DNA Lounge is an all-ages nightclub and restaurant/cafe in the SoMa district of San Francisco owned by Jamie Zawinski, a former Netscape programmer and open-source software hacker. The club features DJ dancing, live music, burlesque performances, and occasionally conferences, private parties, and film premieres.

DNA Lounge has seven full bars, two stages, four dance floors, and a full service pizza restaurant and cafe. Since 2001 the club has been providing continuous audio and video webcasts of all events free of charge.

Layout

The club's main room has a stage at one end and a bar at the other, with a wall-to-wall dance floor in between. Benches and cocktail tables line the walls downstairs. Above this, a balcony looks down on the dance floor and stage from three sides.

Behind the stage on the second floor is a large lounge consisting of two connected rooms, with its own dance floor and sound system.

On the upper floor of the connected pizza restaurant next door is a smaller live music venue with its own stage and a pair of dance floors in two rooms. Known as "Above DNA," this space has its own entrance to the street as well as connecting doors to the main room balcony and upstairs lounge. On some nights, the main room and Above DNA operate separately, with different events in each. For larger events, all four rooms are connected together into one large venue. The entire second floor is not wheelchair accessible; there is no elevator.[secondary source needed]

For live shows, the capacity of the main room is around 800, and Above DNA is around 300.

History

The venue first opened for business in 1983 as a leather bar called Chaps, owned by Chuck Slaton.

In 1985 it was purchased by Jim English and Brian Raffi who opened for business under the name DNA Lounge on November 22, 1985. The name was rumored to be an acronym for "dancing, not art". Jim English left around 1988 to open Club Townsend, while restaurateur Jeff Mason became Raffi's new partner. The earliest regular DJs were Ted Cousens, Adam Fisher, Michael Snyder, and Brian Raffi. One of the early doormen was Doc Martin, who later became a popular house music DJ after a residency on Monday nights as a DJ (and spinning a lot at Townsend, thanks to English, as he became a star).

Some nights were genre-specific, with both live bands and DJs. Notable nights and resident DJs included DJs Blackstone (who spun hip hop and rap on Wednesday nights), DJ Pause  (who spun hip hop and rap on Monday nights), DJ Damon and DJ Matt (who spun Rock on Tuesdays), and were preceded by Kelly Spencer (who played punk and new wave). Many of DNA's posters and flyers were designed by the San Francisco-based artist, Rex Ray. There were wildly psychedelic, fluorescent murals of strange and twisted monsters with stretched perspectives on the otherwise black downstairs walls and a black and white motif in the upstairs VIP lounge that was painted by celebrated late graffiti artist Keith Haring.

During the late '80s, the DNA offered a black membership card for $10 that offered free entry most nights. Employees got a gold card which allowed up to four guests at no charge, and there was a rumored 'platinum' card that was said to be a free pass to unlimited entry, guests, and drinks. In the early '90s, the club hosted many rave-themed nights with acts including Right Said Fred, the Hardkiss Brothers and Tasti Box, and afterhours events such as Lift- it was an important venue in San Francisco rave history. The DNA Lounge was also one of the few bars in San Francisco that would serve the Flaming Dr Pepper, an ignited drink.

In 1994, the club was purchased by John Schneider, his brother, comedian/actor Rob Schneider (who was not an active partner in club operations), and restaurateur Tim Dale. From 1995 until 1998, the DNA was a popular late-night destination, featuring unpublicized shows by such top pop musicians as Prince and Metallica, and weekend dance parties headlined by retro bands Grooveline and the M-80s. But, starting in 1996, John Schneider had to devote the bulk of his time running their family hotel and resort business. They left the daily operations of the club to subordinates, and it fell into disrepair.

The club was purchased by Jamie Zawinski in 1999. The club was closed for extensive remodeling and soundproofing from April 1999 until it re-opened on Friday, July 13, 2001.

From 2001 through 2009, the club provided several publicly accessible computer terminals (running Fedora). They were eventually removed due to maintenance difficulties, and a belief that the prevalence of internet-enabled phones made them obsolete.

In 2011, Zawinski purchased the pizza restaurant next door to DNA Lounge, renaming it DNA Pizza, and announcing his plans to expand DNA Lounge into that space, combining the two businesses into a single all-ages nightclub, restaurant and cafe. That merger was completed in 2012, and the expanded club debuted on October 23, 2012.

When non-essential San Francisco businesses were forced to suspend operations in early 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, DNA Lounge continued hosting online-only events via its webcast. The venue announced it would be reopening for in-person events on June 19, 2021. It actually reopened a day earlier, on June 18, 2021, after 465 days of being closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On July 31, 2021, DNA Lounge began requiring proof of full vaccination against COVID-19 for entry, and required proof of booster shots as of January 17, 2022 due to the Omicron variant. However, both of these policies were rescinded on April 19, 2022, as the club "surrender[ed] unconditionally to the coronavirus", citing lax policies at other clubs and falling revenue.

Conflict with local regulatory agencies

During the period that DNA Lounge was closed for remodeling, Zawinski spearheaded a successful grassroots effort to maintain its late-night permits, facing opposition from several neighbors and the SFPD, but was unable to procure an all-ages license. In September 2008, after two and a half years of legal battles, the club's operating permits were successfully modified to allow patrons of all ages, instead of only those 21 years of age or older.

The California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) launched an investigation against the club in 2009, resulting in an accusation of "running a disorderly house injurious to the public welfare and morals", and asking for permanent revocation of the club's liquor license, which would result in the club closing permanently.

The accusations pertain to lewd behavior at certain gay and lesbian events which no longer take place at the club. Members of the community were outraged by the ABC's allegations and the severity of their proposed punishment. Many complained that ABC was unfairly targeting DNA Lounge, and their homosexual clientele in particular, pointing out that the specific allegations are far less "lewd" than the standard behavior at heterosexual strip clubs. ABC has not commented on this accusation. Many have claimed that ABC's punishment is in retaliation to DNA's successful appeal to receive an all-ages license, and that this appears to be part of a larger shift in policy by the ABC to crack down on all-ages music venues.

In April 2009, ABC ruled to revoke DNA Lounge's liquor license. DNA promptly filed an appeal citing insufficient evidence in the ABC's case as well as challenging the constitutionality of ABC's code that pertain to regulating sexual behavior and morality. DNA Lounge remained in business, pending resolution of their appeal, and a legal defense fund soliciting donations was set up to help offset the cost of contesting the decision. On November 10, 2009, a settlement was announced, reducing the revocation of their license down to a 25-day suspension, effective January 4, 2010.

Awards

DNA Lounge won "Best Dance Club" in the San Francisco Bay Guardian's "Best of the Bay" readers' poll in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022, and "Best Bar Staff" in 2011 and 2012.
DNA Lounge won "Best Dance Club" in SF Weekly's "Best of SF" readers' poll in 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, and  "Best Live Music Venue" in 2017.
A number of regular DNA Lounge events are perennial winners as well, including Bootie ("Best Party Producers", "Best Dance Party"), Smash-Up Derby ("Best Cover Band"), Death Guild ("Best Weeknight Dance Club", "Best Dance Party"), Hubba Hubba Revue ("Best Burlesque"), Bohemian Carnival ("Best Circus Troupe"), Trannyshack ("Best Drag Show"), Bearracuda ("Best Club for Queer Men") and Fog City Wrestling ("Best Body Slams").

On November 22, 2010, the date of DNA Lounge's 25th anniversary, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors issued a resolution proclaiming that day to be "DNA Lounge Day", "to convey the City's sincere respect for their ability to successfully run an entertainment business for the past 25 years."

On the same day, San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom presented the club with a Certificate of Honor, stating that the club "contributes to the rich cultural history of San Francisco's entertainment scene and our beloved historic South of Market District."

On December 11, 2017, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and San Francisco Small Business Commission granted DNA Lounge Legacy Business status, stating that such businesses are "the bedrock of our communities and a draw for tourists from around the world. Preserving our legacy businesses is critical to maintaining what it is that makes San Francisco a special place."

Events

The space functions as a venue for both live music and regular dance nights.

Popular regular events at DNA Lounge include:

 Bootie, a weekly Saturday all-mashup dance night
 Death Guild, the longest-running weekly gothic/industrial dance night in the world.
 Hubba Hubba Revue, a weekly burlesque show, featuring classic striptease, vaudeville comedy, variety acts, and live music.
 Mortified, an event where adults read from their most embarrassing adolescent journals.
 Hoodslam, a profane and absurd underground professional wrestling event.
 So Stoked, a dance party featuring hardcore, trance, drum and bass, and other rave music DJs; it is also one of the city's few all ages dance parties (as opposed to 18+).
 Turbo Drive, an event featuring performers and DJs in the burgeoning synthwave scene.
 8bitSF, an event featuring chiptune and video game music.
 Sequence, a weekly 18+ dance party showcasing dubstep and riddim DJs.
 Wasted, an 18+ dance party showcasing trap, bass house and dubstep DJs.
 Acid Rain, a psychedelic dance party featuring both live and DJ performances of psytrance, downtempo, and a range of other dance genres.
 The Cocktail Robotics Grand Challenge, an annual competition for Rube Goldberg-esque robots that create and serve cocktails.
 Dr Sketchy's Anti-Art School, a monthly life-drawing event.

DNA Lounge has also hosted several notable tech-industry events, such as CodeCon (a hacker con), Ignite (a technology conference), and BSidesSF (a computer security conference). The release of Mozilla 1.0 was celebrated there in 2002, and the 10th anniversary of FreeBSD was celebrated there in 2003. Cypress Hill's music video for "Insane in the Brain" was filmed at DNA Lounge in 1993. In the background of some shots can be seen parts of the Keith Haring mural that used to adorn the walls of the upstairs lounge. The title sequence of the SingStar Amped video game was shot at DNA Lounge in 2007.

Live music

DNA Lounge has been well known for both DJ dance nights and live concerts. Since the club was purchased by Zawinski, they have been focusing more on live music, and in 2008 they procured an all-ages liquor license to facilitate this. Live concerts are all ages, and most other events are 18+.
Concert highlights since 1985 include:

 Abney Park (2010)
 Afrika Bambaataa (2002, 2004, 2005)
 Agent Orange (1986)
 Alien Sex Fiend (1990)
 Alina Baraz (2015)
 Altom (2004)
 Anamanaguchi (2009, 2010, 2011)
 Andre Nickatina (2009)
 Aphrodite (2003)
 Arrested Development (1992)
 Atmos (2004)
 Bad Manners (2002)
 The Black Dahlia Murder (2015)
 Blessthefall (2014)
 Book of Love (2013, 2015, 2017)
 Borgore (2011)
 Brand X (1993)
 Brand New Heavies (1991)
 Carpenter Brut (2016)
 Celldweller (2003)
 Cherry Poppin' Daddies (1995)
 Chuck Palahniuk (2014)
 Chris Isaak (1986, 1987)
 Clan of Xymox (2015)
 Club Foot Orchestra (1987)
 Comeback Kid (2013)
 Consolidated (1988)
 Cosmosis (2004)
 Counting Crows (1992, 1994, 1995)
 Crash Worship (1998)
 Cypress Hill (1993)
 Dark Tranquillity (2014)
 Darkest Hour (2015, 2017)
 Das Racist (2012)
 Dead Serious (2011, 2012)
 Death Angel (2004, 2012, 2019)
 Deedrah (2003)
 Deeper in Zen (2004)
 Deicide (2013)
 Deftones (1996)
 Destruction (2014)
 Diana Arbenina and Nochnye Snaipery (2018)
 Digable Planets (2005, 2008)
 Digital Underground (2004, 2005)
 The Dillinger Escape Plan (2013, 2014)
 Dimitri Nakov (2003)
 Dirt Nasty (2014, 2016)
 D.O.A. with Jello Biafra (1990)
 El Vez (1995)
 Epica (2010)
 Eric Lewis (2009)
 Everclear (2015)
 Exene Cervenka (1996)
 Finntroll (2011)
 Fishbone (2010)
 The Fixx (2003)
 Flipper (1987)
 A Flock of Seagulls (1989)
 Foetus Inc. (1990, 1991)
 Front 242 (2005)
 MC Frontalot (2018, 2019)
 Game Theory (1986)
 Garaj Mahal (2001, 2002)
 Gene Loves Jezebel (2016, 2018)
 Genitorturers (2003–2006)
 GMS (2002)
 Goblin (2019)
 Goldie (2003, 2004)
 Gost (2015, 2017)
 Grandmaster Flash (2002)
 Green Day (2009)
 Groovie Ghoulies (2005, 2006)
 GWAR (2004)
 GZA (2004)
 Hallucinogen (2001)
 Hanzel und Gretyl (2003, 2010)
 Henry Rollins (1987)
 House of Pain (1992)
 Human Blue (2002)
 Hypocrisy (2010)
 Incredibly Strange Wrestling (2002–2007)
 Infected Mushroom (2002)
 Information Society (2007–2008)
 Invisibl Skratch Piklz (1993, 1994)
 Jacob Whitesides (2014)
 Jello Biafra (1990, 1996, 2009)
 Jim Carroll (1986)
 The Jim Rose Circus (1993, 2009)
 Julian Cope (1991)
 Kero Kero Bonito (2017)
 Kid Ink (2013)
 Killing Joke (2018)
 KMFDM (2002, 2004)
 Korpiklaani (2009, 2011, 2012)
 KRS-One (2003)
 Lee Presson and the Nails (2006–2012)
 Legendary Pink Dots (1995, 2013)
 Lene Lovich (1990)
 The Limousines (2013, 2014)
 Little Big (2019)
 Lords of Acid (2010)
 Lydia Lunch (1987, 1996)
 Machine Gun Kelly (2015)
 Marduk (2012)
 Mark Farina (2001–2007 residency)
 Marques Wyatt (2002–2007 residency)
 MCM and the Monster (1995)
 Me First and the Gimme Gimmes (2007, 2012)
 Meat Beat Manifesto (2016)
 Miami Horror (2011)
 Mickey Avalon (2016)
 Midnight Oil (1993)
 Miguel Migs (2001–2008)
 The Misfits (2007)
 Mixmaster Mike (2004)
 Mr. Peculiar (2003)
 The Mutants (1989)
 My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult (2002–2019)
 Nas (1996)
 Neurosis (1995, 2002)
 New Model Army (1993, 2003–2009)
 Nina Hagen (2002–2005)
 Obituary (2012, 2014, 2018)
 Opio (2005, 2008)
 Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (1991)
 Otep (2010, 2013)
 Origin (2012)
 The Pandoras (1989, 1990)
 Peelander-Z (2011, 2012, 2013)
 Penta (2003)
 Pentagram (2009, 2010, 2014, 2016)
 Perturbator (2017)
 Peter Murphy (2015)
 The Phenomenauts (2004–2012)
 Phish (1991, 1994)
 Pig Destroyer (2015)
 Pigface (2001, 2003, 2005)
 Primus (1988, 1991)
 Prince (1993, 1997, 2013)
 The Prodigy (1991)
 Psychic TV (1986, 2004)
 Q-Bert (2003, 2005)
 Reverend Horton Heat (1996)
 Revolting Cocks (2016)
 Richie Hawtin (2015)
 The Roots (1995)
 Run-D.M.C. (1996)
 S.U.N. Project (2002)
n* S-Range (2003)
 Sean Paul (2005)
 Sepultura (2012)
 Shonen Knife (2016)
 Sorrow (2004)
 Skeletonwitch (2007, 2014, 2016, 2018)
 Space Tribe (2003, 2004)
 Spin Doctors (1991)
 Spinderella (2003)
 Steel Pole Bath Tub (2002)
 Strung Out (2015, 2016)
 Swans (1992)
 Swingin' Utters (2002, 2015)
 Talib Kweli (2002)
 Tesseract (2014, 2015)
 Tricot (2015)
 Turisas (2012)
 2 Live Crew (1990)
 Venom (2016)
 Village People (1996)
 VNV Nation (1999, 2001, 2005, 2010)
 Voltaire (2005)
 W.A.S.P. (2004)
 Weezer (2018)
 Wintersun (2013)
 Wizzy Noise (2003)
 X-Dream (2003)
 Xerox (2003)
 Z-Trip (2003)

References

External links

Music venues in San Francisco
South of Market, San Francisco
Nightclubs in San Francisco
Restaurants in San Francisco
Theatres in San Francisco
Electronic dance music venues
Restaurants established in 1985
1985 establishments in California
Culture of San Francisco

DNA Lounge


Ronald Frederick "Ronnie" Lane (født 1. april 1946 i Forrest Gate, London, død 4. juni 1997 i Trinidad, Colorado, USA) var en engelsk musiker.

Ronnie Lane er primært kendt for sin tid som bassist i de britiske bands Small Faces og Faces i 1960'erne og 1970'erne. Han dannede bandet Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance Band og indspillede  blandt andet "Brother Can You Spare Me a Dime?", "One for the Road" med flere.

Han indspillede i 1977 albummet Rough Mix sammen med Pete Townshend. Albummet blev rost af kritikere, men opnåede ikke store salgstal.

Under indspilningerne blev Lane diagnosticeret med sklerose. På trods af sygdommen, der invaliderede Lane, fortsatte han indspilninger og optrædener. Han døde af sygdommen i  1997 i kombination med lungebetændelse. Mange artister har indspillet hyldester til minde om Lane, blandt andre Paul Weller og Susan Voelz. Ved Lanes død blev afholdt en mindekoncert med optræden af adskillige britiske artister.

Diskografi
 Anymore for Anymore (1974)
 Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance (1975)
 One for the Road (1976)
 Mahoney's Last Stand (1976, med Ronnie Wood)
 Rough Mix (1977, med Pete Townshend)
 See Me (1979)
 Majik Mijits (2000, indspillet 1981, med Steve Marriott)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Bassister fra Storbritannien

Ronnie Lane


Mauricio Longin D'Alessandro, más conocido como Mauricio D'Alessandro (Tandil, 3 de agosto de 1958), es un abogado argentino.

Biografía
En su infancia estudió en la Escuela Normal Mixta General San Martín de Tandil. Durante su adolescencia estudió inglés recibiendo el título habilitante de la Cultural Inglesa y se recibió en la Academia Municipal de Artes Vicente Seritti de profesor de Dibujo y Pintura.

Cuando finalizó sus estudios secundarios se mudó a Buenos Aires para estudiar Derecho en 1976. En 1982 egresó de la Universidad de Buenos Aires obteniendo su título de abogado. Durante la vida universitaria comenzó su actividad política en el Comité Capital de la Unión Cívica Radical.

Hizo el servicio militar una vez recibido y consiguió su primer trabajo como abogado en La Tandilense Cía. de Seguros. Durante los primeros años de su carrera se incorporó al estudio Lerner-Martínez-Di Stefano donde permanece hasta que en 1989 decidió fundar el estudio Ayarra & D'Alessandro con su socio y amigo Guillermo Ayarra. Desde sus inicios se especializó en la defensa de derechos civiles y garantías constitucionales.

Férreo opositor a la política de privatizaciones de Carlos Menem, patrocinó el recurso de amparo que los gremios aeronáuticos interpusieron contra la venta de Aerolíneas Argentinas a Iberia. El recurso, que obtuvo sentencia favorable, fue apelado por el gobierno ante la Corte Suprema dando lugar a lo que se llamó el primer "per saltum" de la historia judicial argentina.

En igual sentido patrocinó a diputados de la oposición contra el levantamiento de las escalas no rentables de la empresa aérea, contra el cercenamiento de convenciones colectivas de trabajo y en 1997, logró la suspensión de la entrega de Aeropuertos hasta tanto se constituyera el organismo de control por parte de los usuarios. Ese mismo año, y a cargo de la Gerencia General de OSPLAD (Obra Social para la Actividad Docente), declaró válida la unión de parejas homosexuales permitiendo la inscripción del conviviente como beneficiario de la cobertura.

En 2001, interpuso el que fue el primer recurso de amparo contra el ¨corralito¨ bancario obteniendo sentencia favorable. La sentencia, emitida por el Juez contencioso Martín Silva Garretón, se convirtió en un ¨leading case¨. En el ínterin, representó a 543 mujeres argentinas que demandaron a la empresa Dow Corning en un megapleito originado en Birmingham, Alabama, que repartió más de U$S3.600 millones entre damnificadas de todo el mundo.

Durante los años 1990 participó en programas televisivos y condujo programas de cable. Entre ellos Último Momento, Fútbol Virtual y Abogado de Señoras con el también abogado y árbitro Guillermo Marconi. El programa asesoraba a mujeres en procesos de divorcio. En ese momento creó una página web www.divorcioonline.com para que las parejas hicieran los trámites vía internet.

Condujo el programa de culto La Corte que consistía en mediar entre conflictos de personas que no podían resolver dichos inconvenientes en un tribunal ordinario. En radio, "Hoy por Hoy" programa que conducía junto a Néstor Ibarra en Radio Mitre. Ibarra le habilita una columna diaria que bautizó "El abogado del Pueblo". Trabajó con Bautista "Beto" Casella, Daniel Malnatti y Fernando Carnota.

Asesorando a los trabajadores de juegos de azar, es designado por la legislatura en el Instituto de Juegos de Apuestas de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires como asesor durante el período 2004–2007.

Desde 2004 fue designado asesor de gabinete de la Procuración del Tesoro de la Nación "ad honorem" a través del Decreto Presidencial 1606/04 coordinando la defensa argentina ante el CIADI. Cesó en sus funciones a fines de 2007 con la finalización del mandato de Néstor Kirchner.

En julio de 2011 fue el abogado en el escándalo Juana Viale-Gonzalo Valenzuela, por el caso de las fotografías íntimas robadas.

En septiembre de 2011 un cliente denunció a Chayanne por presunta evasión impositiva.

En 2011 es panelista invitado de Bendita e invitado recurrente de Animales sueltos, Intratables y El diario de Mariana.

Fue elegido diputado provincial por UDESO en las elecciones del 23 de octubre de 2011, acompañando la candidatura a Gobernador de Francisco de Narváez.

Durante 2012 representó al padre de Pablo Albarracini, testigo de Jehová baleado en un asalto, en su lucha para lograr que se le realizara una transfusión sanguínea mientras el joven se encontraba en coma. El caso adquirió relevancia nacional por cuanto existía una "directiva anticipada" negándose a recibir sangre. La Corte Suprema resolvió la cuestión validando la decisión del paciente tomada cuatro años antes por sobre el "derecho a la vida" que invocaba su padre. Albarracini hijo ha sido dado de alta.

El 17 de diciembre de 2014 presentó una medida cautelar contra la procuradora fiscal Alejandra Gils Carbo, a los fines de evitar la designación de 16 fiscales en el fuero penal por considerar que ello era ilegal.
El 9 de enero de 2015, el Juez Contencioso Administrativo Lavié Pico dictó una pre-cautelar para suspender los nombramientos. El gobierno recusó al juez el día 12 de enero, pero la presentación fue rechazada. El mismo día, el Juez hizo lugar a otro amparo promovido por la Asociación de Magistrados de la Nación.

Desde 2013 a marzo de 2018 perteneció al Frente Renovador de Sergio Massa.

Mauricio D'Alessandro fue elegido concejal del partido de Tandil en octubre de 2017, integrando la alianza 1País por el partido Integrar, nombre que tiene su bloque en el Concejo Deliberante. Dicho bloque está integrado por Nilda Fernández y Gustavo Ballent. D'Alessandro no cobra el sueldo ni gastos de representación. https://www.infobae.com/circulo-rojo/2019/01/07/el-concejal-que-cobra-0-de-sueldo-y-se-le-rompio-un-zapato-en-plena-sesion/

El 17 de noviembre de 2017 se casó con la abogada Mariana Gallego, de reconocida actuación en los medios tribunalicios de Argentina en la especialidad de Derechos Civiles y Familia.

Desde 2016 conduce Imputados Juicio por Jurados por América TV.

Patrocinó a la Asociación Bancaria en su reclamo judicial contra el Ministerio de Trabajo de la Nación Argentina a fin de que se homologaran las paritarias acordadas con las Cámaras del sector, que el gobierno nacional se negaba a convalidar. La medida cautelar promovida tuvo recepción favorable en la Sala IX de feria de la justicia laboral y finalmente, el gobierno acató la decisión. El fallo tiene singular importancia porque el aumento de salarios convenido supera el 20 % establecido como techo salarial.

En la mesa de Mirtha Legrand, el 22 de diciembre de 2018, se atrevió a plantear la íntima vinculación entre la política partidaria "filo K" y el movimiento #NiUnaMenos y destacó que el colectivo "500 actrices" había logrado "desideologizar" la cuestión ponderando lo que consideró un avance. Tales declaraciones generaron un debate excepcional con la participación de Teté Coustarot, Nancy Pazos y María O'Donnel. D'Alessandro afirmó que la consigna "Libertad a Milagro Sala" y "No al FMI" eran ajenas a la problemática del feminicidio y no podían integrar el reclamo del colectivo. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/ni-una-menos-polemico-comentario-mauricio-dalessandro-nid2205177

En el marco de las elecciones PASO 2023, D'Alessandro se presenta como precandidato a Intendente del partido de General San Martín en la lista de Juntos Por El Cambio que lleva como precandidato a Presidente a Horacio Rodríguez Larreta, y como precandidato a Gobernador a Diego Santilli. El 13 de agosto de 2023 triunfó en la interna de JxC confirmando su participación como candidato del partido en las elecciones generales del 22 de octubre de 2023. https://radiomitre.cienradios.com/politica/mauricio-dalessandro-sera-el-candidato-a-intendente-de-juntos-por-el-cambio-en-san-martin/

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Abogados de Argentina
Tandilenses
Políticos de la Unión Cívica Radical
Políticos del Frente Renovador
Diputados provinciales de Argentina (Buenos Aires)
Concejales de Argentina
Alumnado de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires

Mauricio D'Alessandro


Toxeus (griechisch Τοξεύς) bezeichnet in der griechischen Mythologie mehrere Personen:

 Toxeus (Sohn des Thestios), der von Meleagros getötet wird
 Toxeus (Sohn des Oineus), Sohn des Oineus und der Althaia
 Toxeus (Sohn des Eurytos), Sohn des Eurytos und der Antiope

Toxeus


Sainte-Gemmes-le-Robert ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Mayenne in der Region Pays de la Loire. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Mayenne und zum Kanton Évron.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Schloss Le Plessis.Buret
 Rubricaire, gallo-römische Siedlung
 Kirche Sainte-Gemmes

Persönlichkeiten
 Pierre de Hérisson, Seigneur du Plessis-Buret, 1481 bezeugt, † vor 1485
 Frédéric Chauveau (1877–1963), Maler, geboren in Sainte-Gemmes

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes de la Mayenne. Flohic Editions, Band 1, Paris 2002, ISBN 2-84234-135-X, S. 371–373.

Weblinks

Ort in Pays de la Loire
Ersterwähnung 1125

Sainte-Gemmes-le-Robert


Tour Fijación oral (conocido como Oral Fixation Tour fuera del mundo hispano) es el tercer álbum en vivo de la cantante y compositora colombiana Shakira. El DVD incluye imágenes del Tour Fijación Oral grabadas durante su concierto el 9 de diciembre de 2006 en Miami (Estados Unidos) y salió a la venta inicialmente el 12 de noviembre de 2007 en Europa, el 13 de noviembre en Estados Unidos y Canadá y el 14 de noviembre en el resto del mundo. Fue lanzado en formato DVD, DVD+CD y Blu-ray.

Ventas
Se estima que el Tour Fijación Oral ha vendido cerca de 1,500,000 ejemplares a nivel mundial.
Fue el DVD más vendido del 2007 en España con tan solo siete semanas y en el Top Music Video de Billboard debutó en el puesto #5 y llegó al #6 en varias oportunidades.
Ninguna semana del 2008 salió del ranking por lo que sigue hasta el momento entre los más vendidos.

Debutó en el puesto #1 en los Países Bajos y Suiza en el Top 5 de varios países como México, Argentina, Chile, Portugal, EEUU, Italia, España, Bélgica, Austria, Alemania, etc

Con solo dos días de ventas debutó #6 en Italia, en su segunda semana subió a la tercera posición

Fue disco de platino en Brasil, Estados Unidos y México

Doble platino en España

Disco de oro en Argentina

Entre los DVD más vendidos del 2008 en EEUU Oral Fixation Tour ocupa el #13, excelente lugar pese a no ser promocionado y tener mayoría de canciones en español.

Con tan solo 1 mes de venta, se convirtió en el #40 DVD más vendido en Holanda durante el 2007.

Al año siguiente, se colocó #39 entre los más vendidos del 2008.

Ese mismo año nuevamente aparece entre los más vendidos en España, convirtiéndose en el 4.º DVD más vendido del 2008.

Lista de canciones
 Edición Estándar

 Contenido Adicional

Certificaciones

Referencias

Álbumes en vivo de Shakira
Álbumes de Colombia de 2007

Tour Fijación oral (álbum)


أندِي تِنَنت (Andy Tennant بالإنجليزية و) هو مخرج وكاتب سيناريو أمريكي من مواليد 1955، وهو مخرج فيلم هيتش من بطولة ويل سميث.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

كتاب سيناريو من شيكاغو
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من شيكاغو (إلينوي)
راقصون أمريكيون
كتاب من شيكاغو
كتاب وكاتبات سيناريو أمريكيون
مخرجو أفلام أمريكيون
مخرجو أفلام من إلينوي
مخرجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1955
أشخاص من فلوسمور
خريجو كلية الفنون الدرامية في جامعة جنوب كاليفورنيا

أندي تننت


Kaşkaylar (Farsça: قشقائی Qashqāī), Güneydoğu İran'ın Fars Eyaleti'nde özellikle Şiraz çevresinde yaşayan ve hâlâ ağırlıklı olarak göçebe bir Türk halkıdır. Azerbaycanlılardan sonra İran'daki en kalabalık Türk grubudur.

Göç rotaları, yazın Şiraz'ın yaylaları (yaylak) ile kışın Basra Körfezi'nin ovaları (kışlak) arasındaki 480-1.000 km'lik bir alandır.

Başlıca Kaşkay tayfaları
 Amele (5.397 aile, 450 yerleşik)
 Derre Şuri (Tuzlu Vadi, 5.265 aile)
 Seş Beyli (6 bey) (4.350 aile)
 Farsimadan (1.505 aile)
 Keşkölli (5.512 aile): Büyük ve Küçük Keşkölli olarak ikiye ayrılır:
 Büyük Keşkölli (Keşkuli Bozorg) (4.862 aile, çoğu yerleşik)
 Küçük Keşkölli (Keşkuli Kuchik) (650 aile)

Daha az sayıdaki kabileler:
 Qaracha (430 aile)
 Rahimli (370 aile)
 Safi Khanli (335 aile)

Din
Kaşkaylar, Şiilerin 12 İmam inancını benimsemiştir .

Dil
Konuştukları dil Kaşkay Türkçesidir. Konargöçer yaşadıkları için dilleri İran'daki diğer Türkler kadar Farsçadan etkilenmemiştir. Kendi aralarında hem hemen heekes Kaşkayca konuşur fakat Farsça eğitim dili olduğu için Farsça da bilmektedirler.

Yerleşim Bölgeleri
Zagros Dağları'nın etekleri boyunca uzanan bölgede yaşarlar. Yerleşik olanlar; Şiraz, Firuzabad, Feraşbend, Kazerun, Abade ve Semirom gibi şehirlerdedir.

Hayat Tarzı

Kaşkay erkekleri, ata binme ve çobanlık yetenekleriyle bilinirler. Tipik bir şapkaları vardır. Kaşkay kadınları kat kat renkli etekler (üç etek) parlak tunikler ve eşarplar giyerler. Halı dokumadaki ustalıklarıyla bilinirler. Göç yolları üzerindeki doğal bitkilerden ve böceklerden elde ettikleri doğal boyaları ve koyunlarının yününü kullanarak çok renkli ve özgün halılar dokurlar. İran'daki diğer kadınların aksine konakladıkları yerlerde geleneksel çador giymezler. 1979 Devrimi'nden bu yana şehirlere geldiklerinde çador giymek durumundadırlar.

Tanınmış Kaşkay Türkleri
 İsmail HGan Kaşkay - Kaşkay elinin elhanı
 Emanallah kara Beygi - Farsimdan tayfasından olan şair
 Efsane Cahangiri - Hanende
 Teymür Gördani - Büyük Keşkölli tayfasından olan şair
 Habiballah Gerginpur
 Hüsrev Han Kaşkay
 Davud Hüseyin Ağayi Keşkölli - Büyük Keşkölli tayfasından olan şair
 Furud Gərginpur
 Mezun Kaşkayi - Şair
 Mirza Cahangir Han Kaşkay
 Nasir Kaşkayi
 Yusif Kaşkayi - Kaşkayların tanınmış el şairi
 Mirali Kaşkay Akademik

Kültürel etkiler

Nissan Motors, 2006'da çıkardığı modeline Kaşkay kabilesine atfen Qashqai adını verdi. Tasarımcılar, alıcıların da göçebe ruhlu olacağına inanıyorlar.

Kaynakça

 The Qashqais of Iran, Çalışma Notları, Prof. Iraj Bashiri, 2002

Dış bağlantılar
 www.qashqai.net  Kaşkaylarla ilgili detaylı bilgilerin olduğu İngilizce site
 "Qashqai" on the Encyclopedia Iranica İran Ansiklopedisi'nin Kaşkay maddesi
 Guide to Qashqai rugs  Kaşkay kilimleri ve dokumalar için kaynak site
 İran'daki Türkler - Video

Kaşkaylar


Thamshavn Station (Thamshavn stasjon) var en jernbanestation, der lå ved Thamshavn i Orkdal kommune i Norge. Den var endestation for Thamshavnbanen til Løkken.

Stationen åbnede, da den første del af banen til Svorkmo blev taget i brug 15. juli 1908 efter at være blevet indviet 10. juli 1908. To år efter blev banen forlænget fra Svorkmo til Løkken, hvor der var minedrift med svovlkis, som blev transporteret med banen til udskibning i Thamshavn. Desuden var der persontog, der i Thamshavn havde korrespondance med dampskibet DS Orkla til Trondheim. Stationen blev nedlagt 30. april 1963, da al trafik på banen med undtagelse af transporten af svovlkis blev indstillet. Den trafik blev indstillet 30. maj 1974, og dele af strækningen mellem Thamshavn og Orkanger blev fjernet i 1993.

Stationsbygningen blev opført til åbningen i 1908 efter tegninger af Finn Knudsen.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Thamshavnbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1908
Ophørt i 1963
Jernbanestationer i Trøndelag

Thamshavn Station


O Banco Saya de Malha (também chamado Banco Sahia de Malha, Português moderno: Saia de Malha) é o maior banco submerso do mundo, parte do vasto planalto submarino Mascareno. Está localizado a nordeste de Madagascar, sudeste das Seychelles e a Ilha de Maurício, e atualmente cai em águas internacionais.

Geografia

O banco cobre uma área de 40.808 km2 (15.756 sq mi), e é composto por duas estruturas separadas, o menor North Bank (também chamado Ritchie Bank) e o enorme South Bank.

O Banco Saya de Malha consiste em uma série de baixios estreitos, com profundidades de 17 a 29 m (56 a 95 pés) na borda. Eles estão dispostos de forma semicircular, em torno de um espaço, a antiga lagoa, com cerca de 73 m (240 pés) de profundidade, que se inclina para sudeste. Algumas áreas do banco são rasas, a menos de 10 m (33 pés) abaixo da superfície.

As margens estão cobertas de ervas marinhas intercaladas com pequenos recifes de coral. Devido à sua localização remota, o banco está entre as ecorregiões marinhas rasas menos estudadas do planeta. As margens são um terreno fértil para baleias jubarte e baleias azuis.

História

O banco recebeu o nome de exploradores portugueses há 500 anos, que o encontraram na viagem entre o Cabo da Boa Esperança e a Índia. Depois de atravessar quilômetros do azul profundo do Oceano Índico, eles se viram navegando acima de uma área rasa da margem, coberta de ervas marinhas verdes ondulantes.

A primeira pesquisa científica do banco foi realizada pelo capitão Robert Moresby da Marinha Real em 1838. Moresby pesquisou anteriormente as Laccadives, o Mar Vermelho, as Maldivas e os bancos de Chagos.

Projeto Ilha Artificial

O Banco Saya de Malha é o local de uma tentativa de criação de uma ilha artificial do Prof. Wolf Hilbertz (1938-2007) e do Dr. Thomas J. Goreau.

Hilbertz e Goreau fizeram duas expedições ao banco em 1997 e 2002

Maurício reivindica parte do Banco Saya de Malha como parte de sua zona econômica exclusiva.

Referências

Ecorregiões marinhas

Geografia da Maurícia

Banco Saya de Malha


Birdland - A History of Jazz er en dansk tegnefilmserie i 4 afsnit fra 1995 instrueret af Jannik Hastrup efter manuskript af Trylle Vilstrup.

Afsnit

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Animerede tv-serier

Birdland - A History of Jazz


مسلسل آنا يعتبر هدا المسلسل أول مسلسل مكسيكي مدبلج إلى الدارجة المغربية تم دبلجته من قبل قناة 2M استعانت بشركة دبلجة فرنسية. وأنجزت الترجمة على يد المترجمين المغربيين إمام اللجام وضياء الكتيبي.
هو مسلسل مكسيكي درامي رومنسي ذو طابع الاتارة والغموض عرض في عدة دول عالمية قام بدور البطولة الممثلة المكسيكية انا ليفسكا.
الاسم الأصلي للمسلسل هو «وجها انا» las dos caras de ana عرض المسلسل أول مرة عام 2006 م وتحكي قصة المسلسل عن الفتاة انا التي تعيش مع امها واخيها والتي تحلم بان تصبح ممثلة لتتغير بعد ذلك حياتها فجأة.

البث

القصة

تعيش أنا إيسكوديرو رفقة والدتها وأخيها فابيان بميامي. أنا فتاة شابة وطموحة، تحلم بأن تصبح يوما ما ممثلة موهوبة، لكن إمكانياتها المادية لا تسمح لها بولوج مدرسة خاصة بالتكوين في مجال التمثيل، لذلك فهي تكتفي بعملها كمساعدة لدى دونا كراسييلا سالكادو، وهي أرملة ثرية، تحب أنا وتستعمل علاقاتها لتساعدها على تحقيق حلمها.

يبدو أن الحظ سيبتسم لأنا، فقد تم قبولها، بفضل دونا كراسييلا، لاجتياز مباراة بإحدى المدارس الراقية والمعروفة في فن التمثيل، وفي ذلك اليوم، التقت بشاب وسيم يدعى رفاييل بوستامينتي، ويحلم بدوره بأن يصبح ممثلا، ووقعت في حبه.

لكن حياة أنا ستتغير بعد أن صدمت سيارة أخاها فابيان. إيكناسيو سائق السيارة كان ثملا، وهو ابن أومبيرطو بوستامينتي أحد كبار أثرياء البلد، هذا الأخير سينجح في تخليص ابنه من عقوبة السجن، الأمر لن لم تتقبله أنا التي بدأت تفكر في الانتقام من إيكناسيو، دون أن تعرف أن إيكناسيو ليس سوى الأخ الأكبر لرفاييل الذي أحبته

 ابطال مسلسل أنا
 Rafael Amaya........................... Rafael
 Maria Rubio.............................. Graciela
 Alexa Damian............................ Irene
 Leonardo Daniel........................ Humberto
 Mauricio Aspe........................... Ignacio
 Francisco Rubio......................... Vicente
 Héctor Sáez.............................. Dionisio
 Raquel Morell............................ Rebeca
 Toño Mauri................................ Adrián
 Graciela Bernardos................... Aurora
 Mike Biaggio.............................. Fabián
 Allisson Marian......................... Paulina
 Susana Diazayas...................... Sofía
 María Fernanda García.............. Cristina
 Mariana Huerdo........................ Claudia
 Alexandra Graña....................... Tina
 Julián Legaspi .......................... Javier
 Juan Vidal................................. Cristobal
 Ismael la Rosa.......................... Eric
 Socorro Bonilla......................... Julia

روابط خارجية

مراجع

تيلينوفيلا 2006
تيلينوفيلا 2007
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في ميامي
مسلسلات أمريكية انتهت في 2007
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أسبانية بدأ عرضها في 2006
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 2006
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية إسبانية انتهت في 2007
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بالإسبانية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مكسيكية انتهت في 2007
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مكسيكية بدأ عرضها في 2006
مسلسلات تيلونوفيلا مكسيكية
مسلسلات مدبلجة

آنا (مسلسل)


Osterrade er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Mitteldithmarschen i den centrale del af Kreis Dithmarschen. Kreis Dithmarschen ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Osterrade er beliggende i den nordøstlige del af Ditmarskens gest og strækker sig ind i moselavningen omkring bækken Gieselau og Ejderen. Ud over Osterrade ligger i kommunen bebyggelserne Christianshütte, Heinkenstruck, Jützbüttel, Redder, Schormoor og Süderrade.

Nabokommuner
Nabokommuner er (med uret fra nordvest) kommunerne Süderdorf og Wrohm (begge i Kreis Dithmarschen), Hamdorf og Oldenbüttel (begge i Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde) samt Offenbüttel, Bunsoh og Immenstedt (alle igen i Kreis Dithmarschen).

Historie
I kommunen er der en mindesten for døde russiske krigsfanger, der var interneret i  Arbeitslager Süderrade under Første Verdenskrig.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Dithmarschen

Osterrade


Battle of Warsaw may refer to:

Northern War battles
 Battle of Warka (April 7, 1656)
 Siege of Warsaw (1656), Warsaw retaken by Poles from Swedes on June 30, 1656
 Battle of Warsaw (1656), battle outside the city on July 18–20, 1656
 Battle of Warsaw (1705), fought on July 31, during the Great Northern War
 Battle of Praga (1705), fought on 25 October, during the Polish–Swedish War (1701–1706)

Partition and Napoleonic wars
 Warsaw Uprising (1794), better known as the Insurrection of Warsaw
 First Battle of Warsaw (1794), during the Kościuszko Uprising
 Battle of Praga or Second Battle of Warsaw (1794), during the later Kościuszko Uprising
 Battle of Raszyn (1809), during the Polish-Austrian War

November Uprising
 First Battle of Wawer, February 19–20, 1831
 Battle of Olszynka Grochowska, February 25, 1831
 Second Battle of Wawer, March 31, 1831
 Battle of Warsaw (1831), September 6–8

World War I and Polish-Soviet War battles
 Battle of the Vistula River or the Battle of Warsaw (1914), during World War I
 Battle of Warsaw (1915), during World War I
 Battle of Warsaw (1920) August 13–16, 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War
 Battle of Radzymin (1920), one theatre of the Battle of Warsaw

World War II battles
 Battle of Warsaw (1939), siege of Warsaw during the Invasion of Poland, at the outset of World War II
 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943), fought in what is now the Muranow district during World War II
 Battle of Radzymin (1944), a clash between Soviet and German tank armies
 Warsaw Uprising or Battle of Warsaw (1944)
 Battle of Warsaw (1945), part of Vistula–Oder Offensive

Battle of Warsaw


Nouvelles Éditions Latines (NEL) ist ein französischer Verlag, der 1928 von Fernand Sorlot gegründet wurde. Der Verlag erlangte 1934 Bekanntheit mit der als Warnung vor Deutschland gedachten nicht-autorisierten Übersetzung und Veröffentlichung von Hitlers "Mein Kampf" in Frankreich.

Geschichte
In den 1930er Jahren kaufte das Haus den Verlag Les Éditions Bossard und weitete bald darauf seine Aktivitäten mit der Schaffung der Les Éditions Catalogne, welche sich der ausländischen Literatur widmete, aus. 1934 lancierte der Verlag unter dem Titel Mon Combat eine unautorisierte Übersetzung von Hitlers "Mein Kampf". Dabei verteidigte Sorlot sein Vorgehen mit den Worten: "Die Kenntnis des Inhalts dieses Buches ist von vitalem Interessen für Frankreich, denn das Buch wird fortan die Bibel des deutschen Volks sein". Hitler zog darauf den Verlag vor das Handelsgericht in Paris, und im Juni 1934 kam es zum Prozess, in dem Sorlot unterlag. Die LICA unterstützte Sorlot während des Prozesses und verteilte 5.000 Exemplare der streitbaren Übersetzung an Politiker, Kunstschaffende und einflussreiche Intellektuelle in Frankreich.

Der Gründer
Fernand Sorlot (* 1907) stand der Action française von Charles Maurras nahe. Während der französischen Besetzung Frankreichs durch die Wehrmacht, eröffnete er eine Filiale in Berlin. Kurze Zeit später nahm er von Dr. List aus Leipzig für die Überarbeitung und Veröffentlichung diverser Buchreihen 800.000 Francs entgegen. Diese Buchserie unter dem Titel Regards sur l'histoire setzte sich aus folgenden drei Reihen zusammen: Les écrivains du siècle, Les chefs-d'œuvre und La vie européenne. Am 15. Mai 1948 wurde er für seine Aktivitäten während der Besetzung zu zwanzig Jahren "nationaler Entehrung" verurteilt und sein Vermögen wurde eingezogen.

Verlagsverzeichnis
Der Verlag, dessen politische Ausrichtung der traditionellen extremen Rechte zugeordnet wird, führt heute mehr als 2000 Titel im Verlagsverzeichnis auf. Darunter fallen auch einige Buchreihen wie zum Beispiel:

 Art et Tourisme (Kunst und Tourismus)
 Le Monde Catholique (Katholische Welt)
 Le Monde Littéraire (Literaturwelt)
 Histoire (Geschichte, mit zahlreichen Unterressorts)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Webauftritt des Verlags

Buchverlag (Frankreich)

Nouvelles Éditions Latines


Ayşepınarı, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Andırın ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş iline ? km, Andırın ilçesine ? km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 YerelNET

Andırın'ın mahalleleri

Ayşepınarı, Andırın


La saison 1963-1964 de Serie B, organisée par la Lega Calcio pour la dix-huitième fois, est la  du championnat de deuxième division en Italie. Les trois premiers sont promus directement en Serie A et les trois derniers sont relégués en Serie C.

À l'issue de la saison, Varèse termine à la première place et monte en Serie A 1964-1965 ( division), accompagné par le vice-champion, Cagliari, et le troisième Foggia.

Compétition
La victoire est à deux points, un match nul à 1 point.

Classement

|valign=top align=left width=50%|

|}
 Brescia a une pénalité de sept points pour une tentative de corruption d'un match.

Notes et références
 saison 63-64 sur calcio-seriea.net

1963-1964
Championnat Italie Football 1963-1964 Serie B
Championnat Italie Football 1963-1964 Serie B
Italie
Italie

Championnat d'Italie de football de deuxième division 1963-1964


Cremă este o formă farmaceutică semisolidă de tip emulsie, de uz topic, cu aplicare pe piele. De obicei, cremele conțin mai mult de aproximativ 20% apă.

Utilizări
 Ca barieră de protecție pentru piele (fizică sau chimică)
 Ca adjuvant pentru menținerea umidității pielii
 Pentru curățare
 Cu efect emolient
 Vehicul pentru substanțe medicamentoase, precum anestezice locale, antiinflamatoare (AINS-uri și corticosteroizi), hormoni, antibiotice, antifungice și antiiritante.

Note

Vezi și
 Loțiune

Legături externe

Forme farmaceutice
Farmacologie
Dispozitive medicale

Cremă (farmacie)


La orden número 1 fue una moción aprobada por el Sóviet de Petrogrado el , tras la Revolución de Febrero, que indicaba que las órdenes del nuevo Gobierno Provisional Ruso sólo debían acatarse si no se oponían a las directrices de dicho sóviet (consejo). Al limitar el control del Gobierno sobre las fuerzas armadas, tuvo una repercusión enorme en los acontecimientos que siguieron a la Revolución de Febrero, considerándose una de sus consecuencias más importantes.

Antecedentes

El  las unidades enviadas a sofocar la gran revuelta en la capital, Petrogrado, se unieron a los manifestantes, pero no contaron con el apoyo de sus oficiales. Muchos de estos habían abandonado sus puestos ante el amotinamiento de los soldados, que ocupaban las calles de la ciudad por millares.

Temeroso de las consecuencias de que estos soldados sin mandos permaneciesen en la capital, el presidente de la Duma Imperial de Rusia, Mijaíl Rodzianko, ordenó a través de la nueva Comisión Militar de la Duma —dependiente del nuevo Comité provisional de la Duma Estatal— el regreso de los soldados a sus cuarteles, la entrega de sus armas y la vuelta de los oficiales. Las tropas recibieron mal esta orden y se quejaron de ella ante el Comité ejecutivo del Sóviet de Petrogrado. Los delegados obreros en el Sóviet declararon el llamamiento de la Duma contrarrevolucionario y se llegó a exigir el arresto de Rodzianko, que parecía desear la restauración del antiguo orden en las unidades militares.

Mientras la tropa respetaba la autoridad del Sóviet de Petrogrado y poco después enviaba representantes al mismo, los oficiales, separados en su mayoría de sus unidades por la revolución, veían en la Duma y en su nuevo Comité provisional al sucesor del zar y la única autoridad verdadera. El comportamiento de los oficiales que fueron regresando paulatinamente a sus unidades, tras el llamamiento del Comité provisional, disgustó a los soldados, que consideraron que tanto la Duma como los oficiales trataban simplemente de volver a la situación anterior a la revolución. Los soldados, que acudieron en masa al Sóviet para rechazar la orden de la Duma, sospechaban que esta era el primer paso para tratar de desarmar a los insurrectos. Los trabajadores decidieron ignorar una petición del jefe de la milicia municipal el  para que la ciudadanía entregase a aquella sus armas. Los intentos de la Duma de desarmar a la población habían fracasado. Temerosos de enfrentarse con las armas a las masas revolucionarias, la Duma y su comisión militar no lograron el desarme ante la resistencia de aquellas a entregar el armamento obtenido durante la revolución.

Preparación y publicación

La mañana del  estaba prevista la reunión del Sóviet de Petrogrado y antes se celebró otra entre representantes de la guarnición militar de la capital y miembros del comité ejecutivo de aquel. Los intentos del comité ejecutivo de que las masas entregasen las armas a los comisarios nombrados por el Sóviet tampoco tuvieron efecto.

La posterior reunión del Sóviet aprobó la participación de soldados en la Comisión Militar de la Duma y el reconocimiento de la autoridad de esta, siempre que no contradijese las decisiones del Sóviet. Se rechazó la devolución de las armas. La aceptación del regreso de los oficiales que, en su mayoría, habían abandonado sus unidades —en especial las de guardias— fue la propuesta más discutida. Se dudaba de la lealtad de los oficiales hacia la revolución. Las resoluciones de la reunión del Sóviet fueron el boceto de la Orden Número 1.

El Comité ejecutivo del Sóviet de Petrogrado aprobó poco después las conclusiones del debate en el mismo, indicando que la Orden correspondiente debía publicarse el mismo día. El intento de consensuar la publicación con la Comisión Militar de la Duma fracasó ante el rechazo de esta a aprobar las conclusiones alcanzadas en el pleno del Sóviet. El comité ejecutivo encargó entonces a una comisión encabezada por Nikolái Sokolov la redacción final de la orden, que estuvo lista en menos de media hora. La redacción final fue aprobada por el comité ejecutivo y presentada ante el Sóviet, aún reunido, que la aprobó con alegría desbordante.

La orden se publicó en Izvestia el , firmada por tres miembros del Comité ejecutivo del Sóviet de Petrogrado. La noche antes, ya había comenzado a distribuirse como volante.

Consecuencias
Según algunos, la orden minó significativamente la disciplina de las unidades militares y contribuyó a la disolución de las fuerzas armadas, mientras que otros la consideran la primera medida de democratización del Ejército.

A pesar de la asunción de que la Orden establecía la elección de los oficiales de las unidades militares, esta cláusula no estaba contenida en la misma. En la práctica, sin embargo, los oficiales considerados hostiles a la revolución fueron expulsados de las unidades, pero no hubo una elección general de los mandos. Los cambios, en todo caso, sólo afectaron a los oficiales de menor graduación, quedando los altos mandos incólumes. Este proceso intensificó la división en los oficiales entre los que aceptaron los cambios revolucionarios y los que se opusieron a los mismos.

Aunque la Orden estaba restringida en principio a las tropas de la capital acabó aplicándose tanto a estas como a las del frente.

La Orden supuso además la unión de los soldados al Sóviet de Trabajadores y confirmó la política de defensismo revolucionario.

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Rusia en 1917
Revolución rusa

Orden número 1


Eliezer Steinbarg (Shtaynbarg; ) a fost un profesor de limba idiș și poet și fabulist evreu din Basarabia.

Biografie
S-a născut în orașul Lipcani, Basarabia și a lucrat ca  profesor de limba idiș în Basarabia și în Volinia. A început să scrie poezii în limba idiș în 1902, dar scrierile sale au fost publicate abia după moartea lui. El a predat limbile idiș și ebraică, a scris și a regizat piese de teatru pentru copii și a fost redactor al revistei Kultur, o publicație culturală în limba idiș. El a devenit o personalitate notabilă în domeniul culturii idiș din România, iar poeziile sale au fost recitate pe scară largă.

Prima sa operă publicată, Mesholim, era o carte de fabule care a apărut la scurtă vreme după moartea lui și a avut parte de succes comercial. Unele poezii ale lui Eliezer Steinbarg pot fi găsite în culegerea bilingvă The Jewish Book of Fables (2003), tradusă în engleză de Curt Leviant. A fost înmormântat în cimitirul evreiesc din Cernăuți. Societatea Culturală Evreiască Eliezer Steinbarg din Cernăuți este numită după el.

Note

Lectură suplimentară

Nașteri în 1880
Nașteri pe 18 mai
Decese în 1932
Decese pe 27 martie
Decese în Cernăuți
Educatori români
Evrei din Basarabia
Evrei români
Fabuliști
Oameni din Lipcani
Poeți evrei
Poeți din secolul al XX-lea
Poeți români

Eliezer Steinbarg


ألفارو دومينغيز سوتو  (مواليد 15 مايو 1989 في مدريد - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني سابق كان يلعب في مركز قلب الدفاع كما كان يجيد اللعب في مركز الظهير الأيسر.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب ألفارو دومينغيز سوتو خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 3 أندية في أحد عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 8 أهداف ضمن 201 مباراة. ولم يفز بأي موسم بالكأس أو بالدوري.

خاض ألفارو دومينغيز سوتو مسيرته مع نادي أتلتيكو مدريد ب في موسم 2007–08 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 44 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي أتلتيكو مدريد في موسم 2008–09 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، حيث شارك في 76 مباراة سجل خلالها 5 أهداف. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي بوروسيا مونشنغلادباخ في موسم 2012–13 ليلعب معه خمسة مواسم، مشاركًا في 81 مباراة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في ألمانيا
رياضيون من مدريد
لاعبو أتلتيكو مدريد ب
لاعبو أتلتيكو مدريد
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو بوروسيا مونشنغلادباخ
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2012
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مدريد
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 20 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 23 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبون فائزون بالدوري الأوروبي
مواليد 1989
مواليد في مدريد
لاعبو كرة قدم من منطقة مدريد

ألفارو دومينغيز سوتو


Rivalen er en kortfilm instrueret af Jonas Grum efter manuskript af Jonas Grum.

Handling
Rivalen skildrer den 14-årige dreng Lucas og hans mor Trine i dagene frem til Lucas' afdøde fars fødselsdag, tre år efter hans død. Trine har mødt en ny mand og ønsker at at komme videre med sit liv, men det vil Lucas ikke være med til. For Lucas er mors nye mand en rival, der skal bekæmpes.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Rivalen


Næstved Arresthus (også Dom- og arresthuset, Amts- og Tinghuset og tidligere Næstved rådhus) er en fredet bygning på Hjultorv i Næstved på Midtsjælland. Bygningen er tegnet af Gottlieb Bindesbøll og stod færdig i 1857, hvor det først fungerede som rådhus. Siden blev det restaureret Johannes Tidemand-Dal i 1930'erne og brugt som dom- og arresthus. I dag fungerer det som arresthus.

Historie
Bygningen blev tegnet af Gottlieb Bindesbøll og opført i 1855-1856 på foranledning af Næstved Kommune og Landjurisdiktionen som rådhus for byen.
 Rådhuset blev indviet den 15. august 1857, hvor det afløst det gamle middelalderlige rådhus. Det var blandt de første bygninger i Næstved der blev bygget i historicistisk stil.

På hver side af indgangsdøren blev der i 1908/1909 opsat to lamper, der var designet af kunstneren Karl Hansen Reistrup.
En overgang indeholdt bygningen også politistation, men dette ophørte i 1919. I 1922 opførte man et arresthus på bagsiden af bygningen langs gaden Ramsherred.

På Hjultorvet foran bygning opstillede man i 1935 en rytterstatue af Peder Bodilsen, der grundlagde Skovlostret, som senere blev til Herlufsholm. Skulpturen blev sat på en snoet søjle der er opbygget på samme måde, som dem på rådhuset.

I 1937-1938 blev rådhuset ombygget af arkitekten Johannes Tidemand-Dal. I den forbindelse blev de sortglaserede tegl erstattet med røde tegl, tre skorstene blev fjernet samte nogle snoede søjler på tagkanten. Samtidig fjernede han også tre kviste og erstattede dem med en bredere kvist på midten af bygningen. På dette tidspunkt var bygningen ejet af Næstved Kommune og Præstø Amt.

Bygningen fungerede som rådhus frem til 1940, hvor det blev erstattet af det nuværende Næstved Rådhus i Teatergade. Samtidig omdøbte Præstø Amt bygningen til Amts- og Tinghuset.

I 1959 blev bygningen fredet. Alex Poulsen udførte en restaurering i 1996-1997, der blev betalt af Justitsministeriet, hvor man førte bygningen tilbage til sit oprindelige udseende med enkelte undtagelser. Dette inkluderede bl.a. genetableringen af de tre kviste ud mod torvet, der dog blev gjort lidt større end de oprindeligt var. I dag fungerer bygningen som arresthus.

Beskrivelse
Arresthuset fremstår i dag hovedsageligt som den blev opført i 1856. Den er i to etager med sadeltag med sortglaserede tegl. De tre tre kviste på siden ud mod Hjultorv. Bygningen er opført i røde mursten. Gavlene har kamtakker, hvorpå der er sat pinakler. Midt immelem kvistene er opsat to snoede søjler.

I forlængelse af hovedbygningen findes et arresthus der går i forlængelse af bygningen. Desuden findes en fængselsgård på bagsiden.

Se også
 Fredede bygninger i Næstved Kommune
 Næstved gamle Rådhus - der stammer fra middelalderen, og fungerede som byens rådhus frem til arresthuset stod færdigt
 Næstved Rådhus - det nuværende rådhus, der har fungeret siden 1940.

Referencer

Arresthus
Arresthus
Fængsler i Danmark

Næstved Arresthus


විජලනය () යනු යම්කිසි වස්තුවකින් ජලය ඉවත් වීමකි.  වෛද්‍ය විද්යානුකූලව මෙය  විග්‍රහකරනුයේ සිරු‍රේ සාමාන්‍ය ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය පවත්වාගැනීමට අවශ්‍යතරම් ප්‍රමාණයට දේහය තුළ ජලය නොපැවතීමයි.

විජලනය මගහරවාගැනීම.

පාචන තත්වයක් නොමැති අවස්ථාවලදී (සැලකිය නොහැකි තරම් කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන්)වලක්වාගත හැක්කේ ඇතිතරම් ලෙස ජලය පානය කිරීමෙනි. සිරුරෙන් බහුලවම ජලය ඉවත්වන්නේ දහඩිය වාෂ්පවීමෙනි. මෙලෙස ඉවත් වූ ජලය නැවත සිරුරට ලබාදීම  සඳහා  ප්‍රමාණවත්ලෙස ජලය පානය කළයුතුවේ.  අප සිරුරට විශාල වශයෙන් සිදුවන ජලය ඉවත්වීම් හා අධිකව ජලය සිරුරට ඇතුලුවීම දැකගත නොහැක. ජලය පානය කිරීම දල වශයෙන් අප සිරුරෙන් ජලය ඉවත්වීම හා  සමාන විය යුතුවේ. වකුගඩු මගින් අප සිරුරට අවශ්‍යතාවයට වඩා අමතරව ලැබෙන ජලය ඉතා කාර්යක්ෂම ලෙස ඉවත් කරන නිසා අධිකව ජලපාලනය කිරීම මගින්  සිරුරට සිදුවන හානිය ඉතාඅවම වේ.

එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උණුසුම් කාලගුණයක් ඇති සාමාන්‍ය දිනයකදී  පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ සිරුරෙන් ලීටර් 2.5 ක් පමණ ජලය ඉවත්වේ. මෙය පෙනහළු හරහා ජලවාශ්ප ලෙස සම, හරහා දහඩිය ලෙසට හෝ වකුගඩු හරහා මුත්‍ර ලෙස ඉවත්වෙයි.  ඉතා සුළු ප්‍රමාණයක් වූ ජලය  මලපහ සමග පිටවේ.(පාචනය තත්තවයක් නොමැති අවස්ථාවල) අධික රස්නයක් ඇති හෝ වායුගෝලයේ දරිද්‍රතාවය ඉහළ අවස්ථාවලදී හෝ අධිකව  ව්‍යායාම්  නිරත වන අවස්ථාවන්හිදී  බහුලව දහඩිය ලෙස පිටවන ජලය ප්‍රමාණය මනාලෙස  නැවත සිරුරට ලබාදිය යුතුවේ. ඉහත සඳහන් කල අවස්ථාවන්හීදි සිරුරෙන් ඉවත්වන ජලය ප්‍රමාණය ආහාර ජීරණ පද්ධතින් අවශෝෂනය කරගත හැකි ජලය ප්‍රමාණයට වඩා අධිකවේ. මෙවන් අවස්ථාවකදී විජලනය මගහරවා ගැනීම සඳහා   ජලය පානය කිරීම පමණක් කළනොහැකි බැවින්  සිරුරෙන් දහඩිය ලෙස පිටවන ජල ප්‍රමාණය අවම කිරීමට ක්‍රියාමාර්ග ගතයුතුය. ( විවේක ගැනීම හා වඩාත් සිසිල් වටපිටාවක් වෙත ගමන් කිරීම )

උෂ්ණාධික හෝ ඉහළ දරිද්‍රතාවයක්  ඇති පරිසර වලදී  හෝ ඇඟ වෙහෙසා වැඩ කරන ව්‍යායාම් වලදී විජලනය වළක්වා ගැනීම සඳහා මුත්‍ර පිටවන වාර ගණන හා ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳව අවධානයක් යොමු කිරීම උපකාරීවේ. පැය තුනකට හෝ පහකට වරක් මුත්‍රා කිරීමේ  අවශ්‍යතාවය ඇතිවී, මුත්‍ර ඉතා ලා පැහැයක් ගෙන  හෝ අවර්ණ වී ඇති නම් විජලනයට පත්නොවේ. නමුත් මුත්‍රා  තද පැහැයෙන් යුක්ත වීමෙන් හෝ මුත්‍රා කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යතාව ප්‍රමාද වීම හෝ මුත්‍රා පිට නොවීම සිරුරට ලබාගන්නා ලද ජලය ප්‍රමාණය ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවන බව පෙන්නුම් කරනු ලබයි.

දහඩිය මගින් ඉතා විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ජලය සිරුරෙන් ඉවත්ව ගිය පසු ඒවා පානීය ජලය මගින් නැවත යථාතත්වයට පත්කරගත් පසුව  නිවැරදි ආකාරයට සිරුර තුල අයන සමතුලිතතාව  පවත්වා ගැනීම ගැටලුවකි.  සිරුර තුළ ඇති තරලවල සාන්ද්‍රනයට වඩා අඩු හෝ වැඩි සාන්ද්‍රනයකින්  යුතු  දියර වර්ග පානය කිරීම  මගින් අනිටු ප්‍රතිවිපාක ඇති විය හැක.  මෙමගින් රුධිරයේ සෝඩියම් අයන ප්‍රමාණය අඩු හෝ වැඩිවීම සිදුවිය හැක.

වමනය හෝ පාචනය මගින් අමතරව සිදුවන ජලය ඉවත්වීම  මගින්  ඇතිවන අසමතුලිතතාවයන් මගින් අවධානම් තත්ත්වයන්ට  මුහුණ පෑමට සිදුවේ. කුඩාදරුවන්ට ඇතිවන පාචනය හා කොළරාව වැනි රෝග තත්ත්වයන් මගින් එම රෝගීන් විජලනයෙන් සහ අයන වල අසමතුලිතතාවයන් මගින් මරණයට වුවද පත්විය හැක.  ක්‍රීඩාවන් පැවැත්වෙන අවස්ථාවන්හිදී සිසිල්පැන්  පානය කිරීම සඳහා  ක්‍රීඩකයන්ට ලබාදෙන විරාමයන් මගින්  විජලනය වලකා ගැනීමට  ක්‍රීඩකයන්ට අවස්ථාව ලබාදේ.

විජලනය

විජලනය


Yngve Hilmer Casslind (* 28. Juni 1932 in Södertälje; † 17. September 1992 in Umeå) war ein schwedischer Eishockeytorwart.

Karriere
Yngve Casslind begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler beim IK Göta, für dessen Profimannschaft er von 1951 bis 1957 in der Division 1, der damals höchsten schwedischen Spielklasse, aktiv war. Anschließend verbrachte der Torwart vier Jahre beim Ligarivalen Skellefteå AIK, bei dem er 1961 bereits im Alter von 29 Jahren seine Karriere beendete.

International
Für Schweden nahm Casslind an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo teil. Zudem stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1957, bei der er mit seiner Mannschaft die Goldmedaille gewann. Als bestes europäisches Team wurde Schweden zudem Europameister.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1957 Goldmedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft

Weblinks

Eishockeynationaltorwart (Schweden)
Olympiateilnehmer (Schweden)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1956
Europameister (Eishockey)
Weltmeister (Eishockey)
Geboren 1932
Gestorben 1992
Mann
Schwede
Eishockeytorwart (Skellefteå AIK)

Yngve Casslind


Horná Breznica este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Púchov din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 489 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Horná Breznica este atestată documentar din 1388.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Horná Breznica


Hans Joachim Marseille (Takma adı: Der Stern von Afrika / Afrika Yıldızı, 13 Aralık 1919, Charlottenburg, Berlin - 30 Eylül 1942, Sidi Abd el Rahman, Mısır), II. Dünya Savaşı'nda bir Alman avcı pilotu. 17. yüzyıda Fransa'daki dini baskılardan kaçmak üzere Almanya'ya göç eden Protestan ailelerindendir.

II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Messerschmitt ile 154 tane İngiliz avcı uçağı düşürerek Afrika'da İngilizleri çok zor durumda bırakmış ünlü bir pilottur. Marseille, 388 savaş uçuşundan 158 onaylanmış hava zaferi elde etmiştir.Dönemin en iyi uçaklarından 382 seferde 101 P-40, 30 Hurricane, 16 Spitfire toplam 154 tane düşürmüş, 4 tane de bombardıman uçağı düşürmüştür. 15 Eylül 1942'de 11 dakika içinde 7 Avustralya avcı uçağı, 17 Haziran 1942'de 7 dakika içinde 6 uçak düşürerek ne denli iyi bir pilot olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Kariyeri boyunca düşürdüğü her bir uçak için harcadığı ortalama mermi adedi 15'tir.

Manevra yaparken de ateş etmesiyle ünlüdür. Düşürdüğü uçaklara bakıldığında mermilerin kokpitten motora kadar sıralandığı görülmüştür. Belki Erich Hartmann gibi çok yüksek bir sayıya ulaşamamıştır fakat bunda Doğu Cephesi'nde Sovyet pilotlara karşı değil de İngiliz Spitfire'e karşı savaşmasının ve erken ölmesinin de etkisi olmuştur. Savaşırken değil bir kaza sonucu ölmüştür. Kendisi için yeni getirilen Messerschmitt Bf 109-G2 sınıfı yeni nesil uçağı ile rutin bir görev uçuşundan dönerken motoru alev almış, uçaktan atlarken kuyruk dümenine kafasını çarpması sonucu bayılmıştır. Hans-Joachim Marseille, paraşütünü açamadan yere çakılarak can vermiştir. Eski uçaği Messerschmitt Bf 109-F4 Troph Z serisi 20 mm topa sahip modeliydi. Bu uçak çok ender olup Nitrojen NOS2 boost sistemine sahip, diğer F4 uçaklarından 350 beygir daha güçlüydü.

Kaynakça

1919 doğumlular
1942 yılında ölenler
Fransız asıllı Almanlar
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Nazi Almanyası'nın pilotları
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda çatışmada ölenler
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Nazi Almanyası'nın askerleri
As pilotlar
Havacılık kazalarında ve olaylarında ölen kişiler
Mısır'da ölenler

Hans-Joachim Marseille


Osbert Cecil Molyneux ( - ) est un courtisan britannique et homme politique libéral. Il est maître du cheval sous Henry Campbell-Bannerman de 1905 à 1907.

Jeunesse
Molyneux est le deuxième fils de William Molyneux (4e comte de Sefton), et de son épouse l'honorable Cecil Emily Jolliffe (1838–1899), cinquième fille de William Jolliffe (1er baron Hylton). Il est nommé lieutenant dans le  Life Guards. Démissionnant de l'armée régulière, il est nommé capitaine surnuméraire dans le Lancashire Hussars Imperial Yeomanry le 4 juin 1902.

Carrière politique
Lord Sefton devient comte en décembre 1901 à la mort prématurée de son frère aîné, hérite de Croxteth Hall et prend son siège à la Chambre des lords. En avril 1902, il est nommé sous-lieutenant du Lancashire. Lorsque les libéraux arrivent au pouvoir sous Henry Campbell-Bannerman en décembre 1905, Sefton est nommé maître du cheval et admis au Conseil privé en janvier 1906. Il continue comme maître du cheval jusqu'en septembre 1907. En 1926, il est nommé Chevalier Grand-Croix de l'Ordre royal de Victoria .

Famille
Lord Sefton épouse Lady Helena Mary Bridgeman, fille de George Bridgeman (4e comte de Bradford), le 8 janvier 1898. Ils ont trois enfants :

 Hugh Molyneux (7e comte de Sefton) (1898 - 1972).
 Cecil Richard Molyneux (1899 - 1916), tué au combat à bord du  à la bataille du Jutland pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.
 Evelyn Molyneux (1902 - 1917), est décédée jeune.

Lady Helena Sefton est une tante de la princesse Alice, duchesse de Gloucester. L'épouse du fils du roi George V le prince Henry, duc de Gloucester écrit à propos de sa tante Helena : "Bien avant la Première Guerre, elle a choqué ses relations en portant un pantalon et en partant en chasse au gros gibier avec un petit ami - inutile de dire, c'est le pantalon qui a provoqué le pire scandale. Pendant la dernière guerre, elle conduisait des camions, même si elle avait alors plus de soixante-dix ans. Elle était terriblement dévouée aux bonnes œuvres et une personne très religieuse. J'ai été très impressionné quand elle m'a emmené une fois à la cantine des docks où elle aidait souvent à préparer le petit-déjeuner pour les marins marchands qui étaient venus la veille ou à l'aube."

Lord Sefton meurt en juin 1930, à l'âge de 59 ans, et est remplacé dans le comté par son fils aîné Hugh.

Références

Membre du Conseil privé du Royaume-Uni
Comte de la pairie d'Irlande
Chevalier grand-croix de l'ordre royal de Victoria
Décès en juin 1930
Naissance en février 1871
Décès à 59 ans

Osbert Molyneux (6e comte de Sefton)


Marul (Lactuca sativa), papatyagiller (Asteraceae) ailesinden geniş yeşil yapraklı, yıllık veya altı aylık bir ılıman iklim sebzesidir. Genelde yaprakları salata olarak çiğ tüketildiği gibi Çin gibi bazı ülkelerde kökü ve yaprakları pişirilerek de yenir.

Sütlü bir su içermesi nedeniyle Latince'deki ismi lactis (süt) kökünden türetilmiştir. Pek çok çeşidi vardır.

Marulda, A ve C vitaminleri bulunur.

Cichorieae
Yapraklı sebzeler
Ekinler
Yenilebilir papatyagiller
1753'te tanımlanan bitkiler
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Marul


Juliana Rodrigues Veloso (* 22. Dezember 1980 in Rio de Janeiro) ist eine brasilianische Wasserspringerin. Sie startet für den Verein Fluminense Rio de Janeiro sowohl im Kunstspringen vom 3-m-Brett als auch im 10-m-Turmspringen sowie im Synchronspringen, trainiert wird sie von Andréia Boehme.

Veloso war zunächst im Turnen aktiv, wechselte aber mit zehn Jahren zum Wasserspringen. Ihre ersten internationalen Titelkämpfe bestritt sie bei den Panamerikanischen Spielen 1999 in Winnipeg, wo sie Sechste vom Turm und Achte vom 3-m-Brett wurde. Im folgenden Jahr nahm sie in Sydney erstmals an den Olympischen Spielen teil. Dort schied sie als 35. vom 3-m-Brett und 19. vom 10-m-Turm jeweils nach dem Vorkampf aus. Bei ihrer ersten Weltmeisterschaft 2001 in Fukuoka erreichte sie vom Turm das Finale und wurde Zehnte. Im Jahr 2003 gewann Veloso ihre ersten Medaillen bei internationalen Meisterschaften. Bei den Panamerikanischen Spielen in Santo Domingo errang sie vom Turm Silber und vom 3-m-Brett Bronze. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Barcelona erreichte sie vom 3-m-Brett das Halbfinale und platzierte sich auf Rang 13. Veloso startete in Athen bei ihren zweiten Olympischen Spielen und erreichte in beiden Einzelwettbewerben das Halbfinale, vom 3-m-Brett belegte sie Rang 18, vom Turm Rang 16. Bei den Panamerikanischen Spielen 2007 in ihrer Heimatstadt konnte Veloso mit Bronze vom Turm erneut eine Medaille gewinnen. In Peking bestritt sie schließlich ihre dritten Olympischen Spiele, trat diesmal aber nur im Turmspringen an, wo sie Rang 23 erreichte. Nach den Spielen nahm sich Veloso zunächst eine zweijährige Auszeit vom Wasserspringen. Bei den Panamerikanischen Spielen 2011 in Guadalajara konnte sie mit Rang sechs vom 3-m-Brett aber wieder eine gute Platzierung erringen.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisübersicht auf www.the-sports.org (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2000
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2004
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Wasserspringer (Brasilien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Brasilien)
Brasilianer
Geboren 1980
Frau

Juliana Veloso


Unutrašnja Austrija (nje: Innerösterreich, lat: Austria Interior) je zajednički naziv za zemlje južno od prijevoja Semmering. On obuhvaća vojvodstva Štajerska, Koruška, Kranjska i Austrijsko primorje. To područje je postojalo kao politička cjelina za vrijeme podjela habsburškog naslijeđa 1379./1411. – 1457. i 1564. – 1619. Glavni grad je bio Graz.

Izraz je nastao sredinom 15. stoljeća kao suprotnost izrazima Donja Austrija (uža Austrije, odnosno Austrije iznad i ispod rijeke Enns) i Gornja Austrija (Tirol i stari posjedi).

Prva podjela dogodila se 1379. kada su posjedi Albrechta II. podijeljeni između njegovih sinova Albrechta III. (Albrechtova linija) i Leopolda III. (Leopoldova linija).

U sklopu Druge podjele iz 1564. između sinova Ferdinanda I., je njegov najmlađi sin Karlo II. dobio ovaj skup zemalja u naslijeđe. Taj skup zemalja organiziran je kao zasebna teritorijalna jedinica s vlastitom ratnom službom čiji zadatak je bio zaštita granice od Osmanlijskog Carstva. Središte je bio Graz odakle je organizirana i uspostava Vojne krajine, a ta funkcija je tek 1705. prebačena u Beč.

Vladar Unutrašnje Austrije Ferdinand III. je 1619. godine postao carem (pod imenom Ferdinand II.), vladarem čeških zemalja (od 1617., ali s prekidima) te vladarem donjoaustrijskih zemalja. Nakon toga se Unutrašnja Austrija sve više sjedinjavala s cjelokupnim habsburškim posjedima. Posebni upravitelja vojne službe za Unutrašnju Austriju se održao još do Marije Terezije.

Vojvode i nadvojvode Unutrašnje Austrije
iz Leopoldove linije:

 Leopold III. Pravedni (1351. – 1386.)
 Vilim Ambiciozni (1396. – 1406.)
 Leopold IV. Debeli (1406. – 1411.)
 Fridrik V. od 1435., kao car (1452. – 1493.)

iz unutrašnjoaustrijske linije Habsburgovaca:

 Karlo II. (1564. – 1590.)
 Ernst II., kao upravitelj (1590. – 1593.)
 Maksimilijan III., kao upravitelj (1593. – 1595.)
 Ferdinand III. od 1590. odnosno 1595. te kao car od 1619. do 1637.

Galerija

Vidi još

 Gornja Austrija

Povijest Austrije
Povijesne regije

Unutrašnja Austrija


Kalorimetre, kalorimetri biliminde kullanılan cihaza veya bir kimyasal reaksiyonda ya da fiziksel değişim'de açığa çıkan ısıyı ve ısı sığasını ölçme işlemine verilen isimdir. Diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre (DSC),  izotermal titrasyon kalorimetresi (ITC) ve hızlandırılmış oran kalorimetresi en bilinen çeşitleridir.

Tarihçe
Kalorimetre ismi ünlü Fransız kimyager Antoine Lavoisier tarafından türetilmiştir.

Sabit basınç kalorimetresi
İç içe geçmiş iki stiren köpüğünden yapılmış kahve bardağından oluşan, yanma olmayan reaksiyonların ısı değişimlerini tayin etmek için kullanılan basit bir cihazdır. Çözelti ve seyrelme ısıları,asit-baz nötralleşmeleri (Yanma olayı gerçekleşmeyen reaksiyonlar) gibi çeşitli reaksiyonların ısı etkilerini ölçmektedir. Prosesin ısı değişimi basit sabit olduğu için entalpi değişimine eşittir. Tamamen izole bir sistemde reaksiyon ısısının çözelti tarafından absorblandığı kabul edilir. Çözeltinin ısı değişimi kadar kalorimetrenin de ısı kapasitesini de bilmek gerekir.

Buz kalorimetresi
En basit ısı ölçü birimi, bir kilogram buzu eritmek için gerekli ısı miktarıdır. Birime dayanan ölçme şeklinde, bir buz kütlesi alınır. İçinde bir oyuk açılır. Mesela belirli bir sıcaklıktaki bir cismin 0 °C dereceye inmek için vereceği ısıyı ölçmek için, o cisim bu oyuğa konulur ve üstü bir buz tabakasıyla kapatılır. Konulan cismin sıcaklığı 0 °C dereceye bir müddet sonra iner. Sonra meydana gelen su alınarak tartılır. Cismin sıfır dereceye inmek için vereceği ısı su haline geçen buzun erimesi için gerekli olan ısıya eşit olacağından, kilogram cinsinden ölçülen su ağırlığı ısı miktarını verir. Daha sonra Joseph Black tarafından kullanılan bu alet, Pierre Laplace tarafından geliştirilmiştir.

Robert W. E. Bunsen ise, bu aleti iki hazneli yaparak daha da pratik hale getirmiştir. İç hazne ısısı ölçülecek cisim için olup, dışta bulunan ve iç hazneyi çeviren haznede buz ve su karışımı bulunur. Dış hazneye bir kapiller boru bağlanmıştır. Ayrıca aleti, dış tesirlerden korumak için bütün dış hazne buz parçacıklarıyla sarılmıştır. Çalışma durumunda dış haznedeki buz ve su karışımı tamamen dengede olup, ne erime ve ne de donma mevcuttur. Isısı ölçülecek cisim, iç hazneye konulduğunda buz-su karışımındaki buzlar erimeye başlar.

Eriyen buz miktarı bu haznede meydana gelen hacim değişikliğinden ve bu ise eklenmiş bulunan tüpteki seviye değişikliğinden anlaşılır. Bu değerden, cismin sahip olduğu ısıya geçmek mümkündür.

Buhar kalorimetresi
Bir kilogram buharın yoğunlaşıp aynı sıcaklıkta su haline dönüşürken verdiği ısı da, başka bir ısı birimi olarak tarif edilir. Bugünkü durumuna fizikçi John Joly'in çalışmalarıyla gelmiştir. Hassas bir terazinin bir kefesine sahib olduğu sıcaklığı ölçülecek cisim konur. Cismin sıcaklığı kendisini saran buharın sıcaklığına çıkarken, buharın bir kısmı cisim üzerinde yoğunlaşır. Daha sonra cisim tartılarak yoğunlaşmış olan buharın ağırlığı bulunur. Bu kadar buharın yoğunlaşması için gerekli olan ısı miktarı, cismin bulunduğu sıcaklıktan, buharın sıcaklığına gelmesi için gerekli olan ısı miktarına eşit olacaktır.

Kalorimetre bombası (kap kalorimetresi)
Kalorimetre bombası, bir reaksiyondaki yanma ısısını ölçmek için kullanılan bir kalorimetre cinsidir. Kalorimetre bombaları reaksiyon sonucu oluşan basınca ve güce karşı koymak zorundadır. Yakıtı tutuşturmak için elektrik enerjisi kullanılır, yakıt yanmasıyla birlikte etrafındaki havayı ısıtır. Isınan hava genleşerek kalorimetrenin hava çıkışındaki tüpe doğru gider. Hava bakır tüpten geçerken aynı zamanda tüpün dışındaki suyu da ısıtır. Suyun sıcaklığındaki artış miktarı yakıtımızın kalorisini hesaplamamıza yardımcı olur.

Yeni kalorimetre tasarımlarında bomba tek bütün olarak elektrikle tutuşturulmadan önce belirli bir miktar yakıt ve yüksek basınçlı oksijen(genelde 20 atm) ve belirli miktardaki su ile çevrelenir. Bomba – yakıt ve oksijen – kapalı bir sistem oluşturur ve reaksiyon esnasında hava çıkışı olmaz. Yanma sırasında oluşan enerjiyle çelik bombanın, bileşenlerin ve suyun sıcaklığı yükselir. Ve böylece suyun sıcaklığındaki değişim doğru şekilde ölçülür. Bu sıcaklık artışı bir bomba faktörüyle (metal bombanın parçalarının ısı kapasitesine bağlı olan) beraber yanan yakıtın verdiği enerjiyi ölçmede kullanılır. Sıcaklık değişimi hesaplandıktan sonra bomba içindeki yüksek basınç dışarı verilir.

Temel olarak, bu düzenek basit kalorimetrelerden daha iyidir, çünkü hesaplanmayan ısı kaybına çok fazla izin vermez.

Ölçü aletleri
Laboratuvar donanımları

Kalorimetre


The 1939 Quebec general election was held on October 25, 1939, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Quebec Liberal Party, led by former premier Adélard Godbout, defeated the incumbent Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis.

This was Godbout's second non-consecutive term of office and his only victory out of four consecutive general elections opposing Duplessis.

The Action libérale nationale, which had won 25 seats in the 1935 election and then merged with the Quebec Conservative Party, was re-formed by Paul Gouin, who had split with Duplessis soon after the formation of the Union Nationale.  However the ALN obtained only 4.5% of the vote and no seats. It soon disbanded.  Also, a rump Conservative Party ran three candidates who won 0.2% of the vote and no seats. This party also disbanded.

Redistribution of ridings
An Act passed before the election reduced the number of MLAs from 90 to 86 through the following changes:

Campaign

Results

|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party
! rowspan=2 | Party leader
! colspan=4 | MPPs
! colspan=4 | Votes
|-
! Candidates
!1936
!1939
!±
!#
! ±
!%
! ± (pp)
|-

|style="text-align:left;"|Adélard Godbout
|85
|14
|69
|55
|301,382
|77,008
|53.50
|14.09
|-
|rowspan="3" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Union Nationale and allies
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|Maurice Duplessis
|84
|76
|14
|62
|217,413
|106,399
|38.60
|18.28
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|1
|1
|2,989
|
|0.53
|
|-
| style="background-color:#D9B2FF;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Action libérale nationale
|style="text-align:left;"|Paul Gouin
|56
|–
|–
|–
|25,295
|
|4.49
|
|-
| style="background-color:#FF5555;" |
| style="text-align:left;" |Parti national
|style="text-align:left;" |–
|1
|–
|1
|1
|3,074
|
|0.55
|
|-
|rowspan="11" |
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|5
|–
|1
|1
|6,281
|5,514
|1.12
|0.99
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|2,513
|1,044
|0.45
|0.19
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|1,679
|191
|0.30
|0.03
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|788
|8,958
|0.14
|1.57
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|617
|
|0.11
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|469
|1,459
|0.08
|0.26
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|3
|–
|–
|–
|410
|331
|0.07
|0.06
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|228
|
|0.04
|
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|1
|–
|–
|–
|159
|886
|0.03
|0.15
|-
|style="text-align:left;" |
|style="text-align:left;"|–
|colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|did not campaign
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
| 248
| 90
! " colspan="2"| 86
! " colspan="2"| 563,297
! " colspan="2"| 100%
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
| 7,334
| 2,404
| colspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
| 570,631
| 3,624
| 77.00
| 0.06
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors (contested ridings only)
| 741,131
| 5,283
| colspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" | Candidates returned by acclamation
| 1
| 1
| colspan="4"|
|}

Synopsis of results

 = open seat
 = turnout is above provincial average
 = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 = incumbent had switched allegiance
 = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 = previously incumbent in another riding
 = other incumbents renominated
 = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 = multiple candidates

Analysis

See also
 List of Quebec premiers
 Politics of Quebec
 Timeline of Quebec history
 List of Quebec political parties
 21st Legislative Assembly of Quebec

References

Quebec general election
Elections in Quebec
General election
Quebec general election

1939 Quebec general election


Vermont Yankee was an electricity generating nuclear power plant, located in the town of Vernon, Vermont, in the northeastern United States. It generated 620 megawatts (MWe) of electricity at full power. The plant was a boiling water reactor (BWR), designed by General Electric. It operated from 1972 until December 29, 2014, when its owner Entergy shut down the plant. In 2008, the plant provided 71.8% of all electricity generated within Vermont, amounting to 35% of Vermont's electricity consumption. The plant is on the Connecticut River, upstream of the Vernon, Vermont Hydroelectric Dam and used the reservoir pool for its cooling water.

In March 2012, the plant's initial 40-year operating license was scheduled to expire; in March 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) extended its license for another 20 years. Vermont Yankee's continued operations were complicated by the Vermont state legislature's enactment of a law providing the state legislature authority to determine the continued operation of the plant, in addition to the federal government. Entergy requested a new state certificate of public good (CPG), but the Vermont legislature voted in February 2010 against renewed permission to operate. In January 2012, Entergy won a court case, invalidating the state's veto power on continued operations. In August 2013, Entergy announced that due to economic factors Vermont Yankee would cease operations in the fourth quarter of 2014. The plant was shut down at 12:12 pm EST on December 29, 2014.

Since the 1970s, there have been many anti-nuclear protests about Vermont Yankee, including large protests after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011, and on the date of the original operating license expiry in March 2012. The plant's initial operating license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was the subject of a lawsuit that produced the U.S. Supreme Court's 1978 decision Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., in which the Supreme Court set forth a significant doctrine in American administrative law.

Design and function

Vermont Yankee was a BWR-4 Boiling water reactor that used a Mark I containment structure.  It provided 71.8% of all electricity generated in Vermont in 2008
and met 35% of the overall electricity requirements of the state.

It was originally designed and constructed for 500 MW electrical output.  In 2006, it was upgraded to 620 MW electrical output. The reactor produces 1912 MW of heat which is converted to electricity at 32% efficiency. In comparison, the average residential power demand for all of Vermont in 2012 was 239 MW. The nearby Northfield Mountain hydroelectricity facility was built to balance the supply from Yankee.

The reactor core held up to 368 fuel assemblies and 89 control rods.  The spent fuel pool is licensed to contain up to 3353 spent fuel assemblies.

Ownership and operational license
In 1978, the Vermont Yankee reactor was the subject of Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., an important United States Supreme Court administrative law case which ruled that courts cannot impose procedures upon the NRC as this exceeds their power of judicial review.

On July 31, 2002, Entergy Nuclear Vermont Yankee, LLC (EVY) purchased the plant from Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation (VYNPC) for $180 million. Entergy received the reactor complex, nuclear fuel, inventories, and related real estate, as well as the liability to decommission the plant and related decommissioning trust funds of approximately $310 million. The acquisition included a 10-year power purchase agreement (PPA) under which three of the former owners committed to purchase a portion of the electricity produced by the reactor at a cost of approximately 4.5 cents per kilowatt hour.

On May 6, 2006, Vermont Yankee achieved its power of 1,912 MWth (120% of its original licensed thermal power of 1,593 MW-thermal) because of an NRC approved Extended Power Uprate. The power increase was carried out in steps to allow collection of data on the reactor's steam dryer at various power levels, in accordance with the NRC imposed power ascension test plan.

As of 2008, Vermont Yankee employed about 600 people including those in the corporate office on Old Ferry Road in Brattleboro, Vermont.

Cooling water
Vermont Yankee used the Connecticut River as its source of cooling water for its two major water systems: the circulating water system and the service water system. The circulating water system removed heat from the power generation process of the plant by cooling the plant's main condenser.  The service water system cooled both safety and non-safety related auxiliary components in the nuclear facility and the turbine facility of the plant, and absorbed decay heat from the reactor's cooling systems in emergencies or in times when the reactor was shut down.

Electricity Production

Closure/extension planning
Entergy Vermont Yankee applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a license extension of 20 years on January 27, 2006. In early 2010, the Vermont State Senate voted 26–4 to block the Vermont Public Service Board (PSB) from considering continued operation of Vermont Yankee.

On March 10, 2011, the NRC voted to conclude proceedings regarding renewal of the operating license for the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station near Brattleboro, Vermont, for an additional 20 years. On March 21, 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued their renewal of the operating license for the Vermont Yankee plant for an additional 20 years.; the renewed license will expire March 21, 2032.

On April 14, 2011, Entergy, the owner of Vermont Yankee, sued the state of Vermont to stay open despite the Senate's blocking vote.

On August 14, 2013, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled, upholding a lower court's decision that allowed the Vermont Yankee plant to keep running despite a seven-year effort by the Vermont Legislature to close it, finding that states are "pre-empted" from regulating safety by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, which made safety a federal responsibility.

On August 28, 2013, Entergy announced that due to economic factors, notably the lower cost of electricity provided by competing natural gas-fired power plants, it would cease operations and schedule the plant's decommissioning in the fourth quarter of 2014. Vermont Yankee was shut down at 12:12 pm EST on December 29, 2014. All fuel in the reactor was transferred to the spent fuel pool by January 12, 2015, and is scheduled to be moved to dry cask storage by 2021.

In December 2014, Entergy submitted the Post Shutdown Decommissioning Report to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.  This report estimated that the total cost for decommissioning the reactor would be $1.24 billion.  The same document reported that only $665 million had been collected in the 42 years of operations of this plant for this purpose.  Entergy hopes to raise some of the shortfall funds through "external financing".

On September 28, 2016, Entergy began auctioning off more than 1,000 lots of goods in Brattleboro, Vt.

Two cooling towers were demolished in July 2019.

Controversy and operations

2007
Cooling for the plant's steam condenser was provided by circulating water through it, drawn from the adjacent Connecticut river. This water did not come in contact with the nuclear reactor and was not radioactive.  The cooling towers were used to cool water returning from the condenser before it was discharged back into the river at times when it was too warm to comply with the environmental discharge permit. In 2007 the fourth cell of the west cooling tower collapsed, spilling some of the non-radioactive, cooling water. The collapse was an "industrial safety event," which did not threaten the integrity of the reactor or release any radiation into the environment. The NRC stated that the remaining cooling tower had enough capacity to allow the plant to operate at full output, however, until September 16, 2007, the reactor was kept at 50% power.

The cause of the collapse was found to be corrosion in steel bolts and rotting of lumber. Entergy asserted that future inspections would be much more stringent in order to prevent further problems.

2008
The cooling tower collapse caused Vermont's then governor, Jim Douglas, to question the reliability of the power station:  In March 2008, a State Senate committee recommended that the Legislature appoint a panel to oversee an independent review of the plant's reliability. The panel gave Vermont Yankee a generally positive review. "What this report suggests to me is there is not a cause or reason to seek the closure of the plant because of operational or safety concerns," said Public Service Commissioner, David O'Brien.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission performed a tri-annual inspection July–August 2008. It found three "minor faults." An Associated Press report said that it had won "high marks."

2009
In May 2009, the vice-president of operations at Vermont Yankee told the PSB during the reliability review that he did not believe there was any radioactively contaminated underground piping at the plant, but that he would check and respond to the panel.
In October 2009, Arnold Gundersen, a member of a special oversight panel convened by the Vermont General Assembly, confirmed that radioactive contamination had been detected in underground pipes. An Entergy spokesperson told Vermont Public Radio (VPR) that the earlier testimony was a "miscommunication." On June 4, 2010, VPR reported that, because they had provided misleading information, Entergy Nuclear would be liable for legal expenses incurred by certain parties.

2010
In January 2010, the Vermont Department of Health reported that tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, had been discovered in a sample of ground water taken from a monitoring well the previous November.  The level of the isotope was initially below the acceptable limit for drinking water set by the Environmental Protection Agency. By mid-January, however, the level had risen to 20,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/L), the federal limit for drinking water. The head of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission told Vermont's congressional delegation that the agency would devote more resources to addressing concerns about Vermont Yankee, and that he expected the source of the tritium leak would be located within the next several weeks.

On February 4, 2010, Vermont Yankee reported that ground water samples from a newly dug monitoring well at the reactor site were found to contain about 775,000 pCi of tritium per liter (more than 37 times the federal limit). On February 5, 2010, samples from an underground vault were found to contain 2.7 million pCi/L. On February 14, 2010, the source of the leak was found to be a pair of steam pipes inside the Advanced Off-Gas (AOG) pipe tunnel.  The pipes were repaired, stopping the leak.

Samples taken from the river and other drinking water sources by the Vermont Department of Health showed no detectable levels of tritium. The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services made a similar statement after several tests of the river.

During the search for the source of the tritium leak, other radionuclides were found in the soil at the site. Levels of cesium-137 were found to be three to ten times higher than background levels. Silt in a pipe tunnel contained 2,600 picocuries/kg, but contamination outside the pipe tunnel was limited to a small volume, about  of soil. According to the Vermont State Department of Health, there was no health risk from the cesium, as the quantities were small and it had not migrated.

Since cesium-137 is a fission product, it is an indicator of a nuclear fuel leak, but the consensus was that the cesium-137 probably leaked from defective fuel assemblies during or prior to 2001, when the last leak of that type was reported by Vermont Yankee. (Problems with fuel rods were common in the 1970s and 1980s.)

On May 20, 2010, the NRC released a report on Vermont Yankee:

In early November 2010, a water leak caused by a faulty weld caused a "conservative" four-day shutdown while the pipe involved was repaired. A company spokesman said that "if plant managers had known on Sunday night what they knew on Monday, they might have tried to fix the leak while the plant kept running."

In 2010, Vermont Electric Power Company constructed a new substation, designated as the Vernon Substation, on the Vermont Yankee site to serve as the site's new main transmission facility and to connect a new 345 kV transmission line to Central Vermont as part of its Southern Loop project. The aging Entergy-owned Vermont Yankee substation could not handle the additional line or any additional transformers and VELCO desired to have a utility owned and controlled substation for what is probably the state's most important interconnection point. Additionally, the local 115 kV system was relying exclusively on Entergy's single 345 kV to 115 kV transformer. The construction of the Vernon substation included a second 345 kV to 115 kV transformer to supplement the existing Entergy owned transformer. The additional transformer also provided redundancy for Vermont Yankee's source of offsite power. The four transmission lines that formerly connected directly to the Vermont Yankee substation now connect to the Vernon substation, and three tie-lines, one at 115 kV and two at 345 kV, connect the Vermont Yankee substation to the Vernon substation. Each 345 kV tie line is capable of carrying the full power output of the plant.

2011
During the week of January 17, 2011, tritium was detected at a level of 9,200 picocuries per liter (below the federally required reporting level) in an area 150–200 feet north of the location where it was detected a year earlier.  According to the State's radiological health chief at the Vermont Health Department, Bill Irwin, and Vermont Yankee spokesman, Larry Smith, the source of the leak was not yet known.  Irwin and Governor Peter Shumlin expressed concern about the discovery.

2012
On January 19, 2012, Judge J. Garvan Murtha of United States District Court in Brattleboro ruled that the state of Vermont could not force Vermont Yankee to close down, as the legislation that attempted to do so was based on radiological safety arguments that are the exclusive concern of the NRC. The judge also held that the state cannot force the plant's owner, Entergy, to sell electricity from the reactor to in-state utilities at reduced rates as a condition of continued operation.

2013
On June 7, 2013, Vermont's Public Service Board issued Entergy a Certificate of Public Good to install an outdoor diesel generator to replace a tie line from the nearby hydroelectric station as its station blackout power source. The outdoor generator would only operate if the plant's main emergency diesel generators located inside the turbine building were to fail. The outdoor generator is a self-contained unit that does not require cooling water from the plant's cooling water systems. The new generator would power instrumentation in the control room and would be capable of providing emergency AC power to one train of each of the plant's emergency cooling systems.  On August 27, 2013, Entergy announced in a press release that it would close Vermont Yankee by the end of 2014.  Among the reasons cited for the closure were ongoing low energy prices resulting from increased shale gas production, and the high operating costs of the plant.

Protests and politics

In 1971, Esther Poneck led the New England Coalition on Nuclear Pollution in opposing construction of Vermont Yankee. In the 1970s and 1980s there were many anti-nuclear protests at Vermont Yankee which attempted to block access to the plant. More recent protests include:
January 2006: 100 anti-nuclear supporters demonstrated at the front door of Entergy Nuclear, and eleven people were arrested for trespassing.
April 2009: About 150 activists marched from Montpelier's City Hall to the State House to urge lawmakers to back development of clean energy sources such as wind power and solar power; the marchers had gathered 12,000 signatures in support of closing Vermont Yankee.
January 2010: A coalition of anti-nuclear activists participated in a 126-mile walk from Brattleboro to Montpelier in an effort to block the re-licensing of Vermont Yankee. About 175 people took part in the March, some joining for the day and some for longer stretches.

In February 2010, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 against allowing the PSB to consider re-certifying the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Plant after 2012, citing radioactive tritium leaks, misstatements in testimony by plant officials, a cooling tower collapse in 2007, and other problems. Some businesses in Vermont were concerned there was an absence of a clear plan to replace the electricity generated by the plant. A spokesman for IBM, the largest private employer in the state, and the state's largest consumer of electricity, said "we have to be smarter than this". Larry Reilly, president of Central Vermont Public Service Corp., Vermont's largest utility, stated in 2011 that he was untroubled by the prospect of closure: "There's plenty of power out there"."  Analysis by researchers at the University of Vermont estimated that an increase of "slightly more than 3 percent" in the retail price of electricity in Vermont would result from closing Vermont Yankee.

Ex-Governor Peter Shumlin was a prominent opponent of the Vermont Yankee. Two days after Shumlin was elected governor in November 2010, Entergy sought offers to purchase the plant. The company withdrew the plant from consideration for sale in late March 2011.

In March 2011, 600 people gathered for a weekend protest outside the Vermont Yankee plant, in the wake of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents. On March 22, 2011, the day after the NRC issued Vermont Yankee's license extension, Vermont's congressional delegation, Senator Patrick Leahy (D), Senator Bernie Sanders (I), and Representative Peter Welch (D), issued a joint statement decrying the NRC's action and noting the similarity of Vermont Yankee to units then in partial meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi power station, Japan.

In March 2012, more than 130 protesters were arrested at the corporate headquarters of the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant, on the first day of the plant's operation after the expiration of its original 40-year license.

In March 2013, more than 500 people, carrying banners and chanting "shut it down", marched through downtown Brattleboro in protest against Vermont Yankee.

Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Vermont Yankee was 8.1 per year, or a chance of one incident occurring on average every 123,000 years, according to an NRC study published in August 2010, based upon a 2008 USGS survey.

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of , concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about , concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within  of Vermont Yankee was 35,284, an increase of 1.4 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data. The 2010 U.S. population within  was 1,533,472, an increase of 2.9 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Brattleboro (6 miles to city center); Keene, N.H., (16 miles to city center); Fitchburg, Mass., (38 miles to city center), Greenfield, Mass., and Northampton, Mass.

From April 2016, due to the continuing decommissioning process, the emergency planning zone was reduced to the site boundaries.

See also

 Energy in Vermont
 Nuclear power in the United States
 New England Coalition
 Environmental impact of nuclear power
 In his novel 11/22/63, author Stephen King referred to a major disaster at Vermont Yankee in an alternative universe.

References

See also
 Lelan Sillin, Jr.

External links
Department of Energy Page
Joint Fiscal Committee
New England Coalition on Nuclear Pollution
In Historic Vote, Vermont Poised to Shut Down Lone Nuclear Reactor – video by Democracy Now!

Energy infrastructure completed in 1972
Buildings and structures in Vernon, Vermont
Nuclear power plants in Vermont
Entergy

1972 establishments in Vermont
Anti-nuclear protests in the United States
Former nuclear power stations in the United States

Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant