Patras ( ; Katharevousa and ; ) is Greece's third-largest city and the regional capital of Western Greece, in the northern Peloponnese,  west of Athens. The city is built at the foot of Mount Panachaikon, overlooking the Gulf of Patras.

As of the 2021 census, the city of Patras has a population of 173,600; the municipality has 215,922 inhabitants. The core settlement has a history spanning four millennia. In the Roman period, it had become a cosmopolitan center of the eastern Mediterranean whilst, according to the Christian tradition, it was also the place of Saint Andrew's martyrdom.

Dubbed as Greece's 'Gate to the West, Patras is a commercial hub, while its busy port is a nodal point for trade and communication with Italy and the rest of Western Europe. The city has three public universities, hosting a large student population and rendering Patras an important scientific centre with a field of excellence in technological education. The Rio-Antirio Bridge connects Patras' easternmost suburb of Rio to the town of Antirrio, connecting the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece.

Every year, in February, the city hosts one of Europe's largest carnivals. Notable features of the Patras Carnival include its mammoth satirical floats and balls and parades, enjoyed by hundreds of thousands of visitors in a Mediterranean climate. Patras is also famous for supporting an indigenous cultural scene active mainly in the performing arts and modern urban literature. It was European Capital of Culture in 2006.

History

 Antiquity

The first traces of settlement in Patras date to as early as the third millennium BC, in the area of modern Aroi. Patras flourished for the first time in the Post-Helladic or Mycenean period (1580–1100 BC). Ancient Patras was formed by the unification of three Mycenaean villages in modern Aroi, namely ancient Aroe, Antheia (from mythological Antheia) and Mesatis. Mythology has it that after the Dorian invasion, a group of Achaeans from Laconia led by the eponymous Patreus established a colony. In antiquity Patras remained a farming city. It was in Roman times that it became an important port.

After 280 BC and prior to the Roman occupation of Greece, Patras played a significant role in the foundation of the second "Achaean League" (Achaiki Sympoliteia), along with the cities of Dyme, Tritaea and Pharai. Later on, and following the Roman occupation of Greece in 146 BC, Patras played a key role, and Augustus refounded the city as a Roman colony in the area. In addition, Patras has been a Christian centre since the early days of Christianity, and, in both the East Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions, it is the city where Saint Andrew was crucified.

 Middle Ages and early modern

In the Byzantine era, Patras continued to be an important port as well as an industrial centre.  One of the most scholarly philosophers and theologians of the time, Arethas of Caesarea was born at Patrae, at around 860. By the 9th century, there are strong signs the city was prosperous: the widow Danielis from Patras had accumulated immense wealth in land ownership,  the carpet and textile industry, and offered critical support in the ascent of Basil I the Macedonian to the Byzantine throne.

In 1205, the city was captured by William of Champlitte and Villehardouin, and became a part of the principality of Achaea. It became the seat of the Barony of Patras, and its Latin archbishop primate of the principality. In 1408, Patras became Venetian, until it was recaptured in 1430 by the Despotate of Morea and its despot Constantine Palaiologos, who thus succeeded in recovering for the Byzantine Empire the whole of the Morea, apart from Venetian possessions. The administration of Patras was given to George Sphrantzes, while Constantine was immediately contested by the Ottoman Empire and later, in 1449, became emperor of the Byzantine empire.

Patras remained a part of the Despotate of Morea until 1458, when it was conquered by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmet II. Under the Ottomans, it was known as "Baliabadra", from the  ('Old Patras'), as opposed to  ('new Patra'), the town of Ypati in Central Greece. Though Mehmet granted the city special privileges and tax reductions, it never became a major centre of commerce. Venice and Genoa attacked and captured it several times in the 15th and 16th centuries, but never re-established their rule effectively, except for a period of Venetian rule in 1687–1715 after the Morean War.

In 1772, a naval battle took place off the city between the Russians and Ottomans.

 Modern era
Patras was one of the first cities in which the Greek Revolution began in 1821;  the Ottoman garrison, confined to the citadel, held out until 1828. Finally the city was surrendered on 7 October 1828 to the French expeditionary force in the Peloponnese, under the command of General Maison. After the war, most of the city and its buildings were completely destroyed. The new city was planned under the supervision of Stamatis Voulgaris following orders by Ioannis Kapodistrias.

Patras developed quickly into the second-largest urban centre in late-19th-century Greece. The city benefited from its role as the main export port for the agricultural produce of the Peloponnese.

In the early 20th century, Patras developed fast and became the first Greek city to introduce public streetlights and electrified tramways. The war effort necessitated by the First World War hampered the city's development and also created uncontrollable urban sprawl after the influx of displaced persons from Asia Minor after the 1922 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. In the Second World War, the city was a major target of Italian air raids. In the Axis occupation period, a German military command was established and German and Italian troops stationed in the city. After the liberation in 1944, the city recovered, but in later years was increasingly overshadowed by the urban pole of Athens. Since 2014, the city's mayor is Kostas Peletidis.

 Urban landscape
The city is divided into the upper and the lower section, connected with roads and broad stairs. The upper section (Ano Poli) is the older and the more picturesque; however, the lower section (Kato Poli) is laid out according to the 1858 city plan, featuring a variety of squares. The most notable of these are the Psila Alonia and the Georgiou I Square. A number of notable neoclassical buildings are to be found, including the Apollon Theatre in Georgiou I Square, the City Hall, the headquarters of the Local Trade Association and the Court of Justice. A replica of Patras Lighthouse, the city's emblematic old lighthouse – which was at the dock of Ayios Nikolaos – rises at the end of Trion Navarchon street, near the temple of Saint Andreas.

300px|thumb|Patras' western seafront.In general, much of Patras' coastline is framed by roads and avenues running alongside; these include Dymaion Coast to the south and Iroon Polytechneiou Street to the north.

Main sights

Patras and its region is home to various Ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine Monuments, including the Roman Odeon, the Fortress of Rio and the Fortress (castle) of Patras. More specifically, the main sights of the city are:

The Patras Archaeological Museum focuses on the exhibition of various archaeological finds, from the Mycenaean to the Late Roman era, discovered in Patras and the wider Achaea region. The museum is housed in a modern and special architectural building designed by the architect Theophanis Bobotis.
The Mycenaean cemetery of Voudeni (Skioessa),  from the center of Patras, is one of the most important sites of the Mycenaean world, showing active use for nearly five hundred years (1500–1000 BC). The site itself appears to have been inhabited from the Bronze Age until middle Roman times (1800 BC–AD 400).
The Roman Odeon, the most significant ancient monument, is in the upper town and was built around 160 AD, in the reign of either Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius. It has been restored and partially reconstructed, and is used as an open-air theatre for performances and concerts in the summer.
The Roman Amphitheatre, near the Roman Odeon, in Ifestou street, dating from the 1st century AD, at a period of the biggest development of Roman Patras. Its area has been only partially excavated.
The Roman aqueduct that led from the springs of Romanos to the acropolis. The aqueduct measured  from the water cistern to the castle. For the greater part of this distance, the water passed through an underground channel, passing over valleys and gorges on carefully constructed archways, parts of which still stand, in the area of Aroi.
Other Roman monuments include the ruins of the Roman stadium, remains of the Roman wall and a preserved bridge over the river Kallinaos.
The medieval Patras Castle, in the ancient acropolis overlooking the city, was initially built in the 6th century AD by the Byzantine emperor Justinian, having many additions from the period of the Frankish and Venetian rule of the city, up to as far as the time of the Despotate of Morea and later the Ottoman Empire. Its current outline dates back to the second Venetian rule of the town (1687–1715). Today, its interior is used as a public garden.
The church of Saint Andrew of Patras was founded in 1908 by King George I and was inaugurated in 1974. It is dedicated to Saint Andrew, the patron of the city. It is the second-largest temple of Byzantine style in the Balkans (after the Cathedral of Saint Sava in Belgrade). The central cupola is  tall and is the base for a  gold-plated cross and twelve smaller ones, symbolising Christ and the twelve apostles. A congregation of at least 5,000 can attend a sermon within the church.
The municipal Theatre Apollon, built in 1872 designed by architect Ernst Ziller. The building is characteristic of the 19th-century neoclassical style and is in the central square of the city.
The Achaia Clauss wine industry and tasting center, which is on the outskirts in Petroto village. It was founded in 1861 by the Bavarian Gustav Clauss and is most famous for its Mavrodaphne.This place also houses the oldest wine of Greece, the old mavrodaphne of 1873.
Residence of Kostis Palamas, a preserved neoclassical building on 241 Corinthou Street in the city center, where Kostis Palamas and the Italian painter Matilde Serao were born. It is an aesthetic building and the creation of the museum there fulfilled the great vision of businessman Athanasios Stefanopoulos, who bought the collapsing building on Corinthou Street to create the Cultural Center Kostis Palamas.
 The Ottoman baths (16th century), still retain their initial use, and are one of the oldest Ottoman baths surviving in Europe.
The Patras Lighthouse, a reconstructed "Faros" (Lighthouse), a landmark of the city.
The Agiou Nikolaou Stairs, Gerokostopoulou Stairs, Patreos Stairs and Trion Navarchon Stairs, outdoor grand staircases all over the centre of the city dividing the upper town from downtown.

Parks and squares
Georgiou I Square, the central square and the heart of the city. It was named after King George I. The square's fountains were installed in 1875 at a cost of 70,000 drachmas each, a huge amount for the finances of Greece and Patra at the time. It was and continues to be the center of political and cultural life in the city, hosting all significant activities, political gatherings, rallies, cultural events and, most importantly for some, its carnival.
Ethnikis Antistaseos ("National Resistance Square")

Kapodistria Square in the district of Markato.
Trion Symmachon Square bears the name of the three Allied Powers who fought in the Battle of Navarino; Britain, France and Russia. The square features a flower clock and links the Agiou Nikolaou pedestrian way with the seaside front and the dock of Agios Nikolaos.
Psilalonia Square ( or formally ) is one of Patras's most popular squares. It is  from downtown Patras, next to the city's main north–south street, Gounari Street. It features a fountain, many sidewalks, palm trees and playgrounds. A bronze statue of Germanos of Patras stands on the northern end, while a memorial plaque to people executed during the Axis occupation of Greece stands on the south-western corner.  It is surrounded by several shops, restaurants and cafes and a number of modernist buildings. It was completed in the mid-to-late 19th century, when trees were added, along with neoclassical buildings. After World War II and the Greek Civil War, however, and through the 1960s and 1970s, most neoclassical buildings were replaced by eight-storey residential buildings.  In the west end, a  cliff overlooks the pedestrian Trion Navarchon Street, and offers a wide vista across the western Gulf of Patras, including the mountains of Aitoloakarnania.
Saint George Square (). There is the monument to the fighters of 1821 on which is engraved the "declaration of the revolutionaries of Patras to the states of Europe" (22/3/1821).
 The Spinney of Patras (), is in a pine-tree-covered hill, which is dubbed "the Gulf of Patras' veranda" because of the panoramic view it offers. The spinney is ideal for recreational walks and jogging, with its specially formed paths and the shade offered by the tall trees.
South Park of Patras

Architecture

Patra is a relatively newly built city, as its medieval buildings were completely destroyed in the Greek War of Independence. The oldest surviving buildings (apart from ancient monuments and the castle) are the church of Pantocrator in Ano Poli and a residential building (Tzini's house) at the corner of Agiou Nikolaou and Maisonos street, built in 1832. The area on the south of the castle, around the Roman Odeon, the church of Pantokrator, in the Upper Town (Ano Poli), is the most appealing of the city, because of its status as the only area where construction height is limited to two-storey buildings.
Ιn Ano Poli is interesting the old school complex "Georgios Glarakis" work of the architect Georgios Petrιtsopoulos in 1931 which is built with stone and recently became a nice bioclimatic school. At the beginning of the 20th century, outside the school complex "Georgios Glarakis", line 2 of the tram ended, starting from Agios Dionysios, going up  Dimitriou Gounari Street, passing behind the church of Pantanassa, entering Roman Odeon and finished outside the Glarakis school complex.

Historical buildings and mansions of the city, apart Tzini's house, include also the Prapopoulos building, Golfinopoulos mansion (Alhambra), Perivolaropoulos mansion, Palamas house, while among the demolished after WWII were Tsiklitiras mansion, Kanellopoulos house, Chaidopoulos building, Frangopoulos house, Green mansion and Mineyko mansion.

Districts and neighbourhoods

Nowadays, the municipal units of Rio, Paralia, Messatida and Vrachnaiika have functionally become a part of the wider urban complex of Patras. Apart from the city center, the main districts of Patras are:

Geography
Patras is  west of Athens by road,  northeast of Pyrgos,  south of Rio,  west of Corinth,  northwest of Kalavryta and  northwest of Tripoli.

A central feature of the urban geography of Patras is its division into upper and lower sections. This is the result of an interplay between natural geography and human settlement patterns; the lower section of the city (Kato Poli), which includes the 19th-century urban core and the port, is adjacent to the sea and stretches between the estuaries of the rivers of Glafkos and Haradros. It is built on what was originally a bed of river soils and dried-up swamps. The older upper section (Ano Poli) covers the area of the pre-modern settlement, around the Fortress, on what is the last elevation of Mount Panachaikon () before the Gulf of Patras.

Hydrology
The largest river in the area is the Glafkos, flowing to the south of Patras. Glafkos springs in Mount Panachaikon and its water is, since 1925, collected in a small mountainous reservoir-dam near the village of Souli and subsequently pumped in order to provide energy for the country's first hydroelectric plant. Other smaller streams are Charadros, Meilichos, Kallinaos, Panagitsa and the mountain torrent Diakoniaris.

Climate
Patras, like much of Western Greece, has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). It features the typical mild to cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers, with spring and autumn being pleasant transitional seasons. Autumn in Patras, however, is wetter than spring. Humidity is high during the winter months and lower during the summer. Snowfall is rare, occurring only a few times per decade, usually in small amounts, but is more common and abundant in the surrounding mountains. According to the data from the nearby weather station of Araxos, operated by the Hellenic National Meteorological Service, Patras receives  yearly and has an average annual temperature of  while it records 100.5 rainy days.

Ecology
Of great importance for the biological diversity of the area and the preservation of its climate is the swamp of Agyia, a small and coastal aquatic ecosystem of only , north of the city centre. The main features of this wetland are its apparent survival difficulty, being at the heart of a densely populated urban centre that features a relatively arid climate and its admittedly high level of biodiversity, with over 90 species of birds being observed until the early 1990s, according to a study by the Patras Bureau of the Hellenic Ornithological Society.

Government

Patras is the regional capital of Western Greece and the capital of the Achaea regional unit. Since 2011, the city is also the capital of the administrative division, which includes (along with Western Greece) the regions of Peloponnese and the Ionian Islands.

Municipality

The current municipality of Patras was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of 5 municipalities that made up the Patras Urban Area. These former municipalities, which became municipal units, are: (in parentheses their population, 2011)

Messatida (13,852)
Paralia (9,987)
Patras (170,896)
Rio (14,034)
Vrachnaiika (4,627)

The municipality has an area of , the municipal unit .

Demographics

The following list presents demographic data on the municipality of Patras over the years 2012.

From 2011 on, can data also reflect the city's urban area population, as all the municipalities that made up the Patras Urban Area were joined to create the new larger Patras municipality, formed at the 2011 local government reform.

Infrastructure

Heavy infrastructure works performed in the 2000s include the Peiros-Parapeiros dam (to provide water supply for Patras and surrounding towns) and a "small industries" park that will be constructed next to the Glaykos river and provide an easy connection with the new port.

The city is one of the main Greek internet and GRNET hubs and is connected with high speed lines to Athens as part of the backbone. A metropolitan optical network will be deployed in the city, with a total length of .

Two major state hospitals operate in the city: the Agios Andreas Hospital is the oldest of the two; and General University Hospital of Patras. There also exists two smaller state hospitals, Karamandanio - a children's hospital, and the Center of Chest Diseases of Southwestern Greece.  A large range of private hospitals and clinics operate in parallel.

Numerous art venues and an ultra-modern archaeological museum were constructed for the needs of European Culture Capital designation. The cultural and educational facilities include the Municipal Library, the university libraries, many theatres, the municipal art gallery, the University of Patras's facilities, the Hellenic Open University and the Technical Institute of Patras. A number of research facilities are also established in the university campus area.

Economy

The economy of the city largely depends on its service sector.

The area still retains some of its traditional winemaking and foodstuff industries as well as a small agricultural sector.  Major businesses in Patras include:

Services sector
Most Greek banks have their regional headquarters for Western Greece in Patras.

In 2010, the new Infocenter of Patras was established, inside the neoclassical building of the former market "Agora Argyri", in Ayiou Andreou street. The building includes a conference hall, along with multi-purpose and exhibitional spaces.
The regional unit of Achaea has about 4,800 hotels rooms and in 2006, 286,000 tourists, mainly from Greece, stayed in the area for a total of 634,000 days.

 Manufacturing sector
Patras still has a large manufacturing base for a variety of industries.

The Titan Cement Company operates a large cement factory, with a private port, in Psathopyrgos, a suburb of Patras.

Patras hosts several timber manufacturing companies, and a wood distribution center of Shelman. The largest local company is Abex.
The paper sector is also active including a paper factory belonging to Georgia-Pacific (Delica) and two important Greek companies, Elite and El-pack, headquartered in the city.

Patras has several packing and industrial equipment companies. The most important of them are the local Antzoulatos and the multinational Frigoglass, a subsidiary of Coca-Cola, headquartered in the suburbs of Patras. Ideal Bikes is the leading bike producer in Greece, with large export activities.

The once omnipresent textile industry of the city is now almost defunct after the shut-down of the huge factory of Peiraiki-Patraiki (Πειραϊκή-Πατραϊκή), followed by numerous smaller textile industries. This had an important impact on the city's economy and resulted in high levels of unemployment in the 1990s.  The remains of the facilities still cover hundreds of acres in the south side of the city.

Patras companies also focus in dress production, the most important among them being DUR.

Food

Some of the largest industries in the city belong to the soft drinks and drinks sector. There are factories from Coca-Cola HBC and Athenian Brewery established in area, along with the facilities of the largest local company in soft-drinks production, Loux (). The city is also home to many leading Greek wineries and distilleries, among them the venerable Achaia Clauss and Parparoussi located in Rio. In the food sector, Friesland Foods, through the local subsidiary NoyNoy, operates a new yogurt factory in the city's industrial area. Patras is also home to important fish-farming companies (Andromeda, Nireus). ECOFEED operates in the industrial zone of Patras, the largest fish-feeds factory in the Mediterranean. The city hosts the second-largest flour-mills in Greece, Kepenou-Mills.

Energy sector

Acciona has completed the largest wind park in Greece, on the Panachaiko mountain, overlooking the city of Patras. The Public Electric Company, operates a small hydroelectric plant on river Glafkos.

IT sector
Intracom (Greece's largest multinational provider of telecommunications products) facilities in Patras house the offices of Telecommunications Software Development, Terminal Equipment Design, Development Programmes, and Support Services divisions. Expansion plans have recently been completed. INTRASOFT, another core company of INTRACOM holdings group, has recently (2018) began operations in Patras and it is expected to expand its activities in 2019. The Corallia Innovation Hub, Innohub hosts many companies focusing on Microelectronics.  Among them one of the largest is the multinational software company Citrix Systems which operates a R&D centre with more than 100 computer scientists and engineers. Another company that maintains an R&D center in Patras is Dialog Semiconductor, a UK-based manufacturer of semiconductor-based system solutions. Another large Greek IT company, Unisystems announced recently (October 2018) the signing of a cooperation agreement with the Patras-based IT company Knowledge SA, that lays the foundation for the establishment of a Remote Development Center in Patras.

Research and technology
Patras Science Park is an incubator for many small but upcoming technology companies. CBL Patras, a global manufacturer of specialty chemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients, is a startup from a professor of the University of Patras.

Vianex, owned by Pavlos Giannakopoulos, has its largest production facilities in the industrial area of the city.

Nobacco, a Greek electronic cigarette brand, works mainly with cooperation with the university of Patras.

There has been a significant development in the R&D sector, in the last few years, as a result of the many research institutes and the university impact in the area. The Computer Technology Institute and the Industrial Systems Institute of Greece are headquartered in Patras. The city is also a host to the FORTH-ICE-HT (Institute of Chemical Engineering & High Temperature Chemical Processes) and the Institute of Biomedical Technology.

Media

Culture

The cultural activity of Patras includes the Patras International Festival (with various artistic activities, mainly in the fields of theatre and music), the Patras Carnival  and the Poetry Symposium.

The city hosts many museums, including the Patras Archaeological Museum  the History and Ethnology Museum, the Folk Art Museum, the Press Museum and the Technology Museum, the latter in the campus of Patras University.

Other cultural institutes are: the Visual Arts Workshop, the icon painting school, the Carnival Float Workshop, the Municipal Library, the Municipal Gallery, along with many private art galleries. The architectural heritage of the city is dominated by neo-classicism, but also includes structures from other periods. Patras is also a pilot city of the Council of Europe and EU Intercultural cities  programme.

Theatrical tradition and music

The Patras Municipal and Regional Theatre was founded in June 1988, having as its main stage the city's landmark, the Apollon Theatre. Throughout its existence it has mounted critically acclaimed performances ranging from ancient dramaturgy and modern Greek, to international repertoire. The theatre cooperates with other theatrical groups, such as the Viomichaniki (Industrial) group and the Michani Technis (Art Machine).

The Roman Odeon hosts ancient dramas in the summer, while the Pantheon theater, the Art Factory, the Lithographeion and the Agora theatres provide additional venues. The International Festival of Patras takes place every summer, with a program consisting mostly of plays—both ancient drama and modern theatre—as well as various musical events.

Patras has also a very strong indie rock scene  with critically acclaimed bands such as Raining Pleasure, Abbie Gale, Serpentine, Doch an Doris and others.

Carnival

The Patras Carnival (Patrino Karnavali) is the largest event of its kind in Greece and one of the biggest in Europe, with a heritage reaching back 160 years. The events begin in January 17 each year (St. Anthony's nameday), and last until Clean Monday. Hundreds of thousands of visitors from all over the world gather each year for its festivities, which include large events such as the mammoth sized parades of the last two weeks (up to 50.000 participants each), the Hidden Treasure Hunt (Krymmenos Thisavros), concerts, expositions, theatrical, musical, comedy and other artistic contests and events.
Patras Carnival was originally introduced as ball-masquee' events in 1835 by the Italian origin merchant family of Moretti.

European Capital of Culture 2006

Patras was chosen by the European Commission to be the European Capital of Culture for the year 2006. The concept of the event revolved around the main theme of "Bridges" and "Dialogues", drawing benefit from the city's rich history and its position as a "Gate to the West", to underline the essence of the productive interaction of culture and civilisations in Europe. The EU Commission found Patras' plans very ambitious and also commented that a successful hosting of the title by a medium-sized city would make it possible to redefine the meaning of the term Cultural Capital.

The Selection Panel for 2006 noted in its final report:

In 2006 various cultural events were held in the context of the European Capital of Culture. Among the artists presenting their work in Patras were: Gary Burton, Maxim Shostakovich, Ian Anderson - with the Patras Municipal Orchestra, Jean Louis Trintignant, Roberto Benigni, Eros Ramazzotti and José Carreras. With the completion of the Capital of Culture programme, a part of the old Ladopoulos factory was renovated to host exhibitions, a small theatre (named the Art Factory), was built and a number of neoclassical buildings around the city were renovated as part of a plan to preserve the city's architectural heritage and link it to its cultural life. The new Archaeological museum was completed in 2009. Its globe-like roof and modern architectural design enhances the town's northern entrance, taking its place among the other city landmarks.

Sports

Patras has several sports facilities and important teams in almost all the major Greek leagues. Panachaiki Gymnastiki Enosi, Apollon Patras, E.A. Patras and NO Patras are historically the major sports clubs based in the city, specialising in football, basketball, volleyball and water polo. The city's national stadium, Pampeloponnisiako Stadium, was renovated and expanded in 2004. Since 2009, a new event, the Patras International Circuit Kart takes place every September, turning the city streets into a circuit.

The city has hosted several international sports events, such as the 1995 Basketball Under-19 World Cup (preliminaries), the 1995 Men's European Volleyball Championship (preliminaries), the 1997 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships, the 2001 World Wrestling Championships, the EuroBasket 2003 Women, the 2003 International Children's Games, a group stage of the football tournament in the 2004 Olympic Games, the 2007 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships, the 2008 World Deaf Football Championships and the 2019 Mediterranean Beach Games.

Religion

The city is the seat of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Patras. As in the rest of the country, the largest denomination is the Orthodox Church, which represents the majority of the population. There is also a sizeable community of Roman Catholics and an Anglican church, part of the Church of England's Diocese in Europe.

The most significant church in the city is the Orthodox Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew, in the south west of the city center. The construction of the church began in 1908 under the supervision of the architect Anastasios Metaxas, followed by Georgios Nomikos. It was inaugurated in 1974. It is the largest church in Greece and the third-largest Byzantine-style church in the Balkans, after the Cathedral of Saint Sava in Belgrade and Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia. It holds relics of Andrew the Apostle, which were returned to the city of Patras from St. Peter's Basilica, Rome in September, 1964, on the orders of Pope Paul VI.
Other historical churches of the city are:
The church of Pantokrator (1832), the old cathedral, in the upper town district
The Metropolitan Church of Patras (1846) dedicated to Panayia Evangelistria, on Maisonos Street
The church of Ayios Nikolaos (1885), next to the steps of Ayiou Nikolaou street
The church of Pantanassa (1859), Ipsilanti street
The church of Ayios Dimitrios, in the upper town district
The Catholic Church of Saint Andrew (1937), on Maisonos Street
The Anglican church of Saint Andrew (1878), on Odos Agiou Andreou
The old church of Ayios Andreas (1836–1843), next to the new temple. Situated in the site of Andrew the Apostle's martyrdom, it was built in basilica style by the architect Lysandros Kaftanzoglou.
Girokomiou Monastery (Holy Monastery of Panagia Girokomitissa): This historic monastery was founded in the 10th century AD in the eastern part of Patras. It was built on the ruins of an ancient temple of the goddess Artemis and for this reason the monastery's cathedral is dedicated to Saint Artemiοs. It is obvious that the monastery maintained a nursing home during the Byzantine period.
Monastery of Agios Nikolaos Bala (Paleomonastiro): Ιt is built at the foot of Panachaikos, at an altitude of 500 meters, near the village of Bala, 8 km northeast of Patras. This historic and picturesque monastery was founded at the end of the 17th century. A marble slab on the north outer side of the Cathedral tells of the restoration of the monastery in 1693. The monastery has also recently been renovated, numbering nineteen nuns and celebrating 6 December and 10 May.

Jewish community
The first Jewish presence in the city was dated back to the Hellenistic era (see Romaniotes). After World War II, the community almost disappeared and the last synagogue closed in 1950.

There is a district of the city named Evreomnimata, where the old Jewish cemetery was located.

Cuisine

Local specialities include:

Bourjeto (similar to the Corfiot Bourdeto)
Tilichtária Patrina, pork meat dish
Galatopita
Tiganites (type of pancakes)
Patrina loukoumia
Rodozachari
Mavrodafni wine
Tentura drink

 People

The city has a significant political history in modern Greece; famous politicians from Patras include the prime ministers Dimitrios Gounaris, the main leader of the anti-venizelist party in the 1910s, Stylianos Gonatas, a high-ranking officer, politician and one of the leaders of the "1922 Revolution", Andreas Michalakopoulos, a prominent liberal party cadre, foreign minister and prime minister, and Dimitrios Maximos, a distinguished economist, minister and finally prime minister in the civil war era. More recent figures include the Papandreou family, arguably the most influential in post World War II Greece, Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, the last democratically elected head of government before the establishment of the 1967 junta, and Costis Stephanopoulos, the former president of the Hellenic Republic.

Transport

Seaport
The city has always been a sea-trade hub because of its strategic position. The port manages more than half of the foreign sea-passenger transportation in Greece, and has excellent car-ferry links with the Ionian islands and the major Adriatic ports of Italy. Additionally, a new port was built in the southern section of the city to accommodate the increased traffic and relieve the city centre from port operations.  In 2011, this port went into operation. Ferries to Italy now dock there.

The port is connected by a number of daily routes to the Ionian islands Kerkyra, Kefallonia and Zakynthos, to the port of Igoumenitsa and to the Italian cities Ancona, Bari, Brindisi, Trieste and Venice.

Roads
A newly constructed,  ring road (the Bypass of Patras) was first opened in 2002 in order to alleviate heavy traffic throughout the city. A mini ring road (known as the "Mini bypass" of Patras) is now complete (2019), alleviating heavy traffic-related problems in the city centre. The mini-bypass is a two lanes mototway bridging the northern city entrance at the Zavlani neighborhood to the eastern entrance at the Aroi, Synora and Upper town (Ano poli) neighborhoods reducing the city centre crossing time to less than 4 minutes drive.

Two large highways were also constructed, connecting the seacoast and the new port with the Bypass of Patras. The first is over the small Diakoniaris river (from Eleftheriou Venizelou street until the Bypass'es exit in Eglykada), while the second consists of two roads,  each, that run in parallel with the Glafkos river entering at the city' s New Port. Another project was completed recently, leading to an additional entrance to the downtown area after expanding and widening Kanakari street. This work led to a fast, direct connection of the city's mini bypass road with the city centre.

The highway connection with Athens was recently upgraded to a 220km closed highway (Olympia odos), with a speed limit of 130km/hour, reducing the transit time to 1 hour and 45 minutes. The highway was connected to the Large bypass highway and is expected to extend all the way to Pyrgos by the end of 2023. Patras will also be the central hub of the Ionia Odos highway, intended to bridge western Greece from Kalamata to Ioannina and the Kakavia border station. The Rio-Antirio bridge is north of the city and links the Peloponnese to mainland Greece. It was completed in August 2004.

Additional work was recently announced to begin in 2023 in order to connect via highway the Rion Antirrion bridge with Nafpaktos, Itea, Amfissa and Lamia. This project is expected to reduce the trip to Lamia to 90 minutes and its completion is expexted in 2025.

Patras is bypassed by the Olympia Odos (A8) motorway, which is also part of the E55 route that crosses the Rio-Antirio Bridge, dominating the sealine across the Gulf of Corinth.
GR-5/E55
GR-8/E55 and E65 (partly Panepistimiou Street)
GR-8A
GR-9/E55 (partly Akti Dymaion)
GR-33 (partly Kalavryton, Georgiou Papandreou Street and Akrotiriou)
Bypass of Patras

Rail
A rudimentary single, narrow gauge railway track crosses the city and connects it to Rio. In the past regional rail links were provided by the Hellenic Railways Organisation, connecting Patras to Athens and Piraeus as well as to Pyrgos and Kalamata. OSE announced the suspension of all the rail service in the Peloponnese in January 2011 so today (2018) the railway track is in use only by suburban trains that connect Patras with the adjacent villages of Rion and Agios Vasileios.  The central passenger train station of Patras which is a small building constructed in 1954, lies to the west of the downtown area, between Othonos-Amalias Avenue and the north port. The main freight station of Aghios Andreas lies further to the south, next to the homonymous church and it is not in use any more. Finally, the old depot of Aghios Dionysios, consisting of about ten tracks, offers basic turntable and roundhouse facilities; it is about  long. A new double standard gauge railway line to Korinth and further to Athens is under construction. The construction works are currently (2018) in progress close to the suburbs of Patras,  but the remaining few Kilometres till the city centre and the new port are still under study because of various financial and technical problems.

Public transport

Patras is served by buses. There are two transport lines to and from the University of Patras and some nearby lines to city suburbs such as Saravali, Glafkos, and Paralia. All the urban bus lines are about 40, with three numbers.

Commuter rail services have recently been established by Proastiakos, with one line currently connecting Patras, Rio, and Agios Vasileios.

Regional bus links are provided by the KTEL bus company and connect the city to most of Greece.

Tram
Patras was the first Greek city to introduce public electrified tramways in the past. Before the economic crisis, there were proposals for reestablishment of tram lines.

Air
Seasonal civilian air transport is provided by the military Patras Araxos Airport, about  from the city's centre.

International relations
Patras is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities' programme.

Twin towns — sister cities

Patras is twinned with:

Patras was selected as main motif for the €10 Greek Patras 2006 commemorative coin, minted in 2006. This coin was designed to commemorate an event signaling an enlightened course for Patras and serving as a reminder of the way in which culture can stimulate the economy and promote development, when Patras was appointed European Capital of Culture. On the obverse is the logo for Patras 2006 around the words "European Capital of Culture".

Consulates
The city hosts consulates from the following countries:

Gallery

See also

University of Patras
University of Peloponnese
Apollon Theatre (Patras)
List of settlements in Achaea
Panachaiko
Cities in Greece

References

External links

The official website of the city
official website of the Carnival of Patras
Patras The Official website of the Greek National Tourism Organisation
 EΡΤ,ET1 TV,"Post-Museum" documentary - "The Patras New Archaeological Museum"
 "The Glaraki's School Complex  of Patras"

Cities in ancient Peloponnese
Populated places in Achaea
Municipalities of Western Greece
Populated coastal places in Greece
Greek prefectural capitals
Greek regional capitals
Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece
Coloniae (Roman)
Roman towns and cities in Greece
Roman sites in Greece
Municipality of Patras
Greek city-states
Territories of the Republic of Venice

Patras


Muddervulkaner består af mudder eller andet finkornet mineralsk materiale blandet med vand, der presses op af gasser og strømmer ud på jordoverfladen. Gasserne kan være kulbrinte fra højtliggende gas- og olieforekomster, men kan også have egentlig vulkansk oprindelse. Temperaturen er meget lavere i disse muddervulkaner end temperaturerne man finder i ildvulkaner.

Eksterne henvisninger

 geografifaget.dk: Muddervulkanen Sidoarjo
 ing.dk: Olieboring satte ustoppelig muddervulkan i gang

Vulkaner
Petrologi

Muddervulkan


Ayako Kitamoto (født 22. juni 1983) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller. Hun har tidligere spillet for Japans kvindefodboldlandshold.

Japans fodboldlandshold

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Japan

Ayako Kitamoto


Afife Nurbanu Valide Sultan (Osmanlı Türkçesi: نور بانو سلطان; d. 1525/1530 - ö. 7 Aralık 1583, İstanbul), Osmanlı Padişahı II. Selim'in (saltanatı 1566-1574) yasal eşi olarak Haseki Sultan, Sultan III. Murad'ın (saltanatı 1574-1595) annesi ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Valide Sultan'ıdır. Haseki Hürrem Sultan'ın gelinidir. Kadınlar Saltanatı döneminin en önemli isimlerinden biriydi. Çelişkili teoriler onu Venedikli, Yahudi veya Yunan kökenli olarak tanımlıyor. Doğum adı Cecilia Venier-Baffo, Rachel veya Kalē Kartanou olabilir.

Kökeni hakkında teoriler
Nurbanu'nun etnik kökenleri hakkında çeşitli teoriler vardır. Her ne kadar hiçbir teori kesin olarak kanıtlanmamış olsa da, Venedik kökenli olan teori hem en iyi bilinen, hem de en güvenilir olanıdır ve tarihçiler arasında en fazla fikir birliğine varılandır.

Cecilia Venier-Baffo
1900 yılında Emilio Spagni, Nicolò Venier ve Violante Baffo'nun kızı ve Venedikli bir asilzade olduğunu ve Üçüncü Osmanlı-Venedik Savaşı'nda Paros, Osmanlı amirali Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa tarafından ele geçirildiğinde kaçırıldığını iddia etti. Sultana da sık sık onun Venedikli asilzade kökenli olduğunu söylerdi ama ailesinin adını asla vermezdi. Franz Babinger, Nurbanu Sultan'ın Cecilia Venier-Baffo olduğu hakkındaki görüşünü Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani makalesinde takip etti.

Kale Kartanou
1992'de tarihçi Benjamin Arbel, Nurbanu'nun Nikolas Kartanos'un kızı Kale Kartanou adında Korfulu bir Yunan olduğu ve 1538'de adadan kaçırıldığı yönünde yeni bir teori öne sürdü. Bu teoriye göre, Venedikli senatörler keyfi olarak onun için Cecilia Venier-Baffo olarak yeni bir kimlik yaratmayı seçtiler ve o da bunu siyasi ve maddi kazançlar için benimsedi. Bu teori, diğerlerinin yanı sıra İtalyan tarihçi Maria Pia Pidani ve Türk tarihçi Emrah Safa Gürkan tarafından da kabul edilmiştir. İkinci tarihçiye göre, "Venediklilerin gözüne girmek için imparatorluklar arası bir bağ kurması, Osmanlıların da bu ortak geçmişi diplomatik bir varlık olarak değerlendirdiğini gösteriyor".

Yahudi Kökeni
Türk tarihçi Ahmet Refik ise devlet işlerine Yahudileri bulaştırdığından, diğer bazı Türk tarihçiler gibi, Yahudi kökenli ve adının da Rachel Marié Nassi olduğuna inanıyordu.

Erken Dönem
Güzelliği ve olağanüstü zekasıyla sarayda öne çıktığı söylenen Nurbanu, 1543 yılında Şehzade Selim'in harem kızlarından biri olarak Manisa'ya gönderilmiş ve ona dört kız ve Osmanlı'nın bir sonraki padişahı olacak olan Murad adında bir oğul vermiştir.

Haseki Sultan (1566-1574)
Nurbanu, Şehzade Selim'in (1566'da II. Selim olarak Osmanlı Padişahı oldu) en gözde eşi ve Şehzade Murad'ın (müstakbel III. Murad, 1546) annesi oldu. Eşi Selim henüz şehzadeyken Nurbanu onun Manisa'daki şehzade hareminin başıydı. Selim, padişah olduktan sonra selefi Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'ın yaptığı gibi, en sevdiği eşi haseki Nurbanu'nun, saltanatı boyunca Topkapı Sarayı'nda kalmasına izin verdi.

Selim başka cariyeler almaya başladıktan sonra bile Nurbanu, güzelliği ve zekasıyla gözdesi olmaya devam etti. Varisin annesi olarak kocasına danışmanlık yaptı. O zamanlar normalden uzak olmasına rağmen II. Selim, onun sağduyusuna duyduğu saygıdan dolayı sık sık Nurbanu'dan çeşitli konularda tavsiye isterdi. Venedik büyükelçisi Jacopo Soranzor şunları bildirdi:

"Haseki'nin Majesteleri tarafından, hem muhteşem güzelliği hem de alışılmadık derecede zeki olması nedeniyle son derece sevildiği ve onurlandırıldığı söyleniyor."

Bu süre zarfında geniş kapsamlı etkiye sahip, zorlu bir figür haline geldi. Bazı kaynaklara göre (çoğunlukla Venedik kayıtları), Nurbanu Sultan'ın nüfuzu o kadar fazlaydı ki hükümeti Sadrazam Sokollu Mehmed Paşa ile birlikte etkili bir şekilde yönetiyordu. Selim, yetkilerinin neredeyse tamamını imparatorluğu onun yerine yöneten Sokollu'ya devretti. Nurbanu siyasete doğrudan müdahale etmedi ancak Sokollu ile düzenli olarak istişarede bulunduğuna şüphe yoktu. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu zirvesi ve veraset sistemi istikrarlı olmaktan uzaktı ve imparatorluk tahtı üzerinde çatışmalar yaygındı. Bu tür mücadelelerde kaybedenlerin tüm ailesiyle birlikte katledilmesi de alışılmadık bir durum değildi. Ancak Nurbanu Sultan, gelecekte yaşanması muhtemel zorlukların çözümü ve oğlunun babasının yerine geçme zamanı geldiğinde karşılaşılabilecek müdahaleleri önlemek konusunda kararlıydı.

II. Selim'in hükümdarlığı 1574'te sona erdiğinde, haseki Nurbanu günde 1.100 akçe alırken, Selim'in her biri bir erkek çocuk annesi olan diğer eşleri yalnızca 40 akçe alıyordu. Ayrıca Selim, Murad'ın kendisinin varisi olduğunu defalarca kamuoyuna açıklayarak ilk doğan oğlunun konumunu güvence altına aldı ve diğer oğullarını idama mahkum etti.

Selim, kendisi için tek bir kadının önemli olduğunu vurgulamak için Nurbanu Sultan ile yasal olarak evlendi. Büyükelçilik kayıtlarında evliliğin 1571 yılının başlarında gerçekleştiği belirtilir. Bu haber, Selim'in Nurbanu'yu ne kadar sevdiği ve tek meşru varisin oğulları Murad olduğunun evlilik yoluyla ifade edilişi şeklinde aktarılır.

Valide Sultan (1574-1583)

Şehzade Murad, 1574'te Sultan II. Selim'in vefatı sırasında Manisa Valisi olarak görev yapmak üzere gönderilmişti. Nurbanu önce haberi duydu, ardından herkese çenelerini kapalı tutmalarını emretti. Padişahın ölümünü Sadrazam Sokollu Mehmed Paşa dışında kimseyle paylaşmadı. Amacı, kimse bu durumdan faydalanamadan oğlu Murad'ın gizlice İstanbul'a gelmesini sağlamaktı. Bu genellikle doğru kabul edilir çünkü Sultan'ın ölmesi ve oğlunun başkentten uzakta sancak görevinde olması durumu iktidarı ele geçirmek isteyenler için mükemmel bir fırsat doğuruyordu. Nurbanu bunu herkesten daha önce fark etti ve hızlı bir şekilde harekete geçti. Haremdeki güvenlik ve mahremiyet katıydı ve hiç kimse II. Selim'in gerçekte ne zaman öldüğünü bilmiyordu. Nurbanu bunu kimseye söylemedi ve kocasının cansız bedenini bir buzluğa sakladı ve oğlunun derhal Konstantinopolis'e gelmesi için Manisa'ya haber gönderdi. On iki gün sonra Murad gelip Nurbanu, Selim'in cesedini teslim edene kadar bu durum kamuoyuna duyurulmadı. Oğlu padişah oldu ve Nurbanu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda bir kadının sahip olabileceği en yüksek mevki olan Valide Sultan mertebesine erişti.

Nurbanu'nun gerçek etkisi bu dönemde başladı; 1574 ile 1583 yılları arasında mutlak iktidara sahipti. Geçmişte bir Haseki olarak pek çok şeye etkisi olsa da çoğunlukla eşi Selim'i arka planda desteklemiş ve geleceğe yönelik yavaş yavaş kendi çevrelerini kurmuştu. Ancak valide olduktan hemen sonra işe koyuldu ve güvendiği insanları daha üst pozisyonlara taşıyarak hem kendisini hem de oğlunu güçlendirdi. Oğlunun hükümdarlığı boyunca ölümüne kadar Valide-i Atik Sultan ("hüküm süren padişahın ilk güçlü annesi") olarak saygı gördü.

Nurbanu, hem Haseki hem de Valide rütbesine sahip olan ilk kadın oldu. Valide Sultan rütbesi II. Bayezid döneminden beri mevcut olmasına rağmen, annesi Nurbanu adına onu yasal olarak kayıtlı bir pozisyona dönüştüren ilk kişi III. Murad olmuştur. Bu, Valide Sultan'ın daha önce her listede yalnızca "Sultan'ın Annesi" olarak yer aldığı anlamına geliyor. Ancak Murad sayesinde padişahın annesi resmi bir unvan olan Valide Sultan unvanını kazandı. Valide Sultan resmi unvanıyla imparatorluğun en yüce memurları arasına katıldı. Böylece Nurbanu'ya "Sultan III. Murad'ın annesi" yerine "Nurbanu Valide Sultan" denmeye başlandı. Ve bu değişiklikle birlikte valide sadece geleneğe göre olağan sorumlulukları yerine getirmekle kalmadı, aynı zamanda görevleri ve olanakları da önemli ölçüde arttı.

Nurbanu, oğlu üzerindeki etkisi sayesinde yönetimle ilgileniyordu ve Sultan'ın kendisinin bile kendi yönetiminde söz hakkı yokmuş gibi görünüyordu. Sultan Murad annesine karşı ölçülemez bir saygı ve sevgi duyuyordu, belki de hiçbir padişah annesine bu kadar bağlı değildi. Her konuda annesinin fikrini sorar ve onun tavsiyesine uyardı. Nurbanu, Kösem Sultan örneğinde olduğu gibi oğlu aracılığıyla hüküm sürmeye çalışmasa da çocuğunun halk tarafından sevilen, kabul edilen ve saygı duyulan adil ve değerli bir padişah olmasına yardımcı oldu. Bu sayede yüksek bir statüye kavuşmuş ve hanedanın önemli ve güçlü bir figürü haline gelmiştir. Nurbanu'nun hem hanedan üyeleri hem de üst düzey yetkililer arasında yüksek miktarlara ulaşan harçlıkları, bu gücün bir göstergesi olarak değerlendiriliyor. Valide Sultan olarak kendisine günlük 2000 akçe tahsis ediliyordu.

Nurbanu'nun çok güvendiği nedimeleri Canfeda Hatun, Raziye Hatun ve Hubbi Hatun'un da onun hükümdarlığı sırasında çok güçlü ve nüfuzlu olduğu görünmektedir.

Safiye Sultan ile rekabeti

Sultanlar arasında annesine en çok bağlı olanı Murad'dı. Ancak Nurbanu'nun tekeli ve üstünlüğü hâlâ tehdit altındaydı. Murad'ın çok fazla eşi yoktu ve kendini tek bir kadına, Safiye'ye adamıştı. Murad'ın padişah olmasıyla birlikte Safiye Sultan'a Haseki rütbesi verilmiş ve böylece Nurbanu'dan çok daha az olsa bile etkili bir figür haline gelmişti. Safiye, devlet işlerinde söz sahibi olmak istiyordu, bu yüzden Murad'ı etkilemeye çalıştı ve bu da Nurbanu'nun ondan hoşlanmamasına neden oldu. Murad, annesi dışında hiçbir kadını dinlemediği için girişimleri boşunaydı. Safiye ile Nurbanu arasındaki mücadelenin ayrıntıları bilinmemekle birlikte muhtemel harem içi düşmanlıklarının 1582'de doruğa çıktığı tahmin edilir.

Hanedanlığın yok olması tehlikesini önlemek için Safiye'nin daha fazla çocuk doğurması mantıklı görünüyordu ancak yıllardır hamile kalamamıştı. Hamile kaldığı durumlarda ya düşük yapmış ya da çocuk prematüre doğmuş veya sonrasında ölmüştü. Ancak Murad, Safiye'yi çok sevdiği ve başka kimseyle ilişkiye girmeyi reddettiği için yeni cariyeleri kabul etmiyordu. Nurbanu daha sonra bir plan tasarladı ve Safiye'yi padişahı iktidarsız kılmak için kara büyü kullanmakla suçladı. Söylenti tüm şehre yayılmaya başladı ve sonunda Murad, Safiye'yi Eski Saray'a sürgün etti. Doktorlar Murad'ın iktidarsızlığını çözdüler ve sonraki yıllarda düzinelerce çocuk sahibi oldu.

Torunu Mehmed, annesi Safiye'nin hatırı için hem kendisiyle hem de padişahla açıkça fikir ayrılığına düşmüştü. Nitekim kaynaklarda Nurbanu'nun, Mehmed'in tavırlarının Murad'ı kızdıracağından ve oğlunun torunu hakkında verebileceği idam kararından korktuğu açıkça belirtiliyor. Nurbanu, Safiye'yi sevmese de bütün torunları gibi Mehmed'i de seviyordu. Bu, 1582 tarihli bir takip raporunda açıkça belirtilmektedir. Buna göre Mehmed, sünnet olduktan sonra Nurbanu'nun hizmetkarlarından birini hamile bırakmıştır ki bu, kızın Mehmed'in değil Murad'ın hareminin bir üyesi olması nedeniyle gizlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Mehmed'in babasıyla ilişkisi zaten çok kötü olduğundan Nurbanu, bu haberi Murad'dan saklamak için kızı öldürmüştür. Görünüşe göre Murad ne olduğunu asla anlamamış ve sonunda Mehmed'le ilişkisini düzeltmeyi başarmıştır.

Nurbanu 1583'te aniden ölünce iki yıldan kısa bir süre sonra, 1585'in başlarında Safiye, kocasının güvenini ve sevgisini yeniden kazandı. O ve sürgündeki kızları kraliyet haremine geri döndü. Böylece Safiye, oğlunu korumak ve saltanatını hazırlanmak için yeterli güce ve nüfuza yeniden kavuştu hatta eskisinden çok daha fazla olacak şekilde. Safiye, Nurbanu ve selefi Hürrem Sultan gibi kendisi ve oğlunun yanında bir taraftar çevresi oluşturup muhalefeti defetmeyi başardı. Eşi Murad'ın Ocak 1595'teki vefatının ardından Safiye, merhum kayınvalidesi Nurbanu gibi, oğlunun Konstantinopolis'e gelişine kadar bu haberi gizli tutmayı başardı.

Dış Politika
Nurbanu, oğlu III. Murad padişah olduktan sonra, Valide Sultan olarak Kadınlar Saltanatı döneminde padişaha vekillik yapan Sadrazam Sokollu Mehmed Paşa ile birlikte hükümeti etkin bir şekilde yönetti.

Harem dışındaki dünyayla olan aracısı, "Kira"sı Esther Handali'ydi. Fransa kraliçesi Catherine de' Medici ile yazıştı.

Nurbanu Sultan'ın Yahudi asıllı Kira Ester Handali'yi kendi kişisel işleri için kullandığı ve Naxos Dükü Joseph Nasi ile mali ilişkisi olduğu anlaşılıyor. Belki de bu ilişki ağı nedeniyle Yahudi kökenli olduğu söylentisi yayılmıştır. Yakın adamları arasında Bâbüssaâde Ağası Gazanfer Ağa, papaz Şemsi Paşa, Manisa'dan bu yana yanında olan haremin güçlü simaları, Canfeda Hatun ve Raziye Hatun bulunmaktadır. Nurbanu Sultan'ın Venediklilerle yakın siyasi diplomatik teması hakkında elçi raporlarında kapsamlı bilgi mevcuttur. 1583'te Venedik senatosu, yararlı hizmetlerinden dolayı ona 2000 Venedik altını değerinde bir hediye göndermeyi kabul etti. Bir başka rivayete göre ise Osmanlı'nın Girit'e olası saldırısını önlemiş ve Yüzbaşı Ali Paşa'yı Venedik'e savaş açmaması konusunda uyarmıştır.

Nurbanu Sultan'ı Venedikli kökenlerini asla unutmayan bir kadın olarak tanımlayan en verimli kaynaklar Venedik kayıtlarıdır. Bildirildiğine göre, kendisinin (Chirana) Venedik Temsilcisi olarak harçlık aldığı Venedik'teki Onlar Konseyi ile düzenli iletişim halinde olan nedime Chirana aracılığıyla Venedik ile iletişimini sürdürdü.

Dokuz yıllık Valide Sultanlığı ve ortak vekilliği sırasında (1574-1583), siyaseti o kadar Venedik yanlısıydı ki, Ceneviz Cumhuriyeti ondan nefret ediyordu. Hatta bazıları onun Cenevizli bir ajan tarafından zehirlendiğini öne sürdü. 7 Aralık 1583'te Yenikapı Mahallesi'ndeki sarayda öldü.

Mimarlık Hamiliği
Bu cami külliyesi Mimar Sinan tarafından geniş bir alan üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Kompleksteki bileşen binalar bir dizi ardışık ve basamaklı düz kat üzerine kurulmuştur. İki ayrı düzlükte cami, medrese, mektep ve tekke gibi yapılar inşa edilmiştir. Bunların batısında, daha alçak bir düzlükte, hayırseverlik gibi sosyal işlevleri karşılamak üzere tasarlanmış bina kompleksi inşa edildi. Hamam ise güneydedir.

Darüşşifa, Osmanlı'nın büyük mimarı Mimar Sinan tarafından 1570-1579 yılları arasında Nurbanu Sultan'ın himayesinde inşa edilen cami külliyesinin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Nurbanu Sultan'ın cami külliyesinde darüşşifaya ayırdığı araziler şunlardır: İstanbul'un, Rumeli'nin ve Anadolu'nun birçok köşesine dağılmış durumda. Bu kaynaklardan aktarılan gelirlerle darüşşifaya başvuran hastaların tedavi ve ihtiyaçları karşılanıyordu. Darüşşifa binasına gelirlerin idaresi konusunda uzmanlaşmış bir bölüm de dahil edildi.

Nurbanu, dokuz yıllık saltanatı sırasında, ünlü Osmanlı mimarı Mimar Sinan'a, daha önce bir "Yahudi hamamı"nın bulunduğu İstanbul'un Üsküdar ilçesinde Atik Valide Camii ve çevresindeki külliyeyi inşa ettirdi. Külliyenin inşaatı, Nurbanu'nun 7 Aralık 1583'teki vefatından hemen önce, 1583 yılı sonunda tamamlanarak hizmete açılmıştır.

Atik Valide Külliyesi, cami, medrese, sıbyan mektebi, tekke, Kur'an-ı Kerim ve hadis okulları, aşevi, hastane ve hamamdan oluşuyor. Mimar Sinan, büyük camilerini, orijinal vahyin yeniden canlandırılmasıyla, Kur'an'ı olay olarak metin olarak seslendirmek amacıyla ince ayarlı enstrümanlar olarak tasarladı. Kutsal metnin güzel bir şekilde icra edilmesini sağlamak için kubbelere sondaj kapları bile entegre etti. Bağış belgesine (vakfiye) dayanarak, Nurbanu'nun onun himayesi aracılığıyla yarattığı ses manzarası yeniden inşa edilebilir.

Nurbanu Sultan, İstanbul'da Mercan, Alemdağ ve Langa'da yaptırdığı imaret ve hamam da yaptırmış, bir külliyeye kütüphane yaptıran ilk Osmanlı kadını olmuştur. Bu cami ve külliyenin inşası sırasında ihtiyaç duyulan taş, İznik ve Gelibolu gibi İstanbul'a yakın yerlerden, ahşap Sapanca ve İznik'ten temin edilmiştir.

Kocası II. Selim'in Sultanahmet'teki Ayasofya'nın (o zamanlar cami) içindeki türbesine gömüldü.

Ölüm

Nurbanu, oğlu III. Murad'ın hükümdarlığı sırasında 7 Aralık 1583'te İstanbul'da öldü. Ayasofya'nın avlusundaki türbesinde II. Selim'in yanına defnedildi ve böylece eşinin yanında toprağa verilme şerefine erişen ilk padişah eşi oldu.

Nurbanu Sultan sadece yaşarken değil, öldükten sonra da büyük saygı gördü. Cenaze töreni sırasında padişahların sarayda kalması geleneğine aykırı olarak III. Murad, annesinin naaşına hem yürüyerek hem de ağlayarak cenaze töreninin okunacağı Fatih Camii'ne kadar eşlik etti. Cenaze töreni için saraya en uzak mescid olan Fatih Camii tahsis edildi. Bu seçim, yalnızca mümkün olduğu kadar çok insanın Nurbanu Sultan'ın ruhunu kutsamasını sağlamakla kalmadı, aynı zamanda imparatorluk başkentinde yaşayanların ona gösterdiği bu dini saygının yaygın takdirini de sürdürdü.

Nurbanu'nun ölümünden önce, Osmanlı sarayındaki Venedik büyükelçisi Paolo Contarini şunları söylemişti:

"Bütün iyilikler ve kötülükler ana kraliçeden gelir."

Nurbanu Aralık 1583'te öldüğünde Contarini'nin halefi şunları bildirdi:

"Bu kadının ölümü, çıkarları açısından bazılarını üzdü, bazılarını da sevindirdi. Oğlu üzerinde sahip olduğu büyük otorite, birçok kişiye önemli kazançlar sağladı, bazılarının ise tam tersine, bu dileklerinin gerçekleşme umutlarını yok etti. Ancak herkes, genel olarak aşırı derecede iyi, cesur ve bilgili bir kadın olduğunu kabul ediyor"

Çocukları
Nurbanu'nun Selim'den bir oğlu ve dört kızı vardı:

 Şah Sultan (Manisa, c. 1544 - İstanbul, 3 Kasım 1580, Zal Mahmud Paşa Türbesi, Eyüp'te gömülü), ilk olarak 1562'de Damad Hasan Ağa ile, ikinci olarak 1575'te Damad Zal Mahmud Paşa ile evlenmiştir.

 Gevherhan Sultan (1544/1545, Manisa Sarayı, Manisa – 1624, İstanbul, II. Selim Türbesi, Ayasofya Camii'nde gömülü), ilk olarak 1562 yılında Damat Piyale Paşa ile, ikinci olarak Damad Cerrah Mehmed Paşa ile evlenmiştir.
 Esmehan Sultan (1545, Manisa - 8 Ağustos 1585, İstanbul, II. Selim Türbesi, Ayasofya Camii'nde gömülü), ilk olarak 1562'de Damad Sokollu Mehmed Paşa ile, ikinci olarak 1584'te Damad Kalaylıköz Ali Paşa ile evlendi.
 Murad III (4 Temmuz 1546, Manisa Sarayı, Manisa - 16 Ocak 1595, Topkapı Sarayı, İstanbul, III. Murad Türbesi, Ayasofya'da gömülü)
 Fatma Sultan (c. 1558 - Ekim 1580, İstanbul, Siyavuş Paşa Camii'ne gömüldü), 1573 yılında Damad Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa ile evlendi.

Popüler kültürdeki yeri
 2011-2014 yılları arasında yayınlanan Muhteşem Yüzyıl adlı dizide Merve Boluğur tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

 Nurbanu Sultan'ın yaşamı ve ölümünün kurgulanmış bir versiyonu, Marina Fiorato'nun the Venetian Contract'te ortaya çıktı; burada Dük Sebastiano Venier'in yeğeni ve romanın baş kahramanı Freya'nın annesi olarak tasvir edildi.

 Nurbanu Sultan, Katherine Nouri Hughes'un yazdığı, Nurbanu Sultan'ın anılarından oluşan The Mapmaker's Daughter adlı kitabın baş kahramanıdır.

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Osmanlı Hanedanı
 Osmanlı Padişah Eşleri
 Osmanlı Padişah Anneleri
 Kadınlar Saltanatı
 Valide Sultanlar
 Nurbanu Sultan Valide-i Atik Camii

Kaynakça

16. yüzyılda İtalyanlar
Yunan soylular
İtalyan soylular
Osmanlı köleleri
1525 doğumlular
1583 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı padişah eşleri
Osmanlı padişah anneleri
Valide sultanlar
I. Süleyman
II. Selim
III. Murad

Nurbanu Sultan


Alt Duvenstedt er en kommune og en by i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Fockbek i den centrale del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Alt Duvenstedt ligger få kilometer nord for Rendsborg i Naturpark Hüttener Berge. Mod vest løber Bundesstraße 77 og jernbanen fra Rendsborg mod Slesvig by, mod øst løber Bundesautobahn 7, ligeledes mellem Rendsborg og Slesvig.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Alt Duvenstedt


A Liga Futebol Amadora - Terceira Divisão de 2017 foi a primeira edição do terceiro nível do Campeonato Timorense de Futebol. Foi organizada pela Federação de Futebol de Timor-Leste e contou com 12 times participantes.

Equipes Participantes
Nesta edição, estavam aptos a participar todos os times não inscritos na Primeira ou na Segunda Divisão da liga. Novas equipes foram formadas para o torneio, assim como times tradicionais timorenses que estavam inativos retornaram à atividade com a realização deste.

Resultados

Primeira Fase
Os jogos da primeira fase foram realizados entre os dias 16 e 22 de maio, em Díli. Em negrito estão os times classificados.

|}

Segunda Fase
Os jogos da segunda fase foram realizados nos dias 23 e 24 de maio, em Díli. As equipas do FC Lalenok United e do União Tokodede foram sorteadas diretamente para as semifinais. Em negrito estão os times classificados.

|}

Terceira Fase
Os jogos das semifinais foram realizados nos dias 26 e 28 de maio, em Díli. As equipas vencedoras foram promovidas à Segunda Divisão de 2018.

|}

Repescagem
Um jogo de repescagem foi realizado em 31 de maio para definição do terceiro promovido à Segunda Divisão de 2018. Não houve partida final no torneio.

|}

Premiação
FC Lalenok United, FC Lero e FC Fitun Estudante Lorosae foram promovidos para o Campeonato Timorense de Futebol - Segunda Divisão de 2018.

Ver também
 Campeonato Timorense de Futebol de 2017
 Campeonato Timorense de Futebol - Segunda Divisão de 2017

Ligações Externas
Liga Futebol Amadora - Página oficial no Facebook

Campeonato Timorense de Futebol de 2017
Campeonato Timorense de Futebol - Terceira Divisão

Campeonato Timorense de Futebol - Terceira Divisão de 2017


Badawada o Barawada es una localidad de la India en el distrito de Ratlam, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 470  a 307 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 9 385 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Badawada


A Xenodermus javanicus, também conhecida como cobra-dragão, serpente-de-tubérculos-de-Java, serpente-de-lama-de-Java, ou Rough-backed Litter Snake, é uma pequena espécie de serpente semi-fossorial não venenosa pertencente ao gênero monotípico Xenodermus. Esta espécie é mais conhecida por suas escamas dorsais características e mecanismo de defesa interessante no qual eles endurecem seu corpo inteiro quando ameaçados. X. javanicus é noturna e se alimenta de rãs, girinos e pequenos peixes. Embora seja conhecida por perecer uma vez colocada em cativeiro, alguns herpetocultores foram bem sucedidos em mantê-la.

Distribuição e habitat
Xenodermus javanicus é encontrada na Península Malaia ( Malásia, Tailândia e um registro antigo da ponta mais ao sul de Mianmar ) e partes das Ilhas da Grande Sonda (Sumatra, Java e Bornéu, bem como algumas ilhas menores). Habita áreas úmidas próximas à água, incluindo florestas, pântanos e campos de arroz, em altitudes abaixo de , mas mais comumente entre 500 a  acima do nível do mar.

Descrição
Xenodermus javanicus possui uma cabeça distinta e cauda longa. O corpo é esbelto e comprimido. O comprimento total é de cerca de .  Os machos podem ser distinguidos das fêmeas examinando o tamanho geral, a espessura e o comprimento da cauda e a abertura cloacal quanto à presença de uma protuberância hemipenial. As fêmeas são maiores que os machos e possuem caudas mais finas e curtas, sem protuberância hemipenial. Por outro lado, os machos são menores comparativamente, possuem caudas mais grossas e longas e exibem uma protuberância hemipenial.

Diferenciação de cromossomos sexuais e caracterização cariotípica
X. javanicus possui um número cromossômico incomum de 2n=32, contrastando com o cariótipo de serpente mais típico com um número estável de 2n=36. O cariótipo inclui cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos ZZ/ZW com um W heterocromático.

Comportamento

Reprodução
X. javanicus se reproduz por ovo e tem baixa fecundidade (2-4 ovos).

Padrão de atividade
X. javanicus é noturna.

Dieta
X. javanicus alimenta-se principalmente de rãs, girinos e pequenos peixes.

Comportamento
X. javanicus exibe uma propriedade peculiar ao encontrar ameaças percebidas, endurecendo todo o corpo.

Estado de conservação
X. javanicus é rara nas regiões ao norte de sua área de abrangência, mas é comum em Java. Parece não haver grandes ameaças para a espécie, que pode persistir em terras agrícolas úmidas, como campos de arroz. É potencialmente ameaçada por poluentes agrícolas.

Referências

Répteis da Tailândia
Répteis de Mianmar
Répteis da Malásia
Répteis da Indonésia
Répteis do Brunei

Xenodermus


Maria Fasching ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Maria Fasching (* 1900), österreichische Gerechte unter den Völkern aus Lahnsattel, siehe Familie Fasching
 Maria Fasching (Baden) (1897–1945), österreichische Gerechte unter den Völkern aus Baden

Maria Fasching


Ilya Igorevich Sorokin (em russo: Илья Игоревич Сорокин, Mejdurechensk, 4 de agosto de 1995) é um jogador profissional de hóquei no gelo russo que atua como goleiro pelo New York Islanders.

Biografia

Primeiros anos
Ilya nasceu em Mejdurechensk, cidade localizada no Oblast de Kemerovo, na Rússia no ano de 1995. Em sua infância e adolescência, Ilya jogou no clube local, Metallurg Novokuznetsk.

KHL (2012–2020)
No ano de 2012, aos dezessete anos ingressou na Liga Continental de Hóquei, a KHL. Realizou sua estreia na KHL durante a temporada da Liga Continental de Hóquei de 2012–13 pelo Novokuznetsk numa partida que sua equipe foi derrotada por 8–6 para o Barys Astana, no dia 7 de janeiro de 2013. Após duas temporadas pela equipe, Sorokin foi escolhido pelo clube estadunidense New York Islanders no ano de 2014 para participar da National Hockey League (NHL).

Durante sua terceira temporada defendendo o Metallurg Novokuznetsk na temporada 2014-15, Sorokin participou de vinte e duas partidas antes de ser negociado para o HC CSKA Moscou, em troca de compensação financeira em 24 de dezembro de 2014. Sorokin continuou sua carreira na KHL atuando pelo CSKA Moscou ao assinar uma extensão de contrato de três anos em 10 de junho de 2017. No ano de 2019, Sorokin venceu a Copa Gagarin com o CSKA Moscou, ganhando também a honra de MVP dos Playoffs da Copa Gagarin.

New York Islanders (2020–presente)
No dia 13 de julho de 2020, Sorokin assinou um contrato inicial de um ano com o New York Islanders para o restante da temporada 2019-20. No entanto, jogadores outras ligas, como Sorokin na KHL, foram considerados inelegíveis para participar da fase de retorno ao jogo após o surto da pandemia de COVID-19. O contrato completou o status de iniciante de Sorokin para se tornar um agente livre restrito, essencialmente anulado.

Sorokin realizou sua estreia pelo New York Islanders em 16 de janeiro de 2021 em partida contra o New York Rangers. De imediato, Sorokin foi preparado para atuar como reserva na partida, quando a vaga de goleiro titular do time pertencia a Semyon Varlamov, que machucou-se durante o aquecimento. Ao assumir a posição de titular, Sorokin participou da derrota por 5 a 0 contra os Rangers, em 31 arremessos da equipe adversárias. A primeira vitória de Sorokin em uma partida da National Hockey League (NHL) ocorreu  em 16 de fevereiro, na vitória dos Islanders por 3 a 0 sobre o Buffalo Sabres, partida em que Sorokin realizou vinte defesas.

No dia 1º de setembro de 2021, Sorokin assinou novamente um contrato de doze milhões de dólares por três anos com os Islanders.

Carreira internacional

Sorokin integrou a delegação russa nas Olimpíadas de Inverno de 2018, realizado em Pyeongchang, na Coréia do Sul.  Participou da que conquistou a medalha de ouro quando na final a Rússia superou a equipe da Alemanha por 4 a 3.

Títulos e honrarias

Nascidos em 1995
Jogadores de hóquei no gelo da Rússia
Jogadores de hóquei no gelo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2018
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2018
Medalhistas olímpicos do hóquei no gelo

Ilya Sorokin


Le château de Grimsthorpe est une maison de campagne située dans le Lincolnshire, en Angleterre, à  au nord-ouest de Bourne sur l' A151. Il se trouve dans un parc de 3 000 acres (12 km²) de pâturages vallonnés, de lacs et de bois aménagés par Capability Brown. Bien que Grimsthorpe ne soit pas un château au sens strict du terme, son caractère est massif et martial - les tours et les pavillons périphériques rappelant les bastions d'une grande forteresse en costume classique. Grimsthorpe est la demeure de la famille de Eresby depuis 1516. La propriétaire actuelle est , petite-fille de Nancy Astor, décédée à Grimsthorpe en 1964 .

Origines

Le bâtiment est à l'origine un petit château sur une crête sur la route à l'intérieur des terres depuis le bord du marais du Lincolnshire vers la Great North Road. Il aurait été commencé par Gilbert de Gant, comte de Lincoln au début du . Cependant, il est le premier et le dernier de cette création du comté de Lincoln et il meurt en 1156. L'âge d'or de Gilbert est l'apogée de la construction de châteaux en Angleterre, pendant l'Anarchie anglaise. Il est fort possible que le château ait été construit vers 1140. Cependant, on dit généralement que la tour à l'angle sud-est du bâtiment actuel fait partie du château d'origine et qu'elle est connue sous le nom de tour du roi Jean. La dénomination de la tour du roi Jean semble avoir conduit à une mauvaise attribution de l'origine du château à son époque.

Gilbert de Gant passe une grande partie de sa vie politique comme comte de Chester et Grimsthorpe est probablement tombé entre ses mains en 1156 à la mort de Gilbert, bien que le titre de «comte de Lincoln» soit revenu à la couronne. Lors de la création suivante du comté, en 1217, c'est Ranulph de Blondeville,  comte de Chester (1172-1232) qui est anobli. Il semble que le titre, sinon la propriété soit entre les mains du roi Jean pendant son règne ; d'où peut-être le nom de la tour.

Durant les dernières années des rois Plantagenêts d'Angleterre, la maison est entre les mains de Lord Lovell. Il est un fervent partisan de Richard III. Après l'accession au trône d'Henri VII, Lovell soutient une rébellion pour restaurer la dynastie royale antérieure. La rébellion échoue et la propriété de Lovell est confisquée et donnée à un partisan de la dynastie Tudor.

La période Tudor
Cette concession d'Henri VIII, fils d'Henri Tudor, au  baron Willoughby de Eresby est faite en 1516, en même temps que la main en mariage de Maria de Salinas, une dame d'honneur espagnole de la reine Catherine d'Aragon. Leur fille Catherine Willoughby hérite du titre et du domaine à la mort de son père en 1526, alors qu'elle n'a que sept ans. En 1533, elle devient la quatrième épouse de Charles Brandon (1er duc de Suffolk), proche allié d'Henri VIII. En 1539, Henri VIII accorde à Charles Suffolk les terres de l'abbaye de Vaudey supprimée à proximité, fondée en 1147, et il utilise sa pierre comme matériau de construction pour sa nouvelle maison. Le Suffolk entreprend d'agrandir et de reconstruire la maison de sa femme, et en seulement dix-huit mois, elle est prête pour une visite en 1541 du roi Henri, en route pour York pour rencontrer son neveu, Jacques V d'Écosse. En 1551, la veuve de James, Marie de Guise, séjourne également à Grimsthorpe . La maison repose sur du till glaciaire et il semble que les ajouts aient été construits à la hâte. Des réparations substantielles sont nécessaires plus tard en raison du mauvais état des fondations, mais une grande partie de cette maison Tudor est encore visible aujourd'hui.

Pendant le règne de Mary, les propriétaires du château, Katherine Willoughby et son deuxième mari, Richard Bertie, sont forcés de le quitter en raison de leurs opinions anglicanes. Lors de l'accession d'Elizabeth au trône, ils reviennent avec leur fille, Susan, et leur nouveau fils Peregrine, plus tard le  baron. Il devient soldat et passe une grande partie de son temps loin de Grimsthorpe.

Le bâtiment Vanbrugh
En 1707, lorsque Grimsthorpe est illustré dans Britannia Illustrata, le  baron Willoughby de Eresby et le  comte Lindsey reconstruit la façade nord de Grimsthorpe dans le style classique. Cependant, en 1715, Robert Bertie, le  baron Willoughby de Eresby, emploie John Vanbrugh pour concevoir une façade baroque à la maison pour célébrer son anoblissement en tant que premier duc d'Ancaster et Kesteven. C'est le dernier chef-d'œuvre de Vanbrugh. Il prépare également des plans pour la reconstruction des trois autres façades de la maison, mais ils ne sont pas réalisés. Son élévation proposée pour la façade sud est dans le style palladien, qui vient juste d'être à la mode, et est assez différent de toutes ses conceptions construites.

A l'intérieur, le manoir Vanbrugh est monumental avec des arcades en pierre tout autour sur deux niveaux. Des écrans à arcades à chaque extrémité du manoir séparent le hall des escaliers, un peu comme ceux d'Audley End House et de Castle Howard. L'escalier se trouve derrière et mène aux chambres du premier étage. La salle du diner d'Etat occupe la tour nord-est de Vanbrugh, avec son plafond peint éclairé par une fenêtre vénitienne. Il contient le trône utilisé par George IV lors de son banquet de couronnement, ainsi qu'un trône et un repose-pieds en bois doré de la Régence utilisés par la reine Victoria dans l'ancienne Chambre des lords. Il y a aussi une chaise et un repose-pieds en noyer et en colis doré faits pour l'usage de George III à Westminster. Les salles King James et State Drawing sont redécorés au fil des siècles et contiennent des portraits de Reynolds et Van Dyck, des meubles européens et des tapisseries jaunes de Soho tissées par Joshua Morris vers 1730. Le couloir sud contient des trônes utilisés par le prince Albert et Édouard VII, ainsi que le bureau sur lequel la reine Victoria a signé son serment de couronnement. Une série de pièces suit dans la gamme Tudor est, avec des oriels encastrés et des plafonds ornés. Le salon chinois possède un plafond magnifiquement riche et un oriel voûté en éventail du XVIIIe siècle. Les murs sont tendus de papier peint chinois représentant des oiseaux au milieu de bambous. La chapelle est magnifique avec de superbes gypseries du .

Le parc
Le parc est à l'origine la lisière sud de la grande forêt du Lincolnshire, et son parc de cerfs médiéval et son parc de chênes Tudor sont traversés par de belles allées d'arbres. Des chênes enregistrés dans le Domesday Book de 1086 poussaient dans le parc lorsque des dessins du parc sont réalisés au début du . Certains de ces arbres anciens auraient été encore vivants au . Le parc actuel du château de Grimsthorpe est conçu par Lancelot "Capability" Brown (1771) et mis en œuvre par son mécène, le  duc d'Ancaster. Le jardin contient un jardin de nœuds, des roseraies couvertes de haies, une terrasse avec des bordures d'herbacées et d'arbustes et une maison d'été conçue par Vanbrugh. Le jardin formel de fleurs et de topiaires mène imperceptiblement dans le jardin boisé et offre un cadre magnifique au potager ornemental et au verger, créés dans les années 1960 par la comtesse d'Ancaster et Peter Coates. Des parterres complexes marqués de haies de buis se trouvent à proximité du château, et une bordure herbacée spectaculaire encadre des vues sur le lac .

Le  comte d'Ancaster est très intéressé par la technologie et tente d'améliorer la productivité du domaine de plusieurs façons. Il organise une première démonstration de labour à la vapeur, construit un chemin de fer privé et utilise des machines à vapeur portatives dans la scierie et pour le pompage .

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, Grimsthorpe Park est utilisé par le Royal Flying Corps et la Royal Air Force comme terrain d'atterrissage d'urgence. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la partie centrale du parc, à proximité du site de l'abbaye de Vaudey, est utilisée comme champ de tir. En 1944, le château abrite une compagnie du régiment de parachutistes alors qu'il se remet d'opérations en Italie et s'entraîne pour ce qui va devenir l'opération Market Garden.

Les châteaux de Grimsthorpe et Drummond sont désormais détenus et gérés par une fiducie .

Collection d'art
Un portrait Zurbarán grandeur nature de Benjamin est exposé à Grimsthorpe ; c'est le seul tableau séparé de la série Jacob et ses douze fils de Francisco de Zurbarán qui est au château d'Auckland à Bishop Auckland, comté de Durham, où il en existe une copie .

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade I dans le Lincolnshire
Architecture baroque en Angleterre

Château de Grimsthorpe


Helmstorf, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 12,73 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 319 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 25 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Birgitta Ford tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.amt-luetjenburg.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Helmstorf


Bahtiyar Uyanık (d. 1949, Çankırı) Türk İnşaat Mühendisi ve siyasetçi. Maltepe ilçesinin ilk belediye başkanıdır. Anavatan Partisi'nden seçilerek 3 dönem görev yapmıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2001/04/10/siyaset/siy01.html
 https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/bahtiyar-uyanikin-zor-gunleri-39195058
 http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/179794.asp
 https://www.tgrthaber.com.tr/gundem/49890.html

Maltepe belediye başkanları
Türk inşaat mühendisleri
1949 doğumlular
Çankırı doğumlu siyasetçiler

Bahtiyar Uyanık


Rumer Glenn Willis (Paducah, Kentucky, 16 de agosto de 1988) es una actriz estadounidense. Es la hija mayor de los actores Bruce Willis y Demi Moore.

Primeros años y educación
Nacida en Paducah, Kentucky, donde su padre estaba filmando In Country, se llama así por la escritora Rumer Godden. Su madre, la actriz Demi Moore, contrató a un cámara para filmar su nacimiento. Tiene dos hermanos menores, Scout LaRue Willis (1991), y Tallulah Belle Willis (1994), así como dos medio-hermanos paternos más pequeños del matrimonio de su padre con la modelo Emma Heming, Mabel Ray Willis (2012) y Evelyn Penn Willis (2014).

Criada en Hailey, Idaho, Willis se matriculó como estudiante de primer año en la Academia de Artes de Interlochen en Interlochen, Míchigan. En enero de 2004, se matriculó como estudiante de segundo año en la Escuela Secundaria Wildwood en Los Ángeles, California. Asistió a la Universidad del Sur de California durante un semestre antes de abandonar los estudios.

Carrera
En 1995, Willis hizo su debut en el cine junto a su madre en Now and Then. Al año siguiente, apareció en Striptease. Ha trabajado con su padre tres veces, en The Whole Nine Yards en 2000 , en Hostage en 2005 y en combate en el cielo en 2018

En 2008, Willis se aventuró en el papel de portavoz de la compañía de ropa Ocean Pacific. Ese mismo año, apareció en The House Bunny, y en la película de terror From Within. En 2009, coprotagonizó en Sorority Row. Se ha anunciado que se unirá al elenco de Wild Cherry, en que interpretará a una amiga de Kristin Cavallari.

Créditos en televisión incluyen: Miss Guided, Army Wives, CSI: Nueva York, Medium, 90210 y The Secret Life of the American Teenager.

Vida personal
Desde principios de 2020 está en una relación con el cantante indie Derek Richard Thomas. En diciembre de 2022 anunciaron en sus redes sociales que estaban esperando su primer hijo. Su hija Louetta Isley Thomas Willis nació el 18 de abril de 2023.

Filmografía

Cine

Televisión

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Kentucky
Actrices infantiles de Estados Unidos
Participantes de Dancing with the stars

Rumer Willis


Maniho, es un género de arañas araneomorfas pertenecientes a la familia Amphinectidae. Se encuentra en Nueva Zelanda.

Especies
Según The World Spider Catalog 12.0:
 Maniho australis Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Maniho cantuarius Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Maniho centralis Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Maniho insulanus Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Maniho meridionalis Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Maniho ngaitahu Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Maniho otagoensis Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Maniho pumilio Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Maniho tigris Marples, 1959
 Maniho vulgaris Forster & Wilton, 1973

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Amphinectidae

Maniho


ඉරාන් (දැන් ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය) ජාතික උමර් අක්තා ලියූ අල් - කුර්ආන් (පිටුවක්)
Opaque - දිය සායම්, තීන්ත හා රත්‍රන් ආලේප කර ඇති මුක්කතා මුද්‍රණයකි. 170 x 109cm (66 15/16 x 42 15/16in)
ලෝකයේ බහුලව භාවිතා කරන්නේ ශුද්ධ වූ අල් කුර්ආනයේ මුද්‍රිත පිටපත්ය. ශුද්ධ වූ අල්-කුර්ආනයේ පරිවර්තන විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලොව පුරා මුද්‍රණය කර ඇත. ලොකු පොඩි, සරසා නැති, සරසා ඇත, වියදම් අධික හෝ අඩු වියදම් ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත්වී ඇත්තේ ද්වි භාෂාවන්ගෙන් යුක්ත වූ එනම් එක් පැත්තක අරාබි භාෂාවෙන් ද අනෙක් පැත්තෙන් එහි තේරුම සහිත එම රටවල්වල බොහෝ දුරට නිතරම භාවිතා වන හුරු පුරුදු භාෂා‍වකින් ද වේ.
අල් කුර් ආන‍ය නොයෙක් ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුත් කෘති ලෙස එලි දක්වා ඇත. බොහෝමයක් සාමාන්‍ය පොතක ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වන අතර ප්‍රදර්ශනය සඳහා යොදා ගත හැකි විශාල ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ද ත්‍යාග හැටියට ලබා දීමට තරම් වූ කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ද ඇත. මුලින්ම ශුද්ධ වූ අල් කුර් ආනය මුද්‍රණය කළේ කැටයම් කරන ලද ලී පුවරුවල එක පිටුවක එක පුවරුවක් ලෙස යෙදාගෙනය. දහවන සියවස සිට දින යොදන ලද පුවරු විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක පිටු මුද්‍රණය කර ඇත. අඩු වියදමින් යුත් මුද්‍රණ තොගයක් ලිතොග්‍රැෆි නම් මුද්‍රණ ක්‍රමයකට එලි දක්වා ඇත. එමෙන්ම අල් කුර්ආනය නැවත නැවත අතින් නිමවන ලද අලංකාර අක්ෂර කළා සහිතව ද මුද්‍රණය කර ඇත.
1573/1538 වකවානුවල වැනීසියේ මුද්‍රණය කර භාවිතා වූ පැරණිම අල් කුර් ආන් පිටපත් ඉතාමත් සීඝ්‍රයෙන් අලෙවි කර ඇත. එය උස්මාන් පාලකයාටග් පාලන කාලයේ සකස් කර රටවල්වලට බෙදා හරින ලද පිටපතින් උපුටා ගෙන ඇත. 1787 දී රුසියානු ජාතික කැතරින අල් කුර් ආන් පිටපත් මුද්‍රණය කිරිම සඳහා තමන් විසින්ම වියදම් දරා ඇත. මෙය අනුගමනය කර 1828 දී කාසාන් වලද 1833 දී පර්සියාවේ ද 1877 දී ස්තාන්බුල්වල ද මුද්‍රණය කර ඇත.
පරිගණකය උපයෝගී කර ගෙන වුවද මුළු අල් කුර් ආනයේම ඇති මූලික අදහස් සියල්ලම කැටි කොට එලි දැක්වීම ඉතාමත්ම අපහසු කාර්යයකි. ඉන්ටනෙට් ජාලයේ වැදගත් කෘති අංශයේ කුර්ආන් පිටපත් මුද්‍රිතව හා තාවකාලික එකතුවක් ලෙස නොමිළයේ සපයා ඇත.
පරිගණකය තාක්ෂණිය උපයෝගී කරගෙන බොහෝ නිර්මාණකරුවන් පරිගණක අක්ෂරයන් අල් කුර් ආන් අක්ෂරවලට අදාලව සැකසීමට ඉදිරිපත් වී උනන්දුවෙන් කටයුතු කරයි.
අල් කුර්ආන‍ය තොග වශයෙන් මුද්‍රණය වීමට පෙර මෙය අත් පිටපත් ලෙස හා අක්ෂර කලාවන් ලෙස හුවමාරු විය. අතීතයේ පටන් මුස්ලිම්වරුන්ගේ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය හා පිළිගැනීම වන්නේ අල් කුර්ආනයේ තො‍රතුරු ඇසුරින් රූප නිර්මාණය කිරීම, එය රංගනයක් වශයෙන් එලි දැක්වීම, හෝ එහි අදහසට අංශු මාත්‍රයක් හෝ පටහැනි වන ආකාරයට කටයුතු කිරීම බරපතල වරදක් වන බවය. එදා පටන්ම මුස්ලිම්වරු ශුද්ධ වූ අල් කුර්ආනය තම ජීවිතයටත් වඩා උසස් කොට සලකා ආදරයෙන් ආරක්ෂා කරති. අරාබි අක්ෂර විවිධ අක්ෂර කළා අනුව හැඩකර ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇති අතර සමහර වාක්‍ය සංකීර්ණ හා අලංකාර ලෙස නිමවා ඇත. අරාබි අක්ෂර කලාව චීන අක්ෂර කලාව හා සමානවම ඉහලින්ම පසසා ඇති කලාවකි. මුස්ලිම්වරු ද අල් කුර් ආනයේ අක්ෂර වර්ණ තීන්ත රත්‍රන් තහඩුවල අරබෙක්ස් ක්‍රමයට සකස් කරන ලද පුවරු මේ සමඟ ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමට උපයෝගී කර ගෙන ඇත.

කුර් ආන් ලේඛනගත කිරීම හා මුද්‍රණය කිරීම


Francisco Garcia (ator)
 Francisco Garcia (jornalista)
 Francisco Garcia (político)

Desambiguação

Francisco Garcia


Bert Raymond Leboe (-) est un bûcheron et un homme politique canadien de la Colombie-Britannique. Il est député fédéral créditiste de la circonscription britanno-colombienne de Cariboo de 1953 à 1958 et de 1962 à 1968.

Biographie
Né à Bawlf en Alberta, Henderson exerce le métier de bûcheron et devient directeur de la Leboe Brothers Sawmills Ltd.

Élu en 1953 et réélu en 1957, il est défait en 1958. Il reprend son poste en 1962. Réélu en 1963 et en 1965, il se présente sans succès dans la nouvelle circonscription de Prince George—Peace River en 1968.

Résultats électoraux

Références
Bert Raymond Leboe, M.P. - Chambre des communes du Canada

Naissance en août 1909
Député fédéral canadien provenant de la Colombie-Britannique
Député du Parti Crédit social du Canada
Décès en décembre 1980
Décès à 71 ans

Bert Leboe


La cuisine cantabre, grâce à la situation géographique de cette communauté autonome, dispose d'une liste d'ingrédients composée de poissons et crustacés de la mer Cantabrique, saumons et truites des bassins supérieurs de ses rivières, légumes et légumineuses de ses cultures maraîchères et de son élevage bovin.

Ingrédients

Poissons et fruits de mer

Les fruits de mer sont les principaux protagonistes de la table régionale, étant d'une grande variété et qualité, grâce aux eaux froides et propres desquelles ils proviennent. Bien que l'on puisse en trouver tout au long de la côte, c'est dans la baie de Santander que l'on trouve les meilleurs fruits de mer. De bons exemples sont les palourdes, les moules, les ensis, les coques, les crabes, les araignées de mer, les balanes, les langoustines, les homards, les bigorneaux et les langoustes. Il convient également de mentionner les calmars qui constituent la base des  qui, sur les rives du golfe de Gascogne, atteignent un haut niveau d'arômes et de saveurs.

Parmi les poissons, on peut citer le bar, le merlu, la rascasse, les anchois Le thon donne naissance à l'un des plats les plus typiques de la région, le  ou . Les sardines grillées sont un plat typique des ports de pêche. Parmi les mets les plus célèbres de Cantabrie figurent le merlu en sauce verte, les  ou les  (casserole de palourdes).

Viandes
La viande de bœuf est la viande cantabrique par excellence, avec la vache tudanca qui se distingue. Il ne faut pas oublier que la foire au bétail la plus importante d'Espagne, la foire nationale au bétail de Torrelavega, se tient dans cette région. La chasse offre également une viande de grande qualité : venaison, chevreuil et sanglier. Le  est un ingrédient clé du ragoût de montagne, auquel on ajoute des haricots, du chou, du chorizo et du boudin noir de riz.

Un autre aliment populaire dans la région de Liébana est le , qui est essentiellement une pâte faite de sang et de boyaux de porc, d'oignon, de sel, de saindoux, d'épices (cumin, poivre), de semoule de maïs et de farine de blé.

Pâtisseries
En ce qui concerne la confiserie, les traditionnels  et  (gâteaux au fromage pasiega) sont particulièrement remarquables. La pâte feuilletée est également typique, avec des noms différents selon les régions : corbatas à Unquera et San Vicente de la Barquera,  à Torrelavega, ou  à Liérganes.

D'autres sucreries peuvent être citées comme les  et le , tous deux de Liébana ; les  à Liérganes et La Cavada ; les  à Cabezón de la Sal ; et les  à Reinosa.

D'autres desserts qui ne sont pas authentiquement cantabriques, mais qui jouissent d'une grande tradition dans la région, sont le riz au lait, la crème anglaise, le lait caillé et le lait frit, dont la dégustation artisanale termine magnifiquement le menu. Les confitures de fruits méritent également d'être mentionnées.

 Fromages
La grande qualité du lait cantabrique est incontestée, il n'est donc pas étonnant que ses dérivés prolifèrent dans toute la région : beurre, fromage frais, que l'on trouve dans toute la région ; picón à Tresviso et Bejes ; fromages fumés comme ceux d'Áliva ou de Pido ; ou encore les  (petits fromages), fabriqués à partir d'un mélange de lait de vache et de lait de brebis.

 Boissons
La boisson la plus caractéristique de cette région est l, fabriqué à la main et distillé goutte à goutte. Historiquement, il y avait une importante production de cidre et de chacolí, qui, après un déclin significatif, a repris ces dernières années.

La Cantabrie dispose actuellement de deux certifications d'origine pour les vins :  et ''.

Miel
Le miel de Liébana est une appellation d'origine protégée (AOP) pour le miel de la région de Liébana. Elle a été créée en  et regroupe le miel produit dans les communes AOP de Cabezón de Liébana, Camaleño, Cillorigo de Liébana, Pesaguero, Potes, Tresviso et Vega de Liébana. Au total, les  de la comarque de Liébana. Toutes les étapes de la production et de l'extraction des miels de Liébana, ainsi que le conditionnement, doivent avoir lieu dans la zone couverte par l'AOP.

Notes et références

Cuisine cantabre


الخير هو شيء أو حالة مرغوبة، ممتعة، أو ما يُعتبر من الناحية الأخلاقية أفضل من شيء آخر أو من حالة أخرى. والخير هو ضد الشر أيضا.
يُعرف الشيء الخيّر أو حالة الخير دائما بشكل نسبي لأشياء أو لحالات أخرى، وتعريفه هو دائما شخصي ذاتي متعلق بسياق الزمان والمكان والعلاقات بين البشر. مثلا: هناك من الناس من يعرّف الزواج على أنه خير، لكن هؤلاء الناس أنفسهم يعرّفون الزواج على أنه شر إذا كانت أعمار المتزوجين أقل من عُمر معين، أو إذا كان أحد المتزوجين متزوجا من شخص آخر أثناء الزواج، أو إذا لم يُعقد حفل الزواج بالطريقة المفضلة بالنسبة لهم.

«الخير» في الديانات

يؤمن معتنقو الديانات المختلفة أنه عندما يكون الإنسان منتميا إلى إطار ديني معين يمكن تعريف أشياء أو حالات معينة على أنها خير بشكل مطلق، وليس بشكل شخصي وموضوعي. هذا الادعاء بشأن الخير المطلق يستمد قوته من الادعاء بأن هناك كيانا أعلى يرسم محورا أخلاقيا مطلقا يعرف ما هو موجود على جانبي المحور على أنهما «خير» أو «شر».
هناك ادعاء مصاحب لهذا الادعاء وهو الادعاء بأن الدليل على أن مدى الخير والشر هو من الناحية الدينية مطلق، وهناك نظام جزاء ربّاني لمن يعمل الخير أو لمن يعمل الشر. تعتمد المعرفة بتحقق نظام الجزاء هذا على ادعاءات بتوقعات موالية، وادعاءات صوفية مطلقة مختلفة. بمعنى أن الأدلة القائمة على النجاح أو الفشل في العمل، أو الادعاءات بالجزاء الذي سيأتي في مكان غير قابل للفحص (وجود «جنة عدن» أو «جهنم»).

«الخير» كشيء ممتع
هناك تعريف آخر للخير تجده عند الأبيقوريين وينص على أن الخير هو ما يثير الإحساس بالمتعة أو بالرضا لدى البشر، أو انه مرغوب لدى الكثيرين بسبب الاعتقاد بأنه قد يثير مثل هذه الأحاسيس. وبموجب هذا التعريف فإن الخير هو الممتع. وهنا أيضا تعتمد محاولة تحديد نقطة مطلقة للخير (ولنقيضه، الشر) على الفرضية بأن تعريفات الممتع أو المُرضي مشتركة بين بني البشر وأنها تكون مطلقة في ظروف معينة.

المشكلة الأساسية في هذا التعريف هي أنه من الصعب تعريف الممتع أو المُرضي بشكل مطلق، لأن أي تعريف من هذا النوع يظل مرتبطا بالظروف دائما. هكذا مثلا تجد ان مقولة ان الطعام خير لأن تناوله يمتع غالبية البشر ليست صحيحة بالنسبة لتلك الشريحة من البشرية التي أنهت للتو تناول وجبة طعامها، وبالنسبة لأولئك الذين يخضعون لبرنامج تنحيف، أو بالنسبة لجميع الذين لا يتفقون مع ما يُعرّف على أنه «طعام جيد» في نظر الذين عرفوه بهذا الشكل أصلا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك لا يشتمل تعريف الخير على أنه ممتع على نظام تفسير ما يوضح لماذا يكون الممتع خيرا، باستثناء تفسير دائري على غرار: الممتع هو خير لأن ما هو خير يكون ممتعا.

«الخير» كمُجدٍ
هناك تعريف ثالث للخير يقوم على الجدوى: يُعرف الخير بأنه يعود بالفائدة. وكان جيرمي بنتهام قد عرّف المجدي على أنه ما يعود بالسعادة الكبيرة للعدد الأكبر" من الناس. ورأى بنتهام أنه يمكن بناء معادلة حسابية تحدد ما هو مدى السعادة التي يحققها كل عمل، وبناء عليه يمكن تحديد مدى الخير الأخلاقي (أو الفائدة) الكامن فيه.

يقوم هذا التعريف للخير على عدة فرضيات. الأولى هي أن المعرفة ما هو الشيء الذي يعود بالسعادة الأكبر على أكبر عدد من الناس تكمن لدى شخص ما بشكل غير ذاتي. أي أن هذه المعرفة ليست المعرفة الذاتية، والجزئية الخاصة بشخص معين، بل هي معرفة موضوعية فوق بشرية. هذا الادعاء مساو في قيمته للادعاء القائل إن لدى بعض الناس القدرة على اكتساب المعرفة الإلهية، وأنهم يحققون هذه القدرة. وكما بالنسبة للادعاء الديني، هنا أيضا، بالنسبة لمن لا يعترف بأن لدى بعض الناس قدرة على كسب المعرفة الإلهية، لا تجد للتعريف أي معنى.

هناك فرضية مرافقة للفرضية الأولى وهي أنه ليس فقط أن لدى بعض الناس طريقة لكسب المعرفة الإلهية، بل إنهم مزودون بقدرة إلهية على تحقيق هذه المعرفة بحيث يؤدي تعريفهم للخير والشر إلى تحقيق كمية السعادة الأكبر بالنسبة للعدد الأكبر من الناس. الشهادات التي أوجدها دعاة الجدوى لمسار التحقيق هذا لا تزال قليلة.

«الخير» كخيار شخصي في مجتمع ديمقراطي
هناك تعريف آخر لمدى الخير، وهو ليس تعريفا مطلقا متسامياً، يعتمد إلى حد ما على تعريف الجدوى والأبيقورية ويرى أن الخير هو ما يختاره غالبية الناس في الواقع باعتباره «خيرا» أو، على الأقل، باعتباره الأقل شرا. وبموجب دعاة هذا التعريف فإن بني البشر يختارون في التصويت الديمقراطي، ولا سيما في التصويت المباشر، إمكانية معينة تبدو لهم أفضل من غيرها، أو يختارون ممثلا يمثل الخير أفضل مما يمثله ممثلون محتملون آخرون مطروحون للاختيار.

يقوم هذا المفهوم للخير، إلى حد ما، على تعريف «الموافقة العامة» لروسو. ويقول روسو إنه في الوضع الطبيعي تجسد «الرغبة العامة» لجميع بني البشر الذين يربط بينهم «ميثاق اجتماعي» مدى الخير المثالي والمطلق، إذ إن خيارهم سيجسد ما هو مرغوب جدا لدى جميع بني البشر. ينطوي هذا المفهوم على مشكلة مركزية وهي أن هذا الوضع الطبيعي لم ينتج وهناك صعوبة ملحوظة في صياغة تعريف حالة قد ينشأ فيها أو حالة قد تقود إليه. وكما بين المؤرخ يعقوب طلمون، ومن بعده مفكرون آخرون، فإن الفرضية أن هناك «رغبة عامة» مشتركة بين جميع بني البشر تقود عادة إلى إنشاء «ديمقراطية شمولية» وهو نظام ديكتاتوري تسعى فيه أقلية حاكمة إلى السيطرة على المعرفة المطلقة بشأن ما هي «الرغبة العامة الحقيقية».
إذا رفضنا التعريف المطلق لروسو فإن فكرة الخير تصبح نتاجا لخيار أضعف كمرشد للتدريج الأخلاقي وتنتج عن ذلك عدة مشاكل. الأولى هي أن هذا التعريف للخير يصنف احتمالات معطاة حسب ترتيب أولويات معين متبع لدى غالبية بني البشر، ولكنه لا يشتمل على أي بعد أخلاقي. مثلا: إذا صوت سكان قرية ما في انتخابات ديمقراطية مباشرة على بناء أو عدم بناء حانة في ضواحي القرية فإن حسمهم يعكس ميزان مجمل الاعتبارات والمصالح ومشاعر أبناء القرية حول الموضوع ولكنه لا يحدد هل الحانة هي شيء جيد أم شيء سيء بشكل مطلق.
هناك ثمة صعوبة أخرى في هذا التعريف وتكمن في أن تفضيل الأغلبية يعكس المفاهيم وسلم الأولويات لدى جزء من المجتمع في مكان وزمان معينين. وهو لا ينطبق خارج هذا الإطار، وقيمة الخيار هي توقعية وليست أخلاقية، بمعنى أنه يمكن الاستنتاج منه فيما يتعلق بتفضيل الأغلبية، وليس فيما يتعلق بالخير والشر المطلقين.

هناك قضية أخرى مرتبطة بهذا التعريف وهي حقيقة أن الخيار بين الإمكانيات المتاحة، والتي يكون عددها وجوهرها محدودا، يجعل الخيار ليس خيار الخير الشخصي الأقصى بل خيار الشر الشخصي الأدنى. ليس الخيار خيار الإمكانية المفضلة بل هو خيار الإمكانية الأقل ضررا في نظر الناخبين.

طالع أيضا
 جدلية الخير والشر
 ملاك
 الشيطان

مراجع

الخير والشر
صور نمطية
قيمة
مفاهيم أخلاقية

خير


Jørgen Thomsen (født 26. februar 1927 i Syðrugøta, død 15. maj 1995) var en færøsk sømand, mekaniker og politiker (JF).

Han var uddannet mekaniker, men var sømand i flere år før han blev teknisk leder ved Nordafar A/S på Grønland 1959–1964. Han var derefter arbejdsformand ved skibsværftet i Skála 1965–1979. Thomsen var kommunalbestyrelsesmedlem i Skála kommuna 1958–1962 og 1966–1970, valgt til Lagtinget fra Eysturoy 1978–1994, næstformand i Javnaðarflokkurin i 1980erne og lagtingsformand 1990–1991.

Referencer
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2, s. 354. (PDF )

Politikere fra Javnaðarflokkurin
Søfolk fra Færøerne
Mekanikere fra Danmark
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Lagtingsformænd på Færøerne
Personer fra Østerø

Jørgen Thomsen (politiker)


Leon Osman (Wigan, 17 de mayo de 1981) es un exfutbolista inglés. Jugó prácticamente toda su carrera para el Everton Football Club a excepción de dos cesiones al Carlisle United y Derby County. Su padre es turcochipriota.

Antes de jugar para el Everton, fue cedido al Carlisle United del Football League Two en la temporada 2002-03 hasta el 1 de enero de 2003. Jugó 12 partidos en la liga, marcando un gol contra el Macclesfield Town en un 2-2 el 19 de octubre. El 12 de enero de 2003 jugó su primer partido para el Everton como sustituto en el último minuto contra el Tottenham Hotspur y perdió 4-3.

En la temporada 2003-04 Osman comenzó su temporada con el Everton y en enero fue cedido al Derby County del Football League Championship. Jugó 17 partidos con el Derby y marcó 3 goles.

Leon Osman jugó en la final del FA Cup de 2009 que el Everton perdió por 2-1 contra el Chelsea Football Club. Fue sustituido por Dan Gosling en el minuto 82.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas del Everton Football Club
Futbolistas del Carlisle United Football Club
Futbolistas del Derby County Football Club
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Inglaterra en los años 2010
Nacidos en Wigan

Leon Osman