Cary Dale Allred (February 7, 1947 – December 10, 2011) was a member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's sixty-fourth House district, including constituents in Alamance County. A business owner from Burlington, North Carolina, Allred was elected to eight terms in the state House. He previously served two terms in the state Senate. Allred served in the United States Navy, and has also served as an Alamance County commissioner. He spent the majority of his career as a Republican, but following a series of public controversies, he left the Republican Party in 2010 and registered as an independent.

Allred died December 10, 2011, in Greensboro, North Carolina at the age of 64.

Early life
Cary Allred was born February 7, 1947, in Mebane, North Carolina, and graduated from Southern Alamance High School in 1965. He then went on to serve in the U.S. Navy and graduate from Elon University in 1970.

Recent electoral history

2010
In March 2010, Allred changed his voter registration to unaffiliated and stated his intention to run for County Commissioner in Alamance County either as an independent or a write-in candidate. He was able to get enough signatures to qualify as a write-in, but eventually lost the race to Republican Tom Manning.

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

Controversies
In 1981, while a state senator, Allred wrote letters on his company letterhead asking for opinions on health issues and to keep his company in mind for their needs. An investigation by the state Senate found this to be an ethics violation.

In August 2008, Allred caused a minor local controversy by handing out his legislative cards and state maps at a local Southern Alamance High School football game during his run for the North Carolina Legislature. He was asked to leave the premises.

In November 2008, after winning re-election, Allred left a series of answering machine messages bragging about his victory while sounding intoxicated. Allred claimed that he was "intoxicated with victory".

On the evening of April 27, 2009, Allred was pulled over by a North Carolina State Highway Patrolman, who observed the representative traveling 102 MPH in a 65 MPH zone. Allred stated that he had consumed one chelada. Later that evening, he arrived at the state legislature and embraced a 17-year-old page. Both Allred and the page have stated that they share a "Grandfather-granddaughter" relationship; however, on April 30, 2009, an investigation was launched by the Sergeant-at-Arms of the legislature.

On May 20, 2009, a report indicated that several persons had seen Allred behave "inappropriately" with the page. Mr. Allred threatened to leave the Republican Party. He then resigned the position on June 1, 2009.

On June 29, 2010, Allred was pulled over by Burlington police officers who observed him swerving into the lane opposite his and refused to take a sobriety test. At this point he was taken to the police station where he was given an alcohol-breath test but was unable to produce a sufficient amount of breath to produce a reading (he claimed that due to his bronchitis he was unable to produce enough breath) which resulted in it being recorded as a fail.

External links
Official legislative site
Report on page scandal
News & Observer: Allred to resign Monday

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References

County commissioners in North Carolina
Republican Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Republican Party North Carolina state senators
People from Burlington, North Carolina
1947 births
2011 deaths
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Elon University alumni
People from Mebane, North Carolina

Cary D. Allred


Romeo Florin Nicoară () este un deputat român, ales în 2012 din partea grupului parlamentar PP-DD.
În timpului mandatului a trecut la grupul parlamentar al Partidului Național Liberal.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2012-2016 (Camera Deputaților)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Deputați români 2012-2016
Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2008-2012
Deputați români 2016-2020
Membri ai PP-DD

Romeo Florin Nicoară


Jeremiah Denis Matthias Ford (* 2. Juli 1873 in Cambridge (Massachusetts); † 13. November 1958 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Romanist, Hispanist und Lusitanist.

Leben und Werk
Jeremiah Denis Matthias Ford besuchte die Thorndike Grammar School in seiner Heimatstadt, das North Monastery Christian Brothers School der Presentation Brothers in Cork (Irland) und das South Kensington Science & Art Department in London. Für herausragende Leistungen als Schüler in den Fächern Chemie, Mathematik, Englisch und Deutsch wurde er mehrfach ausgezeichnet.

Ford studierte Rechtswissenschaften an der Harvard Law School und Romanische Sprachen an der Harvard University, wo er 1897 mit der Dissertation The Old Spanish Sibilants promoviert wurde. Von 1897 bis 1898 hielt er sich in Italien und in Paris auf.

Seine Karriere an der Harvard University verlief wie folgt: Ab 1895 war er Instructor für Französisch und Italienisch, ab 1898 für Französisch und Spanisch, ab 1899 für romanische Sprachen. Ford war einer der ersten Katholiken, denen die Harvard University eine akademische Laufbahn gestattete. Seiner Ernennung durchbrach das damals unter vielen protestantischen Geisteswissenschaftlern noch verbreitete Vorurteil "catholica non leguntur" (: "Katholisches wird nicht gelesen", im Sinne von "Katholische Autoren sind zweitklassig und nicht lesenswert."). Ab 1902 war er Associate Professor, von 1907 bis 1943 Smith Professor of Roman Languages. Er lehrte auch am Radcliffe College.

Familie
Jeremiah Ford heiratete 1902 Anna Winifred Fearns. Sie hatten vier Kinder.

Ehrungen
 Jeremiah Ford war korrespondierendes Mitglied der Akademien in Madrid und Barcelona.
 1914 wurde Ford in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gewählt. Von 1931 bis 1933 war er deren Präsident.
 1927 wurde Ford zum Offizier der Ehrenlegion (O. LH) ernannt.
 1937 wurde ihm die Laetare-Medaille der University of Notre Dame verliehen.

Schriften

Als Verfasser und Mitverfasser
 The Old Spanish Sibilants (Dissertation), Harvard 1900, Ann Arbor 1979
 (mit Elijah Clarence Hills) A Spanish Grammar. Boston 1904 und weitere Auflagen
 (mit Elijah Clarence Hills) First Spanish course. Boston 1917
 Main Currents of Spanish Literature. New York 1919
 (mit Elijah Clarence Hills und J. de Siqueira Coutinho) A Portuguese grammar. Boston 1925
 (mit Elijah Clarence Hills und Guillermo Rivera) Brief Spanish grammar for colleges. Boston und New York 1938

Als Herausgeber
 Carlo Goldoni: Un curioso accidente. Commedia in tre atti. Boston 1899
 Leandro Fernández de Moratín: El sí de las niñas. Comedia en tres actos y en prosa. Boston 1899
 Don Pedro Antonio de Alarcoń: El capitan Veneno. Boston 1899
 A Spanish anthology. A collection of lyrics from the thirteenth century down to the present time. New York 1901 und weitere Auflagen
 (mit Mary Agnes Teresa Ford) The romances of chivalry in Italian verse. Selections. New York 1904
 Old Spanish Readings. Boston 1906 und weitere Auflagen
 The romances of Italian verse. New York 1906
 Selections from Don Quijote. Boston 1908
 (mit Elizabeth Catherine Ford) Spanish fables in verse. Boston 1918
 Letters of John III, king of Portugal, 1521–1557. The Portuguese text. Cambridge, Mass. 1931
 (mit L. G. Moffatt) Letters of the court of John III, king of Portugal. The Portuguese text. Cambridge, Mass. 1933
 Leonardo Núñez: Cronica de Dom João de Castro. Cambridge, Mass. 1936
 Luis de Camõens: The Lusiad, übersetzt von Richard Fanshawe. Cambridge, Mass. 1940
 Luis de Camões: Os Lusiadas. Cambridge, Mass. 1946

Bibliographische Arbeiten
 (mit Ruth Lansing) Cervantes. A tentative bibliography of his works and of the biographical and critical material concerning him. Cambridge, Mass. 1931, Boston 1973, 1977
 (mit Arthur Fisher Whittem und Maxwell Isaac Raphael) A Tentative bibliography of Brazilian belles-lettres. Cambridge, Mass. 1931
 (mit Maxwell Isaac Raphael) A Bibliography of Cuban belles-lettres. Cambridge, Mass. 1933, New York 1970
 (mit Maxwell Isaac Raphael) A Tentative bibliography of Paraguayan literature. Cambridge, Mass. 1934
 (mit Carl Tilden Keller) Neuausgabe der Bibliografía crítica de ediciones del Quijote impresas desda 1605 hasta 1917 von Juan Suñé Benages und Juan Suñé Fonbuena (Barcelona 1917) mit dem Titelzusatz Continuada hasta 1937. Cambridge, Mass. 1939

Literatur
in der Reihenfolge des Erscheinens
 Henry Grattan Doyle: An appreciation of the work of J. D. M. Ford (Teil VIII der Folge Hispanists past and present). In: Bulletin of Spanish Studies, Jg. 6 (1929), Heft 24, S. 168–172.
 James McKeen Cattell: Leaders in Education. A biographical directory. New York 1932 s. v.
 Henry Grattan Doyle: Jeremiah Denis Matthias Ford. In: Hispania, Jg. 19 (1936), S. 153–162.
 Urban Tigner Holmes, Jr., Alexander Joseph Denomy (Hrsg.): Mediaeval studies in honor of Jeremiah Denis Matthias Ford, Smith professor of French and Spanish literature, emeritus. Cambridge, Mass. 1948 (Festschrift).
 Henry Grattan Doyle: Jeremiah Denis Matthias Ford. In: The Modern Language Journal, Jg. 43 (1959), S. 59–61.
 Art. Ford, Jeremiah Denis Mathias. In: John F. Ohles (Hrsg.): Biographical dictionary of American educators, Bd. 1. Greenwood Press, Westport 1978, ISBN 0-8371-9893-3, S. 472–473.

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Romanist
Lusitanist
Hochschullehrer (Harvard University)
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Offizier)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1873
Gestorben 1958
Mann

Jeremiah Denis Matthias Ford


ගිනිගල්ගොඩගේ රම්බා අජිත් ද සිල්වා (උපත 12 දෙසැම්බර් 1952, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ,  අම්බලන්ගොඩදී) යනු,  හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි. ටෙස්ට් තරග හතරකදී සහ එදිජා හයකදී, නිරවද්‍ය  වමතින් මඳ වේග දඟ පන්දු යවමින්, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් ඔහු ක්‍රීඩා කලේය. 1982/83 දී, කැරළිකාර ඇරෝසා ශ්‍රී ලංකා කණ්ඩායම සමගින්  දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව  වෙත තරග සංචාරයට ඔහු සහභාගි වන තෙක්, වසර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් සංචිතයෙහි වැදගත් සාමාජිකයෙක් බවට ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂව තිබුණි. මෙය නිසා, එම තරග සංචාරයෙහි අනෙකුත් ක්‍රීඩකයන් හා සමගින්, ඔහුද ලෝක  ක්‍රිකට් තරග වලින් ඉවත් කරන ලදි. 1973 නොවැම්බර් මාසයෙහිදී ඇරඹි, එය තුලදී ඔහු විසින් කඩුළු 161 ක් (සාමාන්‍යය 27.44) දවාළු, ඔහුගේ පළමු-පෙල අභිවෘත්තිය මෙයින් නිමාවට පත්විය. 1982 වසරෙහිදී, එංගලන්තයට එරෙහිව,  දේශීය භූමියෙහිදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළමු එදිජා ජයග්‍රහණය වෙනුවෙන්, ඔහු වැදගත් භූමිකාවක් ඉටු කලේය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව මුලින්ම පන්දුවට පහර දෙමින්, ජයග්‍රහණය සඳහා එංගලන්තයට ලකුණු 216 ක ඉලක්කයක් ලබා දුන් අතර, ග්‍රැහැම් ගූච් සහ ජෙෆ් කුක් විසින් හොඳ අඩිතාලමක් දමමින් කිසිවෙකු නොදැවී ලකුණු 109ක් ලබා ගත්හ. කෙසේවෙතත්, ද සිල්වා විසින් ආරම්භක පිතිකරු යුගලයම පිටියෙන් ඉවත් කල අතර ( මහේෂ් ගුණතිලක විසින් ස්ටම්ප් කෙරිණි), පිතිකරුවන් සතර දෙනක් දුවද්දී දැවී යමින්, එංගලන්තය ලකුණු තුනකික් පරාජය විය.

1952 උපත්
ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ

අජිත් ද සිල්වා


Les Surprises de l'Amour (título original en francés; en español, Las sorpresas del amor) es una opéra-ballet con música de Jean-Philippe Rameau sobre un libreto de Gentil-Bernard con dos entrées (tres o cuatro en versiones posteriores) y un prólogo. La pieza se estrenó en Versalles el 27 de noviembre de 1748. Tuvo un prólogo de circunstancias y dos entrées; tuvo varias reposiciones. Según la costumbre de la época, fue originalmente titulada simplemente como un "ballet" y sólo posteriormente fue clasificada por los estudiosos como una opéra-ballet, aunque su contenido podría adscribirse más precisamente al género del ballet héroïque.

La obra fue un encargo de Madame de Pompadour para celebrar el Tratado de Aquisgrán y se estrenó en la inauguración de la tercera temporada de su Théâtre des Petits Appartements para la inauguración del nuevo local del Teatro en la Grand Escalier des Ambassadeurs (Gran escalera de Embajadores) en el Palacio de Versalles.

Composición de las posteriores versiones
 Versión de 1748
 Prólogo: Le retour d'Astrée
 Primera entrée: La lyre enchantée
 Segunda entrée: Adonis

 Versión de 1757 (1) y 1758 (1)
 Primera entrée: L'enlèvement d'Adonis
 Segunda entrée: La lyre enchantée
 Tercera entrée: Anacréon

 Versión de 1757 (2)
 Primera entrée: L'enlèvement d'Adonis
 Segunda entrée: Les Sybarites
 Tercera entrée: Anacréon

 Versión de 1758 (2)
 Primera entrée: L'enlèvement d'Adonis
 Segunda entrée: La lyre enchantée
 Tercera entrée: Les Sybarites

Discografía

 Les Surprises de l'Amour; Monique Zanetti - soprano, Stephan MacLeod - bajo, Ensemble A 2 Violes Esgales Alpha 176 2011

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Jean-Philippe Rameau
Óperas en francés
Óperas de 1748
Óperas estrenadas en Versalles
Mitología griega en la ópera
Mitología romana en la ópera
Mitología griega en el ballet

Les surprises de l'Amour


وول-ي  هو فيلم رسوم متحركة أمريكي من نوع الخيال العلمي صَدر في 2008 من قبل إستديوهات بيكسار ومن إخراج أندرو ستانتون. تم عرضه أول مرة في 23 يونيو، 2008. تدور أحداث الفيلم حول الروبوت وول-ي، وهو روبوت مُصمم لتنظيف الأرض المهجورة والمغطاة بالنفايات في المستقبل البعيد. يقع وول-ي في حب روبوت آخر إسمها إيف، فيتبعها إلى الفضاء الخارجي في مغامرة تُغير مصير جنسه والجنس البشري. يُظهر كل من الروبوتين مظاهر من حرية الإرادة والمشاعر، التي تتطور مع تقدم أحداث الفيلم.

بعد إخراجه لفيلم البحث عن نيمو شَعر ستانتون بأن بيكسار قد صنعت محاكاة واقعية لعالم ما تحت الماء وأراد إخراج فيلم تدور معظم احداثه في الفضاء. يحتوي الفيلم على كمية حوار قليلة في أجزائه الأولى والعديد من الشخصيات ليس لديها صوت بل تتواصل عن طريق لغة الجسد والأصوات الآلية التي صممها بين بيرت.

أصدرت أفلام والت ديزني الفيلم في الولايات المتحدة وكندا بتاريخ 27 يونيو، 2008. فحقق أرباحا بلغت 23.2 مليون دولار في يوم عرضه الأول، و63.1 مليون دولار خلال اسبوعه الأول في 3992 صالة سينما. ليحتل المرتبة الأولى في شباك التذاكر.

القصة

في 2805، تكون الأرض مغطاة بالنفايات بسبب النزعة الإستهلاكية التي سهلتها الشركة التجارية العملاقة Buy 'n' Large. في 2105، أجلت شركة BnL الأرض ونقلت السكان في سفن فضائية ضخمة إلى الفضاء، وتركت على الأرض روبوتات وول-ي (WALL-E) لتنظيف الكوكب. في النهاية، تركت BnL الفكرة وأوقفت الروبوتات، ما عدا روبوت واحد والذي طَور وعيًا ذاتيا بعد 700 سنة من العمل على سطح الأرض. يستطيع وول-ي البقاء نشطًا عبر إصلاح نفسه مستخدما قطع غيار من الروبوتات الأخرى. بعيدا عن واجباته اليومية، دائما ما يجمع قطعًا أثرية للحضارة الإنسانية بدافع الفضول ويقوم بالاحتفاظ بهم في بيته، شاحنة التخزين.

في أحد الأيام يكتشف نبتة صغيرة فيحتفظ بها. لاحقا، تهبط مركبة فضائية وتخرج إيف منها، وهي مركبة آلية متطورة أرسلتها مركبة الأكسيوم التابعة لشركة BnL للبحث عن الحياة النباتية على الأرض. يقع وول-ي في حب إيف، التي تكون عدائية تجاهه في البداية لكن تصبح صديقته في النهاية. عندما يأخذها وول-ي إلى منزله ويعرض عليها مجموعته الأثرية ترى إيف النبتة فتقوم آليا بالاحتفاظ بها في داخلها وتدخل في وضع الاستعداد انتظارا لسفينتها من أجل استعادتها. لا يفهم وول-ي لماذا توقفت إيف عن العمل فيحاول جاهدا إعادة تشغيلها، لكن لا فائدة. عندما تعود السفينة من أجل استعادة إيف، يتشبث وول-ي بهيكل السفينة مسافرا عبر الفضاء لمركبة الأكسيوم، المختفية خلف سديم.

في الأكسيوم، أصبح أحفاد ركاب المركبة الأصليين يعانون من السمنة المفرطة نتيجة الجاذبية الضئيلة واعتمادهم على النظام الآلي لتلبية جميع احتياجاتهم. قائد السفينة السادس، مكراي، يترك معظم عمليات المركبة للطيار الآلي، أوتو.

يلحق وول-ي إيف داخل جزء من الأكسيوم، حيث يكتشف القائد بأنه عند وضع النبتة داخل جهاز الفحص في المركبة من أجل التأكد من قابلية السكن في الأرض مجددا، سوف تقوم المركبة بقفزة ضوئية تجاه الأرض لكي يتمكن سكان المركبة من إعادة استعمار الأرض مرة أخرى. يأمر أوتو مساعد القائد الألي GO-4 بأن يسرق النبتة كجزء من مخطط عدم العودة، الذي أصدرته BnL لجميع الطيارين الآليين بعد أن خلصت في 2110 إلى أن كوكب الأرض لا يمكن إنقاذه.

بعد ضياع النبتة، تُعتبر إيف مختلة فيتم أخذها إلى قسم التصليح مع وول-ي (لتنظيفه). يسيء وول-ي فهم عملية إصلاح إيف بأنها عملية تعذيب فيحاول إنقاذها، فيطلق حشدا من اللآليين المختلين بالخطأ من قسم الإصلاح. يقوم جهاز الأمن في المركبة بوسم وول-ي وإيف كـ «آليين أشرار». بسبب غضبها من وول-ي، تحاول إيف إرساله لموطنه في مركبة كبسولية. هناك يشاهدان روبوت GO-4 يقوم بوضع النبتة الضائعة في الكبسولة ويبرمجها على «وضع التدمير الآلي». يدخل وول-ي المركبة من أجل استعادة النبتة لكن GO-4 يقذف الكبسولة إلى الفضاء. يتمكن وول-ي من الهروب من المكبسولة قبل انفجارها، فيسوي خلافه مع إيف ويرقصان في الفضاء خارج الأكسيوم.

عندما يتم إحضار النبتة للقائد وبعد إطلاعه على تسجيلات إيف لكوكب الأرض، يقرر بأنه يجب على البشر العودة من اجل إعادة أحياء موطنهم المدمر، لكن أوتو يقوم بتنظيم عصيان ضد القائد لكي يمنع البشر من العودة. فيقوم بصعق وول-ي عند محاولته حماية النبتة، مصيبا إياه بإصابات خطيرة. تُدرك إيف بأن القطع اللازمة لإصلاح وول-ي موجودة في شاحنته على الأرض. فتساعده على إحضار النبتة لجهاز الفحص من أجل تفعيل القفزة الضوئية. يقوم القائد بفتح جهاز الفحص ويقاوم أوتو لكي يستعيد السيطرة على المركبة. لكن أوتو يسحق وول-ي جزئيا عندما يُغلق جهاز الفحص عليه. يتمكن القائد من تعطيل أوتو، وتقوم إيف يتحرير وول-ي وتضع النبتة في الجهاز مما يُفعل القفزة الضوئية نحو الأرض.

تقوم إيف فورا بنقل وول-ي إلى منزله لكي تصلحه وتُعيد تشغيله. لا يتمكن وول-ي من التعرف على إيف مجددا، بسبب إسترجاع برمجته الأصلية كروبوت مُنظف عديم المشاعر. بحزنٍ بالغ تقوم إيف بتقبيله قبلةً وداعية، الأمر الذي يحرك ذاكرة وول-ي فيستعيد شخصيته مجددا. يلتم شمل وول-ي وإيف بسعادة بينما يقوم البشر وروبوتات الأكسيوم بإعادة تأهيل الأرض من أجل استعادة بيئتها.

طاقم التمثيل

النسخة الإنجليزية

 بين بيرت بدور وول-ي، هو آخر روبوت على الأرض.
 إليسا نايت بدور إيف، روبوت أرسله البشر لتفحص حالة الأرض.
 جيف جارلين بدور القائد بي مكراي، بشري وهو قائد السفينة «أكسيوم» التي تحمل الجنس البشري الذين غادروا الأرض لسبع مئة سنة.
 فريد ويلارد بدور شيلبي فورثرايت، الرئيس التاريخي لشركة Buy n Large.
 جون راتزينبرغر وكاثي نجيمي بدوري جون وماري، من سكان مركبة الـ «أكسيوم»
 سيغورني ويفر بدور صوت الحاسوب الرئيسي للسفينة الـ «أكسيوم»

النسخة العربية الفصحى

 فؤاد شمص بدور القبطان
 شربل أيوب بدور شيلبي فورث رايت
 عماد فغالي بدور أوتو وحاسوب الإكسيوم
 علي سعد بدور إم أو وجون
 أسمهان بيطار بدور ماري
 رانيا مروة
 جمانة الزنجي

الإستقبال النقدي

تلقى الفيلم إشادة نقدية إيجابية جدا من النقاد. حيث حصل على نسبة 96% على موقع الطماطم الفاسدة بناءً على 243 مراجعة بمتوسط 8.5 من 10 وكان الإجماع النقدي للموقع: «ساحر، جريء، وفي وقته المناسب. خِفة ظل WALL-E الساحرة وبصرياته الرائعة تشهدان مجددا على إبداع بيكسار». على موقع ميتاكريتيك حصل الفيلم على 94 من 100 بناءً على 39 مراجعة نقدية.

لعبة الفيديو

ظهر نسخة اللعبة الفيديو للفيلم قبل أول عرض له في الولايات المتحدة على أجهزة الإكس بوكس 360، والبلاي ستيشن 3، والبلاي ستيشن 2، والبلاي ستيشن بورتبل، والوي، والنينتندو دي إس، وأيضاً الحاسوب الشخصي. إن هذه اللعبة هي أول لعبة غربية تترجم إلى اللغة العربية، ولكن هذه الترجمة متوفر فقط على الإكس بوكس 360، والبلاي ستيشن 3، والپي إس پي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

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وول-ي


Rendang ( ; ) is a Minangkabau dish. It is a rich dish of meat that has been slow cooked and braised in a coconut milk seasoned with a herb and spice mixture over a period of several hours until the liquids evaporate and the meat turns dark brown and tender, becoming caramelized and infused with rich flavours.

It originated from the Minangkabau region in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It has spread across Indonesian cuisine to the cuisines of neighbouring Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines.
As the signature dish of Minangkabau culture, rendang is traditionally served at ceremonial occasions to honour guests during festive events; such as wedding feasts and Lebaran (Indonesian popular words for both Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha). Rendang is also traditionally served among the Malay community in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, as well as the Maranao in the Philippines.

Rendang is officially recognised as one of Indonesia's national dishes. Six types of rendang preparations have also been designated as intangible cultural heritage by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture. A broad survey in 2011 placed beef rendang as the most delicious dish in the world.

History

The origin of rendang could be traced back to the Indian merchants links to West Sumatra before the 15th century. There are Dutch archives about Minangkabau that state regular contacts between India and West Sumatra in the early second millennium, thus suggests that north Indian curry was possibly the precursor of rendang. Indian curry was adopted by the Minangkabau people as gulai, a local version of curry. Minangkabau people then cooked this gulai further in order to prepare kalio also known as wet rendang. This cooking process was then continued until it thickened and became rendang or also known as dry rendang.

Andalas University historian, Prof. Gusti Asnan suggests that rendang began to spread across the region when Minangkabau merchants began to trade and migrate to Malacca in the 16th century, "Because the journey through the river waterways in Sumatra took much time, a durable preserved dry rendang is suitable for a long journey." The dried Padang rendang is a durable food, good to consume for weeks, even when left at room temperature. One of the earliest written records of rendang is from the Malaccan Malay manuscript of Hikayat Amir Hamzah,
Rendang originated in the Sumatran Minangkabau region and the making of rendang spreads from Minangkabau highlands to Mandailing, Riau, Jambi, across the strait to Malacca and Negeri Sembilan, resulting in a variety of rendang traditions.

During Indonesian National Revolution in 1946, Indonesian first lady Fatmawati, the wife of Sukarno cooked and sent rendang to boost morale of Indonesian republic freedom fighters around Yogyakarta. Declined by household helps, she insisted on buying beef and went to the market herself by becak despite being pregnant at that time.

The popularity of rendang has spread widely from its original domain because of the merantau (migrating) culture of Minangkabau people. In the modern era, Overseas Minangkabau leave their hometown to start a career in other Indonesian cities as well as neighboring countries, and Padang restaurants, Minangkabau eating establishments that are ubiquitous in Indonesian cities, spring up. These Padang restaurants have introduced and popularised Minangkabau style rendang and other Padang food dishes across Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the wider world.

Cultural significance

Rendang is revered in Minangkabau culture as an embodiment of the philosophy of musyawarah, discussion and consultation with elders. It has been claimed that the four main ingredients represent Minangkabau society as a whole:
 The meat (daging) symbolises the Niniak Mamak, the traditional clan leaders such as the datuk, the nobles, royalty and revered elders.
 The coconut milk (karambia) symbolises the Cadiak Pandai, intellectuals, teachers, poets and writers.
 The chilli (lado) symbolises the Alim Ulama, clerics, ulama and religious leaders. The hotness of the chilli symbolises Sharia.
 The spice mixture (pemasak) symbolises the rest of Minangkabau society.
In Minangkabau tradition, rendang is a requisite dish for special occasions in traditional Minang ceremonies, from birth ceremonies to circumcision, marriage, Qur'an recitals, and religious festivals such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.

In 2011, rendang placed 11th place on a list of World's 50 best foods published by CNN International. An online reader's poll of 35,000 voters chose beef rendang as the top dish on CNN International's Readers' picks list.

The Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture have included six rendang preparations under its National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia list, all of which are registered under West Sumatra: Randang (Minang spelling), and gulai rendang, were part of the inaugural list in 2010. They were joined by randang daging (meat rendang), randang kantang (potato rendang), and randang incek kacang, in 2016. Rendang paku (fern rendang) of Dharmasraya, is the most recent addition as of 2018.

In 2018, rendang was officially recognised by the Indonesian government as one of the country's five national dishes: the others are soto, sate, nasi goreng, and gado-gado.

Composition and cooking method

Rendang is most often described as meat slow-cooked in coconut milk and spices until it becomes tender. If cooked properly, dry rendang can last for as long as four weeks. Prior to refrigeration technology, this style of cooking enabled preservation of the large amount of meat. The cooking technique flourished because of its role in preserving meat in a tropical climate. Its durability is one of the reasons that today, prepackaged rendang is sent as food aid relief for natural disaster survivors in Indonesia. The cut of beef suitable for rendang is lean meat of the rear leg of the cattle; i.e. topside or round beef, which is considered perfect for slow cooking.

Rendang is rich in spices. Along with the main meat ingredient, rendang uses coconut milk and a paste of mixed ground spices, including ginger, galangal, turmeric leaves, lemongrass, garlic, shallots, chillis and other spices. This spice mixture is called pemasak in Minangkabau. The spices, garlic, shallot, ginger and galangal used in rendang have antimicrobial properties and serve as natural organic preservatives. Although some culinary experts describe rendang as a curry, the dish is usually not considered as such in Indonesia or Malaysia since it is richer and contains less liquid than is normal for curries.

Traditionally the term rendang does not refer to a certain type of dish. The verb merendang actually refers to a method of slow cooking; continuously churning the ingredients in a pot or frying pan, on a small fire, until all of the liquids evaporate and the meat is well done. Traditional Padang rendang takes hours to cook. Cooking rendang involves pounding and grinding ingredients as well as slow cooking, and so is time-consuming and requires patience. The meat pieces are slowly cooked in coconut milk and spices until almost all the liquid is gone, allowing the meat to become tender and absorb the condiments. The cooking process changes from boiling to frying, as the liquid evaporates and the coconut milk turns to coconut oil. Cooking the meat until tender with almost all the liquid evaporated requires great care, keeping it from getting burnt. Because of its generous use of numerous spices, rendang is known for having a complex and unique taste.

Rendang is often served with steamed rice, ketupat (a compressed rice cake) or lemang (glutinous rice cooked in bamboo tubes), accompanied with vegetable side dishes such as boiled cassava leaf, cubadak (young jackfruit gulai), cabbage gulai and lado (red or green chilli pepper sambal).

Types

In Minangkabau culinary tradition, there are three recognised stages in cooking meat in spicy coconut milk. The dish which results is categorised according to the liquid content of the cooked coconut milk, which ranges from the most wet and soupy to the most dry: Gulai — Kalio – Rendang. The ingredients of gulai, kalio and rendang are almost identical with the exceptions that gulai usually has less red chilli pepper and more turmeric, while rendang has richer spices.

If pieces of meat are cooked in spicy coconut milk and the process stopped right when the meat is done and the coconut milk has reached its boiling point, the dish is called gulai. If the process continues until the coconut milk is partly evaporated and the meat has started to brown, the dish is called kalio. For traditional dry rendang, the process continues hours beyond this, until the liquid has all but completely evaporated and the color turns to a dark brown, almost black color. Thus not only liquid content but also color indicate which type of rendang is involved: gulai is light yellow, kalio is brown and rendang is very dark brown. Today, one mostly finds only two simpler categories of rendang: either dry or wet.

According to Minangkabau tradition, their true rendang is the dry one. Although, unlike crispy dendeng balado spicy jerky, rendang's texture is not actually dry, since it is quite moist and rather oily. Rendang is diligently stirred, attended, and cooked for hours until the coconut milk has evaporated, turned into coconut oil, and the meat has absorbed the spices. It is still served for special ceremonial occasions or to honor guests. If cooked properly, dried rendang can last for three to four weeks stored at room temperature and is still good to consume. It can even last months stored in a refrigerator, and up to six months if frozen.

Wet rendang or kalio

Wet rendang, more accurately identified as kalio, is a type of rendang that is cooked for a shorter period of time and much of the coconut milk liquid has not evaporated. Kalio has quite abundant liquid sauce acquired from cooked coconut milk that partly has turned into spicy oil, which is quite flavourful if consumed with steamed rice. Much of rendang served abroad is actually more akin to kalio or wet version of rendang. If stored at room temperature, kalio lasts less than a week. Kalio usually has a light golden brown colour, paler than dry rendang.

Variations

Rendang is made from beef (or occasionally beef liver, chicken, duck, mutton, water buffalo, or vegetables like jackfruit or cassava). Chicken or duck rendang also contains tamarind and is usually not cooked for as long as beef rendang.

The original Minangkabau rendang has two categories, rendang darek and rendang pesisir. Rendang darek ('land rendang') is an umbrella term for dishes from old regions in mountainous areas of the Minangkabau Highlands such as Batusangkar, Agam, Lima Puluh Kota, Payakumbuh, Padang Panjang and Bukittinggi. It mainly consists of beef, offal, poultry products, jackfruit, and many other vegetables and animal products which are found in these places. Rendang pesisir ('coastal rendang') is from the coastal regions of Minangkabau such as Pariaman, Padang, Painan and Pasaman. Rendang pesisir mainly consists of seafood, although it is not unusual for them to incorporate beef or water buffalo meat in their rendang.

Indonesian Rendang variations:
 Rendang ayam: chicken rendang, speciality of Batusangkar and Bukittinggi.
 Rendang ati ampela: rendang made of chicken innards; liver and gizzard.
 Rendang babat: tripe rendang, made of tripes of cattle.
 Rendang babi: pork rendang, the adaptation of rendang by non-Muslim population of Indonesia that replace beef with pork. Usually consumed in Christian-majority Batak region of North Sumatra and Hindu-majority island of Bali. In Bali, the popularity of rendang has led to this adaptation, since some Balinese Hindus do not consume beef.
 Rendang baluik (rendang belut): eel rendang, speciality of Solok. In the Solok dialect, it is also called 'randang baluk'.
 Rendang bilih (bilis): bilis fish rendang, specialty of Padang Panjang. In Sumatra ikan bilis refers distinctly to Mystacoleucus padangensis, a small freshwater fish endemic to Sumatra. In other places bilis might refer to sea anchovy instead.
 Rendang cubadak (rendang nangka): unripe jackfruit rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh.
 Rendang cumi: squid rendang, a seafood variant of rendang usually consumed in coastal area.
 Rendang daging: meat rendang. The most common rendang is made from beef, but may also be from water buffalo, goat, mutton or lamb, speciality of Padang.
 Rendang datuk (rendang kering): dried beef rendang, that instead of using fresh beef cuts, the pieces of meat are dried for four days prior of cooking. Specialty of Muara Enim in South Sumatra.
 Rendang daun kayu (samba buruk): rendang made of various edible leaves, usually leaves of ubi kayu, jirak, mali, rambai, daun arbai, mixed with ikan haruan (snakehead fish), specialty of Payakumbuh.
 Rendang daun pepaya: young papaya leaf rendang.
 Rendang dendeng: Dendeng rendang, thinly sliced dried and fried beef cooked in rendang spice. Also can be made from readily available processed beef jerky.
 Rendang gabus (rendang ikan haruan): Snakehead fish rendang, popular in Payakumbuh.
 Rendang gadih, rendang tumbuk or rendang payakumbuh: Minced beef rendang, tumbuk or pounded beef shaped into balls mixed with coconut, specialty of Payakumbuh, West Sumatra.
 Rendang hati: cow liver rendang, speciality of Minangkabau.
 Rendang ikan asap (rendang ikan salai): smoked fish rendang, usually made of smoked ikan pari or ray fish, specialty of Minangkabau.
 Rendang itiak (rendang bebek): duck rendang, speciality of Bukittinggi and Payakumbuh.
 Rendang jamur: mushroom rendang.
 Rendang jantung pisang: banana blossom rendang, speciality of Minangkabau.
 Rendang jawa: Javanese adoption of Minang rendang, which is more soft and moist suited to Javanese taste, usually rather sweet and less spicy compared to Sumatran rendang.
 Rendang jariang (rendang jengkol): jengkol rendang, commonly popular in West Sumatran towns, especially Bukittinggi, Payakumbuh, Pasaman and Lubuk Basung.
 Rendang kambing: goat meat redang.
 Rendang jo kantang: beef rendang with baby potatoes, speciality of Kapau.
 Rendang kelinci: rabbit meat rendang, popular in Aceh.
 Rendang kepiting (rendang ketam): crab rendang, which is crab cooked in rendang spices with sweet soy sauce.
 Rendang lele: Catfish rendang.
 Rendang lidah: beef tongue cooked as rendang.
 Rendang limpa: offal rendang made of cattle spleen.
 Rendang lokan (rendang tiram): marsh clam rendang, speciality of coastal Minangkabau regions such as Pariaman, Painan and Pesisir Selatan.
 Rendang maco: rendang that uses a type of salted fish, specialty of Limapuluh Koto.
 Rendang medan: rendang variant from Medan in North Sumatra, slightly different to Minangkabau rendang. It is more fatty and wet akin to kalio and usually less hot and spicy.
 Rendang padang: Padang rendang commonly sold in Padang restaurants nationwide, dry rendang that uses lean fatless meat.
 Rendang pakis (rendang pucuk paku): vegetable rendang made from pakis or fern leaf, specialty of Pasaman.
 Rendang paru: cow's lung rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh.
 Rendang patin: Pangasius catfish rendang.
 Rendang petai: stir fried petai and common green beans in rendang spices.
 Rendang pucuak ubi (rendang daun singkong): cassava leaf rendang, speciality of Minangkabau.
 Rendang punai (rendang burung dara): rendang made of burung punai or green pigeon.
 Rendang puyuh: rendang made of burung puyuh or quail bird.
 Rendang rawit: an extra hot and spicy dried rendang spices mixed with dried cabai rawit (bird's eye chili). Not exactly a dish, but more a condiment akin to serundeng, bawang goreng or chili powder that sprinkled upon steamed rice or noodle.
 Rendang rebung: rendang made of bamboo shoot.
 Rendang runtiah (rendang suir): (lit: "shredded rendang") shredded beef or poultry rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh.
 Rendang sapuluik itam (rendang pulut hitam): dough made of ground black sticky rice cooked and served in rendang spice, specialty of Simalanggang.
 Rendang selais: rendang made of selais (Kryptopterus) fish, a genus of catfish found in rivers of Sumatra, popular in Pekanbaru, Riau.
 Rendang tahu: tofu rendang, a vegetarian variant that uses tofu beancurd instead of meat.
 Rendang talua (rendang telur): egg rendang, speciality of Payakumbuh.
 Rendang tempe: tempe rendang, a vegetarian variant that uses tempeh soybean cake instead of meat.
 Rendang teri: anchovy rendang.
 Rendang tongkol: mackerel tuna rendang, speciality of coastal Minangkabau regions.
 Rendang tuna: tuna rendang.
 Rendang tunjang (rendang kikil): rendang made of cartilage and tendons of cow's trotters.
 Rendang ubi: made of ubi kayu or singkong (cassava).
 Rendang udang: shrimp rendang.
 Rendang usus: intestine rendang, made of offals; the intestines of either poultry or cattle. The cattle intestine rendang is quite similar with gulai tambusu, gulai iso or gulai usus.

Today, rendang is quite widespread in Indonesia, owned mainly by the proliferation of Padang restaurants in the country, which led to popularity and adoption of rendang
into the kitchens of contemporary Indonesian households of various ethnic backgrounds. This might led to development of variants with slightly altered tastes to accommodate regional preferences. Other ethnic groups in Indonesia also have adopted a version of rendang into their daily diet. For example, in Java, the rendang—aside from the Padang variety sold in Padang restaurants—tend to be wet, slightly sweeter and less spicy to accommodate Javanese tastes.

Rendang outside Indonesia
Outside of Indonesia, rendang is also known in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, southern Thailand, and the southern Philippines as well as in the Netherlands, Australia and Belgium.

In Malaysia
Rendang has a long history in Malaysia with distinct versions unique to individual Malaysian states. The different versions of rendang use different ingredients for the spice mix, resulting in differing flavors to the meat.

 Rendang ayam: chicken rendang.
 Rendang ayam goreng: fried chicken rendang. The popularity of this rendang skyrocketed mainly due to rendangate controversy in 2018.
 Rendang daging or Rendang Rembau: dark, woody coloured meat rendang. Traditionally made using water buffalo meat. These days, beef is commonly used instead.
 Rendang daging hitam: Kicap Manis based black coloured beef rendang, a specialty of Sarawak.
 Rendang dendeng: thinly sliced dried meat rendang.
 Rendang ikan: fish rendang.
 Rendang ikan pari: stingray rendang, a specialty of Perak.
 Rendang itik: duck rendang, a specialty of Negeri Sembilan and Sarawak. In Sarawak, the duck will be roasted first so that the meat is soft and not sticky. In Negeri Sembilan, the duck is preferred to be smoked first.
 Rendang puyuh: quail rendang.
 Rendang kupang: mussles rendang.
 Rendang rusa: venison rendang.
 Rendang udang: prawn rendang, a specialty of Perak.
 Rendang kambing: goat rendang.
 Rendang kerang: cockles rendang. Commonly served as a side dish for Nasi Lemak.
 Rendang ketam: crab rendang.
 Rendang kijing: kijing, a type of shellfish cooked with rendang spices.
 Rendang hati: beef liver rendang, a specialty of Johor.
 Rendang telur: boiled egg rendang.
 Rendang kunyit or Rendang Kuala Pilah or Rendang kuning: yellow-hued rendang, uses fresh turmeric, lemongrass, and coconut milk but with no onion added at all.
 Rendang landak: porcupine rendang, an exotic meat rendang, a specialty of Sekinchan, Selangor.
 Rendang babi: pork rendang. Non-halal rendang that is eaten only by the Chinese and Peranakan community in Malaysia.
 Rendang lengkuas or Nasu Likku: galangal based rendang, a specialty of bugis people in Sabah. Two versions exist in Sabah, wet and dry, both are considered as rendang in Malaysia.
 Rendang lokan: lokan rendang, a specialty of Sungai Petani, Kedah.
 Rendang berempah: spice rendang. Emphasizes on the abundance of spices in the rendang.
 Rendang paru: beef lung rendang.
 Rendang daun maman: vegetable rendang made from maman leaf, specialty of Gemencheh, Negeri Sembilan.
 Rendang daun pegaga: vegetable rendang made from pegaga leaf.
 Rendang daun puding: vegetable rendang made from pudding leaf, a speciality of Negeri Sembilan.
 Rendang daun ubi kayu: vegetable rendang made from cassava leaf.
 Rendang jantung pisang: banana blossom rendang.
 Rendang serundeng: dry meat floss, derived from rendang. It has a long shelf-life and needs no refrigeration, a specialty of Kelantan.
 Rendang Minang: originated from the Minangkabau people who settled in Negeri Sembilan during the 16th century, but has since evolved from the Sumatran rendang version of the recipe.
 Rendang cili api or Rendang Negeri Sembilan or Rendang hijau: greenish-hued rendang, uses cili api instead of red chili that is normally used in other rendang versions, a specialty of Negeri Sembilan.
 Rendang Tok: dry beef rendang created by the royal cooks of Perak, incorporates spices that were typically inaccessible to the general population.
 Rendang Pahang or opor daging: dark red meat stew cooked with rich spice mix.
 Rendang Perak: simpler version of Rendang Tok, a specialty of Perak.
 Rendang Rawa: Rawa version of rendang, less complicated in terms of ingredients.
 Rendang Kedah: reddish-hued rendang, incorporates the use of red sugar, turmeric leaves, kaffir lime leaves due to the Thai influence on the state cuisine, a specialty of Kedah.
 Rendang Kelantan/Terengganu or kerutub daging: slow-cooked meat mixed with a unique spice known as kerutub, coconut milk, kerisik and some palm sugar.
 Rendang Nyonya: Peranakan version of rendang, a specialty of Peranakan.
 Rendang Sabah: uses white cumin to replace cinnamon and cloves, a specialty of Sabah.
 Rendang Sarawak: incorporates the use of turmeric leaves, a specialty of Sarawak.
 Rendang Siam: Malay-Siamese version of rendang, incorporates the use of Thai inspired ingredients.

In the Netherlands
The Dutch are familiar with rendang through colonial ties and often serve the wet kalio version in the Netherlands—usually as part of a rijsttafel. Indonesian dishes, including rendang, are served in numbers of Indonesian restaurants in Dutch cities, especially The Hague, Utrecht, Rotterdam and Amsterdam.

In the Philippines
In the Philippines, rendang is most commonly associated with the cuisine of the Muslim Maranao people of Mindanao. It differs from the Indonesian versions in the use of the native spice mix palapa as well as the addition of muscovado sugar.

Fusion rendang

Rendang bumbu is sometimes used as the base of other fusion dishes. Some chefs in Indonesian sushi establishments for example, have developed a Japanese-Indonesian fusion cuisine with recipes for krakatau roll, gado-gado roll, rendang roll and gulai ramen. Several chefs and food industries have experimented with fusing rendang with sandwiches, burgers and spaghetti. Burger King at one time served their take on a rendang-flavoured burger in their Singapore and Indonesia chains for a limited promotion period. Spaghetti with rendang could also be found in 7-Eleven convenience stores across Indonesia.

Rendang is also a popular flavour in Indonesian instant noodle variants, such as the Indomie Goreng Rendang''.

See also

 Cuisine of Indonesia
 Minangkabau cuisine
 Kalio, Indonesian dish
 Massaman curry, Thai dish with similar placing on "most delicious" list
 Kaeng hang le
 Similar dishes identical to rendang:
 Kala bhuna
 Saksang
 Dinuguan
 Svartsoppa
 Sarapatel

References

External links

 BBC: Beef Rendang recipe
 CNN Indonesia Documentary of Rendang (in Indonesian)
 Indonesia Eats: Beef Rendang Recipe (Rendang Daging Minang)
 SBS: Indonesian Beef Rendang
 SBS: Malaysian Food Safari's Beef Rendang recipe

Padang cuisine
Bruneian cuisine
Malaysian cuisine
Filipino cuisine
Singaporean cuisine
Beef dishes
Indonesian chicken dishes
Foods containing coconut
Fur trade
Cocossian cuisine
Indonesian beef dishes

Rendang


Loeb puede referirse a:

Apellido
 Caroline Loeb, actriz, cantante y directora de teatro francesa.
 Chuck Loeb, compositor y guitarrista de jazz estadounidense.
 Jacques Loeb, fisiólogo y biólogo estadounidense nacido en Alemania.
 Jeph Loeb, guionista de cómics y productor de cine y televisión.
 Lisa Loeb, una cantautora estadounidense.
 Philip Loeb, actor teatral, cinematográfico y televisivo estadounidense.
 Sam Loeb, hijo del anterior.
 Sébastien Loeb, piloto de rally francés nueve veces campeón del mundo.
 Judar Loeb Ben Asher, conocido como Leon Gordon, poeta y novelista judío-ruso.
 David Loeb Goodis, escritor estadounidense de novela negra.

Otros
 Loeb Classical Library, colección de lirbros clásicos griegos y latinos.
 Teorema de Löb

Loeb


Constantin Bucșan (n. 20 noiembrie 1883, Sibiel, jud. Sibiu - d. în sec. al XX-lea) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Constantin Bucșan s-a născut în comuna Sibiel, jud. Sibiu, la data de 20 noiembrie 1883. Și-a luat doctorat în drept, profesând ulterior ca avocat.

Activitatea politică

A fost membru în Marele Sfat al Transilvaniei, cooptat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 noiembrie 1918. După Marea Unire, a fost membru al Parlamentului din București (deputat de Sălaj) în anii 1919-1920, 1920-1922, 1926-1927. A făcut parte și din comisia de unificare și a fost secretar general al Ministerului de Interne în Cluj de la 8 aprilie 1920 până la 17 ianuarie 1921. A fost și subsecretar de stat la Ministerul de Interne de la 28 martie 1926 până la 4 mai 1927.

Activitate publicistică
A fost colaborator și apoi redactor la ziarul Tribuna din Arad (1908-1910), colaborator la revista Țara noastră din Sibiu, codirector al reviseti politice și literale Tribuna din București (1915-1916), redactor la ziarul România din Iași (1917-1918), întemeietor și director al revistei Dreptul din Sibiu (1919) și colaborator la ziarul Îndreptarea din București (1921-1937).

Note

Bibliografie
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. I)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1883
Avocați români
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Constantin Bucșan


Miroslav Karhan (d. 21 Haziran 1976, Trnava), Slovak eski futbolcudur.

Kariyeri

Profesyonel olarak futbola 1994 yılında Slovakya takımı Spartak Trnava'da başlamıştır. 1970'lerden beri kupaya hasret takımın önemli futbolcularından biri olan Karhan, takımın 1995-96 sezonunda üçüncü olmasına yardım etti. Sonraki sezon MFK Kosice'ye son maçta yenilip tarihlerindeki ilk lig şampiyonluğunu kazanma şansını kaybettiler. Sonraki sezon ise Slovenský pohár'nı ve Slovenský superpohár'nı kazandılar. 1996 UEFA Intertoto Kupası'nda oynayarak ilk kez Avrupa'da top koşturan Karhan, sonraki iki sezon ise UEFA Kupası'nda oynadı ancak ilk sezon PAOK'a, ikinci sezon daha sonra formasını giyeceği Beşiktaş'a elendiler.

1999 yılında La Liga ekibi Real Betis'e transfer olarak ilk kez yurtdışında bir lige transfer olmuştur. Ancak La Liga'da 18. olup küme düştüler. Karhan, 2000 yılında yönetimi değişen ve tamamen kadrosunu yenileyen Beşiktaş'a transfer olmuştur. Beşiktaş'ta kariyerinde ilk kez UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde forma giydi ve Lokomotiv Moskva'ya bir de gol attı. Elemeler dahil olmak üzere 9 maçta forma giyen Karhan, Milan, Leeds United ve Barcelona karşısında oynadı. Ligde 25 maçta forma giyen Karhan, Ankaragücü ve Trabzonspor'a gol attı. Sezon içinde Atatürk Kupası'nı kazandılar. Karhan ise sakatlığı nedeniyle kupa maçında forma giyemedi.

Başarılı performansıyla dikkat çeken Karhan 2001-02 sezonunda Bundesliga ekiplerinden VfL Wolfsburg'a transfer oldu. 34 maçın 33'ünde forma giyen Karhan, 3 tane de gol attı. Sezon içinde tek forma giymediği maçta ise kırmızı kart cezası nedeniyle oynayamadı. Karhan, Wolfsburg döneminde 2006'ya kadar sezonda 30 maçın altına inmedi. 2003'te Intertoto Kupası finaline çıktılar ancak finalde kaybettiler. Yarı finalin ikinci maçında NK Cibalia Vinkovci karşısında bir gol bir asist yaparak takımına destek oldu. 2006-07 sezonunda ise pek forma şansı bulamadı.

2007-08'de 2. Bundesliga takımı Mainz'a transfer oldu. Karhan defansif oyununun yanında 5 gol 9 asistlik performans gösterdi ancak üçüncü olan 1. FC Köln'ün üç puan arkasında kalıp bir üst lige çıkamadılar. Sonraki sezon tüm maçlarda oynayıp 5 gol atıp 7 asist yapan Karhan'ın yardımıyla Mainz, 2. Bundesliga'da ikinci oldu ve Bundesliga'ya çıkmaya hak kazandı. 2009-10 sezonunda Mainz, ligi 10.cu bitirdi. 2010-11 sezonunda da Karhan, ilk 9 maçın 9'unda da forma giymiştir.

2011 yazında Mainz 05'den eski takımı Spartak Trnava'ya geri dönmüştür ve bu kulüpte futbolu bırakmıştır.

Karhan 2002'de Slovakya'nın en iyi futbolcusu seçilmiştir.

Millî takım kariyeri

100 kez Slovakya millî futbol takımı forması giyen Karhan, ülkesinin en çok millî olan futbolcusudur. Karhan'ı 75 maçla Róbert Vittek izlemektedir. Millî takımda 13 gol atan Karhan, defansif bir orta saha olmasına karşın Slovakya tarihinin en golcü 4. ismidir.

Karhan millî formayı ilk kez 6 Eylül 1995'te İsrail'le oynanan EURO 1996 elemelerinde giydi. Karhan EURO 1996'dan beri her Avrupa Şampiyonası elemesinde, 1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası'ndan bu yana her FIFA Dünya Kupası elemesinde forma giymiştir. İlk golünü 8 Ağustos 1999'da Euro 2000 elemelerinde Liechtenstein'a karşı attı. 3 Eylül 2005'te Almanya ile oynanan hazırlık maçında Slovakya maçı 2-0 kazanırken iki golü de Karhan kaydetti.

2007'de millî takımı bıraktığını açıklayan Karhan, hoca değişikliği ile millî takıma geri döndü. 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemelerinde 10 grup maçının 7'sinde forma giyen Karhan, 1 gol kaydetti. Slovakya grup birincisi olarak tarihinde ilk kez FIFA Dünya Kupası'na gitme hakkı kazandı ancak Karhan, sakatlığı nedeniyle kupaya giden kadroda yer alamadı.

Başarıları

 Slovenský pohár Şampiyonluğu (1):
 Spartak Trnava - 1997-98
 Slovenský superpohár Şampiyonluğu (1):
 Spartak Trnava - 1998
 Atatürk Kupası Şampiyonluğu (1):
 Beşiktaş - 2000
 Slovakya'da Yılın Futbolcusu (1): 2002

Dış bağlantılar
 VfL Wolfsburg biyografisi

1976 doğumlular
Slovak futbolcular
Yaşayan insanlar
FC Spartak Trnava futbolcuları
Real Betis futbolcuları
VfL Wolfsburg futbolcuları
1. FSV Mainz 05 futbolcuları
Bundesliga futbolcuları
La Liga futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Slovakya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Slovak gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Almanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Türkiye'deki Slovak gurbetçiler
Beşiktaş JK yabancı futbolcuları
Türkiye'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Orta saha futbolcuları
İspanya'daki Slovak gurbetçiler
2. Bundesliga futbolcuları
FIFA Century Club
Superliga (Slovakya) futbolcuları
Almanya'daki Slovak gurbetçiler
Slovak teknik direktörler

Miroslav Karhan


Andrew Henry Robertson (fæddur 11. mars 1994) er skoskur knattspyrnumaður sem spilar sem vinstri bakvörður með Liverpool í ensku úrvalsdeildinni og er fyrirliði skoska landsliðsins. Robertson er talinn vera einn besti bakvörður heims.

Tilvísanir

Skoskir knattspyrnumenn
Fólk fætt árið 1994

Andrew Robertson


Anton Tamarut (Novalja, 29. kolovoza 1960.), hrvatski rimokatolički svećenik Krčke biskupije, teolog i pjesnik, profesor Katoličko bogoslovnog fakulteta u Zagrebu.

Životopis
Rođen u Novalji na Pagu. Završivši osnovnu školu, sjemenište je pohađao u Pazinu pa u Zadru. Maturirao je 1979. godine. Otišao je u Rijeku na filozofsko-teološki studij, koji je natsavio 1982. u Rimu na Gregoriani, papinskom sveučilištu. Antonov stric Anton Tamarut, netom zaređen za šibenskog biskupa, zaredio je sinovca za svećenika 31. ožujka 1986. u rodnoj župi u Novalji. Tamarut je magistrirao dogmatsku teologiju 1987. u Rimu. Nakon toga bio je svećenik u Krku u biskupskom ordinarijatu jednu godinu te četiri godine, do 1992., u Rijeci u Bogoslovskom sjemeništu. Doktorirao 1993. na Gregoriani na Teološkom fakultetu tezom na njemačkom Slika Božja kao teološko mjesto nauka o milosti. Milost kao blizina Boga u djelima Ivana Goluba (Bild Gottes als locus theologicus der Gnadenlehre : die Gnade als Nahe Gottes in den Werken von Ivan Golub). Iste godine postao je predavač dogmatske teologije na Teologiji u Rijeci. Radi i u pastoralu. U Zagrebu je od 2003. gdje predaje na KBF-u. Područje posebna Tamarutova zanimanja su teološka antropologija i sakramentologija. Aktivan u laičkoj udruzi Kršćanski kulturni centar, čiji je duhovnik. Na KBF-u predaje izborni predmet Čovjek kao slika Božja i Umjetnost kao locus theologicus te seminar Teologija prijateljstva.
Piše pjesme na čakavštini. Uvršten u antologiju Čakavsko pjesništvo XX. stoljeća : tusculum antologija koju je priredio Milorad Stojević.

Djela
Objavio knjige Obiteljsko lice Crkve, Bog - otac i majka, Da bimo imali udjela s Kristom : izabrane teme iz sakramentalne teologije, Dom ljubavi i kršćanske radosti : teologija i duhovnost braka i obitelji : molitva prije i poslije zajedničkoga obiteljskog blagovanja : obiteljska služba riječi : obiteljska molitva krunice, Euharistija : otajstvo vjere i dar života, Oduševljeno bez fanatizma : teološka razmišljanja, Smijem biti slab : teologija za svaki dan, Stvoren za ljubav : kršćanski pogled na čovjeka, Volim kad se smiješ, zbirke pjesama Nasmijana svjetlost svijeta, Sjemenke svjetlosti i Volim kad se smiješ. Članke objavio u Riječkom teološkom časopisu, Bogoslovskoj smotri, Crkvi u svijetu, Studia lexicographica, Radovi Leksikografskoga zavoda "Miroslav Krleža". Razdio za društvene i humanističke znanosti, i pjesme u Književnoj Rijeci. Urednik knjige Svijetli trag.

Izvori

Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Hrvatski rimokatolički teolozi
Životopisi, Pag
Hrvatski pjesnici
Životopisi, Novalja

Anton Tamarut (1960.)


Despotatul Epirului a fost un stat succesor al Imperiului Bizantin după înfrângerea acestuia în Cruciada a patra. Despotatul a fost fondat în 1205 de Mihail Angelos Comnenos Ducas. Acesta a fost urmat la tron de către Teodor Angelos care a dus o politică împotriva statelor latine din Grecia. Astfel, a cucerit Salonicul în anul 1222 și, nevrând să se supună Imperiului de la Niceea, s-a autoproclamat Împărat al romanilor. În 1230 țarul bulgar Ioan Asan al II-lea a înfrânt Epirul în Bătălia de la Klokotnița luându-l pe Teodor Comnen Dukas prizonier. După 1246, când Tesalonicul a fost pierdutt, Despotatul a încetat să mai joace un rol important în restaurarea Imperiului Bizantin, deși și-a păstrat independența până în anul 1479, când a fost cucerit de Imperiul Otoman. Despotatul a refuzat unirea cu Imperiul Bizantin, după refacerea acestuia în 1261 sub împăratul Mihail al VIII-lea Paleologul.

Surse

Despotatul Epirului


A Perfect Circle (APC), gitarist Billy Howerdel ve Maynard James Keenan tarafından kurulmuş alternatif rock yapan bir müzik grubu.

Billy Howerdel Nine Inch Nails, The Smashing Pumpkins, Fishbone ve Tool gibi gruplarda gitar teknisyeni olarak çalışmıştır. Kendi müziğinin demolarını Tool grubunun vokalisti Maynard James Keenan'a dinlettiğinde, Keenan'dan vokalisti olacağı bir grup kurması teklifini almıştır. Howerdel ilk başlarda bir kadın vokal düşündüğü için kararsız kalmış, ancak daha sonra teklifi kabul etmiş ve 1999'da A Perfect Circle kurulmuştur. Tool'daki karakterinden ayrılmak için Keenan, APC'nin tüm kliplerinde, fotoğraf çekimlerinde ve canlı performanslarında diğer zamanlarda kel olan başına uzun peruklar takmıştır.

A Perfect Circle isminin kaynağına ilişkin iki tahmin vardır. İlki, Orta Çağ'da müziğin notlara dökülmesi konusunda tek otorite olan rahip sınıfının, Hristiyan inancındaki üçlemeye gönderme olarak, üç parçalık müziği mükemmel olarak kabul etmesi ve nota yazımının başına bu üçlük mükemmelliğin simgesi olan bir daire koymasıdır. Diğer tahmin ise, ismin Mer de Noms albümünde yer alan, Yunan mitolojisindeki Agememnon'un oğlu Orestes'in hikâyesine göndermeler içeren Orestes parçasında yer alan "Pull me into your perfect circle" (beni mükemmel dairenin içine çek) satırlarından geldiğidir. Ancak bu iki teori de yanlış çıkmış, Maynard Keenan yaptığı bir açıklamada "A Perfect Circle" isminin grup üyeleri arasındaki arkadaşlıktan geldiğini, grubun "mükemmel bir arkadaşlık çemberi" (a perfect circle of friendship) olduğunu söylemiştir.

Grup Üyeleri
 Billy Howerdel (gitar)
 Maynard James Keenan (vokal)
 Josh Freese (davul)
 Jeordie White (bas gitar)
 James Iha (gitar)

Albümleri
 (2000) Mer de Noms
 (2003) Thirteenth Step
 (2004) eMOTIVe
 (2004) aMOTION (DVD)
 (2006) Acoustica

Tekliler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 A Perfect Circle Resmi Sitesi
 Allmusic sayfası

1999'da kurulan müzik grupları
Müzikal beşliler
Süpergruplar
Amerikalı alternatif rock grupları
2010'da yeniden kurulan müzik grupları

A Perfect Circle


Čekinjasti bor (lat. Pinus aristata) je dugovječna vrsta bora koja potječe iz Sjedinjenih Država. Pojavljuje se u Stjenjaku u Koloradu i sjevernom Novom Meksiku, s izoliranim populacijama u San Francisco Peakso u Arizoni i Nacionalnoj šumi Kaibab sjeverno od Velikog kanjona. Obično se nalazi na vrlo velikim nadmorskim visinama, od 2100 – 4000 m, u hladnim, suhim subalpskim klimatskim uvjetima, često na granici drveća, premda tvori i opsežne zatvorene krošnje na nešto nižim kotama.

Opis

Pinus aristata je stablo srednje veličine, doseže 2 – 6 m visine i 3 – 4,5 m širine. Promjer zrelog debla je vrlo promjenjiv. Kora je sivosmeđa, u dnu debla tanka i ljuskava. Listovi ("iglice") su u svežnju od pet, krupni, 2,5 – 4 cm dugi, tamnozeleni do plavozeleni na vanjskoj strani, s stomama ograničenim na svijetlo bijelu traku na unutarnjim površinama. Češeri su jajasto-cilindrični, 5 – 10 cm dugi i 3 – 4 cm široki kad su zatvoreni, isprva ljubičasta, a sa 16 mjeseci zriju u žutoj boji, s brojnim tankim krhkim ljuskama, svaka ljuskica s kralježnicom nalik na čekinje 4 – 8 mm duga.

Češeri se otvaraju 4 – 6 cm u širinu kad su zreli, puštajući sjeme odmah nakon otvaranja. Sjemenke su 5 mm duge, s krilcima od 10 – 20 mm; uglavnom ih raspršuje vjetar, ali neke rastura i ptica Clarkova orašarica, koji vadi sjeme iz češera koji se otvaraju. Orašarica koristi sjeme kao izvor hrane, a mnoštvo ih sprema za kasniju upotrebu. Neka od tih pohranjenih sjemenki ostanu neiskorištene i mogu narasti u nove biljke.

Najuočljivije se razlikuje od dvije druge srodne vrste bora po tome što iglice obično imaju samo jedan smolasti kanal (ili rijetko dva), a oni su obično prekidani i lomljeni, što dovodi do pojave vrlo karakterističnih malih bijelih mrljica smole na iglama. Ova pojava pomalo podsjeća na "perut", dijagnostička je za Pinus aristata ; niti jedan drugi bor to ne pokazuje (iako ponekad zaraze kukaca mogu izgledati površno slično).

Ovo je dugovječno drvo, iako nije postiglo dugovječnost Pinus longaeva. Utvrđeno je da najstarije poznato drvo, koje raste visoko na Crnoj planini u Koloradu, otkriveno 1992. godine, ima rekordnih 2435 godova i ukupna procijenjenu starost od 2480 godina (po Craigu Brunsteinu). Međutim, drveće rijetko živi preko 1500 godina.

Ova je vrsta prethodno opisana kao podvrsta Pinus balfouriana (Pinus balfouriana aristata). Pinus aristata trenutno se smatra jednom od tri blisko povezane vrste poznate kao bristlecone borovi a ponekad se, na engleskom, naziva Rocky Mountains bristlecone pine ili Colorado bristlecone pine. Uz neformalna i regionalna imena, drveće se naziva borom lisičjeg repa ili hickory borom.

Uzgoj
Pinus aristata je daleko najčešći uzgajani bristlecone bor, jer je vrlo atraktivno sporo rastuće malo drvo pogodno za male vrtove u hladnoj klimi. Bez obzira na to, nikada nije toliko dugovječan kao u divljini, obično živi manje od 100 godina prije nego što podlegne propadanju korijena u toplijim, vlažnim uvjetima prevladavajućim u većini naseljenih mjesta.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Borovi

Čekinjasti bor


Pan et la Nymphe est une peinture à l'huile sur toile () réalisée par le peintre italien de l'École de Ferrare Dosso Dossi, datable d'environ 1524 et conservée au J. Paul Getty Museum de Los Angeles.

Description et style
L'œuvre est une allégorie mythologique complexe, avec de nombreux indices encore inexpliqués. Dans un paysage lumineux, près d'un citronnier, une jeune fille nue dort sur un lit de fleurs recouvert d'un drap bleu foncé. À proximité, une amphore est renversée et un livre est partiellement recouvert par le tissu. Derrière elle s'approche une jeune fille en vert, vêtue d'un tissu rouge sur ses épaules gonflé par le vent. Une vieille femme est assise, faisant un geste en levant les mains comme pour invoquer le silence, afin que la jeune fille ne se réveille pas.

La femme endormie pourrait être la nymphe Écho, aimée de Pan. La femme âgée est peut-être Gaïa, tandis que l'autre figure féminine, probablement une déesse, est difficile à interpréter, d'autant plus que Dosso l'avait recouverte en prolongeant le paysage, si bien qu'elle n'a été retrouvée qu'au .

Pan est derrière, avec les pattes d'un bouc (car c'est un satyre) et la flûte appuyée près du tronc ; il est le seul personnage identifiable avec certitude dans le tableau. Au-dessus, dans le ciel clair, un groupe de cinq amours tirent leurs flèches, rappelant ceux du Triomphe de Galatée de Raphaël mais rassemblés en toute liberté.

Le paysage idyllique, qui s'estompe au loin dans des tons bleus à cause de la brume, est un hommage à Giorgione, un des maîtres de Dosso Dossi.

Outre l'interprétation littéraire ou mythologique, le tableau se distingue par la fraîcheur et la richesse de la composition, la beauté des sujets individuels, en particulier la jeune fille allongée, hommage à la Vénus endormie, les couleurs éblouissantes et la charge vitale des figures.

Des indices indiquent que le tableau a été coupé d'environ 15 centimètres sur la gauche, peut-être pour l'adapter à la forme d'un encadrement : en effet, le bras d'un sixième putto apparaît en haut à gauche. Des radiographies ont également révélé un homme caché en bas à gauche du paysage et plusieurs repentirs, dont une armure et une épée accrochées à l'arbre, un violoncelle à côté de la femme au châle rouge, et le regard baissé de la femme âgée.

Références

Bibliographie

 Stefano Zuffi, Le Cinquecento, Electa, Milan 2005 .

Articles connexes

 École de Ferrare
 Renaissance ferraraise
 Renaissance vénitienne

Liens externes

Tableau de Dosso Dossi
Tableau des années 1520
Satyre ou faune dans la peinture
Nymphe dans la peinture
Sommeil dans la peinture
Ange dans la peinture
Flûte dans la peinture
Citron dans la peinture
Œuvre conservée au J. Paul Getty Museum

Pan et la Nymphe


لانسلوت آندروز  رجل إكليروس وباحث إنكليزي صاحب مكانة عالية في كنيسة إنكلترا في عهدي إليزابيث الأولى وجيمس الأول. خلال حكم الأخير، خدم لانسلوت بنجاحٍ في منصب أسقف تشستر، إيلي، ووستمنستر. وأشرف على ترجمة النسخة الرسمية من الإنجيل. وُلد في 25 سبتمبر 1555 وتوفي في 1626. يُحتفل به في كنيسة إنكلترا يوم الخامس والعشرين من سبتمبر.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أساتذة كلية بمبروك (جامعة كامبريدج)
أساقفة أنجليكيون في القرن 17
أساقفة تشستر
أساقفة من إيلي
أساقفة من ونشستر
أشخاص في عهد أسرة تيودور
خريجو كلية بمبروك (كامبريج)
زملاء كلية بمبروك (كامبريج)
قديسون أنجليكانيون
كتاب إنجليز في القرن 16
كتاب إنجليز في القرن 17
كتاب دينيون إنجليز
كتاب ذكور إنجليز في القرن 17
كتاب ذكور في القرن 16
كتاب في القرن 17
كتاب مواعظ إنجليز
لاهوتيون أنجليكيون في القرن 16
لاهوتيون أنجليكيون في القرن 17
لاهوتيون إنجليز في القرن 16
لاهوتيون إنجليز في القرن 17
لاهوتيون مسيحيون إنجليز
مترجمو القرن 16
مترجمو القرن 17
مترجمون من نسخة الملك جيمس
مواليد 1555
مواليد في لندن
وفيات 1626
وفيات في ساوثوورك
مترجمون إنجليز في القرن 17

لانسلوت أندروز


Pampa de Salamanca es un paraje ubicado en el Departamento Escalante, Chubut sobre la vera de la ruta nacional 3 a 60 km de Comodoro Rivadavia. Está conformado por un comedor que da servicio a los viajeros y un destacamento policial. Se ubica a 610  En sus cercanías se haya una estancia y el Pico Salamanca.

Toponimia

Su nombre hace referencia al accidente geográfico sobre el cual se emplaza, el cual es una vasta meseta como las comúnmente denominadas pampas.

Geología

La zona es afectada por una sucesión de reducidos deslizamientos rotacionales asociados a una corta fase distal afín a un flujo, con sobresaliente coalescencia lateral de sus muescas de desprendimiento.

Historia

En 1901, se había decidido fundar un puerto sobre el Golfo San Jorge en una zona de campos cerca del Pico Salamanca. Para eso, Alfredo Llames Massini levantó una estancia. Un lustro más tarde, se habían asentado inmigrantes bóeres y la zona contaba con una oficina telegráfica, una escuela, y se comenzaba a trabajar la tierra con quintas, además de aprovechar la actividad lanera. Con el paso de los años, se fue despoblando por obra del duro clima de la Estepa Patagónica y de condiciones adversas de la economía argentina. Así llegó a transformarse en un pequeño caserío.

El 23 de junio de 1936 en un accidente aéreo a bordo del Laté 28 N° 293, matrícula F-AJUXUn, causado por un violento temporal de viento y nieve hace capotar el avión en Pampa de Salamanca, a unos seiscientos metros de la costa, muriendo Próspero Palazzo y su acompañante el aviador César Brugo. Fueron los primeros mártires de la línea patagónica.

Actualmente prevalece un boliche atendido por una familia. Brinda servicios gastronómicos y servicios diversos a los viajeros siendo las tortas fritas su plato más famoso. El paraje es clave cuando el clima arrecia y lo convierte al parador en refugio obligado de automovilistas y camioneros, un oasis que les permite resguardarse del viento feroz y la nieve. A lo largo de su historia, grandes nevadas provocaron el corte de la Ruta 3 y ese lugar funcionó como puesto de emergencia para todos aquellos que quedaron varados en el camino. También es usado como lugar de descanso de automovilistas antes de la complicada entrada norte a Comodoro Rivadavia.
La zona continúa cobrando accidentes por ser sitio donde las ráfagas, durante los intesos temporales, logran amplificarse. Son habitaules los vuelcos por fuertes ráfagas de viento o escarchas.

Geografía

Es una extensa área de nivel comparativamente con suaves ondulaciones de la tierra, sin irregularidades de la superficie, y por lo general junto a una zona más alta.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Coord.geográficas e imágenes NASA, Google (Pampa Salamanca)
 Coord.geográficas e imágenes NASA, Google (Estancia Salamanca)

Localidades rurales de la provincia de Chubut
Departamento Escalante

Pampa Salamanca


Billy James Creech (born March 25, 1943) is a former Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's twenty-sixth House district, including constituents in Johnston and Wayne counties.  A businessman from Clayton, North Carolina, Creech served eight terms in the state House.

In 2002, after redistricting put Creech in the same NC House district as fellow Republican Leo Daughtry, Creech declined to run again for the NC House.  Instead, he ran for United States Congress in North Carolina's 2nd congressional district in 2004.  Creech won the Republican Primary easily, but lost the general election to incumbent congressman Bob Etheridge.

References

External links

|-

Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Living people
1943 births
21st-century American politicians
People from Clayton, North Carolina

Billy J. Creech


هانجيان كلمة صينية تعنى الخائن، وهو مصطلح تحقيير لخائن أمة ودولة هان الصينية، وإلى حد أقل، لعرقية هان. وكلمة هانجيان مميزة عن كلمة خائن العامة، والتي يمكن استخدامها على أي جنس أو بلد. كمصطلح صيني، فهو الدوغراف لحرفين يمثلان صوتا مفردا هما «هان» و «خائن».

مراجع

الحرب اليابانية الصينية الثانية
خيانة
سلالة تشنغ الحاكمة
كلمات وعبارات صينية
مصطلحات مهينة للبشر

هانجيان


Bernard Cadenat (* 2. Januar 1853 in Pexiora, Département Aude; † 1. August 1930 in Marseille) war ein französischer Politiker und Bürgermeister von Marseille. Von 1898 bis 1919 und von 1924 bis 1930 war er Mitglied der Nationalversammlung.

Cadenat entstammte bescheidenen Verhältnissen, sein Vater war Straßenhändler und seine Mutter Hausfrau. Er ging nach Marseille und wurde dort Schuhmacher. Wenig später gründete er eine Gewerkschaft der Schuhmacher und wurde deren Vorsitzender. Er trat der Parti ouvrier français von Jules Guesde bei, aus der später die SFIO hervorging. 1886 wurde er Mitglied des Stadtrats von Marseille, 1892 wurde er stellvertretender Bürgermeister. Als er 1893 bei den Wahlen zur Nationalversammlung antrat, musste er sich Auguste Bouge geschlagen geben. 1898 konnte er Bouge schlagen und ins Parlament einziehen. Viermal gelang ihm die Wiederwahl, bis er 1919 knapp am erneuten Einzug ins Parlament scheiterte. Neben seiner Funktion als Abgeordneter war er von 1910 bis 1912 Bürgermeister von Marseille. 1924 konnte er erneut in die Nationalversammlung einziehen und sein Mandat bei einer Nachwahl im Jahr 1928 verteidigen. Bis zu seinem Tod am 1. August 1930 blieb er im Parlament.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied der Nationalversammlung (Frankreich)
Bürgermeister (Marseille)
Franzose
Geboren 1853
Gestorben 1930
Mann

Bernard Cadenat


BBC Radio Humberside is the BBC's local radio station serving the former county of Humberside which includes the unitary authorities of East Riding of Yorkshire, Kingston upon Hull, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire.

It broadcasts on FM, DAB, digital TV and via BBC Sounds from studios at Queen's Gardens in Hull.

According to RAJAR, the station has a weekly audience of 130,000 listeners and a 7.5% share as of June 2023.

History
BBC Radio Humberside began broadcasting in 1971 from studios above a post office on Chapel Street in Hull, three years before the county of Humberside was created. It has retained its name despite Humberside being abolished as a county in 1996.

On the first night of broadcasting, many West Yorkshire rugby league fans were disappointed when the relatively powerful High Hunsley transmitter signal was broadcast instead of BBC Radio Leeds, so they heard a commentary of Hull KR v Widnes. Medium wave broadcasts began in late 1971.

In 1979, Radio Humberside stopped broadcasting dedicated agricultural programmes despite serving agricultural areas.

In the 1970s, the station sponsored the Radio Humberside Handicap horserace at Beverley Racecourse, which became the BBC Radio Humberside Stakes in the 1980s. By the 1990s, this included the Martin Plenderleith Conditions Stakes, the Steve Massam Selling Stakes, the Peter Adamson Maiden Auction Stakes, the Charlie Partridge Selling Stakes and the Chris Langmore Handicap that all took place on the same day in early July.

In line with the other BBC local stations in the area, BBC Radio Humberside was part of the BBC Night Network when it was formed in May 1989, providing the station with regular evening, albeit regional rather than local, programming for the first time. Before this, the station generally stopped broadcasting at around 6 pm and broadcast BBC Radio 2 for the rest of the night. Three years before the launch of Night Network, Radio Humberside had broadcast the Yorkshire-wide early evening specialist music programmes which were also carried on Radios York, Leeds and Sheffield.

In 2004, the station moved to a new digital broadcast centre located at Queen's Gardens in Hull, where it was joined by a full TV operation, supporting BBC Look North.

Awards
In May 2012, presenters Beryl Renwick and Betty Smith were awarded the Sony Radio Academy Award for best entertainment programme. Renwick and Smith had presented alongside David Reeves from 2006 to December 2012, after they had been "talent spotted during a tour of the BBC studios in Hull". The pair, aged 86 and 90 respectively, had been the oldest winners of the award. Smith died in November 2014 and Renwick died in September 2015.

In May 2013, the station was named "Station of The Year" at the Sony Radio Academy Awards.

Studio facilities

BBC Radio Humberside has studios at Queen's Court, Queen's Gardens in Hull. The station also has a second studio, which is situated in the Grimsby Institute for Higher Education.

In 2016, BBC Radio Humberside's studios were refurbished as part of the ViLoR programme.

Technical

BBC Radio Humberside broadcasts to East Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire on 95.9 FM (High Hunsley), DAB, Freeview TV channel 721, and online via BBC Sounds.

The FM transmitter, between Beverley and South Cave 500 ft up on the Yorkshire Wolds is quite powerful over the relatively flat surrounding area being heard clearly in most of South Yorkshire as well. The signal reaches right across to the highest point of the M62 near junction 22 with the A672, the highest point of the A66, much of Lincolnshire, and as far south as Nottingham on the M1, near the Trowell service station and Newark.

The DAB signals come from the Bauer Humberside 10D multiplex from three transmitters at Cave Wold (most powerful, three miles south of High Hunsley, and a BT microwave transmitter, Buckton Barn, near Bridlington, and Bevan Flats in Grimsby. There is no FM transmitter on the south bank, but there is a DAB transmitter in Grimsby. AM broadcasts ended in January 2018.

Jingles
In the past, BBC Radio Humberside have used music by David Arnold for their jingles. The first package was written by Paul Hart and performed by Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. In August 2005, the station began using a custom made package featuring the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, produced by S2Blue in Staffordshire. BBC Radio Humberside were responsible for its artistic commissioning and for the eventual shape and construction of the jingles. In autumn 2008, jingles were refresh for key daytime programmes and presenters. In 2010, the package was completely refreshed by S2Blue, introducing new rhythm tracks to the 2005 package and new instrumentation across the whole set.
David Reeves was the station sound producer with Katy Noone and Neil Rudd providing many of the voice-overs.

Travel news
BBC Radio Humberside carries travel bulletins every 30 minutes (every 15 minutes during Breakfast and Drive) from INTRIX Travel Media. Regular traffic presenters include Wayne Foy, Nick Robbins and Ed Sheppard.

Programming
Local programming is produced and broadcast from the BBC's Hull studios from 6 am to 10 pm on Mondays to Saturdays and from 6 am to 6 pm on Sundays.

Off-peak programming originates from BBC Radio Leeds (weekday nights) and BBC Radio York (Sunday evenings).

During the station's downtime, BBC Radio Humberside simulcasts overnight programming from BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio London.

Presenters

Notable current presenters
David Burns (Weekday daytime, Sports Talk, Humberside Sport)
Peter Swan (Sports Talk, Humberside Sport)

Notable former presenters

 Paul Heiney (former reporter for Watchdog)
 Keri Jones
 Peter Levy (presenter of BBC Look North)
 Mike Smartt (later BBC TV News Correspondent and presenter and editor-in-chief BBC News Interactive)

References

External links
 BBC Radio Humberside
 Buckton Barn (digital)
 Cave Wold (digital)
 High Hunsley transmitter (includes coverage map)
 Paull MW transmitter
 Hull studio building
 Lincolnshire Radio campaign (an anti-Humberside website)

News items
 Guardian November 2006

Radio stations established in 1971
1971 establishments in England
Humberside
Radio stations in Lincolnshire
Radio stations in Yorkshire
Mass media in Kingston upon Hull
East Riding of Yorkshire
Borough of North Lincolnshire
Borough of North East Lincolnshire

BBC Radio Humberside


مصلح هميجان مرشد العازمي، توفي في 9 أغسطس 2005، نائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي.

شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1992 في الدائرة الخامسة والعشرون، وحصل على المركز الثاني وفاز بالانتخابات برصيد 522 صوت، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1996 في الدائرة الخامسة والعشرون، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 489 صوت وخسر الانتخابات، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999 في الدائرة الخامسة والعشرون، وحصل على المركز الثالث برصيد 426 صوت وخسر الانتخابات.

مراجع

أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1992

وفيات 1426 هـ
وفيات 2005
مواليد 1940

مصلح العازمي


Die Nationale Vereinigung für den Wandel oder Nationale Vereinigung für Veränderung (,  (NAC)) ist eine im Februar 2010 gegründete Gruppierung verschiedener, lose miteinander verbundener Ägypter aller politischer Affiliationen, Religionen und Geschlechter, einschließlich Vertreter der Zivilgesellschaft und Jugendorganisationen, um einen Wandel in Ägypten zu erreichen.

Der verbindende Grundsatz ist eine allgemeine Vereinbarung zur Notwendigkeit, alle Stimmen, die für Wandel innerhalb der Volksversammlung aufrufen, zu vereinigen. Mohamed ElBaradei ist der verantwortliche Präsident der Nationalen Vereinigung für den Wandel. Die Bewegung zielt darauf ab, allgemeine Reformen in der politischen Szene zu erreichen, und diese Prozedur durch die Änderung der Artikel 76, 77 und 88 der Verfassung zu garantieren.

Erwähnenswert ist, dass die bis dahin verbotene politische Gruppe der Muslimbruderschaft durch eine ihrer Schlüsselfiguren repräsentiert ist, die somit bei einem Treffen anwesend waren. Es ist allerdings unklar, ob Amr Mussa, der Vorsitzende der Arabischen Liga, welcher ElBaradei ein Jahr vorher traf, Teil der neuen Bewegung sein wird. Das Ziel der Gruppe ist es, politische Reformen zu erbringen, welche auf Demokratie und sozialer Gerechtigkeit basieren.

Siehe auch

 Kifaja
 Jugendbewegung des 6. April

Weblinks
 Die offizielle Webseite der Nationalen Vereinigung für Wandel

Einzelnachweise

Politik (Ägypten)
Soziale Bewegung

Nationale Vereinigung für den Wandel


بيرسيفون هي ابنة ديميتر ربة الأراضي المنزرعة من زيوس. كانت ابنتها الوحيدة الجميلة التي كان الفنانون لا يستطيعون تصويرها من جمالها الأخاذ.

هاديس
كان هاديس شقيق زيوس وبوسيدون، إله العالم السفلى، أو عالم الموتى المسمى Tartaros، ولكنه ليس الموت نفسه الذي يسمى Thanatos. لم يصور هاديس كثيرا في الأعمال الفنية وربما كان مرجع ذلك إلى أنه الإله الذي لا يحب الناس رؤيته فهو مصحوب بالموت الذي يحرمهم من الحياة وهو في نفس الوقت إله قاس عنيد لا تأخذه شفقة أو رحمة. ولا يتراجع في قراراته مهما كانت قسوتها. والأسطورة الوحيدة التي صورته بكثرة في الفنون هي أسطورة خطفه لبيرسيفونى.

اختطاف بيرسيفونى
لم يتزوج هاديس ولكنه أعجب ببيرسيفونى حين رآها تلعب مع أترابها في إحدى الحدائق. فخرج لها دون أن تدرى من الأرض وهو يركب عربته الذهبية وانقض عليها فأخذت تصرخ حتى سمعت صراخها هيكات وهليوس وديميتر. انفطر قلب الأم حزنا على ابنتها وهامت على وجهها تبحث عنها في كل مكان. فلما لم تجدها بين الآلهة وبين الناس راحت تممشى على الأرض حاملة شعلتها تسعة أيام دون طعام أو شراب وخلال هذه الأيام التقت بهيكات والتقت بهليوس الذي أطلعها على حقيقة ما حدث. هجرت ديميتر جبل أولمبوس غاضبة على الآلهة الذين لم يساعدوها وهجرت زيوس الذي لم ينقذ ابنته.

نزول ديميتر إلى الأرض
نزلت ديميتر إلى الأرض لتعيش بين البشر، وبدت كعجوز شمطاء لا يكلمها أحد. أشفقت عليها مجموعة من الفتيات من بنات متانيرا Metaneira زوجة كليوس celeus ملك إليوسيس Eleusis في أتيكا وأخذنها إلى القصر لتصبح مرضعة للطفل الوليد لقاء أجر تتقاضاه. وسعدت ديميتر بوجودها في القصر إذ كانت وصيفات الملكة يروحن عنها. وسعد القصر بمن فيه نظرا للنور والبهاء الذي حل معها، ومنحت الرضيع Daniphion الخلود بتعريضه كل مساء إلى نار مستعرة. وذات مساء شاهدتها الملكة متانيرا وهي تعرض الطفل للنار فصرخت صرخة مدوية أغضبت ديميتر فاضطرت للكشف عن حقيقتها وتوقفت عن منح الطفل الخلود والشباب الدائم، أمرت الملكة بأن يشيد لها الناس في بلدتها معبدا كبيرا ومذبحا ووعدت بأن تعلمهم أسرار عبادتها، والتقرب إليها. أخذت ديميتر شكلها الطبيعى فبدت في كامل بهائها يضوع الشذى من ردائها ويشع النور من جسدها. فأغشى على الملكة، وفي الصباح التالى بدأ الإليوسينيون في بناء المعبد الكبير لديميتر. وبعد أن اكتمل المعبد جلست فيه ديميتر بمنأى عن سائر الآلهة تبكى ابنتها ومضت على الأرض سنة عجفاء لا زرع فيها ولا نماء.

محاولات زيوس لإرضاء ديميتر
بدأزيوس يرسل الآلهة بدءأ من إيريس وانتهاء بهيرميس وديميتر ترفض هداياهم وأقسمت ألا تعود إلى أوليمبوس وألا تنبت زرعأ حتى ترى ابنتها.

عودة بيرسيفونى
بعث زيوس بهيرميس إلى هاديس ليخلى سبيل بيرسيفونى. ولكن كان هاديس قد تزوج بيرسيفونى في العالم الآخر وجعلها ملكة على عالم الموتى. وأعلن هاديس أنه يمتثل لطلب كبير الآلهة بإعادة بيرسيفونى إلى أمها ولكنه قبل أن يتركها أطعمها حبة من رمان تجعلها تعود إليه حتمأ. أخذ هيرميس بيرسيفونى وذهب بها إلى ديميتر التي فرحت بها كثيرأ. ولكن كان لا بد أن تعود بيرسيفونى إلى مملكتها لأنها أكلت من طعام هاديس. واتفق الجميع على أن تقضى بيرسيفونى ثلث العام في تارتاروس مع هاديس ثم تعود مع [الربيع] حيث يونع الثمر وتزدهر الأشجار وتثمر الحقول. أثمرت ديميتر الحقول فرحأ بعودة ابنتها وامتلأت سنابل القمح وذهبت إلي إليوسيس حيث لقنت كهنتها شعائرها وأسرارها ثم صعدت مع ابنتها إلي اوليمبوس.

انظر أيضًا

 أسرار اليوسيس

المراجع

أبناء زيوس
أرباب الزواج
أسرار اليوسيس
أشخاص مختطفون
أطفال ديميتر
اغتصاب بيرسيفون
المرأة في الأساطير الإغريقية
النساء والموت
إلهات الخصوبة
إلهات الصحة
إلهات الطبيعة
إلهات الطفولة
إلهات العالم السفلي
إلهات الموت
إلهات إغريقيات
إلهات تدمير
إلهات زواج
ربيع
شخصيات أسطورية إغريقية
شخصيات الأوديسة
عوالم سفلية إغريقية
فصول السنة
كائنات العالم السفلي
ملكات في الأساطير الإغريقية
نساء زيوس من الإلهات

بيرسيفون


Emiratet Granada, også kendt som Nasrid-kongeriget Granada, var en emirat, der lå på den iberiske halvø. Det blev regeret af Nasrid-dynastiet. Emiratet blev grundlagt i 1230 af Muhammad I af Granada og blev erobret i 1492 af Kongeriget Castilien.

Historie
I 1236 begyndte Granada at betale Castiliens konger for at opretholde gode relationer og sørge for at Castilien ikke ville angribe. De betalte for det meste i from af guld, som kom fra nutidens Mali og Burkina Faso, som blev bragt op til Granada gennem handelsruterne i Sahara. Granada gav også militær støtte til Castilien til deres erobringer af muslimsk kontrollerede områder på den iberiske halvø.

I 1305 besejrede Granada Ceuta, men mistede kontrollen over byen i 1309 til kongeriget Fez med hjælp fra Aragoniens krone. Granada fik kontrol over Ceuta igen et år senere, men tabte den igen i 1314. Granada holdt igen byen fra 1315 til 1327. I 1384 fik Granada igen kontrol over byen, men tabte den igen til kongeriget Fez i 1386.

Dog havde Granada ikke fred med Castilien hele tiden. I 1330 var de to i krig med hinanden, som Granada tabte og var nødt til at give land til Castilien, og i 1340 støttede den daværende konge, Yusuf I af Granada, en invasion af Almohade-kalifatet som de begge endte med at tabe til Portugal og Castilien.

Under Reconquistaen endte byen Granada med at blive den mest befolkede by i hele Europa i 1450, fordi muslimer flygtede fra områder, som blev erobret af de kristne kongeriger, hvor de var blevet forfulgt eller udvist.

I 1491 var Granada under belejring af Isabella 1. af Kastilien og Ferdinand 2. af Aragonien. Den 2. januar 1492 blev Granada-traktaten underskrevet, og Muhammad XII af Granada overførte al kontrol til Isabella 1. af Kastilien og Ferdinand 2. af Aragonien. Efterfølgende menes det, at 200.000 muslimer flyttede fra den iberiske halvø til Nordafrika, efter at den sidste muslimske nation på halvøen var faldet. Muhammed XII flyttede efterfølgende til Marokko.

Militæret af Granada
Militæet af Granada hvor for det meste lavet af to grupper, lejesoldater og nobilitet. Nobiliteten var delt op i to der var de infødte, som var nobelitet som kom fra Granada og var der udlændingene som var nobilitet som var flygtet fra områder som de kristne havde erobret. Den infødte nobilitet havde det for det meste bedre end den udlandske nobilitet. Lejesoldarterne som var kaldt Muttavia, selve lejesoldatene var fra alle sociale klasser. Der var også tilfælde af frivillige fra Marokko.

Granada havde også en special enhed som var lavet af kristne, de var for det meste fra Castilien som endten var flygtet, bortvist eller fanget. Det var noget som Umayyade-kalifatet og taifa kongerne havde gjort siden det 11. århundred.

Granada havde også en flåde som var stationæret i havnen af Almería som bl.a. blev brugt til at plyndrer Aragoniens kyst.

Emirer af Granada

Kilder

Granada
Granada
Granada

Emiratet Granada


Dostarlimab, vendido sob a marca Jemperli, é um anticorpo monoclonal usado como medicamento para o tratamento do câncer de endométrio.

Dostarlimab é um anticorpo monoclonal bloqueador do receptor de morte programado-1 (PD-1).

O Dostarlimab foi aprovado para uso médico nos Estados Unidos e na União Europeia em abril de 2021.

Os efeitos colaterais mais comuns relatados nos EUA incluem fadiga/astenia, náusea, diarreia, anemia e constipação. Outros efeitos colaterais comuns relatados na UE incluem vômitos, dor nas articulações, coceira, erupção cutânea, febre e hipotireoidismo (níveis baixos de hormônios da tireoide).

Usos médicos
Dostarlimab é indicado para o tratamento de adultos com câncer de endométrio recorrente ou avançado com deficiência de reparo de incompatibilidade, conforme determinado por um teste aprovado pela FDA, que progrediu ou após o tratamento anterior com um regime contendo platina.

Em 17 de agosto de 2021, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dos EUA concedeu aprovação acelerada ao Dostarlimab para adultos com tumores sólidos recorrentes ou avançados com deficiência de reparo de incompatibilidade, conforme determinado por um teste aprovado pela FDA, que progrediram em ou após tratamento e que não têm opções de tratamento alternativas satisfatórias.

Efeitos colaterais
Reações adversas graves em mais de 2% dos pacientes incluíram sepse, lesão renal aguda, infecção do trato urinário, dor abdominal e pirexia.

Reações adversas imunomediadas podem ocorrer incluindo pneumonite, colite, hepatite, endocrinopatias e nefrite.

Marcas da GlaxoSmithKline
Oncologia

Dostarlimab


Kemal Reis (1451 – 1511), II. Bayezid devrinde yaşayan Türk denizci.

Hayatı
Kemal Reis'i tanımış olan İbn-i Kemal, bu büyük denizcinin Gelibolulu olduğunu kaydetmektedir. Bazı eserlerde Kemal Reis'in Karamanlı olduğu yazılıyorsa da çağdaşı İbn-i Kemal'in değerlendirmesi daha uygundur. Kitab-ı Bahriye'de adının Ahmed Kemal, babasının isminin Ali olduğu belirtilmektedir. Kemal Reis'in Hacı Mehmed isminde kardeşi olup bu da, Kitab-ı Bahriye eserinin sahibi Piri Reis'in amcasıdır.

Piri Reis'in de amcası olan Kemal Reis ilk defa Mahmud Paşa ile birlikte Eğriboz seferine katıldı. Eğriboz'da azaplar reisi olarak görev yapmıştır. 15. yy sonlarında Akdeniz'in en tanınmış Türk denizcisiydi. Emri altındaki gemilerle İspanya ve Afrika sahillerinde, Septe boğazı ve Balear Adaları çevrelerinde dolaşmış, Hristiyan korsanlarla başarılı çarpışmalarda bulunmuş ve Avrupa sahillerine akınlar yapmıştır. 1494 senesinde II. Bayezid'in davetine uyarak İstanbul'a geldi ve Osmanlı donanmasının hizmetine girdi. Donanmada tadilat ve ıslahat çalışmaları yapmıştır. 1498 yılında Adana ve Tarsus'taki Mekke ve Medine'ye ait gelirler İskenderiye'ye Kemal Reis'in kumandası altındaki donanmaya nakledildi. Bu gidiş ve dönüşte Kemal Reis Rodos şövalyelerinin gemileriyle Kerpe'de çarpıştı ve zaferle ayrılarak bazı gemilerini ele geçirdi ve çok sayıda esir aldı. 1499 yılında Kaptan-ı Derya Küçük Davut Paşa komutasındaki donanmayla İnebahtı seferine katıldı ve Sapienza Deniz Muharebesi'nin (1499) kazanılmasında yararlılıklar gösterdi. Modon Deniz Muharebesi'nde (1500), Venedik donanmasına üstünlük sağlamıştır. 1504 senesinde Türk ve Müslüman gemilerine saldırarak seyahat ve ticareti sekteye uğratan Rodos şövalyeleri üzerine akın yapmış, Rodos'a asker çıkarıp çok yerine saldırmıştır. 1505'te Kemal Reis komutasında Osmanlı donanması İspanya seferi düzenlemiş, bir kısım Müslüman ve Yahudi kurtarılarak ilk kafilesi Osmanlı topraklarına getirilmiştir. Kemal Reis 1507'de Kahire'ye gitti ve burada Memluk sultanı tarafından kendisine ikramlarda bulunuldu ve bir süre Mısır'da kalarak geri döndü. 1511 yılında Rodos şövalyelerinin yaptığı saldırıların intikamını almak üzere denize açılmış, ancak yolda yakalandığı şiddetli fırtınada gemisinin batması sonucu ölmüştür.

Popüler kültürdeki yeri
2021'de TRT 1'de yayımlanmaya başlayan Barbaroslar: Akdeniz'in Kılıcı dizisinde Bülent Alkış tarafından canlandırılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

1511 yılında ölenler
15. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
16. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
Osmanlı amiralleri
Osmanlı denizcileri
Pîrî Reis
Fransa askerî tarihi
İspanya askerî tarihi
İtalya askerî tarihi
15. yüzyılda İspanya
16. yüzyılda İspanya
15. yüzyılda İtalya
16. yüzyılda İtalya
1451 doğumlular

Kemal Reis


El encaje de Idria es un tipo de encaje de bolillos, que se ha producido durante siglos en Idria (Eslovenia). Es un elemento importante del patrimonio cultural esloveno. Su nombre se debe la localidad minera de Idria, que representa el centro esloveno de encajes más antiguo e importante. Desde 1876 en Idria opera sin interrupción la conocida Escuela de Encajes de Idria.

Existen varias técnicas para elaborar encajes, que han ido complementándose y mejorando durante años. Característico del encaje de Idria son los patrones, denominados a partir de nombres populares, como por ejemplo «srčkovke» (corazones), «potonke» (peonías), «zibke» (cunas), etc. La técnica más representativa del encaje de Idria es el «ris», una cinta que se produce con seis, siete u ocho pares de bolillos. Se distingue el «ris» ancho, que predominó en la época del Imperio austrohúngaro y el «ris» estrecho (también llamado «ris de Idria»), que se desarrolló después de la Primera Guerra Mundial y en el que puede apreciarse la influencia italiana. Tradicionalmente, los encajes se hacen con lino.

Historia

Siglos XVI–XX

La primera mención de los encajes de Idria apareció en 1696. En principio los encajes de Idria eran bastante bastos y producidos para la clase media. Pero el arte del encaje empezó a finales del , las esposas de algunos mineros que dejaban de trabajar en la mina de mercurio de Idria se ponían a elaborar encajes. Los encajes de Idria se hicieron famosos en 1875, cuando Franc Lapajne fundó una compañía y así se inició el comercio de encajes, que exportaba con éxito a toda Europa y América. El año 1876 representa el inicio de la Escuela de Encajes de Idria, la iniciativa partió de Ivanka Ferjančič.

Hasta la desintegración del Imperio austrohúngaro los encajes siempre tuvieron gran fama y se exportaban con éxito, las encajeras recibían numerosos reconocimientos, también internacionales. La producción de encajes se extendió también a otros pueblos cercanos. Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial el negocio de los encajes disminuyó drásticamente. Después de la ocupación italiana, también el encaje de Idria tuvo que adaptarse. El problema fundamental fue la acomodación a mercados completamente nuevos, porque si antes se vendían especialmente en Alemania, después su mercado principal pasó a ser Italia. Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial el comercio de los encajes se redujo, como consecuencia del cierre de la mina de mercurio. Sin embargo, la Escuela de Encaje de Idrija opera todavía hoy en día y mantiene esta tradición.

Los encajes en la actualidad

Los encajes de Idria son conocidos especialmente a causa del turismo, además cada verano se realiza el Festival del encaje. Actualmente, sólo un puñado de mujeres se deciden por la producción de encajes, a esta artesanía se dedican sobre todo las muchachas jóvenes, para las que el encaje representa un pasatiempo. Dado que el encaje de Idria es un producto típico esloveno, tiene su lugar entre los regalos de protocolo.

Recientemente se puede notar el progreso del encaje de Idria, el encaje es más moderno, cada autor tiene su estilo. Las encajeras colaboran con los estudiantes y profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería de la Universidad de Liubliana.

Producción

Las encajeras producen los encajes con la ayuda de los patrones (un papel en el que está dibujada la forma del encaje). El patrón está fijado a una almohadilla («punkeljček»). La almohadilla está colgada de un cesto pequeño.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 http://www.idrijalace.org/idrijska-cipka
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130308061007/http://www.idrija-turizem.si/content/blogcategory/51/225

Arte de Eslovenia
Encaje

Encaje de Idria


Edward Joseph Blackwell (October 10, 1929 – October 7, 1992) was an American jazz drummer born in New Orleans, Louisiana, known for his extensive, influential work with Ornette Coleman.

Biography
Blackwell's early career began in New Orleans in the 1950s.  He played in a bebop quintet that included pianist Ellis Marsalis and clarinetist Alvin Batiste. There was also a brief stint touring with Ray Charles. The second line parade music of New Orleans greatly influenced Blackwell's drumming style and could be heard in his playing throughout his career.

Blackwell first came to national attention as the drummer with Ornette Coleman's quartet around 1960, when he took over for Billy Higgins in the quartet's stand at the Five Spot in New York City. He is known as one of the great innovators of the free jazz of the 1960s, fusing New Orleans and African rhythms with bebop. In the 1970s and 1980s, Blackwell toured and recorded extensively with fellow Ornette Quartet veterans Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, and Dewey Redman in the quartet, Old and New Dreams.

In the late 1970s Blackwell became an Artist-in-Residence at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. Blackwell was a beloved figure on the Wesleyan Campus until he died.

In 1981, he performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival, held in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Creative Music Studio. "The Ed Blackwell Project" members were Mark Helias, bass, Carlos Ward, alto sax/flute, and Graham Haynes (son of drummer Roy Haynes), cornet.

Death
After years of kidney problems, Blackwell died in 1992. The following year he was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame.

Discography

As leader
1993: What It Is? Ed Blackwell Project Vol. 1 (Enja)
1994: What It Be Like? Ed Blackwell Project Vol. 2 (Enja)
1996: Walls–Bridges (Black Saint)

With Old and New Dreams
 Old and New Dreams (Black Saint, 1976)
 Old and New Dreams (ECM, 1979)
 Playing (ECM, 1980)
 A Tribute to Blackwell (Black Saint, 1987)

As sideman

With Ray Anderson
Every One Of Us (Gramavision)
With Bill Barron
Jazz Caper (Muse, 1978 [1982])
With Karl Berger
Karl Berger (ESP Disk)
Tune In (Milestone)
Just Play 1976 (Quark)
Transit w/ Dave Holland (Black Saint)
Crystal Fire (Quark)
With Jane Ira Bloom
Mighty Lights (Enja)
With David Bond
The Key of Life (Vineyard)
With Charles Brackeen
Rhythm X (Strata-East, 1973)
With Anthony Braxton
Six Compositions: Quartet (Antilles, 1982)
With Marion Brown
Vista (Impulse!, 1975)
Awofofora (Disco Mate)
With Ornette Coleman
This Is Our Music (Atlantic, 1960)
Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation (Atlantic, 1960)
Ornette! (Atlantic, 1961)
Ornette on Tenor (Atlantic, 1961)
Beauty Is a Rare Thing (Rhino/Atlantic)
The Art of the Improvisers (Atlantic)
Twins (Atlantic)
To Whom Who Keeps a Record (Atlantic)
Live in Milano 1968 (Jazz Up)
The Unprecedented Music of Ornette Coleman (Lotus Passport)
The Love Revolution (Gambit) – music previously issued on Live In Milano 1968 and The Unprecedented Music of Ornette Coleman
Friends and Neighbors: Live at Prince Street (Flying Dutchman)
Science Fiction (Columbia, 1971)
Broken Shadows (Columbia, 1971 [1982])
 The Complete Science Fiction Sessions (Columbia, 1971–1972 [2000])
Live in Paris 1971 (Jazz Row)
The Belgrade Concert (Jazz Door)
European Concert (Unique Jazz)
Paris Concert (Trio)
Skies of America (Columbia)
Stating The Case (Jazz Anthology)
With Steve Coleman
Rhythm in Mind (RCA/Novus)
With Alice Coltrane
Carnegie Hall '71 (Hi Hat, 2018)
With Don Cherry
Complete Communion (Blue Note)
The Avant-Garde (with John Coltrane as co-leader)
Symphony for Improvisers (Blue Note)
Where is Brooklyn? (Blue Note)
El Corazón (ECM, 1982)
Mu First Part (BYG Actuel, 1969)
Mu Second Part (BYG Actuel, 1970)
Broken Shadows (Moon)
Relativity Suite (JCOA)
Tamma with Don Cherry and Ed Blackwell (Odin)
Multikuti (A&M, 1990)
Live at the Bracknell Jazz Festival, 1986 (BBC, 2002)
With Jayne Cortez
Everywhere Drums (Bola Press)

With Stanley Cowell
Regeneration (Strata East, 1976)
With Anthony Davis
Song for the Old World (India Navigation, 1978)
With Eric Dolphy
At the Five Spot, Vols 1 & 2
Memorial Album (Prestige)
Here and There (Prestige)
Dash One (Prestige)
With Dewey Redman
Tarik (BYG Actuel, 1969)
Red and Black in Willisau (Black Saint, 1980)
The Struggle Continues (ECM)
With Charlie Haden
The Montreal Tapes: with Don Cherry and Ed Blackwell (Verve, 1989 [1994])
With Albert Heath
Kawaida (O'Be)
With Clifford Jordan
Lee Morgan w/ Clifford Jordan Quintet-Live in Baltimore 1968 (Fresh Sound)
In the World (Strata-East, 1969 [1972])
With Joe Lovano
From the Soul (Blue Note)
Sounds of Joy (Enja)
With Jemeel Moondoc
Judy's Bounce (Soul Note, 1982)
With David Murray
Morning Song (Black Saint)
Ming's Samba (Portrait)
Death of a Sideman (DIW)
With Art Neville
What's Going On" (Specialty)
That Old Time Rock 'N' Roll" (Specialty)
With Yoko Ono
Plastic Ono Band (Apple)
With Hilton Ruiz
Cross Currents (Stash)
With Archie Shepp
Further Fire Music (Impulse!)
On This Night (GRP/Impulse!)
The Magic of Ju-Ju (Impulse!)
With Bob Stewart
Goin' Home (JMT, 1989)
With Mal Waldron
Breaking New Ground (Baybridge 1983)
Mal Waldron Plays Eric Satie (Baybridge, 1983)
You and the Night and the Music (Paddle Wheel, 1983)
The Git Go - Live at the Village Vanguard (Soul Note, 1986)
The Seagulls of Kristiansund (Soul Note, 1986)
With Wadada Leo Smith
The Blue Mountain's Sun Drummer (Kabell, 2010)

References

External links
 Ed Blackwell discography

1929 births
1992 deaths
Free jazz drummers
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
African-American drummers
American jazz drummers
Wesleyan University faculty
Enja Records artists
Black Saint/Soul Note artists
Avant-garde jazz drummers
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Old and New Dreams members
20th-century African-American musicians

Ed Blackwell