The syntax of the C programming language is the set of rules governing writing of software in C. It is designed to allow for programs that are extremely terse, have a close relationship with the resulting object code, and yet provide relatively high-level data abstraction. C was the first widely successful high-level language for portable operating-system development.

C syntax makes use of the maximal munch principle.

Data structures

Primitive data types
The C programming language represents numbers in three forms: integral, real and complex. This distinction reflects similar distinctions in the instruction set architecture of most central processing units. Integral data types store numbers in the set of integers, while real and complex numbers represent numbers (or pair of numbers) in the set of real numbers in floating point form.

All C integer types have  and  variants. If  or  is not specified explicitly, in most circumstances,  is assumed. However, for historic reasons, plain  is a type distinct from both  and . It may be a signed type or an unsigned type, depending on the compiler and the character set (C guarantees that members of the C basic character set have positive values). Also, bit field types specified as plain  may be signed or unsigned, depending on the compiler.

Integer types
C's integer types come in different fixed sizes, capable of representing various ranges of numbers. The type  occupies exactly one byte (the smallest addressable storage unit), which is typically 8 bits wide. (Although  can represent any of C's "basic" characters, a wider type may be required for international character sets.) Most integer types have both signed and unsigned varieties, designated by the  and  keywords. Signed integer types may use a two's complement, ones' complement, or sign-and-magnitude representation. In many cases, there are multiple equivalent ways to designate the type; for example,  and  are synonymous.

The representation of some types may include unused "padding" bits, which occupy storage but are not included in the width. The following table provides a complete list of the standard integer types and their minimum allowed widths (including any sign bit).

The  type is distinct from both  and , but is guaranteed to have the same representation as one of them. The  and  types are standardized since 1999, and may not be supported by older C compilers. Type  is usually accessed via the typedef name  defined by the standard header stdbool.h.

In general, the widths and representation scheme implemented for any given platform are chosen based on the machine architecture, with some consideration given to the ease of importing source code developed for other platforms. The width of the  type varies especially widely among C implementations; it often corresponds to the most "natural" word size for the specific platform. The standard header limits.h defines macros for the minimum and maximum representable values of the standard integer types as implemented on any specific platform.

In addition to the standard integer types, there may be other "extended" integer types, which can be used for s in standard headers. For more precise specification of width, programmers can and should use s from the standard header stdint.h.

Integer constants may be specified in source code in several ways. Numeric values can be specified as decimal (example: ), octal with zero () as a prefix (), or hexadecimal with  (zero x) as a prefix (). A character in single quotes (example: ), called a "character constant," represents the value of that character in the execution character set, with type . Except for character constants, the type of an integer constant is determined by the width required to represent the specified value, but is always at least as wide as . This can be overridden by appending an explicit length and/or signedness modifier; for example,  has type . There are no negative integer constants, but the same effect can often be obtained by using a unary negation operator "".

Enumerated type

The enumerated type in C, specified with the  keyword, and often just called an "enum" (usually pronounced    or  ), is a type designed to represent values across a series of named constants. Each of the enumerated constants has type . Each  type itself is compatible with  or a signed or unsigned integer type, but each implementation defines its own rules for choosing a type.

Some compilers warn if an object with enumerated type is assigned a value that is not one of its constants. However, such an object can be assigned any values in the range of their compatible type, and  constants can be used anywhere an integer is expected. For this reason,  values are often used in place of preprocessor  directives to create named constants. Such constants are generally safer to use than macros, since they reside within a specific identifier namespace.

An enumerated type is declared with the  specifier and an optional name (or tag) for the enum, followed by a list of one or more constants contained within curly braces and separated by commas, and an optional list of variable names. Subsequent references to a specific enumerated type use the  keyword and the name of the enum. By default, the first constant in an enumeration is assigned the value zero, and each subsequent value is incremented by one over the previous constant. Specific values may also be assigned to constants in the declaration, and any subsequent constants without specific values will be given incremented values from that point onward.
For example, consider the following declaration:

enum colors { RED, GREEN, BLUE = 5, YELLOW } paint_color;

This declares the  type; the  constants  (whose value is 0),  (whose value is one greater than , 1),  (whose value is the given value, 5), and  (whose value is one greater than , 6); and the  variable . The constants may be used outside of the context of the  (where any integer value is allowed), and values other than the constants may be assigned to , or any other variable of type .

Floating point types
The floating-point form is used to represent numbers with a fractional component. They do not, however, represent most rational numbers exactly; they are instead a close approximation. There are three types of real values, denoted by their specifiers: single precision (), double precision (), and double extended precision (). Each of these may represent values in a different form, often one of the IEEE floating-point formats.

Floating-point constants may be written in decimal notation, e.g. . Decimal scientific notation may be used by adding  or  followed by a decimal exponent, also known as E notation, e.g.  (which has the value 1.23 × 102 = 123.0). Either a decimal point or an exponent is required (otherwise, the number is parsed as an integer constant). Hexadecimal floating-point constants follow similar rules, except that they must be prefixed by  and use  or  to specify a binary exponent, e.g.  (which has the value 2.5, since Ah × 2−2 = 10 × 2−2 = 10 ÷ 4). Both decimal and hexadecimal floating-point constants may be suffixed by  or  to indicate a constant of type , by  (letter ) or  to indicate type , or left unsuffixed for a  constant.

The standard header file  defines the minimum and maximum values of the implementation's floating-point types , , and . It also defines other limits that are relevant to the processing of floating-point numbers.

Storage class specifiers
Every object has a storage class. This specifies most basically the storage duration, which may be static (default for global), automatic (default for local), or dynamic (allocated), together with other features (linkage and register hint).

1 Allocated and deallocated using the  and  library functions.

Variables declared within a block by default have automatic storage, as do those explicitly declared with the  or  storage class specifiers. The  and  specifiers may only be used within functions and function argument declarations; as such, the  specifier is always redundant. Objects declared outside of all blocks and those explicitly declared with the  storage class specifier have static storage duration. Static variables are initialized to zero by default by the compiler.

Objects with automatic storage are local to the block in which they were declared and are discarded when the block is exited. Additionally, objects declared with the  storage class may be given higher priority by the compiler for access to registers; although the compiler may choose not to actually store any of them in a register. Objects with this storage class may not be used with the address-of () unary operator. Objects with static storage persist for the program's entire duration. In this way, the same object can be accessed by a function across multiple calls. Objects with allocated storage duration are created and destroyed explicitly with , , and related functions.

The  storage class specifier indicates that the storage for an object has been defined elsewhere. When used inside a block, it indicates that the storage has been defined by a declaration outside of that block. When used outside of all blocks, it indicates that the storage has been defined outside of the compilation unit. The  storage class specifier is redundant when used on a function declaration. It indicates that the declared function has been defined outside of the compilation unit.

The  (thread_local in C++, since C23, and in earlier versions of C if the header <threads.h> is included) storage class specifier, introduced in C11, is used to declare a thread-local variable. It can be combined with  or  to determine linkage.

Note that storage specifiers apply only to functions and objects; other things such as type and enum declarations are private to the compilation unit in which they appear. Types, on the other hand, have qualifiers (see below).

Type qualifiers

Types can be qualified to indicate special properties of their data. The type qualifier const indicates that a value does not change once it has been initialized. Attempting to modify a const qualified value yields undefined behavior, so some C compilers store them in rodata or (for embedded systems) in read-only memory (ROM). The type qualifier volatile indicates to an optimizing compiler that it may not remove apparently redundant reads or writes, as the value may change even if it was not modified by any expression or statement, or multiple writes may be necessary, such as for memory-mapped I/O.

Incomplete types
An incomplete type is a structure or union type whose members have not yet been specified, an array type whose dimension has not yet been specified, or the  type (the  type cannot be completed). Such a type may not be instantiated (its size is not known), nor may its members be accessed (they, too, are unknown); however, the derived pointer type may be used (but not dereferenced).

They are often used with pointers, either as forward or external declarations. For instance, code could declare an incomplete type like this:
struct thing *pt;
This declares  as a pointer to  and the incomplete type . Pointers to data always have the same byte-width regardless of what they point to, so this statement is valid by itself (as long as  is not dereferenced). The incomplete type can be completed later in the same scope by redeclaring it:
struct thing {
    int num;
}; /* thing struct type is now completed */

Incomplete types are used to implement recursive structures; the body of the type declaration may be deferred to later in the translation unit:
typedef struct Bert Bert;
typedef struct Wilma Wilma;

struct Bert {
    Wilma *wilma;
};

struct Wilma {
    Bert *bert;
};

Incomplete types are also used for data hiding; the incomplete type is defined in a header file, and the body only within the relevant source file.

Pointers
In declarations the asterisk modifier () specifies a pointer type. For example, where the specifier  would refer to the integer type, the specifier  refers to the type "pointer to integer". Pointer values associate two pieces of information: a memory address and a data type. The following line of code declares a pointer-to-integer variable called ptr:

int *ptr;

Referencing
When a non-static pointer is declared, it has an unspecified value associated with it. The address associated with such a pointer must be changed by assignment prior to using it. In the following example, ptr is set so that it points to the data associated with the variable a:

int a = 0;
int *ptr = &a;

In order to accomplish this, the "address-of" operator (unary ) is used. It produces the memory location of the data object that follows.

Dereferencing
The pointed-to data can be accessed through a pointer value. In the following example, the integer variable b is set to the value of integer variable a, which is 10:

int a=10;
int *p;
p = &a;
int b = *p;

In order to accomplish that task, the unary dereference operator, denoted by an asterisk (*), is used. It returns the data to which its operand—which must be of pointer type—points. Thus, the expression *p denotes the same value as a. Dereferencing a null pointer is illegal.

Arrays

Array definition
Arrays are used in C to represent structures of consecutive elements of the same type. The definition of a (fixed-size) array has the following syntax:

int array[100];

which defines an array named array to hold 100 values of the primitive type . If declared within a function, the array dimension may also be a non-constant expression, in which case memory for the specified number of elements will be allocated. In most contexts in later use, a mention of the variable array is converted to a pointer to the first item in the array. The  operator is an exception:  yields the size of the entire array (that is, 100 times the size of an , and  will return 100). Another exception is the & (address-of) operator, which yields a pointer to the entire array, for example

int (*ptr_to_array)[100] = &array;

Accessing elements
The primary facility for accessing the values of the elements of an array is the array subscript operator. To access the i-indexed element of array, the syntax would be , which refers to the value stored in that array element.

Array subscript numbering begins at 0 (see Zero-based indexing). The largest allowed array subscript is therefore equal to the number of elements in the array minus 1. To illustrate this, consider an array a declared as having 10 elements; the first element would be  and the last element would be .

C provides no facility for automatic bounds checking for array usage. Though logically the last subscript in an array of 10 elements would be 9, subscripts 10, 11, and so forth could accidentally be specified, with undefined results.

Due to arrays and pointers being interchangeable, the addresses of each of the array elements can be expressed in equivalent pointer arithmetic. The following table illustrates both methods for the existing array:

Since the expression  is semantically equivalent to , which in turn is equivalent to , the expression can also be written as , although this form is rarely used.

Variable-length arrays
C99 standardised variable-length arrays (VLAs) within block scope. Such array variables are allocated based on the value of an integer value at runtime upon entry to a block, and are deallocated at the end of the block. As of C11 this feature is no longer required to be implemented by the compiler.

int n = ...;
int a[n];
a[3] = 10;

This syntax produces an array whose size is fixed until the end of the block.

Dynamic arrays

Arrays that can be resized dynamically can be produced with the help of the C standard library. The malloc function provides a simple method for allocating memory. It takes one parameter: the amount of memory to allocate in bytes. Upon successful allocation,  returns a generic () pointer value, pointing to the beginning of the allocated space. The pointer value returned is converted to an appropriate type implicitly by assignment. If the allocation could not be completed,  returns a null pointer. The following segment is therefore similar in function to the above desired declaration:

#include <stdlib.h> /* declares malloc */
...
int *a = malloc(n * sizeof *a);
a[3] = 10;

The result is a "pointer to " variable (a) that points to the first of n contiguous  objects; due to array–pointer equivalence this can be used in place of an actual array name, as shown in the last line. The advantage in using this dynamic allocation is that the amount of memory that is allocated to it can be limited to what is actually needed at run time, and this can be changed as needed (using the standard library function ).

When the dynamically allocated memory is no longer needed, it should be released back to the run-time system. This is done with a call to the  function. It takes a single parameter: a pointer to previously allocated memory. This is the value that was returned by a previous call to .

As a security measure, some programmers  then set the pointer variable to :

free(a);
a = NULL;

This ensures that further attempts to dereference the pointer, on most systems, will crash the program. If this is not done, the variable becomes a dangling pointer which can lead to a use-after-free bug. However, if the pointer is a local variable, setting it to  does not prevent the program from using other copies of the pointer. Local use-after-free bugs are usually easy for static analyzers to recognize. Therefore, this approach is less useful for local pointers and it is more often used with pointers stored in long-living structs. In general though, setting pointers to  is good practice  as it allows a programmer is -check pointers prior to dereferencing, thus helping prevent crashes.

Recalling the array example, one could also create a fixed-size array through dynamic allocation:

int (*a)[100] = malloc(sizeof *a);

...Which yields a pointer-to-array.

Accessing the pointer-to-array can be done in two ways:
(*a)[index];

index[*a];

Iterating can also be done in two ways:
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
    (*a)[i];

for (int *i = a[0]; i < a[1]; i++)
    *i;

The benefit to using the second example is that the numeric limit of the first example isn't required, which means that the pointer-to-array could be of any size and the second example can execute without any modifications.

Multidimensional arrays
In addition, C supports arrays of multiple dimensions, which are stored in row-major order. Technically, C multidimensional arrays are just one-dimensional arrays whose elements are arrays. The syntax for declaring multidimensional arrays is as follows:
 int array2d[ROWS][COLUMNS];
where ROWS and COLUMNS are constants. This defines a two-dimensional array. Reading the subscripts from left to right, array2d is an array of length ROWS, each element of which is an array of COLUMNS integers.

To access an integer element in this multidimensional array, one would use
 array2d[4][3]
Again, reading from left to right, this accesses the 5th row, and the 4th element in that row. The expression  is an array, which we are then subscripting with [3] to access the fourth integer.

Higher-dimensional arrays can be declared in a similar manner.

A multidimensional array should not be confused with an array of pointers to arrays (also known as an Iliffe vector or sometimes an array of arrays). The former is always rectangular (all subarrays must be the same size), and occupies a contiguous region of memory. The latter is a one-dimensional array of pointers, each of which may point to the first element of a subarray in a different place in memory, and the sub-arrays do not have to be the same size. The latter can be created by multiple uses of .

Strings

In C, string literals are surrounded by double quotes () (e.g., ) and are compiled to an array of the specified  values with an additional null terminating character (0-valued) code to mark the end of the string.

String literals may not contain embedded newlines; this proscription somewhat simplifies parsing of the language. To include a newline in a string, the backslash escape  may be used, as below.

There are several standard library functions for operating with string data (not necessarily constant) organized as array of  using this null-terminated format; see below.

C's string-literal syntax has been very influential, and has made its way into many other languages, such as C++, Objective-C, Perl, Python, PHP, Java, JavaScript, C#, and Ruby. Nowadays, almost all new languages adopt or build upon C-style string syntax. Languages that lack this syntax tend to precede C.

Backslash escapes

Because certain characters cannot be part of a literal string expression directly, they are instead identified by an escape sequence starting with a backslash (). For example, the backslashes in  indicate (to the compiler) that the inner pair of quotes are intended as an actual part of the string, rather than the default reading as a delimiter (endpoint) of the string itself.

Backslashes may be used to enter various control characters, etc., into a string:

The use of other backslash escapes is not defined by the C standard, although compiler vendors often provide additional escape codes as language extensions. One of these is the escape sequence \e for the escape character with ASCII hex value 1B which was not added to the C standard due to lacking representation in other character sets (such as EBCDIC). It is available in GCC, clang and tcc.

String literal concatenation
C has string literal concatenation, meaning that adjacent string literals are concatenated at compile time; this allows long strings to be split over multiple lines, and also allows string literals resulting from C preprocessor defines and macros to be appended to strings at compile time:
    printf( ": %d: Hello "
           "world\n", );
will expand to
    printf("helloworld.c" ": %d: Hello "
           "world\n", 10);
which is syntactically equivalent to
    printf("helloworld.c: %d: Hello world\n", 10);

Character constants
Individual character constants are single-quoted, e.g. , and have type  (in C++, ). The difference is that  represents a null-terminated array of two characters, 'A' and '\0', whereas  directly represents the character value (65 if ASCII is used). The same backslash-escapes are supported as for strings, except that (of course)  can validly be used as a character without being escaped, whereas  must now be escaped.

A character constant cannot be empty (i.e. {{code|}} is invalid syntax), although a string may be (it still has the null terminating character). Multi-character constants (e.g. ) are valid, although rarely useful — they let one store several characters in an integer (e.g. 4 ASCII characters can fit in a 32-bit integer, 8 in a 64-bit one). Since the order in which the characters are packed into an  is not specified (left to the implementation to define), portable use of multi-character constants is difficult.

Nevertheless, in situations limited to a specific platform and the compiler implementation, multicharacter constants do find their use in specifying signatures. One common use case is the OSType, where the combination of Classic Mac OS compilers and its inherent big-endianness means that bytes in the integer appear in the exact order of characters defined in the literal. The definition by popular "implementations" are in fact consistent: in GCC, Clang, and Visual C++,  yields 0x31323334 under ASCII.

Wide character strings
Since type  is 1 byte wide, a single  value typically can represent at most 255 distinct character codes, not nearly enough for all the characters in use worldwide. To provide better support for international characters, the first C standard (C89) introduced wide characters (encoded in type ) and wide character strings, which are written as

Wide characters are most commonly either 2 bytes (using a 2-byte encoding such as UTF-16) or 4 bytes (usually UTF-32), but Standard C does not specify the width for , leaving the choice to the implementor. Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-16, thus the above string would be 26 bytes long for a Microsoft compiler; the Unix world prefers UTF-32, thus compilers such as GCC would generate a 52-byte string. A 2-byte wide  suffers the same limitation as , in that certain characters (those outside the BMP) cannot be represented in a single ; but must be represented using surrogate pairs.

The original C standard specified only minimal functions for operating with wide character strings; in 1995 the standard was modified to include much more extensive support, comparable to that for  strings. The relevant functions are mostly named after their  equivalents, with the addition of a "w" or the replacement of "str" with "wcs"; they are specified in , with  containing wide-character classification and mapping functions.

The now generally recommended method of supporting international characters is through UTF-8, which is stored in  arrays, and can be written directly in the source code if using a UTF-8 editor, because UTF-8 is a direct ASCII extension.

Variable width strings
A common alternative to  is to use a variable-width encoding, whereby a logical character may extend over multiple positions of the string. Variable-width strings may be encoded into literals verbatim, at the risk of confusing the compiler, or using numerical backslash escapes (e.g.  for "é" in UTF-8). The UTF-8 encoding was specifically designed (under Plan 9) for compatibility with the standard library string functions; supporting features of the encoding include a lack of embedded nulls, no valid interpretations for subsequences, and trivial resynchronisation. Encodings lacking these features are likely to prove incompatible with the standard library functions; encoding-aware string functions are often used in such cases.

Library functions
Strings, both constant and variable, can be manipulated without using the standard library. However, the library contains many useful functions for working with null-terminated strings.

Structures and unions

Structures
Structures and unions in C are defined as data containers consisting of a sequence of named members of various types. They are similar to records in other programming languages. The members of a structure are stored in consecutive locations in memory, although the compiler is allowed to insert padding between or after members (but not before the first member) for efficiency or as padding required for proper alignment by the target architecture. The size of a structure is equal to the sum of the sizes of its members, plus the size of the padding.

Unions
Unions in C are related to structures and are defined as objects that may hold (at different times) objects of different types and sizes. They are analogous to variant records in other programming languages. Unlike structures, the components of a union all refer to the same location in memory. In this way, a union can be used at various times to hold different types of objects, without the need to create a separate object for each new type. The size of a union is equal to the size of its largest component type.

Declaration
Structures are declared with the  keyword and unions are declared with the  keyword. The specifier keyword is followed by an optional identifier name, which is used to identify the form of the structure or union. The identifier is followed by the declaration of the structure or union's body: a list of member declarations, contained within curly braces, with each declaration terminated by a semicolon. Finally, the declaration concludes with an optional list of identifier names, which are declared as instances of the structure or union.

For example, the following statement declares a structure named  that contains three members; it will also declare an instance of the structure known as :

struct s {
    int   x;
    float y;
    char  *z;
} tee;

And the following statement will declare a similar union named  and an instance of it named :

union u {
    int   x;
    float y;
    char  *z;
} n;

Members of structures and unions cannot have an incomplete or function type. Thus members cannot be an instance of the structure or union being declared (because it is incomplete at that point) but can be pointers to the type being declared.

Once a structure or union body has been declared and given a name, it can be considered a new data type using the specifier  or , as appropriate, and the name. For example, the following statement, given the above structure declaration, declares a new instance of the structure  named :

struct s r;

It is also common to use the typedef specifier to eliminate the need for the  or  keyword in later references to the structure. The first identifier after the body of the structure is taken as the new name for the structure type (structure instances may not be declared in this context). For example, the following statement will declare a new type known as s_type that will contain some structure:

typedef struct {...} s_type;

Future statements can then use the specifier s_type (instead of the expanded  ... specifier) to refer to the structure.

Accessing members
Members are accessed using the name of the instance of a structure or union, a period (), and the name of the member. For example, given the declaration of tee from above, the member known as y (of type ) can be accessed using the following syntax:

tee.y

Structures are commonly accessed through pointers. Consider the following example that defines a pointer to tee, known as ptr_to_tee:

struct s *ptr_to_tee = &tee;

Member y of tee can then be accessed by dereferencing ptr_to_tee and using the result as the left operand:

(*ptr_to_tee).y

Which is identical to the simpler  above as long as ptr_to_tee points to tee. Due to operator precedence ("." being higher than "*"), the shorter *ptr_to_tee.y is incorrect for this purpose, instead being parsed as *(ptr_to_tee.y) and thus the parentheses are necessary. Because this operation is common, C provides an abbreviated syntax for accessing a member directly from a pointer. With this syntax, the name of the instance is replaced with the name of the pointer and the period is replaced with the character sequence . Thus, the following method of accessing y is identical to the previous two:

ptr_to_tee->y

Members of unions are accessed in the same way.

This can be chained; for example, in a linked list, one may refer to n->next->next for the second following node (assuming that n->next is not null).

Assignment
Assigning values to individual members of structures and unions is syntactically identical to assigning values to any other object. The only difference is that the lvalue of the assignment is the name of the member, as accessed by the syntax mentioned above.

A structure can also be assigned as a unit to another structure of the same type. Structures (and pointers to structures) may also be used as function parameter and return types.

For example, the following statement assigns the value of 74 (the ASCII code point for the letter 't') to the member named x in the structure tee, from above:

tee.x = 74;

And the same assignment, using ptr_to_tee in place of tee, would look like:

ptr_to_tee->x = 74;

Assignment with members of unions is identical.

Other operations
According to the C standard, the only legal operations that can be performed on a structure are copying it, assigning to it as a unit (or initializing it), taking its address with the address-of () unary operator, and accessing its members. Unions have the same restrictions. One of the operations implicitly forbidden is comparison: structures and unions cannot be compared using C's standard comparison facilities (, , , etc.).

Bit fields
C also provides a special type of structure member known as a bit field, which is an integer with an explicitly specified number of bits. A bit field is declared as a structure member of type , , , or , following the member name by a colon () and the number of bits it should occupy. The total number of bits in a single bit field must not exceed the total number of bits in its declared type.

As a special exception to the usual C syntax rules, it is implementation-defined whether a bit field declared as type , without specifying  or , is signed or unsigned. Thus, it is recommended to explicitly specify  or  on all structure members for portability.

Unnamed fields consisting of just a colon followed by a number of bits are also allowed; these indicate padding. Specifying a width of zero for an unnamed field is used to force alignment to a new word.

The members of bit fields do not have addresses, and as such cannot be used with the address-of () unary operator. The  operator may not be applied to bit fields.

The following declaration declares a new structure type known as  and an instance of it known as . Comments provide a description of each of the members:

struct f {
    unsigned int  flag : 1;  /* a bit flag: can either be on (1) or off (0) */
    signed int    num  : 4;  /* a signed 4-bit field; range -7...7 or -8...7 */
    signed int         : 3;  /* 3 bits of padding to round out to 8 bits */
} g;

Initialization
Default initialization depends on the storage class specifier, described above.

Because of the language's grammar, a scalar initializer may be enclosed in any number of curly brace pairs. Most compilers issue a warning if there is more than one such pair, though.
int x = 12;
int y = { 23 };     //Legal, no warning
int z = { { 34 } }; //Legal, expect a warning

Structures, unions and arrays can be initialized in their declarations using an initializer list. Unless designators are used, the components of an initializer correspond with the elements in the order they are defined and stored, thus all preceding values must be provided before any particular element's value. Any unspecified elements are set to zero (except for unions). Mentioning too many initialization values yields an error.

The following statement will initialize a new instance of the structure s known as pi:
struct s {
    int   x;
    float y;
    char  *z;
};

struct s pi = { 3, 3.1415, "Pi" };

Designated initializers
Designated initializers allow members to be initialized by name, in any order, and without explicitly providing the preceding values. The following initialization is equivalent to the previous one:
struct s pi = { .z = "Pi", .x = 3, .y = 3.1415 };

Using a designator in an initializer moves the initialization "cursor". In the example below, if MAX is greater than 10, there will be some zero-valued elements in the middle of a; if it is less than 10, some of the values provided by the first five initializers will be overridden by the second five (if MAX is less than 5, there will be a compilation error):
int a[MAX] = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, [MAX-5] = 8, 6, 4, 2, 0 };

In C89, a union was initialized with a single value applied to its first member. That is, the union u defined above could only have its int x member initialized:
union u value = { 3 };

Using a designated initializer, the member to be initialized does not have to be the first member:
union u value = { .y = 3.1415 };

If an array has unknown size (i.e. the array was an incomplete type), the number of initializers determines the size of the array and its type becomes complete:
int x[] = { 0, 1, 2 } ;

Compound designators can be used to provide explicit initialization when unadorned initializer lists
might be misunderstood. In the example below, w is declared as an array of structures, each structure consisting of a member a (an array of 3 int) and a member b (an int). The initializer sets the size of w to 2 and sets the values of the first element of each a:
struct { int a[3], b; } w[] = { [0].a = {1}, [1].a[0] = 2 };
This is equivalent to:struct { int a[3], b; } w[] =
{
   { { 1, 0, 0 }, 0 },
   { { 2, 0, 0 }, 0 }
};

There is no way to specify repetition of an initializer in standard C.

Compound literals

It is possible to borrow the initialization methodology to generate compound structure and array literals:

// pointer created from array literal.
int *ptr = (int[]){ 10, 20, 30, 40 };

// pointer to array.
float (*foo)[3] = &(float[]){ 0.5f, 1.f, -0.5f };

struct s pi = (struct s){ 3, 3.1415, "Pi" };

Compound literals are often combined with designated initializers to make the declaration more readable:

pi = (struct s){ .z = "Pi", .x = 3, .y = 3.1415 };

Operators

Control structures
C is a free-form language.

Bracing style varies from programmer to programmer and can be the subject of debate. See Indent style for more details.

Compound statements
In the items in this section, any <statement> can be replaced with a compound statement. Compound statements have the form:
{
    <optional-declaration-list>
    <optional-statement-list>
}
and are used as the body of a function or anywhere that a single statement is expected. The declaration-list declares variables to be used in that scope, and the statement-list are the actions to be performed. Brackets define their own scope, and variables defined inside those brackets will be automatically
deallocated at the closing bracket. Declarations and statements can be freely intermixed within a compound statement (as in C++).

Selection statements
C has two types of selection statements: the  statement and the  statement.

The  statement is in the form:
if (<expression>)
    <statement1>
else
    <statement2>

In the  statement, if the  in parentheses is nonzero (true), control passes to . If the  clause is present and the  is zero (false), control will pass to . The  part is optional and, if absent, a false  will simply result in skipping over the . An  always matches the nearest previous unmatched ; braces may be used to override this when necessary, or for clarity.

The  statement causes control to be transferred to one of several statements depending on the value of an expression, which must have integral type. The substatement controlled by a switch is typically compound. Any statement within the substatement may be labeled with one or more  labels, which consist of the keyword  followed by a constant expression and then a colon (:). The syntax is as follows:
switch (<expression>)
{
    case <label1> :
        <statements 1>
    case <label2> :
        <statements 2>
        break;
    default :
        <statements 3>
}

No two of the case constants associated with the same switch may have the same value. There may be at most one  label associated with a switch. If none of the case labels are equal to the expression in the parentheses following , control passes to the  label or, if there is no  label, execution resumes just beyond the entire construct.

Switches may be nested; a  or  label is associated with the innermost  that contains it. Switch statements can "fall through", that is, when one case section has completed its execution, statements will continue to be executed downward until a  statement is encountered. Fall-through is useful in some circumstances, but is usually not desired.
In the preceding example, if  is reached, the statements  are executed and nothing more inside the braces. However, if  is reached, both  and  are executed since there is no  to separate the two case statements.

It is possible, although unusual, to insert the  labels into the sub-blocks of other control structures. Examples of this include Duff's device and Simon Tatham's implementation of coroutines in Putty.

Iteration statements
C has three forms of iteration statement:
do
    <statement>
while ( <expression> ) ;

while ( <expression> )
    <statement>

for ( <expression> ; <expression> ; <expression> )
    <statement>

In the  and  statements, the sub-statement is executed repeatedly so long as the value of the  remains non-zero (equivalent to true). With , the test, including all side effects from , occurs before each iteration (execution of ); with , the test occurs after each iteration. Thus, a  statement always executes its sub-statement at least once, whereas  may not execute the sub-statement at all.

The statement:
for (e1; e2; e3)
    s;
is equivalent to:
e1;
while (e2)
{
    s;
cont:
    e3;
}
except for the behaviour of a  statement (which in the  loop jumps to  instead of ). If  is blank, it would have to be replaced with a .

Any of the three expressions in the  loop may be omitted. A missing second expression makes the  test always non-zero, creating a potentially infinite loop.

Since C99, the first expression may take the form of a declaration, typically including an initializer, such as:
for (int i = 0; i < limit; ++i) {
    // ...
}

The declaration's scope is limited to the extent of the  loop.

Jump statements
Jump statements transfer control unconditionally. There are four types of jump statements in C: , , , and .

The  statement looks like this:
goto <identifier> ;

The identifier must be a label (followed by a colon) located in the current function. Control transfers to the labeled statement.

A  statement may appear only within an iteration statement and causes control to pass to the loop-continuation portion of the innermost enclosing iteration statement. That is, within each of the statements

while (expression)
{
    /* ... */
    cont: ;
}

do
{
    /* ... */
    cont: ;
} while (expression);

for (expr1; expr2; expr3) {
     /* ... */
     cont: ;
}

a  not contained within a nested iteration statement is the same as .

The  statement is used to end a  loop,  loop,  loop, or  statement. Control passes to the statement following the terminated statement.

A function returns to its caller by the  statement. When  is followed by an expression, the value is returned to the caller as the value of the function. Encountering the end of the function is equivalent to a  with no expression. In that case, if the function is declared as returning a value and the caller tries to use the returned value, the result is undefined.

Storing the address of a label
GCC extends the C language with a unary  operator that returns the address of a label. This address can be stored in a  variable type and may be used later in a  instruction. For example, the following prints  in an infinite loop:

    void *ptr = &&J1;

J1: printf("hi ");
    goto *ptr;

This feature can be used to implement a jump table.

Functions

Syntax
A C function definition consists of a return type ( if no value is returned), a unique name, a list of parameters in parentheses, and various statements:
<return-type> functionName( <parameter-list> )
{
    <statements>
    return <expression of type return-type>;
}

A function with non- return type should include at least one  statement. The parameters are given by the , a comma-separated list of parameter declarations, each item in the list being a data type followed by an identifier: .

If there are no parameters, the  may be left empty or optionally be specified with the single word .

It is possible to define a function as taking a variable number of parameters by providing the  keyword as the last parameter instead of a data type and variable identifier. A commonly used function that does this is the standard library function , which has the declaration:
int printf (const char*, ...);

Manipulation of these parameters can be done by using the routines in the standard library header .

Function Pointers
A pointer to a function can be declared as follows:
<return-type> (*<function-name>)(<parameter-list>);

The following program shows use of a function pointer for selecting between addition and subtraction:
#include <stdio.h>

int (*operation)(int x, int y);

int add(int x, int y)
{
    return x + y;
}

int subtract(int x, int y)
{
    return x - y;
}

int main(int argc, char* args[])
{
   int  foo = 1, bar = 1;

   operation = add;
   printf("%d + %d = %d\n", foo, bar, operation(foo, bar));
   operation = subtract;
   printf("%d - %d = %d\n", foo, bar, operation(foo, bar));
   return 0;
}

Global structure
After preprocessing, at the highest level a C program consists of a sequence of declarations at file scope. These may be partitioned into several separate source files, which may be compiled separately; the resulting object modules are then linked along with implementation-provided run-time support modules to produce an executable image.

The declarations introduce functions, variables and types. C functions are akin to the subroutines of Fortran or the procedures of Pascal.

A definition is a special type of declaration. A variable definition sets aside storage and possibly initializes it, a function definition provides its body.

An implementation of C providing all of the standard library functions is called a hosted implementation. Programs written for hosted implementations are required to define a special function called , which is the first function called when a program begins executing.

Hosted implementations start program execution by invoking the  function, which must be defined following one of these prototypes:
int main() {...}
int main(void) {...}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {...}
int main(int argc, char **argv) {...}

The first two definitions are equivalent (and both are compatible with C++). It is probably up to individual preference which one is used (the current C standard contains two examples of  and two of , but the draft C++ standard uses ). The return value of  (which should be ) serves as termination status returned to the host environment.

The C standard defines return values  and  as indicating success and  as indicating failure. ( and  are defined in ). Other return values have implementation-defined meanings; for example, under Linux a program killed by a signal yields a return code of the numerical value of the signal plus 128.

A minimal correct C program consists of an empty  routine, taking no arguments and doing nothing:
int main(void){}

Because no return statement is present, main returns 0 on exit. (This is a special-case feature introduced in C99 that applies only to main.)

The  function will usually call other functions to help it perform its job.

Some implementations are not hosted, usually because they are not intended to be used with an operating system. Such implementations are called free-standing in the C standard. A free-standing implementation is free to specify how it handles program startup; in particular it need not require a program to define a  function.

Functions may be written by the programmer or provided by existing libraries. Interfaces for the latter are usually declared by including header files—with the  preprocessing directive—and the library objects are linked into the final executable image. Certain library functions, such as , are defined by the C standard; these are referred to as the standard library functions.

A function may return a value to caller (usually another C function, or the hosting environment for the function ). The  function mentioned above returns how many characters were printed, but this value is often ignored.

Argument passing
In C, arguments are passed to functions by value while other languages may pass variables by reference.
This means that the receiving function gets copies of the values and has no direct way of altering the original variables.
For a function to alter a variable passed from another function, the caller must pass its address (a pointer to it), which can then be dereferenced in the receiving function. See Pointers for more information.

void incInt(int *y)
{
    (*y)++;  // Increase the value of 'x', in 'main' below, by one
}

int main(void)
{
    int x = 0;
    incInt(&x);  // pass a reference to the var 'x'
    return 0;
}

The function scanf works the same way:
int x;
scanf("%d", &x);

In order to pass an editable pointer to a function (such as for the purpose of returning an allocated array to the calling code) you have to pass a pointer to that pointer: its address.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void allocate_array(int ** const a_p, const int A) {
/*
 allocate array of A ints
 assigning to *a_p alters the 'a' in main()
*/
    *a_p = malloc(sizeof(int) * A);
}

int main(void) {
    int * a; /* create a pointer to one or more ints, this will be the array */

 /* pass the address of 'a' */
    allocate_array(&a, 42);

/* 'a' is now an array of length 42 and can be manipulated and freed here */

    free(a);
    return 0;
}

The parameter  is a pointer to a pointer to an , which is the address of the pointer  defined in the main function in this case.

Array parameters
Function parameters of array type may at first glance appear to be an exception to C's pass-by-value rule. The following program will print 2, not 1:
#include <stdio.h>

void setArray(int array[], int index, int value)
{
    array[index] = value;
}

int main(void)
{
    int a[1] = {1};
    setArray(a, 0, 2);
    printf ("a[0]=%d\n", a[0]);
    return 0;
}

However, there is a different reason for this behavior. In fact, a function parameter declared with an array type is treated like one declared to be a pointer. That is, the preceding declaration of  is equivalent to the following:
void setArray(int *array, int index, int value)

At the same time, C rules for the use of arrays in expressions cause the value of  in the call to  to be converted to a pointer to the first element of array . Thus, in fact this is still an example of pass-by-value, with the caveat that it is the address of the first element of the array being passed by value, not the contents of the array.

Miscellaneous

Reserved keywords
The following words are reserved, and may not be used as identifiers:

Implementations may reserve other keywords, such as , although implementations typically provide non-standard keywords that begin with one or two underscores.

Case sensitivity
C identifiers are case sensitive (e.g., , , and  are the names of different objects). Some linkers may map external identifiers to a single case, although this is uncommon in most modern linkers.

Comments
Text starting with the token  is treated as a comment and ignored. The comment ends at the next ; it can occur within expressions, and can span multiple lines. Accidental omission of the comment terminator is problematic in that the next comment's properly constructed comment terminator will be used to terminate the initial comment, and all code in between the comments will be considered as a comment. C-style comments do not nest; that is, accidentally placing a comment within a comment has unintended results:
/*
This line will be ignored.
/*
A compiler warning may be produced here. These lines will also be ignored.
The comment opening token above did not start a new comment,
and the comment closing token below will close the comment begun on line 1.
*/
This line and the line below it will not be ignored. Both will likely produce compile errors.
*/

C++ style line comments start with  and extend to the end of the line. This style of comment originated in BCPL and became valid C syntax in C99; it is not available in the original K&R C nor in ANSI C:
// this line will be ignored by the compiler

/* these lines
   will be ignored
   by the compiler */

x = *p/*q;  /* this comment starts after the 'p' */

Command-line arguments
The parameters given on a command line are passed to a C program with two predefined variables - the count of the command-line arguments in  and the individual arguments as character strings in the pointer array . So the command:

 myFilt p1 p2 p3

results in something like:

While individual strings are arrays of contiguous characters, there is no guarantee that the strings are stored as a contiguous group.

The name of the program, , may be useful when printing diagnostic messages or for making one binary serve multiple purposes. The individual values of the parameters may be accessed with , , and , as shown in the following program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    printf("argc\t= %d\n", argc);
    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++)
        printf("argv[%i]\t= %s\n", i, argv[i]);
}

Evaluation order
In any reasonably complex expression, there arises a choice as to the order in which to evaluate the parts of the expression:  may be evaluated in the order , , , , or in the order , , , . Formally, a conforming C compiler may evaluate expressions in any order between sequence points (this allows the compiler to do some optimization). Sequence points are defined by:
 Statement ends at semicolons.
 The sequencing operator: a comma. However, commas that delimit function arguments are not sequence points.
 The short-circuit operators: logical and (, which can be read and then) and logical or (||, which can be read or else).
 The ternary operator (): This operator evaluates its first sub-expression first, and then its second or third (never both of them) based on the value of the first.
 Entry to and exit from a function call (but not between evaluations of the arguments).

Expressions before a sequence point are always evaluated before those after a sequence point. In the case of short-circuit evaluation, the second expression may not be evaluated depending on the result of the first expression. For example, in the expression , if the first argument evaluates to nonzero (true), the result of the entire expression cannot be anything else than true, so  is not evaluated. Similarly, in the expression , if the first argument evaluates to zero (false), the result of the entire expression cannot be anything else than false, so  is not evaluated.

The arguments to a function call may be evaluated in any order, as long as they are all evaluated by the time the function is entered. The following expression, for example, has undefined behavior:
 printf("%s %s\n", argv[i = 0], argv[++i]);

Undefined behavior

An aspect of the C standard (not unique to C) is that the behavior of certain code is said to be "undefined". In practice, this means that the program produced from this code can do anything, from working as the programmer intended, to crashing every time it is run.

For example, the following code produces undefined behavior, because the variable b is modified more than once with no intervening sequence point:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
    int b = 1;
    int a = b++ + b++;
    printf("%d\n", a);
}

Because there is no sequence point between the modifications of b in "b++ + b''++", it is possible to perform the evaluation steps in more than one order, resulting in an ambiguous statement. This can be fixed by rewriting the code to insert a sequence point in order to enforce an unambiguous behavior, for example:
a = b++;
a += b++;

See also
Blocks (C language extension)
C programming language
C variable types and declarations
Operators in C and C++
C standard library
List of C-family programming languages (C-influenced languages)

References

General

 American National Standard for Information Systems - Programming Language - C - ANSI X3.159-1989

External links
The syntax of C in Backus-Naur form
Programming in C
The comp.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions Page

C (programming language)
Source code
Articles with example C code
Programming language syntax

C syntax


Die Dorfkirche Hohenschönhausen der Evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Berlin-Hohenschönhausen in der Evangelischen Kirche Berlin-Brandenburg-schlesische Oberlausitz (seit 1905 Taborkirche) ist das älteste Gebäude im Berliner Ortsteil Alt-Hohenschönhausen des Bezirks Lichtenberg-Hohenschönhausen. Der an der Hauptstraße stehende Bau zählt zu den kleinsten Dorfkirchen in Berlin.

Die Kirche befindet sich an der Haupt- Ecke Wartenberger Straße am östlichen Rand des Hohenschönhauser Dorfkerns, inmitten des alten Friedhofs. Das Grundstück ist teilweise mit einer Feldsteinmauer eingefriedet.

Geschichte

Das Dorf Hohenschönhausen wurde um 1230 gegründet. Die steinerne Dorfkirche entstand etwa 30 Jahre nach der Gründung Hohenschönhausens, vermutlich als Ersatz eines hölzernen Vorgängerbaus. Den ältesten Teil bildet der rechteckige Chor aus sorgfältig gequaderten Feldsteinblöcken im Stil der Spätromanik (Rundbogenfenster an der linken, oberen südlichen Chorwand) beziehungsweise Frühgotik (Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts). Der Chor hat einen Ostgiebel mit Spitzbogenblenden. Das aus unregelmäßig gequaderten Feldsteinen gemauerte Langhaus kamen zum Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts hinzu. Das Langhaus stützt sich auf einen Mittelpfeiler, von dem vier Dreistrahlgewölbe ausgehen. Die Sakristei auf der Nordseite des Chors (ursprünglich Gruft der Familie von Röbel) kam in der ersten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts hinzu. Der Name leitet sich von Tabor ab und ist eine Bezeichnung für Wehrkirchen.

Um 1470 erhielt die Kirche den ersten Turm aus Fachwerk, die ersten Glocken sollen im darauf folgenden Jahr gekommen sein. Im 18. Jahrhundert entstand an seiner Stelle ein neuer Turm mit Barockhaube.

Weitere Aus- und Umbauten sind für die Jahre 1714 und 1738 angegeben. 1772 und 1898 wurden jeweils die Glocken ersetzt. 1905 wurde der Innenraum umgebaut, an der Südseite wurden ein Anbaut hinzugefügt; der spätestens 1834 (Zeichnung von Wohler) entstandene Südanbau aus Fachwerk wurde erneuert. Nach Abschluss der Arbeiten erfolgte die feierliche Einweihung als Taborkirche. Die 1917 beschlagnahmten Glocken wurden im Folgejahr durch stählerne ersetzt. 1924 wurde ein Marienaltar der Wartenberger Dorfkirche, der sich seit 1885 im Märkischen Museum befand, nach Hohenschönhausen verlegt. Außerdem wurden die beiden Südanbauten erneuert.

Der Turm wurde 1953 wegen Baufälligkeit abgetragen. Der Innenraum wurde 1989 restauriert.

Beschreibung

Äußeres
Die Kirche besteht aus den Bauwerksteilen Chor im östlichen Teil und Langhaus im westlichen Teil. Die Sakristei schließt sich nördlich an den Chor an. Auf der Südseite sind zwei Anbauten aus dem Jahr 1905. Im kleineren Anbau war zunächst der Aufgang zur Patronatsloge untergebracht; mittlerweile befindet sich dort die Orgelempore.

Glocken

Der Glockenstuhl befindet sich seit dem Rückbau des Turms 1953 in einem Glockenhaus neben der Kirche. Die drei Glocken aus Eisenguss wurden im Jahr 1918 von Schilling & Lattermann in Morgenröthe-Rautenkranz gegossen.
 Glocke 1 ist auf den Schlagton a' gestimmt und trägt die Inschrift FRIEDE AUF ERDEN.
 Glocke 2 ist auf den Schlagton cis" gestimmt und trägt die Inschrift WIR TRETEN ZUM BETEN.
 Glocke 3 ist auf den Schlagton e" gestimmt und trägt die Inschrift EISEN FUER ERZ.

Ausstattung
Der Altar von 1450 entstammt der Wartenberger Dorfkirche und kam 1924 nach Hohenschönhausen. Ferner sind der Totenschild des Gutsherrn Hans Christoph von Röbel von 1671 sowie die Fahnenstangen seines Sohnes Christian Dietrich von Röbel ausgestellt.

Das Taufbecken, verziert mit dem Wappen des Niederbarnim, stammt aus dem Jahr 1638. Die im Renaissancestil erbaute Kanzel von 1540 befand sich ursprünglich über dem Altar, später am Triumphbogen und befindet sich seit 1987 neben dem Totenschild.

Eine um 1500 entstandene Kreuzigungsgruppe, die ursprünglich in der Taborkirche stand, befindet sich heute in der Nikolaikirche.

Orgel

Die Orgel  mit sieben Registern auf einem Manual und Pedal wurde 1862 vom Berliner Orgelbauer Albert Lang erbaut. Sie stand bis 1905 über dem Altar und wurde dann in die ehemalige Patronatsloge umgesetzt. 1969 wurde die Orgel stillgelegt, weil Sachverständige sie für klanglich und spieltechnisch unbefriedigend hielten. 1985 wurde sie durch den Dresdner Orgelbauer Rainer Wolter repariert und von 1991 bis 1996 von Orgelbaumeister Gerd-Christian Bochmann (Kohren-Sahlis in Sachsen) wiederhergestellt.

Mit dieser Orgel beteiligt sich die Taborgemeinde an der in den späten 2010er Jahren ins Leben gerufenen Reihe Orgelkonzert im Dunkeln.

Literatur
 Markus Cante: Kirchen bis 1618. In: Architekten- und Ingenieur-Verein zu Berlin (Hrsg.): Berlin und seine Bauten. Teil VI: Sakralbauten. Berlin 1997, S. 339.

Weblinks

 Homepage der Kirchengemeinde
 Routen der Romanik in Berlin und Brandenburg: Dorfkirche Hohenschönhausen

Einzelnachweise

Taborkirche
Taborkirche Hohenschonhausen
Hohenschonhausen Tabor
Taborkirche Hohenschonhausen
Berlin Hohenschonhausen
Feldsteinkirche

Taborkirche (Hohenschönhausen)


Off-road, yani araçla veya taşıtla düzensiz yüzeylerde, kum, toprak, çakıl, nehir yatakları, çamur, kar, kayalar ve diğer doğal arazilerde sürme veya yolculuk yapma etkinliğidir. Off-road türleri, değiştirilmemiş araçlarla yapılan keyifli sürüşlerden, özel olarak hazırlanmış araçlarla ve profesyonel sürücülerle gerçekleştirilen yarışlara kadar çeşitli yoğunluklarda olabilir.

Offroad'da bilinen bazı araçlar
 Isuzu D-Max,
 Lada Niva,
 Toyota Land Cruiser,
 Mitsubishi Pajero,
 Suzuki Vitara,
 Suzuki Samurai
 Land Rover
 Daihatsu Terios
 Hummer
 Jeep Grand Cherokee
 Jeep Wrangler
 Jeep Cherokee
Mitsubishi L200

Kaynakça

Motor sporları

Off-road


Jewgeni Nikolajewitsch Gorstkow (; * 26. Mai 1950 in Orsk; † 12. September 2020) war ein sowjetischer Boxer. Er wurde 1977 und 1979 Europameister im Schwergewicht.

Werdegang

Jewgeni Gorstkow startete als Erwachsener für die Sportorganisation Zenit Moskau. Ansonsten liegen über seinen Werdegang als Jugendlicher und Junior keine Informationen vor. Das erste von ihm bekannte Ergebnis ist ein Turniersieg im März 1972 in Moskau im Halbschwergewicht. Ab 1973 startete er im Schwergewicht und wog immer ca. 90 kg. Er war also ein relativ leichter Schwergewichtler, der aber mit einer imponierenden Schlagkraft ausgestattet war, was seine vielen vorzeitigen Siege beweisen. Nach 1990 wurde Jewgeni Gorstkow ein viel beschäftigter Ringrichter im russischen Profiboxsport.

1973 gewann er erstmals den sowjetischen Meistertitel im Schwergewicht mit einem techn. K.-o.-Sieg in der 2. Runde über Pjotr Sajew. In den folgenden Jahren gewann er dann diesen Titel noch 1974 mit einem Punktsieg im Finale über Gennadi Kokurin, 1975 mit einem Punktsieg über Pjotr Sajew, 1977 mit einem Abbruchsieg in der 2. Runde über Pjotr Sajew und 1978 mit einem Punktsieg im Finale über Michail Subbotin. Dazu gewann er in den Jahren 1974, 1976 und 1977 auch noch den Titel des sog. "absoluten Meisters", bei dem die besten Boxer der drei schwersten Gewichtsklassen startberechtigt waren. 1974 mit einem techn. K.-o.-Sieg in der 3. Runde über Igor Wyssozki, 1976 mit einem Punktsieg im Finale über Wiktor Tereschtschenko und 1977 mit einem Punktsieg im Finale über Pjotr Sajew. Mit insgesamt acht Titelgewinnen war er damit der weitaus erfolgreichste sowjetische Boxer jener Jahre, mit denen er seine schärfsten Konkurrenten Pjotr Sajew, Wiktor Petrowitsch Uljanitsch und Igor Wyssozki weit hinter sich ließ. Kein Glück hatte Jewgeni Gorstkow ausgerechnet bei den russischen Meisterschaften in den Olympiajahren 1976 und 1980. Sowohl 1976 als auch 1980 verlor er jeweils im Halbfinale gegen Pjotr Sajew nach Punkten und bekam keine Chance an den Olympischen Spielen jener Jahre teilzunehmen.

Die erste internationale Meisterschaft bestritt er im Jahre 1974, als er für die Weltmeisterschaften in Havanna nominiert wurde. Er verlor dort aber überraschend gegen Rajko Miljić aus Jugoslawien schon im Achtelfinale durch techn. K. o. in der 2. Runde, womit er ausschied und nur den 9. Platz belegte. Wesentlich erfolgreicher war er bei den beiden nächsten internationalen Meisterschaften, die er bestritt. Zunächst wurde er im Jahre 1977 in Halle (Saale) Europameister im Schwergewicht mit einem K.-o.-Sieg in der 2. Runde über Antoni Kuskowski, Polen, einem Punktsieg über Mircea Simon, Rumänien und einem weiteren K.-o.-Sieg in der 2. Runde über Jürgen Fanghänel, DDR. Danach wurde er auch im Jahre 1979 in Köln Europameister im Schwergewicht. Bei dieser Meisterschaft wurden erstmals zwei Schwergewichtsmeister ermittelt. Es wurde eine Gewichtsklasse mit einem Gewichtslimit bis 91 kg Körpergewicht eingeführt und diese Gewichtsklasse als Schwergewicht bezeichnet. Neu war das sog. Superschwergewicht, das ab 91 kg Körpergewicht begann. Jewgeni Gorstkow schlug im Schwergewicht Georgi Stoimenow, Bulgarien durch K. o. in der 1. Runde und besiegte danach Grzegorz Skrzecz, Polen, Ion Cernat, Rumänien und Werner Kohnert, DDR, nach Punkten.

Weitere internationale Meisterschaften bestritt er nicht mehr. Bemerkenswert in der Laufbahn von Jewgeni Gorstkow sind noch einige Siege über US-amerikanische Boxer im Rahmen der damals jährlich stattfinden Länderkämpfe UdSSR gegen USA. Bei diesen Länderkämpfen besiegte er u. a. die später als Profiboxer sehr erfolgreichen Amerikaner John Tate, Greg Page und Jimmy Clark, während er gegen Tony Tubbs eine Punktniederlage hinnehmen musste.

Internationale Erfolge

Länderkämpfe

UdSSR-Meisterschaften

Erläuterungen

 WM = Weltmeisterschaften, EM = Europameisterschaften
 Halbschwergewicht, Gewichtsklasse bis 81 kg, Schwergewicht, bis 91 kg und Superschwergewicht über 91 kg Körpergewicht

Quellen

 Fachzeitschrift Box Sport
 amateur-boxing.strefa.pl
 BoxRec.com

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Boxer (Sowjetunion)
Europameister (Boxen)
Sowjetischer Meister (Boxen)
Sowjetbürger
Russe
Geboren 1950
Gestorben 2020
Mann

Jewgeni Nikolajewitsch Gorstkow


An Carex elytroides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elias Fries. An Carex elytroides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex elytroides


James Arthur Baldwin (2 Ağustos 1924 - 1 Aralık 1987), Amerikalı yazardır.

20. yüzyıl ortalarında, ABD'de yaşanan ırk sorunlarının yanında, Baldwin'in siyahi bir eşcinsel olması da eserlerine sosyal ve psikolojik derinlik katar.

1956 yılında yayınlanan "Giovanni'nin Odası" (Giovanni's Room) romanı, samimiyeti ve hassas bir konuda öncü olmasıyla eşcinsel edebiyatının önemli bir eseri kabul edilir.

Aktör ve tiyatro yönetmeni Engin Cezzar'ın yakın arkadaşı olan Baldwin, Cezzar'ın anılarına göre 1962'de yayınlanan "Bir Başka Ülke" (Another Country) romanını İstanbul'da, Engin Cezzar - Gülriz Sururi çiftinin evinde tamamlamıştır.

Kaynakça

1924 doğumlular
Manhattan doğumlular
New York doğumlu yazarlar
1987 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı şairleri
Amerikalı LGBT yazarlar
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı hikâye yazarları
Amerikalı vergi direnişçileri
Fransa'daki Amerikalı gurbetçiler
Bowling Green State Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Actors Studio'da öğrenim görenler
Amherst College öğretim üyeleri
Hampshire College öğretim üyeleri
Mount Holyoke College öğretim üyeleri
Guggenheim Fellows
George Polk Ödülü sahipleri
Postmodern yazarlar
Afrikalı Amerikalı roman yazarları
Afrikalı Amerikalı ateistler
Afrikalı Amerikalı akademisyenler
Fransa'da kanserden ölenler
Mide kanserinden ölenler
Ferncliff Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Erkek yazarlar
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı erkek yazarları
Amerikalı LGBT şairler
Amerikalı gey yazarlar
Gey şairler

James Baldwin


Cutremurul din Bam a avut loc pe 26 decembrie 2003, în sud-estul provinciei iraniene Kerman. Observatorul seismologic de la Strasbourg a estimat magnitudinea cutremurului la 6,6 grade pe scara Richter, afirmând că este vorba despre cel mai puternic seism înregistrat în această zonă după 1998. Cutremurul a distrus 70% din orașul Bam, situat la doar 8 km de epicentru. În plus, Arg-e-Bam, o fortăreață din oraș înălțată cu 2.000 de ani în urmă, a fost transformată în moloz. Din cei aproximativ 97.000 de locuitori ai orașului, 26.271 au fost uciși. Pentru evitarea epidemiilor, autoritățile au înhumat în primele două zile peste 5.000 de cadavre.

Un an mai târziu, un cutremur cu magnitudinea de 4,2 grade pe scara Richter a lovit din nou orașul Bam.

Note

Legături externe

Iran lowers Bam earthquake toll – BBC News

Cutremure din 2003
Cutremure în Iran
Cutremure din secolul al XXI-lea

Cutremurul din Bam (2003)


Cemşir Muratoğlu (d. 10 Temmuz 1959, Novi Pazar, Sırbistan) eski futbolcu, teknik direktör.

1984 yılında Kosova Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi Fakültesi'ni bitirdi. Daha sonra 1984 - 1986 yılları arasında Belgrad Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi Fakültesi Futbol Uzmanlık Bölümü'nden mezun oldu. Yıldırım Bosna ve Bilecik'te futbol oynadıktan sonra sırasıyla Branko Stankoviç (Beşiktaş), Miloş Milutinoviç (Beşiktaş), Otto Baric (Fenerbahçe) ve Vahid Halilhodzic (Trabzonspor)'in asistanlığını yaptı.

Eğitim

CEMŞİR MURATOĞLU

(Teknik Direktör)

Doğum Tarihi: 10.07.1959

Doğum Yeri: Novi Pazar  (Yugoslavya)

Öğrenimi

1980-84 : Kosova Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi Fakültesi mezunu (Yugoslavya)

1984-86 : Belgrad Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi Fakültesi Futbol Uzmanlık Bölümü Mezunu (Yugoslavya)

KONUŞTUĞU  YABANCI  DİLLER:İngilizce-Slav Dillerinin çoğu–orta derece Arapça

Oyunculuk
 1976-80 : Yıldırım Bosna - Amatör
 1989-90 : Bilecikspor - Oyuncu/Antrenör

Antrenörlük
 1986-87 : Beşiktaş - Asistan Antrenör (Branko Stankoviç)
 1987-88 : Beşiktaş - Yardımcı Antrenör (Miloş Milutinoviç)
 1987-88 : Altay - Yardımcı Antrenör (Miloş Milutinoviç)
 1988-90 : Bilecikspor - Teknik Direktör
 1990-91 : Konyaspor - Yardımcı Antrenör (Zoran Çolakoviç)
 1991-92 : Kastamonuspor - Teknik Direktör
 1993-94 : Yıldırım Bosna - Altyapı Teknik Sorumlusu
 1994-95 : Fenerbahçe - Yardımcı Antrenör (Tomislav İviç) - Altyapı teknik sorumlusu (Carlos Alberto Perreira)
 1995-96 : Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Genç Millî Takım Teknik Direktörü - Körfez Kupası üçüncüsü.
 1996-97 : Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri A Takımı Yardımcı Antrenörü (Tomislav İviç) - Asya ikinciliği.
 1997-98 : Fenerbahçe - Yardımcı Antrenör (Otto Bariç)
 1999-00 : Yıldırım Bosna - Altyapı teknik sorumlusu
 2000-01 : Vanspor - Teknik Direktör
 2002-03 : Al-Wehda - Teknik Direktör
 2004-05 : Al-Nassr - Yardımcı Antrenör
 2004-05 : Darıca Gençlerbirliği - Teknik Direktör
 2005-06 : Trabzonspor A.Ş - A Takım Yardımcı Antrenör
 2008-09 : Alibeyköyspor - Teknik Direktör
 2009/10/11 : T.H.Y Spor Kulübü - Teknik Direktör

Başarıları
 1986/87 : Beşiktaş ile Türkiye Ligi Şampiyonluğu
 1991/92 : Kastamonuspor Türkiye Üçüncü Futbol Ligi İkinciliği
 1994/95 : Fenerbahçe PAF Takımı ile şampiyonluk
 1995/96 : Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Genç Millî Takımı ile Körfez Kupası Üçüncülüğü
 1996/97 : Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri Millî Takımı ile Asya Kupası İkinciliği (Ülke tarihinin en büyük başarısı)
 1997/98 : Fenerbahçe ile Başbakanlık Kupası
 1999/00 : Yıldırım Bosnaspor Genç ve Amatör takımları ile şampiyonluklar
 2002/03 : Al-Wehda ile Suudi Arabistan 2. Lig Şampiyonluğu
 2004/05 : Al-Nassr ile Suriye Uluslararası Turnuvası Şampiyonluğu (A Takımı Yedek Kadrosu ile)
 2005/06 : Trabzonspor yardımcı antrenör. (V.Halilhodziç) UEFA Kupası'na katılım

Yaşayan insanlar
1959 doğumlular
Bosnalı teknik direktörler
Türk teknik direktörler
Belgrad Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Kastamonuspor teknik direktörleri
Fenerbahçe teknik direktörleri
Vanspor teknik direktörleri
Darıca Gençlerbirliği teknik direktörleri
Alibeyköyspor teknik direktörleri
Süper Lig teknik direktörleri

Cemşir Muratoğlu


Starlink er gervihnattaþyrping í eigu SpaceX sem ætlað er að veita netþjónustu um gervihnött frá 40 löndum á jörðu niðri. Eftir 2023 er ætlunin að netið veiti líka farsímaþjónustu. Árið 2019 voru fyrstu gervihnettirnir sendir út í geim á vegum fyrirtækisins. Gervihnettir Starlink eru litlir og á lágbraut um jörðu og skiptast á boðum við sendiviðtæki á jörðu niðri. Alls er ætlunin að gervihnattanetið verði með 12.000 gervihnetti, sem síðar gæti fjölgað í 42.000. Í júní 2022 voru áskrifendur að netþjónustu Starlink um hálf milljón.

Tilvísanir

Fjarskiptagervihnettir
Internetið
SpaceX

Starlink


General elections were held in Sweden on 15 September 2002, alongside municipal and county council elections. The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party in the Riksdag, winning 144 of the 349 seats.

After securing a confidence and supply agreement with the Left Party and the Green Party, Prime Minister Göran Persson was able to remain in his position in a third consecutive term as a minority government.

Although the bloc compositions were similar to 1998, the complexions of the centre-right bloc shifted radically. Under new party leader Bo Lundgren, the Moderates lost more than seven percentage points and barely held on as the largest party in its coalition. Only eight municipalities in all of Sweden had the Moderates as the largest party, six of which were in the Stockholm area. The Peoples' Party led by Lars Leijonborg, instead more than doubled its parliamentary delegation and received above 13% of the vote. Lundgren resigned in the wake of the election, leading to the selection of future Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt as the Moderate leader.

Among the four other Riksdag parties, the Christian Democrats and the Left Party both lost ground, whereas the Centre and Green parties managed to reach the parliamentary threshold of four percentage points.

Among minor parties, the Norrbotten Party reached 9.4% of the vote in its county, polling above 20% in some inland areas, although this was not enough to gain a Riksdag seat. The Sweden Democrats became the eight largest party for the first time, making sizeable gains and winning more council seats than ever before.

Results

Seat distribution

By municipality

References

Further reading

General elections in Sweden
Sweden
General
Sweden

2002 Swedish general election


Samson Shukardin OFM (Hyderabad, Paquistão, 29 de janeiro de 1961) é um ministro paquistanês e bispo católico romano de Hyderabad, Paquistão.

Samson Shukardin entrou na Ordem Franciscana e fez sua profissão temporária em 2 de agosto de 1987 e sua profissão perpétua em 2 de agosto de 1991. Foi ordenado sacerdote em 10 de dezembro de 1993.

Depois de ser ordenado ao sacerdócio, trabalhou no cuidado pastoral e em vários cargos de liderança em sua ordem. Em 1998, ele obteve seu mestrado em Direito Canônico pelo Sindh Law College. De 2004 a 2008 foi Diretor da Custódia Franciscana do Paquistão e Presidente da Conferência dos Superiores Maiores do Paquistão. Desde 2010 é Vigário Geral da Diocese de Hyderabad no Paquistão.

Em 16 de dezembro de 2014, o Papa Francisco o nomeou Bispo de Hyderabad, no Paquistão. Foi ordenado bispo pelo Núncio Apostólico no Paquistão, Dom Edgar Peña Parra, em 31 de janeiro do ano seguinte. Os co-consagradores foram o Arcebispo de Karachi, Joseph Coutts, e seu predecessor, Max John Rodrigues.

Ver também

Bispos católicos do Paquistão

Samson Shukardin


Neuroza  ili neurotski poremećaj blaži je psihički poremećaj praćen smetnjama u pogledu emocija, ponašanja, mišljenja i tjelesnih simptoma.

Nastaje kao nutarnji psihički konflikt suprotnih sila. Najčešće jedan impuls ili tendencija dolazi iz intrapsihičkog, dok mu se druga sila suprotstavlja iz vanjskog svijeta. Kod ovih poremećaja obično je moguće utvrditi početak bolesti. U većini slučajeva radna sposobnost je očuvana, osim kod nekih oblika kao što je, na primjer, agorafobija, vezana uz kretanje i izlazak iz kuće. Međutim, radna produktivnost i kreativnost ne funkcioniraju na optimalnoj razini. Bolest nema utjecaja na cjelokupnu osobnost u smislu otuđenja od stvarnosti, ali je ipak osobni, profesionalni i društveni život ovih osoba u određenoj mjeri osiromašen. Danas se pod neurotskim poremećajima podrazumijevaju bolesti u kojima je anksioznost gotovo trajna pojava, a javlja se kao posljedica psihodinamskih čimbenika.

Specifično je za neurotske poremećaje da su psihogeni, pa se neuroze nazivaju i psihoneuroze i neurotski poremećaji. Neurozu karakteriziraju: napadaji tjeskobe, određeni oblici depresije, hipohondrija, histerične reakcije, opsesivno-kompulzivni poremećaji, fobije, razne seksualne disfunkcije i neki tikovi. Tradicionalno se uzrokom neuroze smatra emocionalni sukob u kojem se blokirani impuls pokušava manifestirati kao maskirani odgovor ili simptom. Psiholozi ponašanja smatraju ih naučenim, neprikladnim odgovorom na stres.

Sigmund Freud također je istaknuo da osnova neuroze leži u neriješenom Edipovu kompleksu. Vjerovao je da ako kastracijska tjeskoba nije pravilno kontrolirana i ako se Edipov kompleks kao rezultat toga ne riješi, može dovesti do neurotične strukture. Ali također moramo imati na umu da se neriješeni sukobi iz ranijih, prededipalnih faza razvoja mogu uvesti u Edipov kompleks i zakomplicirati njegovu evoluciju i razrješenje.

Programi koji se temelje na smanjenju stresa temeljenom na svjesnosti korisni su u upravljanju neurozom. Korištenje lijekova za ublažavanje posljedica stresa ima određeni napredak. Alfa-1 blokator Prazosin, koji kontrolira odgovor simpatikusa, može se davati pacijentima kako bi im pomogao da se opuste i omogući bolji san.

Izvori

Psihologija
Psihijatrija

Neuroza


274137 Angelaglinos este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
274137 Angelaglinos este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Jarnac din Vail-Jarnac. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,12 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 11,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 274001-275000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2008
Centura de asteroizi

274137 Angelaglinos


වසර දහස් ගණනක් මුළුල්ලෙහි අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ සිදුවූ වෙළෙඳ හා සංක්‍රමණයන්ගේ දේශීය සන්ධිස්ථානයක් ලෙස ලාඕසයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සිරිත් විරිත් සංවර්ධනය විය. 2012වන විට ලාඕසයෙහි ජනගහනය දළ වශයෙන් මිලියන 6.4ක් පමණ විය. ඔවුන් වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 236,800ක (වර්ග සැතපුම් 91,429) භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් තුළ විසිරී ගොස් සිටි අතර, ආසියාවේ අඩුම ජනගහනය ඝනත්වයකින් හෙබි රටක්ද විය. ලාඕසයෙහි නිළ වශයෙන් ජාතීන් 47කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක් හඳුනා ගෙන ඇති අතර ඔවුහූ උප සමාජ 149කට සහ විවිධ භාෂා 80කට පමණ බෙදී ගොස් තිබේ. රටෙහි ඉතිහාසය පුරාම සඳහන් වන ලාඕ ජනයා, ලාඕසයෙහි ජනවාර්ගික සහ භාෂාමය බහුතරය වේ. අග්නිදිග ආසියාව තුල සාම්ප්‍රදායික ලාඕස සංස්කෘතිය, භාරතීය සංස්කෘතීන්ගෙන් එකක් ලෙස සැලකේ. (බුරුමය, තායිලන්තය සහ කාම්බෝජය සමගින්).

භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් හුදෙකලාව පිහිටි සහ කඳුකර භූමි ස්වභාවයක් හිමි ලාඕසය, නැගෙනහිරෙන් Annamite කඳු පන්තියට මායිම් වෙමින් වියට්නාමය සමග සාම්ප්‍රදායික දේශපාලන හා සංස්කෘතික සීමාවක් ගොඩනගනු ලබයි.

ජනවාර්ගික
2012 වන විට, ලාඕසයෙහි ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය මිලියන 6.9ක් විය. ලාඕ රජය විසින් ලාඕසයෙහි ජාතීන් 47ක් සහ ඉන් බෙදී ගිය උප සමාජ 149ක් හඳුනාගෙන ඇත. වාර්ගිකත්වය හා ස්ථානය මත පදනම්ව ලාඕස සමාජය සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව, පුළුල් කාණ්ඩ තුනකට බෙදා දක්වනු ලැබේ. ආසන්න වශයෙන් මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60% ක් ජනවාර්ගික ලාඕස් ජනයා වේ. (ලාඕ ජනයා හෝ ලාඕ-තායි ජනයා); 34% ක් ලාඕස් උස්බිම ජනයා ලෙස වර්ග කර තිබෙන අතර ඊට ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මොන් හෝ ඛමර් සම්භවයක් ඇති ජනතාව අයත් වෙයි. වියට්නාම සහ චීන සම්බවයක් සහිත ජනයා ඉතිරි 6% ප්‍රමාණය සම්පූර්ණ කරයි .

භාෂාව
ලාඕසයෙහි විවිධ ජනවාර්ගික ජනගහනයක් දැකිය හැකි අතර ඔවුන් භාෂා 80 කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් භාවිතා කරණු ලබයි. ලාඕසයෙහි නිල භාෂාව ලාඕ භෂාවයි. ලාඕ බස කාථා කරන මිලියන 19ක ජනතාවක් තායිලන්තයෙහිද, මිලියන 3ක් ලාඕසයෙහිද වාසය කල බව භූ-දේශපාලනික ඉතිහාසය පිළිබිඹු කරයි.

ආගම

ලාඕසයේ 60%ක් පමණ ථේරවාද බෞද්ධ ජනතාව වේ.

බුදු දහම
ලාඕසයෙහි ථේරවාද බුදු දහම සංස්කෘතික අනන්‍යතාව සඳහා ප්‍රමුඛ වී තිබෙයි. ලාඕස් ජාතික සංකේතය ලෙස දැට් ලුඅන්ග් ස්තූපය හදුන්වනු ලබයි.

සිරිත් විරිත්
ලාඕස සමාජයීය ව්‍යුහයන් අසල්වැසි කාම්බෝජය හෝ තායිලන්තය සමග සසඳන විට සාපේක්ෂව සරල වේ.

සාහිත්‍යය
ලාඕසය සාම්ප්‍රධායික සාහිත්‍යය ලෙස දහසයවන සහ දහහත් වන සියවසේ ලැන් සැන්ග් (Lan Xang) හි සාහිත්‍යය හොදා ගෙන ඇත.

ආහාර පිසීම

ලාඕස් ආහාර රටේ වාර්ගික විවිධත්වය පිළිබිඹු කරනු ලබයි. ලාඕසයෙහි පොදු ආහාර අතර පවා ප්‍රාදේශීයව වෙනස්කම් දැකගත හැකිවේ. පොදු ලාඕස් ආහාර වේලක් සඳහා මහඟු කුළුබඩු වලින් සමන්විත හීන්කොට කපන ලද මාළු හෝ කුකුළු මස් සහ ඇලෙන සුළු බත් සමඟ සපයනු ලබයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ලාඕස් සංස්කෘතිය
ලාඕසය

ලාඕසයේ සංස්කෘතිය


Cumbernauld United Football Club are a football club based in Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. They play at Guy's Meadow in the Cumbernauld Village area of the town.

Formed in 1964, they currently compete in the , having previously played in the SJFA West Region before moving to the senior pyramid in 2020.

Club colours are maroon and blue, and the club's nickname is "United".

The club has a full youth academy with teams from the under-6 age group up to under-19 level. The academy plays its home games on the 'HatTrix' astroturf park adjacent to the Guy's Meadow pitch, as well as on that pitch itself when weather permits.

The Club also has a successful five a side complex and social club.

The team are managed by former Partick Thistle midfielder Andy Frame, who replaced previous manager George Shaw in January 2017.

Guy's Meadow
Guy's Meadow is the home to Cumbernauld United. The stadium currently has a capacity of 2,500 which consists of mainly standing areas.

Facilities
The stadium has few facilities, however the Hat-Trix sports bar lies at one end of the park and two terraced stands are situated at either side of the pitch. The facility also includes an impressive astroturf facility, mainly used to host five-a-side football. The stadium's record attendance was set when 2,200 people watched Cumbernauld play Pollok in 1983.

Kirkintilloch Rob Roy
Since 2014, fellow West of Scotland League club Kirkintilloch Rob Roy have used the stadium as their home venue whilst they search for new home to replace the historic Adamslie Park, where they played for almost 100 years.

Notable former players

Kenny Dalglish: The former Celtic, Liverpool and Scotland International played for Cumbernauld United during season 1967–68.
Lee McCulloch: Motherwell, Wigan, Rangers and Scotland

Honours
Central Region B Division / Overall champions: 1977–78
Central Region A Division / Overall runners-up: 1970–71

References

External links
 Website
 Cumbernauld United - nonleaguescotland.co.uk
 Facebook
 Twitter

Cumbernauld
Football clubs in Scotland
Scottish Junior Football Association clubs
Football in North Lanarkshire
Association football clubs established in 1964
1964 establishments in Scotland
West of Scotland Football League teams

Cumbernauld United F.C.


نيكولا ليونار سعدي كارنو (1 يونيو 1796 - 24 أغسطس 1832) هو عالم فيزياء ومهندس عسكري فرنسي، وهو أول من وضع إطارا نظريا ناجحا للمحركات الحرارية، وهو ما يعرف حاليا بدورة كارنو، وذلك في كتابه (تأملات في القدرة الدافعة للنار) والذي صدر في 1824، ومن خلاله وضع الأساس للقانون الثاني للديناميكا الحرارية، وعلى الصعيد التقني فهو يعد أول علماء الديناميكا الحرارية، وكثيرا ما يطلق عليه أبو الديناميكا الحرارية، لأنه هو من أوجد مفاهيم الكفاءة الحرارية والمحركات الحرارية لدورة كارنو.

حياته

ولد سعدي كارنو في باريس، وهو الابن البكر للازار كارنو ومارغريت نيكولا، والشقيق الأكبر لهيبوليت كارنو، وعم ماري فرانسوا سادي كارنو (رئيس الجمهورية الفرنسية (1887-1894)، ابن إيبوليت كارنو). سماه والده نسبة إلى الشاعر الفارسي سعدي الشيرازي (كارنو 1960، ص الحادي عشر)، وكان دائما معروفا بهذا الاسم.

منذ سن 16 عاما (1812)، عاش في باريس وشارك في المدرسة متعددة التقانات حيث كان يدرس مع معاصريه، نافيير وكوريوليس غاسبار، غوستاف، من قبل أساتذة مثل جوزيف لويس غاي-لوساك، سيمون بواسون وأندريه ماري أمبير. بعد التخرج، وأصبح ضابطا في الجيش الفرنسي قبل التفرغ للبحث العلمي، ليصبح أشهر معاصري فورييه الذين كانوا يهتمون بنظرية الحرارة. منذ عام 1814، خدم في الجيش. بعد هزيمة نابليون الأخيرة من عام 1815، ذهب والده إلى المنفى. في وقت لاحق حصل على إجازة دائمة من الجيش الفرنسي. بعد ذلك، أمضى الوقت لكتابة كتابه.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من باريس
تاريخ الفيزياء
خريجو المدرسة متعددة التقانات بفرنسا
ربوبيون فرنسيون
رياضياتيو القرن 19
رياضياتيون فرنسيون في القرن 19
علماء الديناميكا الحرارية
علماء ديناميكا الموائع
علماء فرنسيون
فيزيائيو القرن 19 م
فيزيائيون فرنسيون
فيزيائيون فرنسيون في القرن 19
مهندسون عسكريون فرنسيون
مهندسون فرنسيون
مهندسون من باريس
مواليد 1796
مواليد في باريس
وفيات 1832
وفيات بأمراض معدية في فرنسا
وفيات بسبب الكوليرا
وفيات في باريس

سعدي كارنو


Beaumont er en by i og county seat i Jefferson County i staten Texas, USA. Den har  indbyggere.

Byens oprindelse skyldtes fældning af træ til tømmer, landbrug og en havn med deraf følgende aktiviteter. Der indtraf en stor forandring i 1901 med fundet af olie i et saltdiapir kaldet Spindletop. Det førte til, at området blev til et af de store petrokemiske raffinaderi-områder i landet. Sammen med Port Arthur og Orange udgør Beaumont "den gyldne trekant", som er et markant industriområde på Golfkysten.

I Beaumont finder man Lamar Universitet med mere end 15.000 studerende. Gennem årene har Beaumont været hjemsted for flere større virksomheder, fx Gulf State Utilities, indtil firmaet blev en del af Entergy Corporation i 1993. Den højeste bygning i byen er Edison Plaza, hvor Entergy Corporation har hovedkvarter; bygningen har 17 etager.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i Texas

Beaumont (Texas)


Makoto Kitano (født 17. juli 1967) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Hitachi og Kyoto Purple Sanga.

Han har tidligere trænet Roasso Kumamoto og Kamatamare Sanuki.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Makoto Kitano


Olaylar
 Kore krallıklarından biri olan Balhae krallığı yıkıldı.

Doğumlar
 14 Temmuz - İmparator Murakami, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 62. imparatoru (ö. 967)

Ölümler
 6 Eylül - Yelü Abaoji, Çin'in Liao Hanedanı'nın kurucusu ve ilk imparatoru (d. 872)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 İbni Asem el-Kûfi, Arap tarihçi

926


Konusu
Ayşe Sarısayın öykülerinde genellikle birinci tekil şahıskipi kullanıyor, böylelikle okuyucuda öykünün kahramanı olarak kitaba girebiliyor ya da öykü okucunun hayatına giriyor. Yazar, öykülerinde genellikle kadın duyarlılığını yansıtıyor. Yorgun Anılar Zamanı, evi merkez alıyor. Evdeki kadın ve erkeğin rollerini irdeliyor. Bunları kadının bakış açısıyla anlatıyor. Masallarla büyüyen küçük kız çocuğunu, çevresindeki mutlu evliliklerin bittiğini (bitebileceğini) gören genç kızı, hüzünlü geçmişinden torununu sakınan bir anneanneyi ve evlilikleri biten kadınları anlatıyor bu kitaptaki öykülerinde.

İçindekiler

 Gökyüzü Masalları
 Atları da Vururlar
 İki Ters, İki Yüz
 Maçka Palas
 İlk Öyküm
 Yalnızlık Çeşitlemesi
 Bugün Günlerden Ne?
 Ufukta Tek Kurşun
 İsmiyle Müseccel: Fatma Dilber
 Tersyüz
 Baştan Alalım

Ödülleri

 2005 Sait Faik Hikâye Armağanı

Kaynakça
 Can Yayınları

Dış bağlantılar
 www.canyayinlari.com

Hikâye kitapları
Ayşe Sarısayın kitapları
2004 kitapları
Türkiye kitapları
2000'lerde Türkçe kitaplar

Yorgun Anılar Zamanı


Marcela Osorio Méndez (Valparaíso; 11 de mayo de 1964) es una actriz chilena de cine y televisión. Marcela se transformó en una actriz solicitada para ejecutar papeles que a principios de los años 90's no todas aceptaban. En sus primeras películas, Ardiente paciencia y Sussi, da muestras de su gran capacidad actoral, dando a sus personajes no solo belleza y sensualidad, también entrega ternura, ingenuidad e inteligencia. A pesar de su éxito inicial en el cine, sus apariciones en televisión han sido papeles donde generalmente se explota principalmente su sensualidad.

En los últimos años, Marcela Osorio se ha dedicado a la medicina oriental, sin descuidar la actividad actoral, atendiendo en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), ex Posta Central. Esta actividad comenzó luego de nacer su primera hija, y mientras se encontraba embarazada de un segundo hijo.

Además de su carrera cinematográfica, Marcela Osorio ha participado en algunos episodios de El Cuento del tío y Los Venegas en TVN, y en Infieles, mediometraje de Chilevisión. También participó como jurado en el programa de Chilevisión "¿Cuánto vale el show?" en la temporada de 1994; en el programa Siempre contigo (2003-2004) y en el ciclo Viva el teatro (2005) ambos  de MEGA.

Biografía

Marcela Osorio nació en la ciudad de Valparaíso, en la provincia homónima, Chile. A los doce años, por motivos políticos, la familia se trasladó a Barcelona, España. Cuatro años después se mudaría a vivir sola a Italia.

Beatriz González y Ardiente paciencia
En Italia, sin estudios de actuación, debutó en teatro a los diecisiete años, logrando algunas escuetas participaciones, hasta que en 1983, el escritor Antonio Skármeta, la invitó a participar en la realización de su película Ardiente paciencia, en el rol protagónico de Beatriz González, la joven e ingenua muchacha seducida por un cartero, que plagiando los versos de Pablo Neruda logra ganar su amor. En esta película, Marcela da muestras de la sensualidad que caracterizará su carrera.

Sussi
En 1986, decide regresar a Chile, donde obtiene el rol principal en la película Sussi de Gonzalo Justiniano, estrenada en 1987. Sussi es una muchacha de provincia que llegada a Santiago, busca empleo, pero en cada ocasión los hombres buscan aprovecharse de ella, sin embargo, un compañero de pensión, interpretado por Bastián Bodenhöfer, la conquista con sus misterios y juegos. Sussi, finalmente se transforma en símbolo de una campaña de gobierno, un estereotipo de la mujer chilena, en medio de una gira descubre que está embarazada y es obligada a abortar, en el delirio de la fiebre, alucina que su enamorado llega a rescatarla.

La niña en la palomera
Luego de estrenada Sussi, Marcela Osorio obtiene un rol secundario en la telenovela Mi nombre es Lara de TVN, en el papel de Lupita, trasmitida en 1987.
También actúa en la película de Felipe Vilches El país de octubre (1990).
En 1991, nuevamente en el rol protagónico, actúa en La niña en la palomera, bajo la dirección de Alfredo Rates, basado en el libro de Fernando Cuadra, quien participó en el guion. En el papel de Anita, una quinceañera que sueña con los actores de Hollywood. La caprichosa niña es seducida por Manuel, un hombre mayor, cuya esposa se la pasa en el hospital por un complicado embarazo. Este decide ocultar a Anita en una palomera de su casa, y le satisface todos sus caprichos, mientras los vecinos la buscan por todos lados. En este enrarecido ambiente, la tragedia no tarda en llegar.

Ciénaga
En 1993, vuelve al cine en una coproducción hispano-chilena, Ciénaga. La historia se traslada al sur de Chile, un lugar lleno de misticismo y parajes hermosos. Marcela Osorio protagoniza a una joven mujer casada con un olvidado actor mexicano, cuya época dorada había sido el cine de música ranchera de los años cincuenta. En medio de sus frustraciones y sus celos, los personajes se ven envueltos en un paranoíco desenlace. La película fue dirigida por José Ángel Bohollo, quien estuvo nominado a un Premio Goya como Mejor dirección novel.

Amnesia
En 1994, vuelve a trabajar con Gonzalo Justiniano, en Amnesia, en el papel de Marta, una prisionera política recluida en un campo de concentración en el desértico norte de Chile. La película recibió varios premios en festivales internacionales y una excelente crítica.

Marcela se aleja del cine por un largo período, pero continua trabajando en telenovelas y mediometrajes de televisión.

Fiestapatria
En el 2007, vuelve a la pantalla grande con la película Fiestapatria, que recibe una excelente crítica y la hace ganadora del Premio como Mejor Actriz en el 9.º Festival iberoamericana de cine de Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia) (2007), y en la 3.ª edición de los Premio Pedro Sienna, obtiene el galardón a la Mejor interpretación protagónica Femenina 2008.

En el año 2008, participa en la película con guion de Raúl Ruiz, Secretos, bajo la dirección de Valeria Sarmiento, esposa de Ruiz.

Filmografía

Cine

Telenovelas

Series de televisión

Programas de televisión
 Buenos días a todos (TVN, 2014) - Invitada

Referencias

Actrices de cine de Chile
Actrices de teatro de Chile
Actrices de televisión de Chile
Los Venegas

Marcela Osorio


Belén de Choquecota ist eine Ortschaft im Departamento Oruro im Hochland des südamerikanischen Anden-Staates Bolivien.

Lage im Nahraum
Belén de Choquecota ist zentraler Ort des Kanton Belén de Choquecota im Landkreis (bolivianisch: Municipio) Huayllamarca in der Provinz Nor Carangas. Der Ort liegt auf einer Höhe von  am Westrand der Serranía de Huayllamarca, einem etwa 100 km langen Höhenrücken, der sich im bolivianischen Hochland in nordwestlich-südöstlicher Richtung erstreckt. An Belén de Choquecota vorbei in südwestlicher Richtung fließt der Río Jachcha Jahuira,  der in den Río Barras mündet, der flussabwärts in den Salar de Coipasa mündet.

Geographie
Belén de Choquecota liegt zwischen den andinen Höhenzügen der Cordillera Oriental im Westen und der Cordillera Occidental im Osten im Trockenklima des Altiplano.

Der mittlere Jahresniederschlag beträgt etwa 330 mm und fällt zu 80 Prozent in den Monaten Dezember bis März (siehe Klimadiagramm Huayllamarca). Die Jahresdurchschnittstemperatur liegt bei knapp 8 °C, die monatlichen Durchschnittswerte schwanken zwischen 4 °C im Juni/Juli und etwa 10 °C von November bis März.

Verkehrsnetz
Belén de Choquecota liegt in einer Entfernung von 105 Straßenkilometern westlich von Oruro, der Hauptstadt des gleichnamigen Departamentos.

Von Oruro aus führt die asphaltierte Fernstraße Ruta 31 in westlicher Richtung über La Joya und Lajma nach Chuquichambi und weiter über die Provinzhauptstadt Huayllamarca und Totora nach Curahuara de Carangas, wo sie auf die Ruta 4 Richtung Chile trifft. In Chuquichambi führt eine unbefestigte Landstraße in südwestlicher Richtung über Belén de Choquecota ebenfalls nach Totora.

Bevölkerung
Die Einwohnerzahl des Ortes ist in den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten um etwa die Hälfte angestiegen:

Die überwiegende Bevölkerungsmehrheit der Region gehört dem indigenen Volk der Aymara an, im Municipio Huayllamarca sprechen 96 Prozent der Bevölkerung die Aymara-Sprache.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Reliefkarte der Region Corocoro 1:250.000 (PDF; 9,8 MB)
 Reliefkarte der Region Nevado Sajama 1:250.000 (PDF; 11,0 MB)
 Municipio Huayllamarca - Detailkarte und Bevölkerungsdaten (PDF; 2,18 MB) (spanisch)
 Municipio Huayllamarca - Übersichtskarten Nr. 41601 (spanisch)
 Departamento Oruro - Sozialdaten (spanisch) (PDF; 5,86 MB)

Belén de Choquecota


Lampugnano steht für:
 Lampugnano, Stadtteil von Mailand
 Manfioli Lampugnano, Erzbischof

Lampugnano


Slugdge je britanski blackened death metal-sastav iz Lancashirea. Njihove pjesme tematski su vezane za fiktivno kozmičko puževsko božanstvo zvano "Mollusca".

O sastavu

Sastav su 2012. godine osnovali Kevin Pearson i Matt Moss, te su kao ime odabrali složenicu riječi "slug" (puž) i sludge, podvrstu heavy metala zbog mnogobrojnih sludge metal sastava koji u imenu imaju ime neke životinje. Prva tri studijska albuma, Born of Slime, Gastronomicon (prema fiktivnoj knjizi Necronomicon iz romana H. P. Lovecrafta) i Dim & Slimeridden Kingdoms objavili su samostalno 2013., 2014. i 2015. godine na glazbenom servisu Bandcamp. Također, objavljuju i EP Slug Life s obradama pjesmi sastava Napalm Death, Mistress, Assück i drugih. Zbog popularnosti koji su stekli, posebice s posljednja dva albuma potpisuju za izdavačku kuću Willowtip Records.

Pod novim izdavačem objavljuju svoj četvrti studijski album Esoteric Malacology koji je dan prije objavljivanja premijerno pušten na streaming na heavy metal portalu MetalSucks. Nedugo nakon objavljivanja albuma, sastavu se kao novi stalni članovi pridružuju basist Matthew Lowe te bubnjar Alan Cassidy iz sastava The Black Dahlia Murder.

Naslovi mnogih njihovih pjesama su parodija na druge popularne heavy metal pjesme ili imena sastava, samo s dodanom "puževskom" tematikom, primjerice "Dark Side of the Shroom" (umjesto "Dark Side of the Moon"), "Pod Hates Us All" (umjesto "God Hates Us All"), "Slave Goo World" (umjesto "Slave New World") i slično.

Članovi sastava

Sadašnja postava
Matthew Moss – vokal, gitara (2012.–)
Kevin Pearson – gitara (2012.–), bas-gitara, programiranje (2012. – 2018.)
Matthew Lowe – bas-gitara (2018.–)
Alan Cassidy – bubnjevi (2018.–)

Diskografija
Studijski albumi
Born of Slime (2013.)
Gastronomicon (2014.)
Dim & Slimeridden Kingdoms (2015.)
Esoteric Malacology (2018.)

EP-ovi
Slug Life (2015.)

Kompilacije
The Cosmic Cornucopia (2015.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Facebook stranica
Profil na Metal Archivesu

Britanski sastavi heavy metala
Sastavi black metala
Sastavi death metala
Sastavi sludge metala

Slugdge


Vaclovas ist ein litauischer männlicher Vorname, abgeleitet von Vaclav.

Namensträger
 Vaclovas Aliulis (1921–2015), katholischer Priester, Marianer
 Vaclovas Biržiška (1884–1956), Jurist und Wissenschaftler
 Vaclovas Dačkauskas (* 1957), Bauingenieur und Politiker
 Vaclovas Karbauskis (*  1958), Politiker, Mitglied des Seimas
 Vaclovas Lapė (1934–2009), Politiker und Landwirtschaftsmanager
 Vaclovas Michnevičius (1866–1947), Bauingenieur und Architekt
 Vaclovas Sidzikauskas (1893–1973),  Jurist und Diplomat
 Vaclovas Šalkauskas (* 1965), Jurist und Diplomat
 Vaclovas Šleinota (* 1951),  Manager und  Politiker, Vizeminister
 Vaclovas Volkovas (* 1947), Politiker, Bürgermeister von Šiauliai
 Vaclovas Žilinskas, Politiker, Vizehandelsminister
 Algirdas Vaclovas Patackas (1943–2015), Politiker

Männlicher Vorname
Litauischer Vorname

Vaclovas