG-4 AVC බවට පත්වනු ඇත.

HDTV රංගශාලා තත්වයෙන් සමන්විත අතර ඩොල්බි ආතිත (AC-3) ආකෘති සම්පුර්ණ වටේට පිහිටි (Surround) නාද වලට ආධාර කරයි. නවතම HD සංකෝචන සෘජුකෝණාස්‍රාකාර පික්සල කලාප පළල සුරැකිමට භාවිතා කරයි.

රූපවාහිනි මැදිරි හා නිෂ්පාදන හා බෙදාහැරිමේ පහසුකම් අසංකෝචිත HDTV සංඥ සම්බන්ධ කිරීමට HD-SDI SMPTE 292M අන්තර් සමබන්ධ තත්ව (නාමමාත්‍රික ලෙස 1.485 ගිගා මාත්‍රා/තප්පරයට 75 ඔම් ශ්‍රේණි අංකිත මුහුණත් (Interface) භාවිතා කරයි. HDTV ආකෘති වල විටු සීඝ්‍රතාවය 6-8 මෙගා හට්ස් සම්මත රූපවාහිනී චැනල මගින් රුකුල් දීම කල නොහැක. අධික මිල හා වීඩියෝ සොරකම් කිරිම් වැනි හේතු නිසා SMTE 292 M අන්තර්සම්බන්ධ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පාරිභෝගික උපකරණවල භාවිතා නොවේ.

නවතම 4:4:4 කැමරා පද්ධති (සෝනි සිනෙල්ටා F 23 හා තොම්සන් වයිපර්) වලට අලුත් ද්වි-සම්බන්ධක HD - SDI සංඥා අවශ්‍ය වේ. මෙහි එක් සම්බන්ධක කේබලයක 4:2:2 YCbcr දත්ත අඩංගු අතර අනිත් සම්බන්ධකයේ අමතර 0:2:2 Cbcr දත්ත අඩංගු වේ.

HDTV වල අවාසි තාක්ෂණික නොවන වචනවලින්
භාවිතයේදි හැකි උපරිම HD තත්වයක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මුදුන් පමුණුවාගත නොහැක. ප්‍රධාන ප්‍රශ්නයක් වන්නේ මෙහෙයුම්කරුවන් HDTV නියමාවලි සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම අනුගමනය නොකිරීමයි. මෙහෙයුම්කරුවන් මුල් නිපැයුම් ආකෘතියෙන් වෙනස්වන ආකෘති භාවිතය නිසා නැවත-කේනීකරණ ක්‍රියාවලියේ උත්පාදන අඩුවීමක් විය හැක. තවද මෙහෙයුම්කරුවන් වැඩිපුර නාලිකා (channels) ගණනක් සීමිත කලාප පළලක (band width) ඇසුරුම් කිරීමට, අඩු මාත්‍රා සීඝ්‍රතාවයක් (bit rate) හා වෙන්කිරීමක් (resolution) උපයෝගී කරගන්නවා විය හැක. රූපවාහිනී යන්ත්‍රය නිවැරදිව යෙදවුම් උපකරණයට (input device) සම්බන්ධ කර නොමැති විට හෝ නිවැරදිව හැඩගස්වා (configure) නොමැති විටද, රූප තත්වයේ අඩුවීමක් විය හැක. මෙම සම්බන්ධතාවයන් පිළිබඳ පාරිභෝගික ව්‍යාකූලතාවය මෙම දුෂ්කරතාවයන් වර්ධනය කරයි.

බෙ‍ාහෝ විට ඔබට HDMI කේබල හා සම්බන්ධක කේබල වැනි සුදුසු කේබල මිලදී ගැනීමට සිදුවිය හැක. මේවා මිලෙන් අධිකය. උදාරහණයක් ලෙස, සංයුක්ත හෝ S- දෘෂ්‍යය (S-video) කේබල භාවිතා කලහොත් SDTV තත්වයේ රූප නැරඹිය හැක. HDMI රූප තත්වයෙන් හා නාද තත්වයෙන් වැඩිම වුවත් එය සංයුක්ත කේබල වලට වඩා මිලෙන් අධිකය.

අධි විභේදන (High-definition) විඩියෝ අංකිත වීම නිසා, අංකිත වීඩියෝ ප්‍රචාරණයේ අවාසිද අමතරව එකතුවීම සිදුවේ. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස, අංකිත (digital) වීඩියෝ, සමීප (Analogue) වීඩියෝ වඩා වෙනස් ආකාරයට බාධා, වලට ප්‍රතික්‍රියා දක්වයි. සමීප (Analogue) වීඩියෝ බාධා ඉදිරියේ අඩුතත්වයේ සංඥා නිකුත් කරන අතර, අංකිත විඩියෝ බාධා ඉදිරියේ ප්‍රචාරණය තාවකාලිකව නැවතීම, සංඥා පැනීම හෝ වැරදි දත්ත ප්‍රචාරණය සිදුකරයි.

HDTV නැරඹීමට නම්. නරඹන්නන්ට තමන්ගේ රූපවාහිනි යන්ත්‍ර මිලක් ගෙවා උත්ශ්‍රේණිකරණය කර ගත යුතු වේ. අලුත් දර්ශන අනුපාතයක් එකතු කිරීමේ දර්ශන අනුපාත වෙනස්කල හැකි යන්ත්‍ර තිබෙන පාරිභෝගිකයන් ව්‍යාකූල කල හැක. මක් නිසාද යත් යන්ත්‍රය නිවැරදි දර්ශන අනුපාතයට සැකසීම කලයුතු බැවින් සම්ප්‍රදායික සම්මත-විභේදන රූපවාහිනි වැඩසටහන් හා වෘත්තාන්තික චිත්‍රපට (බොහෝ විට 1953 පෙර 4:3 අනුපාතයෙන් නිෂ්පාදන) HDTV මොනිටර වලින් පෙන්වන විට දර්ශන තලයේ වමට හා දකුණට ශුන්‍ය දර්ශන තීරු ඇතිවේ. මෙමගින් සෑහිමකට පත්නොවන බොහෝ පාරිභෝගිකයන් මෙම දර්ශන තිරස්ව ඇඳමොනිටරය දර්ශනයෙන් මුළුමනින්ම පිරවීමක් සිදුකරති. මෙමගින් ඕනාවට වඩා පළල් සහ උසින් අඩු දර්ශන ඇතිවේ. සමහර පාරිභෝගිකයන් දර්ශන විශාල කිරීමක් (zoom) කරන නිසා දර්ශනය මොනිටරය පිරවුවත් දර්ශනයේ උඩ කොටසේ හා යට කොටසේ අඩුවීමක් සිදු වේ.

"HD සංඥා" අධිමිල (premium) තරංග පථවල තැබිමට ප්‍රචාරණය කරන්නන් හෝ කේබල-රූපවාහිනී මෙහෙයුම් කරුවන් නියම කල හැක. මේ සඳහා අධිමිල කේබල අවශ්‍යය වේ. ඇතැම් සැටලයිට් (sattdite) ආයතන HD චැනල අමතර ගාස්තු යටතේ පිරිනැමිය හැක. මේ හේතුව නිසා, ඇතැම් ප්‍රචාරණය කරන්නන් (broadcasters) ප්‍ර‍ාදේශීය HD තරංග අධිමිල සේවයක් ලෙස ප්‍රචාරණය කල හැක. තවදුරටත්. නරඹන්නට අවශ්‍යය සමහර චැනල නොලැබී යාමටත් අංකිත-ෙනාවන, සම්මතයෙන් අඩු හෝ ඇන්ටනා අවශ්‍යය වන අංකිත සංඥා පමණක් පරිශීලනයට ලැබීමටත් සිදුවිය හැක.

මෙවැනි තත්වයක් තාක්ෂණික ගැටළු වලට වඩා නීතිමය හා ආර්ථික ගැටළු ඇතිකරයි.

සාම්ප්‍රදායික රූපවාහිනි වලට සැසදීමේදි HDTV වල තවත් අවාසියක් වන්නේ. වෙනස් තත්ව හා විභේදන (resdution) ඇතිවන පාරිභෝගික ව්‍යාකූලතාවයයි. උදාහරණ ලෙස 1080i, 1080p හා 720p. විවිධ රූපවාහිනී සම්බන්ධතා වල වෙනස් වීම් (සම්බන්ධී වීඩියෝ සිට DVI තාක්ෂණයට, DVI තාක්ෂණයේ සිට HDMI තාක්ෂණයට) මෙම ප්‍රශ්නය තවත් සංකීර්ණ කර ඇත. අවසාන වශයෙන්, HD DVD ආකෘතිය (format) හා B/u-ray Disc ආකෘතිය අතර කාලයක් පැවති ආකෘති තරඟය පාරිභෝගිකයන් ව්‍යාකූල කරන ලදි. කෙසේ වුවත් මෙම ආකෘති සටන B/u-ray Disc ආකෘතිය සම්මතය බවට පත්වීමෙන් සමතයකට පත්වී ඇත.

පටිගත කිරීම හා සම්පීඩනය
HDTV, D – VHS (data VHS)ට, W – VHS (ප්රතිසම පමණි) ට, HDTV සහිත ඩිජිටල් වීඩියෝ පටිගත කිරීම් යන්ත්ර වලට (උදාහරණ ලෙස DirecTV ගේ HD ඩිජිටල් වීඩියෝ පටිගතකරණය, Sky HD'ගේ set-top box, Dish ජාලයේ VIP 622 හෝ VIP 722 HD ඩිජිටල් වීඩියෝ පටිගතකරණ ආදායක, හෝ TiVoගේ 3 ශ්රේණිය හෝ HD පටිගතකරණ යන්ත්ර),හෝ HDTV-සහිත HTPC වලට පටිගත කළ හැක. සමහරක් රැහැන් පෙට්ටි HD TV ආකාරයෙන් විකාශන 2ක් එකවර පටිගත කිරීමේ පහසුකම්වලින් යුක්ත වේ. තවද ඒවා HDTV ක්රමලේඛනය කිරීම්වලින් යුක්ත වේ. සමහරක් ඒවා නිදහස් වන අතර සමහරක් ඒවා යම් මුදලකට මිළ දී ගත යුතු අතර ඒවා රැහැන් සමාගමේ ඉල්ලුම මත සැපයීමේ අංගය යටතේ ධාවනය කිරීම සිදු කළ හැක. සම්පීඩනය නොවූ ප්රවාහ ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා අවශ්ය අතිශය විශාල දත්ත ගබඩා ප්රමාණය, පාරිභෝජක වෙළඳ පොළ තුළ සම්පීඩනය නොවූ ගබඩා කිරීමේ ක්රමය තවත් කාලයක් යනතුරුත් දක්නට නොලැබීමට හේතුවක් වනු ඇත. සම්පීඩනය නොවූ ඩිජිටල් HDTV සංඥාවක රියල් ටයිම් MPEG-2 සම්පීඩනයක් වර්තමානයේ පාරිභෝජක වෙළඳ පොළට නොගැලපෙන තරම් මිළකින් යුක්ත වේ. නමුත් වසර කිහිපයක් තුළ මෙහි මිළ අඩු විය යුතුය. (කෙසේ නමුත් මෙය පටිගත කිරීමේ HDTV වලට වඩා HD කැම් කෝඩරවලට අදාල වූ) W-VHS පටිගත කිරීමේ යන්ත්ර වැනි ප්රතිසම HD සංඥා පටිගත කිරීම් කලාප පළල පහසුකම්වලින් යුත් ප්රතිසම පටිගත කිරීමේ යන්ත්ර තවදුරටත් පාරිභෝජක වෙළඳ පොළ සඳහා නිෂ්පාදනය සිදු නොවන අතර ද්විතීක වෙළඳ පොළෙහි මිළෙන් වැඩි හා දුර්ලභ වේ.

එක්සත් ජනපදයේ FCCයේ plug and play එකඟතාවයේ කොටසක් ලෙස රැහැන් සමාගම් ගැණුම්කරුවාගේ ඉල්ලුම මත ඔවුන් විසින් මිළඳී ගන්නා HD Set-top බොක්ස් එකක් සමඟ ක්රියාකාරී Firewire (IEEE 1394) ලබා දිය යුතුය. ඍජු චන්ද්රිකා විකාශකයන් එක් අයෙක් වත් මෙම අංගය ඔවුන්ගේ බොක්ස්වල ලබා දිය නොමැති නමුත් සමහරක් රැහැන් රූපවාහිනී ආයතන එය ලබා දී තිබේ. 2004 ජූලි මාසයේ දී මෙන් FCC මැන්ඩේටේන් එම බොක්ස් ඇතුළත් වී නොතිබිණි. මෙම අන්තර්ගතය 5C ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන සංකේතනයක් මඟින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. එම සංකේතනය මඟින් අන්ගතය පිටපත් කිරීම වැළැක්වීම හෝ අනුමත පිටපත් කිරීම සීමා කළ හැකිය. එමනිසා මෙමඟින් කාර්යක්ෂමව අන්තර්ගතයේ සාධාරණ භාවිතයබොහෝ දුරට හෝ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ප්රතික්ෂේප කරයි.

තාක්ෂණික නොවන පදවලින් කරන HDTV

අධි අර්ථ සහිත  රූපවාහිනිය (HDTV) මගින් සම්මත රූපවාහිනියට වඩා හොද තතත්වයේ ප්‍රතිබිම්බ ලබා දෙයි. මක් නිසාද යත් එයට වැඩි විභේදන රේඛන සංඛ්‍යාවක් තිබිමයි. දෘෂ්‍ය තෙරතුරූ සමහර විට 2-5 ගුණයක් තිබුණු වේ. එයට හේතුව ස්කෑන් රේඛා අතර පරතරය පටු විම හෝ පියවි ඇසකට දෘශ්‍ය නොවිමයි.

යටිකුරූ ද මගින් සංඛ්‍යා එකතු කර ගොනුකර දක්යයි. යටිකුරු ක්‍රමයෙන් වැඩි විමි පෙන්වයි. ගානුකර දක්වන ස්කෑන් ක්‍රමයම මගින් 1080 වු විභේදන රේඛන දෙකට බෙදන අතර මුල් රේඛිය 54 රාමුවකි. සිතුවම් කරනු ලැබේ. දෙවැනි රේඛන 540 දෙවන රාමුවකි සිතුවම් කර සංඛ්‍යාත පරාසය අඩු කරනු ලැබේ. ප්‍රගහනය ස්කැන් ක්‍රමය මගින් සමගාමි සියලු විභේදනය රේඛාවද 1080 පෙන්නුම් කරන අතර තත්පරයට රාමු 60 සහිතව වැඩි සංඛ්‍යාවක පරාසයකින් පෙන්නුම් කරයි. (බලන්න HDTV අංක පැහැදිලි කිරිම් සහ ගිහි බද්ධ කෝෂ්‍ය) බොහෝ HDTV ප්‍රචාරයේ දි විඩියෝ සංඥා ධ්වනි පථය ඩොල්පි සංඛ්‍යක 51 අවට ශබ්දය බලය වැඩිපුර ඇති අතර ශබ්ද හැකියාවක් වටවි ඇත. STBC රූපවාහිනි සංඡාවල ඒකනාලික හෝ ස්ථිර හෝ ශ්‍රව්‍ය හෝ දෙවර්ගයම භාවිතා කරයි. ස්ටිරියෝනොනික ප්‍රචාරණය බෝලපි වටපිටාවේ ශ්‍රව්‍ය සංඛ්‍යා වල කේතනය කල හැක. බුසිල W ISDB-T AVCMP4 Part 10දෘශ්‍ය සම්පිඩනය සදහා තෝරාගන්නා ලදි.  HE-AAC ශ්‍රව්‍ය සම්පිඩන සදහා යොදා ගන්නා ලදි. . එයට හේතු ඩොල්පි විවාත නොවවත් කිර්නාමය සදහා මුල Hppg p1264 වඩා වැඩි විමයි.  උසස් කල සවිමාන නාවන නම් තුල අතර තබ්ලව නමින්  ISDB වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලදි.

අධි-විභේදන රූපවාහිනිය


Velike Sredice su pretežito ruralno stambena četvrt u južnom dijelu grada Bjelovara.

Unutar četvrti pronalazi se industrijski pogon proizvodnje mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda tvornica Sirela pod vlasništvom tvrtke Dukat d.d.

Kroz Velike Sredice prolazi državna cesta D43 i veći dio južne Bjelovarske obilaznice.

Povijest
Tijekom vremena Rimskoga Carstva je uz rijeku Bjelovacku prolazila rimska cesta u smjeru Veliko Korenovo-Kupinovac koja je i prolazila uz današnje Velike Sredice.

Tijekom 14. stoljeća na području današnjih Velikih Sredica i Malih Sredica se nalazilo  srednjovjekovno naselje Jakobove Sredice. Pretpostavlja se da se radilo o naselju gdje su se sredinom tjedna održavali sajmovi. Tijekom 16. stoljeća Jakobove Sredice gube svoju važnost i sajmovi se sele u obližnji Gudovac.

Izgradnjom Bjelovara kao grada 1756. godine glavna prometnica kroz današnje Velike Sredice je postala glavna prometnica prema Zagrebu. Uz cestu se polako razvilo današnje prigradsko naselje Velike Sredice koje se već tada počinje oblikovati u dio bjelovarskog predgrađa.

Izgradnjom i dovršetkom pruge Križevci -Bjelovar- Kloštar dio kuća i oranica sjeverno od pruge uz današnju ulicu Krste Frankopana postaju izolirani od ostatka tada ruralnog naselja Sredice, te 1960-ih godina postaju moderno Naselje Jug.

1920-ih godina Velike Sredice, zajedno sa Malim Sredicama, Hrgovljanima i Ivanovčanima se ukidaju kao vlastita naselja te se pripajaju Bjelovaru kao četvrti.

Vidi i:

 Jakobove Sredice
 Male Sredice

Izvori

 https://www.bjelovar.hr/o-bjelovaru/povijest-bjelovara/
 https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/66240
 http://darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/4939/1/Urbanisti%C4%8Dki%20razvoj%20Bjelovara.pdf

Bjelovar

Velike Sredice


Den radikale, sociale og liberale Bevægelse (fransk: Mouvement radical, social et libéral (MRSL)) eller Den radikale Bevægelse (fransk: Mouvement radical (MR)) var et socialliberalt fransk midterparti, der blev stiftet den 9. december 2017, og som gik i opløsning efter det franske parlamentsvalg i 2022.

Partiet var sammenslutning af Det républikanske, radikale og radikal-socialistiske Parti (senere kendt som Parti radical valoisien), der blev oprettet i 1901, (gennem mange år var Parti radical valoisien Frankrigs ældste parti), og Det radikale Venstreparti (PRG), der blev oprettet i 1972.

Siden 1972 har Det radikale Venstreparti været et centrum-venstre parti, der ofte, men ikke altid, har samarbejdet med Socialistpartiet. I den samme periode har Parti radical valoisien deltaget i skiftende koalitioner af centrum-højre partier.

Den radikale Bevægelse havde to formænd. Den ene medformand er Sylvia Pinel, der blev formand for Det radikale Venstreparti i februar 2016. Den anden medformand er Laurent Hénart, der blev formand for Parti radical valoisien i juli 2014.

Sylvia Pinel trak sig som medformand 8. februar 2019. Dagen efter (9. februar 2019) blev hun talsperson for det genoprettede Radikale Venstreparti (PRG).

I 2021 meddelte Laurent Hénart, at Den Radikale Bevægelse (MR) igen skulle være Det radikale Parti (RAD). Inden præsident- og parlamentsvalgene i 2022 tilsluttede Det Radikale Parti sig valgalliancen Borgere Sammen, der støttede præsident Emmanuel Macrons genvalg.

Politiske partier i Frankrig
Socialliberale partier
Liberale partier
Etableret i 2017
Ophørt i 2022

Mouvement radical, social et libéral


Leigh is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Greater Manchester, England, on low-lying land northwest of Chat Moss.

Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, Leigh was originally the centre of a large ecclesiastical parish covering six vills or townships. When the three townships of Pennington, Westleigh and Bedford merged in 1875, forming the Leigh Local Board District, Leigh became the official name for the town, although it had been applied to the area of Pennington and Westleigh around the parish church for many centuries.
The town became an urban district in 1894 when part of Atherton was added. In 1899 Leigh became a municipal borough. The first town hall was built on King Street and replaced by the present building in 1907.

Originally an agricultural area (noted for dairy farming), domestic spinning and weaving led to a considerable silk industry and, in the 20th century, the cotton industry. Leigh also exploited the underlying coal measures, particularly after the town was connected to the canals and railways. Leigh had an important engineering base. The legacy of Leigh's industrial past can be seen in the remaining red brick mills – some of which are listed buildings – although it is now a mainly residential town, with Edwardian and Victorian terraced housing packed around the town centre. Leigh's present-day economy is based largely on the retail sector.

History

Toponymy
Leigh is derived from the Old English leah which meant a place at the wood or woodland clearing, a glade and subsequently a pasture or meadow, it was spelt Legh in 1276. Other recorded spellings include Leech, 1264; Leeche, 1268; Leghthe, 1305; Leght, 1417; Lech, 1451; Legh, 16th century. As its name denotes it was a district rich in meadow and pasture land, and the produce of its dairies, the Leigh cheese, was formerly noted for its excellence.
Westleigh, the west clearing, was Westeley in 1237, Westlegh in 1238 and Westlay in Legh in 1292.
Pennington was recorded as Pininton and Pynynton in 1246 and 1360, Penynton in 1305, Pynyngton in 1351 and 1442 and Penyngton in 1443, the ending tun denotes an enclosure, farmstead or manor in Old English. The ford of Beda, probably through the Pennington Brook gave its name to Bedford which was recorded as Beneford from 1200 to 1221 and Bedeford in 1200 and 1296.

Early history

The earliest signs of human activity in Leigh are evidenced by a Neolithic stone axe found in Pennington and a bronze spearhead from south of Gas Street. A single Roman coin was found at Butts in Bedford. After the Roman departure from Britain, and into the history of Anglo-Saxon England, nothing was written about Leigh. However, evidence for the presence of Saxons in what was a sparsely populated and isolated part of the country is provided by local township place names that incorporate the Old English suffix leah, such as Leigh, Tyldesley, Shakerley and Astley.

Townships
In the 12th century the ancient parish of Leigh was made up of six townships, including Pennington, Bedford, Westleigh, Atherton, Astley, and Tyldesley cum Shakerley. Weekly markets were held by the parish church and a cattle fair held twice-yearly.

The land to the south of Atherton includes the feudal barony of Atherleigh, created by Queen Elizabeth, and Bedford manor, which was mentioned in documents in 1202 when it was held by Sir Henry de Kighley whose family held it until the 16th century, but never actually lived there.
The Shuttleworths, landowners from the 14th century, were another prominent Bedford family. Richard Shuttleworth married a daughter of the Urmstons from Westleigh and brought part of
the Westleigh inheritance to Bedford. This family lived at Shuttleworth House, or Sandypool Farm as it is also known, which is south of the Bridgewater Canal near to the old manor house, Bedford Hall, which survives today as a Grade II listed building. Another prominent Bedford family, the Sales of Hope Carr Hall, had a great deal of influence in Bedford for over 400 years, and owned more land than the Shuttleworths. The family were recusants and secretly kept the "old faith" when Roman Catholicism was subject to civil or criminal penalties. Hope Carr Hall was moated as was nearby Brick House.

The manor house of Westleigh was at Higher Hall and existed in Richard I's time (1189–1199). In 1292 Sigreda, the heiress of the manor, married Richard de Urmston, and the manor passed to the Urmston family and remained there until the last of the male Urmstons died in 1659. It was later abandoned because of mining subsidence and Westleigh Old Hall became the manor by repute. The Ranicars and the Marsh families lived here. Westleigh Old Hall was another Leigh hall that had a moat.

The Pennington family owned Pennington Hall from about 1200 until they were replaced by the Bradshaw or Bradshaighs in 1312. The Bradshaws held the manor until 1703 when John, the last of the male line died. Pennington Hall was rebuilt in 1748 by the then-owner Samuel Hilton and in 1807 sold to the Gaskell family of Thornes, Wakefield, who let it to a succession of tenants. Around 1840 James Pownall, a founder member of the silk manufacturing firm, Bickham and Pownall, was a tenant. Later occupants were Charles Jackson, a cotton manufacturer, Jabez Johnson, and F.W. Bouth founder of Bouth's Mill in 1862, The last resident was the brewer George Shaw. On 3 December 1919 George Shaw & Co Ltd offered the hall and grounds to the people of Leigh. The gift was accepted and opened to the public on 25 August 1920. The hall was converted to a museum and art gallery in 1928 but was demolished in 1963. The grounds are now Pennington Park.

Civil War

Leigh was divided in its allegiance during the English Civil War, some of the population supporting the Royalists' cause while others supported the Parliamentarians. A battle was fought in the town on 2 December 1642, when a group of Chowbenters, men from neighbouring Atherton, beat back and then routed Cavalier troops under the command of James Stanley, the 7th Earl of Derby.
Sir Thomas Tyldesley of Myerscough and Morleys Hall, Astley, was killed on 25 August 1651 at the Battle of Wigan Lane and is buried in the Tyldesley Chapel in Leigh Parish Church.
The Earl of Derby passed through Leigh again in 1651, when he spent his last night in the King's Arms, before going on to his execution outside Ye Olde Man & Scythe Inn in Bolton.

Industrial Revolution

At the end of the 16th century, although agriculture and the dairy industry, particularly the production of Leigh cheese, sometimes known as Leigh Toaster, were important, spinning and weaving began to develop as a cottage industry. Work was supplied from Manchester by agents who brought work weekly often to an inn, and where they collected the finished cloth. At first, the work was done to supplement the income of local farmers and their families. The cloth woven in Leigh was fustian, a sort of rough corduroy, and by the end of the 17th-century middlemen, fustian masters, were dealing directly with weavers and selling the finished cloth in Manchester.
It is a tradition in the town that a local man, Thomas Highs, was the inventor of a spinning jenny and the water frame in the 1760s, the latter invention being pirated by Richard Arkwright, who subsequently made a fortune from the patent royalties.
These 18th-century improvements to the spinning process meant that handloom weavers were in great demand. but as power looms were introduced in factories in Manchester there was less work for them and there was serious unemployment in the town. In 1827 silk weaving began in Leigh, either as the result of a dispute or a labour shortage in the Middleton silk industry. William Walker was a middleman who opened the first silk mill in Leigh in 1828, and others quickly followed, including James Pownall and Henry Hilton, whose mill survived until 1926.
Several cotton mills were built in Leigh after the mid-1830s, and some silk mills were converted to cotton after 1870.

The Leigth Feight took place on 14 August 1839. The chartists had called for a strike at a time when there was social unrest over the high levels of unemployment and high cost of living. A mob of at least 2,000 gathered in Leigh. About 400–500 workers from Chowbent threatened to burn down Hayes Mill. A detachment of troops from Haydock was called out, and special constables sworn in by the local magistrate. The Riot Act was read by Squire Thomas Withington of Culcheth Hall and for a while the mob dispersed but reassembled later. Many were injured in the fighting that took place and arrests were made. Those arrested were severely punished, while others ensured that radicalism continued in Leigh, leading eventually to electoral reform and universal suffrage.

The large multi-storey spinning mills came later, and five survive today. Mill complexes were built at Kirkhall Lane and Firs Lane in Westleigh, and in Pennington and Bedford. Leigh Spinners is a Grade II* listed building. Mather Lane Mill close to the Bridgewater Canal is a Grade II listed building. More than 6,000 people were employed in textiles in Leigh in 1911.

Coal mining

There had been drift mines in Westleigh since the 12th century but during the second half of the 19th century it became possible to mine the deeper seams and coal began to be an important industry and coal mining became the largest user of labour after the textile industry in Leigh. Parsonage Colliery, the last pit to be sunk in Leigh, was one of the deepest in the country, going down to over . The extent of mining at Parsonage Colliery increased in the 1960s with the driving of the Horizon Tunnel, which accessed previously inaccessible seams around 6 ft (2 m) high that were easy to work. The seams were wet, and a series of pumps was used to remove the water into underground canals before it was pumped into the canal at Leigh. The winding engine at Parsonage was a steam engine, fuelled by methane extracted from the workings, while the neighbouring Bickershaw Colliery had a superior electric system. In 1974, the two pits were linked underground, and all coal was wound at Bickershaw, which had better facilities, while Parsonage was used for supplies. The entire Lancashire Coalfield is closed to deep mining, although several open-cast mines are still in operation elsewhere in the county.

Mining disasters in Leigh included the explosion of firedamp which caused the deaths of 38 miners at Bedford Colliery on 13 August 1886. There were several accidents at Bickershaw Colliery, but the most serious was in 1932, when 19 men were drowned in the sump at the bottom of the shaft after an overwind of the cage.

Manufacturing
Other notable industry included the tractor factory of David Brown Limited, which was in Leigh following the acquisition in 1955 of Harrison, McGregor and Guest's Albion range of farm machinery products. Rope-manufacture was another local industry: Mansley's Rope works on Twist Lane made rope by hand, using a rope walk. The factory burnt down in 1912. Anchor Cables had a large works close to the Bridgewater Canal. The company was bought by Callender's Cables, in 1903, later to become British Insulated Callender's Cables (BICC), part of Balfour Beatty. Another major 20th century employer was Sutcliffe Speakman, which made activated carbon and brick-making equipment.

Governance

Leigh is covered by three electoral wards, Leigh Central & Higher Folds, Leigh South and Leigh West, of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, although Atherton South does include some properties in Leigh. Each ward elects three councillors to the 75-member metropolitan borough council, Wigan's local authority. As of 2009, all nine ward councillors for Leigh, including leader of the council, Lord Smith of Leigh, are members of the Labour Party who control the council.

Historically, Leigh's townships were in the Hundred of West Derby, a judicial division of southwest Lancashire. Pennington, Westleigh and Bedford were three of the six townships or vills that made up the ancient parish of Leigh. The townships existed before the parish.

Under the terms of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 the townships formed part of Leigh Poor Law Union, established on 26 January 1837 and responsible for an area covering the whole of the ancient parish and part of Winwick. Workhouses in Pennington, Culcheth, Tyldesley and Lowton were replaced by Leigh Union workhouse at Atherleigh in the 1850s. In 1875 Leigh Local Board of Health was established, covering the areas of the former Bedford, Pennington and Westleigh Local Boards of Health. In 1894 the area of the Local Board, together with part of Atherton township, became Leigh Urban District, which was granted honorific borough status in 1899 becoming the Municipal Borough of Leigh.

In the early twentieth century Leigh saw continued activism for women's suffrage, with local activity by the Women's Social and Political Union, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, the North of England Society for Women's Suffrage, the Leigh Women's Liberal Association and local branches of the Women's Labour League.

In 1969 there was an exchange of very small areas with Golborne Urban District. Following the Local Government Act 1972, the Municipal Borough of Leigh was abolished and its territory included as part of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, a local government district of Greater Manchester. In 1998, an area (Lately Common) was further ceded to the Borough of Warrington – one of the few parts of England to have been in three different counties since the mid-20th century: Lancashire, then Greater Manchester, then Cheshire.

Andy Burnham represented the parliamentary seat for Leigh for the Labour Party from 2001 general election. Between 10  June 2009 and the 2010 general election he was Secretary of State at the Department of Health. At the 2010 general election Burnham retained the Leigh seat with 24,295 votes and a majority of 15,011, representing 51.3% of the vote. Burnham was re-elected MP for the Leigh constituency in 2015 with 24,312 votes which was 53.9% of the total vote cast. He stepped down in 2017 to stand as a candidate for the position of Mayor of Greater Manchester. Jo Platt, representing Labour, was elected in 2017 with 26,347 votes which was 56.2% of the total votes cast. Jo Platt was defeated in the 2019 General Election, by James Grundy: the first ever Conservative representative for Leigh.

Geography

Leigh is low-lying; land to the south and east, close to Chat Moss, is  above mean sea level. The highest land, to the north and west, rises gently to . Astley and Bedford Mosses are fragments of the raised bog that once covered a large area north of the River Mersey and along with Holcroft and Risley Mosses are part of Manchester Mosses, a European Union designated Special Area of Conservation. The area is in the River Mersey Basin; drained into the Mersey by several streams, including the Westleigh and Pennington Brooks that join others flowing through Bedford to form the Glaze Brook. The southeast of the town has alluvial and peaty soils, but the rest is loam overlaying sandstone, or coal measures in the north. Magnesian limestone occurs in Bedford and neighbouring Astley. Mining subsidence and flooding have caused the formation of "flashes" to the south and west of the town, the largest of which is south of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in Pennington. Pennington Flash Country Park is a  country park and nature reserve with a  flash or lake.

Leigh is crossed by the Bolton to St Helens Road high road, an old packhorse route that became a turnpike road in 1762. The A579 road bypasses the town centre using the line of the Bolton and Leigh Railway. The Bridgewater Canal and the Leigh Branch of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal cross the town west to east, the canals meeting at Leigh Bridge just south of the town centre.
In the 1930s the A580 "East Lancashire Road" was built crossing to the south of the town.

Demography

At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, according to the Office for National Statistics, the Urban Subdivision of Leigh was part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area and had a total resident population of 43,006, of which 20,990 (48.8%) were male and 22,016 (51.2%) were female, with 18,270 households. The settlement occupied , compared with  in the 1991 census.  Its population density was 48.65 people per hectare compared with an average of 40.20 across the Greater Manchester Urban Area. The median age of the population was 37, compared with 36 within the Greater Manchester Urban Area and 37 across England and Wales.

The majority of the population of Leigh were born in England (95.92%); 2.10% were born elsewhere within the United Kingdom, 0.95% within the rest of the European Union, and 1.47% elsewhere in the world.

Data on religious beliefs across the town in the 2001 census show that 85.5% declared themselves to be Christian, 7.6% said they held no religion, and 0.6% reported themselves as Muslim.

Most of Leigh is within the Warrington & Wigan travel to work area (TTWA), whilst part of the eastern side of the town is within the Manchester TTWA. The entire town is within the Manchester larger urban zone.

At the time of the 2001 Census, there were 19,051 people (44.3%) in employment who were resident within Leigh. Of these, 18.36% worked within the wholesale and retail trade, including repair of motor vehicles; 21.60% worked within manufacturing industry; and 11.99% worked within the health and social work sector. 45.16% of households owned a single car or van, with 30.77% owning none. The average car ownership per household was 0.98, compared with 0.93 across the Greater Manchester Urban Area.

Population change

Economy

Leigh has a traditional town centre with daily outdoor and indoor markets. Part of the town centre is pedestrianised and there are local independent and multiple retailers. The Spinning Gate Centre in the centre of town has about thirty retail units.
A retail park developed on the old Parsonage Colliery site is within walking distance of the town centre.

Opened in 2008 Leigh Sports Village has an 11,000-capacity stadium (anchored by Leigh Centurions and shared with the reserves of Manchester United), an athletics arena for Leigh Harriers, facilities for Leigh East Rugby League Club, a college campus, hotel, leisure retail and business facilities for the community. In 2011 a Morrisons store opened at the sports village. Additionally, Manchester United's main women's team began to play home games at the stadium in 2018.

Another regeneration project on the site of the former Bickershaw Colliery complex which closed in 1992 will redevelop the site and canal side with a country park and housing.
In 2011 "The Loom" a £50million retail development opened on the north side of the Bridgewater Canal with a seven-screen cinema, Tesco Extra store, Nando's and Frankie and Benny's.

Landmarks
Major landmarks in Leigh are the red sandstone parish church and across the civic square, Leigh Town Hall and its associated shops on Market Street. The Grade II listed Obelisk that replaced the original market cross is also situated here. Many town centre buildings including the Boar's Head public house are in red Ruabon or Accrington bricks, often with gables and terracotta dressings. There are several large multi-storey cotton mills built along the Bridgewater Canal that are a reminder of Leigh's textile industry but most are now underused and deteriorating despite listed building status. Leigh's War Memorial by local architect J.C. Prestwich is at the junction of Church Street and Silk Street and is a Grade II listed structure. St Joseph's Church and St Thomas's Church on opposite sides of Chapel Street are both imposing churches using different materials and styles.

Transport

Historically, Leigh was well connected with local transport infrastructure but, with the closure of the railway in 1969, this is no longer the case. Leigh became, and remains, one of the largest towns in Britain without direct access to the National Rail network. Public transport in the area is co-ordinated by Transport for Greater Manchester.

Buses

There are bus services operated by First Greater Manchester, Diamond Bus North West, Stagecoach Manchester, Warrington's Own Buses, Arriva North West, Vision Bus and Tyrers from Leigh bus station to many local destinations including Wigan, Bolton, Warrington, Manchester and St Helens. There had been suggestions to reopen the railway via Tyldesley to Manchester, but a guided busway scheme was chosen for the route; this decision was not universally popular. Construction commenced in 2012 and the Leigh-Salford-Manchester Bus Rapid Transit opened on 3 April 2016.

Canals

The Bridgewater Canal was extended from Worsley to the middle of Leigh in 1795. In 1819 the fifth Leeds and Liverpool Canal Act was passed for the construction of the Leigh Branch and by 1820 the Leigh branch canal was cut from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Poolstock, Wigan to meet the Bridgewater at Leigh Bridge, giving access from Leigh to all parts of Lancashire, Yorkshire and the Midlands.

Railways

The nearest railway station to Leigh is at Atherton,  to the north; it provides regular services between Wigan and Manchester,  operated by Northern. This leaves the bus station as Leigh's only public transport link.

Leigh was the southern terminus of the  Bolton and Leigh Railway; George Stephenson carried out the survey for the line. It opened between Bolton and William Hulton's coal mines at Chequerbent for freight on 1 August 1828 and to the terminus at the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Leigh in March 1830. Passengers were carried from 13 June 1831. The first locomotive on the line was an 0-4-0 called the Lancashire Witch. The railway station was at Westleigh. Later the line was extended southwards to Pennington. Atherleigh opened in 1935. The line was closed to passenger traffic on 29 March 1954, and later closed completely.

In 1861, the London and North Western Railway revived powers granted to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to build a railway from Manchester via Eccles and Tyldesley to Wigan with a branch to Kenyon Junction on the Liverpool to Manchester Line via Leigh and Pennington. The station, originally named Bedford Leigh served the town. The railway crossed the town on a viaduct which has since been largely demolished; it closed in May 1969. After the reopening of Mansfield and Corby railway stations, Leigh is now one of the largest towns in Great Britain without a railway station. Numerous colliery lines crossed the town but, with the closure of the collieries, these were no longer required.

Trams and trolley buses
In 1900, a Bill authorising the South Lancashire Tramways Company to construct over  of tramway in southern Lancashire was given Royal Assent.
However, by November 1900 the South Lancashire Electric Traction and Power Company had acquired the shares. The first section of tramway opened on 20 October 1902 between Lowton and Four Lanes Ends via Leigh and Atherton. The company got into financial difficulty and in turn became Lancashire United Tramways later Lancashire United Transport. On 16 December 1933, the last tram service ran from Leigh to Four Lane Ends and the next day trolley buses took over.
An Act of 4 August 1920 authorised Leigh Municipal Borough to run buses. A garage built on Windermere Road was soon outgrown and replaced by one on Holden Road. The corporation had a fleet of 70 vehicles during World War II.

Education

Leigh Grammar School existed in 1655 but its foundation is unclear. The building was next to the churchyard, but the school moved to Manchester Road in 1931. Leigh Girls' Grammar School was established in 1921, but both schools were abolished by the then Secretary of State for Education, Shirley Williams, in the 1976 Education Act. Leigh high schools include Bedford High School, and The Westleigh School. Pupils also attend schools in Atherton, Lowton, Golborne and Astley. Wigan and Leigh College provides post-16 education.

Religion

St Mary the Virgin's Church has been in existence since the 12th century and probably much earlier. It was once known as the Church of St Peter at Westleigh in Leigh, and straddles the boundary between the old townships of Westleigh and Pennington, the nave and churchyard, in Westleigh and the chancel in Pennington. Its early history is connected with the Westleigh and Urmston families. Its dedication changed to St Mary the Virgin in the 14th century. The church tower, said to have been built in 1516, is all that remains of the medieval structure, which was replaced by the present church after becoming unsafe. Paley and Austin of Lancaster designed the present church, the foundation stone was laid in 1871 and the church consecrated in 1873. The church is built in red sandstone it is a Grade II* listed building.

Parish churches have been built in each of the former townships. The first St Thomas's Church in Bedford was consecrated in 1840 and replaced by the present church in 1909. It is built of Accrington red brick with Runcorn red sandstone facings, to designs by J. S. Crowther. Christ Church, Pennington, designed by architect E. H. Shellard, was built in Yorkshire stone and was consecrated in 1854. The site to the south of the canal was a rapidly growing area at this time. It is Grade II listed. Westleigh St Paul, founded in 1847 is on Westleigh Lane. Westleigh St Peter, a Grade II* listed building by Paley and Austin, built in brick with red sandstone dressings, was founded 1881 is on Firs Lane.

The first Catholic chapel was built in Bedford on the corner of Mather Lane and Chapel Street in 1778 and this lasted until it was replaced in 1855 by St Joseph's Church by architect Joseph Hansom. A growing Catholic population in the area led to the building of Our Lady of the Rosary in Plank Lane in 1879, Twelve Apostles in 1879 and Sacred Heart in 1929. Other denominations catered for include Wesleyan, Independent, Primitive, Welsh and United Methodists. There are also Unitarian, Baptist and Jehovah's Witness places of worship in the town.

Sport

Leigh has a professional rugby league team – Leigh Leopards – whose main claim to fame is beating Hull KR 17-16 in the 2023 Challenge Cup final at Wembley Stadium for the third time. The club play in the Super League. Leigh has several amateur clubs, including Leigh East and Leigh Miners Rangers.

The town had a semi-professional football team, Leigh Genesis (formerly Leigh RMI), which ceased operations at a senior level in June 2011. The most successful amateur club is Leigh Athletic, which currently plays in the Manchester Football League.

Leigh also has an athletics club, Leigh Harriers AC, founded in 1909, and a Rugby Union club, Leigh RUFC, based at Round Ash Park, which gained promotion in 2007, to RFU league North 2 (West), and is current holder of the Lancashire Trophy which it won in May 2008 for the third consecutive year. Attached to the club is a crown green bowling section which runs several teams in local bowling leagues. Leigh has two cricket clubs: Leigh Cricket Club play in the ECB Premier League Liverpool Competition, and Westleigh Cricket Club, have two senior and 4 junior teams playing in the Greater Manchester Cricket League.

Culture
Many of Leigh's old halls have been demolished but the sites of Lilford Park, once the grounds of Atherton Hall, a gift to Leigh from Lord Lilford in 1914 and Pennington Park, the grounds of Pennington Hall which was demolished in 1963 after being used as a museum, are open to the public.

Leigh's wealth as an industrial town resulted in many outlets for the entertainment of its population, including theatres, cinemas and public houses. In 1908 the Hippodrome Theatre on Leigh Road was built on the site of Walker's silk mill of 1827, this subsequently became a cinema, first the Odeon, later the Classic. Another theatre, the Theatre Royal, was built on Lord Street which later became the Leigh Casino Club. The Palace Cinema was built in 1913 on Railway Road and the assembly rooms above the Conservative Club, were converted to a cinema known as the Sems in 1908. Brewery Lane is a reminder that there was once a brewery in Bedford belonging to George Shaw & Co.
The old Leigh College and Library on Railway Road was built between 1894 and 1896 by the Leigh Literary Society to designs by J. C. Prestwich and J. H. Stephen. The present library was built in 1971 between the parish church and town hall.

Leigh Hackspace was founded as a UK Community interest company in 2015

Notable people

 Brian Ashton (rugby union) (born 1946), is an English rugby union coach and former player. He has been head coach of the England and Ireland national teams.
 Sir William Barker (1909–1992), diplomat (Ambassador to Czechoslovakia, 1966–1968), and Russian scholar (Bowes Professor of Russian, University of Liverpool, 1969–1976), was born in Leigh and was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School.
 Sir Alan R. Battersby (1925–2018), organic chemist, was born in Leigh and was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School.
 George Henry Bolsover CBE (1910–1990), historian, diplomat, and director of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies at the University of London, 1947–1976, was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School.
 Thomas Burke (1890–1969), operatic tenor, was born in Leigh and attended St Joseph's School.
 Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934–2016) was a British composer and conductor
 Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker (1901–1957) was a British phycologist, known for her research on the edible seaweed Porphyra laciniata (nori), which led to a breakthrough for commercial cultivation in Japan.
 Georgie Fame (Clive Powell) (born 1943), rhythm and blues singer and musician, was born in Leigh.
 Sir Maurice Flanagan (1928–2015), businessman, was the founding CEO of Emirates and executive vice-chairman of The Emirates Group.
 Phil Gartside (1952–2016), businessman and Chairman of Bolton Wanderers F.C. (1999–2015).
 James Hilton (1900–1954), the author of Goodbye, Mr Chips, was born in Leigh.
 Roger Hunt (1938–2021), professional footballer, was born in Leigh and was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School.
 Ann Fletcher Jackson (1833–1903), a New Zealand Quaker evangelist, was born in Leigh.
 Shaun Keaveny (born 1972), DJ and broadcaster, grew up in Leigh.
 Journalist Lynda Lee-Potter (née Higginson) (1935–2004) was best known as a columnist for the Daily Mail
 Sir John Lennard-Jones (1894–1954) was a British mathematician and professor of theoretical physics at the University of Bristol, and then of theoretical science at the University of Cambridge.
 The journalist Paul Mason was born and educated in Leigh.
 David Morris (born 1966), Conservative MP for Morecambe and Lunesdale, was born in Leigh.
 The sculptor Mary Pownall, daughter of James Pownall the silk manufacturer, was born and raised in the town.
 Pete Shelley (1955–2018), singer, songwriter and guitarist was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School. was a pupil at Leigh Grammar School.
 Lemn Sissay (born 1967), the poet and Chancellor of the University of Manchester, lived in children's homes in and around Leigh and attended Leigh Church of England Secondary school, now closed.
 Alfred Robert Wilkinson (1896–1940), private in the 1/5th Battalion, The Manchester Regiment, British Army during the Battle of the Selle in the First World War. Victoria Cross recipient.
 John Woods (rugby league) former professional rugby league player who played primarily for Leigh RLFC in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 1980s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and England. Woods holds the record for most career points. There is a statue of him outside Leigh Sports Village.

See also
 Listed buildings in Leigh, Greater Manchester
 List of people from Wigan
 List of mills in Wigan
 List of mining disasters in Lancashire

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Mayors of Leigh Municipal Borough Council, 1899–1973

Towns in Greater Manchester
Unparished areas in Greater Manchester
Former civil parishes in Greater Manchester
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan

Leigh, Greater Manchester


Ahlatlı, Kırklareli ilinin Kofçaz ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski adı 1877 yılı kayıtlarında Alatlı, 1910 yılı kayıtlarında ise Tür Alatlı olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Kırklareli il merkezine 50 km, Kofçaz ilçe merkezine 24 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kofçaz belde ve köyleri

Ahlatlı, Kofçaz


A Diocese do Norte da África () é uma eparquia do Patriarcado de Moscou na África, fundada em 2021. Faz parte do Exarcado Patriarcal da África. Sua sede fica no Cairo, Egito.

História
Em 29 de dezembro de 2021, o Santo Sínodo da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa formou a Diocese do Norte da África, cujo bispo diocesano possui o titulo de "Cairo e Norte da África".

A responsabilidade pastoral da Diocese do Norte de África inclui os seguintes países: República Árabe do Egito, República do Sudão, República do Sudão do Sul, República Federal Democrática da Etiópia, Estado da Eritreia, República do Djibuti, República Federal República da Somália, República das Seychelles, República Centro-Africana, República dos Camarões,República do Chade, República Federal da Nigéria, República do Níger, Estado da Líbia, República da Tunísia, República Democrática Popular da Argélia, Reino de Marrocos, República de Cabo Verde, República Islâmica da Mauritânia, República do Senegal, República da Gâmbia, República do Mali, Burkina Faso, República da Guiné-Bissau, República da Guiné, República da Serra Leoa, República da Libéria,República da Costa do Marfim, República do Gana, República Togolesa, República do Benin.

As paróquias estauropégicas do Patriarcado de Moscou no Egito, Tunísia e Marrocos foram incluídas na diocese.

Bispo

 Leônidas (Gorbachev) (desde 29 de dezembro de 2021).

Paróquias

Egito

 Paróquia do Cairo;
 Paróquia de Hurgada;

Tunísia

 Paróquia de Santo Alexandre Nevski, em Bizerta;
 Paróquia da Ressurreição, em Túnis;

Marrocos

 Paróquia da Ressurreição, em Rabat.

Ver também

 Igreja Ortodoxa Russa

 Exarcado Ortodoxo Russo na África
 Diocese da África do Sul

Referências
Dioceses da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa
Dioceses da África

Diocese do Norte da África


Sir Andrew Buchanan, 1. baronet (født 7. maj 1807, død 12. november 1882) var en engelsk diplomat. Han var far til George Buchanan.

Buchanan indtrådte 1825 i den diplomatiske tjeneste, var 1841—1844 legationssekretær i Firenze og 1844—1851 i Sankt Petersborg. Han blev februar 1853 sendemand i København, hvor han 1856 deltog i Sundtoldkonferencen, men forflyttedes herfra april 1858. Buchanan, var endelig ambassadør i
Sankt Petersburg 1864—1871 og i Wien 1871—1877. Han blev ved sin afgang 1878 ophøjet til baronet.

Kilder

Ambassadører fra Storbritannien
Briter i 1800-tallet

Andrew Buchanan, 1. baronet


La expedición persa de Catalina la Grande, junto con la expedición persa de Pedro el Grande, fue parte de las guerras ruso-persas del  que no conllevaron consecuencias duraderas para ninguna de las partes.

Antecedentes
Las últimas décadas del  estuvieron marcadas por conflictos continuos entre pretendientes rivales al Trono del Pavo real. Catalina la Grande de Rusia aprovechó el desorden para consolidar su control sobre las débiles políticas del Cáucaso. El reino de Kartli-Kajetia se convirtió en un protectorado ruso en 1783, cuando Heraclio II firmó el Tratado de Gueórguiyevsk, por el cual la zarina prometía defenderlo en caso de un ataque iraní. Los shamkhals de Tarki siguieron sus pasos y aceptaron la protección rusa tres años más tarde.

Con la coronación de Aga Muhammad Khan como Sah de Persia en 1794, el clima político cambió. El Imperio persa puso fin al período de conflicto dinástico y procedió a fortalecer su dominio del Cáucaso devastando Georgia y reduciendo su capital, Tiflis, a cenizas en 1795. Tardíamente, Catalina II decidió montar una expedición punitiva contra el Sah.

Desarrollo del conflicto
Aunque se esperaba que el ejército de 13.000 rusos fuera comandado por el general Iván Gudóvich, la zarina siguió el consejo de su último amante, el Serenísimo Kniaz (Príncipe) Platón Zúbov, y confió el mando a su joven hermano, el conde Valerián Zúbov. Las tropas rusas partieron de Kizlyar en abril de 1796 y cayeron sobre la fortaleza clave de Derbent el 10 de mayo. El evento fue glorificado por el poeta de la corte Gavrila Derzhavin en su famosa oda; posteriormente, comentó amargamente el retorno sin gloria de Zúbov de la expedición en otro poema.

Para mediados de junio, las tropas de Zúbov invadieron sin resistencia la mayor parte del territorio de la actual Azerbaiyán, incluyendo tres ciudades principales: Bakú, Şamaxı y Ganja. Para noviembre, se estacionaron en la confluencia de los ríos Aras y Kurá, preparados para atacar Tabriz.

Ese mes falleció Catalina la Grande y su sucesor Pablo I de Rusia, que detestaba a los Zúbov y tenía otros planes para el Ejército, ordenó a las tropas que se retiraran y retornaran a Rusia. Este revés suscitó la frustración y enemistad de los poderosos Zúbov y de otros oficiales que participaron en la campaña: muchos de ellos estarían entre los conspiradores que arreglaron el asesinato de Pablo cinco años más tarde.

Bibliografía
 Potto, Gen V. A. (1885-1886). The Caucasian Wars of Russia from the 16th century onward. Volúmenes 1-5. SPb, Reimpreso en 2006, ISBN 5-9524-2107-5.

1796
Rusopersa 1796
Historia de Azerbaiyán
Historia de Georgia
Conflictos en 1796
Dinastía kayar
Imperio ruso en el siglo XVIII
Georgia en el siglo XVIII
Azerbaiyán en el siglo XVIII
Guerras del Imperio ruso (1721-1917)
Catalina II de Rusia

Expedición persa de 1796


Throndhjem Station (Throndhjem stasjon), også kaldet Trondhjem (Kalvskindet), var den første jernbanestation i Trondheim i Norge. Den var den nordlige endestation for Trondhjem–Størenbanen, nu en del af Dovrebanen, og åbnede sammen med banen 5. august 1864. Stationen blev nedlagt 24. juni 1884, da banen blev omlagt til den nuværende Trondheim Centralstation på Brattøra. Her fik den forbindelse med den i 1881 åbnede Meråkerbanen og med byens havn.

Stationsbygningen blev opført efter tegninger af Georg Andreas Bull. Siden 1925 har den huset synagogen i Trondheim, og siden 1997 har Det jødiske museum i Trondheim holdt til i et af bygningens lokaler.

Efter jernbanens fraflytning blev perronhallen benyttet af afholdsbevægelsen IOGT's Loge Dag. Frelsens Hær kom til Trondheim i 1890 og lejede først Circus, før de lejede sig ind i perronhallen og købte den i 1916. Den er senere blevet ombygget men er stadig i brug.

Den katolske menighed flyttede ind i den tidligere remise 1902 og benyttede den som kirke. I tilstødende bygninger blev der indrettet præstebolig, skole og foreningslokale. I 1972 blev den tidligere remise erstattet af St. Olav domkirke på samme sted. Den nye kirke blev revet ned i 2014, da den var i dårlig stand, og erstattet af den nuværende St. Olav domkirke i 2016.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Dovrebanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Jernbanestationer i Trondheim
Etableret i 1864
Ophørt i 1884

Throndhjem Station


São Pedro do Sul  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Centro bölgesine bağlı Dão-Lafões altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 19 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Baiões
 Bordonhos
 Candal
 Carvalhais
 Covas do Rio
 Figueiredo de Alva
 Manhouce
 Pindelo dos Milagres
 Pinho
 Santa Cruz da Trapa
 São Cristóvão de Lafões
 São Félix
 São Martinho das Moitas
 São Pedro do Sul
 Serrazes
 Sul
 Valadares
 Várzea
 Vila Maior

Dış bağlantılar
 São Pedro do Sul fotoğrafları

São Pedro do Sul


Kosmos 2356, ruski vojni komunikacijski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Strijela-3 (br. 142 L (442)).
Lansiran je 15. lipnja 1998. godine u 22:58 s kozmodroma Pljesecka u Rusiji. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Ciklon-3 11K68. Orbita mu je 1297 km u perigeju i 1867 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 82,58°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 25367. COSPARova oznaka je 1998-036-E. Zemlju obilazi u 117,71 minuta. Masa pri lansiranju bila je 225 kg.

Promjera je 1 metar i visina glavnog dijela 1,5 metara. Gravitacijsko-gradijentska usmjerena antena ispružena je u orbiti radi stabiliziranja visine.

Strijela-3 su bili sateliti namijenjeni vojnim i vladinim komunikacijama. Bili su jednostavni sustav pohrane-ispuštanja posebice koristan u prosljeđivanju (relejno) neesencijalna prometa između Ruske Federacije i prekomorskih postaja ili snaga.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. 1998 год. (rus.)
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)
Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet u Zagrebu - Matematički odsjek Goran Igaly: EH rječnik

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2356


El Combate de Chiloé fue un episodio militar ocurrido en 1562 o inicios de 1563 en la Isla Grande de Chiloé, Los Lagos, como parte de la Guerra de Arauco, que enfrentaba a españoles y mapuches.

Antecedentes
Luego del invierno del año 1562, el gobernador de Chile Francisco de Villagra se trasladó desde Cañete a Valdivia, y desde ese lugar embarcó una expedición de cuarenta soldados y treinta caballos en dirección a "donde el tiempo le quisiese llevar". La motivación de este viaje habría estado en una expedición anterior encargada por el mismo Villagra, donde se le informaba que camino al Estrecho de Magallanes se encontraba un archipiélago poblado y fértil.

Finalmente, tras algunas jornadas, las corrientes y los vientos le llevaron a la costa norte de la Isla de Chiloé.

El combate
Al llegar a la isla, Villagra encargó una expedición a caballo que le confirmó sus reportes anteriores. No obstante, producto del desconocimiento de las mareas de la costa chilota, su barco encalló, sufriendo algunos daños y teniendo que ser equilibrado con estantes a la espera de que la marea vuelva a subir.

Mientras los españoles lidiaban con la marea, algunas comunidades indígenas de los alrededores comenzaron a reunirse para expulsar a los invasores. Esta organización finalmente terminó en un ataque sorpresa de madrugada mientras los españoles dormían.

Aunque los españoles eran menores en número, el enfrentamiento se saldó a su favor producto de la presencia de caballos y a la superioridad de su armamento.

Sobre este episodio, Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo señalaría:

Luego de este episodio Villagra y sus tropas se embarcaron nuevamente rumbo a la zona de Arauco, llevando consigo a algunos indígenas capturados durante el enfrentamiento.

Referencias

Chiloe
Historia de Chiloé
Batallas del reinado de Carlos I de España y V del Sacro Imperio (1516-1556)
Conflictos en 1562
España en 1562

Combate de Chiloé


Thy som tilstand er en film instrueret af Emil Næsby Hansen.

Handling
Thy som tilstand er en dokumentarfilm om det særprægede Thy. Filmen er en hyldest til de originale og selvkørende thyboere. Egnen Thy portrætteres igennem en filmisk mosaik af en række personligheder: Museumsforvalterparret John og Harald, jagtbutikejeren Krudt-Peter, rideskolelæreren Viggo og kvæghyrden Inger, der tager os med rundt i Hjardemål Klit og igennem den rå natur fra fyrreskov til Vesterhav. Det er Thy som tilstand.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2012

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Thy som tilstand