James Addams Beaver (October 21, 1837 – January 31, 1914) was an American attorney, recruiter and field commander of Pennsylvania Infantry who was wounded four times during the American Civil War, and politician who served as the 20th governor of Pennsylvania from 1887 to 1891. He also served as the acting president of the Pennsylvania State University from 1906 to 1908.

Early life and education
Born in Millerstown, Pennsylvania, James was educated by his mother (his father having died in 1840) until 1846, when the family removed to Belleville, and he was sent to school. In 1852 he entered Pine Grove Academy, and in 1854 joined the junior class in Jefferson College. Beaver graduated from Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania (now Washington & Jefferson College), in 1856.

After graduation, he read law in the office of H.N. McAllister, at Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, and was taken into partnership by him almost as soon as he was of age. During this period of his life, he joined a local military company — the "Bellefonte Fencibles," under Capt. Andrew G. Curtin, afterward war governor of Pennsylvania. He made a thorough study of tactics, and, when President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to suppress the rebellion in 1861, he was second lieutenant of the company which promptly marched for the defence of the national capital.

Military service
On the organization of the 45th Pennsylvania volunteers, he became its lieutenant-colonel, and first saw active service in the neighborhood of Hilton Head and Port Royal, South Carolina. A new call for volunteers was issued in 1862 and Lieut-Col. Beaver was commissioned colonel of the 148th Pennsylvania volunteers, recruited in the vicinity of his home. He had by this time developed high qualities as a disciplinarian, and his men made it their boast that they were often mistaken for regulars. The regiment joined the army of the Potomac just after the Battle of Fredericksburg, was assigned to Hancock's corps, and first met the enemy at the Battle of Chancellorsville (2 and 3 May 1863), where it held an advanced position, and lost very heavily, Col. Beaver being among the wounded.

He had not recovered when the third call for troops was issued; but, at his own request, he was placed on recruiting service, in command of Camp Curtin. He was able to rejoin his regiment just before the Battle of Gettysburg, but, still weak from his wound, was not permitted to take command during the fight. He led his regiment throughout the Wilderness Campaign in May 1864, and took part in the successful assault upon the confederate works at Spottsylvania Court House, his regiment being among the first to scale the earthworks. At the Battle of Cold Harbor (3 June 1864) he was left in command of the brigade, Gen. Brooke being wounded, and later he was himself slightly wounded, but not disabled, and remained at his post during the rest of the day, holding an advanced position close to the enemy's works, and constantly under fire.

On 16 June 1864, he was again wounded while leading his brigade in the first assault upon the works at Petersburg. Returning to duty before his wound was fairly healed, he rode to the battlefield of Ream's Station in an ambulance, and had scarcely reached the front and assumed command at the advanced line when his right leg was shattered by a rifle ball. Amputation of the right leg followed, and, although his life was saved, the 26-year-old was no longer capable of active military service. He was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers, 10 November 1864, and mustered out of service at his own request on 22 December of that year, refusing to remain in the army on light duty as he was urged to do. He repeatedly declined promotion that would have taken him away from his own regiment, feeling bound to remain with the men whom he had enlisted.

Political career and later life
Following the war, Beaver pursued his law career. He was elected a member of the board of trustees of the Pennsylvania State College in 1873, and took active part as a speaker in the campaigns of the Republican Party. He declined offers to run for public office until 1881 (including a spot as vice president on James Garfield's Republican ticket). He lost to Robert Pattison, but, because the new state constitution of 1874 prohibited governors from serving multiple consecutive terms, Beaver ran again and served as governor for the four years between Pattison's two non-consecutive terms. In 1895, he was appointed as one of the judges of the first state Superior Court, an office he held until his death in 1914. He was buried in Union Cemetery in Bellefonte.  He was a prominent member of the Grand Army of the Republic.

Beaver Stadium and Beaver Hall, located on the University Park campus of Pennsylvania State University, as well as Beaver Avenue in State College are all named in his honor.

References

Further reading
Frank A. Burr, Life of James A. Beaver,  (Philadelphia, 1882)

External links
Penn State University - General James A. Beaver - monument
Penn State University - presidents
Governors of Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission)

 Papers of James A. Beaver -  The People's Contest Website

1837 births
1914 deaths
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
Republican Party governors of Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Presidents of Pennsylvania State University
American amputees
American politicians with disabilities
People from Perry County, Pennsylvania
19th-century American railroad executives
Union Army generals
19th-century American politicians
Burials at Union Cemetery (Bellefonte, Pennsylvania)

James A. Beaver


Die Bolmaren war ein schwedisches Frachtschiff, das von der Reederei AB Transatlantic, Göteborg, im Herbst 1954 bei der Werft LMG Orenstein & Koppel und Lübecker Maschinenbau AG unter der Baunummer 508 in Auftrag gegeben wurde. Der Stapellauf erfolgte am 12. Juli 1955, die Schiffsübergabe an den Reeder am 29. Oktober 1955. Das Schiff wurde vorwiegend im Dienst nach Westafrika eingesetzt.

Späterer Einsatz

Am 9. August 1968 wurde das Schiff an die Goodwin Shipping Co Ltd., Liberia, verkauft und fuhr unter dem Namen Golden Phoenix. 1973 erfolgte der Weiterverkauf an Chittin Tanthuwanit Shipping Co Sa, Panama, die es unter dem Namen Chittin Tanthuwanit einsetzte. 1979 ging das Schiff an Mah Boonkrong Shipping Co, Ltd. Bangkok, Thailand und wurde im Jahr 1980 zum Abbruch an Chien Yu Industrial Co. Ltd. in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, verkauft.

Weblinks

 MS Bolmaren
 Infos zum Schiff

Motorschiff
Frachtschiff (Schweden)

Bolmaren


Ioan Ilioviciu () a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie

Ioan Ilioviciu a fost preot în Moșnița Veche. A fost strănepotul protopopului Nicolae Iliovici din Sighișoara, părinții lui au fost Ioan și Elisaveta, fiind al 8-lea copil în familie. Liceul l-a făcut în Dumbrăveni (5 clase), în Năsăud 3 clase și bacalaureatul, iar teologia la Academia de Teologie din Sibiu unde a obținut diploma în 1914.

De la o vârstă fragedă s-a inițiat în cititul cărților românești, deși a cercetat școala săsească și ungurească. Încă din al doilea an de liceu colecționa  poezii și cântări românești, ținând adevărate întruniri cu colegii români cărora le cânta și îi învăța. Începând cu al treilea an de liceu și-a procurat cărți literare românești de la Circu din Brașov și din București. S-a ocupat de mic cu teatrul, ținând șezători culturale în comuna natală.

Din 22 octombrie 1916 va funcționa ca preot în Moșnița Veche, distingându-se prin strădaniile de afirmare a vieții culturale românești în localitate, de a menține încrederea în victoria cauzei unității poporului român. Deși supravegheat de autorităti, întemeiază în anul 1917 o bibliotecă națională la Moșnița, apără interesele locuitorilor apăsați de rechizițiile repetate impuse în anii Primului Război Mondial.

Izbucnind Primul Război Mondial, a fost veșnic urmărit de jandarmi. A participat la întâlniri secrete în Sighișoara și Dumbrăveni. În acest timp a mai călătorit la Târgu Mureș, Brașov, Făgăraș și Sibiu. În anul 1916 în timpul pătrunderii germanilor în România, revine de la Sighișoara în comuna natală, unde se refugiază în pădure alături de ceilalți săteni, fiind căutat de jandarmi. Soldații unguri și nemți i-au devastat casa, arzându-i biblioteca.

După 10 zile de refugiu este nevoit să părăsească comuna natală, fiind căutat de autorități și se refugiază la Dumbrăveni, unde pleacă spre Timișoara cu un tren al refugiaților. Ajuns aici, a relatat întâmplările părintelui protopop Oprea. Pe 10 septembrie 1916 este ales preot în Moșnița. Aici se căsătorește cu fiica Brigadierului Silvic Crișmariu, Valeria, în vârstă de 15 ani.

După Marea Unire din 1918 Ioan Iliovoviciu funcționează ca preot în Moșnița Veche, până la pensionare. Este un om activ, implicat în viața culturală și economică a comunei. Bucurându-se de respect în rândurile sătenilor, sprijină inițiativele edilitare de ridicare a nivelului de viață și de progres economic a comunei.

Activitatea politică

În 1918 a constituit Consiliul Național Român și Garda Națională la Moșnița. Ca deputat în Marea Adunare Națională din 1 decembrie 1918, Ioan Ilioviciu a reprezentat ca delegat supleant al Cercului electoral Becicherecu Mic.

Note

Bibliografie

Ioan Munteanu, Dumitru Tomoni, Vasile M. Zaberca, Banatul și Marea Unire. Bănătenții la Alba Iulia, Editura Partoș, Timișoara, 2018

Lectură suplimentară

Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9
Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Legături externe

Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Nașteri în 1891
Decese în 1970
Preoți români
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Ioan Ilioviciu


The Afrikaner Broederbond (AB) or simply the Broederbond was an exclusively Afrikaner Calvinist and male secret society in South Africa dedicated to the advancement of the Afrikaner people. It was founded by H. J. Klopper, H. W. van der Merwe, D. H. C. du Plessis and the Rev. Jozua Naudé in 1918 as Jong Zuid Afrika () until 1920, when it was renamed the Broederbond. Its influence within South African political and social life came to a climax with the 1948-1994 rule of the white supremacist National Party and its policy of apartheid, which was largely developed and implemented by Broederbond members. Between 1948 and 1994, many prominent figures of Afrikaner political, cultural, and religious life, including every leader of the South African government, were members of the Afrikaner Broederbond.

Origins
Described later as an "inner sanctum", "an immense informal network of influence", and by Jan Smuts as a "dangerous, cunning, political fascist organization", in 1920 Jong Zuid Afrika, now restyled as the Afrikaner Broederbond, was a group of 37 white men of Afrikaner ethnicity, Afrikaans language, and Calvinist faith, who shared cultural, semi-religious, and deeply political objectives based on traditions and experiences dating back to the arrival of Dutch white settlers, French Huguenots, and German settlers at the Cape in the 17th and 18th centuries, and including the dramatic events of the Great Trek in the 1830s and 1840s. Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom recount how, on the occasion of its 50th anniversary, a leading broeder (brother or member) said:

The precise intentions of the founders are not clear. Some considered that the group was intended to counter the dominance of the British Empire and the English language, whilst others considered that the purpose was to redeem the Afrikaners after their defeat in the Second Anglo-Boer War. Another view is that it sought to protect culture, build an economy and seize control of the government. The remarks of the organisation's chairman in 1944 offer a slightly different, and possibly more accurate interpretation in the context of the post-Boer War and post-World War I era, when Afrikaners were suffering through a maelstrom of social and political changes:
The Afrikaner Broederbond was born out of the deep conviction that the Afrikaners had been planted in the country by the Hand of God, destined to survive as a separate people with its own calling.

The traditional, deeply pious Calvinism of the Afrikaners, a pastoral people with a difficult history in South Africa since the mid-17th century, supplied an element of Christian predestination that led to a determination to wrest the country from the English-speaking population of British descent and place its future in the hands of the Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaners. To the old thirst for sovereignty that had prompted the Great Trek into the interior from 1838 on, would be added a new thirst for total independence and nationalism. These two threads merged to form a "Christian National" civil religion that would dominate South African life from 1948 to 1994.

The emergence of the Broederbond took place amidst the backdrop of a rise in Afrikaner nationalism as a result of the Second Boer War (1899-1902), which saw the British annex the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. During the conflict, the British deployed scorched earth tactics against the Boers, destroying Boer farms and interning captured Boer non-combatants in concentration camps, where roughly 27,000 Boers died. The war was brought to end by the Treaty of Vereeniging, which though generous in its terms was seen by the Boers as deeply humiliating. The anglicisation policies of British administrator Lord Milner was also a major source of resentment amongst the Afrikaners. These developments led to an increase in nationalistic sentiments amongst Afrikaners, leading to the formation of the Broederbond and the National Party.

The National Party had been established in 1914 by Afrikaner nationalists. They first came to power in 1924. Ten years later, its leader J. B. M. Hertzog and Jan Smuts of the South African Party merged their parties to form the United Party. This angered a contingent of hardline nationalists under D. F. Malan, who broke away to form the Purified National Party. By the time World War II broke out, resentment towards the British had not subsided. Malan's party opposed South Africa's entry into the war on the side of the British; some of its members wanted to support Nazi Germany. Jan Smuts had commanded British Army forces in the East African theater of the First World War and was amenable to backing the Allies a second time. This was the spark Afrikaner nationalism needed. Hertzog, who was in favour of neutrality, resigned from the United Party when a narrow majority in his cabinet backed Smuts. He started the Afrikaner Party which would amalgamate later with D.F. Malan's ''Purified National Party'' to become the force that would take over South African politics for the next 46 years, until majority rule and Nelson Mandela's election in 1994.

The Broederbond and apartheid
Every prime minister and state president in South Africa from 1948 to the end of apartheid in 1994 was a member of the Afrikaner Broederbond.

Once the Herenigde Nasionale Party was in power...English-speaking bureaucrats, soldiers, and state employees were sidelined by reliable Afrikaners, with key posts going to Broederbond members (with their ideological commitment to separatism). The electoral system itself was manipulated to reduce the impact of immigrant English speakers and eliminate that of Coloureds.

The Herenigde Nationale Party was the product of the reunion of the Purified National Party and the United Party in 1940.

The Afrikaner Broederbond continued to act in secret, infiltrating and gaining control of the few organisations, such as the South African Agricultural Union (SAAU), which had political power and were opposed to a further escalation of apartheid policies.

Members of political parties right of the National Party were not welcome and 200 members were expelled by 1972.

In 1983 when the Conservative Party was founded with Andries Treurnicht as a leader, all Broederbond members who belonged to the newly formed party were no longer welcome in the Broederbond. Treurnicht, C.W.H. Boshoff and H.J. Klopper, previous chairmen, left the organization. Other members like H. J. van den Bergh left too.

In 1985 the Afrikaner Broederbond realised that change needed to take place in South African politics. Although the government did not talk openly with the banned African National Congress (ANC), it was decided by the organization they should start negotiating. On 8 June 1986 J.P. de Lange, the then-chairman met Thabo Mbeki in New York for a five-hour meeting held at a conference organised by the Ford Foundation. The meeting was just between de Lange and Mbeki, but at the conference other ANC members Mac Maharaj, Seretse Choabi, Charles Villa-Vicencio, and Peggy Dulany were present.

P.W. Botha also left the Broederbond after his retirement.

Leaders
The chairmen of the Broederbond were:

Exposed
Although the press had maintained a steady trickle of unsourced exposes of the inner workings and membership of the Broederbond since the 1960s, the first comprehensive expose of the organisation was a book written by Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom, The Super-Afrikaners. Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond, first published in 1978. The most notable and discussed section of the book was the last section which consisted of a near-comprehensive list of 7,500 Broederbond members. The Broederbond was portrayed as Die Stigting Adriaan Delport (The Adriaan Delport Foundation) in the 1968 South African feature film Die Kandidaat (The Candidate), directed by Jans Rautenbach and produced by Emil Nofal.

Companies with Broederbond credentials
 ABSA, formed by an amalgamation of United, Allied, Trust and Volkskas banks, the latter of which was established by the Broederbond in 1934 and whose chairman was also the Broederbond chairman at the time.
 ADS, formerly Altech Defence Systems.
 Remgro, formerly Rembrandt Ltd., former holding company of Volkskas.

Notable members
 Theunis Roux Botha, Former and last Rector of the Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit.
 D. F. Malan (1874-1959), former Prime Minister (1948-1954).
 H. F. Verwoerd (1901-1966), former Prime Minister.
 J. G. Strijdom (1893-1958), former Prime Minister (1954-1958).
 B. J. Vorster (1915-1983), former Prime Minister (1966-1978) and State President (1978-1979).
 J. S. Gericke, Vice-Chancellor Stellenbosch University.
 Pik Botha, former Minister of Foreign Affairs.
 H. B. Thom, historian and former Rector of Stellenbosch University.
G.L.P. Moerdijk, Afrikaans architect best known for designing the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria.
 Tienie Groenewald, retired Defence Force general.
 Barend Johannes van der Walt, former ambassador to Canada.
 Pieter Johannes Potgieter Stofberg, former politician, billionaire businessman and famous doctor.
 P. W. Botha, former Minister of Defence and Prime Minister. He left the Broederbond.
 Anton Rupert, billionaire entrepreneur and businessman; a member in the 1940s, but eventually dismissed it as an "absurdity" and left the organization.
 Marthinus van Schalkwyk, a former member of the youth wing of the Broederbond, the last leader of the National Party and former minister of tourism in the ANC government of Jacob Zuma.
 Tom de Beer, recruited 30 years ago, now chairman of new Afrikanerbond.
 Nico Smith, Dutch Reformed Church missionary who, as a former insider, wrote retrospectively about the Afrikaner Broederbond in a book.
 F. W. De Klerk, former South African State President and leader of the National Party.
 "Lang" Hendrik van den Bergh, the South African head of state security apparatus during the Apartheid regime, and close friend of former South African Prime Minister B. J. Vorster. He left the Bond.

References

Further reading
 On the Afrikaner youth today and the Broederbond crutch – Afrikaans
 On the Native Club and the Broederbond
 Membership numbers 6800 to 12000 with 450 branches
 Tom de Beer on the formation of new Afrikanerbond.
 Dr JS Gericke/Kosie Gericke Vice-Chancellor Stellenbosch University

Organizations established in 1918
1918 establishments in South Africa
African secret societies
Society of South Africa
Apartheid in South Africa
Defunct civic and political organisations in South Africa
Organisations associated with apartheid
Afrikaner nationalism
Afrikaner organizations
Anti-Catholicism in South Africa

Afrikaner Broederbond


Gugelmühle ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Röckingen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Die Einöde liegt an der Wörnitz. Der Ort ist unmittelbar Acker- und Grünland umgeben. Im Westen wird die Flur Eichach genannt, im Osten Au und Forstwiesen. 1 km nördlich erhebt sich der Hohnbuck. Im Süden jenseits der Wörnitz liegt die Forst Dornstadt-Linkersbaindt. In der bewaldeten Anhöhe erheben sich der Dürrenbuck () und der Hirschenbuck (). Ein Anliegerweg führt zur Staatsstraße 2218 (0,2 km nördlich), die nach Wassertrüdingen (2,7 km östlich) bzw. nach Gerolfingen (4 km nordwestlich) verläuft.

Geschichte
Gugelmühle lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Wassertrüdingen. Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es eine Untertansfamilie. Grundherr war das Kastenamt Wassertrüdingen. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Wassertrüdingen.

Infolge des Gemeindeedikts wurde Gugelmühle dem 1809 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Röckingen zugewiesen.

Baudenkmal
 Haus Nr. 1: Ehemalige Mühle mit Vierseithof, zweigeschossiger massiver Bau mit Halbwalmdach, 18. Jahrhundert; Wirtschaftsgebäude, massive Satteldachbauten, 18./19. Jahrhundert; Schweinestall, massives Gebäude mit Krüppelwalm, 1831.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Laurentius (Röckingen) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach Heilig Geist (Wassertrüdingen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Röckingen
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung
Ort an der Wörnitz

Gugelmühle (Röckingen)


Hans Dieter Heimendahl (* 1965 in Bremen) ist ein deutscher Journalist.

Leben
Heimendahl studierte Philosophie und Germanistik an der Freien Universität Berlin und an der Cornell University in New York. Im Jahr 1988 schloss er dort sein Studium mit einem Master of Arts ab. Lehraufträge an der FU Berlin schlossen sich an, wo Hans Dieter Heimendahl 1995 bei Hans-Jürgen Schings mit einer Arbeit über Thomas Mann promoviert wurde. In dieser Zeit war er Stipendiat der Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes.

Seitdem war Heimendahl für mehrere Rundfunksender und Zeitungen, darunter das Deutschlandradio, die Süddeutsche Zeitung, die Berliner Zeitung und die taz, journalistisch tätig. Nach einem Volontariat beim Sender Freies Berlin war er dort ab 1998 als Redakteur für die Programme Radio Kultur und Radio Multikulti beim SFB und beim ORB beschäftigt. 1999 wurde er Redakteur und Moderator beim "Journal am Morgen" von Radio Bremen, wo er seit 2001 stellvertretender Programmdirektor Hörfunk war. Er war dort auch für die Medienforschung zuständig und vertrat den Sender in der Hörfunkkommission der ARD. Von 2007 bis 2010 war Heimendahl Programmleiter des Nordwestradio.

Im Februar 2012 beschloss der Verwaltungsrat des Deutschlandradios auf Vorschlag des Intendanten Willi Steul, dass Hans Dieter Heimendahl ab April 2012 als Nachfolger von Wolfgang Hagen Leiter der Hauptabteilung Kultur von Deutschlandradio Kultur wird. Seit 2016 war er Leiter des Programms, das inzwischen in Deutschlandfunk Kultur umbenannt wurde. Zum 1. April 2020 wurde er dort als Programmchef abgelöst und ist seitdem neuer Kulturkoordinator für Deutschlandradio.

Hans Dieter Heimendahl ist verheiratet.

Einzelnachweise

Hörfunkjournalist
Kulturjournalist
Person (Deutschlandradio)
Journalist (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1965
Mann

Hans Dieter Heimendahl


Vodeno pero (rebratica, lat. Hottonia), maleni biljni rod iz porodice jaglačevki kojemu pripada dvije priznate vrste vodenih trajnica, jedna u Euroaziji (H. palustris ) i dreuga u Sjevernoj Americi Hottonia inflata.

Vrste
 Hottonia inflata Elliott
 Hottonia palustris L.

Sinonimi
 Breviglandium Dulac

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Primuloideae

Vodeno pero


Bernard degli Uberti (? - Parma, 4. prosinca 1133.), opat samostana Vallombrosa, parmanski biskup, papinski legat i kardinal.

Životopis

Postao je opat samostana Vallombrosa te na kraju izabran za generalnog poglavara zajednice. Papa Urban II. uzvisio ga je na rang kardinala 1097.godine, istovremeno služivši kao biskup Parme.

Bernard je bio pristaša pape Grgura VII., a kao rezultat toga poslan je u izgnanstvo 1104. godine od strane sljedbenika protupape Maginulfa (Silvestar IV.). Nije se vraćao u Parmu do 1106. Međutim, ponovno je prognan 1127. nakon što se usprotivio proklamaciji Konrada II. Svetim ga je proglasio papa Aleksandar VII., 21. studenog 1665. godine. Spomendan u Katoličkoj Crkvi mu je 4. prosinca.

Njegov lik su na slikama prikazivali poznati slikari Bernardino Gatti i Pietro Perugino.

Izvori

Talijanski kardinali
Talijanski sveci
Biskupi u Italiji

Bernard degli Uberti


Listeria monocytogenes is the species of pathogenic bacteria that causes the infection listeriosis. It is a facultative anaerobic bacterium, capable of surviving in the presence or absence of oxygen. It can grow and reproduce inside the host's cells and is one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens: 20 to 30% of foodborne listeriosis infections in high-risk individuals may be fatal. In the European Union, listeriosis follows an upward trend that began in 2008, causing 2,161 confirmed cases and 210 reported deaths in 2014, 16% more than in 2013. Listeriosis mortality rates are also higher in the EU than for other foodborne pathogens. Responsible for an estimated 1,600 illnesses and 260 deaths in the United States annually, listeriosis ranks third in total number of deaths among foodborne bacterial pathogens, with fatality rates exceeding even Salmonella spp. and Clostridium botulinum.

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, in the phylum Bacillota, named after Joseph Lister. Its ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0 °C permits multiplication at typical refrigeration temperatures, greatly increasing its ability to evade control in human foodstuffs. Motile via flagella at 30 °C and below, but usually not at 37 °C, L. monocytogenes can instead move within eukaryotic cells by explosive polymerization of actin filaments (known as comet tails or actin rockets)..Once Listeria monocytogenes enters the host cytoplasm, multiple changes in bacterial metabolism and gene expression help to complete the metamorphosis of its from soil dweller to intracellular pathogen.

Studies suggest up to 10% of human gastrointestinal tracts may be colonized by L. monocytogenes. Nevertheless, clinical diseases due to L. monocytogenes are more frequently recognized by veterinarians, especially as meningoencephalitis in ruminants. See: listeriosis in animals.

Due to its frequent pathogenicity, causing meningitis in newborns (acquired transvaginally), pregnant mothers are often advised not to eat soft cheeses such as Brie, Camembert, feta, and queso blanco fresco, which may be contaminated with and permit growth of L.  monocytogenes. It is the third-most common cause of meningitis in newborns. Listeria monocytogenes can infect the brain, spinal-cord membranes and/or the bloodstream of the host through the ingestion of contaminated food such as unpasteurized dairy or raw foods.

Classification
L.  monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It is catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, and expresses a beta hemolysin, which causes destruction of red blood cells. This bacterium exhibits characteristic tumbling motility when viewed with light microscopy. Although L. monocytogenes is actively motile by means of peritrichous flagella at room temperature (20−25 °C), the organism does not synthesize flagella at body temperatures (37 °C).

The genus Listeria belongs to the class Bacilli and the order Bacillales, which also includes Bacillus and Staphylococcus. Listeria currently contains 27 species: Listeria aquatica, Listeria booriae, Listeria cornellensis, Listeria cossartiae, Listeria costaricensis, Listeria farberi, Listeria fleischmannii, Listeria floridensis, Listeria goaensis, Listeria grandensis, Listeria grayi, Listeria immobilis, Listeria innocua, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria marthii, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria murrayi, Listeria newyorkensis, Listeria portnoyi, Listeria riparia, Listeria rocourtiae, Listeria rustica, Listeria seeligeri, Listeria thailandensis, Listeria valentina, Listeria weihenstephanensis, Listeria welshimeri. L. denitrificans, previously thought to be part of the genus Listeria, was reclassified into the new genus Jonesia. Both L. ivanovii and L. monocytogenes are pathogenic in mice, but only L. monocytogenes is consistently associated with human illness.  The 13 serotypes of L. monocytogenes can cause disease, but more than 90% of human isolates belong to only three serotypes: 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. L. monocytogenes serotype 4b strains are responsible for 33 to 35% of sporadic human cases worldwide and for all major foodborne outbreaks in Europe and North America since the 1980s.

History
L. monocytogenes was first described by E.G.D. Murray (Everitt George Dunne Murray) in 1924 based on six cases of sudden death in young rabbits, and published a description with his colleagues in 1926 .
Murray referred to the organism as Bacterium monocytogenes before Harvey Pirie changed the genus name to Listeria in 1940. Although clinical descriptions of L. monocytogenes infection in both animals and humans were published in the 1920s, it was not recognized as a significant cause of neonatal infection, sepsis, and meningitis until 1952 in East Germany.  Listeriosis in adults was later associated with patients living with compromised immune systems, such as individuals taking immunosuppressant drugs and corticosteroids for malignancies or organ transplants, and those with HIV infection.

L. monocytogenes was not identified as a cause of foodborne illness until 1981, however. An outbreak of listeriosis in Halifax, Nova Scotia, involving 41 cases and 18 deaths, mostly in pregnant women and neonates, was epidemiologically linked to the consumption of coleslaw containing cabbage that had been contaminated with L. monocytogenes-contaminated sheep manure.  Since then, a number of cases of foodborne listeriosis have been reported, and L. monocytogenes is now widely recognized as an important hazard in the food industry.

Pathogenesis

Invasive infection by L. monocytogenes causes the disease listeriosis.  When the infection is not invasive, any illness as a consequence of infection is termed febrile gastroenteritis. The manifestations of listeriosis include sepsis, meningitis (or meningoencephalitis), encephalitis, corneal ulcer, pneumonia, myocarditis, and intrauterine or cervical infections in pregnant women, which may result in spontaneous abortion (second to third trimester) or stillbirth. Surviving neonates of fetomaternal listeriosis may suffer granulomatosis infantiseptica — pyogenic granulomas distributed over the whole body — and may suffer from physical retardation. Influenza-like symptoms, including persistent fever, usually precede the onset of the aforementioned disorders. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, may precede more serious forms of listeriosis or may be the only symptoms expressed. Gastrointestinal symptoms were epidemiologically associated with use of antacids or cimetidine. The onset time to serious forms of listeriosis is unknown, but may range from a few days to 3 weeks. The onset time to gastrointestinal symptoms is unknown, but probably exceeds 12 hours. An early study suggested that L. monocytogenes is unique among Gram-positive bacteria in that it might possess lipopolysaccharide, which serves as an endotoxin.  Later, it was found to not be a true endotoxin. Listeria cell walls consistently contain lipoteichoic acids, in which a glycolipid moiety, such as a galactosyl-glucosyl-diglyceride, is covalently linked to the terminal phosphomonoester of the teichoic acid. This lipid region anchors the polymer chain to the cytoplasmic membrane. These lipoteichoic acids resemble the lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria in both structure and function, being the only amphipathic polymers at the cell surface.

L. monocytogenes has D-galactose residues on its surface that can attach to D-galactose receptors on the host cell walls. These host cells are generally M cells and Peyer's patches of the intestinal mucosa. Once attached to these cells, L. monocytogenes can translocate past the intestinal membrane and into the body.. Alternatively, losses of structural integrity (such as small lacerations) in the gastrointestinal epithelium could allow the microorganism to penetrate from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream.

The infective dose of L. monocytogenes varies with the strain and with the susceptibility of the victim. From cases contracted through raw or supposedly pasteurized milk, one may safely assume that, in susceptible persons, fewer than 1,000 total organisms may cause disease. L. monocytogenes may invade the gastrointestinal epithelium. Once the bacterium enters the host's monocytes, macrophages, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, it becomes bloodborne (sepsis) and can grow. Its presence intracellularly in phagocytic cells also permits access to the brain and probably transplacental migration to the fetus in pregnant women. This process is known as the "Trojan Horse mechanism". The pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes centers on its ability to survive and multiply in phagocytic host cells. It seems that Listeria originally evolved to invade membranes of the intestines, as an intracellular infection, and developed a chemical mechanism to do so. This involves a bacterial protein internalin (InlA/InlB), which attaches to a protein on the intestinal cell membrane "cadherin" and allows the bacteria to invade the cells through a zipper mechanism. These adhesion molecules are also to be found in two other unusually tough barriers in humans — the blood-brain barrier and the fetal–placental barrier, and this may explain the apparent affinity that L. monocytogenes has for causing meningitis and affecting babies in utero. Once inside the cell, L. monocytogenes rapidly acidifies the lumen of the vacuole formed around it during cell entry to activate listeriolysin O, a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin capable of disrupting the vacuolar membrane. This frees the pathogen and gives it access to the cytosol of the cell, where it continues its pathogenesis.  Motility in the intracellular space is provided by actin assembly-inducing protein, which allows the bacteria to use the host cell's actin polymerization machinery to polymerize the cytoskeleton to give a "boost" to the bacterial cell so it can move in the cell. The same mechanism also allows the bacteria to travel from cell to cell.

Regulation of pathogenesis
L. monocytogenes can act as a saprophyte or a pathogen, depending on its environment. When this bacterium is present within a host organism, quorum sensing and other signals cause the up-regulation of several virulence genes. Depending on the location of the bacterium within the host organism, different activators up-regulate the virulence genes. SigB, an alternative sigma factor, up-regulates Vir genes in the intestines, whereas PrfA up-regulates gene expression when the bacterium is present in blood. L. monocytogenes also senses the entry to host by examining available nutrient sources. For example L-glutamine, an abundant nitrogen source in the host, induces the expression of virulence genes in L. monocytogenes. Little is known about how this bacterium switches between acting as a saprophyte and a pathogen; however, several noncoding RNAs are thought to be required to induce this change.

Pathogenicity of lineages
L. monocytogenes has three distinct lineages, with differing evolutionary histories and pathogenic potentials. Lineage I strains contain the majority of human clinical isolates and all human epidemic clones, but are underrepresented in animal clinical isolates. Lineage II strains are overrepresented in animal cases and underrepresented in human clinical cases, and are more prevalent in environmental and food samples. Lineage III isolates are very rare, but significantly more common in animal than human isolates.

Detection

The Anton test is used in the identification of L. monocytogenes; instillation of a culture into the conjunctival sac of a rabbit or guinea pig causes severe keratoconjunctivitis within 24 hours.

Listeria species grow on media such as Mueller-Hinton agar. Identification is enhanced if the primary cultures are done on agar containing sheep blood, because the characteristic small zone of hemolysis can be observed around and under colonies. Isolation can be enhanced if the tissue is kept at 4 °C for some days before inoculation into bacteriologic media. The organism is a facultative anaerobe and is catalase-positive and motile. Listeria produces acid, but not gas, when fermenting a variety of carbohydrates.
The motility at room temperature and hemolysin production are primary findings that help differentiate Listeria from Corynebacterium.

The methods for analysis of food are complex and time-consuming. The present U.S. FDA method, revised in September 1990, requires 24 and 48 hours of enrichment, followed by a variety of other tests. Total time to identification takes five to seven days, but the announcement of specific non-radiolabelled DNA probes should soon allow a simpler and faster confirmation of suspect isolates.

Recombinant DNA technology may even permit two- to three-day positive analysis in the future. Currently, the FDA is collaborating in adapting its methodology to quantitate very low numbers of the organisms in foods.

Treatment
When listeric meningitis occurs, the overall mortality may reach 70%, from sepsis 50%, and from perinatal/neonatal infections greater than 80%. In infections during pregnancy, the mother usually survives. Reports of successful treatment with parenteral penicillin or ampicillin exist. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole  has been shown effective in patients allergic to penicillin.

A bacteriophage, Listeria phage P100, has been proposed as food additive to control L. monocytogenes. Bacteriophage treatments have been developed by several companies. EBI Food Safety and Intralytix both have products suitable for treatment of the bacterium. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a cocktail of six bacteriophages from Intralytix, and a one-type phage product from EBI Food Safety designed to kill L. monocytogenes. Uses would potentially include spraying it on fruits and ready-to-eat meat such as sliced ham and turkey.

Use as a transfection vector
Because L. monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterium, some studies have used this bacterium as a vector to deliver genes in vitro.  Current transfection efficiency remains poor. One example of the successful use of L. monocytogenes in in vitro transfer technologies is in the delivery of gene therapies for cystic fibrosis cases.

Cancer treatment
Listeria monocytogenes is being investigated as a cancer immunotherapy for several types of cancer.

A live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes cancer vaccine, ADXS11-001, is under development as a possible treatment for cervical carcinoma.

Epidemiology
Researchers have found Listeria monocytogenes in at least 37 mammalian species, both domesticated and feral, as well as in at least 17 species of birds and possibly in some species of fish and shellfish. Laboratories can isolate Listeria monocytogenes from soil, silage, and other environmental sources. Listeria monocytogenes is quite hardy and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most Listeria monocytogenes strains are pathogenic to some degree.

Routes of infection
Listeria monocytogenes has been associated with such foods as raw milk, pasteurized fluid milk, cheeses (particularly soft-ripened varieties), hard-boiled eggs, ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented raw-meat sausages, raw and cooked poultry, raw meats (of all types), and raw and smoked fish. Most bacteria can survive near freezing temperatures, but cannot absorb nutrients, grow or replicate; however, L. monocytogenes has the ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0 °C which permits exponential multiplication in refrigerated foods. At refrigeration temperature, such as 4 °C, the amount of ferric iron can affect the growth of L. monocytogenes.

Infectious cycle

The primary site of infection is the intestinal epithelium, where the bacteria invade nonphagocytic cells via the "zipper" mechanism. Uptake is stimulated by the binding of listerial internalins (Inl) to E-cadherin, a host cell adhesion factor, or Met (c-Met), hepatocyte growth factor. This binding activates certain Rho-GTPases, which subsequently bind and stabilize Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp). WASp can then bind the Arp2/3 complex and serve as an actin nucleation point. Subsequent actin polymerization creates a "phagocytic cup", an actin-based structure normally formed around foreign materials by phagocytes prior to endocytosis. The net effect of internalin binding is to exploit the junction-forming apparatus of the host into internalizing the bacterium. L. monocytogenes can also invade phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages), but requires only internalins for invasion of nonphagocytic cells.

Following internalization, the bacterium must escape from the vacuole/phagosome before fusion with a lysosome can occur. Three main virulence factors that allow the bacterium to escape are listeriolysin O (LLO encoded by hly) phospholipase A (encoded by plcA) and phospholipase B (plcB). Secretion of LLO and PlcA disrupts the vacuolar membrane and allows the bacterium to escape into the cytoplasm, where it may proliferate.

Once in the cytoplasm, L. monocytogenes exploits host actin for the second time. ActA proteins associated with the old bacterial cell pole (being a bacillus, L. monocytogenes septates in the middle of the cell, thus has one new pole and one old pole) are capable of binding the Arp2/3 complex, thereby inducing actin nucleation at a specific area of the bacterial cell surface. Actin polymerization then propels the bacterium unidirectionally into the host cell membrane. The protrusion formed may then be internalized by a neighboring cell, forming a double-membrane vacuole from which the bacterium must escape using LLO and PlcB. This mode of direct cell-to-cell spread involves a cellular mechanism known as paracytophagy.

The ability of L. monocytogenes to successfully infect depends on its resistance to the high concentrations of bile encountered throughout the gastrointestinal tract.  This resistance is due, in part, to the nucleotide excision repair  protein UvrA that is necessary for repair of DNA damages caused by bile salts.

References

External links

 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Listeria monocytogenes
 Public Health Agency of Canada
 Type strain of Listeria monocytogenes at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

monocytogenes
Foodborne illnesses
Bacteria described in 1940

Listeria monocytogenes


بُطْرِيَة (اسمها التاريخي الروماني: Acholla أَكُولاَ) قرية ساحلية تونسية، تقع على بعد 45  شمال شرق مدينة صفاقس، وهي تابعة إدارياً لمعتمدية جبنيانة من ولاية صفاقس. وتمتد المنطقة الأثرية بها على مساحة تفوق 100 هكتار.

انظر أيضاً

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 أكولا.
 رأس بطرية.

قرى ولاية صفاقس

بطرية


Irving Lester Janis (May 26, 1918 – November 15, 1990) was an American research psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley most famous for his theory of "groupthink" which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Janis as the 79th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Early years
Irving Janis was born on May 26, 1918, in Buffalo, New York.  He received a bachelor of science degree from the University of Chicago in 1939, then received a doctorate from Columbia University.

Career
During the Second World War, Janis was drafted into the U.S. Army, where he carried out studies of military morale.  In 1947, Janis became a faculty member of the Yale University Psychology Department, where he remained for nearly forty years.  He collaborated with Carl Hovland on his studies of attitude change, including the sleeper effect.

During his career, Janis studied decisionmaking in areas such as dieting and smoking.  This work described how people respond to threats, as well as what conditions give rise to irrational complacency, apathy, hopelessness, rigidity, and panic.

Janis also made important contributions to the study of group dynamics. He did extensive work in the area of "groupthink," which describes the tendency of groups to try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without sufficiently testing, analyzing, and evaluating their ideas. His work suggested that pressures for conformity restrict the thinking of the group, bias its analysis, promote simplistic and stereotyped thinking, and stifle individual creative and independent thought.

Janis wrote or co-wrote more than a dozen books, including Psychological Stress (1958), Victims of Groupthink (1972), Decision Making (1977), Groupthink (1982), and Crucial Decisions (1989).

In 1967, Janis was awarded the Socio-Psychological Prize by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.  In 1981, he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association. In 1991, he won the Distinguished Scientist Award from the Society of Experimental Social Psychology.

He retired from Yale University in 1985, and in 1986 was appointed Adjunct Professor of Psychology Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley.

Personal life
Janis was married to Marjorie Janis, with whom he had two daughters.  He died of lung cancer on November 15, 1990, in Santa Rosa, California.

Selected books

References

1918 births
1990 deaths
University of Chicago alumni
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
20th-century American psychologists
American psychology writers
American male non-fiction writers
Conformity
American social psychologists
Jewish psychologists
Deaths from lung cancer
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Communication scholars
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
United States Army personnel of World War I

Irving Janis


Jabloko () eller Det russiske demokratiske parti "Jabloko" (, ) er et politisk parti i Rusland. Jabloko er et liberalt parti og er medlem af Den liberale internationale, og dermed søsterparti til Radikale Venstre og Venstre i Danmark. Partiet opfatter sig som en del af den demokratiske opposition til præsident Vladimir Putin. Partiet blev grundlagt af Grigorij Javlinskij og er under ledelse af Nikolaj Rybakov, som i 2019 afløste Emilija Slabunova.

Jabloko opstod som en valgalliance før det russiske parlamentsvalg i 1993. Alliancen fik 7,9 % af stemmerne ved valget, men har ved senere valg ikke øget stemmetallene. I januar 1995 blev Jabloko organiseret som et politisk parti. Jabloko støtter markedsreformer, men ikke til en hver pris og på alle områder, som for eksempel sundhedsvæsen, uddanelsesvæsen, kultur og miljøbeskyttelse. Partiet opfatter sig således som socialliberalt. Jabloko var meget kritiske overfor krigen i Tjetjenien.

Efter Vladimir Putin kom til magten har partiet advaret mot indskrænkninger i demokratiske rettigheder i Rusland. Ved parlamentsvalget i 2003 havnede partiet under spærregrensen på 5 % og fik kun indvalgt fire repræsentanter i enkeltmandskredse. Javlinskij anklagede Putin for valgfusk for at forhindre at Jabloko og et andet demokratisk parti, Unionen af højrekræfter, skulle komme ind i Dumaen. Ved presidentvalget i 2004 opstillede Jabloko derfor ingen kandidat. Ved parlamentsvalget i 2007 blev partiet ikke repræsenteret i parlamentet.

Eksterne henvisninger

Etableret i 1993
Politiske partier i Rusland
Socialliberale partier

Jabloko


Festi Jazz International de Rimouski is a jazz festival held every year from Thursday to Sunday of the first weekend of September in Rimouski, Quebec. The first edition of the festival was held in 1986.

Despite the relatively small size of the city of Rimouski and its distance from major cities, the festival has been a successful cultural event for more than 25 years. Some of the most famous names in jazz have performed at the festival, including Dizzy Gillespie, Stéphane Grappelli and others.

References

External links
 Festi Jazz International de Rimouski

Music festivals in Quebec
Jazz festivals in Canada
Culture of Rimouski
Tourist attractions in Bas-Saint-Laurent

Festi Jazz International de Rimouski


Golgi ist ein sehr kleiner Einschlagkrater auf der nordwestlichen Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Oceanus Procellarum, nördlich des Kraters Schiaparelli und östlich von Briggs.
Östlich von Golgi liegt die Höhenrücken der Dorsa Burnet.

Der Krater wurde 1976 von der IAU nach dem italienischen Mediziner und Nobelpreisträger Camillo Golgi offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Golgi auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Golgi (Mondkrater)


La maison de Jonathan Corwin, plus connue comme la maison de la sorcière, est un musée d'histoire occupant le n°310 Essex Street à Salem (Massachusetts). Probablement construite entre 1620 et 1642, elle était le domicile du juge Jonathan Corwin (1640–1718), et reste l'unique structure contemporaine du procès des sorcières de Salem (1692). Corwin racheta la maison en 1675 (il avait alors 35 ans), et y résida plus de 40 ans ; cette demeure est restée dans la famille Corwin jusqu'au milieu du .

Histoire
Corwin est un greffier qui avait été chargé d'enquêter sur les plaintes pour satanisme lorsqu'une pluie d'accusations se déchaîna à Salem Village (l'actuelle Danvers) et alentour. Il remplaçait le juge Nathaniel Saltonstall, démissionnaire après l'exécution de Bridget Bishop. Corwin officia à la cour du comté, qui envoya 19 personnes à la potence.

Avec son toit à double pente, son bardage de planches et ses carreaux cloisonnés au plomb, cette maison offre un excellent exemple d'architecture coloniale de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, bien que les historiens hésitent sur sa date de construction. Une tradition dans la famille Corwin affirme qu'elle daterait de 1642, plusieurs chercheurs estiment qu'elle a été construite entre 1620 et 1640 et que Roger Williams l'aurait habitée avant de fonder la colonie de Providence.

Dans les années 1940, pour élargir la rue, il a fallu la reconstruire à  de son emplacement d'origine. Elle a été remaniée pour lui restituer son aspect du XVIIe siècle, à ceci près que le toit n'est plus en mansarde, mais affecte la brisure de pente caractéristique des maisons de Nouvelle Angleterre. C'est aujourd'hui un écomusée administré par la Ville de Salem, ouvert uniquement une partie de l'année.

À l'écran
En 2011, l'équipe de tournage de Ghost Adventures y a tourné la saison 4.

Notes

Registre national des lieux historiques au Massachusetts
Maison inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques au Massachusetts
Maison de personnalité aux États-Unis
Musée d'histoire aux États-Unis
Édifice construit en 1640

Maison de la sorcière (Salem)


A landlord is the owner of a house, apartment, condominium, land, or real estate which is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called a tenant (also a lessee or renter). When a juristic person is in this position, the term landlord is used. Other terms include lessor, housing provider, and owner. The term landlady may be used for the female owners. The manager of a pub in the United Kingdom, strictly speaking a licensed victualler, is referred to as the landlord/landlady. In political economy it refers to the owner of natural resources alone (e.g., land, not buildings) from which an economic rent, a form of passive income, is the income received.

History

The concept of a landlord may be traced back to the feudal system of manoralism (seignorialism), where a landed estate is owned by a Lord of the Manor (mesne lords), usually members of the lower nobility which came to form the rank of knights in the high medieval period, holding their fief via subinfeudation, but in some cases the land may also be directly subject to a member of higher nobility, as in the royal domain directly owned by a king, or in the Holy Roman Empire imperial villages directly subject to the emperor. The medieval system ultimately continues the system of villas and latifundia (peasant-worked broad farmsteads) of the Roman Empire.

In modern times, "landlord" describes any individual, or entity such as a government body or an institution, who charges rent to a person living in a home they do not own.

Owner and tenant responsibilities
A rental agreement, or lease, is the contract defining such terms as the price paid, penalties for late payments, the length of the rental or lease, and the amount of notice required before either the homeowner or tenant cancels the agreement. In general, responsibilities are given as follows: the homeowner is responsible for making repairs and performing property maintenance, and the tenant is responsible for keeping the property clean and safe.

Many owners hire a property management company to take care of all the details of renting their property out to a tenant. This usually includes advertising the property and showing it to prospective tenants, negotiating and preparing the written leases or license agreements, and then, once rented, collecting rent from the tenant and performing repairs as needed.

United States
In the United States, residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by state law (not federal law) regarding property and contracts. State law and, in some places, city law or county law, sets the requirements for eviction of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord or landlady can evict his or her tenant before the expiration of the tenancy, though at the end of the lease term the rental relationship can generally be terminated without giving any reason. Some cities, counties, and states have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation, and related eviction. There is also an implied warranty of habitability, whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements such as smoke detectors and a locking door. The most common disputes result from either the landlord's failure to provide services or the tenant's failure to pay rent—the former can also lead to the latter. The withholding of rent is justifiable cause for eviction, as often explained in the lease. City ordinances can also play a role in renting policy, such as the rise in source-of-income anti-discrimination ordinances. Tenants unions also affect housing policy when organized politically.

Canada

In Canada, residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by provincial law (not federal law) regarding property and contracts. Provincial law sets the requirements for eviction of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord can evict a tenant. Some provinces have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation, and related eviction. There is also an implied warranty of habitability, whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements.

United Kingdom

Residential rental market (tenancies)
Private sector renting is largely governed by many of the Landlord and Tenant Acts, in particular the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 which sets bare minimum standards in tenants' rights against their landlords. Another key statute is the Housing Act 2004. Rents can be freely increased at the end of a usual six-month duration, on proper notice given to the tenant. A Possession Order under the most common type, the assured shorthold tenancy (AST) is usually obtainable after eight weeks/two months of unpaid rent, and at the court's discretion after serving the tenant with a Section 8 notice (under the Housing Act 1988 as amended) for a lesser period for all assured tenancies, and on other grounds which defer to the landlord's ownership of the property. If the tenancy is an AST then any possession order will not take effect until six months has passed into the initial tenancy. A tenancy of someone who has been in occupation since before 15 January 1989 usually, if not a shorthold from the outset following their inception from 1980 onwards, may be a "regulated tenancy" with many more rights, especially under the Rent Act 1977 and Protection from Eviction Act 1977, introduced by the Third Wilson ministry.

Each house in multiple occupation, a unit the law does not regard it as a single household having more than three tenants, is subject to enhanced regulations including the Housing Act 2004. A council-issued licence to be a landlord of such a unit is always required in some local authorities (in others, limited to the larger statutory examples).

Residential leasehold
Tenancies above a couple of years are normally called leases and tend to be lengthy; if more than seven years a new leasehold estate must be registered. These are governed by few of the above rules and are in longer examples deliberately more akin to full ownership than tenancies, in general. They seldom require a sizeable ground rent. The law has not regulated hefty break/resale charges nor does it prevent the sale of leasehold houses; in the 2010s certain of these proposals have been widely consulted upon and are being drafted. Broadly, legislation allows such lessees (tenants) to club together to gain the Right to Manage, and the right to buy the landlord's interest (to collectively enfranchise). It allows them individually to extend their leases for a new, smaller sum ("premium"), which if the tenants have enfranchised will not normally be demanded/recommended every 15–35 years. Notice requirements and forms tend to be strict. In smaller examples the tenant, depending on a simple mathematical division of the building, may be able to enfranchise individually. Statute of 1925 implies into nearly all leases (tenancies at low rent and at a premium (fine, initial large sum)) of property that they can be sold (by the lessee, assigned); reducing any restriction to one whereby the landlord may apply standard that is "reasonable" vetting, without causing major delay. This is often known as the "statutory qualified covenant on assignment/alienation".

In the overall diminishing domain of social housing, exceptionally, lessees widely acquire over time the Right to Buy for a fixed discount on the market price of the home.

Commercial (business) leases and tenancies
In commercial property much of the law, especially as to disputes and basic responsibilities, is based on freedom of contract of the common law including the implied terms of precedent decisions of wide-ranging case law such as the meaning of "good and substantial repair". Implied principles include "non-derogation from grant" and "quiet enjoyment". All businesses which are tenants (lessees) must decide whether to contract in or outside of Part II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 which gives them "business security of tenure". If not, it generally applies by default. This "security of tenure" is expressly subject to common reasons and associated mechanisms for a landlord to obtain back the premises. If a landlord is selling a block and a qualifying tenant occupies more than 50%, the tenant should be given the right of first refusal at the asking price to buy the block. As in most jurisdictions the law on rigorous adherence to lease terms on unlawful subletting and assignment can be strictly enforced, resulting in financial and premises loss if broken. Failure to repay a rent demand, unlike residential, can result in direct landlord's repossession ("peaceable re-entry") through a commercial landlord's right to the use of "self-help" evictions. The taking of a tenant's goods without a court-issued warrant (flowing from a court order or outstanding tax demand) (distress) has been banned.

Criticism of landlords

Land ownership
The concept of land ownership is not universal. Many Native American tribes did not view land as a commodity whereas many Europeans colonizers did. Ownership of land in the pre-colonial Americas varied from group to group, but many Native American societies had communal and individual land.

Some European scholars were also skeptical of land ownership, such as Adam Smith and Henry George. Smith said about landlords, "As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords—like all other men—love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for their land's natural product." George believed land belonged to everyone and supported a public tax on economic rent, which he believed would be so profitable that all other taxes would be abolished.

Monopolies
Another common criticism of landlords is the tendency for monopolization. Without regulation, corporations are able to use their purchasing power to buy up housing stock. In a single Atlanta zip code, up to 90% of the houses sold between January 2011 and June 2012 were purchased by instituitional investors. Corporate landlords are able to buy foreclosed houses and rent the house back to the original owner. Another form of corporate monopolization and housing are company towns, where one corporation owns the vast majority of housing and businesses. Since these corporations employ most of the residents of the town, they are able to raise rent and lower wages during a recession.

Slum landlord

Renters (tenants or other licensees) at the lowest end of the payment scale may be in social or economic difficulty and suffer significant social stigma as a consequence. Due to lack of alternative options, such renters are often the victims of unscrupulous owners of unsafe and decrepit properties who neglect their responsibility to maintain the property.

The terms "slumlord", "slum landlord", or "ghetto landlord" is used to describe landlords of large numbers of such properties, often holding a virtual local monopoly. Public improvement or major private investment can improve such areas. In extreme situations, government compulsory purchase powers in many countries enable slum clearance to replace or renovate the worst of neighbourhoods.

One example is Peter Rachman, a landlord who operated in Notting Hill, London, in the 1950s and until his 1962 death. He became notorious for exploitation of his tenants, with the word "Rachmanism" entering the Oxford English Dictionary. His henchmen included Michael de Freitas (aka Michael X/Abdul Malik), who created a reputation as a black-power leader, and Johnny Edgecombe, who became a promoter of jazz and blues, which helped to keep him in the limelight.

Accidental landlord
The term 'accidental landlord' is used for landlords who do not initially intend to become a landlord but have a spare property (from inheriting it, moving in with a partner, or unable to sell when moving), and then choose to lease the property instead of selling it.

Rental investment and basis

Incentives and disincentives
The incentive is to obtain a good rental yield (profit) and prospect of property price inflation. The disincentives are the locally varying rights of tenants and duties of landlords in repair/maintenance and administration — and keynote risks (tenant disputes, damage, neglect, loss of rent, insurance inavailability/disputes, economic slump, increased rate of interest on any mortgage, and negative equity or loss of investment). Net income (yield) and capital growth from letting (renting out) particularly in leveraged buy to let, is subject to idiosyncratic risk, which is considered objectively intensified for a highly leveraged investor limited to a small number of similar profile homes, of narrow rental market appeal in areas lacking economic resilience.

Security for rent and extra fees

A landlord or their agent can decide to collect a security deposit (and/or in some jurisdictions such as parts of the US, a move-in/administration fee). A barrier if high and a relative attractive if low in many markets for a tenant, it is rarely debated in pre-tenancy term negotiations. In some jurisdictions either or both are banned in the original sense. Instead, a landlord's loss of rent/comprehensive damage insurance may be factored into the rent demanded and/or a special type of deposit, a regulated sum of money as a bond (protected security deposit) from the tenant held by a registered third party (such as certain realty agents) may be permissible. A deposit is normally by law to be offset against arrears (rent deficits) and damage by or failures to clean/repair by the tenant.

Licensed victualler

In the United Kingdom the owner and/or manager of a pub (public house) is usually called the "landlord/landlady" or "publican", the latter properly the appellation of a Roman public contractor or tax farmer. In more formal situations, the term used is licensed victualler or simply "licensee".

The Licensed Trade Charity, formed in 2004 from the merger of the Society of Licensed Victuallers and Licensed Victualler's National Homes, exists to serve the retirement needs of Britain's pub landlords. The charity also runs three private schools in Ascot and Reading in Berkshire and Sayers Common in Sussex. As well as having normal full fee paying students, Licensed Victuallers' School in Ascot provides discounted education prices for the children of landlords and others in the catering industry.

Landlord associations
There are significant associations of landlords in various countries. These associations/societies provide support for their members in facing a range of issues
by providing a means of mutual support, and also lobby relevant authorities and parliament with regard to the details and implementation of residential and some commercial tenancy legislation.

Australia
Numerous landlord associations exist in Australia. These associations should be distinguished from the class of property owner associations representing the 'big end of town' — the owners of major buildings and very large residential housing complexes, such as the Property Council of Australia.

 Property Owners Association of Australia (POAA)
 Property Owners Association of Victoria (POAVIC)
 POAQ - Property Owners Association of Queensland
 Property Owners Association of NSW
 Property Owners Association of Western Australia
 Landlords Association of South Australia

United Kingdom
National Residential Landlords Association (NRLA) has now formed from a merger of the two following organisations as of 31/3/2020:

 Residential Landlords Association (RLA)
 National Landlords Association (NLA)

See also
 Tenement (law)

Related occupations
 Building superintendent
 Landowner
 Property manager

References

External links

Real property law

Landlord


Marica (Maria) Brâncoveanu (n. cca. 1661 – d. decembrie 1729) a fost soția domnului Țării Românești Constantin Brâncoveanu.

A fost fiica postelnicului Neagoe și nepoata domnului Țării Românești, Antonie din Popești. S-a căsătorit în 1674 cu marele dregător Constantin, unul dintre cei mai influenți boieri din țară, rudă cu marile familii Brâncoveanu și Cantacuzino, care din anul 1688 a urcat pe tron. Au avut împreună 11 copii: șapte fete (Stanca: 1676, Maria: 1678, Ilinca: 1682, Safta: 1686, Ancuța: 1691, Bălașa: 1693, Smaranda: 1696) și patru băieți (Constantin: 1683, Ștefan: 1685, Radu: 1690, Matei: 1698).

Referințe

Legături externe
 Maria Brâncoveanu – O viață de credință și jertfă - glascomun.info

Nașteri în 1661
Decese în 1729
Soții de domni și domnitori
Românce din secolul al XVII-lea
Românce din secolul al XVIII-lea

Marica Brâncoveanu


Atli Már Árnason (17. janúar 1918 — 9. febrúar 2006) var íslenskur myndlistarmaður og auglýsingateiknari. Hann lærði grafíska hönnun við Kunsthåndværkerskolen í Kaupmannahöfn en sneri sér alfarið að listmálun um fimmtugt.

Íslenskir auglýsingateiknarar
Íslenskir myndlistarmenn

Atli Már


Springer est une localité américaine située dans le Comté de Colfax, au Nouveau-Mexique. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de  habitants.

Liens externes

Town au Nouveau-Mexique
Comté de Colfax (Nouveau-Mexique)

Springer (Nouveau-Mexique)


King's College London (KCL), Londra Üniversitesi'ni oluşturan ilk iki kolejinden biridir. İngiltere'nin en eski ve prestijli okullarındandır.

2019-2020 eğitim dönemi itibarıyla 19,370 lisans, 13,740 yüksek lisans öğrencisi vardır.

Birçok öğretim üyesi Nobel Ödülü ile ödüllendirilmiştir. Hâlen İngiltere'nin araştırmaya en çok fon ayıran üniversitelerindendir.

Kral IV. George ve Wellington Dükü (daha sonra başbakan) tarafından 1829'da kurulmuştur.

Tıp, diş hekimliği, hukuk, siyaset bilimi ve uluslararası ilişkiler, uluslararası güvenlik, müzik ve felsefe alanlarında İngiltere'nin ve dünyanın en kayda değer bölümlerine sahiptir.

King's Kampüsleri

Londra'da çok sayıda kampüse yayılmıştır. En önemli ve baş kampüsü Strand'dir ve Strand yolu üzerindedir. BBC'nin eski ana binalarından Bush House ile komşu olmakla birlikte, İngiliz Parlamentosu'na 20 dakika yürüme mesafesindedir. Bir diğer önemli kampüsü ise Guys Kampüsü'dür.

Londra dışında Bournemouth, Brighton ve Oxford olmak üzere toplamda 4 ana kampüsü ve 7 alt kampüsü bulunmaktadır.

King's Eğitim Ücretleri

Foundation Sınıfı ücreti 19,800 sterlindir. Foundation sınıfında İngilizce seviyesi yeterli olmayan veya lise diploması A Level muadili olmayan öğrenciler eğitim almaktadır. Foundation sınıfları her ayın ilk pazartesi günü eğitime başlamaktadır ve eğitim süresi haftada 30 saat olmak üzere 6 ay sürmektedir.

Lisans ve Yüksek Lisans eğitimleri ise kampüslere göre ücretlendirilmektedir ve eğitim ücretleri arasında fark bulunmaktadır.

Eğitim ücretleri bölüme göre değişmekle birlikte yabancı öğrenciler için genel olarak;

 Londra kampüsü lisans program ücretleri: yıllık  £22,500 (BA International Relations-2022-2023)
 Londra kampüsü yüksek lisans program ücretleri: 1 yıllık £29,310  (MA International Relations-2022-2023)
 Oxford kampüsü(aslen ana kampüslerden sayılmamaktadır) lisans program ücretleri: 1 yıllık £21,870 (MPhil/PhD, Defence Studies2022-2023)
 Eğitim ücretlerine her yıl komisyon tarafından belirlenen oranda zam yapılmaktadır.

King's Mezunları
 King's mezunları arasında oldukça tanınmış isimler vardır. Florence Nightingale King's'de yer almış önemli isimlerden biridir.
 Sir James Black, Maurice Wilkins, Sir Charles Scott Sherrington ve Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Nobel Tıp ödüllerini almış King's mezunlarıdır.
 John Keats, Sir William Gilbert of Gilbert ve Sullivan, Thomas Hardy, Wirginia Woolf ve Michael Nyman modern sanatın King's mezunlarıdır.
 Son dönemde ise Rory Bremner, gazeteci Martin Bashir ve Benjamin Cohen, Nobel Laureate, Desmond Tutu vb. çok sayıda King's mezunu tanınmış kişi vardır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 King's College London sayfası

Londra Üniversitesi
Russel Grubu

King's College London


Dagens Nyheter kısaltılmış DN, İsveç'te bir günlük gazetedir. Stockholm'de yayınlanıyor ve tam ulusal ve uluslararası kapsama istiyor.

İsveç gazeteleri

Dagens Nyheter


Šindliar este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prešov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 545 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Šindliar este atestată documentar din 1331.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Šindliar


نافورة تريفي(بالإيطالي:Fontana di Trevi، فونتانا دي تريفي) هي أكبر نافورة باروكية في روما وواحدة من أشهر النوافير في العالم. و يبلغ ارتفاعها 26 مترا، ويصل اتساعها إلى 20 مترا. يقصدها ملايين السياح سنويا أملا منهم بأن تتحقق أمنياتهم وفقا للأسطورة القديمة. وقد قام بتصميمها المعماري الإيطالي  نيكولا سالفي (1697-1751) Nicola salvi بأمر من البابا كليمنت الثاني عشر، لكنه توفي قبل أن ينهي عمله، فأكملها النحات Giuseppe Pannini.

. وتم الانتهاء منها والافتتاح سنة 1762.

لمحة تاريخية (ماقبل 1629)

بنيت نافورة تريفي في القرن التاسع عشر قبل الميلاد، على نبع حكيت حوله أسطورة تحقيق الأمنيات.

ويروي التاريخ الإيطالي القديم أن عذراوات روما كن يأتين إلى النبع وهن معتقدات أن أمنياتهن بالزواج ستتحقق؛  ومن هنا ارتبطت به كلمة تريفي التي تعني "عذراء"  في اللغة الإيطالية. كما كانت تقصد النبع النساء المتزوجات الراغبات في الإنجاب حتى تحضين بتحقق حلم الأمومة لديهن.

الرمزية الفنية لنافورة تريفي

اختير مكان نافورة تريفي  كونها تقع في تقاطع الطرق الثلاث والتي فيها قناة أكوا فيرجو (وهي واحدة من القنوات التي كانت تزود روما القديمة بالمياه في القرن التاسع عشر ).

وجاء موقع تريفي تحت قصر ضخم عتيق تماثيله من الحجر والمرمر، تعكس مظهرا من مظاهر الحضارة الهندسية، والثقافية والمهنية التي كانت سائدة في روما خلال القرون الوسطى حيث يمثل تمثال نبتون الذي يجسد إله البحر نبتون عند الرومان وسط النافورة على عربة يجرها حصانان و محاطا بعذراوات الأسطورة اللاتينية الثلاث في رمزية للخصوبة والنقاء، فيما ترمز البركة إلى المحيطات ودائرتها البيضاء إلى الفصول الأربعة.

رمي العملة

يعتقد الإيطاليون أنه إذا أعطى شخص ما ظهره للنافورة ثم قام برمي  قطعة نقدية في النافورة مستخدما ذراعه اليمنى فوق اليسرى فإن أمنيته ستتحقق، وأنه سيحضى بزيارة أخرى إلى روما إذا نجح في استعادة القطعة من داخل المياه الجارية.

تصل قيمة القطع النقدية التي تقذف في نافورة تريفي إلى مايقارب 2 مليون يورو سنويا. يقوم المشرفون بتنظيف النافورة كل ليلة اثنين حيث تجمع النقود وتذهب المبالغ لصالح صندوق الصليب الأحمر الدولي لمعالجة المرضى أو متضرري الحروب كما يخصص جزء منها لدعم المحلات التجارية للمحتاجين في روما.

الترميم

خضعت نافورة تريفي إلى عملية ترميم واحدة سنة 1988 حيث تضررت بعض القطع بسبب التلوث، ثم خضعت لعملية ترميم ثانية سنة 1998 حيث أخليت تماما من الحجارة وتم إصلاح جميع التشققات والشروخ، كما أعيد تجهيز النافورة بمضخات إعادة التدوير.

وفي يناير 2013 تم الإعلان عن عملية ترميم جديدة بتمويل من دار الأزياء فيندي FENDI بالتنسيق مع سلطات روما.

وشملت عملية التجديد، التي كلفت ما يقارب 2,2 أورو، تزويد النافورة بمضخات جديدة للمياه ونظام إلكتروني لإبعاد الحمام عن حوافها كما تم تركيب أكثر من 100 ألف مصباح LED لتحسين الرؤية الليلية للنافورة.
بدأت عملية الترميم في يناير 2014 وانتهت في نوفمبر 2015، وافتتح في احتفال رسمي مساء 3 من نوفمبر 2015.

معرض الصور

انظر أيضا
روما القديمة

مصادر

آلات موسيقية في الفن
الأحصنة في الفن
بنية تحتية اكتملت في 1762
صدفة في الفن
عمارة باروكية في روما
معالم إيطالية
منحوتات في إيطاليا
مواقع التراث العالمي في إيطاليا
نوافير روما
تأسيسات سنة 1762 في إيطاليا
منحوتات في آلات موسيقية

نافورة تريفي


Novigrad (Ístria) — cidade
Novigrad (Condado de Zadar) — comuna

Desambiguações de topônimos

Novigrad


Giórgos Trágas (en  ; né le  - mort le ) est un journaliste grec, producteur de télévision et de radio et homme politique.

Carrière politique
Il fonde le parti politique  et en est le chef de mars à décembre 2021, lorsqu'il est décédé de la COVID-19 durant la pandémie de Covid-19 en Grèce à l'âge de 72 ans.

Références

Mort de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 en Grèce
Journaliste grec
Décès en décembre 2021
Naissance en juillet 1949
Naissance à Athènes
Décès à Athènes
Décès à 72 ans

Giórgos Trágas


Ženski odbojkaški klub "Župa Dubrovačka"  (ŽOK "Župa Dubrovačka"; Župa Dubrovačka Mlini; Župa dubrovačka) je ženski odbojkaški klub iz Mlina, općina Župa dubrovačka, Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija, Republika Hrvatska.
U sezoni 2020./21. "Župa Dubrovačka" se natječe u "Prvoj B hrvatskoj odbojkaškoj ligi - Skupina Jug, ligi trećeg stupnja odbojkaškog prvenstva Hrvatske za žene.

O klubu
ŽOK "Župa Dubrovačka" je osnovan 18. siječnja 2006. godine, te se pretežno natjecao u "2. hrvatskoj ligi - Jug", do 2020. godine, kada ulazi u "1. B hrvatsku ligu - Jug".
Klub je također član "ajednice sportova Općine Župa dubrovačka".

Uspjesi

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Poznate igračice

Poznati treneri

Unutarnje poveznice
 Župa dubrovačka
 Mlini

Vanjske poveznice
 ŽOK Župa dubrovačka, facebook stranica
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, ŽOK ŽUPA DUBROVAČKA
 ossdz.hr, ŽOK ŽUPA DUBROVAČKA
 zajednicasporta-zupadubrovacka.hr, Ženski odbojkaški klub Župa dubrovačka
 sportilus.com, ŽENSKI ODBOJKAŠKI KLUB ŽUPA DUBROVAČKA
 zajednicasporta-zupadubrovacka.hr
 zupanet.hr, odbojka
 zupcica.hr, Dvoranski sportovi

Izvori

 poslovna.hr, Ženski odbojkaški klub Župa Dubrovačka
 fininfo.hr, ŽOK "ŽUPA DUBROVAČKA"
 bisnode.hr, Ženski odbojkaški klub "Župa Dubrovačka"

Hrvatski ženski odbojkaški klubovi

ŽOK Župa Dubrovačka Mlini


سيكو إبسون   والتي تعرف بشكل واسع باسمها المختصر إبسون، هي شركة إلكترونيات يابانية، حيث تعتبر الشركة واحدة من أكبر الشركات في العالم لصناعة الطابعات وأجهزة الطباعة والتصوير الرقمية. تقع المكاتب الرئيسية للشركة في سوا، في محافظة ناغانو، اليابان ولها فروع منتشرة في أنحاء العالم.

لمحة تاريخية
لإبسون تاريخ يمتد أكثر من مائة سنة. ويبدأ مع اختراع أول ساعة يد كوارتز (Seiko Quartz Astron 35SQ) في العالم عام 1969.

كود الطابعات
من أجل التحكم في طابعاتها فقد اخترعت شركة إبسون ما يعرف باسم ESC/P والذي هو عبارة عن لغة وصف الصفحة والذي أصبح لاحقا معيار للتحكم في الطابعات النقطية عند المصنعين في أنحاء العالم.

المنتجات
تزدهر هذه الشركة اليوم في كثير من المجالات التقنية. وتقوم الشركة بتصميم وتصنيع وتسويق مجموعة من الأجهزة:
 الطابعات (الحبرية، المتعددة المهام، اللازر...).
 الماسحات.
 الكاميرات الرقمية.
 الوسائط المتعددة العرض.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Epson Worldwide - www.epson.com
 Seiko Epson Corporation
 Seiko Epson Corporation
 Epson UK - www.epson.co.uk
 Epson Europe online stores
 Epson India
 Epson Uk online store

الاكتتابات العامة الأولية 2003
تأسيسات سنة 1942 في اليابان
سيكو (شركة يابانية)
شركات إلكترونيات
شركات إلكترونيات في اليابان
شركات تصنيع أسست في 1942
شركات تصنيع مقرها في طوكيو
شركات تقنية العرض
شركات حوسبة
شركات مدرجة في بورصة طوكيو
شركات مقرها في محافظة ناغانو
علامات تجارية
علامات تجارية يابانية
شركات يابانية أسست في 1942

سيكو إبسون


Lucas Lynggaard Tønnesen (født 13. juli 2000 i København) er en dansk skuespiller, kendt for sin rolle Rasmus i den første danske originale Netflix-serie The Rain.

Tønnesen medvirkede i 2013 i filmen Kvinden i buret, hvor han spillede Lasse som barn. I 2013 medvirkede han også i Tomas Villum Jensens komediefilm Player i rollen som Casper Christensens søn Phillip. Han havde senere en rolle i DR1's julekalender Tidsrejsen som Sofies bror.

Tønnesen debuterede i 2012 med en rolle i familieforestillingen Cirkus Summarum.

Han er kæreste med skuespillerinden Emilie Koppel.

Filmografi

Film

TV-serier

Teater

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Danmark
Børneskuespillere fra Danmark
Personer fra Frederiksberg
Studenter fra Sankt Annæ Gymnasium

Lucas Lynggaard Tønnesen


Gheorghe Botea (n. 2 martie 1866 - d. ?) a fost unul dintre ofițerii Armatei României, care a exercitat comanda unor mari unități și unități militare, pe timp de război, în perioada Primului Război Mondial și operațiilor militare postbelice.

Cariera militară
În perioada Primului Război Mondial a îndeplinit funcțiile de comandant al Regimentului Putna No. 7 (1916-1918) și Brigăzii XI Infanterie.

Decorații
 Ordinul "Coroana României"
Medalia Răsplata Muncei

Note

Vezi și

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1866
Ofițeri români
Comandanți români din operațiile militare postbelice (1918-1920)
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României

Gheorghe Botea


Newton County er navnet på flere counties i USA:

 Newton County, Arkansas
 Newton County, Georgia
 Newton County, Indiana
 Newton County, Mississippi
 Newton County, Missouri
 Newton County, Texas

Newton County