Korenizatsiya (em , , "indigenização" ou literalmente "criar raízes") foi uma das primeiras políticas da União Soviética para a integração de nacionalidades não russas nos governos de suas repúblicas soviéticas específicas. Na década de 1920, a política de korenização (nativização) promoveu representantes da nação titular e suas minorias nacionais, nos níveis administrativos inferiores do governo local da burocracia e da nomenklatura de suas repúblicas soviéticas. Em russo, o termo  deriva de  (, "população nativa" ou literalmente "população raiz").

Politicamente e culturalmente, a política de nativização visava eliminar o domínio e a cultura russa nas referidas repúblicas soviéticas. A desrussificação foi imposta até mesmo aos russos étnicos e seus filhos. Por exemplo, todas as crianças na Ucrânia foram forçadas a aprender a língua ucraniana. As políticas de korenização facilitaram o estabelecimento do Partido Comunista no governo através das línguas locais e da educação, publicação, cultura e vida pública. Desse modo, os quadros do Partido Comunista local eram promovidos a todos os níveis de governo, e os russos étnicos que trabalhavam em tais governos eram obrigados a aprender a língua e a cultura local de uma determinada república soviética.

Início
A política de nacionalidades foi formulada pelo partido bolchevique em 1913, quatro anos antes de chegar ao poder na Rússia. Vladimir Lenin enviou o jovem Joseph Stalin (ele próprio um georgiano e, portanto, um membro da minoria étnica) para Viena, que era uma cidade com grande diversidade étnica devido ao seu status de capital do Império Austro-Húngaro. Stalin reportou de volta para Moscou com suas ideias para a política. Foi resumido no panfleto de Stalin (sua primeira publicação acadêmica), Marxismo e a Questão Nacional (1913). Ironicamente, Stalin também seria o principal defensor de seu eventual desmembramento e do ressurgimento da russificação.

Lênin, no final de 1919, convenceu seus associados de que seu governo deveria parar as políticas culturais administrativas e linguísticas que eram implementadas pelo governo imperial nas repúblicas não russas. Conforme adotado em 1923, a korenizatziya envolvia ensino e administração na língua da república em questão; e também envolveu a promoção de não russos a posições de poder nas administrações da República e do Partido, incluindo por um tempo a criação de um grupo especial de sovietes chamado "natssoviety" (conselhos de nacionalidade) em sua própria "natsraiony" (regiões de nacionalidade) com base em concentrações de minorias dentro do que eram repúblicas minoritárias. Por exemplo, na Ucrânia, no final da década de 1920, havia até uma sociedade nacional para russos e estonianos.

Essa política pretendia reverter parcialmente décadas de russificação ou promoção da identidade cultural e da língua russa em territórios não russos, que ocorreram durante o período imperial. A política conquistou muitos não russos que eram antibolcheviques em todo o país. Também provocou hostilidade entre alguns russos e não russos russificados em repúblicas não russas.

Na década de 1920, a sociedade ainda não era "socialista". Havia animosidade em relação aos russos e em relação a outras nacionalidades por parte dos russos, mas também havia conflitos e rivalidades entre outras nacionalidades.

Contra o chauvinismo da Grã-Rússia
Em 1923, no 12.º Congresso do Partido Comunista Russo, Stalin identificou duas ameaças ao sucesso da "política de nacionalidades" do partido: Chauvinismo de Grande Poder (velikoderzhavny shovinizm; grande chauvinismo de Estado) e nacionalismo local. No entanto, ele descreveu o primeiro como o maior perigo:

Criação de nações socialistas
A ideia principal da Korenizacija era o crescimento de quadros comunistas para cada nacionalidade. Em meados da década de 1930, a porcentagem de moradores locais tanto no partido quanto no serviço estatal cresceu consideravelmente.

O período inicial da korenizacija foi junto com o desenvolvimento de unidades administrativas nacionais territoriais e culturas nacionais. Este último se refletiu sobretudo nas áreas de construção da linguagem e educação. Para várias das pequenas nacionalidades na Rússia que não tinham nenhuma língua literária, um "Comitê do Norte" ajudou a criar alfabetos para que as línguas nacionais pudessem ser ensinadas nas escolas e a alfabetização pudesse ser levada ao povo em suas línguas nativas — e as minorias seriam trazidas do atraso para o mundo moderno. E na imensa República Ucraniana, o programa de ucranianização levou a uma profunda mudança da língua de ensino nas escolas para o ucraniano.

Em 1930, Stalin proclamou no 16.º Congresso do Partido que a construção do socialismo era um período de florescimento das culturas nacionais. O objetivo final seria fundir-se em uma cultura internacional com um idioma comum. Enquanto isso, o primeiro plano quinquenal em 1928–1931 foi um período de radicalismo, utopia e violência em uma atmosfera de "revolução cultural". A herança cultural russa foi atacada, igrejas foram fechadas, especialistas antigos foram demitidos e a ciência e a arte foram proletarizadas.

As táticas dos bolcheviques em sua luta para neutralizar as aspirações nacionalistas levaram a resultados políticos no início da década de 1930. A antiga estrutura do Império Russo foi destruída e uma estrutura estatal federal hierárquica baseada no princípio nacional foi criada. A estrutura consistia em Estados baseados na nacionalidade, nos quais as culturas das nacionalidades floresceriam e as línguas das nacionalidades seriam faladas e usadas nas escolas e na administração local. A transição foi real, não apenas um império russo centralizado camuflado.

O 17.º congresso do Partido em 1934, proclamou que a construção da base material para uma sociedade socialista havia sido bem-sucedida. A União Soviética tornou-se uma sociedade oficialmente socialista em 1936, quando a nova constituição foi adotada. A nova constituição afirmava que muitas nações socialistas haviam se transformado voluntariamente em uma união harmoniosa. De acordo com a nova constituição, havia 11 repúblicas socialistas, 22 repúblicas autônomas, nove regiões autônomas e nove territórios nacionais. Ao mesmo tempo, a administração agora estava bastante centralizada. Todas as repúblicas estavam agora ligadas para servir a um Estado socialista comum.

Fim da korenização

Expurgos de quadros nacionais
Entre 1933 e 1938, a korenizatsiya não foi realmente revogada. Suas disposições simplesmente deixaram de ser cumpridas. Também começaram expurgos das lideranças das repúblicas e territórios nacionais. A acusação contra os não russos era de que eles haviam instigado conflitos nacionais e oprimido os russos ou outras minorias nas repúblicas. Em 1937, foi proclamado que as elites locais haviam se tornado agentes contratados e seu objetivo era o desmembramento da União Soviética e a restauração do capitalismo. As lideranças nacionais das repúblicas e autonomias foram liquidadas em massa.

Reversão para russificação
Em meados da década de 1930, com expurgos em algumas das áreas nacionais, a política de korenizatsiya tomou um novo rumo, e até o final da década de 1930 a política de promoção das línguas locais começou a ser equilibrada por uma maior russificação, eembora talvez não por uma russificação explícita ou tentativas de assimilar as minorias. Nessa época, os não russos estavam com seu apetite aguçado em vez de saciado em relação a política de korenizatsiya e havia indícios de que ela estava encorajando a violência interétnica na medida em que a integridade territorial da URSS estaria em perigo. Além disso, os russos étnicos se ressentiam da "discriminação reversa" institucionalizada e artificial que beneficiava os não russos e, como resultado, os consideravam ingratos e manipuladores. Outra preocupação era que as minorias ocidentais soviéticas — bielorrussos, ucranianos, poloneses, finlandeses etc. — que haviam sido anteriormente tratados com benevolência consciente para fornecer valor propagandístico aos membros de seus grupos étnicos em nações que fazem fronteira com a URSS (facilitando assim a futura unificação nacional, que então provocaria a expansão territorial da URSS) agora eram cada vez mais vistos como vulneráveis à influência do outro lado da fronteira, "quintas colunas" para Estados expansionistas que buscavam adquirir território soviético habitado por seu próprio grupo étnico. A adesão das massas à identidade nacional e não de classe foi tão forte na Rússia quanto em outras repúblicas e regiões. Entre 1937 e 1953, as políticas raciais começaram a se infiltrar nas políticas de nacionalidade, com certas nacionalidades vistas como tendo traços imutáveis, particularmente as nacionalidades nas terras de fronteira instáveis.

Além disso, Stalin parecia determinado a reduzir bastante o número de nacionalidades oficialmente reconhecidas ao contratar a lista oficial de nacionalidades no censo de 1939, em comparação com o censo de 1926. O desenvolvimento das chamadas "escolas nacionais" (национальные школы) nas quais as línguas das nacionalidades minoritárias eram o principal meio de instrução continuou, espalhando a alfabetização e a educação universal em muitas línguas minoritárias nacionais, enquanto ensinava o russo como matéria obrigatória de estudo. O termo korenizatsiya saiu de uso na segunda metade da década de 1930, substituído por expressões mais burocráticas, como "seleção e colocação de quadros nacionais" (подбор и расстановка национальных кадров).

A partir de 1937, a imprensa central começou a elogiar a língua russa e a cultura russa. Campanhas de massa foram organizadas para denunciar os "inimigos do povo". Os "nacionalistas burgueses" eram novos inimigos do povo russo que havia suprimido a língua russa. A política de indigenização foi abandonada. Nos anos seguintes, a língua russa tornou-se uma disciplina obrigatória em todas as escolas soviéticas.

O nacionalismo russo pré-revolucionário também foi reabilitado. Muitos dos heróis da história russa foram reapropriados para glorificação. O povo russo tornou-se o "irmão mais velho" da "família socialista de nações". Um novo tipo de patriotismo, o patriotismo soviético, foi declarado como uma vontade de lutar pela pátria socialista.

Em 1938, o russo tornou-se uma matéria obrigatória de estudo em todas as escolas não russas. Em geral, a russificação cultural e linguística refletia a centralização geral imposta por Stalin. A escrita cirílica foi instituída para várias línguas soviéticas, incluindo as línguas da Ásia Central que, no final da década de 1920, receberam alfabetos latinos para substituir os árabes.

Ver também
 Ucranização
 Russificação
 Latinização (União Soviética)

Bibliografia
 Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. 1984. "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy: 1934-1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December): 1019-1039.

 Hirsch, Francine. 2005. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-4273-7.
 Martin, Terry D. 2001. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8677-7.
 Slezkine, Yuri. 1994. "The USSR as a Communal Apartment, Or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism," Slavic Review 53, No. 2 (Summer): 414-452.
 Suny, Ronald Grigor and Martin, Terry, Eds. 2002. A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514423-6 (softcover),  (hardcover).
 Wixman, Ronald. 1980. Language Aspects of Ethnic Patterns and Processes in the North Caucasus. University of Chicago Geography Research Series, No. 191.

Terminologia soviética
História da União Soviética e Rússia Soviética

Korenizatsiya


Diego Matheuz (* 9. August 1984 in Barquisimeto, Bundesstaat Lara, Venezuela) ist ein venezolanischer Dirigent und Geiger.

Karriere als Dirigent
Matheuz ist im Rahmen der venezolanischen Politik der musikalischen Früherziehung auf dem Lande (El Sistema) erzogen worden. Zuerst erlernte er die Violine in seiner Heimatstadt und absolvierte ab 2005 bei dem Gründer des Systems José Antonio Abreu Kurse im Dirigieren. 2006 war er bereits an der Seite von Claudio Abbado bei verschiedenen Konzerten in Italien und Venezuela tätig. Sir Simon Rattle lud ihn im Juli 2007 ein, das Orquesta Sinfónica de la Juventud Venezolana Simón Bolívar, das Jugendsinfonieorchester Venezuelas Simón Bolívar, zu dirigieren. 2008 gab er in Italien sein Debüt als Dirigent des Orchestra Mozart aus Bologna und dirigierte beim Casals-Festival in San Juan in Puerto Rico. Das Orchestra Mozart lud ihn darauf hin ein, jeweils die Eröffnungskonzerte der Spielzeiten 2009 und 2010 zu dirigieren. Mit Claudio Abbado war er stellvertretender Dirigent bei Konzerten in Caracas und Bologna.

2009 war Matheuz Gastdirigent bei der Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rom, beim Teatro Lirico di Cagliari und beim Orchestra Sinfonica Nazionale della RAI in Turin. In der letzten Zeit dirigierte er das Abschlusskonzert der Accademia Gustav Mahler in Bozen in Südtirol und debütierte im Festspielhaus St. Pölten in Niederösterreich mit dem Tonkünstler-Orchester Niederösterreich. Als stellvertretender Dirigent arbeitete er mit Gustavo Dudamel sowohl beim Jugendsinfonieorchester Simón Bolívar bei deren letzten Tourneen als auch bei den schwedischen Göteborger Symphonikern zusammen.

Matheuz dirigierte im November 2010 das Philharmonische Orchester des Teatro alla Scala aus Mailand bei einem Konzert im Konzerthaus Berlin in Berlin, das hr-Sinfonieorchester in  Frankfurt am Main und das Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London. Von 2011 bis 2015 war er Chefdirigent am Teatro la Fenice in Venedig und dirigierte dort die Neujahrskonzerte 2012 und 2014.

Laufbahn als Geiger
Matheuz ist einer der ersten Geiger des Jugendsinfonieorchesters Simón Bolívar, ferner ist er als Solist mit den Orchestern der venezolanischen Bundesstaaten Miranda und Lara, den Jungen Streichern von Venezuela und mit dem Kammerorchester der University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) aufgetreten. Er studiert weiterhin Violine an der Academia violinistica Latino-Americana unter José Francisco del Castillo.

Weblinks
 Webseite des Orchestra Mozart

Einzelnachweise

Dirigent
Geiger
Venezolaner
Geboren 1984
Mann

Diego Matheuz


El Torneo Apertura 2010 fue la vigésima novena edición del Campeonato Femenino de Fútbol de Argentina desarrollada entre el 12 de septiembre de 2010 y el 20 de marzo de 2011. Fue organizado por la Asociación del Fútbol Argentino

Boca Juniors consiguió su decimoctavo título, de forma invicta. De esta forma, tendría la oportunidad de jugar un partido por la clasificación a la Copa Libertadores Femenina de 2011 con el campeón del Clausura 2011.

Equipos participantes

Sistema de disputa
El torneo se llevó a cabo en una sola rueda, por el sistema de todos contra todos.

La tabla final de posiciones se estableció por acumulación puntos, y, en caso de que hubiese habido empate entre dos o más equipos, se habrían realizado de partidos de desempate. Se otorgan tres puntos por partido ganado, uno por partido empatado y ninguno, en caso de derrota.

Para la clasificación a la Copa Libertadores de 2011, se realizaría un enfrentamiento a partido único entre el ganador del Apertura 2010 y el del Clausura 2011. En caso de ser el mismo, ese equipo clasificaría directamente al torneo continental.

Posiciones

Resultados

Véase también
 Torneo Apertura 2010 (versión masculina)

Enlaces externos
 Apertura Femenino 2010 en el sitio de la AFA

2010A
Fútbol en Argentina en 2010
Fútbol en Argentina en 2011
Fútbol femenino en 2010
Fútbol femenino en 2011

Torneo Femenino Apertura 2010 (Argentina)


William Morgan "Bill" Cassidy (født 28. september 1957 i Highland Park) er en amerikansk republikansk politiker. Han er medlem af USA's senat valgt i Louisiana siden 2015 Han var medlem af Repræsentanternes Hus i perioden 2009–2015.

Eksterne henvisninger

Medlemmer af USA's kongres for det republikanske parti
Medlemmer af Senatet i USA
Personer fra Louisiana

Bill Cassidy


Spektrometrija je grana analitičke kemije koja se isprva temeljila samo na mjerenjima međudjelovanja (interakcije) elektromagnetskoga zračenja s česticama (atomima i molekulama) tvari, a danas je proširena i na izbijanje manjih čestica iz početnih. Tom se tehnikom vrlo precizno mjere valna duljina elektromagnetskoga zračenja ili veličine proporcionalne energiji zračenja (valni broj, frekvencija) te kinetička energija izbačenih ili preostalih nabijenih čestica. Znatno se slabije mogu mjeriti promjene jakosti (intenziteta) zračenja i struje nabijenih čestica. Iz tih podataka dobivaju se vrijedne informacije o sastavu analiziranih uzoraka u kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom smislu pa se spektrometrija ubraja među najvažnije instrumentalne tehnike kemijske analize. Osim toga, spektrometrijom se dobivaju informacije i o strukturi (geometrija, masa, energija), električnim i magnetskim svojstvima molekula.

Spektrometrijska analiza
Spektrometrijska analiza je primjena spektroskopskih tehnika radi prepoznavanja (identifikacije), određivanja kemijskoga sastava (kvalitativna analiza), količine (kvantitativna analiza) i strukture tvari (spektroskopija). Spektrometrijska analiza provodi se s pomoću spektrometrijskih instrumenata (na primjer spektrometar). Položaj (valna duljina) registriranih spektralnih linija pruža podatke za kvalitativnu, a njihova jakost (intenzitet) za kvantitativnu kemijsku analizu. Analizom optičkih spektara Sunca i drugih zvijezda u svemiru bili su određeni njihovi kemijski sastavi, temperature i gustoće. Razvojem znanosti istraživanja su se proširila na sve vrste tvari, uključujući i žive organizme. Danas se tehnike spektrometrijske analize ubrajaju u najveću i najvažniju skupinu instrumentalnih tehnika suvremene kemijske analize, a primjenjuju se i u biokemiji, medicini, forenzici, fizici, geologiji, astronomiji i drugom.

U spektrometrijskoj analizi dominantne su emisijske i apsorpcijske tehnike. Atomska spektrometrija (emisijska i apsorpcijska) temelj je određivanja kemijskih elemenata. U atomskoj emisijskoj spektrometriji položaj linije u spektru (valna duljina) karakterističan je za atome određenog elementa, a intenzitet linije za njegovu koncentraciju. Tako se karakteristične emisijske linije alkalijskih i zemnoalkalijskih elemenata pojavljuju u vidljivom dijelu spektra (na primjer natrijeva žuta linija na valnoj duljini 589,3 nm, barijeva zelena linija na 524,2 nm). Elementi se analiziraju i drugim spektrometrijskim tehnikama, kao što je rendgenska fluorescencijska spektrometrija. Kemijski spojevi analiziraju se uglavnom tehnikama molekularne spektrometrije. Među njima prevladavaju apsorpcijske tehnike, kojima se određuje jakost (intenzitet) elektromagnetskoga zračenja koje se pri prolazu kroz analizirani uzorak djelomično apsorbira, a apsorpcija nastaje pri valnim duljinama svojstvenima za dotičnu tvar. Tako se ultraljubičastom i vidljivom spektrometrijom određuju funkcijske skupine, dok infracrvena i spektrometrija nuklearne magnetske rezonancije daje podatke o strukturi molekule. Od emisijskih spektrometrijskih tehnika u analizi molekula najvažnije su fluorescencija i fosforescencija.

Vrlo su važne i ostale tehnike spektrometrijske analize, na primjer masena spektrometrija, kojom se određuje molekularna formula i struktura molekula, Ramanova spektrometrija, koja se temelji na neelastičnom raspršenju monokromatskoga zračenja u vidljivom i bliskom infracrvenom dijelu spektra, spektrometrija nuklearne magnetske rezonancije, koja, osim u kemijskoj analizi, ima vrlo važnu primjenu i u medicini i tako dalje.

Spektrometar

Spektrometar je uređaj koji izravno elektronskim detektorom snima spektar i mjeri njegovu jakost (intenzitet), dok je spektrofotometar naziv za spektrometar koji se koristi u području takozvane optičke spektrometrije (obuhvaća samo ultraljubičasto, vidljivo i infracrveno zračenje). Spektrometar se sastoji od izvora zračenja, monokromatora i detektora. U spektrometar valja staviti uzorak koji je predmet promatranja. Spektrometar će izmjeriti jakost određene valne duljine elektromagnetskog zračenja, koji je uzorak emitirao, apsorbirao, ili reflektirao. Kao detektori elektromagnetskog zračenja služe fotomultiplikatori, fotoosjetljive diode ili CCD čip, u vidljivom i ultraljubičastom području zračenja, te termoosjetljivi otpornici ili bolometri u infracrvenom području.

Kao što svjetlost Sunca, električne žarulje i električnog luka možemo rastaviti pomoću optičke prizme, tako možemo rastaviti svjetlost i različitih drugih izvora, na primjer usijanih kovina, soli, plinova i tako dalje. Proučavanjem spektra različitih tvari zove se spektroskopija. Za proučavanje i mjerenje spektara različitih izvora svjetlosti služi spektrometar. Spektrometar se sastoji od prizme, kolimatora, dalekozora i cijevi sa skalom za mjerenje položaja pojedinih dijelova spektra. Kolimator je cijev koja na prednjoj strani ima usku pukotinu na koju padaju zrake svjetlosti iz izvora, čiji spektar istražujemo. Na drugoj strani cijevi je optička leća. Duljina kolimatora jednaka je žarišnoj daljini leće, tako da zrake svjetlosti poslije izlaza iz kolimatora budu paralelne. Nakon loma kroz prizmu stvara se spektar u žarišnoj daljini dalekozora, pa taj spektar promatramo kroz okular. Cijev sa skalom ima na vanjskom kraju staklenu pločicu na kojoj je fotografirana skala, a postavljena je u žarišnoj daljini leće koja se nalazi na drugom kraju cijevi. Od osvijetljene skale padaju zrake svjetlosti na prizmu i nakon refleksije ulaze u dalekozor. Tako se pomoću reflektirane zrake može mjeriti položaj pojedinih spektralnih boja. Ako se mjesto dalekozora stavi fotografska kamera, može se dobiti fotografski snimak spektra. Takav se spektralni uređaj zove spektrograf.

Spektroskopija

Spektroskopija je znanost koja proučava djelovanje elektromagnetskog zračenja i materije. Spektroskopija se primjenjuje u mnogim granama prirodnih znanosti jer daje informacije o građi i sastavu tvari, njezinoj temperaturi, tlaku. Spektroskopija može dati informacije o dinamici promatranog sustava. Vjerojatno najšira upotreba spektroskopije je u analitičke svrhe. Spektroskopija se najčešće dijeli prema spektralnom području, a to često ovisi o grani znanosti koja rabi dotičnu spektroskopiju. Kao rezultat spektroskopskog istraživanja dobiva se spektar. Spektroskopija se, prema fenomenu koji izaziva sprezanje elektromagnetskog zračenja može podijeliti na:

 rotacijsku spektroskopiju
 vibracijsku spektroskopiju
 elektronsku spektroskopiju

Izvori

Spektroskopija
Analitička kemija

Spektrometrija


An Pleurothallis magnipetala in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Schweinfurth. An Pleurothallis magnipetala in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis magnipetala


Stema municipiului Galați se compune dintr-un scut tăiat de un brâu ondulat, de argint. În partea superioară, pe albastru, o corabie neagră cu două catarge având pânzele și flamurile din argint, navigând pe o apa; câmpul inferior, despicat. În cartierul din dreapta, pe roșu, doi pești de argint, ridicați cu capetele întoarse spre flancurile scutului. În cartierul secund, pe aur, un caduceu negru. Scutul este timbrat de o coroană murală de argint formată din șapte turnuri.

Semnificația elementelor:

 Ambarcațiunea din partea superioara amintește faptul că acest oraș este un important port la Dunăre, atestarea sa documentară drept schelă (port) datând, după cum se știe, din secolul XV
 Peștii scot în evidență rolul acestui port în dezvoltarea pescuitului
 caducelul este atributul zeului Mercur, zeul comerțului. Acesta simbolizează intensa activitate comercială desfășurată aici, Galații ajungând în 1711, conform afirmației lui Dimitrie Cantemir, centrul comercial cel mai important de pe toată Dunărea, statut întărit după spargerea, în 1774, a monopolului turcesc în zonă, și mai ales după desființarea definitivă a acestuia, în 1829. Nota :(MO nr. 171 din 02.08.1930, citat din "Heraldica României" - Maria Dogaru, Ed. JIF, București 1994) Descrierea stemei

Variante vechi ale stemei

Legături externe
 Stema orașului

Stemele municipiilor din România
 Galați

Stema municipiului Galați


La Interestatal 780 (abreviada I-780) es una autopista interestatal ubicada en el Área de la Bahía de San Francisco en el estado de California. La autopista inicia en el Oeste desde la  hacia el Este en la . La autopista tiene una longitud de 10,9 km (6.759 mi).

Historia
En el renumeramiento de 1964, la designación legislativa para el tramo Vallejo-Benicia fue cambiado de la Ruta 74 a la Ruta 680, reflejando su designación como una Interestatal. El tramo corto que no era una autopista en Vallejo, que se extendía al oeste desde la I-80 a SR 29, se convirtió en la Ruta Estatal 141. Esta Ruta seguía por Benicia Road y Maine Street, el mismo alineamiento que la ruta tenía inicialmente; se conectaba inicialmente con la I-780 vía Lemon Street, pero después siguió de Benicia Road des I-80 al norte de la I-780.

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras federales, la Interestatal 780 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de California por sus siglas en inglés Caltrans.

Cruces
La Interestatal 780 es atravesada principalmente por la Rollingwood Drive y 2nd Street en Benicia.

{| class=wikitable
!Localidad
!Miliario
!Salida
!Destinos
!Notas
|-
|rowspan=5|Vallejo
|7.44
|
|Curtola Parkway – Vallejo
|Continuación más allá de Lemon Street
|-
|7.44
|
|Lemon Street
|Paso a desnivel
|-
|7.19
|1
|
| Señalizada como salidas 1A (oeste) y 1B (este)
|-
|7.07
|1C
|Laurel Street, Cedar Street
|
|-
|6.00
|1D
|Glen Cove Road
|
|-
|rowspan=6|Benicia
|4.77
|3A
|Columbus Parkway
|Sirve a Benicia State Recreation Area
|-
|4.00
|3B
|Military West
|
|-
|2.96
|4
|Southampton Road
|
|-
|2.02
|5
|East Second Street – Central Benicia
|
|-
|1.58
|6
|East Fifth Street
|
|-
|0.68
|7
|
|Salida este y entrada oeste; señalizada como salidas 7A (norte) y 7B (sur)

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Caltrans
 Lista de ciudades servidas por autopistas interestatales
 Lista de Autopistas por estado

80-7
Carreteras del condado de Solano

Interestatal 780


Thor Milbo (født 28. september 1999 i Glostrup), bedre kendt som Milbo, er en dansk popsanger fra Rødovre. Som 19-årig har han allerede udgivet fem singler sammen med musikere som fx Skinz, som har lavet hittet "Jeg har en pige".

Sangkarriere
I oktober 2017 udgav han "Heldig" sammen med vennen Ealay, som i september 2018 er blevet afspillet næsten 3,5 millioner gange på Spotify. I marts 2018 udgav Milbo singlen "Altid på" og efterfølgende en musikvideo. I sangen synger han om sine venner, som "altid er på". Tidligt i sommeren 2018 udgav han sangen "Populær" sammen med Skinz.

Guldtuben 2018
Milbo optrådte til den fjerde udgave af Guldtuben Guldtuben 2018  (som arrangeres af Splay) 22. september 2018 i Royal Arena, som den anden musiker under eventen, igen i samarbejde sammen med Skinz.

Diskografi
 "Heldig" (single 2017)
 "Elsker når hun danser" (single 2017)
 "Altid på" (single 2018)
 "Populær" (feat. Skinz, single 2018)
 "25 timer" (single 2018)
 "Million" (feat. Ealay, single 2018)
 "Paris" (feat. JAY, single 2018)
 "Aldrig Aldrig" (single 2019)
 "Fuck af" (Fie Laursen feat. Milbo, single 2019)
 "Dada" (Single 2020)
 "Milionær" (single 2021) - titelsang til Paradise Hotel sæson 18
 "01:15" (single 2022)
 "VANVITTIG" (single 2022)
 "Sidste Gang" (single 2023)
 "Just Dance" (single 2023)
 "Bon Appetit" (single 2023)
 "Lissom" (single 2023)

Referencer

Sangere fra Danmark
Personer fra Rødovre

Milbo


Lanheses Portekiz'de Viana do Castelo belediyesine bağlı olan, 10,04 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.740 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viana do Castelo

Lanheses


اٍقلي مركز دائرة بولاية بشار تقع اٍلى الشمال من مدينة بني عباس. واجنوبا تاغيت شرقا العرق الغربي الكبير وغربا العبادلة يبلغ عدد سكانها 6700 نسمة، وبها قرية مازر لغة سكانها الشلحة وأول مستقر لمؤسسيها مند قرون كان في ما يسمى اغرم امقران ثم اغرم اقديم قبل أن يتم تعمير المساحة الكائنة بينهما بعد الاستقلال،

الجغرافيا
اٍقلي مركز دائرة بولاية بشار تقع اٍلى الشمال من مدينة بني عباس بمسافة 75 كلم. وجنوبا من دائرة تاغيت بحوالي 62 كلم يحدها من الشرق الشرق العرق الغربي الكبير ومن الغرب مدينة العبادلة كما تبعد عن مدينة بشار بحوالي 152 كلم يبلغ عدد سكانها 6700 نسمة،

من القطاعات الادارية التي تنتمي لها قرية مازر التي تبعد عنها بحوالي 22 كلم وتوزديت ب 8 كلم

اللهجة المحلية
لغة سكانها الشلحة وهي لهجة محلية تتشابه إلى حد كبير لهجة كل من بربي بتاغيت وواكدة ييشار وكل من لهجة موغل وبوكايس كما انها تتشبه لهجة كل من قصر بني ونيف وعسلة بالبيض ومن جهة أخرى وفي مستوى ابعد تتتقاطع مع كل من الزناتية بتيميمون والشاوية بباتنة وخنشلة ولهجة شنوة بتيبازة وتافيلالت بالمغرب ولهجة الجنوب الغربي من ليبيا .

مما يدل على الامتداد الثقافي لبلدية اقلي من حيث اللانتماء أو الاصول والتي تختلف الكثير من الاقاويل والتواريخ الغير مدونة.

وأول مستقر لمؤسسيها مند قرون كان في ما يسمى اغرم امقران ثم اغرم اقديم قبل أن يتم تعمير المساحة الكائنة بينهما بعد الاستقلال،

التاريخ
لا يوجد مرجع تاريخي واضح ومتفق عليه يمكن للمؤرخين الانطلاق منه من اجل كتابة تاريخ لمنطقة اقلي لكن هناك اساطير وشذرات من التراث المحلي يجتمع فيها الكثير من الغموض واللبس وغير متفق عليها. لكن لا بأس بان نستعرض بعضا منها:
• ليس هناك سبب لتسمية اقلي رغم الفكرة الخاطئة التي ترجع اصل التسيمة لالتقاء وادي قير ووزوفانة وهذا لسبب بسيط جدا وهو وجود أكثر من منطقة في العالم تحمل نفس الاسم لكنه اسم أمازيغي بحث.
• يقال ان منطقة اقلي كانت قبل قرون كثيرة قبل ان يستوطنها اصلا الوالي الصالح سيدي عثمان دفين اقلي وقد كانت تعيش فيه قبائل كانت تعرف بالقوة والشجاعة وأيضا بالبربرية والوحشية.
• بعد اغرم امقران رحلت بعض العائلات إلى منطقة توزديدت 7 كلم من اقلي والباقي استطونوا القصر الباقية اثاره إلى اليوم.و الذي ترجع بعض المصادر تاريخيه إلى 4 قرون مضت.
• بعد دخول الاستعمار الفرنسي سنة 1901 جعلوا منطقة اقلي منطقة حساسة منها تنطلق كل العمليات العسكرية وأيضا مدد لكل الجيوش من هناو هناك وقد بنوا سياجا على القصر القديم حددوا ساعة خروج السكان ودخولهم.
• هدم قصر توزديت سنة 1957 كما يروى نتيجة معلومة وصلت للاستعمار بوجود المجاهدين فقرر المستعمورن هدم القصر وترحيل كل العائلات هناك إلى القصر القديم.
• انضمت الكثير من العائلات إلى المنطقة وخصوصا من الزاوية التحتانية والزغامرة واصبحوا جزءا من النسيج الاجتماعي لمنطقة اقلي مثال (بن عثمان – لهاشمي – زغامري – دموش – عمار - بلغازي....) وأيضا قبائل الشعانبة والعطاونة.
• حتى سنة 1900 لازالت اقلي كباقي الجنوب جزء من مملكة سلطان تافيلالت بالمغرب تخضع لنظام السلطان واوامره وتصل جيوشه وفرسانه حتى توات ادرار حتى مجئ الاستعمار الفرنسي

مذكرات الملازم الأول غليوم / الحملة على اقلي عام 1900

الاقتصاد
طبيعة المنطقة ونشاطاتها الاقتصادية:

اقلي منطقة ذات طبيعة فلاحية حيث تمتد واحاتها على طول واد الساورة والذي يتشكل اصلا من التقاء كل من وادي قير القادم من المغرب مارا بالعبادلة وواد زوزفانة القادم من بشار وتاغيت.

كانت البساتين هي مصدر رزق العائلات القلاوية وتضم أيضا منطقة البادرة التي تتقاطع مع العبادلة في ملكيتها والتي شهدت الكثير من المناوشات حولها.

لكن الملوحة والتي زحفت على طول واد الساورة جعلت من الواحات خرابا وكان حربا نووية حدتث في اقلي.لتبقى بعض البساتين والتي يشكل العرق مصدرا لماء ابارها تعاني وتقاوم ببسالة.
و رغم كل عمليات الدعم الفلاحي والتي استفاد منها المئات من الفلاحين لكن لايوجد إنتاج محلي.
و من جهة أخرى تحظى كل الحمادات بطابع رعوي ضعيف جدا اللهم الا في مواسم المطر التي تشكل الحمادات مرعى خصب للموالين ومربو المواشي.

كما ان ارض اقلي غنية بنبات الترفاس والذي ينمو بشكل كبير وكثيف في مواسم المطر ويجعل البعض منه مصدر للثروة والمال.

الجانب الثقافي والرياضي
ينشط في اقلي أكثر من 61 جمعية لكن لا اثر واضح لها إذا استثنينا البعض منها مثل (فوج الصراط الكشفي – جمعية الإرشاد والإصلاح – جمعية المعاقين – جمعية تكافل – نادي الوئام الرياضي-شباب الغد) وبشكل عام تحظى اقلي بموسم ثقافي في مهرجان الزواج الجماعي في شهر مارس كل سنة وأيضا حركية في موسم رمضان حيث نجح الفوج الكشفي في تنظيم عمرة جماعية وأيضا مشورعا خيرا يتمثل في الإطار عابري السبيل في الطريق الوطني رقم 6

كما شهدت بعضا من الحركية في المهرجانات الرياضية النادرة (مراطون الرمال.....).كما ان هناك ضعف من حيث الاداء الرياضي للفرق على المستوى الاحترافي أو الولائي.

من حيث التمثيل خارج الوطن شارك كل من فراجي جيلالي في مؤتمر بجنيف بسويسرا ومرشداتان (مريم عيسانيي – نورة زباير) في المؤتمر العالمي الكشفي ببيرطانيا.

كما يجدر الإشارة إلى وجود نتائج جد طيبة من حيث نسب النجاح في كل الشهادات التعلمية وخصوصا شهادة البكالوريا.
و أيضا ختم لكتاب الله كل سنة من طرف الإناث من مدرستي تحفيظ القرآن التابعة للمسجد ولجمعية الإرشاد.

وصلات خارجية
 منتديات إقلي.

المصادر

إقلي

إقلي


Naschmarkt Jugendstil, Wieden'de manavların, lokantaların ve tatlıcıların toplu halde bulunduğu tarihi bir pazar yeridir.

Merkez ilçeler Margareten, Mariahilf, Merkez ilçe Innere Stadt ve Wieden arasında bulunur ama yönetim olarak Wieden'e bağlıdır.

Bugünkü Naschmarkt'ın olduğu yerde 16. yüzyılda süt ve süt ürünleri satılmaktaydı. İsminin de eskiden süt ölçülen kovaların adı olan Aschen'den geldiği tahmin edilmektedir. Yanından geçen nehrin kıyıları ünlü mimar Otto Wagner tarafından kapatılmış ve bugünkü halini almıştır.

Genelde sebze, meyve, tatlı, balık, et ve et ürünlerinin satıldığı pazarda zamanla egzotik meyveler ve belli damak zevkine hitap eden mutfaklar da yerini almıştır. Türk, Yunan, Asya ülkeleri ürünlerinin ve mutfaklarının da yer aldığı pazar toplam 172 sabit tezgâh, dükkân ve lokal ile hizmet vermektedir. Ayrıca her cumartesi 30 adet köylü pazar tezgâhı kurulmaktadır.

2001 ile 2004 yılları arasında krizden dolayı birçok dükkânın lokantaya çevrilmesiyle Naschmarkt'ın özelliğini yavaş yavaş yitirdiği düşünülmüş, 2005 yazında çıkarılan yeni pazar yasası ile başka dükkânların lokantaya çevrilmesi önlenerek pazar korumaya alınmıştır.

Pazarın hemen yanındaki metro durağı Kettenbrücke yanına her cumartesi açılan bitpazarı (Flohmarkt) antika severler için uğrak yeridir.

Naschmarkt'a en iyi ulaşma aracı U4 numaralı ve yeşil renkteki metrodur, Kettenbrücke durağı pazarın girişindedir.

Pazarların açık olduğu günler ve saatleri

Naschmarkt (Sabit Pazar)
 Pazartesi, Salı, Çarşamba, Perşembe, Cuma günleri 6.00-18.30 arası
 Cumartesi 6.00 - 17.00 arası

Bauermarkt (Köylü Pazarı):
 Cumartesi 6.00 - 17.00 arası

Flohmarkt (Bitpazarı):
 Cumartesi 5.00 - 17.00 arası.

Dış bağlantılar
 Naschmarkt (Almanca)
 Naschmarkt Viyana Video

Mariahilf
Wieden
16. yüzyılda açılan alışveriş merkezleri

Naschmarkt


Der Papyrus Reinhardt, ein altägyptischer Papyrus, befindet sich heute im Ägyptischen Museum Berlin mit der Museum Nummer P 3063. Er wurde von Carl Reinhardt (1856–1903) in Ägypten wahrscheinlich zwischen den Jahren 1885 und 1888 erworben und spätestens 1888 an das Museum verkauft. Bei dem Papyrus handelt es sich um zahlreiche kleine und größere Fragmente, die einst zu einem einzigen Dokument gehörten.

Der Papyrus Reinhardt datiert mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit in die 21. Dynastie, um 950 v. Chr. Es handelt sich um ein Landregister von Feldern im 10. oberägyptischen Gau (Wadjit). Der Papyrus listet einzelne Felder auf. Er gibt den Namen des Besitzers an, wobei es sich meist um den Amun-Tempel in Theben handelt. Darauf folgt der Name eines Verwalters, bei dem es sich meist um einen hohen Beamten handelt, und es folgt schließlich der Name der Person, die das Feld beackert. Hier handelt es sich um niedere Beamte, aber auch um Soldaten. Es ist nicht sicher, ob die letzteren Personen wirklich das Feld bestellten oder noch weitere Bauern unter sich hatten, die im Papyrus nicht genannt werden. Schließlich werden Kornmengen genannt, die die einzelnen Felder erbringen.

Literatur
 Sven P. Vleeming: Papyrus Reinhardt. An Egyptian Land List from the Tenth Cent. B.C. (= Hieratische Papyri aus den staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Lieferung II). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-05-002005-9.

Reinhardt
Archäologischer Fund (Ägypten)
Handschrift der Papyrussammlung des Ägyptischen Museums Berlin
21. Dynastie (Ägypten)
Archäologischer Fund (Afrika)

Papyrus Reinhardt


Egon Kahl (født 29. september 1952) var en dansk ishockeyspiller, der spillede for Vojens IK. Han blev i 2016 valgt ind i Danmarks Ishockey Unions Hall of Fame.

Kilder
 EliteProspects - Egon Kahl
 Faceoff - Hall of Fame: Mr. Vojens – Egon Kahl, Sønderjyllands nummer 11. (11. juni 2016)
 Faceoff - RETRO: Hall of Fame-legenden Egon Kahl fortæller gode historier (14. november 2016)

Ishockeyspillere fra Danmark

Egon Kahl


Population dynamics is the type of mathematics used to model and study the size and age composition of populations as dynamical systems.

History
Population dynamics has traditionally been the dominant branch of mathematical biology, which has a history of more than 220 years, although over the last century the scope of mathematical biology has greatly expanded.

The beginning of population dynamics is widely regarded as the work of Malthus, formulated as the Malthusian growth model. According to Malthus, assuming that the conditions (the environment) remain constant (ceteris paribus), a population will grow (or decline) exponentially. This principle provided the basis for the subsequent predictive theories, such as the demographic studies such as the work of Benjamin Gompertz and Pierre François Verhulst in the early 19th century, who refined and adjusted the Malthusian demographic model.

A more general model formulation was proposed by F. J. Richards in 1959, further expanded by Simon Hopkins, in which the models of Gompertz, Verhulst and also Ludwig von Bertalanffy are covered as special cases of the general formulation. The Lotka–Volterra predator-prey equations are another famous example, as well as the alternative Arditi–Ginzburg equations.

Logistic function
Simplified population models usually start with four key variables (four demographic processes) including death, birth, immigration, and emigration. Mathematical models used to calculate changes in population demographics and evolution hold the assumption of no external influence. Models can be more mathematically complex where "...several competing hypotheses are simultaneously confronted with the data." For example, in a closed system where immigration and emigration does not take place, the rate of change in the number of individuals in a population can be described as:

where  is the total number of individuals in the specific experimental population being studied,  is the number of births and D is the number of deaths per individual in a particular experiment or model. The algebraic symbols ,  and  stand for the rates of birth, death, and the rate of change per individual in the general population, the intrinsic rate of increase. This formula can be read as the rate of change in the population () is equal to births minus deaths ().

Using these techniques, Malthus' population principle of growth was later transformed into a mathematical model known as the logistic equation:

where  is the biomass density,  is the maximum per-capita rate of change, and  is the carrying capacity of the population. The formula can be read as follows: the rate of change in the population () is equal to growth () that is limited by carrying capacity . From these basic mathematical principles the discipline of population ecology expands into a field of investigation that queries the demographics of real populations and tests these results against the statistical models. The field of population ecology often uses data on life history and matrix algebra to develop projection matrices on fecundity and survivorship. This information is used for managing wildlife stocks and setting harvest quotas.

Intrinsic rate of increase
The rate at which a population increases in size if there are no density-dependent forces regulating the population is known as the intrinsic rate of increase. It is

where the derivative  is the rate of increase of the population,  is the population size, and  is the intrinsic rate of increase. Thus r is the maximum theoretical rate of increase of a population per individual – that is, the maximum population growth rate. The concept is commonly used in insect population ecology or management to determine how environmental factors affect the rate at which pest populations increase. See also exponential population growth and logistic population growth.

Epidemiology
Population dynamics overlap with another active area of research in mathematical biology: mathematical epidemiology, the study of infectious disease affecting populations. Various models of viral spread have been proposed and analysed, and provide important results that may be applied to health policy decisions.

Geometric populations

The mathematical formula below can used to model geometric populations. Geometric populations grow in discrete reproductive periods between intervals of abstinence, as opposed to populations which grow without designated periods for reproduction. Say that N denotes the number of individuals in each generation of a population that will reproduce.

where  is the population size in generation , and  is the population size in the generation directly after ;  is the sum of births in the population between generations  and  (i.e. the birth rate);  is the sum of immigrants added to the population between generations;  is the sum of deaths between generations (death rate); and  is the sum of emigrants moving out of the population between generations.

When there is no migration to or from the population,

Assuming in this case that the birth and death rates are constants, then the birth rate minus the death rate equals R, the geometric rate of increase.

where  is the finite rate of increase.

Therefore:  where  is the Finite rate of increase raised to the power of the number of generations (e.g. for  [two generations] → , for  [one generation] → , and for  [before any generations - at time zero] →

Doubling time

The doubling time () of a population is the time required for the population to grow to twice its size. We can calculate the doubling time of a geometric population using the equation:  by exploiting our knowledge of the fact that the population () is twice its size () after the doubling time.

The doubling time can be found by taking logarithms. For instance:

Or:

Therefore:

Half-life of geometric populations

The half-life of a population is the time taken for the population to decline to half its size. We can calculate the half-life of a geometric population using the equation:  by exploiting our knowledge of the fact that the population () is half its size () after a half-life.

where  is the half-life.

The half-life can be calculated by taking logarithms (see above).

Geometric (R) growth constant

where  is the change in population size between two generations (between generation  and ).

Finite (λ) growth constant

Mathematical relationship between geometric and logistic populations

In geometric populations,  and  represent growth constants (see 2 and 2.3). In logistic populations however, the intrinsic growth rate, also known as intrinsic rate of increase () is the relevant growth constant. Since generations of reproduction in a geometric population do not overlap (e.g. reproduce once a year) but do in an exponential population, geometric and exponential populations are usually considered to be mutually exclusive. However, both sets of constants share the mathematical relationship below.

The growth equation for exponential populations is  where  is Euler's number, a universal constant often applicable in logistic equations, and  is the intrinsic growth rate.

To find the relationship between a geometric population and a logistic population, we assume the  is the same for both models, and we expand to the following equality:

Giving us  and

Evolutionary game theory

Evolutionary game theory was first developed by Ronald Fisher in his 1930 article The Genetic Theory of Natural Selection. In 1973 John Maynard Smith formalised a central concept, the evolutionarily stable strategy.

Population dynamics have been used in several control theory applications. Evolutionary game theory can be used in different industrial or other contexts. Industrially, it is mostly used in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems, although it can be adapted for use in single-input-single-output (SISO) systems. Some other examples of applications are military campaigns, water distribution, dispatch of distributed generators, lab experiments, transport problems, communication problems, among others.

Oscillatory
Population size in plants experiences significant oscillation due to the annual environmental oscillation. Plant dynamics experience a higher degree of this seasonality than do mammals, birds, or bivoltine insects. When combined with perturbations due to disease, this often results in chaotic oscillations.

In popular culture
The computer game SimCity, Sim Earth and the MMORPG Ultima Online, among others, tried to simulate some of these population dynamics.

See also

 Delayed density dependence
 Lotka-Volterra equations
 Minimum viable population
 Maximum sustainable yield
 Nicholson–Bailey model
 Pest insect population dynamics
 Population cycle
 Population dynamics of fisheries
 Population ecology
 Population genetics
 Population modeling
 Ricker model
 r/K selection theory
 System dynamics

References

Further reading
 Andrey Korotayev, Artemy Malkov, and Daria Khaltourina. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth.
 Turchin, P. 2003. Complex Population Dynamics: a Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

External links
 The Virtual Handbook on Population Dynamics. An online compilation of state-of-the-art basic tools for the analysis of population dynamics with emphasis on benthic invertebrates.

Fisheries science
Population ecology
Population models

Population dynamics


Panajotis Kondylis (Παναγιώτης Κονδύλης, * 17 de agosto de 1943 em Olímpia; † 11 de julho de 1998 em Atenas) foi um filósofo e escritor grego, que escreveu principalmente em língua alemã.

Vida
Kondylis estudou inicialmente filologia clássica e filosofia em Atenas (1963-1967). Depois de completar o serviço militar, foi para a Alemanha em 1971, onde estudou filosofia, história medieval e moderna e ciências políticas em Frankfurt am Main e Heidelberg. Depois de publicar um estudo sobre Maquiavel em 1971 pela Editora Kalvos de Atenas, Kondylis obteve seu doutorado em 1977 em Heidelberg com um estudo sobre o surgimento da dialética, obra que estava relacionada às investigações de seu orientador Dieter Henrich sobre as origens do idealismo alemão pós-kantiano em Hölderlin, Hegel e Schelling. Nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, Kondylis traduziu inúmeras obras da história intelectual europeia para o grego, entre outros textos de Marx, Cassirer, Carl Schmitt, Max Horkheimer, Arnold Hauser e Maquiavel". Em 1991, ele foi premiado com a Medalha Goethe e, como ganhador do Prêmio Humboldt de Pesquisa, foi bolsista do Instituto de Estudos Avançados de Berlin em 1994/95.

Kondylis não almejava uma carreira acadêmica; Em vez disso, ele acreditava que "a filosofia acadêmica está morta e enterrada" e preferia atuar como um "pesquisador independente".

Kondylis morreu em Atenas aos 55 anos como resultado de uma operação de rotina mal-sucedida. Sua biblioteca particular de cerca de 5.000 volumes foi incorporada à biblioteca da Universidade Aristóteles de Salonica.

Referências

Alunos da Universidade de Atenas
Filósofos da Grécia
Nascidos em 1943
Mortos em 1998

Panagiotis Kondylis


Ángel Parra en el Auditorio Nacional de México es el primer álbum en directo oficial del cantautor chileno Ángel Parra como solista, grabado en un concierto en el Auditorio Nacional de Ciudad de México y lanzado en México en 1975, país donde vivió un tiempo durante su exilio debido a la dictadura militar de Chile.

El disco está conformado por canciones de su completa autoría, salvo la primera que fue compuesta por su madre, la reconocida cantautora Violeta Parra. Varias de estas canciones serían incluidas el mismo año en su disco Tierra prometida. En el concierto es acompañado por la agrupación La Napolera.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Álbumes en vivo de 1975
Álbumes de Chile de 1975
Álbumes en vivo de Ángel Parra


An Stipa argillosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kotukhov. An Stipa argillosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa argillosa


Leonel Guterres Radde ou simplesmente Leonel Radde (Porto Alegre, ) é um político brasileiro filiado ao Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT).

Deputado Estadual
Nas eleições estaduais de 2022 foi eleito deputado estadual pelo PT, à uma cadeira na Assembleia Legislativa do Rio Grande do Sul para a 56ª legislatura (2023 — 2027) com 44.300 votos.

Nascidos em 1981
Naturais de Porto Alegre
Membros do Partido dos Trabalhadores
Policiais do Rio Grande do Sul
Vereadores de Porto Alegre
Deputados estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul
Budistas do Brasil
Antifascistas do Brasil

Leonel Radde


موشن ماونتن أو جبل الحركة، كتاب فيزياء مجاني باللغة الإنكليزية، للمؤلف كريستوفر سكيلر بدأت طباعته منذ الستينات وأصبح الآن في طبعته الثالثة والعشرين على ستة مجلدات يمكن تنزيلها من الموقع مجانا.

يهدف الكتاب إلى إجابة القارئ عن الأسئلة المحيرة في مجال الفيزياء والتي يعود بعضها في القدم إلى 2500 عام كما يستخدم طرقا عديدة لجعل القارئ يتوق لمعرفة المزيد تارة بالمفاجأة وتارة باستباق الأسئلة.

ويعد الكتاب المكون من أكثر من 1200 صفحة، باللغة الإنكليزية، مناسبا للطلبة والمعلمين ولكل مهتم بالوصف الدقيق للطبيعة. كما يعرض الكتاب في كل مجال من مجالات الفيزياء آخر نتائج البحث العلمي ويطرح أفضل الأسئلة وأكثر المفاجآت إثارة. ويحتوي النص على أكثر من 650 حلا للمسائل المطروحة، 500 صورة ورسم و90 قائمة حسب معلومات الكاتب.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للكتاب.

كتب علمية

جبل الحركة


Lucas Angioni (Campinas, 1972) é um Professor livre-docente da Universidade Estadual de Campinas reconhecido internacionalmente por suas pesquisas sobre Aristóteles.

Carreira
Lucas Angioni é doutor pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), onde exerce funções docentes desde 1998. Participou de estágios de pesquisa em Oxford, Stanford e Berkeley. Sua área de atuação é na filosofia antiga (especialmente Platão e Aristóteles), e concentra-se nos temas da teoria da explicação científica de Aristóteles, a metafísica de Aristóteles e Platão; A ética de Aristóteles.

Prêmios
 Prêmio Zeferino Vaz (prêmio acadêmico por produtividade e atividade docente), Universidade de Campinas, 2012.- Mérito Científico como orientador de Iniciação Científica (I.C.) no 'XXVIII Congresso de Iniciação Científica em Nível de Graduação' da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2020.
 Concurso Fausto Castilho de Monografias, Universidade Estadual de Campinas: Orientador da Melhor Monografia de Graduação , por Davi Heckert Cesar Bastos, 2020.
 Prêmio ANPOF de Dissertações e Teses 2006-2007: Menção Honrosa ('Menção Honrosa') como orientador de doutorado da Dissertação de Mestrado de Carlos Alexandre Terra (2007).
 Prêmio CAPES de Teses 2018: Menção Honrosa como orientador de doutorado da tese de Breno Zuppolini, "Bases ontológicos da Filosofia da Ciência de Aristóteles" (2017).

Obra
 Aristóteles, Física I-II. (Comentário em português da Física I e II de Aristóteles em Português), Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2009, ISBN 978-85-268-0851-5.
 As noções aristotélicas de substância e essência, Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2008, ISBN 978-85-268-0816.
 Introdução à Teoria da Predicação em Aristóteles, Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2006, ISBN 85-268-0716-1.

Nascidos em 1972
Naturais de Campinas
Alunos da Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Professores da Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Filósofos do estado de São Paulo
Aristotelismo
Aristóteles
Filósofos aristotélicos

Lucas Angioni


8. listopada
U organizaciji Hrvatskog socijalno-liberalnog saveza, na Trgu Republike u Zagrebu počelo potpisivanje peticije za povratak bana Jelačića na glavni gradski trg.

12. listopada
U Zagrebu, pri Društvu književnika Hrvatske, Osnovan Odbor za vraćanje spomenika bana Jelačića.

20. listopada
Upad Službe državne sigurnosti SR Srbije u sigurnosni sustav Bosne i Hercegovine uvod u novu policijsko-političku aferu u toj republici, djelovanje SDS Srbije u BiH u Predsjedništvu CK SK BiH napadom na suverenitet Republike i pokušajem kosovizacije BiH.

23. listopada
Tisuće građana Bihaća i Velike Kladuše pozdravilo puštanje Fikreta Abdića, bivšeg direktora Agrokomerca, na slobodu nakon dvogodišnjeg pritvora.

26. listopada
Za Jasenovac popis iz 1964. godine kaže 49.875 ubijenih, istaknuo zna znanstvenom skupu o stradanju Jugoslavena u 2. svjetskom ratu akademik Ljubo Boban i popis nije spreman što nije dao brojku od 700.000 žrtava tog logora, koja se, inače, navodi kao službena.

30. listopada
U Titovoj Mitrovici započelo suđenje Azemu Vllasiju, bivšem visokom rukovodiocu SAP Kosova, i još četrnaestorici optuženih Albanaca za kontrarevoluciju.
Policija na silu izvele zabarikadirane rudare iz rudnika Stari trg kod Titove Mitrovice, koji su tri dana štrajkali zbog uhićenja i suđenja Azema Vllasija.
Na Predsjedništvu SFRJ za aboliciju Azema Vllesija zalagali se predsjednik Predsjedništva SFRJ Janez Drnovšek i član iz Hrvatske Stipe Šuvar, ali ostali članovi odbili taj prijedlog.

31. listopada
Na Kosovu srbijanska policija rastjerala demonstrante suzavcem.

Izvori

1989/10

Kronologija Domovinskog rata: listopad 1989.


Aston Martin DB11 je britanski grand tourer kupe kojeg od 2016. godine proizvodi Aston Martin. Model je kao zamjena za model DB9 predstavljen u ožujku 2016. godine na Međunarodnom salonu automobila u Ženevi. DB11 je prvi novi model Aston Martina otkada je sklopio partnerstvo s Daimlerom AG.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službena stranica

Aston Martinovi automobili
Športski automobili

Aston Martin DB11


The Childe Cycle is an unfinished series of science fiction novels by Canadian writer Gordon R. Dickson. The name Childe Cycle is an allusion to "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came", a poem by Robert Browning, which provided inspiration for elements in the work. The series is sometimes referred to as the Dorsai series, after the Dorsai people who are central to it. The related short stories and novellas all center on the Dorsai, primarily members of the Graeme and Morgan families.

In addition to the six science fiction novels of the Cycle, Dickson had also planned three historical novels and three novels taking place in the present day. In an essay in his book Steel Brother, Dickson describes how he conceived the Childe Cycle, the panoramic "consciously thematic" treatment of the evolution of the human race, and the planned contents of the six never-written novels. Each group of three novels would include one focused on each of three "archetypes, the Philosopher, the Warrior, or the Faith-Holder". The first novel's protagonist would be mercenary John Hawkwood, who lived from the 1320s to 1394. Hawkwood "has been referred to as the first of the modern generals." He defeated a Milanese ruler who might have stymied the Renaissance. The second historical novel was to deal with the poet John Milton (author of Paradise Lost) in the period he served as a "Faith-Holder" and "Fanatic", a "propagandist for the Cromwellian government." The third historical novel's focus would have been on Robert Browning whose "poetry is a vehicle for his philosophy." The three twentieth century novels would have focused on: "the life and character of George Santayana to showcase a Philosopher," a World War II "Warrior", and a female "Faith-Holder" in the 1980s. The latter novel was expected to deal with issues of space colonization, beginning a thread continuing through Necromancer and concluding with the full formation of the Splinter Cultures.

As originally envisioned, the Cycle was to stretch from the 14th century to the 24th century; the completed books begin in the 21st century. The cycle deals with the conflict between progress and conservatism. It also deals with the interaction and conflict among humanity's traits, most importantly Courage, Faith, and Philosophy.

Novels and shorter works
The science fiction novels of the main Childe Cycle include:

 Dorsai! (alternate title: The Genetic General) (1959)
 Necromancer (1962) (issued under the title No Room for Man between 1963 and 1974)
 Soldier, Ask Not (1967)
 Tactics of Mistake (1971)
 The Final Encyclopedia (1984)
 The Chantry Guild (1988)

The final book, to have been titled Childe, had not been completed at the time of Dickson's death, and has never been published. Dickson's essay in Steel Brother says it was to chronicle a battle "in which the adventurous part of the id family wins its identity over the conservative part, and the human identity is made whole again."

In addition, there are four shorter pieces and three novels that take place in the same fictional universe as the Childe Cycle, but are not part of the core cycle.

 Lost Dorsai (novella) and "Warrior" (short story), published together in Lost Dorsai (1980)
 Amanda Morgan (novella) and "Brothers" (short story), published together in The Spirit of Dorsai (1979)

In the latter volume, the stories are framed by a conversation between Hal Mayne and Amanda Morgan, during the events of The Final Encyclopedia. "Warrior" (1965) and "Brothers" (1973) had previously appeared in other publications. The four works have since been collected in one volume as The Dorsai Companion (1986).

The three other novels are:

 Young Bleys (1991)
 Other (1994)
 Antagonist (with David W. Wixon) (2007)

These three novels concern the background and development of Bleys Ahrens, the antagonist of The Final Encyclopedia and The Chantry Guild. They take place in the decades leading up to those books, and were apparently added to the original series outline to provide more detail of the ultimate conflict in Childe. The year 2007 saw the publication of Antagonist, finished by Dickson's long-time assistant David W. Wixon.

The first published reference to the Dorsai appeared in "Lulungomeena", a 1954 short story published in Galaxy Science Fiction and later dramatized on the X Minus One radio program. The narrator is a man from "the Dorsai planets," who has been working far from home for a long time. The story portrays the Dorsai people as tough and matter-of-fact, but says little else about them.

Chronology
The main sequence novels basically fall into four periods approximately a century apart.

 Necromancer: Late 21st century, shortly before humanity begins star travel
 Tactics of Mistake: Late 22nd century, in the early development of the splinter cultures. Amanda Morgan takes place at the same time as the crisis of this book.
 Soldier, Ask Not and Dorsai! occur around the same time as each other, and overlap, with some events described in both novels. Late 23rd century, after the splinter cultures have fully developed.
 The Final Encyclopedia, followed by The Chantry Guild: Mid-24th century, as the final conflict develops among the cultures.
 The final planned volume, Childe, was to resolve the conflict which had been set up in the last two books. Its events would immediately follow the events of The Chantry Guild.

Splinter cultures
By the late 21st century, human culture begins to fragment into different aspects. Following the events of Necromancer, humanity has colonized some 14 Younger Worlds. The inhabitants of these worlds have evolved culturally, and to some extent, genetically, into several specialized Splinter Cultures. This was done by the racial collective unconscious itself as an experiment to see what aspects of humanity are the most important. The inhabitants of Earth (now called Old Earth, since New Earth is one of the Younger Worlds) remain "full spectrum humans" as a control.

The interstellar economy is based on the exchange of specialists, which puts Old Earth, the jack of all trades, at something of a disadvantage.

Of all the Splinter Cultures, three are the most successful:
 The Dorsai (Courage): The Dorsai, inhabitants of a Younger World also called Dorsai, are honorable, elite mercenaries. Given the book-selling nature of their occupation, the Childe Cycle focuses mainly on their exploits, to the extent that the Cycle is sometimes called the "Dorsai series". The culture tends to have a number of Gaelic influences, including a love for the bagpipes, although their ancestry is drawn from all races and cultures. Dickson also mentioned in lectures that the "ethnic food" of the Dorsai is fish and chips, due to the great amount of surface water and oceans on their homeworld, with mutton being the most common red meat in the Dorsai diet.
 The Exotics (Philosophy): The Exotics are the inhabitants of Mara and Kultis. They are peaceful philosophers, the descendants of the 21st century Chantry Guild. The traits which Dickson assigns to the Exotics in many ways mirror the Human Potential Movement of the 1960s, in combining elements of Eastern philosophy and religion with psychology. The Exotics clearly have some vaguely described level of paranormal powers. They can, among other things, communicate between star systems far more quickly than a ship can travel, an ability no other culture has. The Exotics hire themselves out as psychiatrists and mediators, among other things. The paranormal ability of the Exotics is never shown definitively (save for Donal levitating with Exotic encouragement in Dorsai! and the events of Necromancer), and The Final Encyclopedia reveals that their rapid communications ability is based on the use of a carefully hidden network of spaceships used innovatively, rather than on paranormal abilities.
 The Friendlies (Faith/Fanaticism): The somewhat ironically named Friendlies inhabit the worlds of Harmony and Association. Friendlies can be true faith-holders, or they can be fanatics. The difference, according to the Cycle, is that true faith-holders are guided by their faith, while fanatics use their faith to justify their actions. The Friendly homeworlds experience continual sectarian civil war. On their home planets, they are primarily agrarian, but, like the Dorsai, they earn interstellar credit as mercenaries, fighting in other people's wars. Unlike the Dorsai, Friendly mercenaries are drafted as cannon-fodder, with largely green troops and high casualty rates. However, they are tenacious defenders. While the Friendlies are sometimes presented as villains, their faith is co-equal in importance to humanity with the Courage of the Dorsai and the Philosophy of the Exotics. A recurring theme in the series is the experience of a young man placed among Friendlies, forced to gain respect for them. Dickson based the Friendlies on Oliver Cromwell's "Roundheads" of the English Civil War.

Other Splinter Cultures include the hard scientists of Newton and Venus, the miners of Coby, the fishermen of Dunnin's World, the engineers of Cassida, the Catholic farmers of St. Marie, and the merchants of Ceta.

The internal consistency of the series suggests that the resolution to be sought in Childe is the evolution of Responsible Man, individuals who integrate the three disciplines of the Dorsai, the Exotics, and the Friendlies to the overall advancement of humanity, and who do possess explicit if not yet well-defined paranormal abilities. As of The Chantry Guild, only Donal Graeme/Hal Mayne has achieved the full status of Responsible Man. The conflict which drives this evolution is the developing war between Old Earth, supplemented by the Dorsai and the Exotics, and the organization of Others led by Bleys Ahrens, with the aid of the Friendlies and a powerful (but largely irrelevant to the psychological conflict) coalition of the technically inclined younger worlds. The strength of the Others is that they are hybrids of two of the Splinter Cultures (Ahrens is of Friendly and Exotic extraction), and while less capable than the emerging Responsible Men they are significantly more numerous, and more interested in gaining power for themselves (as by Ahrens using his combined background to manipulate the entire Friendly culture to support his war against the Dorsai, Exotics, and Old Earth).

Planets of the Childe Cycle

Dickson has admitted that he was frequently inconsistent on the total number of inhabited worlds. The correct total is sixteen, under nine stars (counting Alpha Centauri A and B separately).  Some uninhabited planets also play a role in the series.
 Sol
 Mercury: Site of Project Springboard during the 21st century. Not a major inhabited world.
 Venus: Hard science culture. Research stations were set up early, expanded, and eventually became connected together.
 Old Earth: Homeworld of humanity, and most populated and richest of the worlds. Politically not very united.
 Mars: First human colony to be terraformed. Cold, and is not a major power.
 Alpha Centauri: Has 12 planetary bodies.
 Newton: Hard science culture, the leading world in science. It is also known to have the best physicists.
 Cassida: Hard science culture, known for its technicians and engineers. A poor world, it also provided mercenaries.
 Altair
 Dunnin's World: A harsh, dry world, with low population and resources.
 Epsilon Eridani: Both Harmony and Association are ruled by the Joint Church Council (United Council of Churches). The two worlds are known for their cheap but poor mercenaries.
 Association: Poor world, lacking in many resources and has poor soil for growing crops.
 Harmony: Similar to Association.
 Fomalhaut
 Dorsai: A watery world of primarily island settlements. Known for having the highest quality professional mercenaries, and for producing soldiers unlike any other.
 Procyon: Mara and Kultis are ruled by the Exotics, and are known for producing the best psychologists.
 Mara
 Kultis
 Ste. Marie: A small Roman Catholic farming world.
 Zombri: An uninhabitable small world. Despite this, it is a strategic location.
 Coby: Mining planet. A world of tunnels and mines, where the surface is uninhabitable. Since all the other settled worlds, unlike Earth, are metal-poor, Coby is the primary source of metals for the other planets.
 Sirius
 New Earth: Once had an atmosphere of hydrogen sulphide. By the late 23rd Century, it had long been terraformed with a more breathable atmosphere. Has a large variety of cultures. Atland, a territory of New Earth, had a civil war fought between the North and South Partitions.
 Freiland
 Oriente: an uninhabited planet, airless with a highly eccentric orbit. It is important only as a strategic military base in Dorsai!
 Tau Ceti
 Ceta: Commercial low-gravity planet.

Primary characters
 Necromancer
Paul Formain
Walter Blunt
Kantele Maki
 Tactics of Mistake
Cletus Grahame
Eachan Khan
Melissa Khan Grahame
Dow deCastries
 Soldier, Ask Not
Tam Olyn (as a young man)
Jamethon Black
Kensie and Ian Graeme (Great-grandsons of Cletus and Melissa)
 Dorsai!
Donal Graeme (Great-great-grandson of Cletus and Melissa)
Anea Marlivana
William of Ceta
Ian Graeme
 The Final Encyclopedia and Chantry Guild
Hal Mayne
Tam Olyn (as a very old man)
Bleys Ahrens
Amanda Morgan (the third of that name)

Awards
Hugo Awards:
 "Soldier, Ask Not" for best short story, 1965
 Lost Dorsai for best novella, 1981

References

Further reading

External links

Science fiction book series
Gordon R. Dickson

Childe Cycle


Whole Lotta Red drugi je studijski album američkog repera Playboija Cartija. Izdao ga je Interscope Records kao i ASAP Rockyjev AWGE 25. prosinca 2020. Rad na albumu započeo je krajem 2018. i završio u studenom 2020. Album se sastoji od 24 pjesme i uključuje gostovanja Futurea, Kanyea Westa i Kid Cudija. Izvršni producent albuma je West, koji se također pojavljuje na pjesmi "Go2DaMoon". Produkciju je također vodio Cartijev česti suradnik i producent Pi'erre Bourne, zajedno s Maaly Raw i Wheezy, između ostalih.

Whole Lotta Red dobila je uglavnom pozitivne kritike glazbenih kritičara. Album je debitirao na vrhu američke Billboard 200, zaradivši 100.000 jedinica ekvivalentnih albumu, od kojih je 10.000 bila čista prodaja, postavši Cartijev prvi album broj jedan.

Izvori

Albumi iz 2020.
Američki glazbeni albumi

Whole Lotta Red


Labenz er en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Sandesneben-Nusse i den nordvestlige del af Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg ligger i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Labenz ligger omkring 35 km nordøst for Hamborg, 13 kilometer nordvest for Mölln og cirka 15 km vest for Ratzeburg.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted.
 Kommunen side på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg

Labenz


Mark Turner is the name of:

Mark Turner (musician) (born 1965), jazz saxophonist
Mark Turner (cognitive scientist) (born 1954), cognitive scientist, linguist, and author
Mark Turner (cricketer, born 1984), English cricketer
Mark Turner (cricketer, born 1969), former English cricketer
Mark Turner (Australian footballer) (born 1960), Australian rules footballer
Mark Turner (footballer, born 1972), English footballer
Mark Turner (judge) (born 1959), British judge of the High Court of England and Wales
Mark Turner (politician), British-Australian politician and police officer

Mark Turner


Ustav Republike Estonije (est.: Eesti Vabariigi põhiseadus, PS) temeljni je zakonski akt (ustav) u Republici Estoniji, koji regulira temeljnu organizaciju i strukturu estonske države, kao i temeljna prava, slobode i društvene odnose. Prema ustavu, Estonija se definira kao unitarna parlamentarna republika u kojoj vlast proizlazi iz naroda. Aktualni ustav na snazi je od 3. srpnja 1992. te je ukupno četvrti ustav u povijesti Estonije. Od 1992. godine, aktualni je ustav mijenjan ukupno pet puta.

Ustav započinje preambulom te je podijeljen u petnaest poglavlja:

 Opće odredbe
 Temeljna prava, slobode i dužnosti
 Narod
 Riigikogu
 Predsjednik
 Vlada Republike Estonije
 Zakonodavna vlast
 Financije i državni proračun
 Vanjskopolitički odnosi i međunarodni sporazumi
 Nacionalna obrana
 Ured državnog revizora
 Kancelar pravde
 Sudovi
 Lokalna samouprava
 Izmjene ustava

Povijest
Ustavna povijest Estonije tijesno je povezana s razvojem neovisnosti te zemlje nakon Prvog svjetskog rata. Prvi ustav usvojila je 15. lipnja 1920. godine  Estonska ustavotvorna skupština, a stupio je na snagu 21. prosinca 1920. godine. Ustav je reflektirao Rousseauove ideje o narodnom suverenitetu, uveo je trodiobu vlasti, a bio je izrazito parlamentaristički strukturiran, tako da je jednodomni Riigikogu imao iznimne ovlasti. Tijekom 1930-ih, Estonija je upala u razdoblje izrazite političke nestabilnosti tako da je donesen nacrt novog ustava koji je, nakon usvajanja na referendumu 1933. godine, stupio na snagu 24. siječnja 1934., dokinuvši tako ustav iz 1920. Novi ustav je bio sušta suprotnost prvom ustavu dajući enormne ovlasti državnom poglavaru, međutim čak je i tadašnji državni poglavar Konstantin Päts smatrao kako je taj ustav pretjerano autoritaran te je zagovarao donošenje novog ustava. To se konačno dogodilo 1. siječnja 1938. godine, kada je na snagu stupio treći estonski ustav, a koji je ponovo ojačao ovlasti zakonodavne vlasti te je čak uveo dvodomnu Narodnu skupštinu.

Treći estonski ustav formalno je ostao na snazi sve do 1992. godine, kada je zamijenjen aktualnim ustavom. Međutim, de facto je dokinut već 1940. godine, kada je ilegalno donesen "ustav" po uzoru na onaj sovjetski iz 1936. godine. Taj je ustav donesen bez referenduma i zapravo je oktroiran od strane prosovjetske marionetske vlasti 25. kolovoza 1940. godine. Sovjetski-estonski ustav iz 1940. dokinut je 1978. godine, kada je donesen novi "sovjetski" ustav, modeliran prema sovjetskom ustavu iz 1977. godine.

Vanjske poveznice
 Eesti Vabariigi põhiseadused by Elekrooniline Riigi Teataja
 The Constitution in English
 Eesti vabariigi põhiseadus
 Eesti vabariigi põhiseaduse täiendamise seadus

Politika Estonije
Povijest Estonije
Ustavi

Ustav Estonije


The Fremont Troll (also known as The Troll, or the Troll Under the Bridge) is a public sculpture in the Fremont neighborhood of Seattle, Washington in the United States.

Description

The Troll is a mixed media colossal statue, located on N. 36th Street at Troll Avenue N., under the north end of the George Washington Memorial Bridge (also known as the Aurora Bridge). It is clutching an actual Volkswagen Beetle, as if it had just swiped it from the roadway above. The vehicle has a California license plate. Originally, the car held a time capsule, including a plaster bust of Elvis Presley, which was stolen when the sculpture was vandalized.

The Troll is  high, weighs , and is made of steel rebar, wire, and concrete.

Artists and inspiration
The Troll was sculpted by four local artists: Steve Badanes, Will Martin, Donna Walter, and Ross Whitehead. The idea of a troll living under a bridge is derived from the Scandinavian (Norwegian) folklore.

The artists have copyright to the Troll images. They have sued businesses that use its image commercially without written permission. Postcards, beer, and other products approved by the artists are commercially available, and use is free to non-profit organizations.

History

In 1990, the Fremont Arts Council launched an art competition for the area under the bridge with the intent to construct hostile architecture to deter the presence of "rodents, mattresses, beer cans, [and] guys sleeping" there, believing that the solution to the issue was "having a piece of art" instead. The piece, built later that same year, easily won the competition, and was meant to become a cultural icon of the city from its conception. The vote in favor of the "funky" troll was also motivated of concerns about increased development in Fremont, including numerous large apartment buildings and an office park, urbanizing the largely residential neighborhood.

The construction of the troll provoked immediate complaints from homeless people who previously lived under the bridge, and in 1991, just a year after it was erected, neighbors funded powerful floodlights to deter squatters and "late-night revelers" from acts of vandalism targeting the troll's beard and hair, as well as the continued dumping of trash around it by homeless people who used to live there. Despite the intent of the arts council, the sculpture has periodically been the target of vandalism, although local activists have made efforts to clean graffiti on a regular basis, and the city of Seattle has swept homeless encampments adjacent to the sculpture following repeated drug overdoses in January 2019; from January to mid-May alone, the city received 28 complaints about needles or homelessness within a block of the sculpture.

In 2005, the segment of Aurora Avenue North under the bridge, running downhill from the Troll to North 34th Street was renamed "Troll Avenue" in honor of the sculpture. In 2011 the Fremont Arts Council licensed a Chia Pet based on the Fremont Troll that was sold at a local drug store chain.>

The stairway leading to the top of the sculpture was rebuilt in September 2023 using funds from the Move Seattle levy; the Troll is planned to be surrounded by more vegetation planted by volunteers the following month.

In popular culture
The 1999 romantic comedy film 10 Things I Hate About You features the Fremont Troll in a scene between Joseph Gordon-Levitt's and Larisa Oleynik's characters.

The seventh and final season of the ABC fantasy-drama series Once Upon a Time features a fictionalized version of the sculpture. Filming for the series took place in Vancouver, Canada, as such, a replica of the sculpture was built for the show. In the season's fourteenth episode, "The Girl in the Tower", a backstory for the sculpture is revealed, which includes references to the 1982 children's book The BFG. In 2016, the Chicago rock band Majungas released "The Fremont Troll" off their Seattle Rock album.

In 2022, the Seattle Kraken introduced Buoy, a mascot said to be the Fremont Troll's nephew.

References

External links
 Artists Republic of Fremont
 Fremont Arts Council
 Fremont Chamber of Commerce: The Fremont Troll
 Save Outdoor Sculpture Survey

Colossal statues in the United States
Outdoor sculptures in Seattle
1990 sculptures
Concrete sculptures in Washington (state)
Troll
Trolls in popular culture
Roadside attractions in Washington (state)
Vandalized works of art in Washington (state)
1990 establishments in Washington (state)

Fremont Troll


Johann Adam Kurrer ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Johann Adam Kurrer (Hofgerichtsassessor) (1640–1718), württembergischer Hofgerichtsassessor in Tübingen
 Johann Adam Kurrer (Jurist) (1641–1692), württembergischer Jurist und Hochschullehrer
 Johann Adam Kurrer (Politiker) (1664–1718), württembergischer Jurist, Bürgermeister von Tübingen, Hofgerichtsassessor und Spitalpfleger
 Johann Adam Kurrer (Dekan) (1680–1762), württembergischer  Pfarrer

Johann Adam Kurrer


Vitali Teleš (* 17. Oktober 1983 in Tallinn) ist ein estnischer Fußballspieler. Der Torhüter steht beim Maardu Linnameeskond in der Esiliiga unter Vertrag.

Karriere
Für seinen Jugendverein Tallinna JK absolvierte Vitali Teleš in der Saison 2002 ein Zweitligaspiel. 2004 wechselte er innerhalb der Landeshauptstadt zum dortigen Erstligisten FC TVMK Tallinn. Mit dem Verein, welcher von einer estnischen Möbelfirma gesponsert wurde, gewann Teleš im folgenden Jahr mit dem Team die nationale Meisterschaft. Mit 21 Gegentoren musste der Torhüter die wenigsten Tore zulassen, sein Mannschaftskollege Tarmo Neemelo stellte zugleich mit 41 erzielten Saisontoren einen Tore-Rekord auf. Im Jahr darauf gewann Teleš den estnischen Pokal im Finalspiel gegen den FC Flora Tallinn. Nach dem Ende der Saison 2008 musste der FC TVMK Tallinn aufgelöst werden. Vitali Teleš fand für die neue Saison einen neuen Verein in Finnland. Beim FF Jaro aus Jakobstad unterschrieb Teleš einen Vertrag über drei Jahre bis zum Ende der Saison 2011. Sein Debüt in der Veikkausliiga gab er beim 5:1-Sieg gegen JJK Jyväskylä in seiner ersten Saison 2009. In insgesamt drei Spielzeiten kam er auf 61 Spieleinsätze. Nachdem der Vertrag ausgelaufen war und bereits mit seinem Landsmann Artur Kotenko ein Nachfolger gefunden worden war, unterschrieb Teleš einen Vertrag beim JK Nõmme Kalju zunächst bis Saisonende 2012. Bei dem Verein, der 2014 in FC Nõmme Kalju umbenannt wurde, spielte der Torhüter noch bis zum Dezember 2019. Im letzten Spiel der Saison 2017 gelang dem Torhüter beim 8:1-Sieg gegen JK Trans Narva sogar ein Elfmetertor. Zum Beginn des Jahres 2020 ging er dann weiter zum Zweitligisten Maardu Linnameeskond.

Erfolge
 Estnischer Meister: 2005, 2012, 2018
 Estnischer Superpokalsieger: 2005
 Estnischer Pokalsieger: 2006, 2015

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Vitali Teleš auf der offiziellen Webpräsenz des JK Nõmme Kalju
 Statistiken beim Estnischen Fußballverband

Estnischer Meister (Fußball)
Fußballtorhüter (Estland)
Fußballtorhüter (Tallinna JK)
Fußballtorhüter (FC TVMK Tallinn)
Fußballtorhüter (FF Jaro)
Fußballtorhüter (FC Nõmme Kalju)
Fußballtorhüter (Maardu Linnameeskond)
Sowjetbürger
Este
Geboren 1983
Mann

Vitali Teleš


Die Große Kugelform des Bildhauers Karl Hartung in Hannover gilt als eine der ersten abstrakten Plastiken in Deutschland, die im Zuge des Wiederaufbaus als Kunst im öffentlichen Raum aufgestellt wurden. Die Skulptur wurde im Einvernehmen mit dem Künstler dem geteilten Deutschland gewidmet und steht als Symbol für den damaligen Wunsch nach Wiedervereinigung. Der Standort der 189 cm hohen Skulptur aus Muschelkalk ist heute an der Ecke Friedrichswall/Georgswall nahe dem Aegidientorplatz.

Geschichte
Karl Hartung entwarf die Große Kugelform bereits 1950, sie wurde jedoch erstmals "1956 während einer Ausstellung vor dem Berlin-Pavillon auf dem Messegelände [in Hannover] gezeigt". Nach dem Ankauf durch die Stadt Hannover wurde die Figur anfangs vor der seinerzeit neu erbauten Realschule Werner-von-Siemens Hannover am Welfenplatz aufgestellt. Die Skulptur war nicht nur die erste abstrakte im öffentlichen Raum nach dem Wiederaufbau in Hannover, sondern "wahrscheinlich in Deutschland überhaupt".

Als gegen Ende der 1950er Jahre der Wunsch, "vor allem der Jugend, nach einem Symbol für das geteilte Deutschland" immer drängender wurde, suchte die Stadt nach einer geeigneten Lösung. Dabei fanden die Möglichkeiten der seinerzeit häufig gewählten, ja beinahe zur Routine gewordenen Ewigen Feuer jedoch keinen Gefallen. In Absprache mit Karl Hartung wurde daher die Große Muschelform als einfaches, aber überzeugendes Sinnbild für die Teilung Deutschlands umgewidmet und an sehr viel publikumswirksamerer Stelle  1959 am Aegidientorplatz aufgestellt. Zusätzlich wurde vor die Figur eine Steinplatte mit dem Gelöbnis der Deutschen gelegt:

Literatur
 Ehrtfried Böhm (Texte), Reinhold Lessmann (Fotos): neue plastik in hannover / Kunstsinn, Mäzenatentum, Urbane Ästhetik / Ein Beispiel im Spiegel zweier Jahrzehnte, Steinbock-Verlag, Hannover 1967, S. 27, 75, 80

Weblinks

 Große Kugelform, Hannover, Aegidientorplatz im Bildarchiv Foto Marburg
 Olaf Hoffmann: Große Kugelform auf seiner Seite olaf.pytalhost.com, dort auch seine Fotogalerie dazu

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Steinskulptur
Kunstwerk im öffentlichen Raum in Hannover
Kunst der Moderne
Erbaut in den 1950er Jahren
Denkmal in Hannover
Gedenken an die deutsche Teilung
Mitte (Hannover)
Skulptur in Hannover

Große Kugelform


Michael Andrew Hollick (født den 5. august 1973 i Brooklyn, New York) er en amerikansk skuespiller. Han er mest kendt for at lægge stemme til Niko Bellic i computerspillet Grand Theft Auto IV.

Han bor nu i Las Vegas. Hollick er gift med skuespillerinden Angela Tsai og har 2 børn.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra New York
Stemmeskuespillere fra USA

Michael Hollick


Blanka Dužanec bila je hrvatska keramičarka (Zagreb, 28. svibnja 1908. – Zagreb, 26. lipnja 1989.). Završila je Likovnu akademiju u Varšavi (1932.). Predavala je na Obrtnoj školi u Zagrebu od 1933–63., gdje je 1934. organizirala keramički odjel. U svojim radovima (vaze, tanjuri, zdjele, figure), većinom u tehnici engobe, naglašava crtež i primjenjuje zagasite boje. Dobila je Nagradu »Vladimir Nazor« za životno djelo (1970.).

Dodatna literatura
Baričević,M. POVIJEST MODERNE KERAMIKE U HRVATSKOJ,  Zagreb 1986.

Vanjske poveznice

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski keramičari
Dobitnici nagrade Vladimir Nazor

Blanka Dužanec


Grant Gershon, né le  à Norwalk (Californie), est un chef d'orchestre et pianiste américain.

Il est directeur artistique du Los Angeles Master Chorale, chef d'orchestre résident de l'Opéra de Los Angeles, membre du conseil d'administration de l'USC Thornton School of Music et membre du conseil d'administration de Chorus America.

Biographie
Gershon naît à Norwalk, en Californie et grandit à Alhambra, en Californie. Sa mère est professeur de piano, et il commence à suivre des cours de musique à 5 ans. Après avoir été diplômé de l'Alhambra High School, il entre au Chapman College d'Orange, en Californie, avec une double spécialisation en piano et en chant ; il est ensuite transféré à l'Université de Californie du Sud où il se spécialise en piano. Il obtient finalement un baccalauréat en musique avec distinction en 1985.

Gershon est marié à la soprano Elissa Johnston.

Carrière professionnelle
Gershon joue comme chef invité avec le Los Angeles Philharmonic, le National Symphony Orchestra, le Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, le San Francisco Symphony, le San Francisco Opera, le Houston Grand Opera, le Santa Fe Opera, le Minnesota Opera, le Royal Swedish Opera, le Juilliard Opera Theatre, Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, Orchestre de chambre de Los Angeles, Mahler Chamber Orchestra et l'orchestre de chambre finlandais , entre autres. Il dirige des performances dans de nombreux festivals parmi les plus prestigieux au monde, notamment les festivals de Ravinia, d'Édimbourg, de Vienne, d'Aspen, d'Ojai et d'Helsinki, ainsi que le Festival Roma-Europa et le Festival Otonno à Madrid.

Il est chef adjoint et pianiste principal à l'Opéra de Los Angeles de 1988 à 1994, où il participe à plus de quarante productions et acquiert la réputation d'être l'un des coachs vocaux exceptionnels du pays. Il est nommé chef adjoint de l'Orchestre philharmonique de Los Angeles sous la direction d'Esa-Pekka Salonen en 1994, poste qu'il occupe jusqu'en 1997.

Au début de sa carrière, il est chef assistant au Festival de Salzbourg, à l'Opéra d'État de Berlin et au Festival d'Aix-en-Provence, travaillant avec les chefs d'orchestre Esa-Pekka Salonen, Daniel Barenboim et Claudio Abbado. Il est pianiste pour de nombreux artistes sur enregistrement et en récital, dont Kiri Te Kanawa, Peter Schreier, Rod Gilfry et Audra McDonald.

En mai 2000, Gershon est nommé directeur musical de la Los Angeles Master Chorale à compter de l'automne 2001, succédant à Paul Salamunovich qui prenait sa retraite. Il n'est que le quatrième chef d'orchestre à détenir ce titre. Au cours de cette période, il dirige plus de  au Walt Disney Concert Hall et dirige le chœur dans plusieurs premières mondiales, notamment :

 Iri da Iri par Esa-Pekka Salonen
 The national anthem de David Lang
 Inscapes par Swan Family Compositeur en résidence Shawn Kirchner
 You Are (Variations) de Steve Reich
 Requiem de Christopher Rouse
 The City of Dis par Louis Andriessen
 Los cantores de las montañas (Les alpinistes chantants) de Gabriela Lena Frank
 Plath Songs par Shawn Kirchner
 A Map of Los Angeles par David O
 SANG par Eve Beglarian
 Messages and Brief Eternity de Bobby McFerrin et Roger Treece, paroles de Don Rosler
 Broken Charms par Donald Crockett
 Rezos (Prières) de Tania León
 Mother's Lament de Sharon Farber
 The Salvage Men de Jeff Beal
 Mangá Pakalagián (Cérémonies) de Nilo Alcala
 Ave Maria/Foire de Scarborough par Paul Chihara
 In the Desert With You de Moira Smiley

Il dirige la première américaine de Two Songs to Poems of Ann Jäderlund d'Esa-Pekka Salonen avec le Master Chorale, ainsi que d'autres premières américaines d'œuvres des compositeurs James MacMillan, Tarik O'Regan, Sofia Gubaidulina et Mark-Anthony Turnage.

Au-delà de son travail avec le Master Chorale, il défend également la nouvelle musique. Il dirige la première mondiale de l'opéra Girls of the Golden West de John Adams et la pièce d'opéra / théâtre I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky du même compositeur, mise en scène par Peter Sellars. Avec la pianiste Gloria Cheng, il crée Hallelujah Junction, une pièce pour piano en duo écrite pour eux par John Adams. En février 2007, il dirige la première mondiale de l'opéra The Grapes of Wrath de Ricky Ian Gordon, avec le Minnesota Opera, ainsi que les représentations suivantes avec l'Utah Opera. En 2010, Gershon dirige la première mondiale de Il postino de Daniel Catán, mettant en vedette Plácido Domingo dans le rôle du poète Pablo Neruda.

Le 21 mai 2007, le Los Angeles Opera et le Los Angeles Master Chorale publient un communiqué de presse conjoint. Dans ce document, ils annoncent que Gershon prolongerait son contrat avec le Master Chorale jusqu'à la saison 2010/2011 et qu'il serait nommé chef d'orchestre associé / maître de chœur de l'Opéra de Los Angeles. Dans le communiqué de presse, Plácido Domingo qualifie Gershon de . À ce poste au L.A. Opera, Gershon dirige plus de cinquante représentations, dont La traviata, Madame Butterfly, Carmen, Satyagraha de Philip Glass, L'allegro, il penseroso ed il moderato de Haendel dans la production de Mark Morris et Il postino de Daniel Catán, déjà cité précédemment.

Le 18 mai 2014, le Los Angeles Master Chorale publie un communiqué de presse, dans lequel il est annoncé que Gershon prolongerait son contrat avec le Master Chorale jusqu'à la saison 2019/2020. Avec ce renouvellement, le titre de Gershon deviendra directeur artistique, ce qui reflète son désir de « redéfinir l'expérience chorale ». Avec ce rôle élargi, Gershon crée une expérience de concert "immersive" en incorporant l'éclairage, la mise en scène, la vidéo, le mouvement et la tenue vestimentaire dans la production. Le Master Chorale cherchera à attirer de nouveaux publics en présentant davantage de concerts dans des lieux en dehors de Disney Hall et du Hollywood Bowl.

Enregistrements
Gershon a réalisé sept enregistrements avec le Los Angeles Master Chorale :
 Itaipú de Philip Glass et Two Songs to Poems of Ann Jäderlund d'Esa-Pekka Salonen (RCM 12004)
 You Are (Variations) de Steve Reich (Nonesuch)
 Daniel Variations de Steve Reich (Nonesuch)
 A Good Understanding par Nico Muhly (Decca)
 Miserere de Henryk Górecki (Decca)
 The national anthems de David Lang (Cantaloup)
 A Festival of Carols

Gershon a dirigé deux sorties DVD avec le LA Opera avec Plácido Domingo :
 Il postino de Daniel Catán
 Gianni Schicchi de Giacomo Puccini

Il a également été chef de chœur sur l'enregistrement primé aux Grammy Awards de l'opéra  de John Corigliano avec le L.A. Opera.

Récompenses et reconnaissance
 En 2017, le Los Angeles Master Chorale est intronisé au Classical Music Hall of Fame
 En 2015, Gershon reçoit le prix Louis Botto pour le zèle entrepreneurial et l'action innovante de Chorus America
 En 2012, sous la direction de Gershon, le Los Angeles Master Chorale reçoit le Margaret Hillis Award for Choral Excellence de Chorus America.
 Gershon reçoit le prix WQXR Gramophone America en 2006 pour son enregistrement de You Are (Variations) de Steve Reich. De plus, The New York Times, The Washington Post et Newsday, entre autres, l'ont sélectionné comme l'un des dix meilleurs enregistrements classiques de 2005.
 Il est nommé ancien élève exceptionnel de l'année de l'USC Thornton School of Music en mai 2002.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Bio (version courte) – Site web de Los Angeles Master Chorale
 Bio (version longue) – Site web de Los Angeles Master Chorale
 Bio sur le site Web du Conseil consultatif de l'USC Thornton School of Music
 Bio sur le site Web de l'Orchestre philharmonique de Los Angeles

Chef d'orchestre américain
Pianiste américain
Naissance en novembre 1960
Naissance à Norwalk (Californie)
Étudiant de l'université Chapman
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Grant Gershon


Brodmann area 7 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain corresponding to precuneus and superior parietal lobule (SPL). It is involved in locating objects in space. It serves as a point of convergence between vision and proprioception to determine where objects are in relation to parts of the body.

In humans
Brodmann area 7 is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. Situated posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex (Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2), and superior to the occipital lobe, this region is believed to play a role in visuo-motor coordination (e.g., in reaching to grasp an object). In addition, area 7 along with area 5 has been linked to a wide variety of high-level processing tasks, including activation in association with language use. This function in language has been theorized to stem from how these two regions play a vital role in generating conscious constructs of objects in the world.

Brodmann area 7 spans both the medial and lateral walls of the parietal cortex. The medial part of Brodmann area 7 is called precuneus. Laterally, it is called the superior parietal lobule (SPL). At the base of the SPL is the intraparietal sulcus, below which is the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), which in turn divides into Brodmann areas 39 (angular gyrus) and 40 (supramarginal gyrus).

In guenon
Brodmann area 7 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined parietal region of cerebral cortex in Guenon primates. It occupies most of the parietal lobe excluding the postcentral gyrus and superior parietal lobule. This layer is distinguished by a lack of large ganglion cells in cortical layer V, slightly larger layer III pyramidal cells, and a multiform layer VI that is sharply bounded by white matter tracts.

See also
 Brodmann area
 Korbinian Brodmann
 List of regions in the human brain
 Precuneus

References

External links

07
Parietal lobe

Brodmann area 7


In mathematics, specifically ring theory, a left primitive ideal is the annihilator of a (nonzero) simple left module. A right primitive ideal is defined similarly. Left and right primitive ideals are always two-sided ideals.

Primitive ideals are prime. The quotient of a ring by a left primitive ideal is a left primitive ring. For commutative rings the primitive ideals are maximal, and so commutative primitive rings are all fields.

Primitive spectrum

The primitive spectrum of a ring is a non-commutative analog of the prime spectrum of a commutative ring.

Let A be a ring and  the set of all primitive ideals of A. Then there is a topology on , called the Jacobson topology, defined so that the closure of a subset T is the set of primitive ideals of A containing the intersection of elements of T.

Now, suppose A is an associative algebra over a field. Then, by definition, a primitive ideal is the kernel of an irreducible representation  of A and thus there is a surjection

Example: the spectrum of a unital C*-algebra.

See also

 Dixmier mapping

Notes

References

External links

Ideals (ring theory)
Module theory

Primitive ideal