Be Here Now is the third studio album by English rock band Oasis, released on 21 August 1997 by Creation Records. The album was recorded at multiple recording studios in London, including Abbey Road Studios, as well as Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey. Although most tracks retain the anthemic quality of previous releases, the songs on Be Here Now are longer and contain many guitar overdubs. Noel Gallagher said this was done to make the album sound as "colossal" as possible. The album cover features a shot of the band members at Stocks House in Hertfordshire. It is the last Oasis studio album to feature founding members guitarist Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs and bassist Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan as the two left in 1999.

Following the worldwide success of their first two albums, Definitely Maybe (1994) and (What's the Story) Morning Glory? (1995), the album was highly anticipated. Oasis' management company, Ignition, were aware of the dangers of overexposure, and before release sought to control media access to the album. The campaign included limiting pre-release radio airplay and forcing journalists to sign gag orders. The tactics alienated the press and many industry personnel connected with the band and fuelled large-scale speculation and publicity within the British music scene.

Preceded by the lead single "D'You Know What I Mean?", Be Here Now was an instant commercial success, becoming the fastest-selling album in British chart history and topping the albums chart in 15 countries. It was the biggest selling album of 1997 in the UK, with 1.47 million units sold that year. As of 2016, the album has sold eight million copies worldwide. It has been certified 6× Platinum in the UK and Platinum in the US, being Oasis' third and final Platinum album in the country.

According to co-producer Owen Morris, the recording sessions were marred by arguments and drug abuse, and the band's only motivations were commercial. While initial reception for Be Here Now was overwhelmingly positive, retrospective reviews have been more negative, with many calling it bloated and over-produced. The band members have had differing views of the album, with Noel severely criticising it and Liam Gallagher highly praising it and even declaring it as his favourite Oasis album in a 2017 interview. Critic Jon Savage would later pinpoint the album as the end of the Britpop movement. In 2016, the album was reissued with bonus tracks, including a new remix of "D'You Know What I Mean?".

Background
By the summer of 1996, Oasis were widely considered, according to guitarist Noel Gallagher, "the biggest band in the world ... bigger than, dare I say it, fucking God." The commercial success of their previous two albums had resulted in media frenzy in danger of leading to a backlash.

Earlier that year, Oasis members holidayed with Johnny Depp and Kate Moss in Mick Jagger's villa in Mustique. During their last stay on the island, Noel wrote the majority of the songs that would make up Be Here Now. He had suffered from writer's block during the previous winter, and said he wrote only a single guitar riff in the six months following the release of (What's the Story) Morning Glory?. Eventually, he disciplined himself to a routine of songwriting where he would go "into this room in the morning, come out for lunch, go back in, come out for dinner, go back in, then go to bed." Noel said "most of the songs were written before I even got a record deal, I went away and wrote the lyrics in about two weeks." Oasis producer Owen Morris joined Gallagher later with a TASCAM 8-track recorder, and they recorded demos with a drum machine and a keyboard.

In August 1996, Oasis performed two concerts before crowds of 250,000 at Knebworth House, Hertfordshire; more than 2,500,000 fans had applied for tickets. The dates were to be the zenith of Oasis's popularity, and both the music press and the band realised it would not be possible for the band to equal the event. By this time, infighting had broken out in the band. On 23 August 1996, vocalist Liam Gallagher refused to sing for an MTV Unplugged performance at London's Royal Festival Hall, pleading a sore throat. He attended the concert and heckled Noel from the upper balcony. Four days later, Liam declined to participate in the first leg of an American tour, complaining that he needed to buy a house with his then-girlfriend Patsy Kensit. He rejoined the band a few days after for a key concert at the MTV Video Music Awards in New York, but intentionally sang off-key and spat beer and saliva during the performance.

Amongst much internal bickering, the tour continued to Charlotte, North Carolina, where Noel finally lost his patience with Liam and announced he was leaving the band. He said later: "If the truth be known, I didn't want to be there anyway. I wasn't prepared to be in the band if people were being like that to each other." Noel rejoined Oasis a few weeks later, but the band's management and handlers were worried. With an album's worth of songs already demoed, the Gallaghers felt that they should record as soon as possible. Their manager, Marcus Russell, said in 2007 that "in retrospect, we went in the studio too quickly. The smart move would have been to take the rest of the year off. But at the time it seemed like the right thing to do. If you're a band and you've got a dozen songs you think are great, why not go and do it."

In 2006, Noel agreed that the band should have separated for a year or two instead of going into the studio. However, Morris later wrote: "It was a mistake on everyone's part, management very much included, that we didn't record Be Here Now in the summer of 1996. It would have been a much different album: happy probably." He described the Mustique demos as "the last good recordings I did with Noel", and said his relationship soured following the Knebworth concert.

Recording and production

Recording began on 7 October 1996 at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London. Morris described the first week as "fucking awful", and suggested to Noel that they abandon the session: "He just shrugged and said it would be all right. So on we went." Liam was under heavy tabloid focus at the time, and on 9 November 1996 was arrested and cautioned for cocaine possession at the Q Awards. A media frenzy ensued, and the band's management made the decision to move to a studio less readily accessible to paparazzi. Sun showbiz editor Dominic Mohan recalled: "We had quite a few Oasis contacts on the payroll. I don't know whether any were drug dealers, but there was always a few dodgy characters about."

Oasis's official photographer Jill Furmanovsky felt the media's focus, and was preyed upon by tabloid journalists living in the flat upstairs from her: "They thought I had the band hiding in my flat." In paranoia, Oasis cut themselves off from their wider circle. According to Johnny Hopkins, the publicist of Oasis's label Creation Records, "People were being edged out of the circle around Oasis. People who knew them before they were famous rather than because they were famous." Hopkins likened the situation to a medieval court, complete with kings, courtiers and jesters, and said: "Once you're in that situation you lose sight of reality."

On 11 November 1996, Oasis relocated to the rural Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey. Though they reconvened with more energy, the early recordings were compromised by the drug intake of all involved. Morris recalled that "in the first week, someone tried to score an ounce of weed, but instead got an ounce of cocaine. Which kind of summed it up." Noel was not present during any of Liam's vocal track recordings. Morris thought that the new material was weak, but when he voiced his opinion to Noel he was cut down: "[So] I just carried on shovelling drugs up my nose." Morris had initially wanted to just transfer the Mustique demo recordings and overdub drums, vocals, and rhythm guitar, but the 8-track mixer he had employed required him to bounce tracks for overdubs, leaving him unable to remove the drum machine from the recordings.

Noel, wanting to make the album as dense and "colossal" feeling as possible, layered multiple guitar tracks on several songs. In many instances he dubbed ten channels with identical guitar parts, in an effort to create a sonic volume. Creation's owner Alan McGee visited the studio during the mixing stage; he said, "I used to go down to the studio, and there was so much cocaine getting done at that point ... Owen was out of control, and he was the one in charge of it. The music was just fucking loud." Morris responded: "Alan McGee was the head of the record company. Why didn't he do something about the 'out of control' record producer"? Obviously, the one not in control was the head of the record company." He said that he and the band had been dealing with personal difficulties the day and night before McGee visited the studio.

Songs
As with Oasis' previous two albums, the songs on Be Here Now are generally anthemic. The structures are traditional, and largely follow the typical verse – chorus – verse – chorus – middle eight – chorus format of guitar-based rock music. Reviewing for Nude as the News, Jonathan Cohen noted that the album is "virtually interchangeable with 1994's Definitely Maybe or its blockbuster sequel, (What's the Story) Morning Glory?", while Noel had previously remarked that he would make three albums in this generic style. Yet the songs on Be Here Now differ in that they are longer than previous releases; an extended coda brings "D'You Know What I Mean?" to almost eight minutes, while "All Around the World" contains three key changes and lasts for a full nine minutes. When "D'You Know What I Mean?" was released as the album's first single, Noel Gallagher expected to be asked to reduce the length of the song by two minutes. However, nobody had the courage.

The tracks are more layered and intricate than before, and each contains multiple guitar overdubs. While Morris had previously stripped away layers of overdubs on the band's debut Definitely Maybe, during the production of Be Here Now he "seemed to gleefully encourage" such excess; "My Big Mouth" has an estimated thirty tracks of guitar overdubbed onto the song. A Rolling Stone review described the guitar lines as composed of "elementary riffs".

There was some experimentation: "D'You Know What I Mean?" contains a slowed down loop from N.W.A's "Straight Outta Compton", while "Magic Pie" features psychedelically arranged vocal harmonies and a mellotron. According to Noel, "All I did was run my elbows across the keys and this mad jazz came out and everyone laughed." The album's production is dominated by top-end high frequency tones, and according to Uncuts Paul Lester, its use of treble is reminiscent of both late 1980s Creation Records bands such as My Bloody Valentine, and the Stooges' famously under-produced Raw Power (1973).

The vocal melodies continue Noel's preference for "massed-rank sing-alongs", although Paul Du Noyer concedes that not all are of the "pub-trashing idiot kind" of previous releases. At the time of release, Qs Phil Sutcliffe summarised the lyrics of Be Here Now as a mixture of "hookline optimism, a swarm of Beatles and other '60s references, a gruff love song to Meg, and further tangled expressions of his inability/unwillingness to express profound emotions." David Fricke found the numerous Beatles references, including the line "The Fool on the Hill and I Feel Fine" from "D'You Know What I Mean?" and "Sing a song for me, one from Let It Be" on the title track as lazy songwriting from Noel. Reviewers have also found Beatles references in the music, on tracks such as "All Around the World", which has been compared to the sing-along qualities of "Hey Jude" and "All You Need Is Love".

The lyrics were elsewhere described as "[running] the gamut from insightful to insipid", although Du Noyer admitted that Noel is "[to go by his lyrics] something of a closet philosopher ... and often romantic to the point of big girl's blousedom." While the tracks "Don't Go Away" and "The Girl in the Dirty Shirt" were described as unabashedly sentimental, Du Noyer went on to observe that "there is compassion and sensitivity in these tracks that is not the work of oafs." Du Noyer conceded that Noel often tied himself up in "cosmic knots", but had "written words that sound simple and true, and are therefore poetic without trying to be." Lester read song titles such as "Stand by Me" and "Don't Go Away" as a series of demands, both to members of his private life and his public audience.

Du Noyer praised Liam's vocal contributions and described his "Northern punk whine" as "the most distinctive individual style of our time." Lester alluded to Liam as Noel's "mouthpiece", although he qualified that Liam is the "voice of every working-class boy with half a yen to break out and make it big."

Album cover

The cover image was shot in April 1997 at Stocks House in Hertfordshire, the former home of Victor Lownes, head of the Playboy Clubs in the UK until 1981. It shows the band standing by the swimming pool outside the hotel, surrounded by various props. For the photo shoot, a white 1972 Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow was lowered into the swimming pool and half submerged in the water.

Photographer Michael Spencer Jones said the original concept involved shooting each band member in various locations around the world, but when the cost proved prohibitive, the shoot was relocated to Stocks House. Spencer remarked that the shoot "degenerated into chaos", adding that "by 8 pm, everyone was in the bar, there were schoolkids all over the set, and the lighting crew couldn't start the generator. It was Alice in Wonderland meets Apocalypse Now." Critics have tried to read into the selection of the cover props, but Johns said Gallagher simply selected items from the BBC props store he thought would look good in the picture. Two props considered were an inflatable globe (intended as a homage to the sleeve of Definitely Maybe) and the Rolls-Royce, suggested by Arthurs.

Jones has said that the partially submerged Rolls-Royce was in reference to Keith Moon's oft-fabled sinking of a Lincoln Continental into a hotel swimming pool in 1967. The release date in each region was commemorated on the calendar pictured on the sleeve; Harris said the dating "[encouraged] fans to believe that to buy a copy on the day it appeared was to participate in some kind of historical event." The album cover also spurred controversy from a legal viewpoint. In the case of Creation Records Ltd v. News Group Newspapers Ltd, the court decided that the collection of objects brought together for the album cover was insufficient in creating an artwork that could be protected by copyright.

Release

Promotion
When Alan McGee, Creation's publicist Johnny Hopkins, and marketing executive Emma Greengrass first heard Be Here Now at Noel Gallagher's house, each had their doubts about its artistic value, but kept their doubts to themselves. One Creation employee recalled "a lot of nodding of heads, a lot of slapping of backs." McGee later admitted to having strong misgivings at first: "I heard it in the studio and I remember saying 'We'll only sell seven million copies' ... I thought it was too confrontational." However, in an interview with the music press a few days later he predicted the album would sell twenty million copies. McGee's hyperbole alarmed both Oasis and their management company Ignition, and both immediately excluded him from involvement in the release campaign. Ignition's strategy from that point on centred on an effort to suppress all publicity, and withheld access to both music and information from anybody not directly involved with the album's release. Fearful of the dangers of over-hype and bootlegging, their aim was to present the record as a "regular, everyday collection of tunes." To this end they planned a modest marketing budget, to be spent on subdued promotional activities such as street posters and music press adverts, while avoiding mainstream instruments such as billboard and TV advertising. According to Greengrass "We want to keep it low key. We want to keep control of the whole mad thing."

However, the extent that Ignition were willing to go to control access to the album generated more hype than could normally have been expected, and served to alienate members of both the print and broadcast media, as well as most Creation staff members. When "D'You Know What I Mean?" was planned as the first single, Ignition decided on a late release to radio so as to avoid too much advance exposure. However, three stations broke the embargo, and Ignition panicked. According to Greengrass: "we'd been in these bloody bunker meetings for six months or something, and our plot was blown. 'Shit, it's a nightmare'." BBC Radio 1 received a CD containing three songs ten days before the album's release, on condition that disc jockey Steve Lamacq talked over the tracks to prevent illegal copies being made by listeners. The day after Lamacq previewed the album on his show, he received a phone call from Ignition informing him that he would not be able to preview further tracks because he didn't speak enough over the songs. Lamacq said, "I had to go on the air the next night and say, 'Sorry, but we're not getting any more tracks.' It was just absurd." According to Creation's head of marketing John Andrews, "[The campaign] made people despise Oasis within Creation. You had this Oasis camp that was like 'I'm sorry, you're not allowed come into the office between the following hours. You're not allowed mention the word Oasis.' It was like a fascist state." One employee recalled an incident "when somebody came round to check our phones because they thought The Sun had tapped them."

When Hopkins began to circulate cassette copies of the album to the music press a few weeks later, he required that each journalist sign a contract containing a clause requiring that the cassette recipient, according to Select journalist Mark Perry, "not discuss the album with anyone—including your partner at home. It basically said don't talk to your girlfriend about it when you're at home in bed." Reflecting in 1999, Greengrass admitted: "In retrospect a lot of the things we did were ridiculous. We sit in [Oasis] meetings today and we're like 'It's on the Internet. It's in Camden Market. Whatever'. I think we've learned our lesson." According to Perry: "It seemed, particularly once you heard the album, that this was cocaine grandeur of just the most ludicrous degree. I remember listening to "All Around the World" and laughing—actually quite pleasurably—because it seemed so ridiculous. You just thought: Christ, there is so much coke being done here."

Commercial performance
Be Here Now was released in the UK on 21 August 1997. The release date had been brought forward out of Ignition's fear that import copies of the album from the United States would arrive in Britain before the street date. Worrying that TV news cameras would interview queuing fans at a traditional midnight opening session, Ignition forced retailers to sign contracts pledging not to sell the record earlier than 8:00am. However, the cameras arrived regardless, just in time to record the initially slow trade. It was not until lunch time that sales picked up. By the end of the first day of release, Be Here Now sold over 424,000 units and by the end of business on Saturday that week sales had reached 663,389, making it based on first seven days sales, the fastest-selling album in British history. The album became their highest charting release in the US by debuting at number two on the Billboard 200 chart. However, its first week sales of 152,000—below expected sales of 400,000 copies—were considered a disappointment.

Be Here Now was the biggest selling album of 1997 in the UK, with 1.47 million units sold that year. By the end of 1997, Be Here Now had sold eight million units worldwide. However, most sales came from the first two weeks of release, and once the album was released to UK radio stations the turnover tapered off. Buyers realised that the album was not another (What's the Story) Morning Glory?, and by 1999, Melody Maker reported that it was the album most sold to second-hand record stores. It has been certified 7× Platinum in the UK and Platinum in the US, being Oasis' third and final Platinum album in the country. As of 2016, the album had sold over eight million copies worldwide. Four of the album's 12 tracks were released as singles: "D'You Know What I Mean?", "Stand By Me", "All Around the World" and "Don't Go Away". In 2016, following the album's reissue and the release of the documentary Oasis: Supersonic, the album topped the UK Vinyl Albums Chart, 19 years after its original release.

Critical reception

Initial response

Initial reviews of Be Here Now were, in John Harris's words, unanimous with "truly amazing praise". According to Harris, "To find an album that had attracted gushing notices in such profusion, one had to go back thirty years, to the release of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band." While Q described the album as "cocaine set to music", most early reviews praised the record's length, volume and ambition, including Charles Shaar Murray, who called it the "Oasis World Domination Album" in Mojo. David Fricke of Rolling Stone complimented the song formula throughout the album, writing that it "pays off". However, as a whole, he felt the album was "music built for impact, not explanation". Dele Fadele of Vox describes it as "a veritable rock'n'roll monsoon of an album; a giant jigsaw puzzle, an elemental force, a monster that cannot and will not be contained."

Reviews in the British music press for (What's the Story) Morning Glory? had been generally negative. When it went on to become, in the words of Select editor Alexis Petridis, "this huge kind of zeitgeist-defining record", the music press was "baffled". Petridis believed the initial glowing reviews of Be Here Now were a concession to public opinion. In America, reviews were equally positive. Reviewing for the Chicago Sun-Times on release, Jae-Ha Kim considered the album as good as its two predecessors, writing: "The 12 tracks on Be Here Now aren't as immediately accessible as Oasis' earlier hits "Wonderwall" or "Live Forever". But the pop songs are mesmerising in their intense delivery and clean execution." Elysa Gardner offered similar in the Los Angeles Times, finding that with Be Here Now, the band grew more ambitious and succeeded without losing ground, although Gardner noted the "taut pop craftsmanship" that distinguished the band's two predecessors was "less prominent".

Nevertheless, the album did receive some mixed reviews on release. In Entertainment Weekly, David Browne stated: "Much of the album is a messy, mucky keg o' sound that constantly threatens to spill over and drown Noel's innately melodic songs." He further criticised the overtly-cluttered mix and overlong songs. Nevertheless, he concluded: "They sound more ferocious and confident than ever, yet less intimate, more distanced." Similarly, Simon Williams called it "one of the daftest records ever made" in NME. Likewise, Chris Norris criticised the lyrical content in Spin magazine, calling most of the lyrics on the record "meaningless". Ryan Schreiber of Pitchfork favourably compared the record to its two predecessors, finding that instead of "unforgettable three- to- four minute pop slices", there are now "six- to- ten minute long epics." Be Here Now proved divisive among Planet Sound readers, who voted the album their "most loathed" of 1997, as well as their second-favourite of the year.

Retrospective appraisal

Retrospectively, reception to Be Here Now has been more negative, with many calling it bloated and over-produced. Reviewing in 2002, Stephen Thompson of The A.V. Club felt that although there were good tracks present, naming "My Big Mouth", "Don't Go Away" and "Stand By Me", the majority suffered from "cumbersome overlength", feeling that the band's attempt to make a "grand, career-defining statement" backfired. In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Rob Sheffield described the record as "a concept album about how long all the songs were", comparing it to Elton John's Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy (1975). Although he offered praise to the title track and "It's Getting Better (Man!!)", he considered the album to be the work of a songwriter who has "turn[ed] his brain [in]to cocaine crispies". In a more positive review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic calls Be Here Now a "triumphant" record that "steamrolls over any criticism", praising Liam's vocal performances as his finest up to that point, as well as the songs as "intensely enjoyable" and "impossibly catchy". However, he felt that Noel's songwriting wasn't innovative compared to its predecessors. In 2020, Luke Holland of The Guardian described the album as a "flawed masterpiece".

The album's 2016 reissue attracted a number of reviews, with most continuing to criticise the album's production and song lengths. Laura Snapes of Pitchfork calls Be Here Now "one of the most agonizing listening experiences in pop music", amplified by the "bloated and indulgent" remaster. Snapes further panned Noel's decision to only remix "D'You Know What I Mean?", concluding that there was no point in reissuing the album if its creators didn't care enough. She ultimately states, "this turgid collection is the ultimate expression of Be Here Now: as bloated and indulgent as the record itself, the music a secondary concern to the product's status". In Drowned in Sound, Andrzej Lukowski felt that when compared to the band's earlier work, Be Here Now lacked "aspirational rock 'n' roll swagger" besides a few tracks. Lukowski also agreed that a complete remix of the album would have been beneficial, considering "D'You Know What I Mean?" needed it "the least". In Clash magazine, Clarke Geddes was more positive, agreeing that although the album was bloated and over-produced, it still offered highlights, naming "I Hope, I Think, I Know". He also positively appraised the bonus tracks in the box set, believing fans will be satisfied with the extra material.

Legacy

In the 2003 John Dower-directed documentary Live Forever: The Rise and Fall of Brit Pop, music critic Jon Savage pinpointed Be Here Now as the moment where the Britpop movement ended. Savage said that while the album "isn't the great disaster that everybody says", he noted that "[i]t was supposed to be the big, big triumphal record" of the period. Q expressed similar sentiments, writing, "So colossally did Be Here Now fall short of expectations that it killed Britpop and ushered in an era of more ambitious, less overblown music." Irish Times journalist Brian Boyd wrote: "Bloated and over-heated (much like the band themselves at the time), the album has all that dreadful braggadocio that is so characteristic of a cocaine user." Reflecting in 2007, Garry Mulholland said: "The fact that nothing could have lived up to the fevered expectations that surrounded its release doesn't change the facts. The third Oasis album is a loud, lumbering noise signifying nothing." When reviewing in 2016, Lukowski wrote that although Oasis as a band would continue, Oasis as a legend died with Be Here Now. He further states that while other Britpop bands such as Pulp and Blur moved on from the genre, Oasis continued attempting to revisit the success of their first two albums, effectively becoming a "nostalgia act" after 1997.

The Gallagher brothers hold differing opinions about the album. In July 1997, Noel was describing the production as "bland" and some tracks as "fucking shit". He later said: "Just because you sell lots of records, it doesn't mean to say you're any good. Look at Phil Collins." In Live Forever: The Rise and Fall of Brit Pop, he dismissed the album, and said that drugs and the band's indifference during recording led to the album having faults. In the same documentary, Liam defended the record, and said that "at that time we thought it was fucking great, and I still think it's great. It just wasn't Morning Glory." In 2006, Liam said of Noel, "If he didn't like the record that much, he shouldn't have put the fucking record out in the first place ... I don't know what's up with him but it's a top record, man, and I'm proud of it—it's just a little bit long." In 2018, the BBC included it in their list of "the acclaimed albums that nobody listens to any more." Noel has observed that many Oasis fans still hold the album in high regard, as do prominent musicians such as Marilyn Manson. In 2017, Liam ranked the album as his favourite release by Oasis.

The album was reissued in several limited-edition formats, including silver-coloured double heavyweight vinyl, a double picture disc and cassette, on 19August 2022 to celebrate its 25th anniversary. The reissue was promoted with new lyric videos for "D'You Know What I Mean? (NG's 2016 Rethink)" and "Stand by Me".

Track listing

2016 reissue
As part of a promotional campaign entitled Chasing the Sun, the album was re-released on 14 October 2016. The three-disc deluxe edition includes remastered versions of the album and seven B-sides from the album's three UK singles. Bonus content includes demos, the Mustique sessions, live tracks, and a 2016 remix of "D'You Know What I Mean?" Noel Gallagher was supposed to remix the entire album but later decided against it.

Personnel
Album credits per the album's liner notes.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Sources
 Cavanagh, David. The Creation Records Story: My Magpie Eyes Are Hungry for the Prize. London: Virgin Books, 2000.
 Harris, John. Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock. London: Da Capo Press, 2004.

Notes

External links

Be Here Now at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)

1997 albums
Albums produced by Owen Morris
Creation Records albums
Epic Records albums
Oasis (band) albums

Be Here Now (album)


Louis Moréri (25 March 1643 – 10 July 1680) was a French priest and encyclopedist.

Life
Moréri was born in 1643 in Bargemon, a village in the ancient province of Provence. His great-grandfather, Joseph Chatranet, a native of Dijon, had settled in Provence under King Charles IX of France and taken the name of the village of Moréri, which he acquired through marriage.

Louis Moréri studied humanities in Draguignan and later rhetoric and philosophy at the Jesuit College of Aix-en-Provence. He then studied theology, obtaining his doctoral degree, and was ordained a priest in Lyon. During his stay in Lyon, he published several works, among them La pratique de la perfection chrétienne et religieuse (1667), a translation of the work of the Spanish Jesuit theologian, Alonso Rodriguez. It was probably in Lyon that he met Samuel Chappuzeau, who claimed to have first given him the idea of writing his encyclopedia.

In 1675, shortly after publishing the first edition of his encyclopedia, Moréri accompanied his bishop to Paris, where he became acquainted with Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne, then the minister of foreign affairs. Three years later, he was hired to be a tutor for Pomponne's children. During this time, he worked on a second edition of his encyclopedia. In 1680, midway through the printing of the second edition, he died of tuberculosis.

Legacy

Moréri's encyclopedia, Le Grand Dictionaire historique, ou le mélange curieux de l'histoire sacrée et profane (literally, The Great Historical Dictionary, or Curious Anthology of Sacred and Secular History, although it was translated differently into English at the time) was first published in Lyon in 1674. The encyclopedia focused almost exclusively on historical and biographical articles. Moréri dedicated it to Gaillard de Longjumeau, the Bishop of Apt, to whom he had been appointed chaplain. Moréri's one-volume edition of 1674 and posthumous two-volume edition of 1681 were revised and expanded by others after his death. At least twenty-four editions were published between 1674 (one volume) and 1759 (ten volumes). The encyclopedia was also translated and adapted into English, German, Dutch and Spanish.

Moréri's Grand Dictionaire historique gave rise to a more famous encyclopedia, Pierre Bayle's ''The Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697). Bayle conceived his work as correcting and making up for deficiencies of Moréri's work.

References

See also
 List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
 Digital Dictionnaire de Moréri at the ARTFL Project

References

External links

1643 births
1680 deaths
French encyclopedists
Catholic clergy scientists
17th-century French Roman Catholic priests
People from Provence
17th-century deaths from tuberculosis
French male non-fiction writers
Tuberculosis deaths in France

Louis Moréri


O chefe de operações navais ( CNO ) é o chefe profissional da Marinha dos Estados Unidos . O cargo é um cargo estatutário (  ) detido por um almirante que é conselheiro militar e adjunto do secretário da Marinha . Em uma capacidade separada como membro do Joint Chiefs of Staff (  ), o CNO é assessor militar do Conselho de Segurança Nacional, do Conselho de Segurança Interna, do secretário de defesa e do presidente . O atual chefe de operações navais é o almirante Michael M. Gilday .

Apesar do título, o CNO não possui autoridade de comando operacional sobre as forças navais. O CNO é um cargo administrativo sediado no Pentágono e exerce a supervisão das organizações da Marinha como representante do secretário da Marinha. O comando operacional das forças navais recai sobre os comandantes combatentes que se reportam ao secretário de defesa.

Nomeação, posto e responsabilidades

O chefe de operações navais (CNO) é normalmente o oficial de mais alta patente na ativa na Marinha dos EUA, a menos que o presidente e/ou o vice-presidente do Joint Chiefs of Staff sejam oficiais navais. O CNO é indicado para indicação do presidente, para mandato de quatro anos, e deve ser homologado pelo Senado . Um requisito para ser Chefe de Operações Navais é ter experiência significativa em atribuições de serviço conjunto, o que inclui pelo menos um turno completo de serviço em uma atribuição de serviço conjunto como oficial de bandeira. No entanto, o presidente pode renunciar a esses requisitos se determinar que a nomeação do oficial é necessária para o interesse nacional. O chefe pode ser renomeado para um mandato adicional, mas apenas em tempos de guerra ou emergência nacional declarada pelo Congresso. Por estatuto, o CNO é nomeado almirante de quatro estrelas.

conforme , sempre que houver vacância do cargo de chefe de operações navais ou nas ausências ou impedimentos do chefe de operações navais, e salvo determinação contrária do presidente, o vice-chefe de operações navais exercerá as funções de chefe de operações navais até que sucessor for nomeado ou a ausência ou incapacidade cessar.

Referências

Ligações externas
  – Chief Naval Operations
 Office of the Chief of Naval Operations organization

Chefes do Estado-Maior Conjunto dos Estados Unidos

Chefe de Operações Navais


El Mercado de los Mostenses es un mercado de abastos de la ciudad de Madrid, situado en la plazuela del mismo nombre, junto a la Plaza de España. Es una reconstrucción racionalista del viejo mercado construido en 1875, y derribado con la construcción del tercer tramo de la Gran Vía. El nuevo mercado, inaugurado en 1946, sería más tarde incluido en el Plan de Modernización de los Mercados Municipales debido a su antigüedad. Los tres edificios que conforman el complejo –centro comercial, oficinas y almacén– ocupan una superficie de dos mil ochocientos metros cuadrados.

Historia

El antiguo mercado de los Mostenses se comenzó a construir, junto con el de la Cebada a mediados del siglo , ocupando parte del espacio donde estuvo el Convento de Premostratenses de San Norberto. Fruto de una combinación de vidrio y hierro (arquitectura vitroférrea), siguió el diseño del arquitecto Mariano Calvo Pereira, y fue inaugurado oficialmente el día 11 de junio de 1875, de forma simultánea con el de la Cebada, obra también de Calvo Pereira pero de menores dimensiones. Cercano a la Estación del Norte se especializó en la distribución del pescado procedente de Galicia y Cantabria., junto con el Mercado del Carmen.

Fue derribado en 1925 en el proceso de construcción del tercer tramo de la Gran Vía de Madrid, a pesar de no estar incluido en las órdenes, ni molestar su planta al trazado oficial. Durante su ausencia el Mercado de Toledo le sustituyó como lugar de venta de pescado. En 1946 se construyó un nuevo mercado un poco más al norte del anterior, sobre una planta de 2.800 metros cuadrados. En el solar del antiguo mercado se construyó un edificio para el Cine Azul (que anteriormente se denominaba cine Belusia).

Se produjo un incendio en el mercado el 2 de octubre de 1997 que llegó a afectar a diez comercios de su interior. En la actualidad posee cerca de 110 puestos en su interior. Al no ser un espacio protegido, se ha visto sometido a la evaluación de diversos proyectos de remodelación y de rehabilitación. En el siglo  se ha especializado en gastronomías latinoamericanas y asiáticas y además de las paradas de frutas, carnes y pescados, existen en su interior dos bares restaurantes donde se sirve cocina chifa (chino-peruana) y de otras latitudes.

Véase también
Anexo:Mercados de Madrid

Referencias

Mostenses
Mostenses
Distrito Centro (Madrid)
Arquitectura racionalista en España
Arquitectura de España de 1946

Mercado de los Mostenses


Gömülü Linux Linux işletim sisteminin cep telefonları, PDA'ler, elde taşınabilir medya oynatıcılar ve diğer tüketici elektroniği cihazları gibi gömülü sistemlerde kullanılan adıdır.

Geçmişte gömülü sistemler için yapılan yazılımlar doğrudan assembler'da yazılarak geliştiriliyordu. Geliştiriciler tüm donanım sürücülerini ve arayüzlerini baştan geliştirmek zorundaydı. Daha sonraki uygulamalarda, küçük bir ücretsiz yazılım seti ile desteklenmiş Linux kernel'in gömülü cihazların sınırlı donanım alanlarına sığdırılabildiği çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmişti. Tipik bir gömülü Linux dağıtımı 2 MB alan üzerinde yer kaplamaktadır. Diğer gömülü işletim sistemleri; VxWorks, QNX, LynxOS, Windows CE, Windows NT Embedded, Palm OS.

Gömülü Linux'un diğer gömülü işletim sistemlerine olan avantajları;

 Açık kaynak olması
 Genellikle ücretsiz olması ve kurulum başına lisans bedeli talep etmemesi
 Olgun ve kararlı olması (10 yıldan fazla bir süredir pek çok cihazın içinde kullanılmakta)
 İyi desteklenmesi

Gömülü Linux Birliği
IBM, Intel, LynuxWorks, Motorola, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Siemens ve Sony gibi firmaların katılımıyla oluşan Gömülü Linux Birliği (ELC http://www.embedded-linux.org/  ), 15 Temmuz 2003 tarihinde San Francisco'da, ürün geliştiricileri, kullanıcı arayüzü tasarımcıları ve gömülü Linux uygulamaları için gerçek zamanlı performans çalışmaları yapan tasarımcılara yardım edecek bir yönergeler dizisinin hazırlanması amacı ile standartlaşma etkinliklerinin yeni bir evresinin başlatıldığı duyuruldu. Standardın amacı, küresel olarak kabul edilen, test uygulamaları sunacak ve pazarlamayı iyileştirecek, marka oluşturacak bir platformun yaratılmasıydı. 2002 yılında ELC, Embedded Linux Consortium Platform Specification (ELCPS) isimli standardını tanıttı.

2005 yılında OSDL bünyesine katılan bu yapılanma, 21 Ocak 2007 tarihinde, aralarında Fujitsu, Intel, AMD, IBM, Oracle, Hitachi, Cisco, Motorola, Siemens, Sun Microsystems, Google, Nokia, Dell ve Toshiba gibi 60 kadar dev firmanın bir araya gelerek oluşturduğu Linux Foundation'a ile birleşti.

Linux üstünde çalışan mobil telefonlar

 E28 E2800
 Motorola A760, A768, A780, E680, A1200
 Panasonic P901i
 NEC N901ic
 Samsung SCH-i519
 Telepong
 Wildseed
 Üzerinde Linux olan mobil telefonlar
 Road S101

Linux çalıştıran tek kart bilgisayarlar
 Gumstix - Intel XScale işlemcili (200 MHz ve 400 MHz).
 ECB AT91 - ARM9 işlemcili (180 MHz).
 Omniflash - ARM9 işlemcili (200 MHz).

Dış bağlantılar
 Gömülü Linux donanım ve yazılım arayüzleri
 Gömülü Linux eğitimleri
 Gömülü Debian
 http://www.ucdot.org/ Gömülü Linux geliştiricileri formu
 Gömülü Linux (Türkçe Kitap)

Gömülü Linux


Miami Air International was an American charter airline based in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It operated worldwide passenger charter flights for diverse groups including cruise operators, professional sports teams and the United States military. It was based at Miami International Airport. Miami Air's customers included incentive groups, sports teams, Fortune 500 companies, major cruise lines, entertainers, political candidates and the United States government. Under the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) program, Miami Air was contracted by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command (USAF AMC) for transporting troops and cargo.

History
The airline was established in August 1990 and started operations in October 1991 using Boeing 727-200 aircraft on lease from Xerox Credit Corporation.

George Lyall who had a long career at Eastern Air Lines and Pan Am World Airways was Chairman and Ross Fischer who had run System Operations at People Express and Eastern was President. These executives were the primary shareholders and founders, which also included a variety of former Eastern personnel, a former "Big 8" partner with extensive industry audit experience, an upcoming Miami lawyer and several former People Express operations personnel. By 2000, the company had grown to 8 owned Boeing 727 aircraft and revenues in excess of $100 million.

That year, a consortium led by Eagle Global Logistics purchased a majority stake in the company, primarily from retiring shareholders and embarked on converting the company's Boeing 727s to cargo aircraft to operate its cargo hub in Austin, Texas, under the Quest International name. Simultaneously, new Boeing 737-800s were leased to provide the passenger service of the converted Boeing 727s. In 2001, the events of September 11th and the awarding of the postal contract to FedEx Express caused lease rates and values of Boeing 727s to plummet and in early 2002 EGL stopped utilizing Quest cargo aircraft and they were sold off.

Meanwhile, in large part due to the huge jump in the military business, Miami Air's passenger business thrived and the company grew to 8 Boeing 737-800s and 2 passenger Boeing 727s by 2005. At that time one of the existing shareholders (TSI Holding Company) expressed a desire to purchase the entire company and bought out the other EGL consortium and remaining original shareholders.

For some time, Miami Air International with its Boeing 737-800s remained an ad hoc charterer with a wide customer base.  The military, sports teams, cruise lines, tour operators and incentive groups were the main customers. Its operations were worldwide covering every continent except Antarctica. The Miami Dolphins and Pittsburgh Steelers secured charter services for the 2017 season.

Miami Air International was wholly owned by TSI Holdings and had 405 employees (at March 2007). The airline's IATA code was changed from GL to LL due to Air Greenland's use of the same code; Air Greenland was the first one to use the code.

On March 24, 2020, Miami Air International filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection and ceased operations on May 8, 2020. All leased aircraft from TUI fly Belgium were returned to Brussels.

Tomas Romero, the owner of World Atlantic Airlines, acquired Miami Air International including all of its certificates and trademarks in late May for USD3.3 million, during a bankruptcy auction.

A "new" Miami Air would operate with the same aircraft type and employ the same key personnel as the bankrupt firm, as well as some new experienced employees.

Fleet

Final fleet

At the time of closure, the Miami Air International fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

Retired fleet

Miami Air International had used the following aircraft models in the past:

Accidents and incidents
On May 3, 2019, Miami Air Flight 293, a charter flight that originated from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, slid into the St. Johns River with 143 people on board after landing at Naval Air Station Jacksonville in Jacksonville, Florida, in the middle of a storm. All on board survived, and there were 21 injuries reported.

See also
List of defunct airlines of the United States

References

External links

Airlines established in 1990
Airlines disestablished in 2020
1990 establishments in Florida
2020 disestablishments in Florida
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2020
Companies based in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Airlines based in Florida
Defunct charter airlines of the United States
Defunct charter airlines
American companies established in 1990
American companies disestablished in 2020

Miami Air International


Das iPhone 4 ist das vierte Smartphone der iPhone-Reihe des US-amerikanischen Unternehmens Apple. Es wurde am 7. Juni 2010 vorgestellt und war ab dem 24. Juni 2010 erstmals in den Vereinigten Staaten, im Vereinigten Königreich sowie in Japan, Frankreich und Deutschland erhältlich. Es wird hauptsächlich durch Fingerberührungen am Multi-Touch-Bildschirm bedient. Auf dem Gerät kommt Apples Betriebssystem iOS 4 bis 7 zum Einsatz.

Design
Das Gehäuse besteht aus einem rostfreien Edelstahl-Rahmen, der gleichzeitig als Antenne fungiert. Vorder- und Rückseite bestehen aus einem versiegelten und kratzfesten Spezialglas der Firma Corning (Herstellerbezeichnung Gorilla Glass). Das Gerät war zunächst nur in schwarz erhältlich, seit dem 28. April 2011 auch in weiß. Im Vergleich zum iPhone 3GS ist es in Höhe, Breite und Tiefe kleiner. Mit 9,3 Millimetern Tiefe ist es beispielsweise rund 24 % dünner.

Technische Daten

Mobilfunk und Vernetzung
Das iPhone 4 bietet UMTS-Datenübertragung über HSUPA mit einer Geschwindigkeit von bis zu 5,7 Mbps. Es unterstützt nun auch Wi-Fi 4, jedoch nur im teilweise stark frequentierten 2,4-GHz-Band.
Zum Betrieb ist eine Micro-SIM-Karte erforderlich.

Die in den Medien diskutierten Empfangsprobleme des Smartphones wies der Vorstandsvorsitzende Steve Jobs zurück und verwies auf eine generell auftretende Empfangsbeeinträchtigung von Smartphones beim festen Umschließen des Gerätes mit der Hand. Diese Aussage zusammen mit dem Eingeständnis eines Software-Berechnungsfehlers, der seit dem iPhone 3G bei iOS auftritt, hat bei vielen Mitbewerbern für Empörung gesorgt.

Seit dem 10. Februar 2011 verkauft auch der amerikanische Mobilfunkanbieter Verizon Wireless das iPhone 4 in den USA; diese Variante verwendet den von Verizon Wireless an Stelle von GSM/UMTS eingesetzten Mobilfunkstandard CDMA2000.
Der Verizon-Konkurrent AT&T hatte seit Einführung des iPhone mit Überlastung und schlechter Abdeckung seiner 3G-Mobilfunknetze zu kämpfen. Um die Zuverlässigkeit und Netzabdeckung der eigenen Netze zu untermauern, bewirbt Verizon Wireless unter anderem auch explizit die im iPhone-Betriebssystem iOS ab der Version 4.2.5 enthaltene Hotspot-Funktion. Dies ermöglicht das Anlegen eines WLAN-Hotspots, an dem sich bis zu fünf Nutzer anmelden und die Internetverbindung des iPhones nutzen können. Bei dem CDMA2000-iPhone befindet sich ein weiteres Antennensegment im Stahlrahmen, das Empfangsproblemen entgegenwirken soll. Dieses Antennendesign wurde beim Nachfolger, dem iPhone 4s übernommen. Ein zusätzliches Mikrofon filtert Umgebungsgeräusche heraus und verbessert so die Sprachqualität.

Digital- und Frontkamera
Die Digitalkamera kann Fotos mit einer Auflösung von 2592 × 1936 Pixel (fünf Megapixel) und Videos mit einer Auflösung von 1280 × 720 Pixeln (HD) bei 30 fps aufnehmen und verfügt über einen LED-Blitz sowie einen fünffach digitalen Zoom. Der Sensor erlaubt erstmals bei Mobiltelefonen eine rückwärtige Belichtung, wobei die Sensorik auf der Rückseite des Sensors liegt und dadurch eine höhere Lichtempfindlichkeit erreicht wird. Außerdem findet sich auf der Vorderseite des Gerätes eine weitere VGA-Kamera, die für die Funktion FaceTime (Audio- und Videotelefonie) benötigt wird. Sie kann Fotos und Videos mit einer Auflösung von 640 × 480 Pixeln aufnehmen, Videos bei 30 fps.

System-on-a-Chip
Als System-on-a-Chip kommt der schon vom iPad der ersten Generation bekannte, von Samsung hergestellte Apple A4 mit einem reduzierten Kerntakt von 800 MHz statt 1 GHz zum Einsatz. Er verbindet CPU (mit ARM-Architektur), GPU und andere Teile nach dem System-on-a-Chip-Prinzip. Ein veränderter Akku soll in Kombination mit dem neuen Prozessor die Laufzeiten um bis zu 40 % gegenüber der des iPhone 3GS verlängern.

Datenspeicher
Das Gerät verfügte, je nach Ausführung, über einen 16 oder 32 GB großen NAND-Flash-Speicher für beliebige Daten und 512 MB Arbeitsspeicher – doppelt so viel wie das iPad der ersten Generation und der Vorgänger iPhone 3GS besitzen. Mit der Vorstellung des Nachfolgers iPhone 4s war das iPhone 4 nur noch mit 8 GB Flash-Speicher erhältlich.

Bildschirm

Den 3,5-Zoll-Bildschirm bezeichnet Apple als "Retina-Display", da er mit 326 ppi (960 × 640 Pixel) mehr Pixel darstellt als das Auge bei normalem Betrachtungsabstand (etwa 25 bis 30 cm) erkennen kann. Im Vergleich zum Vorgängermodell mit 480 × 320 Pixel wurde die Zahl der Bildpunkte somit vervierfacht. Davon soll auf dem iPhone 4 vor allem Schrift profitieren und deutlich schärfer dargestellt werden. Beim Retina-Display kommt außerdem auch die In-Plane-Switching-Technologie zum Einsatz, die Apple bereits beim Apple Cinema Display, beim iMac und beim iPad der ersten Generation einsetzt. Sie sorgt gegenüber einem herkömmlichen TN-Display für einen breiteren Betrachtungswinkel. Der Kontrast des Bildschirms soll laut Apple 800:1 betragen, liegt aber bei Neugeräten sogar bei über 1100:1 mit einer Maximalhelligkeit von weit über 500 cd/m².

Gyroskop
Apple fügt beim iPhone 4 dem Beschleunigungssensor ein dreiachsiges Gyroskop hinzu, das Rotationen um alle drei Raumachsen (Höhe, Breite, Tiefe) erfasst und besonders für Spiele neue Möglichkeiten bietet.

Videotelefonie

Das iPhone 4 ist das erste iPhone, das die Videotelefoniefunktion FaceTime anbietet. Diese wurde von Apple auf der WWDC im Juni 2010 in Echtzeit vorgestellt. FaceTime war zunächst nur per WLAN möglich, wurde später jedoch mit der Einführung von iOS 6 auch auf Mobilfunknetzwerke ausgeweitet. Voraussetzung hierfür ist eine Unterstützung des jeweiligen Netzanbieters. Mit der Einführung von iOS 7 wurde FaceTime auf Telefongespräche ohne Videoübertragung (FaceTime Audio) erweitert.

Verkaufszahlen
Das Gerät wurde am 7. Juni 2010 im Rahmen der WWDC 2010 im Moscone Center von San Francisco vorgestellt.
Am 24. Juni 2010 kam es in den Vereinigten Staaten, dem Vereinigten Königreich sowie in Japan, Frankreich und Deutschland in die Läden.

Der Verkaufsstart wurde auf Grund der hohen Nachfrage von über 600.000 Vorbestellungen innerhalb der ersten 24 Stunden zunächst verschoben. Apple gab an, nicht mit einer solchen Nachfrage gerechnet zu haben. In den ersten drei Verkaufstagen wurde das iPhone 4 nach Angaben von Apple 1,7 Mio. Mal verkauft, das waren 700.000 Exemplare mehr als beim iPhone 3GS im Jahr zuvor. Die reinen Herstellungs- und Materialkosten des iPhone 4 bezifferte das Marktforschungsunternehmen iSuppli mit 188 US-Dollar pro Stück. Nicht miteingerechnet sind hier jedoch Forschung und Entwicklung, Steuer, Vertrieb, Import und Export.

Nachfolgegerät ist das iPhone 4s, das im Oktober 2011 auf den Markt kam.

Kritik

Ende Juni 2010 sorgten Berichte über Empfangsprobleme mit dem neuen iPhone für Aufsehen. Zwei Käufer reichten vor dem Bezirksgericht des US-Bundesstaates Maryland eine Sammelklage gegen Apple und AT&T ein, da sich diverse iPhone-4-Nutzer über angebliche Empfangsprobleme beschwerten. Apple erklärte zunächst, es existierten keine ungewöhnlichen Empfangsprobleme, vielmehr gebe die Empfangsanzeige die Signalstärke wegen eines Berechnungsfehlers in der Software teilweise nicht korrekt wieder. Apple äußert sich weiter, dass der zurückgehende Empfang auch bei anderen Mobiltelefonen mit ähnlicher Antennenbauweise bekannt und grundsätzlich alles in Ordnung sei. Apple hat zur korrekten Wiedergabe der Empfangsstärke eine Aktualisierung (4.0.1) veröffentlicht. Experten der US-amerikanischen Fachzeitschrift Consumer Reports konnten im Labortest mit simulierter Mobilfunkzelle die Empfangsprobleme bei Linkshändern und damit einen Konstruktionsfehler bestätigen und sprachen daher keine Kaufempfehlung aus. Apple gab später bekannt, dass sich die Empfangsprobleme nicht durch eine Softwareaktualisierung beheben ließen. Consumer Reports riet Käufern, das Problem mit Klebeband zu lösen oder eine Handytasche zu benutzen. Apple bot auf einer Pressekonferenz am 16. Juli 2010 allen iPhone-4-Käufern entweder eine Rückabwicklung des Kaufes bei vollständiger Rückerstattung des Kaufpreises oder eine kostenlose Hülle ("iPhone Bumper") an. Benutzer, die bereits eine solche gekauft hatten, wurden durch eine nachträgliche Gutschrift entschädigt, neue Käufer erhielten im Rahmen des iPhone 4 Case Programms, das Ende September 2010 auslief, kostenlos eine Hülle ihrer Wahl.
Am 11. Januar 2011 stellten Apple und Verizon Wireless eine für den Mobilfunkstandard CDMA2000 angepasste iPhone-Version vor, die entsprechend einer technischen Spezifikation für das Verizon-Mobilfunknetz über zwei Antennen verfügt und laut verschiedenen Berichten gegenüber dem GSM/UMTS-Modell deutlich weniger Empfangsprobleme hatte.

Nach dem Update auf iOS 7 beklagten zahlreiche Benutzer Geschwindigkeitsprobleme beim iPhone 4. Diese wurden von Apple durch das Update auf iOS 7.1 weitestgehend behoben. Laut einem Test von Ars Technica ist das iPhone 4 mit iOS 7.1 deutlich schneller als unter iOS 7.0, erreicht aber nicht die Geschwindigkeit von iOS 6.1.3.

Preise
Zur Markteinführung gab es zwei Speichervarianten. Das iPhone 4 mit 16 GB kostete 629 € und das mit 32 GB kostete 739 €.

Nach der Vorstellung des Nachfolgers iPhone 4s am 4. Oktober 2011 war es nur noch mit 8 GB zu einem Preis von 519 € erhältlich.

Zur Vorstellung des iPhone 5 am 12. September 2012 wurde der Preis des 8-GB-Modells auf 399 € gesenkt.

Als am 10. September 2013 das iPhone 5s und iPhone 5c vorgestellt wurden, wurde der Verkauf des iPhone 4 in Deutschland eingestellt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

4

IPhone 4


Molde er sveitarfélag í Mæri og Raumsdalur í Noregi. Fjöldi íbúa í sveitarfélaginu  er 32.002(2022).

Stjórnsýslumiðstöð sveitarfélagsins er borgin Molde. Sveitarfélögin innihalda einnig þéttbýlið Hjelset,  Kleive, Hovdenakken, Nesjestranda, Eidsvåg og Midsund.

Sveitarfélagið á landamæri að sveitarfélögunum Aukra í vestri, Álasund í suðvestri, Gjemnes, Tingvoll og Sunndal í austri og Vestnes, Rauma og Lesja í (Innlandinu) í suðri.

Sveitarfélög í Mæri og Raumsdal

Molde (sveitarfélag)


Chadwell Heath is a town in East London, England. It is split between the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and the London Borough of Redbridge, around  west of Romford and  east of Ilford, and  north-east of Charing Cross.

Toponymy
The name 'Chadwell' was first recorded in 1254 as Chaudewell and means 'the cold spring'. The name was first applied to a settlement on the Barking (later Ilford) side of the ancient boundary between Dagenham and Barking and it was also known as Chadwell Street, 'Street' having the older meaning of a hamlet. In the 17th century the Blackheath Common in Dagenham parish was renamed Chadwell Heath. As the settlements merged the Chadwell Street name was lost in favour of Chadwell Heath.

Economic Development
The railway was constructed through the area from Romford and Ilford and in 1864 Chadwell Heath Railway Station was opened. It was the end of the line for both the London tram system and later the electric trolley bus service from Aldgate. The trolley buses turned around at Station Road and Wangey Road.

Old Local Government

Chadwell Heath formed a hamlet in the ancient parish of Dagenham, Essex. As Chadwell Heath grew it absorbed the neighbouring hamlet of Chadwell Street in the Chadwell region of the parish of Barking. The Barking section of Chadwell Heath became part of the new parish of Ilford in 1888. This became Ilford Urban District in 1894. The Dagenham section became part of Romford Rural District in 1894. The parish was removed from the rural district and became Dagenham Urban District in 1926. During the 1920s and 1930s the local government arrangements of the area came under review and various proposals would have merged the two sections of Chadwell Heath into a single district, however this was not acted upon.

Ilford was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1926 and Dagenham was incorporated in 1938. The arrangements of the area were reviewed again in the 1950s and 1960s. The whole area was considered to form part of the Greater London conurbation and in 1957 formed part of the review area of the Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London. Following the review, in 1965 the London Government Act 1963 abolished the municipal boroughs of Dagenham and Ilford, and transferred their former area from Essex to Greater London, to form part of the new London Borough of Barking and the London Borough of Redbridge.

Chadwell Heath During WWI And WWII
The London to Colchester Roman road led to some early development while much of the rest of the area remained rural. Suburban growth commenced in 1900 and proceeded rapidly until World War I, increasing after the war.

The area suffered several bomb hits during World War II. A large parachute mine also exploded causing extensive residential damage in Bennett Road, destroying the school, while a second failed to explode and its parachute became entangled in horse-chestnut trees near Chadwell Heath Station. It did not explode because it was cradled in very soft soil as the result of digging near Hemmings Bakery. It was found by Walter Wiffen, a train guard from Cedar Park Gardens on his way to work at the station early the next morning. He reported it at the police station, which is now the Eva Hart pub, and oversaw the evacuation of Cedar Park Gardens to the bomb shelter at the corner of Wangey Road and the High Road. A V2 rocket landed on Blackbush Avenue killing several people and blowing out windows for half a mile around. Later, the local council replaced the windows with much more modern frames, and the results provided an incongruous look to the older house designs. A heavy anti-aircraft battery was located east of Whalebone Lane North and traces of the concrete emplacements remain today. A V2 Rocket destroyed two houses in Woodlands Avenue and damaged the houses that had been repaired after the landmine that had destroyed the Whalebone Junior school in Bennett Road.

Demographics
In the 2011 census, the combined wards of Chadwell in Redbridge and Chadwell Heath in Barking and Dagenham had a total population of 24,278 people.

The two combined wards had no single ethnic majority, with the largest group being White British people comprising 44.3% of the population. The next largest groups were Indians (9.5%), Black Africans (9.3%), Black Caribbeans (5.7%), Bangladeshis (5.6%), Pakistanis (5.5%) and Other Whites (5.2%).

Geography
Chadwell Heath is split between the London Boroughs of Redbridge and Barking & Dagenham. Most of the major buildings, such as the local school and former police station lie in the London Borough of Redbridge. Royal Mail includes Chadwell Heath as part the RM6 postcode district and the Post Town of Romford,.

The area has 3 allotments: one adjacent to St Chad's Park on Alexandra Road, the other on Chadwell Heath Lane, and the third in Little Heath next to the Eastern Avenue/A12.

The local school is Chadwell Heath Academy, but there are many other large schools nearby, such as Mayfield School and Chadwell Heath Primary School.

Transport
Chadwell Heath is served by London Buses and the Elizabeth Line at Chadwell Heath Railway Station. London Buses routes that serve Chadwell Heath are the 62 from Marks Gate 'Billet Road' to Barking 'Gascoigne Estate'; 86 from Romford Station to Stratford Station; 173 from King George Hospital 'Goodmayes' to Beckton Station; 362 from King George Hospital 'Goodmayes' to Grange Hill Station; 368 from Chadwell Heath 'Police Station' to Barking 'Harts Lane' and night bus N86 from Stratford Station to Harold Hill 'Dagnam Park Square'.

The Eva Hart Public House
Eva Hart (died 1996) lived in Chadwell Heath for a large part of her life. She was one of the few people who survived the sinking of the Titanic.

The former police station at 1128 High Road Chadwell Heath ("Police" can still be seen on the frieze of the building) was renovated and converted into a pub, and named after her.

St Chad's Park

The local park is St Chad's Park, a 1/4km2 sized field lined with trees. It is the oldest park in Barking and Dagenham, being laid in 1830. It contains an outdoor gym for public use.

Embassy Cinema

There is an Art Deco former cinema on Chadwell Heath High Road, built in May 1934. It was originally called the Embassy Cinema; later it became part of the Gaumont British Circuit. During the late 1960s, it was converted into a Bingo Hall - known to many locals as the Mecca Bingo Hall. In August 2017, the building was listed as an Asset of Community Value by the 'Chadwell Heath South Residents' Association'. The premises currently [when?] house Mayfair Venue, an events centre.

Religion
The Roman Catholic Church of St Bede is on Bishops Avenue. St Chad's Church (Church of England) stands on St Chad's Road. Chadwell Heath has 2 baptist churches. Other churches include the United Reformed Church (URC), and the Brethren Assembly in Wangey Road.

Sport
West Ham United's training ground was located in the area until late 2015. On 10 December 2015, Slaven Bilic, the then manager of West Ham, announced that from the 14 December the club would be moving from the old training ground (at Saville Road) to the new training ground at nearby Rush Green, London.
Chadwell Heath is also home to St.Chad's Bowling Club. In 2023 it became the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham's sole surviving outdoor bowling club. Situated in St. Chad's Park the bowling club was founded well over 60 years ago.

Notable Current/Former Residents
Mary Wollstonecraft
Henry Gillard Glindoni
Eva Hart
Millicent Martin
Michelle Dockery
Mark Summers
Rhian Brewster
Jackie Oliver
Mark Lazarus
Jim Peters (athlete)
Nicky Shorey

References

Areas of London
Districts of the London Borough of Redbridge
Districts of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
District centres of London
Ilford
Dagenham

Chadwell Heath


C-802, (tam adı:C-802 Nur), Çin yapımı bir gemisavar füzesidir. İran da, teknoloji transferi yoluyla bu füzeye sahip olmuştur. 2006 yılındaki İsrail-Lübnan savaşı sırasında Hizbullah tarafından da kullanılmıştır. İran'dan gizli yollarla temin edildiği sanılan füzeyle, bir İsrail korvetine ciddi hasar verilmiştir.

Teknik özellikler

 Ses hızına yakın hıza sahip
 35.5 cm. çapında,
 713.5 kg. ağırlığında,
 120 km. menzile sahip,
 parafinlı turbo jet gemisavar füzesidir.

Fırlatma ve güdüm sistemi

Uçak, denizaltı, gemi ve karadan fırlatma rampalı sistemleri mevcuttur.

Radarla uzaktan kumandalı güdüm sistemli olup deniz yüzeyini yalayarak gitmesi saptanmasını zorlaştırmaktadır.

Çin füzeleri

C-802


La promenade Germaine-Sablon est une voie située dans le quartier de la Gare du  de Paris.

Elle est en cours d'aménagement. En forme d'esplanade piétonne, la promenade desservira les tours Duo de Jean Nouvel en 2022.

Situation et accès
La promenade Germaine Sablon est desservie par les lignes  et  à la station Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand, ainsi que par l'arrêt Avenue de France de la ligne de tramway T3a. Elle est également desservie par le réseau de bus RATP .

Origine du nom
Elle porte le nom de la résistante et chanteuse française Germaine Sablon (1899-1985), interprète du Chant des partisans, sœur de Jean Sablon.

Historique
Cette voie est créée dans le cadre de l'aménagement de la ZAC Paris-Rive-Gauche, près d'Ivry-sur-Seine et du boulevard périphérique, sous le nom provisoire de « voie HA/13 ».

Elle a été dénommée à la suite d'une initiative du  de Paris en septembre 2021.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire

 Les tours Duo, de Jean Nouvel
 La Bibliothèque nationale de France
 La place Keith-Haring

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Liste des voies du  arrondissement de Paris
 Liste des voies de Paris se référant à un nom de femme

Lien externe

 Nomenclature officielle Ville de Paris 2020

Notes et références

Germaine-Sablon
Germaine-Sablon
Germaine-Sablon
Paris Rive Gauche
Germaine-Sablon

Promenade Germaine-Sablon


Festival Omladina 2017. bio je 36. glazbeni festival neafirmiranih mladih glazbenika u Subotici. Održao se 20. svibnja 2017. u prostorijama HKC "Bunjevačko kolo". Organizator je bila Kancelarija za mlade. Trajao je jedan dan. Prijavio se 21 sudionik za sudjelovanje. Izbornici Armand Mesaroš, Dejana Baltes i Dario Kostić izabrali su osam najboljih za natjecateljsku večer. Šest je iz Srbije, jedan iz Makedonije i jedan iz Hrvatske. To su bili "Slonz" iz Šapca, "Eastock" iz Užica, "Dogs in Kavala" i "Phobos" iz Beograda, "Iz principa sekstet" i "Sirius" iz Subotice, "Monoglitch" iz Skoplja i "Harvo Jay" iz Osijeka. Nakon natjecateljske večeri, na pozornici su nastupilili beogradski bendovi "E-play" i "Artan Lili". Ove godine nije bilo drugo ni treće mjesto, nego samo prvo. Pobjednik je dobio 20 sati snimanja u Studiju 11 i nastupe na dva regionalna festivala "Selfest" u Selenči i "Bedemfest" u Nikšiću. Nagrada je i rad slobodnog umetnika Arpada Slančika, koji je i ove godine napravio skulpturu za pobjednički sastav. Stručni ocjenjivački sud odlučio je da je pobjednik bend "Phobos" iz Beograda. Festivalsku večer odslušalo je i odlgedalo 500 posjetitelja. Stručni ocjenjivački sud u sastavu Bojan Slačala (predstavnik grupe Artan Lili) i Maja Cvetković (predstavnica sastava E-play ), Vladimir Todorović (grupa Paniks, profesor gitare), Nevena Pejčić (pijanistica, studentica jazz akademije u Beogradu) i Vladimir Grubor (Studio 11) odlučio je da zbog visoke kakvoće nagradu dobije subotički bend "Iz principa" snimanjem dvije skladbe u Studiju 11. Organizacijom koncerta u Subotici ispred "HARD Booking"-a nagrađeni su sastavi "Dogs in Cavala" (Beograd) i "Harvo Jay" (Osijek).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
(srp.) Festival Omladina
(srp.) Facebook
(srp.) Subotica.com

2017.

Festival Omladina 2017.


The Hayflick Limit er en kortfilm instrueret af Ulrik Horten, Hanne Paludan Kristensen, René Schmidt efter manuskript af Ulrik Horten, Hanne Paludan Kristensen, René Schmidt.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2000

Kortfilm fra Danmark

The Hayflick Limit


المزدوج في اللسانيات - وتحديداً في سياق النطق - هو زوج من الحروف المعبرة عن صوت كلامي مميز (فونيم) واحد أو سلسلة من الأصوات الكلامية المميزة التي لا تتناسب قيمتها وقيمة الرموز الفردية المكونة للمزدوج.

أمثلة

الفاء الأوروبية
مثلا، حرفا p وh في كلمة gráphō يلفظان معا []، فلا يتناسب وأصوات الرموز المنفردة المكونة لهذا المزدوج، التي هي [p] و [h].

الشين الفرنسية
مثلا، حرفا c وh في كلمة chien يفظان معا []، فلا يتناسب وأصوات الرموز المنفردة المكونة لهذا المزدوج.

في السندية
 سنڌي: گھ

في الجاوية
 ملايو\جاوي:ng ،ny

في البوشناقية
 بۉسآنسقاى: LJ ،Lj ،lj Lj

في التتارية
 تاتارچا: кь

انظر أيضاً
 وصلات أبجدية

المراجع

حروف متعددة (إملاء)
حروف مزدوجة (إملاء)
لسانيات

حرف مزدوج


කාල් රොජර්ස් යනු මනෝ විද්‍යාවේ මානුෂීය ප්‍රවේශණය පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යනයේ අඩිතාලම් දැමූ ඇමරිකානු ජාතික මනෝ විද්‍යාඥයෙකි. ඔහුගේ මූලික පර්යේෂණ කටයුතු නිසා 1956 වර්ෂයේදී ඇමරිකානු මනෝ විද්‍යා සංගමයේ විද්‍යාත්මක දායකත්වය පිළිබඳව විශිෂ්ට සම්මානයෙන් පිදුම් ලැබීය. ඔහුගේ අද්විතීය ප්‍රවේශණයක් වන පුද්ගල කේන්ද්‍රගත ප්‍රවේශණය මඟින් පෞරුෂත්ව අධ්‍යනය සහ පුද්ගල බැඳීම් පිළිබඳව හදාරා ඇත. එම ප්‍රවේශණය මානසික ප්‍රතිකාර සහ උපදේශනයේ දී (රෝගියා කේන්ද්‍රගත ප්‍රවේශණය) අධ්‍යාපනය (ශිෂ්‍ය කේන්ද්‍රගත ඉගෙනුම) ආයතනය සහ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් තුළ දී බහුලව යොදා ගෙන ඇත. ඔහුගේ වෘත්තීය දායකත්වය වෙනුවෙන් ඇමරිකානු මනෝ විද්‍යා සංගමය විසින් 1972 වර්ෂයේදී වෘත්තිකයන්ගේ අද්විතීය දායකත්ව සම්මානය පිරිනමන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ජීවිතයේ අවසාන භාගය තුළ දී  ඔහු විසින් දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සහ උතුරු අයර්ලන්ත අර්බුදයේ දී පුළුල් දායකත්වය ලබාදීම නිසා නොබෙල් සාම ත්‍යාගයට පවා නම් කෙරිණි. වසර 2002 දී Haggbloom විසින් සඳහන් කිරීම සහ පිළි ගැනීම වැනි සාධක හයක් උපයෝගී කර ගනිමින් කරන ලද නිරීක්ෂණාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයේ දී 20 වැනි සියවසේ කීර්මත් මනෝ විද්‍යාඥයින් අතර හයවැනි තැනට පත්විය. තවද චිකිත්සකයින් අතර ඔහු දෙවැනි වූයේ සිග්මන්ඩ් ප්‍රොයිඩ්ට පමණි.
විද්‍යාඥයෝ

කාල් රෝජර්ස්


Salix bebbiana es una especie de sauce perteneciente a la familia de las salicáceas. Es nativa  de Canadá y el norte de Estados Unidos, desde Alaska y el Yukon al sur de California y Arizona y el noreste de Terranova y Nueva Inglaterra.

Descripción
Las hojas son alternas, simples y ovaladas. Los bordes de las hojas son dentados, con grandes dientes gruesos, irregulares, una característica que distingue a la especie de otros sauces, que tienen estrías mucho más finas en sus hojas. Las hojas son de color verde opaco de color azul y de textura suave cuando está madura, las nuevas hojas están recubiertas de pelos suaves.  Al igual que otros sauces, esta planta es dioica, con plantas masculinas y femeninas produciendo pequeños amentos colgantes. Las flores femeninas producen semillas esféricas cubiertas de largas fibras filiformes, que les ayudan a dispersarse por el viento. La planta también se propaga a través de la reproducción vegetativa, que brota de la base del tallo o de los segmentos de la raíz, y por capas, permitiendo a la planta formar colonias.

Hábitat
Esta planta tiene un gran y rápido crecimiento, son arbustos o pequeños árboles con tallos múltiples, capaces de formar densos matorrales. Se puede encontrar en suelos sueltos, saturados, como riberas de los ríos, de lagos,  ciénagas y pantanos . Es capaz de tolerar la pesada arcilla y los suelos rocosos, por lo que es muy adaptable y duradero. Se trata de una especie dominante en muchas zonas pantanosas en su rango nativo.

Usos
Esta es la especie más importante  que produce finas y coloridas  maderas utilizadas para tallar. Las ramitas y las ramas son utilizadas por los nativos americanos de la cestería y arcos.

Muchas partes de la planta son consumidas por los animales, especialmente ganado doméstico, que encuentran en el follaje un sabroso forraje.

Esta especie fácilmente híbrida con otras especies de sauce.

Taxonomía
Salix bebbiana fue descrita por Charles Sprague Sargent y publicado en Garden & Forest 8(404): 463, en el año 1895.
Etimología
Salix: nombre genérico latino para el sauce, sus ramas y madera.

bebbiana: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico estadounidense Michael Schuck Bebb.
Sinonimia
Salix cinerascens (Wahlenb.) Flod.
Salix depressa var. cinerascens (Wahlenb.) Fr.
Salix depressa subsp. rostrata (Andersson) Hiitonen
Salix livida var. cinerascens Wahlenb.
Salix livida var. occidentalis (Andersson) A. Gray
Salix livida var. rostrata (Andersson) Dippel
Salix macropoda Stschegl.
Salix orotchonorum KIMURA
Salix perrostrata Rydb.
Salix rostrata Richardson
Salix rostrata var. capreifolia Fernald
Salix rostrata var. luxurians Fernald
Salix rostrata var. perrostrata (Rydb.) Fernald
Salix rostrata var. projecta Fernald
Salix starkeana subsp. bebbiana (Sarg.) Youngberg
Salix starkeana subsp. cinerascens (Wahlenb.) Hultén
Salix vagans var. cinerascens (Wahlenb.) Andersson
Salix vagans var. occidentalis Andersson
Salix xerophila Flod.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Jepson Manual Treatment - Salix bebbiana
USDA Plants Profile: Salix bebbiana
Salix bebbiana - Photo gallery
 Garden and Forest; a Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry 8:463.  1895

bebbiana
Maderas
Flora de América del Norte
Plantas descritas en 1895
Plantas descritas por Sargent

Salix bebbiana


Agrilus makiharaiellus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Ohmomo, 2006.

Referências

makiharaiellus

Agrilus makiharaiellus


Jamaa el Fna (în arabă: ساحة جامع الفناء  saaHat jamaa'al-fanâ, de asemenea, Jemaa el-Fnaa, Djema el-Fna sau Jemaa el-Fnaa) este o piață și arhitectonică și comercială, în Marrakech, în Medina (orașul vechi). Rămâne piața principală din Marrakech, folosită de localnici și de turiști.

Numele
Originea numelui său este neclară: Jemaa înseamnă "adunare publică" în limba arabă, probabil referindu-se la o moschee almoravidă distrusă. Fanâ'  sau finâ'  poate însemna "moarte" sau "o curte, un spațiu în fața unei clădiri." Astfel, sensul ar putea fi "ansamblul morții" sau "Moscheea de la Sfârșitul Lumii". O altă explicație este că se referă la o moschee cu o curte distinctă sau un scuar în fața ei. O a treia traducere este "adunarea morților", referindu-se la execuțiile publice ce au avut loc în piață în jurul anului 1050.

Istorie
Marrakech a fost fondat de Almoravizi în 1070–1072. După o distrugătoare luptă, cade în mâinile Almohazilor, în 1147. După aceasta, Jamaa el Fna a fost renovată, odată cu o mare parte a orașului. Zidurile orașului au fost, de asemenea, extinse de Abou Yacoub Youssef și, în special, de Yacoub el Mansour între 1147–1158. Moscheea, palatul, spitalul, terenul de paradă și grădinile din jurul pieței au fost, de asemenea, renovate, iar Kasbah-ul fost fortificat. Ulterior, Jamaa el Fna a urmat soarta orașului, traversând perioade de declin și, de asemenea, de reînnoire.

Piața arhitectonică
În timpul zilei este predominant ocupată de tarabe cu suc de portocale, vânzătorii de apă cu tradiționalele genți de piele si cupe de alamă, tineri cu maimuțe în lanț și îmblânzitori de șerpi, în ciuda statutului de animale protejate ale acestor specii  conform legislației marocane.

Pe măsură ce ziua înaintează, divertismentele oferite se modifică: îmblânzitorii de șerpi pleacă și, mai târziu, piața devine mai aglomerată, cu dansatori băieți numiți chleuh (ar fi împotriva obiceiurilor ca fete să ofere astfel de divertisment), cu povestitori (spunând povești în berberă sau arabă, unei audiențe formate din localnici), magicieni, și negustori de medicamente tradiționale. După lăsarea întunericului, piața se umple cu zeci de tarabe cu alimente odată cu atingerea unui număr maxim de oameni .

Piața este mărginită pe o parte de soukul Marrakeshului (o piață comercială tradițională nord africană), atât pentru nevoile commune de zi cu zi ale localnicilor, cât și pentru turism. Pe celelalte laturi sunt hoteluri, grădini și cafenele cu terase, în timp ce străzile înguste duc spre aleile Medinei (orașul vechi).

Odinioară stație de autobuz, locul a fost închis pentru trafic de vehicule la începutul anilor 2000. Autoritățile sunt conștiente de importanța sa pentru turism și o puternică, dar discretă prezență a poliției veghează la siguranța vizitatorilor.

Capodoperă UNESCO a Patrimoniului Oral Intangibil al Umanității
Ideea UNESCO de a crea un proiect numit Capodopere ale Patrimoniului Oral și Intangibil al Umanității a venit de la cazul pieței Jamaa el Fna. Locul este cunoscut pentru concentrarea de activități tradiționale ale povestitorilor, muzicienilor și interpreților, dar amenințată de dezvoltare economică. În lupta pentru apărarea tradițiilor, locuitorii au apelat la protecția la nivel internațional a unor astfel de locuri — numite "spații culturale" — cât și a altor forme populare tradiționale de exprimare culturală.

UNESCO încurajează comunitățile în identificarea, documentarea, protejarea, promovarea și revitalizarea unui astfel de patrimoniu. Eticheta UNESCO  își propune să crească gradul de conștientizare cu privire la importanța patrimoniului oral și intangibil ca o componentă esențială a diversității culturale.

Explozia provocată în 2011

Cu puțin timp înainte de prânz, pe data de 28 aprilie 2011, o explozie într-o cafenea din piață a ucis 17 oameni și a rănit alți 25. Rapoartele inițiale au acuzat o explozie accidentală de gaz, dar, mai târziu, oficialitățile au acuzat  "criminali" și "teroriști".

Detalii
 Piața a fost prezentată în filmul lui Alfred Hitchcock, Omul care știa prea multe (1956).
 O interesantă povestire despre piață în Esther Freud, Hideous Kinky.
 Jimmy Page și Robert Plant au înregistrat unele piese și DVD-ul "No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded" aici.
 Juan Goytisolo locuiește în Marrakesh și a avut un rol important în clasificarea Jamaa el Fna ca una dintre Capodoperele Patrimoniului Oral și Intangibil al Umanității
 Piața a fost prezentată ca fundal în serialul TV America's Next Top Model în Cycle 16.
 Unele rapoarte vorbesc despre activiști politici închiși și torturați în închisoarea poliției ce se află chiar sub piața Jamaa el-Fna.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Time Machine | portofoliu de Fotografii despre Jamaa El Fna-
 BBC news despre conservarea patrimoniului imaterial
 O Noapte la Jamaa El Fna- - articol în limba engleză, cu multe imagini de înaltă calitate

Patrimoniul mondial în Africa
Arhitectură islamică
Marrakech

Jamaa el-Fna


Le troisième gouvernement Práxedes Mateo Sagasta  est le gouvernement du royaume d'Espagne en fonction du  au .

Histoire

Arrivée des libéraux fusionnistes au pouvoir

Contrairement au Parti conservateur qui en 1876 déjà était presque entièrement configuré sous l'impulsion de Cánovas, après un processus néanmoins ».}}, le Parti libéral fusionniste  ne fut définitivement constitué qu'au printemps 1880. C'est alors que la majorité des membres du Parti constitutionnel du sexennat démocratique, suivant la ligne tracée par les « centralistes » de Manuel Alonso Martínez  et qui avaient réintégré le parti en décembre 1878}} cessèrent définitivement de revendiquer la vigueur de la Constitution de 1869 et rompirent tout contact avec les républicains de Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla et Emilio Castelar. Le chef des constitutionnalistes, Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, était un politicien pragmatique comme Cánovas, convaincu qu'.».}}

Le changement de position des constitutionnalistes se trouva confirmé par leur  avec le groupe d'hommes politiques (et de militaires de haut rang, comme le général Manuel Pavía) issus du parti conservateur dirigé par le général Martínez Campos, qui s'opposait à Cánovas après l'échec de son expérience gouvernementale».}}. C'est ainsi qu'apparut en mai 1880 le Parti libéral fusionniste, résultat de la  des constitutionnels de Sagasta, des conservateurs de Martínez Campos et des  de Manuel Alonso Martínez, tous placés sous le leadership du premier».}}. Le roi Alphonse XII ne fut pas étranger à la gestation finale du nouveau parti».}}»}}. Selon Feliciano Montero, . En réalité, Cánovas avait avoué à l'ambassadeur britannique deux ans plus tôt qu'il  parce que .

Sagasta présenta le nouveau parti « fusionniste » devant les Cortès le 14 juin 1880. Dans son discours il montra son respect de la Constitution de 1876, condition indispensable pour pouvoir accéder au gouvernement :

Dans le même temps, le député libéral Fernando León y Castillo dénonçait l'identification entre Cánovas del Castillo et le régime de la Restauration (la « dictature ministérielle ») dans une intervention parlementaire dans laquelle il déclara :

Dès son apparition, le nouveau parti libéral-fusionniste fit pression sur le roi Alphonse XII pour que  il lui donne le gouvernement, allant jusqu'à menacer de révolution. Comme l'a souligné Carlos Seco Serrano, . Selon cet historien, le roi . Selon Varela Ortega, dans un entretien que Sagasta, Martínez Campos et d'autres dirigeants fusionnistes eurent avec le roi en juin, il leur assura qu'il les appellerait à gouverner .

Le 19 janvier 1881, au milieu d'un intense débat parlementaire, Sagasta réclama de la  son droit à gouverner, avertissant que sans sa participation la monarchie alphonsine ne pourrait se consolider et lança une menace voilée».}}».}} :

Peu de temps après, le roi reçut les cadres du parti au palais à l'occasion de la fête de son saint patron (le 23 janvier). Il obligea finalement Cánovas à démissionner le 6 février en refusant de signer un décret que ce dernier lui présenta, puis chargea Sagasta de la formation du gouvernement et enfin, le 8 février 1881, le premier cabinet libéral de la Restauration prêta serment sur la Constitution. Selon Carlos Seco Serrano, Cánovas lui-même fut à l'origine de la crise, en incluant dans le préambule du décret de conversion de la dette . Selon Carlos Dardé au contraire, . Ángeles Lario rejoint cette analyse  et souligne que Cánovas devait rendre la décision du roi  en présentant le décret avec le préambule avec lequel le monarque manifesterait son désaccord, contraignant le gouvernement à présenter sa démission».}}. De même, selon José Ramón Milán García : . .».}}. José Varela Ortega considère également que ce fut une décision du roi. .

Les conservateurs rappelèrent aux libéraux comment ils étaient arrivés au gouvernement, comme l'expliquait le journal conservateur La Época : le parti libéral-fusionniste . Le conservateur Romero Robledo, pour sa part, déclara : . Ainsi, .

Avec l'arrivée des libéraux au gouvernement en février 1881 »}}, on assista pour la première fois, sans accord préalable explicite, à la première alternance avec les conservateurs, qui caractériserait la période de la Restauration et serait connue sous le nom de turno. ».}}. . Jusqu'alors, . Ainsi, .

Comme le souligne José Ramón Milán García, .

Première étape du gouvernement Sagasta (1881-1882)

Le gouvernement que Sagasta forma et présenta au roi le 8 février était composé de membres des trois secteurs qui avaient formé le parti libéral-fusionniste l'année précédente : les constitutionnalistes, les « centralistes » d'Alonso Martínez et le secteur issu du parti conservateur dirigé par le général Martínez Campos . Les constitutionnalistes constituaient l'aile gauche du parti et défendaient le principe de souveraineté nationale, les centralistes et les campistas constituaient sa droite et défendaient le principe doctrinaire de la « souveraineté partagée »».}}. .

Sagasta dut maintenir l'équilibre entre toutes ces factions, en tenant de plus en compte que les libéraux, comme les conservateurs et comme tout  de cette époque, étaient organisés ».}}».}}. Sagasta était conscient du fait que , car c'était la condition qu'avait posée le roi pour lui confier le pouvoir, comme la presse conservatrice n'avait de cesse de le rappeler.

Les premières décisions du gouvernement révélèrent une nouvelle sensibilité vis-à-vis des libertés publiques, en récupérant  et en corrigeant les aspects fondamentalement réactionnaires qui avaient jusqu'alors caractérisé le régime de la Restauration. Ainsi, l'autorisation de manifestations et de banquets à l'occasion de l'anniversaire de la proclamation de la République, le 11 février 1873, fut suivie d'un décret royal qui, après l'annonce par le gouvernement de la présentation d'une nouvelle « loi sur l'imprimerie », mettait fin à la suspension qui affectait plusieurs périodiques, retirait les plaintes devant les tribunaux spéciaux et le rejet des affaires en cours devant les tribunaux ordinaires. Une circulaire du ministre de la Grâce et de la Justice Manuel Alonso Martínez leva la censure préalable sur les sujets politiques. Cette circulaire fut suivie d'une autre du ministre de Fomento José Luis Albareda abrogeant le décret Orovio de 1875, ce qui signifiait que les professeurs licenciés  purent reprendre leurs fonctions.

Les mesures légales favorables au libertés d'expression, de réunion et d'association prises par le gouvernement libéral facilita l'organisation de mobilisations publiques en réaction à certaines mesures fiscales ou des situations de crise sociale (comme en Andalousie). . Selon Miguel Martínez Cuadrado, .

Le républicain possibiliste Emilio Castelar dressa un bilan très positif du nouveau gouvernement dans une lettre publique adressée à un journaliste français :

Le gouvernement convoqua des élections générales qui supposèrent une victoire écrasante pour le Parti libéral-fusionniste grâce aux  du ministre de l'Intérieur Venancio González y Fernández. Dans les candidatures libérales, Sagasta favorisa les  et les anciens conservateurs au détriment des constitutionnalistes »}} afin de renforcer l'unité du parti. Cette ligne plus droitière se manifesta également dans le programme de gouvernement que Sagasta présenta devant les nouvelles Cortès, avec la volonté de démontrer, selon ses propres mots, . , ajouta-t-il.

En ce qui concerne l'œuvre du gouvernement libéral, une distinction est généralement faite entre les mesures politiques et les mesures économiques. Parmi les premières on distingue la loi organique provinciale qui instaura un corps électoral proche du suffrage universel . Sur le plan économique, les plus remarquables sont le traité commercial avec la France en février 1882, qui visait à ouvrir le marché français aux vins espagnols en échange de concessions tarifaires douanières pour les produits industriels français, qui fut contesté par les secteurs protectionnistes, notamment en Catalogne, et la réforme des finances, portée par le ministre Juan Francisco Camacho de Alcorta , bien que les changements dans le domaine fiscal fussent minimes (les consumos, taxe sur les produits de première nécessité qui frappait lourdement les classes populaires, resta la plus importante après les frais de douane)».}}.

Dans le domaine judiciaire, la plus grande réalisation du gouvernement a été l'approbation de la loi sur la procédure criminelle de 1882 et l'institutionnalisation du procès oral et public, à l'initiative du ministre de la Grâce et de la Justice Alonso Martínez, bien qu'il ne pût mener à terme le nouveau projet de Code civil à cause de problèmes surgis avec le Vatican en raison du statut juridique du mariage canonique et de la difficulté de concilier les régimes foraux avec le droit civil catalan. Dans le domaine de l'éducation, le ministre des Fomento Albareda, après l'abrogation du décret Orovio, entreprit de consolider l'enseignement primaire public, sans pour autant parvenir à contenir le rôle croissant des écoles dirigées par les ordres religieux. En 1882, influencé par l'Institution libre d'enseignement (ILE), il créa le Musée pédagogique, sous la direction de l'un de ce membres . La préoccupation autour de l'éducation populaire l'amena à promouvoir les bibliothèques populaires et les Écoles des Arts et Métiers. Au sujet des dernières, Albareda déclara : .

Deuxième étape (janvier-octobre 1883)

En janvier 1883, Sagasta procéda à un remaniement de son gouvernement , parmi lesquelles le groupe le nombreux et important de l'aile droite dirigé par Carlos Navarro Rodrigo (ses partisans étaient connus sous le nom de , ), qui aspirait à remplacer Sagasta. Celui-ci profita de la confrontation qui eut lieu au sein du cabinet entre le ministre des Finances Juan Camacho et le ministre des Travaux publics (Fomento) José Luis Albareda à l'occasion du projet du premier de mettre les domaines publics de l'État en vente pour augmenter les revenus du Trésor public, ce à quoi ce dernier s'opposait parce que cela entravait diverses initiatives pour améliorer l'agriculture, qui relevait alors du ministère des Travaux publics. Camacho et Albareda quittèrent tous deux le gouvernement et furent remplacés respectivement par Justo Pelayo de la Cuesta Núñez et par Germán Gamazo. La nomination de ce dernier, un membre des , consitua un premier pas pour que Navarra Rodrigo finisse par accepter le leadership de Sagasta sur le parti.

Selon José Varela Ortega, le changement de gouvernement fut la réponse de Sagasta à l'offensive du nouveau parti Izquierda Dinástica (), fondé quelques mois plus tôt, dont l'objectif était . Le ministre d'État, le marquis de la Vega de Armijo, en vint à proposer la rupture des relations diplomatiques avec la République française, mais ni Sagasta ni les autres membres du gouvernement ne l'approuvèrent. D'autre part, les bénéfices diplomatiques du voyage furent maigres car l'Espagne ne fut pas invitée à intégrer la Triple Alliance qui avait été formée l'année précédente sur proposition du chancelier allemand Otto von Bismarck, dont faisaient partie l'empire allemand, l'empire Autro-Hongrois et le royaume d'Italie. Le marquis de la Vega de Armijo affirma aux Cortès que l'objet du voyage n'avait pas été de .

Le soulèvement républicain d'août et la crise diplomatique avec la France de septembre affaiblirent le gouvernement, spécialement les deux principaux ministres impliqués, Arsenio Martínez Campos à la Guerre{{sfn|Varela Ortega|2001|p=210-211|ps=«{{lang|es|Martínez Campos... no acertó a montar un servicio de vigilancia eficiente que le informara de los progresos que los Republicanos hacían en el Ejército. Apenas sabía de la existencia de la ARM, por no hablar de sus efectivos y planes. Conoció casualmente lo ocurrido por un cable que un telegrafista de una oscura localidad portuguesa fronteriza enviara a la central de Madrid. Ni siquiera sabía cuántos eran los regimientos sublevados, si mandaban oficiales o subalternos, y menos aún los nombres de los jefes. [...] Sin duda, políticamente hablando Martínez Campos era hombre muerto. "Su razón de ser [en el Gobierno] era su supuesto control del Ejército. Y su incapacidad se revelaba de manera súbita y estruendosa a la luz de la Asociación revolucionaria que había penetrado a lo largo y ancho del Ejército y cuya existencia en sus curiosas circulares él mismo reconocía ingenuamente ex post facto desconocer"}}».}} et le marquis de la Vega de Armijo à l'État{{sfn|Varela Ortega|2001|p=213|ps=«{{lang|es|La propuesta, entre surrealista y masoquista [de romper las relaciones con Francia], selló su suerte}}».}}, ce dont tirèrent profit le parti conservateur et Izquierda Dinástica pour pousser Sagasta à la démission. Dans des déclarations au journal français Le Figaro, publiées à la mi-septembre, Cánovas accusa le gouvernement de négligence pour ce qui était survenu à Badajoz et dénonça que l'on laissât la presse républicaine ouvrir des souscriptions en soutien des militaires insurgés. De plus, la presse conservatrice utilisa l'épisode de La Mano Negra comme une preuve de la supposée incapacité du gouvernement pour assurer l'ordre public.

Sagasta tenta de former un nouveau gouvernement plus à gauche en profitant du départ de celui-ci de Martínez Campos et de Vega de Armijo, les deux ministres les plus à droite de son cabinet, et essaya, comme en janvier, de s'attirer certains membres importants d'Izquierda Dinástica. Toutefois, il ne réussit pas cette fois et dut accepter l'offre que lui fit Cristino Martos de former un gouvernement de  libérale (avec une moitié de ministres fusionnistes et une autre de membres de la gauche dynastique) présidé par José Posada Herrera, Sagasta passant à la présidence du Congrès des députés. José Varela Ortega explique ainsi le compromis de Sagasta avec Izquierda Dinástica : .

Le nouveau parti libéral Izquierda Dinástica (ID) avait été fondé à l'été 1882 à la suite de l'union de la plus grande partie du Parti démocrate-radical républicain, dirigé par Segismundo Moret, qui dès l'arrivée au pouvoir des libéraux avait quitté les rangs républicains et fondé le Parti monarchique-démocrate, Eugenio Montero Ríos et Cristino Martos  avec les dissidents du Parti libéral-fusionniste mécontents de la politique « de droite » de Sagasta, parmi lesquels se trouvait le général José López Domínguez, neveu du général Serrano. À la tête de la Gauche dynastique se trouvaient deux vétérans politiques : le général Serrano, de , et José Posada Herrera, de {{sfn|Varela Ortega|2001|p=188-192|ps=«{{lang|es|Las negociaciones no fueron fáciles. El programa de los moretistas —Constitución de 1876, modificada en el espíritu de la del 69— fue cuestionado por Serrano y Martos, que abogaron por la Constitución de 1869. Después de penosas discusiones "los términos de la propuesta moretista fueron invertidos, adoptándose como programa la Constitución de 1869, si bien ligeramente modificada en el sentido de la de 1876"}}».}}. ID aspirait à mettre Sagasta hors-jeu afin de constituer le « seul » Parti libéral, fidèle à « l'esprit de 69 », et destiné à alterner avec le Parti conservateur{{sfn|Varela Ortega|2001|p=192-194|ps=«{{lang|es|Nada más lejos de las ideas de Sagasta que rendirse sin lucha}}»}}. Sagasta reçut l'offre de rejoindre le nouveau parti en abandonnant « les plus rétrogrades aux mains des conservateurs » et dans ce but une entrevue fut organisée entre lui et le général Serrano, mais Sagasta n'accepta pas de compromis. De son côté, le roi Alfonso XII promut la constitution de la Gauche dynastique dans le but de faire accepter sa monarchie aux groupes les plus radicaux. En revanche, il échoua dans sa tentative de rencontrer Ruiz Zorrilla pour essayer de le convaincre car celui-ci refusa, malgré le fait que le roi alla jusqu'à lui proposer de se rendre à l'étranger pour se rencontrer.

Après la démission de Sagasta le 11 octobre, le roi, sans faire de consultation, proposa la présidence du gouvernement, comme l'avaient négocié les libéraux et la Gauche dynastique (Izquierda Dinástica), à José de Posada Herrera.

Composition

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
Règne d'Alphonse XII
Système politique de la Restauration (Espagne)

Bibliographie

Sagasta 3
1881 en Espagne
1883 en Espagne
Février 1881
Octobre 1883

Gouvernement Sagasta (3)


Décorée par le Nari Shakti Puraskar en , Chami Murmu, née vers , est une activiste environnementale indienne, secrétaire de l'organisation, Sahayogi Mahila Bagraisai, qui compte . Depuis , elle contribue à la plantation de millions d'arbres en Inde.

Biographie
Chami Murmu naît vers , à Bagraisai, village situé près de la ville de Rajnagar, dans le district de Seraikela Kharsawan.

Activisme
Depuis , Chami Murmu participe à la plantation de millions d'arbres autour de son village, destinés à remplacer les arbres abattus par les structures mafieuses liées à la filière bois, soutenues par les Naxalites.

Depuis , elle est secrétaire de l'organisation à but non lucratif Sahayogi Mahila Bagraisai, créée en , qui a pour but la préservation de l'environnement et qui compte , des femmes originaires de quarante villages avoisinants, impliquées elles-aussi dans la reforestation de la région. En , l'organisation annonce, sur son site internet, plus de  plantés en un peu plus de trente ans.
En , alors que Charmi Murmu célèbre la Journée internationale des femmes à New Delhi, le président indien Ram Nath Kovind présente les personnes douze décorées par la Nari Shakti Puraskar, dont elle fait partie. A la même période, Charmi Murmu annonce qu'elle et Jamuna Tudu unissent leurs forces pour protéger les forêts du Jharkhand, où l'abattage massif et illégal des arbres a entraîné une réduction de 50 % de la couverture forestière. La presse les surnomme « Lady Tarzan ».

Célébrée pour sa contribution à la cause environnementale, Charmi Murmu promeut également la collecte de l'eau et encourage les femmes à se lancer dans l'élevage pour gagner leur vie<ref name=":1">{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Chami Murmu: Jharkhands green warrior among Nari Shakti awardees |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/chami-murmu-jharkhands-green-warrior-among-nari-shakti-awardees/1755680 |site=outlookindia.com |consulté le=2021-11-27}}.</ref>. Elle et les femmes membres de Sahayogi Mahila Bagraisai construisent des bassins versants, des canaux de dérivation et des réservoirs dans tout l'État pour économiser l'eau de pluie et la réutiliser à des fins agricoles.

 Récompenses

  : Indira Priyadarshini Vriksha Mitra Award, Ministère de l'Environnement et des Forêts

  : Nari Shakti''

Liens externes

 Site de Sahayogi Mahila

Notes et références

Personnalité indienne du XXe siècle
Personnalité indienne du XXIe siècle
Naissance au Jharkhand
Naissance en 1973
Militant indien
Écologiste indien

Chami Murmu


Pokémon Gold ve Silver, Pokémon'un Game Boy oyunlarındandır. Johto ve Kanto'da geçer. Oyunun başında 3 Pokémondan biri seçilir: su, çimen, ateş. Oyunun en önemli Pokémonu Ho-oh veya Lugia'dır. 8 rozet ve Pokémon Ligi adlı turnuvadan oluşur. Ayrıca oyunda adını oyuncunun belirleyebildiği karakter ve rakibi bulunur. Oyuncu hangi Pokémonu seçerse, oyun da rakip Pokémonu seçer ve yetiştirir. Ayrıca, oyunda Red adlı eğitmen bulunmaktadır. Bu karakter Pokémon oyunlarındaki karakterdir.

Dış bağlantılar

 Pokémon Türkiye Forumları

Gold ve Silver
Japonya'da geliştirilen video oyunları

Pokémon Gold ve Silver


Blåt syn er en dansk kortfilm fra 2014 instrueret af Semanur Kökten efter manuskript af Maria Mathilde harm Skousen og Olivia Brath Helbing.

Handling
Efter sin flugt fra et krigsramt land uden sin familie, har passionen for svømning fået en helt ny betydning for den ensomme Amir. Hvor svømningen før var hans styrke, er det nu blevet hans svaghed. Han har mistet noget, som har medført særlige udfordringer, og det har han svært ved at acceptere. Et svømmestævne er lige rundt om hjørnet, men vil det lykkes Amir at overvinde sin konkurrent og vende sin svaghed til en styrke, eller vil han leve videre i sin blåøjede drøm? "Blåt syn" er en film om erkendelse og accept. Om at erkende sine tab i en hverdag, som ikke er som før. Om at acceptere sine svagheder. Om at vågne op fra en blå, drømmende illusion, og træde ind i hverdagens virkelighed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

Blåt syn


Die Auf dem Knickbrink ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Stadt Rinteln im Landkreis Schaumburg.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG HA 019 ist 5,5 Hektar groß. Es steht seit dem 15. November 1949 unter Naturschutz. Im Februar 1969 wurde der Naturschutz mehrerer Flurstücke im Süden des Schutzgebietes aufgehoben. In diesem Bereich befindet sich heute u. a. der Sportplatz von Krankenhagen. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Schaumburg.

Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt innerhalb des Naturparks Weserbergland Schaumburg-Hameln nördlich von Krankenhagen, an dessen Wohnbebauung es stellenweise direkt anschließt, und stellt einen Ausschnitt einer Kameslandschaft am Südrand der Weserniederung unter Schutz. Im Naturschutzgebiet sind Magerrasen- und Besenheidengesellschaften zu finden.

Da das Gebiet zunehmend verbuschte, wurden Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts Pflegemaßnahmen durchgeführt. Zur Verhinderung erneuter Verbuschung soll das Gelände mit Schafen beweidet werden.

Archäologie
Im Bereich des heutigen Naturschutzgebietes erfolgten in den 1930er-Jahren Bauarbeiten zu einer Thingstätte, in der Nationalsozialisten Sonnwendfeiern durchführten. Während der Arbeiten wurde das prähistorische Urnengräberfeld auf dem Knickbrink aus der vorrömischen Eisenzeit etwa um das 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. entdeckt. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten folgten mehrere Ausgrabungen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Schaumburg
Geographie (Rinteln)
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa

Auf dem Knickbrink