John David Marks (November 10, 1909 – September 3, 1985) was an American songwriter. He specialized in Christmas songs (although he himself was Jewish and did not celebrate Christmas) and wrote many holiday standards, including "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (a hit for Gene Autry and others), "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" (a hit for Brenda Lee), "A Holly Jolly Christmas" (recorded by the Quinto Sisters and later by Burl Ives), "Silver and Gold" (for Burl Ives), and "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" (introduced by Bing Crosby). He is also credited with writing "Run Rudolph Run" (recorded by Chuck Berry) but this is due to his trademark of the Rudolph character, rather than any input in the writing of the song.

Personal life
Marks was born in Mount Vernon, New York. A graduate of McBurney School in New York, NY, and Colgate University and Columbia University, Marks later studied in Paris. He earned a Bronze Star and four Battle Stars as an Army Captain in the 26th Special Service Company during World War II. Marks had three children: Michael, Laura (d.2008) and David (d.2009). Marks, who was Jewish, was the great-uncle of economist Steven Levitt.

Marks was the nephew of Marcus M. Marks (1858–1934), a business figure who served as Borough President of Manhattan. Johnny Marks's father, Louis B. Marks, was a lighting engineer. His wife, Margaret May Marks, was the sister of Robert L. May who wrote the original story of Rudolph.

He lived on West 11th Street in Greenwich Village and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. He died on September 3, 1985, of complications from diabetes.

Career
Among Marks' many works is "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer", which was based on a poem of the same name, written by Marks' brother-in-law, Robert L. May, Rudolph's creator.  A television film based on the story and song first aired in 1964, with Marks composing the score.

In addition to his songwriting, he founded St. Nicholas Music in 1949, and served as director of ASCAP from 1957 to 1961. In 1981, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Marks appeared as an imposter on the December 11, 1961 episode of the game show To Tell The Truth. Impersonating the owner of a herd of reindeer, he did receive two of the four votes. After the true contestant was revealed, Marks identified himself as the composer of "Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer".

Works (incomplete list)

Christmas songs
Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer – 1949 (inspired by a poem by Robert L. May, Marks's brother-in-law)
I Don't Want a Lot for Christmas - 1950
When Santa Claus Gets Your Letter – 1952
The Night Before Christmas Song – 1952
An Old-Fashioned Christmas – 1952
Everyone's a Child at Christmas – 1956
I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day – 1956 (words by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, adapted by Marks)
Run Rudolph Run - 1958 (words and music were written solely by Chuck Berry, Marks received the writing credit due to his trademark of the Rudolph character)
Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree – 1958
A Merry, Merry Christmas to You – 1959
The Santa Claus Parade – 1959
A Caroling We Go - 1966
Joyous Christmas - 1969

From the 1964 NBC/Rankin-Bass TV Production Rudolph, The Red-Nosed Reindeer
A Holly Jolly Christmas – 1965 (separate single release), 1964-65**
Jingle, Jingle, Jingle – 1964
The Most Wonderful Day of the Year – 1964
Silver and Gold – 1964-65**
We Are Santa's Elves – 1964
There's Always Tomorrow - 1964
The Island of Misfit Toys - 1964
We're a Couple of Misfits - 1964
** Burl Ives released "A Holly Jolly Christmas" and "Silver and Gold," two songs he sang as his character Sam the Snowman, as singles for the 1965 holiday season, the year after the TV production.

From the 1975 DePatie-Freling TV Production The Tiny Tree
To Love And Be Loved - 1975
When Autumn Comes - 1975
Tell It to a Turtle - 1975
A Caroling We Go - 1966
A Merry Merry Christmas To You - 1959
Joyous Christmas - 1969

From the 1976 ABC/Rankin-Bass TV Production Rudolph's Shiny New Year
The Moving Finger Writes – 1976
Turn Back The Years – 1976
It's Raining Sunshine – 1976
What A Wonderful World We Live In - 1976
Fourth Of July Parade - 1976
Have A Little Faith In Me - 1976
Have a Happy New Year - 1976

Other
Happy New Year Darling – 1946 (with J. Carmen Lombardo)
Address Unknown
Chicken Today and Feathers Tomorrow
Don't Cross Your Fingers, Cross Your Heart
Free
How Long Is Forever?
I Guess There's an End to Everything
Neglected
She'll Always Remember
Summer Holiday
We Speak of You Often
What've You Got to Lose But Your Heart
Who Calls?

References

External links

Interview with Johnny Marks in International Songwriters Association's "Songwriter Magazine"

1909 births
1985 deaths
American lyricists
Animation composers
Jewish American songwriters
Songwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American musicians
Colgate University alumni
Columbia University alumni
McBurney School alumni
Deaths from diabetes
20th-century American Jews
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army officers

Johnny Marks


Fox Sports fue un canal de televisión por suscripción brasileño enfocado en eventos deportivos lanzado al aire el 5 de febrero de 2012 en reemplazo de Speed Channel Brasil con la transmisión de un partido de la Copa Libertadores. La sede del canal fue ubicada en Río de Janeiro. Los canales fueran propiedad de The Walt Disney Company, y operados por The Walt Disney Company Latin America.

La sede del canal se fundó en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro en el estado del mismo nombre.

Fox Sports era el segundo canal más visto de la televisión de pago en horario estelar en el país, solo por detrás de SporTV de Globo. Un segundo canal, llamado Fox Sports 2, fue lanzado oficialmente el 24 de enero de 2014 con la emisión del programa Fox Vision,.

Debido a la venta de 21st Century Fox a The Walt Disney Company en 2019, Disney excluyó las operaciones de Fox Sports de sus planes para adquirir Fox Networks Group Latin America para, así, obtener la aprobación de compra de los entes antimonopolio de los gobiernos de México y Brasil. En México, fue vendido al Grupo Multimedia Lauman. El 6 de mayo de 2020, el regulador antimonopolio de Brasil, CADE, anunció que Fox Sports y ESPN Brasil se fusionarían con el canal, debido a los derechos de transmisión del canal y la abstracción en el país.

A partir del 11 de enero de 2021, Fox Sports no tendría ningún programa original, como parte del nuevo calendario deportivo de Disney.

El canal cerró el 17 de enero de 2022 para incorporarse a la familia televisiva de ESPN como ESPN 4.

Programación

Programas

Competidores

 SporTV
 BandSports
 TNT Sports (Brasil)
 Premiere

Véase también
 Fox Sports (Latinoamérica), para el canal en Hispanoamérica.
 Fox Sports (Estados Unidos), para el canal en EE. UU. en inglés.
 Fox Deportes, para el canal en EE. UU. en español.

Referencias

Brasil
Fox Sports
Canales de televisión desaparecidos de Walt Disney Company Latin America
Canales de televisión desaparecidos
Canales de televisión desaparecidos de Brasil
Canales y estaciones de televisión fundados en 2012
Canales y estaciones de televisión desaparecidos en 2022

Fox Sports (Brasil)


Mirella Santos da Silva (Jaboatão dos Guararapes, 15 de agosto de 1999) é uma cantora, compositora, dançarina, influenciadora digital e empreendedora brasileira. Em 2018, fez sucesso fazendo parte do trio MC Loma e as Gêmeas Lacração, que ficou conhecido com o hit Envolvimento. Em 2022, voltou a fazer sucesso em seu Instagram compartilhando seu dia a dia.

Biografia e carreira

Mirella Santos da Silva nasceu em Jaboatão dos Guararapes, no dia 15 de agosto de 1999, é filha de Elisangela Braz dos Santos e Mariano José da Silva e tem uma irmã gêmea chamada Mariely. Desde pequenas as gêmeas conhecem Paloma, porém somente em 2016 se tornaram amigas. Em 2018, o trio adotou o nome artístico de MC Loma e As Gêmeas Lacração e viralizou com o hit do carnaval, Envolvimento de sua composição e logo lançaram outras músicas.

Iniciou sua carreira como dançarina de funk e compositora, depois se lançou como cantora e começou a postar em seu Instagram seu dia a dia e virou influenciadora digital.

Em 2021, Mirella participou da Ilha Record e ganhou o prêmio de R$ 250 mil, como favorita do público.

Em 2022, Mirella viralizou novamente nas redes sociais mostrando seu dia a dia com MC Loma, Mariely e sua familia.

No ano de 2023 a influenciadora fez mais sucesso e participou do BBBXP, evento do Big Brother Brasil.

Vida pessoal
Em 31 agosto de 2021, Mirella se casou com o surfista Gabriel Farias. Em 14 de julho de 2023, o casal anunciou que esperam sua primeira filha, chamada Luna. O sexo foi revelado numa live com mais de 1,3 milhões de espectadores via Instagram.

Apesar de em muitas fontes serem referidas como "primas" Mirella e sua irmã Mariely não tem parentesco MC Loma, elas são grandes amigas e chegam até a considerá-la como irmã. Mirella é madrinha de Melanie Santos, filha de MC Loma.

Filmografia

Televisão

Ligações externas

Naturais de Jaboatão dos Guararapes
Pessoas gêmeas
Participantes de reality shows do Brasil
Cantores de Pernambuco
Participantes do Ilha Record

Mirella Santos (cantora)


A subpoena duces tecum (pronounced in English  ), or subpoena for production of evidence, is a court summons ordering the recipient to appear before the court and produce documents or other tangible evidence for use at a hearing or trial. In some jurisdictions, it can also be issued by legislative bodies such as county boards of supervisors.

The summons is known by various names in different jurisdictions. The term subpoena duces tecum is used in the United States, and some other common law jurisdictions such as South Africa and Canada. The summons is called a "subpoena for production of evidence" in some U.S. states that have sought to reduce the use of non-English words and phrases in court terminology.

The subpoena duces tecum is similar to the subpoena ad testificandum, which is a writ summoning a witness to testify orally. However, unlike the latter summons, the subpoena duces tecum instructs the witness to bring in hand books, papers, or evidence for the court. In most jurisdictions, a subpoena usually has to be served personally.

Etymology
The phrase sub poena duces tecum is a Latin expression meaning literally "under [threat of] penalty [or punishment], you will bring [it] with you." The word  means "under" and  "penalty";  "you will lead, guide, pull, bring"; and  "with you".

Order pursuant to a deposition
In the United States, a notice to a party deponent (a person called to testify in a deposition) may be accompanied by a request for production of documents and other tangible things during the taking of a deposition. The notice to produce (literally: "bring these documents with you to the deposition") is served prior to the deposition. This follows the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The method of using a subpoena duces tecum is generally valid only to compel a witness to produce documents and other things at the time of the deposition. If a deponent is a non-party to the action (not involved directly in the litigation, but wanted for testimony), production of documents can be compelled only through a proper subpoena duces tecum.

Federal cases and some states follow Rule 27(a)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure concerning the production of documents in pretrial discovery, including those pertaining to depositions. These can include the subpoena duces tecum to produce documents, or in some cases to undergo a physical or mental examination. In the Ninth Circuit, interpreting Rule 27 literally, it has been held that a party can simply produce the documents only, and in certain cases, avoid an oral deposition when presented with a subpoena duces tecum.

Failure to produce documents
A continuance (a rescheduling of a court hearing at a later date) of a civil action may be granted due to the absence of documents or papers. The party failing to produce the documents requested by a subpoena duces tecum must show good reason why there was a failure to do so. Acceptable explanations have included loss or destruction of papers, or an agreement to use copies. The party seeking the continuance must show that the absence of the documents is not because of the negligence of their own, or of the attorney of record.

Similarly, a continuance may be granted in a criminal case if there is good reason documents pertinent to the case could not be produced at the time of trial. For example, a continuance should be granted for failure to produce a transcript of testimony given at a previous trial. In general, it is reversible error to proceed with a criminal trial in the absence of a previous trial transcript, when such contains pertinent information that should have been considered in the new trial. In these cases, a continuance is the usual remedy.

Jencks Act cases
In the 1957 case Jencks v. United States the United States Supreme Court ruled that a defendant must have access to government witnesses who will testify against him in a criminal trial, and must also have access to any documents pertaining to that testimony. This includes papers, documents, written statements and the like. This led to passage of the Jencks Act, 18 USC, Part II, Chapter 223, § 3500, which allows for subpoena duces tecum of relevant government documents, but only after a government agent or employee has testified at trial. There can be no pre-trial discovery. The subpoena is allowed by the trial judge. The government has the right to deny access to the documents. This may be due to the sensitive nature of the documents, or because they are classified.

If a remedy is granted, there is a mistrial and dismissal of criminal charges. An accused criminal has no right to subpoena the work product of the prosecution in a criminal case.

Writ of mandamus
A writ of mandamus (Latin for "we command") is appropriate to compel surrender of documents in the possession of attorneys or other persons that have been illegally obtained under the abuse of a writ of attachment.  Mandamus can vacate an order to produce books and papers.

In an 1893 case, the United States Attorney for Alabama refused to vacate his office, refusing to surrender books, papers and other materials to the newly appointed US Attorney. The federal court in Alabama issued a writ directing the previous attorney to relinquish the documents. He, in turn, sought relief from the Supreme Court, which denied his application, saying it would not interfere with the properly conducted internal matters of a court. In the case In re: Parsons, the US Supreme Court wrote: "If the orders be regarded merely as directions in the administration of judicial affairs in respect of the immediate possession of property or custody of prisoners, we cannot be properly called to, by reason of anything appearing on these records, in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction in this manner, to direct them to be set aside. And if the proceedings should be treated as involving a final determination as on issues joined to the right to such possession and custody, there was no complaint of want of notice or of hearing, and the summary made adopted did not in itself affect the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court upon the ground that it had exceeded its powers."

Mandamus is the remedy where a lower court has clearly failed to issue compulsion to produce documents, or to allow the petitioner access to such documents as may be in the possession of the court or the parties to the action. Mandamus can be used to compel a court to enforce an order to answer interrogatories (questions submitted by the court or one of the parties to be answered under oath and pain of perjury).

Mandamus is the proper remedy to compel the quashing of a subpoena duces tecum for the production before a grand jury of documents protected by attorney–client privilege.  Presumably, this would apply to attorney work product, although there is no case law on the matter.

Commitment of witness; contempt of court
A witness who has refused to obey a lawful order to produce books, documents and papers may be incarcerated for contempt of court. A writ of habeas corpus will not apply unless it can be shown the witness could not have legally had possession of such documents. In such a situation the writ of habeas corpus will properly apply, and is the remedy for such improper action.

At common law, and under various statutes pertaining to a given jurisdiction, a right to action for damages, or for a statutory penalty or forfeiture, exists against a witness who, without sufficient excuse, fails or refuses to give oral testimony or to produce documents or other specified items in obedience to the command of a properly issued and served subpoena.

There are certain conditions precedent, or defenses, to a recovery of damages for a person's failure to testify, or to provide documents pertinent to a hearing or trial. There must be a breach of testimonial duty, after having been properly served with a legitimately executed subpoena. There must be a demonstration of actual damages incurred from the absence of testimony. Most courts have rejected the arguments for seeking damages in this kind of case. Giving false testimony in a judicial proceeding even though the allegation is made that the person giving the testimony knew it to be false, does not give rise, either at common law or by statute, to a civil action for damages resulting from such testimony. The situation is probably different if intentionally false documents are submitted under a subpoena duces tecum.

Privileges

Attorney–client privilege is generally recognized by the courts. Communications between lawyer and client are generally immune from subpoena. In other words, a lawyer cannot be compelled to testify in a trial unless the lawyer becomes, or appears to become, a party to the litigation. A similar situation exists with "work product", meaning written documents or computer records generated in preparation for a trial or hearing. This includes information such as potential questions that may be asked of witnesses, lists of possible witnesses, memoranda, notes, trial strategies, written briefs, or documents that may, or may not end up being used in the course of litigation. Usually, none of this can be the subject of a subpoena duces tecum. If a communication between lawyer and client is made in the presence of the third party, the privilege is not recognized to exist.

The federal courts will apply the common law rule of attorney–client privilege unless there is an intervening state law applying to the central issues of the matter. In those cases, the federal court uses the effective state law.

Physician–patient privilege is usually statutorily defined, and can vary from state to state.  The usual rule is that medical records are immune from subpoena if the plaintiff has not alleged physical or mental injuries or damages.  Once the plaintiff alleges physical or mental injuries proximately flowing from a potentially tortious act by the defendant, or in some other disability hearing, medical records can be subject to subpoena duces tecum.  While witnesses may try to resist legal discovery  by asking the judge to protect them from questioning or inspection of documents, the policy of the courts is in favor of full disclosure. It is the intent of the rules of procedure that pre-trial discovery take place without any intervention of a judge. So-called "fishing expeditions" (massive and aimless calls for all documents related to the litigation) are permissible under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 (b) (1). This rule is repeated in many states' rules of procedure: "Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant ... if the information sought appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence."  The looseness of the definition of relevant evidence is generally construed to mean "liberal" production. The physician who is the party to an action does not own the records of patients he has treated. They are not privileged if the patient has waived confidentiality. Physicians must produce medical records under subpoena duces tecum.

Peer review records, and other hospital documents of quality control committee meetings are generally not subject to subpoena duces tecum, since these have statutory immunity. The theory is that the frankness of peer review would be chilled if these records could be routinely compelled.

Several United States Federal Circuit Courts have recognized a limited reporter's privilege.

In some states (such as California), rape crisis counselors and domestic violence advocates hold a statutory privilege analogous to therapist–client privilege. (See, for example, 1035 Cal. Evidence Code for rape crisis advocates, and 1037.6 Cal. Evidence Code for domestic violence advocates).

Pre- and post-judgment execution proceedings
Discovery can be authorized for the production of documents for both pre-trial and post-trial actions. Most states either follow, or have modeled their procedures after, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 69(a).

Judgment creditors (those who have received a favorable court ruling for monetary damages) are permitted to ask questions about a debtor's residence; recent employment history; business relationships, including partners, co-shareholders, co-officers, co-directors; the contents of a will; transfers of property; and the identity of persons who either owed a debt to the judgment debtor, or received things of value from the debtor. Information in bank accounts can also be the subject of a subpoena duces tecum.

In federal court proceedings concerning judgment debtors, the inquiry is usually limited to the discovery of assets. In international cases, being tried in United States Federal Courts, the application of the Hague Service Convention is utilized where appropriate.

Public access to documents filed with the court
The right of the public to access judicial records is fundamental to a democratic state and is analogous to the United States' First Amendment right of freedom of speech and of the press and the Sixth Amendment right to public trials.  While the right to access trial records is not absolute, it is framed in presumption of public access to the proceedings and records.    United States Code 11, Section 107 (a), of the federal bankruptcy law, is a codification of the common-law general right to inspect judicial records and documents.  However, the right is not absolute and may be denied when the entity seeking to view the records has an improper purpose.  The general intent of the statute is to favor public access to court documents.

Production of documents in bankruptcy
An entity (person or a corporation) may be compelled to produce documentary evidence in accordance with the subpoena powers of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45 as applied by Bankruptcy Rule 9016. The United States Bankruptcy Court has powers to compel production of documents from a non-debtor corporation or person concerning transactions involving the debtor corporation or person. Production of documents can be challenged as being burdensome. Assets diverted to outside corporations or bank accounts/stock portfolios and such other assets as land holdings lie within the power to compel production under subpoena duces tecum. Federal law recognizes no accountant-client privilege. A subpoena duce tecum served pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 2004 is not a violation of accountant-client privilege. 11 United States Code section 107 (a) provides that papers filed in cases under the Bankruptcy Code and dockets of the Bankruptcy Courts are public records and are to be open to examination at reasonable times without charge.

Compelling a foreign corporation to produce documents
A domestic corporation may be considered to be a "person" within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.  It is not necessary to treat a corporation as a person in all circumstances.  United States case law is confusing concerning this matter when dealing with foreign corporations, and their operation within the United States.  Especially troubling have been rulings concerning the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.  A foreign agent may not claim Fifth Amendment provisions against self-incrimination. Nor can records be withheld from subpoena duces tecum on the grounds that production of such documents would incriminate officers or other members of the foreign corporation.  However, there is case authority in which foreign corporations have been protected from illegal searches and seizures, including documents and books.    The matter of a foreign corporation operating as a "person" within the United States being afforded protection under the Fourteenth Amendment is discussed.

Subpoena of welfare documents
Statutes governing the disclosure of information contained in welfare records exist in many jurisdictions.  The rationale for the existence of these regulations is to encourage full and frank disclosure by the welfare recipient of his situation and the protection of the recipient from the embarrassment likely to result from the disclosure of information contained in such records.   In some states, records can be disclosed at the discretion of the state director of welfare.  In general, welfare records are not public records, and should not be considered to be such.  Disclosure of information is usually limited to purposes directly connected with the administration of welfare benefits. The investigation of costs of welfare programs have been held to be sufficiently related to the matters in question to justify disclosure.  Statutes designed to limit welfare record availability are generally held by the courts to be not immune from the power of subpoena duces tecum.
Certain state laws limit the availability of information that can be obtained from the subpoena of such documents.  These are always subject to a court challenge, on a case-by-case basis.  Welfare recipients are generally allowed access to their files, by subpoena duces tecum.  Death of a welfare recipient is considered in some states to be sufficient reason to remove the reason for confidentiality. Some states have passed so-called "Right to Know" statutes, which would make welfare recipients and the information available to the public.  These, along with common law, and state and federal constitutions guaranteeing freedom of the press do not give newspapers (or other news media) the right to access the names of persons on welfare, or the amounts they receive.

Federal Trade Commission hearings in monopoly actions
Whenever the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has reason to believe that any person has violated 15 USC section 13, 14, 18 or 19, it must issue and serve on that person and on the Attorney General of the United States, a complaint stating its charges in that regard.  The notice shall also give a date for a hearing in the matter.  Delivery of the subpoena duces tecum for production of documents may be done in person, or by certified letter.  Receipt of the letter is considered proof of service.

Power to issue subpoenas is extended to Robinson–Patman Act cases of price-fixing and Clayton Act cases of unlawful acquisition.

A Federal District Court lacks jurisdiction to enjoin the Federal Trade Commission from proceeding in an investigation.  It cannot stay (stop) a subpoena duces tecum to produce documents in the investigative stage.  An injunction by a federal court does not have the power to restrain the FTC from enforcing an order requiring corporations to furnish reports and documents un 15 USC § 49.  The only relief available to stop a demand for documents is to seek an action of compliance in mandamus by the Attorney General of the United States, or under 15 USC § 50 to enforce fines and forfeitures.

If the FTC institutes an adjudicative proceeding (a hearing), the person who originated the matter by complaining to the FTC is not a party to the action and does not have any control over it.  The FTC may allow the complaining person to participate in the proceeding by virtue of 15 USC, section 45.  This allows participation for good cause, either by counsel (lawyer) or in person.  You cannot intervene in an FTC hearing, except by demonstrating that substantial issues of law or fact would not be properly raised and argued—and that these issues are important and immediate enough to warrant additional expenditure of FTC resources.  This involvement can be enhanced by subpoena duces tecum.

Pre-hearing conferences are the norm.  These are useful in:
 Clarifying or simplifying issues
 Amending pleadings
 Entering stipulations, admissions of fact, and contents and authenticity of documents
 Expediting discovery and presentation of evidence, including restriction of witnesses
 Matters subject to official notice that may be resolved by further production of documents related to the case
In general, pre-hearing conferences are not public.   The FTC is not restricted by a rigid rule of evidence.

Subpoena of medical records

Administrative law
Disabled persons under the age of 65 years can be eligible for disability benefits under Social Security Titles II and XVI.

The seminal case in Social Security law is Richardson v. Perales, a Supreme Court decision from 1971.  The court directed that medical reports put forth by a treating physician in Social Security hearings should be accepted as evidence, despite the hearsay nature of the medical records. These should be accepted, even if cross-examination is not available.  The claimant has the right to subpoena the treating physician.  In cases of conflicting medical evidence, it is not unconstitutional for the hearing officer to obtain independent medical advice to help resolve the physical questions involved.  Under the Administrative Procedure Act, hearsay in the form of medical records are admissible up to the point of relevancy.

Several federal agencies have adopted Jencks Act rules.  Although the Jencks Act applies only to government agents or employees who testify in criminal cases, making these witnesses and relevant documents available for cross-examination after testimony, it has been applied in administrative law cases in the interests of justice and fair play.   The party of record must make an official request to the hearing officer to have Jencks rules followed.  Some agency rules, such as National Labor Relations Board automatically follow Jencks Act requirements.

Medical malpractice actions
In a case of alleged negligence by a physician, written summaries of the case by physicians provided to the insurance carrier or other parties can be the subject of a subpoena duces tecum, if, in the opinion of the court, they are relevant to the plaintiff's case.  Claims that these statements are "work product" will generally fail.

Medical records form the core of any medical malpractice case.  Actions for malpractice are controlled by the general rules of evidence in civil procedure.  A malpractice action necessarily involves the question of requisite care and skill applied in a medical case.  With the exception of res ipsa loquitur cases, medical opinion about the care is essential.  This involves the necessity to obtain a subpoena duces tecum for medical records.

Admission of "learned treatises" (published books and medical articles) at trial varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.  Some require that the expert admit it is an authoritative reference. Others will allow admission of learned treatises by judicial notice.

Experts and opinion evidence
In tort actions for recovery of damages, it is necessary for the introduction of medical records to establish a basis for the claimed loss.  An injured plaintiff is entitled to recover the expenses necessary to cure or treat injuries.  Courts frequently call upon expert testimony to interpret and advise, after examining medical records concerning the nature of injuries, future medical, disability and other issues before the court.

Worker's Compensation actions
Medical records introduced as evidence are crucial in determining both causation and impairment in worker's compensation cases.  In cases where the evidence is contested, medical evidence in the form of records, opinions, affidavits and testimony concerning both fact and opinion is necessary.  When oral testimony is taken from physicians, the usual standard is to state an opinion "within a reasonable degree of medical certainty".  Worker's compensation laws are dictated by state statute or Federal Employers Liability Act.  In many states, the employer has the right to demand an independent examination and can also direct treatment be carried out by certain physicians.

Mandatory reporting of child abuse
In the landmark 1976 California case of Landeros v. Flood, the California Supreme Court remanded a case to the trial court for action in tort against a treating physician for failure to report suspected child abuse.  The theory at trial was that the plaintiff, a child of about 12 months of age, had been returned to a home where further physical abuse occurred, causing more damages.  This was because the physician had failed to report the abuse in violation of California law.  After this case, all states instituted mandatory reporting by physicians and other medical personnel of any suspected child abuse or neglect cases. In general, reporting in good faith shields the physician or health care worker from tort liability. Reporting to police or social services necessitates obtaining medical records by subpoena duces tecum. This case, and legislation that followed it were in response to several articles that appeared in the medical literature that defined battered child syndrome and child abuse syndrome.

The 1962 Social Security Amendments  require each state to make child welfare services available throughout the state to all children and provide coordination between child welfare services (Title IV-B) and social services provided under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Act (ADC, later known as AFDC; now called Title XX) Determinations in these cases frequently require production of medical records.

In 1972, Congressional hearings began on child abuse and neglect.  In response, Congress passed the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act,  which defined abuse as "physical or mental injury, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of 18 by a person who is responsible for the child's welfare under circumstances which would indicate that the child's health or welfare is harmed or threatened thereby". The legislation created the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect as an information clearinghouse.

The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 ( – ) defined "child abuse and neglect" as "physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of eighteen by a person responsible for the child's welfare under circumstances which indicate that the child's health or welfare is harmed or threatened thereby."

The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1988  when enacted, expanded the definition of abuse. Sexual crimes were specifically identified in Sex Crimes Against Children Act of 1995  These laws have made child abuse a federal crime, and routinely mandate production of medical records.

Mandatory reporting of wounds and injuries
Physician-patient privilege is defined and limited by statute.  Many jurisdictions have mandatory reporting laws requiring treating physicians or other medical personnel to report any suspicious injury to police or other appropriate authorities.  These requirements may be imposed by statute, ordinance or regulation.  Some of these may be limited to wounds typically inflicted by gun or knife.  There may be similar reporting requirements in cases of domestic violence.  These statutes have been generally upheld to constitutional challenges.  Reporting of such cases usually voids any challenge to subpoena duces tecum of the medical records by police or state authorities.

Peer review records in medical licensing and hospital credential actions
The issue of removal of a doctor from a hospital staff, or revoking or limiting a license to practice medicine usually involve various state and federal immunities. The Healthcare Quality Improvement Act (HCQIA) of 1986 granted doctors sitting on peer review committees immunity from subpoena duces tecum, or liability for the revocation of hospital privileges of other doctors. The matters of peer review cannot, in the normal course of events, be the subject of a subpoena duces tecum. This has led to claims that powerful doctors can abuse the process to punish other doctors for reasons unrelated to medical issues (termed "sham peer review").

The American Medical Association conducted a probe of the sham peer review issue and found that no pervasive problem exists. Allegations of sham peer review are easy to make (for example, by doctors whose medical mistakes have made them targets of peer review), but actual infractions are rare. Opponents of peer review counter that the sparcity of successful challenges is indicative of how widespread the problem is and how difficult these actions are to win.

See also

 Administrative Procedure Act (United States)
 Attorney–client privilege
 Bankruptcy in the United States
 Deposition (law)
 Documentary evidence
 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
 Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution
 Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution
 Interrogatories
 Legal discovery
 Physician–patient privilege
 Reporter's privilege
 Subpoena ad testificandum

References

Notes

Sources
 11 USCS section 107 (a)
 Federal Rule 27 (a) (3)
 FRCP 30 (b) (5)
 FRCP 34
 FRCP 69 (a)
 Caffey, "Multiple Fractures in the Long Bones of Infants Suffering from Chronic Subdural Hematoma", 56 Am. J. Roentgen 163 (1946)
 Caffey, "Some Traumatic Lesions in Growing Bones Other Than Fractures and Dislocation – Clinical and Radiological Features", 30 Br. J. Radiol. 225, 1957
 Kempe, "The Battered Child Syndrome", Journal of the American Medical Syndrome", 181, July 7, 1962
 Malone, Plant and Little, "Worker's Compensation and Employment Rights", West, 1980
 Pegalis, S. and Wachsman, H., "American Law of Medical Malpractice", Lawyers Cooperative, Bancroft Whitney, 1980
 Sharpe, D., Fiscina, S. and Head, M., "Law and Medicine" West, 1978
 Stein, J., "Damages and Recovery, Personal Injury and Death Actions", Lawyers Cooperative, Bancroft Whitney, 1972

American jurisprudence

 2 Am Jur 2nd "Administrative Law", section 328 (Jencks Act)
 9 Am Jur 2nd "Bankruptcy", section 829, 828–829
 16 A Am Jur 2nd "Constitutional Law", section 738
 17 Am Jur 2nd "Continuance", sections 20, 81
 21 A Am Jur 2nd "Criminal Law", section 666 et seq; 876 et seq
 23 Am Jur 2nd "Depositions and Discovery", sections 126–127
 29 A Am Jur 2nd  "Evidence", sections 1416–1420
 30 Am Jur 2nd "Executions, Etc.", sections 720, 714, 722
 31 A Am Jur 2nd "Expert and Opinion Evidence" sections 127–277
 36 Am Jur 2nd "Foreign Corporations" sections 4–45
 39 Am Jur 2nd "Habeas Corpus", section 97
 52 Am Jur 2nd  "Mandamus", section 314, 367
 54 Am Jur 2nd "Monopolies", sections 394, 398–399, 836, 840, 862
 61 Am Jur 2nd "Physicians, Surgeons, Etc."  sections 200–377
 70 A Am Jur 2nd "Social Security and Medicare", sections 468 et seq
 75 AM Jur 2nd "Trial", sections 205–216
 79 Am Jur 2nd "Welfare", section 50
 81 Am Jur 2nd "Witnesses", section 79, 172 et seq
 82 Am Jur 2nd "Worker's Compensation", sections 504 et seq

American law reports

 48 ALR Fed 259
 49 ALR Fed 674
 64 ALR Fed 971 (learned treatises)
 10 ALR 1152
 41 ALR 433 (mandamus)
 49 ALR 732
 77 ALR 1490
 112 ALR 438 (mandamus)
 120 ALR 1103
 128 ALR 682
 151 ALR 475
 76 ALR 2nd 946
 88 ALR 2nd 650
 90 ALR 2nd 1323
 2 ALR 3rd 286
 9 ALR 3rd 1413
 14 ALR 3rd 594
 21 ALR 3rd 912 (workers' comp discovery)
 44 ALR 3rd 24
 55 ALR 3rd 1322
 59 ALR 3rd 441
 61 ALR 3rd 1297
 81 ALR 3rd 1297 section 3 (b), 8 (a), 9(a)
 85 ALR 3rd 1196 (mandatory reporting of suspicious wounds)
 97 ALR 3rd 324 (Landeros v. Flood)
 1 ALR 4th 1124
 22 ALR 4th 774

Proof of facts

 2 Proof of Facts 2nd 365 et seq (child abuse)
 3 Proof of Facts 2nd 265 et seq (child abuse)
 6 Proof of Facts 2nd 345 et seq (child abuse)

Case law citation

 Barron v. Florida Freedom Newspapers Inc., (Fla) 531 So 2nd 113, 13 FLW 497, 15 Media LR 1901
 Barsky v. Board of Regents, Supreme Court of the United States, 1954, 347, US 442, 74 S. Ct. 650, 98 L. Ed. 829
 Butler v. Doyle, Supreme Court of Arizona, 112 Ariz. 522, 544 P. 2nd 204
 Colorado State Board of Medical Examiners v. District Court, 191 Colo. –, 551, P. 2nd 194 (1976)
 Continental Oil Co. v. United States (Ca 9 Ariz) 330 F 2nd 347 reprinted in 9 ALR 3rd 1413
 Ex Parte Clarke, 126 Cal, 235, 58 P 546
 Fairbank v. hardin (CA 9) 429, F2d 264, cert edn 400 US 943, 27 L Ed 2nd 247, 91 S. Ct. 244
 Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court of County of Norfolk, 457 US 596, 73 L ED 2nd 248, 102 S. Ct. 2613, 8 Media LR 1689
 In Re Parsons, 150 US 150, 37, 1, L Ed 1034, 14 US Supreme Court, 50
 International Harvester Co. v. Eaton Circuit Judge, 163 Mich 5, 127 NW 695
 Jencks v. United States, 355, US 657 (1957)
 Klinge v. Lutheran Charites Ass'n, United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, 1975, 523 F. 2nd 56
 Landeros v. Flood 17 Cal. 3rd 399, 131, Cal. Reporter, 69, 551 P.2nd 389
 Matchett v. Superior Court, 40 Cal. App. 3rd, 623, 115 Cal. Reporter 317 (1974)
 Oxnard Publishing Co. v. Superior Court of Ventura County (Cal App) 68 Cal Reporter 83
 Perales v. Richardson 91 A SCR 1420, 1971
 Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court of California, 478 US 1, 92 L Ed 2nd 1, 106 S. Ct. 2735, 13 Media LR 1001
 Re Iowa Freedom of Information Council (CA Iowa) 724 F 2nd 658, 10 Media LR 1120;
 Rosenthal v. Dickerman, 98 Mich 208, 57, NW 112
 Smith v. Superior Court of San Joaquin County, 189 Cal.App.2d 6; 1 Cal Reporter reprinted in 88 ALR 2nd 650

Writs
Legal documents with Latin names

Subpoena duces tecum


(1974) Caupolican es un asteroide que forma parte del cinturón de asteroides y fue descubierto por Carlos Torres y S. Cofré desde la estación de Cerro El Roble, Chile, el 18 de julio de 1968.

Designación y nombre
Caupolican se designó al principio como .
Más adelante fue nombrado en honor del jefe de los araucanos Caupolicán.

Características orbitales
Caupolican orbita a una distancia media del Sol de 3,163 ua, pudiendo alejarse hasta 3,477 ua y acercarse hasta 2,849 ua. Su excentricidad es 0,09924 y la inclinación orbital 10,23°. Emplea 2054 días en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides del (1901) al (2000)
 Cuerpo menor del sistema solar

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Carlos Torres
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde la Estación Astronómica de Cerro El Roble
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1968
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides
Epónimos de Caupolicán

(1974) Caupolican


Ocupația austro-ungară a Muntenegrului 1916-1918 în timpul Primului Război Mondial (oficial numită Guvernământul Militar General Muntenegru, în ) a avut loc din 1916 până în 1918.

Istorie
La 9 august 1914, Regatul Muntenegrului a intrat în Primul Război Mondial de partea Antantei. Țara a luptat alături de Regatul Serbiei împotriva Austro-Ungariei. După intrarea în război a Regatului Bulgariei la 15 octombrie 1915 și după ocuparea în întregime a Serbiei de către Puterile Centrale în decembrie 1915, Austro-Ungaria a început la 6 ianuarie 1916 Campania din Muntenegru împotriva acelor părți ale armatei sârbe care se retrăseseră în această țară. La 16 ianuarie întregul Muntenegru era ocupat și a capitulat oficial la 23 ianuarie. Regele Nikola I și guvernul său au fugit în exil prin Italia, până în Franța.

Austro-Ungaria în Primul Război Mondial
Istoria Muntenegrului


Hindu texts are manuscripts and voluminous historical literature which are related to any of the diverse traditions within Hinduism. A few of these texts are shared across these traditions and they are broadly considered Hindu scriptures. These include the Itihasa and Vedas. Scholars hesitate in defining the term "Hindu scriptures" given the diverse nature of Hinduism, but many list the Agamas as Hindu scriptures, and Dominic Goodall includes Bhagavata Purana and Yajnavalkya Smriti in the list of Hindu scriptures as well.

History
There are two historic classifications of Hindu texts: Śruti – that which is heard, and Smriti – that which is remembered. The Shruti refers to the body of most authoritative, ancient religious texts, believed to be eternal knowledge authored neither by human nor divine agent but transmitted by sages (rishis). These comprise the central canon of Hinduism. It includes the four Vedas including its four types of embedded texts – the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas and the early Upanishads. Of the Shrutis (Vedic corpus), the Upanishads alone are widely influential among Hindus, considered scriptures par excellence of Hinduism, and their central ideas have continued to influence its thoughts and traditions.

The Smriti texts are a specific body of Hindu texts attributed to an author, as a derivative work they are considered less authoritative than Shruti in Hinduism. The Smriti literature is a vast corpus of diverse texts, and includes but is not limited to Vedāngas, the Hindu epics, the Sutras and Shastras, the texts of Hindu philosophies, the Puranas, the Kāvya or poetical literature, the Bhasyas, and numerous Nibandhas (digests) covering politics, ethics, culture, arts and society.

Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts were composed in Sanskrit, many others in regional Indian languages. In modern times, most ancient texts have been translated into other Indian languages and some in non-Indian languages. Prior to the start of the common era, the Hindu texts were composed orally, then memorized and transmitted orally, from one generation to next, for more than a millennia before they were written down into manuscripts. This verbal tradition of preserving and transmitting Hindu texts, from one generation to next, continued into the modern era.

Vedas

The Vedas are a large body of Hindu texts originating in Vedic period in northern India, the Rig Veda being composed , and its Samhita and Brahmanas complete before about 800 BCE. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit hymns, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. Hindus consider the Vedas to be timeless revelation, apauruṣeya, which means "not of a man, superhuman" and "impersonal, authorless". The knowledge in the Vedas is believed in Hinduism to be eternal, uncreated, neither authored by human nor by divine source, but seen, heard and transmitted by sages.

Vedas are also called  ("what is heard") literature, distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called  ("what is remembered"). The Veda, for orthodox Indian theologians, are considered revelations, some way or other the work of the Deity. In the Hindu Epic the Mahabharata, the creation of Vedas is credited to Brahma.

There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda. Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).

Upanishads

The Upanishads are a collection of Hindu texts which contain some of the central philosophical concepts of Hinduism.

The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta, variously interpreted to mean either the "last chapters, parts of the Veda" or "the object, the highest purpose of the Veda". The concepts of Brahman (Ultimate Reality) and Ātman (Soul, Self) are central ideas in all the Upanishads, and "Know your Ātman" their thematic focus. The Upanishads are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and its diverse traditions. Of the Vedic corpus, they alone are widely known, and the central ideas of the Upanishads have had a lasting influence on Hindu philosophy.

More than 200 Upanishads are known, of which the first dozen or so are the oldest and most important and are referred to as the principal or main (mukhya) Upanishads. The mukhya Upanishads are found mostly in the concluding part of the Brahmanas and Aranyakas and were, for centuries, memorized by each generation and passed down verbally. The early Upanishads all predate the Common Era, some in all likelihood pre-Buddhist (6th century BCE), down to the Maurya period. Of the remainder, some 95 Upanishads are part of the Muktika canon, composed from about the start of common era through medieval Hinduism. New Upanishads, beyond the 108 in the Muktika canon, continued being composed through the early modern and modern era, though often dealing with subjects unconnected to Hinduism.

Smriti

The texts that appeared afterwards were called smriti. Smriti is a  literature which includes various Shastras and Itihasas (epics like Ramayana, Mahabharata), Harivamsa Puranas, Agamas and Darshanas.

The Sutras and Shastras texts were compilations of technical or specialized knowledge in a defined area. The earliest are dated to later half of the 1st millennium BCE. The Dharma-shastras (law books), derivatives of the Dharma-sutras. Other examples were bhautikashastra "physics", rasayanashastra "chemistry", jīvashastra "biology", vastushastra "architectural science", shilpashastra "science of sculpture", arthashastra "economics" and nītishastra "political science". It also includes Tantras and Agama literature.

This genre of texts includes the Sutras and Shastras of the six schools of Hindu philosophy: Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta.

Puranas

The Puranas are a vast genre of Hindu texts that encyclopedically cover a wide range of topics, particularly legends and other traditional lore. Composed primarily in Sanskrit, but also in regional languages, several of these texts are named after major Hindu deities such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi.

The Puranic literature is encyclopedic, and it includes diverse topics such as cosmogony, cosmology, genealogies of gods, goddesses, kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, folk tales, pilgrimages, temples, medicine, astronomy, grammar, mineralogy, humor, love stories, as well as theology and philosophy. The content is diverse across the Puranas, and each Purana has survived in numerous manuscripts which are themselves voluminous and comprehensive. The Hindu Puranas are anonymous texts and likely the work of many authors over the centuries; in contrast, most Jaina Puranas can be dated and their authors assigned.

There are 18 Maha Puranas (Great Puranas) and 18 Upa Puranas (Minor Puranas), with over 400,000 verses. The Puranas do not enjoy the authority of a scripture in Hinduism, but are considered a Smriti. These Hindu texts have been influential in the Hindu culture, inspiring major national and regional annual festivals of Hinduism. The Bhagavata Purana has been among the most celebrated and popular text in the Puranic genre.

Other Hindu texts
Hindu texts for specific fields, in Sanskrit and other regional languages, have been reviewed as follows:

Historical significance
The Hindu scriptures provide the early documented history of arts and science forms in India such as music, dance, sculptures, architecture, astronomy, science, mathematics, medicine and wellness. Valmiki's Ramayana (500 BCE to 100 BCE) mentions music and singing by Gandharvas, dance by Apsaras such as Urvashi, Rambha, Menaka, Tilottama Panchāpsaras, and by Ravana's wives who excelling in nrityageeta or "singing and dancing" and nritavaditra or "playing musical instruments"). The evidence of earliest dance related texts are in Natasutras, which are mentioned in the text of Panini, the sage who wrote the classic on Sanskrit grammar, and who is dated to about 500 BCE. This performance arts related Sutra text is mentioned in other late Vedic texts, as are two scholars names Shilalin (IAST: Śilālin) and Krishashva (Kṛśaśva), credited to be pioneers in the studies of ancient drama, singing, dance and Sanskrit compositions for these arts. Richmond et al. estimate the Natasutras to have been composed around 600 BCE, whose complete manuscript has not survived into the modern age.

See also
Rigveda
Yajurveda
Samaveda

Indian epic poetry
Hindu eschatology
List of Hindu texts
List of historic Indian texts
Sutra
Prasthanatrayi
Sanskrit literature
 Sanskrit-related topics
Timeline of Hindu texts

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 R.C. Zaehner (1992), Hindu Scriptures, Penguin Random House,
 Dominic Goodall, Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press,
 Jessica Frazier (2014), The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu studies, Bloomsbury Academic,

External links
Manuscripts collections (incomplete)
A handlist of Sanskrit and Prakrit Hindu, Buddhist and Jain Manuscripts held by the Wellcome Library, Volume 1, Compiled by Dominik Wujastyk (Includes subjects such as historic Dictionaries, Drama, Erotics, Ethics, Logic, Poetics, Medicine, Philosophy, etc.)
A handlist of Sanskrit and Prakrit Hindu, Buddhist and Jain Manuscripts held by the Wellcome Library, Volume 2, Compiled by Dominik Wujastyk (Includes subjects such as historic Dictionaries, Drama, Erotics, Ethics, Logic, Poetics, Medicine, Philosophy, etc.; for complete 6 set collection see )
Clay Sanskrit Library publishes Sanskrit literature with downloadable materials.
 The Sacred Books of the Hindus Information
Online resources:
The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts - Hinduism
Sacred-Texts: Hinduism
Sanskrit Documents Collection: Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc.
GRETIL: Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages, a cumulative register of the numerous download sites for electronic texts in Indian languages.

Hindu texts


An Liparis purpureoviridis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Isaac Henry Burkill ngan Richard Eric Holttum. An Liparis purpureoviridis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis purpureoviridis


Mpanjaka montana este o molie din familia Erebidae care se găsește în centrul Madagascarului.

Masculul are o anvergură de 57 mm, iar lungimea aripilor din față este de 28 mm. Abdomenul, toracele și capul sunt uniform bej. Antenele sunt bipectinate.

Aripile din față sunt albe, cu un model dens de negru și 3 linii de pete roșii care traversează aripa. Aripile din spate sunt de culoare alb-gălbui.

Vezi și
 Listă de molii din Madagascar

Referințe

Legături externe
  Baza de date a genului Lepidoptera la Muzeul de istorie naturală

Lymantriidae
Molii din Madagascar
Molii din Africa
Molii descrise în 1974

Mpanjaka montana


Shohreh Aghdashloo (, ; née Vaziri-Tabar (); 11 May 1952) is an Iranian and American actress. She has received various accolades, including a Primetime Emmy Award and a Satellite Award, in addition to a nomination for an Academy Award.

Following numerous starring roles on the stage, she made her film debut in Chess of the Wind (1976). Her next two films The Report (1977) and Sooteh Delan (1977) garnered critical acclaim and established Aghdashloo as one of Iran's leading ladies, although the films were banned in Iran itself. Aghdashloo moved to England during the Iranian Revolution in 1979 and then to the United States, subsequently becoming a U.S. citizen. After several years playing small roles in television and film, her performance in House of Sand and Fog (2003) brought her several film critics' awards and a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her other film appearances include The Exorcism of Emily Rose (2005), X-Men: The Last Stand and The Nativity Story (both 2006), The Odd Life of Timothy Green (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016).

In television, she is best known for her roles as Dina Araz in the fourth season of 24 and as Chrisjen Avasarala on The Expanse (2015–2022). For her role as Sajida Talfah in the HBO miniseries House of Saddam (2008), she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. In 2013, she released her autobiography titled The Alley of Love and Yellow Jasmines. In 2021, she voiced Grayson in Netflix's acclaimed series, Arcane.

Early life
Aghdashloo was born Shohreh Vaziri-Tabar () in Tehran, the daughter of Effie ( alSadat) and Anushiravan Vaziri-Tabar. She has three brothers: Shahram, Shahriar and Shahrokh. Her stage name is from the family name of her first husband, painter Aydin Aghdashloo. After their marriage in 1972 when she was 19 and he was 31, she began attending theatre workshops, against the wishes of her family. She had always wanted to be an actress, and soon began playing leading roles in Iranian theatre and film. They did not have children and were divorced in 1979, when she left Iran for England at the start of the Iranian Revolution.

Once Aghdashloo arrived in England, she earned a bachelor's degree in international relations at Brunel University because of her interest in politics after having to leave her home country. She was already familiar with England, as her parents had taken her to London as a child. She then continued to pursue her acting career, which brought her to Los Angeles. In 1987, Aghdashloo married actor/playwright Houshang Touzie. They have a daughter, Tara Touzie, born in 1989. She has since performed in a number of Touzie's plays, successfully taking them to national and international stages, primarily in the Iranian diaspora. Though born to a Muslim family, she has stated that she is non-practicing.

Career

Aghdashloo first began working as a theatre actress at the age of 19, when she starred in a theatrical adaptation of the novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North (1973). Aghdashloo made her American film debut in 1989 in a starring role in Guests of Hotel Astoria. Her television debut came on September 25, 1990, in a guest role in the two-hour episode of the NBC television series Matlock, titled "Nowhere to Turn: A Matlock Mystery Movie". In the years that followed Aghdashloo appeared on screen sporadically, including in the widely panned Surviving Paradise (2000), written and directed by Kamshad Kooshan.

In 2001 Aghdashloo was cast opposite Ben Kingsley and Jennifer Connelly in director Vadim Perelman's House of Sand and Fog (2003) for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Following this exposure Aghdashloo had a prominent recurring role in Season 4 of the Fox television series 24, playing Dina Araz, a terrorist undercover in Los Angeles as a well-to-do housewife and mother. In an interview with Time magazine, Aghdashloo stated that although she had previously resisted reinforcing the stereotype of Muslims as terrorists, the strength and complexity of the role convinced her to accept it. Iranian film scholar Hamid Naficy criticized Aghdashloo's acting in "the sensationalist film The Stoning of Soraya M." as "discredit[ing] her vow not to play in films that stereotype Middle Easterners, including Iranians." In the period that followed, Aghdashloo made guest appearances on several well-known television series, such as Will & Grace, ER and Grey's Anatomy. She also played supporting roles in films such as X-Men: The Last Stand as Dr. Kavita Rao, The Lake House, The Nativity Story as Elizabeth, and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2.In 2008, Aghdashloo served as an official festival judge at the second annual Noor Iranian Film Festival in Los Angeles, while she also played the lead character of Zahra Khanum in the film The Stoning of Soraya M., marking her first leading role in a feature-length American film. In the same year, she also portrayed Sajida Talfah in the HBO original miniseries House of Saddam for which she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie. Speaking to a crowd of over 1,400 people at George Washington University's Lisner Auditorium on September 12, 2009, Aghdashloo, author Dr. Azar Nafisi, and Dr. Dwight Bashir, Associate Director for Policy at the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, added their voices to those concerned about human rights in Iran and the persecution of Bahá'ís in Iran. Aghdashloo's talk in particular was posted to YouTube. On October 9, 2010, the Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans awarded Aghdashloo their Career Achievement Award during its first annual gala.
Agdashloo continues to act in films, such as The Odd Life of Timothy Green, Septembers of Shiraz and Star Trek Beyond; and on television, guest starring on series such as House, M.D., The Simpsons, Grimm, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and NCIS. She also voiced characters for the video games Mass Effect 2, Mass Effect 3, Destiny and Destiny 2; starred in the London revival of the play The House of Bernarda Alba at the Almeida Theatre as Bernarda Alba; and narrated the audiobook And the Mountains Echoed, by Khaled Hosseini.

Aghdashloo recently starred in Amazon Prime Video's acclaimed television series The Expanse, as UN Deputy Undersecretary of Executive Administration Chrisjen Avasarala, a "smart and passionate member of a political family legacy who has risen high in the ranks of Earth's governing body without once standing for election".

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Audio

Theatre

Other awards
 2007: Arpa Career Achievement Award
 2013: Noor Iranian Film Festival Achievement Award

See also
 Women in Iran
 List of Iranian women
 List of Iranian actresses
 Forugh Farrokhzad
 Mina Assadi
 Simin Behbahani
 List of actors with Academy Award nominations

References

External links

 The Shohreh Aghdashloo You Need to Know
 [http://www.ghaffaris.com Her heritage and family website

1952 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
20th-century Iranian actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century Iranian actresses
Actresses from Tehran
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female winners
Iranian diaspora film people
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Iranian film actresses
Iranian stage actresses
Iranian television actresses
Iranian voice actresses
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners

Shohreh Aghdashloo


The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library is a library in the University of Toronto, constituting the largest repository of publicly accessible rare books and manuscripts in Canada. The library is also home to the university archives which, in addition to institutional records, also contains the papers of many important Canadian literary figures including Margaret Atwood and Leonard Cohen.

History
The Department of Rare Books and Special Collections was founded in November 1955 by the Chief Librarian, Robert H. Blackburn. Blackburn hired Marion E. Brown who was working in the special collections department at Brown University. Brown's first responsibility was to deal with the items that had been accumulating since 1890. Some of these items in the collection included medieval manuscripts, early printed books, and special volumes of later periods that had been presented by Queen Victoria to the university. Between the accumulated items and items found in the stacks of the main library, there was enough to open up the Rare Book Room in 1957.

The Department of Rare Books and Special Collections and the University Archives didn't have a permanent home until 1973 when the Thomas Fisher Rare Book library was opened. The library is named in honour of Thomas Fisher (1792–1874), who immigrated from Yorkshire, settled along the Humber River in 1822, and became a successful merchant–miller.  In 1973 his great-grandsons, Sidney and Charles Fisher, donated to the library their own collections of Shakespeare, various twentieth-century authors, and etchings of Wenceslaus Hollar. Since the opening of the library, it has grown to approximately 740,000 volumes and 4,000 metres of manuscript holdings.

The Fisher building was designed by Mathers and Haldenby, Toronto with design consultant Warner, Burns, Toan and Lunde, New York. It forms part of a complex with the John P. Robarts Research Library for the Humanities and Social Sciences, and the Claude Bissel Building which houses the Faculty of Information.

Richard Landon, the director until his death in 2011, organized two or three exhibitions of rare books and other materials annually.

Collections
Among the collection's items are the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493), Shakespeare's First Folio (1623), and Newton's Principia (1687). Contrary to widespread internet claims,
the library does not have Darwin's proof copy with annotations of On the Origin of Species (1859); the library does however have annotated proof sheets of: The Power of Movement in Plants, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, and The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. Other collections include Babylonian cuneiform tablet from Ur (1789 BC), 36 Egyptian papyrus manuscript fragments (245 BC), and Catholicon (1460).

The Robert S. Kenny Collection resides in the library. This immense collection of books, documents, and other materials pertaining to the radical and labour movements, particularly in Canada, contains approximately 25,000 items collected by Robert S. Kenny, who was a member of the Communist Party of Canada. The Canadian section, which has 382 books and 768 pamphlets, was acquired by the library from Kenny in 1977. The international section of the collection was donated by Kenny in 1993.

In addition, there is a collection of etchings by Wenceslaus Hollar (1607–1677) from the collection of Sidney Thomson Fisher. The collection consists of etching plates, original prints and published works by Wenceslaus Hollar.

The library has a collection of 500 Valentines.

In April 2018, it was announced that the library had acquired the oldest English-language book in Canada, and its 15 millionth item, known as the Caxton Cicero, which was printed in 1481 by the Englishman William Caxton.

Gallery

References

External links

University of Toronto libraries
Academic libraries in Canada
University of Toronto buildings
Brutalist architecture in Canada
Libraries in Toronto
Literary archives
Rare book libraries
Special collections libraries

Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library


Trentemøller live in Copenhagen er en film instrueret af Michael Schwanenflügel.

Handling
I forbindelse med udgivelsen af det kritikerroste album Into the Great Wide Yonder drog den danske electro-ekvilibrist Trentemøller og hans band på turné. Turnéen startede i København i slutningen af 2010 og bragte dem derefter rundt til det meste af verden. Efter næsten 100 koncerter blev turnéen afsluttet i byen, hvor det hele startede, med to udsolgte shows i Den Grå Hal på Christiania.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2012
Musikfilm fra Danmark

Trentemøller live in Copenhagen


«Once Upon a Long Ago» es una canción del músico británico Paul McCartney publicada como sencillo promocional del álbum recopilatorio All the Best! el 16 de noviembre de 1987. La canción fue producida por Phil Ramone y mezclada por George Martin, y cuenta con la participación del violinista Nigel Kennedy.

Publicación
«Once Upon a Long Ago» alcanzó el puesto 10 en la lista británica UK Singles Chart, convirtiéndose en el último sencillo de McCartney en entrar en el top 10 de la lista. El sencillo no fue publicado en Estados Unidos al no incluirse en la versión estadounidense del álbum All the Best!.

«Once Upon a Long Ago» fue publicado en tres formatos: una versión en CD, otra en vinilo de 7 pulgadas y dos versiones en vinilo de 12 pulgadas.

Lista de canciones

Vinilo de 7"
 «Once Upon a Long Ago»
 «Back on My Feet»

Vinilo de 12" (primera versión)
 «Once Upon a Long Ago» (long version)
 «Back on My Feet»
 «Midnight Special»
 «Don't Get Around Much Anymore»

Vinilo de 12" (segunda versión)
 «Once Upon a Long Ago» (versión extendida)
 «Back on My Feet»
 «Lawdy Miss Clawdy»
 «Kansas City»

Sencillo CD
 «Once Upon a Long Ago»
 «Back on My Feet»
 «Don't Get Around Much Anymore»
 «Kansas City»

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 «Once Upon a Long Ago» en Youtube

Sencillos de 1987
Sencillos de Paul McCartney
Canciones de Paul McCartney
Canciones de 1987
Canciones en inglés

Once Upon a Long Ago


La direction générale du renseignement du ministère de la Défense de l'Ukraine () ou HUR MOU / GUR MOU () est le service de renseignement militaire de l'Ukraine. Il s'agit d'une subdivision du ministère de la Défense ukrainien, et non de l'état-major général des forces armées de l'Ukraine. Il s'appuyait en fait sur les moyens de renseignement existants du district militaire de Kiev, d'Odessa et des districts militaires des Carpates des forces armées soviétiques.

La devise de l'ancienne agence était . Depuis 2016, ils portent la nouvelle devise :  ().

Base légale
 Constitution de l'Ukraine ;
 Règlement de la Verkhovna Rada sur le concept de sécurité nationale de l'Ukraine (fondamentaux de la politique de l'État) ;
 Loi ukrainienne sur la défense de l'Ukraine ;
 Loi ukrainienne sur les forces armées de l'Ukraine ;
 Loi ukrainienne sur les agences de renseignement de l'Ukraine ;
 Loi ukrainienne « Actes législatifs distincts de l'Ukraine et Amendements en lumière de la loi ukrainienne » ;
 Décret du président de l'Ukraine sur le statut du ministère de la Défense et de l'état-major général des forces armées ukrainiennes.

Sphères d'activité
Conformément à la loi ukrainienne sur les agences de renseignement d'Ukraine, la Direction principale du renseignement du ministère de la Défense ukrainien exerce son activité dans les domaines militaire, politique, technique, économique, des transmissions, de l'information et de l'environnement.

Les missions majeures :

 l'obtention, l'analyse et la diffusion des informations de renseignement aux hautes autorités civiles et militaires de l'Ukraine ;
 effectuer des tâches spéciales afin de promouvoir les intérêts nationaux et la politique de l'État de l'Ukraine dans les domaines économique, politique, militaire, technique, environnemental et informationnel, contribuer à la défense nationale, favoriser le développement économique, promouvoir la science et la technologie, protéger la frontière de l'État ;
 participer à des opérations contre le terrorisme, le crime organisé international, le trafic de drogue, d'armes et de technologies, la migration illégale ;
 contrer les menaces extérieures qui peuvent affecter la sécurité nationale de l'Ukraine, la vie et la santé de ses citoyens et les installations de l'État à l'étranger.

Organisation
Le HUR détient un bureau exécutif et plusieurs fonctions à l'échelle de l'agence, et cinq directions et départements principaux.

Directions :

 Direction du renseignement stratégique
 Direction du soutien au renseignement de l'état-major des armées
 Direction du soutien à l'information
 Direction de la politique du personnel
 Direction logistique

Départements :

 Département de la sécurité intérieure
 Département de la planification
 Département d'automatisme et de communication
 Département économique et financier
 Département de l'information et de la protection des secrets d'État

Formations du CDI-MDU
Les formations relevant du CDI mais faisant partie opérationnellement des forces armées et de la garde nationale comprennent :

Formations des forces armées
 10 détachement spécial
 49 bataillon de reconnaissance (entraînement)
 54 bataillon de reconnaissance
 74 bataillon de reconnaissance
 129 bataillon de reconnaissance
 140 bataillon de reconnaissance
 143 bataillon de reconnaissance
 129 bataillon de reconnaissance
 130 bataillon de reconnaissance
 131 bataillon de reconnaissance

Formations de la Garde nationale
 Détachement antiterroriste des forces spéciales , Novi Petrivtsi.
 Détachement des forces spéciales , Lviv.
 Détachement de renseignement des forces spéciales , Kharkiv.

Historique

La direction du renseignement du quartier général des forces armées ukrainiennes est formée en février 1992. Conformément au décret présidentiel du 7 septembre 1992, une décision est prise concernant la création de la Direction du renseignement militaire stratégique du ministère de la Défense de l'Ukraine. Par conséquent, le 7 septembre marque la Journée du service de renseignement militaire de l'Ukraine.

Le 6 juillet 1993, le décret du président de l'Ukraine lance la fusion de la direction du renseignement du quartier général et de la direction du renseignement militaire stratégique du ministère de la Défense ukrainien dans la direction principale du renseignement militaire du ministère de la Défense ukrainien. Le 14 avril 1994, la Direction principale du renseignement militaire du ministère de la Défense est renommée .

L'unité est engagée lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Directeurs

  -  : Ihor Smechko.
 2000 : Victor Paliy.
 2003 : Olksandr Halaka.
 2008 : Victor Hvozd.
 2010 : Serhi Hmyza.
 2014 : Ioury Pavlov.
 2015 : Valriy Kondratiouk.
 2016 : Vassyl Bourba.
 depuis le  : général Kyrylo Boudanov

Personnalité y ayant servi
 Colonel Rouslan Popov, Héros de l'Ukraine
 Colonel Maksym Chapoval, Héros de l'Ukraine

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Service de sécurité d'Ukraine

Liens externes

 Direction principale du renseignement du ministère de la Défense de l'Ukraine

Service de renseignement ukrainien
Unité militaire ukrainienne

Direction générale du renseignement du ministère de la Défense ukrainien


Ruhr i Vesttyskland er en dokumentarfilm fra 1982 instrueret af Sten Rehder efter manuskript af Sten Rehder.

Handling
En film om mennesker, industri og forurening. Filmen er bygget op omkring to pensionister, der har arbejdet hele deres liv i Ruhr, og som i deres alderdom er flyttet i en helårs campingvogn i et forsøg på at slippe væk fra områdets luft- og støjforurening. På baggrund af de to pensionisters livshistorie vises de dominerende industrier i Ruhr og deres forurening.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1982

Ruhr i Vesttyskland


La MIACAH F1 (Mine antichar à action horizontale F1, L14A1 dans les forces armées britanniques) est une mine terrestre antichar hors route française.

Caractéristiques
Il utilise une grande ogive à effet Misznay-Schardin pour projeter un puissant fragment autoforgé à une vitesse voisine de , perfore  de blindage sur un diamètre de , à une distance maximale de .  étant la portée optimale, mais pas à moins de .

La mine se compose d'un corps principal cylindrique horizontal avec une grande plaque encastrée à l'avant. Le détonateur dépasse du centre de la plaque avant. Le corps principal est soutenu par deux bras qui sont attachés à une base circulaire avec trois piquets. La mine peut être déclenchée par un fil de surveillance de 50 mètres, une commande ou déclenchée électroniquement par un capteur externe.

Historique
Elle a été produite par le Groupement Industriel des Armements Terrestres (GIAT) - aujourd'hui Nexter - dans les années 1970 et 1980.

Elle a été retirée du service des forces armées françaises en 2001. Dans les forces britanniques, en 1997, il a  en stock, conformément a la convention sur l'interdiction des mines antipersonnel, ce nombre avait été réduit à 0 en 1999. La mine a été signalée en Irak.

Une version améliorée, la F2, a été fabriquée en 1996 et utilisée par les forces françaises jusqu'à son retrait en 2004 en raison de la corrosion.

Elle sert jusqu'en 2016 minimum pour la formation dans les unités du génie militaire français.

Notes et références

Mine antichar
Arme militaire fabriquée en France
Nexter
Arme de la guerre froide

Mine MIACAH F1


was a town located in Ukiha District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 21,204 and a density of 415.85 persons per km². The total area was 50.99 km².

On February 5, 2005, Tanushimaru, along with the town of Kitano (from Mii District), and the towns of Jōjima and Mizuma (both from Mizuma District), was merged into the expanded city of Kurume and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Tanushimaru was famous for its hot springs, the best being Mino Onsen, as well as its plant farming, unagi, and kappa. Legend is that the nearby river is the origin of all Japanese kappa, and many monuments to the river monster can be seen around the town. Many of the local inhabitants offer cucumbers and sake to the kappa shrines.

There are also many grape fields, and grape picking is a popular tourist activity.

Tanushimaru is home to seven fine elementary schools, Mino, Mizuwake, Takeno, Shibakari, Tanushimaru, Kawaii, and Funagoshi, as well as Tanushimaru Middle School and Ukiha Technical High School.

Until recently Tanushimaru was classified as part of Ukiha-Gun. Close ties remain with the neighboring city of Ukiha, particularly with Yoshii town.

References

External links
Tanushimaru official website of Kurume in Japanese (some English)

Populated places disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in Japan
Dissolved municipalities of Fukuoka Prefecture
Kurume

Tanushimaru, Fukuoka


La Carretera de Nebraska 29 (en inglés: Nebraska Highway 29) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nebraska. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  en Mitchell hacia el Norte en la  en Harrison, y tiene longitud de 88,2 km (54.81 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Carretera de Nebraska 29 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Carreteras de Nebraska por sus siglas en inglés NDOR.

Cruces
La Carretera de Nebraska 29 es atravesada principalmente por la  en  Mitchell   en  Harrison.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de NDOR

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nebraska

Carretera de Nebraska 29


HNLMS Tromp was the lead ship of the  destroyer leaders built for the Royal Netherlands Navy. Built just prior to World War II, the ship served mainly in the Pacific and Indian Oceans against the Japanese, being based out of Sydney, Fremantle and Trincomalee where she served alongside British, Australian and US warships. After the war, she returned to the Netherlands; after 1949,Tromp was used as a training and accommodation ship, before being decommissioned in 1955, and scrapped in 1969.

Design and description

Originally designated as a flotilla leader in the Deckers Fleet Plan of 1931, Tromp was ordered in 1935 and laid down at the Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij (Netherlands Shipbuilding Company), in Amsterdam, on 17 January 1936. She was launched on 24 May 1937 and then commissioned into the Royal Netherlands Navy on 18 August 1938. She was named after Admirals Maarten Tromp and Cornelis Tromp.

Tromp was  long, had a beam of  and a draught of . She displaced 3,450 tons at standard load with  860 tons of bunkerage. Powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, with four Yarrow boilers that drove two shafts and produced , she was capable of achieving a maximum speed of . Upon construction, the ship's complement was 295, although this later increased to 380.

Her armament consisted of six  guns twin-mounted in three turrets, as well as two twin-mounted 40 mm Bofors guns. As built, she also had two twin-mounted .50 calibre machine guns, although these were later replaced with two single-mounted 20 mm Oerlikons. In addition, for anti-aircraft defence, she was later fitted out with an extra six 20 mm Oerlikon machine guns, four US-made 75 mm guns and four more 40 mm Bofors. She also carried six  torpedo tubes in two banks of three, and was equipped with a Fokker C.XIW floatplane. Her anti-submarine features included ASDIC, a hydrophone, and four depth-charge throwers. Her deck armour was , while her side belt armour was . Upon her commissioning, Tromp was one of the most powerful ships in the Dutch navy.

Service history

Following her commissioning, Tromp carried out working up manouevres until early January 1939 when she departed Rotterdam, bound for the Mediterranean. Transiting via Lisbon, in Portugal, on 15 January, she was lightly damaged when she accidentally collided with the German passenger ship Orinoco. She returned to the Netherlands in April to take part in the fleet review at Scheveningen, before participating in a cruise to Norway, where she stopped over at Oslo. In July 1939, Commander J. W. Termijtelen took over command of the ship from Captain L.A.C.M. Doorman and under Termijtelen's command the ship sailed for the Netherlands East Indies in August 1939, arriving just after the outbreak of World War II in Europe.

In mid-September 1939, the ship searched several German merchantmen in Padang, before proceeding to Surabaya for a refit. Throughout 1940, the ship undertook patrol and escort duties as part of the Netherlands East Indies Squadron before escorting ships of the Java–New York Line in a convoy to the Gilbert Islands in early 1941. A new captain, Commander J.B. de Meester, arrived in July. In the final months of 1941, tensions in the region began to heighten amidst concerns about war with Japan and in November 1941 Tromp was involved in searches of Vichy French merchant vessels operating in the area. In late November and early December 1941, Tromp moved to the western Java Sea to help search for , which was missing after encountering the German raider Kormoran.

Following the outbreak of fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific, she was assigned to the Combined Striking Force, ABDA Command, in January 1942 for the defence of the East Indies. Tromp was badly damaged off Bali on 18 February 1942 during the Battle of Badung Strait, when she was hit by eleven 5-inch (127 mm) shells from the Japanese destroyer . Her return fire hit two Japanese destroyers, killing four men on Asashio and seven on . The ship was then sent to Australia for repairs in February 1942, sailing firstly to Fremantle and then on to Sydney.

Repairs were completed by May 1942, at which time she began a period of sea trials. These were interrupted by anti-submarine patrols off Newcastle in the middle of the month after the Soviet steamer Wellen was attacked, but these patrols proved uneventful. On 18 May 1942, in company with , Tromp escorted convoy "ZK.8" out of Sydney composed of the Dutch ships ,  ,  and  bound for Port Moresby with 4,735 troops of the Australian 14th Brigade. Afterwards, Tromp escorted several more north-bound convoys before completing its sea trials in early June. The following month she departed Sydney bound for Fremantle, escorting a westward-bound convoy. She remained in Fremantle until October 1942 when the ship returned to Sydney to replace her radar. Upon completion, she undertook a visit to New Zealand before returning to Fremantle at the end of the year in concert with a British troopship, Nestor.

In February 1943, while based out of Fremantle, Tromp was assigned to the US Seventh Fleet, tasked with conducting convoy escort around Australia and in the Indian Ocean. Throughout the year, Tromp undertook further convoy escorts until October when Commander F. Stam arrived to take over command. In January 1944, Tromp was assigned to the British Eastern Fleet based at Colombo, in Ceylon. A short time later, she was transferred to the fleet base at Trincomalee. The ship then participated in raids on Sabang in April and Surabaya in May 1944, undertaking escort duty in between. She transferred to Sydney for a refit in September 1944, remaining there until February 1945, when Tromp returned to Trincomalee to undertake further escort duty. In the final months of the war, Tromp was part of the Allied fleet that bombarded Japanese positions prior to the Australian 7th Division's landing at Balikpapan during operations to recapture Borneo from the Japanese.

Following the end of the hostilities, Tromp was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet and in September 1945 deployed to Jakarta where she landed marines who re-occupied the governor's residence as Allied forces arrived to disarm the Japanese garrison. She then ferried liberated Dutch prisoners-of-war between Singapore, Bangkok and Sydney during the final months of the year. She remained in Sydney until February 1946 when she sailed for the Netherlands to return over 150 former prisoners-of-war. Upon her return to the Netherlands in May 1946, the ship underwent a significant refit which lasted until mid-1948. From 1949, Tromp was used mainly as a training or accommodation ship, before being decommissioned in 1955 and scrapped in 1969.

Notes

References

Tromp-class destroyer leader
Ships built by Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij
1937 ships
World War II destroyers of the Netherlands

HNLMS Tromp (1937)


Richard Edmund Neal (* 14. Februar 1949 in Springfield, Massachusetts) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Seit 1989 vertritt er den Bundesstaat Massachusetts im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Richard Neal besuchte bis 1968 die Springfield Technical High School und danach bis 1972 das American International College, ebenfalls in Springfield. Daran schloss sich bis 1976 ein Studium an der University of Hartford in Connecticut an. Gleichzeitig begann er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn. Von 1973 bis 1978 fungierte er als Berater des Bürgermeisters von Springfield; zwischen 1978 und 1984 saß er im dortigen Gemeinderat. Danach war er von 1984 bis 1988 selbst Bürgermeister seiner Heimatstadt.

Bei der Wahl 1988 wurde Neal im zweiten Kongresswahlbezirk von Massachusetts in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 3. Januar 1989 die Nachfolge von Edward Boland antrat. Er wurde stets wiedergewählt, zuletzt 2020. Seit 2013 vertritt er den ersten Wahlbezirk seines Staates im Repräsentantenhaus. Er ist  Mitglied im Committee on Ways and Means, dessen Vorsitzender er auch seit 2019 ist, und in zwei Unterausschüssen. In früheren Legislaturperioden war er unter anderem Mitglied im Bankenausschuss. Im April 2019 verlangte er als Vorsitzender des Ways-and-Means-Ausschusses die persönlichen Steuererklärungen von Präsident Donald Trump der letzten sechs Jahre einzusehen, was notwendig sei, um dessen Verhalten zu untersuchen. Trump hatte im Präsidentschaftswahlkampf 2016 versprochen, diese zu veröffentlichen, war aber davon abgerückt.

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz beim Kongress (englisch)

Belege

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Massachusetts
Bürgermeister (Springfield, Massachusetts)
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1949
Mann

Richard Neal


محمد بن نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (25 صفر 1379 هـ / 30 أغسطس 1959م)، أمير سعودي كان يشغل منصب وليّ العهد ونائب رئيس مجلس الوزراء وزير الداخلية بالمملكة العربية السعودية حتى إعفائه في 21 يونيو 2017.

الأمير محمد هو أحد أبناء الأمير نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ولي العهد السعودي الأسبق من زوجته الأميرة الجوهرة بنت عبد العزيز بن مساعد بن جلوي. جده من أبيه هو الملك عبد العزيز آل سعود ملك المملكة العربية السعودية، وجده من أمه هو الأمير عبد العزيز بن مساعد بن جلوي آل سعود أمير منطقة حائل سابقاً، وأخواله هم: الأمير عبد الله بن عبد العزيز بن مساعد آل سعود أمير منطقة الحدود الشمالية سابقا والأمير جلوي بن عبد العزيز بن مساعد بن جلوي آل سعود أمير منطقة نجران حالياً، وهو أول حفيد للملك عبد العزيز يصبح ولياً للعهد، وصفته شبكة إم إس إن بي سي (MSNBC) الأمريكية بجنرال الحرب على الإرهاب.

نسبه
محمد بن نايف بن  الملك عبد العزيز بن الإمام عبدالرحمن بن الإمام فيصل بن الإمام تركي بن عبد الله بن الإمام محمد بن الأمير سعود الأوّل.

نشأته وتعليمه
 ولد بجدة بتاريخ 25 صفر 1379 هـ الموافق 30 أغسطس 1959م.
 درس في مراحل التعليم الابتدائية والمتوسطة والثانوية بمعهد العاصمة النموذجي في الرياض، ثم درس العلوم السياسية بالولايات المتحدة عام 1401 هـ الموافق عام 1981 لكنه لم يحصل على درجة علمية حسب تصريح كلية لويس آند كلارك.
 اكتسب من والده ومن بيئة الحكم والسياسة المزيد من الخبرات السياسية والإدارية والاتصال، كما أكسبه ذلك معرفة متعمقة بالشأن العام والتواصل مع المواطنين ورجال الفكر والسياسة والدبلوماسية الذين يلتقون بوالده في مجالسه العامة والخاصة، وخلال زياراته الخارجية لمختلف دول العالم. كما خاض عدة دورات عسكرية متقدمة داخل وخارج المملكة تتعلق بمكافحة الإرهاب.
 عمل في القطاع الخاص قبل التحاقه بالعمل الرسمي والذي انتهت صلته بهذا القطاع عام 1419هـ. وأضاف العمل الخاص لسموه تجربة ثرية في المجال الاقتصادي والمالي والتجاري على الصعيد الداخلي والخارجي، كما تنوعت مهاراته الاتصالية من خلال تعاملاته مع مختلف العاملين في هذه المجالات الحيوية والمؤثرة في شؤون الدولة والأفراد.

مناصبه ومهماته
 بتاريخ 27 محرم 1420هـ الموافق 13 مايو 1999م صدر أمر ملكي من الملك فهد بتعيينه مساعداً لوزير الداخلية للشؤون الأمنية بالمرتبة الممتازة، وبتاريخ 4 جمادى الآخرة 1425هـ الموافق 22 يوليو 2004م، صدر أمر ملكي بترقيته إلى مرتبة وزير.
 بتاريخ 7 رجب 1420 هـ الموافق 16 أكتوبر 1999، صدرت موافقة سمو ولي العهد نائب رئيس مجلس الوزراء رئيس الحرس الوطني الأمير عبدالله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود على ضم سموه لعضوية المجلس الأعلى للإعلام.
 بتاريخ 20 ذو الحجة 1433هـ الموافق لـ5 نوفمبر 2012م، صدر أمر ملكي بتعيينه وزيراً للداخلية.
 قلده العاهل السعودي الملك فهد بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود وشاح الملك فيصل لادارته لعملية اقتحام الطائرة الروسية المختطفة في مطار الأمير محمد بن عبد العزيز الدولي بالمدينة المنورة وإنقاذ ركابها وذلك بتاريخ 8/4/1422هـ الموافق 6/3/2001م.
 وشاح الملك عبد العزيز من الطبقة الأولى تقديراً لما أظهره من تميز في مجال عمله وذلك بتاريخ 16 رمضان 1430 هـ الموافق 6/9/2009.
 عضو في الهيئة الوطنية لمكافحة المخدرات المشكلة بالقرار الوزاري رقم 160 في 6/7/1427هـ الموافق 1/8/2006م.
 عضو في اللجنة الدائمة للمجلس الاقتصادي الأعلى بتاريخ 28/11/1430هـ الموافق 16/11/2009م.
 نائب رئيس الهيئة العليا لجائزة نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود العالمية للسنة النبوية والدراسات الإسلامية المعاصرة.
 الرئيس الفخري لمجلس وزراء الداخلية العرب.
 الرئيس الفخري ورئيس مجلس إدارة جامعة نايف العربية للعلوم الأمنية.
 رئيس لجنة الحج العليا.
 رئيس الهيئة العليا للأمن الصناعي.
 رئيس المجلس الأعلى للدفاع المدني.
 الرئيس الفخري للجمعية الوطنية للمتقاعدين.
 رئيس اللجنة الوطنية لمكافحة المخدرات.
 الرئيس الفخري للجنة الوطنية السعودية لرعاية السجناء والمفرج عنهم وأسرهم «تراحم».
 رئيس المجلس الأعلى لكلية الملك فهد الأمنية.
 الراعي لكرسي محمد بن نايف للسلامة المرورية.
 أنشأ مركز الأمير محمد بن نايف للمناصحة.
 أشرف على العديد من اللجان والحملات الإغاثية السعودية لمساعدة الشعوب المتضررة في فلسطين، والصومال، وسوريا، وشرق آسيا، وأفغانستان، وباكستان، ولبنان.
 أشرف على تنفيذ خطط واستراتيجيات مكافحة الإرهاب ومواجهة أعماله بكل عزيمة واقتدار وحقق بذلك نجاحا حظي بتقدير الجميع محليا، وإقليميا، وعالميا، وقدم تجربة سعودية متميزة في مجال مكافحة الإرهاب أفادت منها دول عالمية عديدة.
 تعرض في مواجهاته الحازمة لمكافحة الإرهاب إلى محاولات اغتيال عديدة من قبل تنظيم القاعدة، ونجا منها.
 شارك في مؤتمرات ولقاءات أمنية عديدة خارج المملكة، كما قام بالعديد من الزيارات الرسمية لعدد من الدول في مهمات ذات صلة بالشؤون الأمنية ومكافحة الإرهاب.
 قاد عملية تطوير وتحديث شاملة لقطاعات وزارة الداخلية وفق متطلبات العمل الأمني وتعزيز قدرات الأجهزة الأمنية ورفع كفاءة عملها.

لجان المناصحة
أول من أسس لجان المناصحة بالمملكة والخليج العربي، والتي تعيد تأهيل الأشخاص الذين تورطوا بالانضمام للجماعات الارهابية، وقد حضيت فكرته بانتشار واسع عالمي حاز على استحسان العالم الغربي. حيث يتوجه جهد مركز الأمير محمد بن نايف للمناصحة والرعاية إلى الذين قُبِضَ عليهم في قضايا إرهابية وأصحاب الفكر المتطرف، حيث أُخْضِعُوا لدورات تعليمية تتضمن برامج شرعية ودعوية ونفسية واجتماعية وقانونية بهدف تخليصهم من الأفكار المتطرفة التي يحملونها، وبعد ذلك تقوم الجهات المعنية بالإفراج عن المتخرجين من الدورات ممن لم يتورطوا في قضايا التفجيرات بشكل مباشر.

ولايته للعهد

 في 3 ربيع الثاني 1436 هـ الموافق لـ23 يناير 2015م، صدر أمر ملكي باختياره ولياً لولي العهد وتعيينه نائباً ثانياً لرئيس مجلس الوزراء وزيراً للداخلية.
 وفي 9 ربيع الثاني 1436 هـ الموافق لـ29 يناير 2015م، صدر أمر ملكي بإنشاء مجلس الشؤون السياسية والأمنية وتعيينه رئيساً للمجلس.
 في 10 رجب 1436 هـ الموافق لـ29 أبريل 2015م، صدر أمر ملكي باختياره ولياً للعهد وتعيينه نائباً لرئيس مجلس الوزراء وزيراً للداخلية ورئيساً لمجلس الشؤون السياسية والأمنية.
 في 26 رمضان 1438هـ، الموافق ل 21 يونيو 2017 صدر أمر ملكي بإعفاءه من ولاية العهد ومن منصبه نائباً لرئيس مجلس الوزراء ومن منصب وزير الداخلية.

الملف السوري
سحب العاهل السعودي الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود إدارة الملف السوري من رئيس المخابرات السعودية الأمير بندر بن سلطان، بعد أن وجه انتقادات حادة لإدارة الأمير بندر لملف إسقاط نظام الأسد وحزب البعث، وسُلِّمَ الملف إلى الأمير محمد بن نايف وبات هو المسؤول الأساسي عنه.

محاولة اغتياله

تعرض في 6 رمضان 1430 هـ الموافق 27 أغسطس 2009 لمحاولة اغتيال من قبل مطلوب زعم إنه يرغب بتسليم نفسه، كان مساعد وزير الداخلية للشؤون الأمنية الأمير محمد بن نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود في مكتبه الكائن في قصره بجدة حيث قام الشخص المطلوب بتفجير نفسه بواسطة هاتف جوال وتناثر جسده إلى أشلاء، وأصيب الأمير بجروح طفيفة. وقد أعلن تنظيم القاعدة في جزيرة العرب مسؤوليته عن الهجوم في رسالة بثتها منتديات إرهابية على الإنترنت.

ميدالية جورج تينت

كرم مدير وكالة الاستخبارات الأمريكية CIA مايك بومبيو ولي العهد السعودي الأمير محمد بن نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود بميدالية «جورج تينيت» من وكالة المخابرات المركزية، نظير جهود الأمير محمد بن نايف الاستخباراتية المتميزة في مكافحة الإرهاب وكان هذا أول تأكيد على العلاقات بين السعودية والولايات المتحدة منذ تولى الرئيس الأمريكي دونالد ترامب منصبه في كانون الثاني / يناير 2017.

إعفائه من ولاية العهد
صدر أمر ملكي بإعفائه من ولاية العهد ومنصب وزير الداخلية ومن جميع مناصبه في 21 يونيو 2017، وعين بدلاً منه في ولاية العهد ابن عمه الأمير محمد بن سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.

الأسرة
متزوج من الأميرة ريما بنت سلطان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود، وله من البنات:
 الأميرة سارة بنت محمد بن نايف. كانت متزوجة من الأمير سعود بن فهد بن عبد الله بن محمد بن سعود الكبير، ولها من الأبناء الأمير عبد الله.
 الأميرة لولوة بنت محمد بن نايف. متزوجة من الأمير نايف بن تركي بن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود، ولها من الأبناء الأمير تركي.

المراجع

آل سعود
أبناء نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
أحفاد عبد العزيز آل سعود
أشخاص تعرضوا لمحاولة اغتيال
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص مذكورون في وثائق بنما
أشخاص من الرياض
أمراء سعوديون
أولياء عهد السعودية
حائزون على وشاح الملك عبد العزيز
حاصلون على وسام جوقة الشرف من رتبة ضابط عظيم
سجناء ومعتقلون سعوديون
شخصيات أعمال سعودية في القرن 20
شخصيات أعمال سعودية في القرن 21
مسلمون سنة سعوديون
مواليد 1379 هـ
مواليد 1959
مواليد في جدة
ناجون من هجوم إرهابي
وزراء داخلية السعودية
وزراء سعوديون سابقون

محمد بن نايف بن عبد العزيز آل سعود


Aegithalos, Aegithalidae familyasına bağlı bir hayvan cinsidir.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Aegithalidae
1804'te tanımlanan taksonlar
Johann Hermann tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Aegithalos


بلدية فيلاهيرموسا ديل ريو ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة كاستيلون التي تقع في منطقة بلنسية، في شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 444 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2006).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

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