En paleoclimatología, se conocen como sucesos Heinrich (o eventos Heinrich en su traducción literal del inglés Heinrich events) a una serie de acaecimientos o episodios que ocurrieron durante el período de la última glaciación (Wisconsin) y en los que oleadas de icebergs se desprendieron de los glaciares y atravesaron el Atlántico Norte. Los témpanos de hielo llevaban rocas en masa erosionadas por los glaciares y cuando se fundieron en alta mar, cayeron al fondo como «detritos a la deriva del hielo» (ice rafted debris). En los testigos de sondeos de lodo recuperados del fondo del mar se han podido distinguir seis episodios distintos, que se etiquetan como H1 a H6 según se retroceda en el tiempo; los sucesos H3 y H6 muestran diferencias con el resto.

La fusión de los icebergs provocó que enormes cantidades de agua dulce se añadieran al Atlántico Norte. Tales aumentos de agua fría y fresca bien pueden haber alterado los patrones de la densidad oceánica que impulsan la circulación termohalina, y, a menudo, coinciden con otras indicaciones de fluctuaciones del clima global.

Se han propuesto diversos mecanismos para explicar la causa de los sucesos Heinrich. La mayoría se centran en la actividad de la capa de hielo Laurentino, pero otros sugieren que la inestable capa de hielo de la Antártida Occidental pudo haber jugado un papel desencadenante.

Fueron descritos por primera vez por el geólogo marino alemán Hartmut Heinrich (n. 1952), de quien llevan el nombre.

Acerca de los sucesos

Los eventos Heinrich son fluctuaciones del clima global que coinciden con la destrucción de los capas de hielo del hemisferio norte, y con la consiguiente liberación de un enorme volumen de hielo marino e icebergs. Los episodios son rápidos: duran alrededor de 750 años, y su súbita aparición puede ocurrir en pocos años (Maslin et al. 2001). Los eventos Heinrich se observan durante el último período glacial; la baja resolución del registro sedimentario antes de este punto hace que sea imposible deducir si se produjeron durante otros períodos glaciales en la historia de la Tierra.

Los eventos Heinrich se producen durante algunos, pero no todos, los tandas periódicas frías que preceden a la eventos de calentamiento rápido conocidos como eventos Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O), que se repiten en cada 1.500 años. Sin embargo, las dificultades para establecer las fechas exactas ponen en entredicho la exactitud —o incluso la veracidad— de esta declaración. Algunos (Broecker 1994, Bond y Lotti 1995) identifican el evento Dryas Reciente como un evento Heinrich, lo que le haría el H0.

Diagnosis

Las observaciones originales de Heinrich eran de seis capas en los núcleos de sedimentos oceánicos con proporciones muy altas de fragmentos líticos de las rocas de origen continental, en los rangos de tamaño de 180 μm a 3 mm (Heinrich 1988). Las fracciones de mayor tamaño no pueden ser transportadas por las corrientes oceánicas, y por lo tanto, deben de interpretarse como transportadas por icebergs o hielo que se desprendió de la gran capa de hielo Laurentino que cubría entonces América del Norte, y que cayeron en el fondo del mar cuando los icebergs se derritieron. La traza de los eventos en los núcleos de sedimentos varía considerablemente con la distancia desde la región origen —hay un cinturón de detritos a la deriva del hielo (a veces abreviado como IRD, por sus siglas en inglés, ice rafted debris) alrededor de los 50°N, expandiéndose unos 3.000 km desde su fuente en América del Norte hacia Europa, y disminuyendo en un orden de magnitud desde el mar de Labrador hasta el final europea de la ruta actual de los icebergs.

Durante los eventos Heinrich, volúmenes enormes de agua dulce fluyen en el océano. Para el suceso Heinrich 4, el flujo de agua dulce se ha estimado en 0.29±0.05 Sverdrup, con una duración de 250 ± 150 años (Roche et al. 2004), lo que equivale a un volumen de agua dulce de cerca de 2,3 millones de km³. Varios indicadores geológicos fluctúan aproximadamente en el mismo tiempo con estos eventos Heinrich, pero las dificultades en la datación exacta y en la correlación hacen que sea difícil determinar si los indicadores siguen o anteceden a los eventos Heinrich, o en algunos casos, si no están relacionados en absoluto. Los eventos Heinrich son a menudo marcados por los siguientes cambios:

 disminución de δ18O de los mares septentrionales (nórdicos) y estalactitas de Asia oriental (espeleotemas), que por proxy sugiere la caída de la temperatura global (o un creciente volumen de hielo) (Bar-Matthews et al. 1997);

 disminución de la salinidad oceánica, debido a la afluencia de agua dulce;

 disminución de la temperatura superficial del mar estimada aguas afuera de la costa africana occidental a través de indicadores bioquímicos conocidos como las alquenonas (Sachs 2005);

 cambios en la perturbación sedimentaria (bioturbación) causada por excavaciones o hurgoneo animal (Grousett et al. 2000);* Flujo en la composición isotópica planctónica  (cambios en δ13C, disminución de δ18O);

 indicaciones de polen de pinos psicrófilos reemplazando a los robles en la parte continental de América del Norte (Grimm et al. 1993);

 disminución de la abundancia foraminiferal - que debido a la naturaleza prístina de muchas muestras no puede ser atribuida a  sesgos de preservación y se ha relacionado con una salinidad reducida (Bond 1992);

 aumento de terrígenos en la escorrentía desde los continentes, medidos cerca de la desembocadura del río Amazonas;

 aumento del tamaño de grano del loess arrastrado por el viento en China, lo que sugiere vientos más fuertes (Porter y Zhisheng 1995);

 cambios en la abundancia relativa del torio-230, que refleja las variaciones en la velocidad de las corrientes oceánicas;

 aumento de las tasas de deposición en el Atlántico norte, reflejadas por un aumento de los sedimentos continentales (líticos) derivados relaticionada con la sedimentación del fondo (Heinrich 1988).

La extensión global de estos registros ilustra el impacto dramático de los eventos Heinrich.

Sucesos Heinrich inusuales

Los sucesos H3 y H6 no comparten un conjunto convincente de síntomas de eventos Heinrich como los eventos Heinrich H1, H2, H4 y H5. Esto ha llevado a algunos investigadores a sugerir que no son verdaderos eventos Heinrich, lo que haría más acertada la sugerencia de Bond de que los eventos Heinrich encajar en un sospechoso ciclo de 7.000 años. Hay algunas evidencias que sugieren que H3 y H6 fueron de alguna manera diferentes a los otros episodios:

 picos líticos: una proporción mucho menor de líticos (3000 vs  6000 granos por gramo) se observa en H3 y H6, lo que significa que el papel de los continentes proveyendo sedimentos a los océanos fue relativamente baja.

 disolución foram: las pruebas de foraminíferos parecen estar más erosionadas durante H3 y H6 (Gwiazda et al. 1996). Esto puede indicar una afluencia de nutrientes ricos —y por lo tanto, corrosivos— en el agua de fondo antártica, debido a una reconfiguración de los patrones de circulación oceánica.

 procedencia del hielo: los icebergs en H1, H2, H4 y H5 parecen haber fluido a lo largo del estrecho de Hudson; los icebergs H3 y H6 parecen haber fluido a través de ella (Kirby y Andrews, 1999).

 distribución de los detritos a la deriva del hielo: los sedimentos transportados por el hielo no se extienden hacia el este durante H3/6. De ahí que algunos investigadores hayan sugerirido un origen europeo, al menos para algunos clastos H3/6: América y Europa estaban originalmente juntas; por lo que las rocas de cada continente son difíciles de distinguir y su origen está abierto a la interpretación (Grousset et al. 2000).

Causas
Al igual que con muchos problemas climáticos relacionados, el sistema es demasiado complejo como para confiar en una sola causa. Hay varias posibles factores conductores, que se dividen en dos categorías.

Forzamientos internos: el modelo binge–purge

Este modelo sugiere que fueron factores internos de las capas de hielo los que causaron la desintegración periódica de importantes volúmenes de hielo, que a la postre fueron los responsables de los eventos Heinrich.

La acumulación gradual de hielo en la capa de hielo Laurentino llevó a un aumento gradual en la masa —la «fase de borrachera» (binge phase)—. Una vez que la capa alcanzó una masa crítica, los sedimentos sub-glaciales no consolidados formaron un lubricante viscoso (slippery lubricant) sobre el que la capa de hielo se deslizó —la «fase de purga» (purge phase)—, que duró unos 750 años. El modelo original (MacAyeal, 1993) propuso que el calor geotérmico causó que los sedimentos sub-glaciales se descongelasen una vez que el volumen de hielo fue lo suficientemente grande para impedir la fuga de calor a la atmósfera. Las matemáticas del sistema son consistentes con una periodicidad de 7.000 años, similar a la observada si H3 y H6 son de hecho sucesos Heinrich (Sarnthein et al.. 2001). Sin embargo, si H3 y H6 no fueron eventos Heinrich, el modelo de «borrachera y purga» pierde credibilidad, ya que la periodicidad prevista es la clave de su hipótesis. También puede parecer sospechoso porque hechos similares se observan en otras edades de hielo (Hemming 2004), aunque esto puede ser debido a la falta de sedimentos de alta resolución.

Además, el modelo predice que el reducido tamaño de las capas de hielo durante el Pleistoceno debería reducir el tamaño, impacto y frecuencia de los eventos Heinrich, lo que no se refleja en evidencias.

Forzamientos externos

Son varios los factores externos a las capas de hielo que pueden causar los eventos Heinrich, pero esos factores tienen que ser grandes para superar la atenuación por los grandes volúmenes de hielo involucrados (MacAyeal 1993).

Gerard Bond sugiere que los cambios en el flujo de la energía solar en una escala de 1.500 años pueden estar correlacionados con los ciclos Daansgard-Oeschger, y a su vez con los eventos Heinrich; sin embargo, la pequeña magnitud del cambio en la energía hace que tal factor exo-terrestre resulte improbable al tener que requerir largos efectos, al menos sin grandes procesos de feedback positivos actuando dentro del sistema de la Tierra. Sin embargo, más que el propio calentamiento que derritiese el hielo, es posible que el cambio del nivel del mar asociado con el calentamiento desestabilizase las plataformas de hielo. Un aumento en el nivel del mar podría empezar a corroer la parte inferior de una capa de hielo, fracturándola inferiormente; cuando una capa de hielo fallase y se sumergiese, el hielo liberado elevaría aún más los niveles de mar, lo que pudo desestabilizar otras capas de hielo. En favor de esta teoría está la no simultaneidad de la rotura de la capa de hielo en H1, H2, H4 y H5, en los que la ruptura europea precedió al derretimiento europeo hasta en 1.500 años (Maslin et al. 2001).

El modelo «piratería del calor del Atlántico» (Atlantic Heat Piracy) sugiere que los cambios en la circulación oceánica causan que los océanos de un hemisferio sean más calientes a expensas del otro (Seidov y Maslin 2001). En la actualidad, la corriente del Golfo redirige las cálidas aguas ecuatoriales hacia los mares nórdicos septentrionales. La adición de agua dulce a los océanos del norte puede reducir la fuerza de la corriente del Golfo, y permitir que se desarrolle una corriente meridional en su lugar. Esto causaría el enfriamiento del hemisferio norte y el calentamiento del sur, provocando cambios en la acumulación de hielo y en las tasas de fusión y posiblemente provocando la destrucción de capas y los eventos Heinrich (Stocker, 1998).

El modelo bipolar de Rohling de 2004 sugiere que el nivel del mar levantó las plataformas flotantes de hielo, provocando su desestabilización y destrucción. Sin una plataforma de hielo flotante de apoyo, las capas de hielo continentales fluirían hacia los océanos y se desintegrarían en icebergs y hielo marino.

La adición de agua dulce ha sido implicado por acoplarse al modelado del clima oceánico y atmosférico (Ganopolski y Rahmstorf 2001), mostrando que tanto los eventos Heinrich y Dansgaard-Oeschger pueden mostrar un comportamiento de histéresis. Esto significa que cambios relativamente menores en la carga de agua dulce en los mares nórdicos —un 0,15 Sv de aumento o una disminución de 0,03 Sv— serían suficienten para provocar profundos cambios en la circulación global (Rahmstorf et al. 2005). Los resultados muestran que un evento Heinrich no causa un enfriamiento alrededor de Groenlandia, si no más al sur, sobre todo en el Atlántico subtropical, un hallazgo compatible con la mayoría de datos paleoclimáticos disponibles. Esta idea fue conectada con los eventos D-O por Maslin et al.. (2001). Se sugiere que cada capa de hielo tenía sus propias condiciones de estabilidad, pero que en la fusión, la afluencia de agua dulce fue suficiente para reconfigurar las corrientes oceánicas —causando la fusión en otros lugares. Más específicamente, los eventos fríos D-O y las afluencias asociadas de agua de deshielo, reducen la fuerza de la corriente de agua profunda del Atlántico Norte (North Atlantic Deep Water, o NADW), debilitando la circulación del hemisferio septentrional, lo que resulta en una mayor transferencia de calor hacia los polos en el hemisferio sur. Estas aguas más cálidas provocan el derretimiento de hielo de la Antártida, reduciendo la estratificación de la densidad y la fuerza de la corriente de agua antártica de fondo (Antarctic Bottom Water, AABW). Esto permite que NADW recobre su fuerza anterior, provocando fusiones en el hemisferio norte y otro evento frío D-O. Finalmente, la acumulación de fusión alcanza un umbral, por la que plantea el nivel del mar lo suficiente como para debilitar la capa de hielo Laurentino —causando un evento Heinrich y restableciendo el ciclo.

Hunt & Malin (1998) propusieron que los eventos Heinrich son causados por terremotos provocados cerca del margen del hielo que causan una rápida deglaciación.

Véase también
 Dinámica de la capa de hielo (en inglés)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 William C. Calvin, The great climate flip-flop adaptado de Atlantic Monthly, 281 (1): 47-64 (enero de 1998).
 (Gerald Bond) Recent, Abrupt Climate-Cooling Cycle Found: Columbia University Press Release, 11 de diciembre de 1995.
 IPCC TAR section 2.4.3 How Fast did Climate Change during the Glacial Period?

Periodos climáticos
Pleistoceno

Suceso Heinrich


Osijek-Baranja County (, , ) is a county in Croatia, located in northeastern Slavonia and Baranja. Its center is Osijek. Other towns include Đakovo, Našice, Valpovo, Belišće, and Beli Manastir.

History

Osijek-Baranja County was established in 1992, with border changes in 1997.

Stifolder
The Stifolder or Stiffoller Shvove are a Roman Catholic subgroup of the so called Danube Swabians. Their ancestors once came ca. 1717 - 1804 from the Hochstift Fulda and surroundings (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and settled in the Baranja area, such as in Jagodnjak, etc. They retained their own German dialect and culture, until the end of WW2. After WW2, the majority of Danube Swabians were expelled to Allied-occupied Germany and Allied-occupied Austria as a consequence of the Potsdam Agreement.
Only a few people can speak the old Stiffolerisch Schvovish dialect. A salami is named after this people.

Administrative divisions

Cities and towns

Municipalities

County government
Current Župan (prefect): Ivan Anušić (HDZ)

The county assembly is composed of 55 representatives, organized as follows:
 Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) 25
 Independent 10
 Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP) 6
 Bridge of Independent Lists (Most) 4
 Human Shield (Živi zid) 3
 Croatian People's Party (HNS) 3
 Croatian Peasants Party (HSS) 2
 Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS) 1
 Croatian Democratic Assembly of Slavonia and Baranja (HDSSB) 1

Minority councils and representatives
Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Albanians, Germans, Hungarians, Roma, Serbs and Slovaks of Croatia each fulfilled legal requirements to elect 25 members minority councils of the Osijek-Baranja County while Bosniaks, Macedonians, Montenegrins and Slovenes of Croatia electing individual representatives. Numerous municipalities, towns or cities in the county elected their own local minority councils as well.

Demographics

Several minorities in Osijek-Baranja County have their Minority Councils. Here is the list of minorities' Councils with links to their respective Statutes and name of Osijek-Baranja County in their language.

Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Rusyns and Slovenes have one representative each.

The Serbian Joint Council of Municipalities, consisting of Erdut, Jagodnjak and Šodolovci municipalities is active within the county.

Features

The Kopački Rit nature park is located within this county. Other notable attractions in the country include Đakovo Cathedral, Tvrđa, Bizovac spa, Đakovački vezovi, Osijek Zoo and Aquarium, Urban Fest Osijek, Red fićo in Osijek, Battle of Batina monument, Eastern Continental wine region and other.

See also
Baranya County of the Kingdom of Hungary
Virovitica County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia

Sources

External links

Counties of Croatia
Slavonia
Baranya (region)

Osijek-Baranja County


නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ (ක්‍රි.පූ. 14වන සියවස) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 18වන රාජවංශයේ විසූ පුරාතන ඊජිප්තු කුමරියකි. ඇය පාරාවෝ අක්නාටන් සහ මහා රාජකීය බිරිඳ නෙෆර්ටිටිගේ හඳුනාගත් දියණියන් සයදෙනාගෙන් පස්වැන්නියයි.

පවුල
නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ (ඇගේ නාමයේ අරුත "රේගේ රූමතියන් අතර රූමතිය" හෝ "රේගේ වඩාත් රූමත් තැනැත්තිය") උපත ලැබූයේ ඇගේ පියා වූ අක්නාටන්ගේ 8වන රාජ්‍ය වර්ෂයේ හෝ ඊට පෙර අක්ටාටන් නගරයේ ය. ඇයට මෙරිටාටන්, මෙකෙටාටන්, අන්ඛෙසෙන්පාටන් සහ නෙෆර්නෙෆරුආටන් ටැෂෙරිට් නැමැති වැඩිමහල් සොයුරියන් සිව්දෙනකු ද, සෙටෙපෙන්රේ නැමැති බාල සොහොයුරියක ද විය.

දිවිය

නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ පිළිබඳ පැරණිතම නිරූපණයක් අමර්ණහි රාජ මාලිගයේ බිතු සිතුවමකින් ලැබේ. මෙහි ඇය ඇගේ සොයුරිය වන නෙෆර්නෙෆරුආටන් ටැෂෙරිට් සමග කොට්ටයන අසුන් ගෙන සිටියි. මෙම බිතු සිතුවම අක්නාටන්ගේ 9වන රාජ්‍ය වර්ෂයට පමණ අයත් යැයි කාලනිර්ණය කෙරේ. එහි සම්පූර්ණ රාජකීය පවුලම නිරූපිත අතර, සෙටෙපෙන්රේ බිළිඳිය ද එහි දක්නට ලැබේ.

රාජකීය ගෘහයේ ආරක්ෂකයා වූ IIවන මෙරිරේගේ අමර්ණ සොහොන්ගැබේ වර්ෂය 12ට අයත් දර්ශනයක නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ නිරූපිත ය. අක්නාටන් සහ නෙෆර්ටිටි කුටියක් තුළ අසුන්ගෙන සිටින අතර, ඔවුන් විදේශ රාජ්‍යයන්ගෙන් ලැබෙන පඬුරු පිළිගන්නා අයුරු දක්නට හැක. රාජකීය යුවළගේ දියණියන් සිය දෙමාපියන්ට පසුපසින් සිටගෙන සිටිති. එහි පහළ පේළියේ මැද නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ නිරූපිත ය. ඇය සිය දකුණතින් ගැසෙල් මුවකු ද, වමතින් නෙළුම් මලක් ද දරා සිටියි. ඇය සිය සොයුරිය වන නෙෆර්නෙෆරුආටන් ටැෂෙරිට් හට පිටුපසින් සිටගෙන සිටියි. ඇගේ නැගණිය වූ සෙටෙපෙන්රේ ඇයට පිටුපසින් සිටගෙන සිටින අතර, ඇය සිය අත සුරතල් ගැසෙල් මුවා දෙසට යොමු කරනු නිරූපිත ය.

මරණය සහ භූමදානය
නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ 13වන හෝ 14වන වරාජ්‍ය වර්ෂයේ මියගොස් ඇති බව පෙනේ. බොහෝවිට මෙකල ඊජිප්තුව පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත වූ වසංගතය එයට හේතු වන්නට ඇත. අමර්ණහි රාජකීය සොහොන්ගැබේ එක් දර්ශනයක ඇය දක්නට නොලැබෙන අතර, තවත් එක් දසුනක ඇගේ නාමය බදාමවලින් වසා ඇත. විශේෂයෙන්ම රාජකීය සොහොන්ගැබේ  කුටියේ C බිත්තියේ කුමරියන් පස්දෙනාගේ නම් අතර (මෙම ලැයිස්තුවේ මේ කාලය අවට මියගියේ යැයි සැලකෙන සෙටෙපෙන්රේගේ නාමය ඇතුළත් කොට නැත) ඇගේ නාමය සටහන් කර තිබිණි. නමුත් පසුව එය බදාමයකින් වසා දමා ඇත.  කුටියේ B බිත්තියේ ඇගේ දෙමාපියන් සහ ඇගේ වැඩිමහල් සොයුරියන් තිදෙනකු වන මෙරිටාටන්, අන්ඛෙසෙන්පාටන් සහ නෙෆර්නෙෆරුආටන් ටැෂෙරිට් යන අය මියගිය දෙවන කුමරිය වූ මෙකෙටාටන් වෙනුවෙන් ශෝකවනු නිරූපිත ය. නමුත් මෙහි නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේගේ රුව දක්නට නැත. මේ නිසා යෝජනා වී ඇත්තේ මෙම කුටියේ බිත්ති සරසා අවසන් වීමට ප්‍රථම ඇය මියගිය බවයි. නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේගේ දේහය රාජකීය සොහොන්ගැබේ  කුටියේ මුලින් භූමදානය කෙරුණා විය හැක.

විකල්ප මතයක් අනුව කියැවෙන්නේ ඇය අමර්ණහි 29වන සොහොන්ගැබේ භූමදානය කෙරුණු බවයි. මෙම මතයට පාදක වී ඇත්තේ නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේගේ ඇතුළු (භූමදාන) කුටීරයක් පිළිබඳ විස්තර වන ඇම්ෆෝරා බුජමක අඬුවකිනි. නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ 29වන සොහොන්ගැබේ භූමදාන කෙරුණේ නම්, එමගින් හැඟවෙන්නේ ඇගේ භූමදානය සිදුවන විට රාජකීය සොහොන්ගැබ මුද්‍රා තැබුණු බවත්, එනම් ඇය ඇගේ පියා වූ අක්නාටන්ගේ මරණින් පසු මියගිය බවත් ය.

නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ පිළිබඳ සඳහන් සෙසු වස්තූන්
ටූටන්ඛාමූන්ගේ නිධන් වස්තූන් අතර තිබී ඇගේ රුව නිරූපිත පියනක් සහිත කුඩා මංජුසාවක් (JdE 61498) හමු විය. මෙහි කුමරිය නැමී සිටින අතර, කුඩා දරුවන් නිරූපණය කරන අයුරින් ඇගේ ඇඟිල්ල මුව අසල තබා ඇත. මෙහි ඇති විශේෂත්වය නම්, මෙම මංජුසා පියනේ ඇගේ නාමයේ ඇති රේගේ නාමයේ කොටස සාමාන්‍ය රවුම් කළ තිත වෙනුවට ශබ්දානුසාරයෙන් ලියා තිබීමයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

 ක්‍රිස්ටියේන් ඩෙස්රොචස්-නෝබල්කෝට්: Tutankhamen – Life and Death of a Pharaoh

අමර්ණ යුගය
පුරාතන ඊජිප්තු කුමරියන්
ක්‍රි.පූ. 14වන සියවසේ කාන්තාවන්
අක්නාටන්
නෙෆර්ටිටි

නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ


QEMU je emulator otvorenog koda koji dinamičkim binarnim prevođenjem emulira procesor (CPU)  i različite uređaje za računalo, omogućujući  pokretanje različitih operacijskih sustava za goste, virtualna računala. Ime mu dolazi od engleskog Quick EMUlator.

QEMU se također može integrirati s Linuxovom komponentom KVM za virtualizaciju u kernelu  (Kernel-based Virtual Machine), za pokretanje virtualnih računala brzinom gotovo kao da se izvršavaju direktno na hardveru. QEMU također može napraviti emulaciju za procese na razini korisnika, dopuštajući aplikacijama kompajliranim za jednu arhitekturu da se izvode na drugoj arhitekturi procesora: primjerice programima za x86 da se izvršavaju na ARM-u.

QEMU podržava emulaciju raznih arhitektura procesora, uključujući:

 x86
 MIPS64 (do izdanja 6)
 SPARC (sun4m i sun4u)
 ARM
 SuperH
 PowerPC
 ETRAX CRIS
 MicroBlaze
 RISC-V.

Vezano za QEMU i emuliranje hardvera koji se predstavlja virtualnom računalu, on je u mogućnosti emulirati:

 Matične ploče s njihovim BIOS-om i emuliranim sklopovljem, čipset i sve dijelove matične ploče, kao i centralnog procesora (CPU).
 Diskovni kontroler s njegovim BIOS-om i emuliranim sklopovljem te sâme diskove.
 Mrežne kartice (sučelja) s njihovim BIOS-om i emuliranim sklopovljem.
 Grafičke kartice (sučelja) s njihovim BIOS-om i emuliranim sklopovljem.
 Sve ostale komponente virtualnog računala, kao da se radi o fizičkom računalu (pr. serijsko i paralelno sučelje, zvučna kartica, USB sučelja, floppy disk, NVMe sučelje, ...).

QEMU diskovni formati
QEMU podržava mnoge formate diskovnih slika poput

 .dmg – format macOS
 .hdd i .hds – format Parallels
 .qcow2, .qed, .qcow i.cow – format QEMU copy-on-write
 .vdi – format VirtualBox Virtual Disk Image
 .vhd – format Virtual PC Virtual Hard Disk
 .vmdk – format Vware Virtual Machine Disk
 .img – format Raw images
 .vhdx – format Microsoft Hyper-V
 .iso – format CD/DVD diskovne slike.

Dirty bitmaps i inkrementalni backup
Dirty bitmaps odnosno prljave bitmape objekti su u memoriji koji prate pisanje na blok uređaje. Mogu se koristiti u kombinaciji s raznim operacijama oko blokova podataka, za izvođenje inkrementalnih ili diferencijalnih načina izrade sigurnosnih kopija virtualnih računala.

Bitmape su bit-vektori gdje svaki '1' bit u vektoru označava izmijenjeni (prljavi) segment odgovarajućeg blok uređaja. Veličina segmenta koji se prati je granularnost bitmape. Ako je granularnost bitmape 64K, svaki bit '1' znači da se 64K regija kao cjelina možda promijenila na neki način, moguće čak samo i za jedan bajt.

QEMU koristi te bitmape kada pravi inkrementalne sigurnosne kopije kako bi znao koje dijelove datoteke kopirati. Datoteka o kojoj govorimo je slika diska virtualnog računala (disk image); primjerice QCOW2.

QEMU podržava zapisivanje ovih bitmapa na disku putem navedenog formata diskovne slike qcow2. Bitmape koje su pohranjene ili učitane na ovaj način nazivaju se trajnim, dok se bitmape koje nisu nazivaju tranzijentnim.

QEMU također podržava migraciju i tranzijentnih bitmapa (praćenje proizvoljnog formata slike) i trajnih bitmapa (qcow2) putem žive migracije.

Dirty bitmaps značajka nije omogućena prema zadanim postavkama i mora se izričito dodati kako bi se započelo praćenje zapisivanja podataka.

KVM

KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) jezgreni je modul FreeBSD Unixa i Linuxa koji omogućuje korisničkim programima pristup hardverskim virtualizacijskim značajkama različitih procesora, s kojima QEMU može ponuditi virtualizaciju za razne arhitekture procesora poput x86, PowerPC i S/390. Kada je ciljna arhitektura ista kao i arhitektura glavnog računala, QEMU može koristiti posebne značajke KVM-a, kao što je hardversko ubrzanje svih značajki koje postoje u sâmom procesoru.

Pogledajte i
 Hipervizor
 Virtualizacija
 Proxmox Virtual Environment
 OpenStack

Izvori

Virtualizacija

QEMU


Alberto Stein (Itajaí, 4 de setembro de 1890 — Blumenau, 4 de setembro de 1950) foi um marinheiro e político brasileiro. Fundador e chefe da Ação Integralista Brasileira em Blumenau, foi o primeiro prefeito constitucional do município após a Revolução de 1930, entre 1936 e 1938.

Biografia
Nasceu na Barra do Rio, em Itajaí, em 4 de setembro de 1890. Fez os estudos primários na terra natal.

Aos 14 anos, entrou para a Marinha Mercante, tendo passado por todos os postos, gradativamente, até alcançar o de comandante de longo curso. Viajou por vinte anos consecutivos, alguns dos quais como comandante.

Casou-se em 1923 com Adélia Jansen. Com isso, deixou a vida marítima, estabelecendo-se no ano seguinte em Blumenau, onde continuou a emprestar seus serviços à navegação fluvial Itajaí-Blumenau. Teve dois filhos, Ilka e Egon.

Foi, ao lado de Érico Müller e José Ferreira da Silva, um dos fundadores da Ação Integralista Brasileira em Blumenau. Chefiava o Integralismo em quase todo o Vale do Itajaí. Nas eleições de 1935, foi o candidato integralista para o cargo de prefeito municipal. Os integralistas, formando a esmagadora maioria do eleitorado, elegeram 11 dos 15 vereadores, e a maioria dos juízes de paz; portanto, também Stein foi eleito prefeito. Era o primeiro prefeito constitucional de Blumenau desde a Revolução de 1930.

Logo no começo do governo, instituiu o brasão heráldico do município, idealizado e desenhado por Afonso de Taunay. Dedicou-se ao incentivo à cultura e à memória histórica. Criou o Museu de Ecologia Fritz Müller, tendo para tal desapropriado a residência em que viveu o naturalista Fritz Müller, e fundou o Instituto Histórico e Cultural do Vale do Itajaí. Trouxe para conhecer o município as duas filhas de Hermann Blumenau. Também dedicou-se a vários melhoramentos no perímetro urbano.

Com o golpe do Estado Novo, foi cassado e substituído pelo também integralista José Ferreira da Silva, até então presidente da Câmara Municipal. Passou a se dedicar ao comércio de seguros, fundando a firma Representações Stein.

Faleceu durante os festejos comemorativos do centenário de Blumenau, em 4 de setembro de 1950, quando completava 60 anos de idade.

Homens
Prefeitos de Blumenau
Integralistas

Alberto Stein


Jena Mai Hansen (født 10. december 1988) er en dansk sejler. Sammen med Katja Salskov-Iversen vandt hun bronzemedalje i 49er FX ved OL 2016 i Rio.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Hansen og Salskov-Iversens officielle hjemmeside

Sejlsportsfolk fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Danmark
Medaljevindere fra Danmark ved sommer-OL 2016

Jena Mai Hansen


Kim Un-hyang (* 21. Oktober 1991) ist eine ehemalige nordkoreanische Wasserspringerin. Sie startete im 10-m-Turmspringen und mit Choe Kum-hui im 10-m-Synchronspringen.

Ihr internationales Debüt bestritt sie beim Weltcup 2008 in Peking, wo sie sich im Einzel- und Synchronwettbewerb vom Turm für die Olympischen Spiele an gleicher Stelle qualifizieren konnte. Im olympischen Einzelwettbewerb erreichte Kim das Halbfinale und belegte Rang 16, mit Choe wurde sie im Synchronwettbewerb Sechste. Im folgenden Jahr konnte Kim bei der Universiade in Belgrad mit Bronze im Synchronspringen ihre erste internationale Medaille gewinnen. Bei den Asienspielen 2010 in Guangzhou wurde sie im Einzel vom Turm Fünfte und gewann mit Choe im Synchronspringen erneut eine Bronzemedaille.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Wasserspringer (Nordkorea)
Olympiateilnehmer (Nordkorea)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Nordkorea)
Universiadeteilnehmer (Nordkorea)
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2011
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2017
Geboren 1991
Frau
Nordkoreaner

Kim Un-hyang (Wasserspringerin)


Eisenach, Almanya'nın Türingiya eyaletinde 42,750 (2010) nüfuslu şehirdir. Thüringen ormanlarının güneyinde bulunmaktadır.

Kardeş şehirler
 Marburg, Almanya
 Sedan, Fransa
 Waverly, ABD
 Skanderborg, Danimarka
 Mogilev, Belarus
 Sárospatak, Macaristan

Dış bağlantılar
Resmi web sitesi

Eisenach


Visa (La dictée) es una película del año 2004.

Sinopsis
Los países comprendidos en el espacio Shengen inventan una nueva ley para la emigración. Ahora es necesario aprobar el "dictado Pívot" para obtener un visado para Europa. Rachid, decidido a emigrar, debe pasar por esa prueba.

Premios
 Festival du film court francophone de Vaulx-en-Velin 2004
 26°Festival International Cinemed de Montpellier 2004
 Journées Cinématographiques de Carthage 2004

Referencias

Visa (La dictée)


Departamentul Colón se poate referi la:

Departamentul Colón (Honduras)
Departamentul Colón, Entre Ríos, Argentina
Departamentul Colón, Córdoba, Argentina
Departamentul Colón (Columbia)

Vezi și
Colón (dezambiguizare)
Departament

Departamentul Colón


قبائل يمنية معاصرة
 بلحارث أو بنو الحارث قبيلة يمنية من يام تقطن في وسط اليمن يحدها من الشمال قبيلة عبيدة ومن الغرب قبيلة مراد.
 بني الحارث إحدى قبائل صنعاء من بكيل
 بلحارث إحدى قبائل نجران من قبيلة يام

قبائل حجازية ونجدية وتهامية
 بلحارث بن شهر وهم قبيلة من بني شهر من الأزد وتقع ديارهم في تنومة.
 بني الحارث: ينتشرون في المدينة المنورة وهم من قبيلة الخزرج من الأزد
 الحارث من عبيدة قحطان
 بلحارث: بطن من زهران، من الأزد، وهم: بنو الحارث بن كعب بن اليحمد بن عبد الله بن عثمان بن نصر بن زهران بن كعب بن الحارث بن كعب بن عبد الله بن مالك بن نصر بن الأزد.
 الحارثي القرني: ينسبون إلى قبيلة بلقرن ديارهم بين نمره وسبت شمران ثم المعقص ووادي قنونا ووادي يبه في تهامة بلاد بلقرن.
 بني الحارث بن كعب وهم بني الحارث بن كعب بن عمرو بن عُلَة بن جلد بن مذحج وهو مالك بن أُدد بن زيد بن يشجب بن عريب بن زيد بن كهلان بن سبأ بن يشجب بن يعرب بن قحطان.
 بني الحارث في تهامة، الحرث التابعة لمنطقة جازان، وينسبون إلى قبيلة بني الحارث بن كعب.

قبائل تاريخية

 بنو الحارث بن كعب (بني الديان) قبيلة كانت تقطن تاريخيا في منطقة نجران.
 بنو الحارث بن عبد مناة بطن من بطون قبيلة كنانة.
 بنو محمد الحارث بن الحسن من القتادات من بني هاشم من قبيلة قريش.

مناطق جغرافية
 مديرية بني الحارث إحدى مديريات أمانة العاصمة (صنعاء) في اليمن.

بنو الحارث (توضيح)


Membranome database යනු University of Michigan මගින් සපයා ඇති සේවාවකි.

ජීව විද්‍යාව

Membranome database


Angus Lewis Macdonald  (August 10, 1890 – April 13, 1954), popularly known as 'Angus L.', was a Canadian lawyer, law professor and politician from Nova Scotia. He served as the Liberal premier of Nova Scotia from 1933 to 1940, when he became the federal minister of defence for naval services. He oversaw the creation of an effective Canadian navy and Allied convoy service during World War II. After the war, he returned to Nova Scotia to become premier again. In the election of 1945, his Liberals returned to power while their main rivals, the Conservatives, failed to win a single seat. The Liberal rallying cry, "All's Well With Angus L.," was so effective that the Conservatives despaired of ever beating Macdonald. He died in office in 1954.

Macdonald's more than 15 years as premier brought fundamental changes. Under his leadership, the Nova Scotia government spent more than $100 million paving roads, building bridges, extending electrical transmission lines and improving public education. Macdonald dealt with the mass unemployment of the Great Depression by putting the jobless to work on highway projects. He felt direct government relief payments would weaken moral character, undermine self-respect and discourage personal initiative. However, he also faced the reality that the financially strapped Nova Scotia government could not afford to participate fully in federal relief programs that required matching contributions from the provinces.

Macdonald was considered one of his province's most eloquent political orators. He articulated a philosophy of provincial autonomy, arguing that poorer provinces needed a greater share of national tax revenues to pay for health, education and welfare. He contended that Nova Scotians were victims of a national policy that protected the industries of Ontario and Quebec with steep tariffs forcing people to pay higher prices for manufactured goods. It was no accident, Macdonald said, that Nova Scotia had gone from the richest province per capita before Canadian Confederation in 1867 to poorest by the 1930s.

Macdonald was a classical liberal in the 19th-century tradition of John Stuart Mill. He believed in individual freedom and responsibility and feared that the growth of government bureaucracy would threaten liberty. For him, the role of the state was to provide basic services. He supported public ownership of utilities like the Nova Scotia Power Commission, but rejected calls for more interventionist policies such as government ownership of key industries or big loans to private companies.

Early life and education

Angus Lewis Macdonald was born August 10, 1890, on a small family farm at Dunvegan, Inverness County, on Cape Breton Island. He was the son of Lewis Macdonald and Veronique "Veronica" Perry, and the ninth child in a family of 14. His mother was from a prominent Acadian family on Prince Edward Island and his maternal grandfather was politician Stanislaus Francis Perry. His father's family had emigrated to Cape Breton from the Scottish Highlands in 1810. The Macdonalds were devout Roman Catholics as well as ardent Liberal Party supporters.

In 1905, when Macdonald was 15, the family moved to the town of Port Hood, Cape Breton. Macdonald attended the Port Hood Academy. He hoped to enroll next in the Bachelor of Arts program at St Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, but his family couldn't afford to pay for a university education so Macdonald obtained a teaching licence and taught for two years to finance his education. Midway through his university studies, he took another year off to earn money teaching. He completed his final term on credit and was required to teach in the university's high school during 1914–15 to pay off his debt. Macdonald did well at St. FX. He played rugby, joined the debating team, edited the student newspaper and, in his graduating year, won the gold medal in seven of his eight courses. He was also class valedictorian.

War service
The First World War broke out while Macdonald was earning his university degree. In 1915, he underwent military training in the Canadian Officers Training Corps. In February 1916, he joined the 185th battalion, known as the Cape Breton Highlanders, leaving for Britain in October 1916 where he received further training. Macdonald was finally sent to the front lines in France in May 1918 as a lieutenant in Nova Scotia's 25th battalion. He participated in heavy fighting and on one occasion led his entire company because all of the other officers had been wounded or killed. Macdonald felt fortunate to have been spared, but his luck ran out in Belgium when he was hit in the neck by a German sniper's bullet on November 7, 1918, just four days before the Armistice. Macdonald spent eight months in Britain recovering from his wound. He returned home to his family in Cape Breton in 1919. Biographer Stephen Henderson writes that the war had made him "more serious and less self-confident", but "struck by the willingness of so many to march to horrible deaths in the name of an abstract principle".

Life before politics

In September 1919, the 29-year-old Macdonald began studying at Dalhousie Law School in Halifax. During his two years there, Macdonald formed lifelong friendships with students who were to become members of the political elite in the region. Once again, he excelled in athletics, was elected to the Dalhousie students' council, became the associate editor of the student newspaper and led the opposition in the law school's Mock Parliament. He scored firsts in nearly every course and graduated in 1921 with academic distinction.

Macdonald was hired by the Nova Scotia government as assistant deputy attorney-general immediately after graduating from law school. He worked mainly as an administrator, although he occasionally appeared in court to help the attorney general prosecute a case.

In 1922, Macdonald became a part-time lecturer at the law school. When he left the attorney-general's office in 1924, he became a full-time professor. Macdonald was a popular and effective teacher. One former student describes him sitting at his desk on the rostrum speaking slowly and deliberately while gazing intently at the ceiling. "The more students disagreed (with one another in class) the more Angus encouraged it."

On June 17, 1924, when he was 33, Macdonald married Agnes Foley, a member of a prominent Irish Catholic family. They had worked together in the attorney general's office where Foley served as secretary. Between 1925 and 1936, the Macdonalds had three daughters and a son. Agnes raised the children and ran the household after Macdonald entered politics. Biographer John Hawkins writes she eventually helped her husband win election in a Halifax riding with a significant Irish Catholic population. She had a large circle of friends including members of the powerful Liberal Women's societies of Halifax. Hawkins also notes that Agnes Macdonald was a gifted hostess who loved conversation. "Quick witted, her rapid and varied flow of language contrasted with Angus L.'s deliberate, thoughtful manner of speaking, which some have described as a 'drawl'."

In 1925–26, while teaching at the Dalhousie Law School, Macdonald took additional courses in law at Columbia University in New York, mainly by correspondence. He used these courses as the basis for full-time graduate work at the Harvard Law School in Boston, Massachusetts in 1928. Harvard's faculty members saw the law as an instrument for social improvement. That view was reflected in Macdonald's 1929 doctoral thesis on the responsibility of property holders under civil law.

When the deanship of the law school came open in 1929, Macdonald agonized over whether he should seek the job. He apparently had strong support from several members of the university's board of governors. At the same time however, he was increasingly drawn to politics and accepting the deanship would mean postponing his political ambitions indefinitely. In the end, the job was offered to Sidney Smith, another prominent Canadian academic who accepted on condition that Macdonald remain at the school. Macdonald did stay, but only for one more year. In 1930, he resigned so he would be free to enter politics.

Early political career

Federal campaign, 1930
The federal election in the summer of 1930 gave the 40-year-old Macdonald a chance to run for office. He decided to contest the riding of Inverness in his native Cape Breton. There he faced a Conservative opponent whose style contrasted sharply with his own cool and reserved manner. According to biographer John Hawkins, I. D. "Ike" MacDougall "was a gifted performer who before an audience could cut an opponent's well-marshalled arguments until they fell amid roars of laughter. He was the master of hyperbole, pun and high spirits. He could win a rural audience, not by his logic, but by his performance on the platform". Macdonald campaigned hard, but the trend was against him. The Conservatives led by R. B. Bennett defeated Mackenzie King's unpopular Liberals. And in Inverness, Ike MacDougall was re-elected by the narrow margin of 165 votes. It was to be Macdonald's only election defeat. Afterwards, Macdonald retreated to Halifax where he opened his own private law office in August 1930.

Provincial convention, 1930
Macdonald was active in provincial Liberal Party organizational work during the latter part of the 1920s. In 1925, the party had suffered a crushing defeat after 43 years in power. On election day, the Liberals were reduced to three seats in the Nova Scotia legislature. Many believed that the time had come to return the party to its reformist roots. Macdonald worked with other reform-minded members to establish a network of younger Liberals intent on reviving their party.

In the 1928 provincial election, the Liberals regained some of their lost popularity in one of the closest votes in Nova Scotia history. The Conservatives remained in power with 23 seats to the Liberals' 20. Economic conditions worsened after the stock market crash of 1929 making it seem increasingly likely that the Liberals would return to power in the next election. Macdonald helped draft a 15-point party platform for approval at a Liberal convention in the fall of 1930. It promised an eight-hour working day and free elementary school textbooks. It also pledged to establish a formal inquiry into Nova Scotia's economic prospects and the province's place within Confederation.

The convention, held on October 1, 1930, proved to be a turning point both for the party and for Macdonald. In a departure from tradition, the party's new leader was chosen by convention delegates instead of Liberal caucus members at the legislature. Two veterans of Liberal politics, both wealthy businessmen, were contesting the leadership. There was little enthusiasm, however, for either. Just as nominations were about to close, a delegate from Truro rose unexpectedly to nominate Macdonald. Surprised, Macdonald at first declined the nomination, then agreed to accept it when he sensed strong support on the convention floor. A few hours later, the 40-year-old Macdonald had won a resounding first-ballot victory to become the new Liberal leader.

Liberal party leader

After winning the Liberal leadership, Macdonald travelled the province on speaking tours helping organize party support in every constituency. As Liberal leader, he proved to be an effective platform speaker. According to biographer John Hawkins, Macdonald's "plain talk and simplicity" persuaded audiences of his honesty. He developed the ability to explain political issues with a "clarity that every voter could understand". When the legislature was in session, he led the Liberals from the public galleries because he had no seat in the House. There were six vacancies, but the Conservatives refused to call by-elections fearing they would lose their five-seat majority. Macdonald publicly criticized Premier Gordon Harrington for depriving so many Nova Scotians of representation. He deplored what he called "the loss of responsible government." It was a message that struck a chord in the province that had been the first in Canada to achieve responsible government in 1848 thanks to the efforts of the great liberal Reformer Joseph Howe. Privately however, Macdonald rejoiced that the government couldn't risk calling a by-election telling one supporter years later, "If the truth must be told, I was sometimes afraid that they would open up a seat and deprive me of this sort of ammunition".

Macdonald was able to use the theme of responsible government even more effectively during the provincial election campaign of 1933. The governing Conservatives, desperate to avoid electoral defeat, had enacted changes requiring that new voters' lists be drawn up by government-appointed registrars immediately before each election. Predictably, thousands of Liberal voters were left off the lists and the new law allowed only three days for corrections. The Liberals secured a court order requiring the appointment of additional registrars and some of the disenfranchised voters were finally added to the lists. The so-called Franchise Scandal enabled the Liberal press to cast Macdonald as a latter-day Joe Howe, crusading for the rights of the people. "No newcomer to the political scene", writes historian Murray Beck, "has ever become so quickly, widely, and favourably known in such a dramatic fashion". The scandal, compounded by suffering in the province due to the Great Depression, resulted in Macdonald's Liberals winning 22 of the 30 seats on August 22, 1933. The Conservatives were now associated in the public mind with corruption and hard times. They did not regain power for 23 years.

First term as premier 1933–37
Macdonald was sworn in as Premier of Nova Scotia on September 5, 1933. He was 43 years old and had never held a seat in the legislature. Historian Murray Beck writes that Macdonald's cabinet was "probably Nova Scotia's strongest". Biographer Stephen Henderson points out that the "ministers were fresh, motivated and knowledgeable about their portfolios", although Macdonald himself had no experience in finance. Biographer John Hawkins characterizes the Liberal party of 1933 as "a party of thinkers and reformers". During the 1930s, Macdonald's Liberals took credit for leading the province out of the depths of the Great Depression. As journalist Harry Flemming wrote many years later, Macdonald became "God himself", the premier who "paved the roads and put the power into every home from Cape North to Cape Sable".

Pensions and relief programs
On his first day in office, Macdonald kept a key Liberal promise by bringing in old age pensions for elderly people in need. Cheques were mailed out to 6,000 pensioners by the end of March 1934. It was a popular move even though monthly pension payments in Nova Scotia were substantially below the national average.

The economic conditions facing the new government were dismal. Tens of thousands of Nova Scotians were impoverished and unemployed. The government expected that 75,000 Nova Scotians would need assistance during the coming winter. Biographer Stephen Henderson writes that Macdonald sympathized with the poor, but he worried that direct government relief payments would undermine their pride and self-respect. Even though direct relief might be cheaper, the Macdonald government preferred to hire the unemployed for public works projects such as paving roads. Henderson reports that in 1933, there were only  of paved roads in the province. By 1937, that figure had risen to 605. The government financed such public works by selling low-interest bonds and raising gasoline taxes from six to eight cents a gallon.

Macdonald also urged the federal Conservative government of R. B. Bennett to increase financial support to poorer provinces. At the time, there was no national system of unemployment insurance and the Bennett Conservatives insisted that the unemployed were mainly the responsibility of the provinces and municipalities. Although the federal government did provide relief during the Depression, Nova Scotia and the two other Maritime provinces were hampered by the federal system of matching grants for relief programs. Under that system, provinces received federal money only if they were willing to contribute a percentage of their own revenues. Thus, the poorest provinces received less federal aid than the richer ones because they couldn't afford to match the federal grants. Historian E. R. Forbes points out for example, that from January to May 1935, all three levels of government spent an average of $2.84 for each relief recipient in the Maritimes, an amount less than half the $6.18 spent in the other six provinces.

Jones Commission
Macdonald tried to deal with the financial imbalances in Confederation by appointing a Royal Commission. He asked it to recommend economic policies the province should follow to lessen the effects of the Depression and to lay out a framework for negotiations with the federal government.

The three-man Jones Commission included Harold Innis, a prominent economic historian who had studied disparities between highly developed manufacturing regions and marginal ones that depended primarily on exploiting natural resources. After touring the province and hearing from more than 200 witnesses, the Commission issued its report in December 1934. Macdonald could take satisfaction in its finding that high tariffs had sheltered central Canadian manufacturing at Nova Scotia's expense and that federal subsidies to the province were "seriously inadequate".

The Commission recommended that the federal government assume responsibility for financing social programs such as old-age pensions and unemployment insurance. It also argued that Ottawa should establish equity among provinces and that redistribution of federal tax revenues should be based on need, an idea that became central to Macdonald's thinking about federal-provincial relations. Among other things, the Commission called on the Macdonald government to continue paving roads; to undertake a program of rural electrification to keep young people on family farms; and, to establish a professional civil service that would defend Nova Scotia's interests against federal bureaucrats in Ottawa.

Tourism and Nova Scotian identity

The Macdonald government took practical steps to promote tourism as a way of bringing money into the province. It improved conditions for tourists by granting small loans to hotel, motel and cottage owners to upgrade their facilities. It also offered cooking classes to restaurant and hotel employees. The government's extensive road building program made it easier for tourists to travel. But biographer Stephen Henderson writes that Macdonald went well beyond these practical steps to promote Nova Scotia as a beautiful and rustic place peopled by colourful Scots, Acadians, Germans and Mi'kmaq. Government advertising portrayed the province "as a place where urban, middle-class families could go to 'step back in time'". Gradually, Henderson maintains, the tourism campaigns created a new identity for Nova Scotians. "They witnessed the provincial state constructing an elaborate network of modern roads; they read books and brochures extolling the beauty of the province, and they heard their premier waxing romantically about the pure, simple nobility of their ancestors." Macdonald was especially enthusiastic about "the romanticized culture of the Highland Scots". Historian Ian McKay writes that under his leadership, the provincial government gave money to the Gaelic College; bestowed Scottish names on key tourism sites and stationed "a brawny Scots piper" at the border with New Brunswick. Macdonald also helped assemble more than a quarter of a million acres (4,000 km2) for the Cape Breton Highlands National Park complete with a fancy resort hotel and world-class golf course. "Macdonald believed", Henderson writes, "he had created a piece of Scotland for tourists in the New World". And, as more tourists came, Macdonald's stature grew.

Trade Union Act
The Nova Scotia legislature recognized the growing power of industrial unions in the 1930s by passing what historian Stephen Henderson calls "Canada's first piece of modern labour legislation". Although Macdonald's governing Liberals and the opposition Conservatives agreed on the need to protect union rights, the parties vied with each other to take credit for the Trade Union Act. In January 1937, Premier Macdonald carried a bottle of bootleg rum to a meeting with union officials in Sydney, Cape Breton where they gave him a draft bill based on the American National Labor Relations Act. Before the Macdonald government could introduce the bill in the legislature, the Conservatives presented a similar one of their own. The legislation faced opposition from the Canadian Manufacturers' Association during public hearings, but Liberals and Conservatives combined to pass it unanimously. The new Trade Union Act required employers to bargain with any union chosen by a majority of their employees. It also prohibited employers from firing workers for organizing a union.

Government patronage
Nova Scotia's well-entrenched system of paying off government supporters with jobs and contracts continued to flourish under the Macdonald Liberals. In his comprehensive history of Canadian patronage, journalist Jeffrey Simpson writes that the Liberals used road improvements to win votes, with highway crews "especially busy before and during election campaigns." Simpson adds that the Liberals awarded government contracts to companies approved by the party. In return, the firms were required to kickback some of the money they received to the Liberals. Biographer Stephen Henderson argues that Macdonald himself did not relish the traditional practice of filling government jobs with party supporters. Nevertheless, the "wave of partisan hirings and firings" continued as committees in each riding "scrutinized employees for inappropriate political activity and rated prospective candidates based on what they or their families had done for the Liberal party".

Second term as premier, 1937–40

Fortunately for the Macdonald government, economic conditions improved during the 1930s. In March 1937, Macdonald announced that after 14 years of running operating deficits, the Nova Scotia government had recorded a surplus with another forecast for the next year. The pro-Liberal Halifax Chronicle gleefully described the scene in the legislature: "the House sat for a moment, as if not comprehending the good news, then rocked with acclaim, at least the Government side of the House did, though the opposition, stilled and stunned-like, sat like figures carved in stone". Macdonald promised the government would spend another $7.5 million on its popular road paving program overseen by A. S. MacMillan, the veteran Minister of Highways. MacMillan, also Chairman of the Nova Scotia Power Commission, had been extending electrical service into rural areas. He now introduced a rural electrification bill designed to subsidize the cost of providing electricity.

After these preparations, the premier called a provincial election for June 29, 1937. Macdonald campaigned on his government's record. On election day, his Liberals were rewarded with 25 of the 30 seats in the legislature.

Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had invited Macdonald to run for federal office during the general election of 1935. Although Macdonald turned him down, there were strong rumours in 1937 that Macdonald would soon enter federal politics. Biographer Stephen Henderson writes however, that Macdonald wanted to remain as premier so he could present Nova Scotia's case to a Royal Commission on federal-provincial relations.

Rowell-Sirois Commission
The Depression of the 1930s exposed glaring weaknesses in federal-provincial financial arrangements. Canada's poorer provinces found it impossible to cope with widespread poverty and hunger while the federal government resisted taking full responsibility for unemployment relief. By 1937, conditions had become so desperate that the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan faced bankruptcy. Finally, in August 1937, Prime Minister King appointed the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, popularly known as the Rowell-Sirois Commission. According to biographer Stephen Henderson, Macdonald played an important role in shaping the Commission's final recommendations.

Macdonald wrote Nova Scotia's submission and presented it himself when the Commission held hearings in Halifax in February 1938. He called on the federal government to take full responsibility for social programs such as unemployment insurance, old-age pensions and mothers' allowances. Macdonald recommended that the federal government be given exclusive jurisdiction over income taxes and succession duties to pay for these programs. He argued however, that to maintain their independence, the provinces needed to collect indirect sources of revenue such as sales taxes. He also called for exclusive provincial control over such minor tax fields as gasoline and electricity taxes.

A central part of Macdonald's case concerned the redistribution of wealth from richer provinces to poorer ones. His argument was based on the premise that richer provinces benefited from national economic policies such as high tariffs while poorer provinces were penalized by them. Macdonald suggested that compensatory subsidies to poorer, less-populated provinces be based on need, not population, so that they could pay for government services available in other parts of the country without having to impose higher-than-average levels of taxation.

The Commission's final report, released in May 1940, reflected many of Macdonald's recommendations. Mackenzie King called a federal-provincial conference in January 1941 to discuss the report. The provinces failed to agree on what should be done, but in April, the federal government went ahead on its own announcing it would levy steep taxes on personal and corporate incomes as a temporary measure to finance Canada's participation in the Second World War.

Summons to Ottawa
The course of Macdonald's political career changed sharply after Canada declared war on Germany in September 1939. Three months later, Mackenzie King called a federal election and on March 26, 1940, his Liberals won a decisive victory. In spite of his victory, King was under pressure to recruit the country's "best brains" into his wartime cabinet. The death of his minister of defence in an air crash in June 1940 gave King an opportunity to reorganize his administration. He asked J. L. Ralston, a native Nova Scotian, to become his new minister of defence. Ralston agreed but imposed two conditions: First that J. L. Ilsley of Nova Scotia replace him as minister of finance and second that he get assistance in his new portfolio.

King decided to appoint two additional ministers, one in charge of the Royal Canadian Air Force, the other to oversee the Royal Canadian Navy. He therefore, asked Macdonald to join the federal cabinet as minister of national defence for naval services. Macdonald, who had fought in World War I as a soldier on the front lines in France and Belgium, decided it was his duty to fight World War II as a political leader in Ottawa. He handed over his responsibilities as premier to A. S. MacMillan and was sworn into the federal cabinet on July 12, 1940.

Wartime federal career, 1940–45

Macdonald's five years in Ottawa were tumultuous ones. He oversaw a massive increase in Canada's naval forces and played a key role in a political crisis that threatened to tear the Liberal government and the country apart. He also incurred the wrath of Mackenzie King, a political leader whom Macdonald grew to loathe. When he entered the federal cabinet in 1940, Macdonald seemed a likely candidate to replace the aging King and one day become prime minister himself. By the time he resigned in 1945, Macdonald's federal political career was in tatters.

Mackenzie King wanted Macdonald to stand for a vacant seat in Kingston, Ontario. It was a traditional Conservative riding that had been represented by Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister. In 1935 however, the riding had switched to the Liberals and King wanted to keep it. "I told Mr. King that I did not know Kingston at all, nor its problems, nor its people", Macdonald wrote later. When the Conservatives agreed not to run a candidate against him however, Macdonald had no choice but to stand for office in Kingston. He won the seat by acclamation on August 12, 1940.

Building the navy
Macdonald faced a huge, but critical task in overseeing the expansion of the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN). As historian Desmond Morton points out, the RCN was tiny when Canada entered the war in 1939. It consisted of six destroyers, five minesweepers and about 3,000 personnel in its regular forces and volunteer reserves. By the time Macdonald took office in 1940, the RCN had grown to 100 ships and more than 7,000 personnel, but as biographer Stephen Henderson notes, "few of its ships and sailors were ready for service at sea". By the end of the war, the RCN had expanded by 50 times its original strength with about 400 fighting ships, almost 500 additional craft and about 96,000 men and women.

The RCN was assigned the task of escorting supply vessels transporting food and other materials needed to keep the war going. This convoy duty was critically important as German submarines or U-boats sought to starve Britain into submission by sinking supply ships. The RCN performed about 40 percent of the war's transatlantic Allied escort duty. Desmond Morton argues it was Canada's "most decisive" military contribution. Canada's convoy protection efforts did not always run smoothly, however. In the early part of the war, the Canadian navy lacked equipment that could detect underwater submarines as well as efficient radar for sighting ones on the surface. To make matters worse, Canada didn't have the long-range aircraft that were the most effective anti-submarine weapons.

As supply ship losses mounted, the RCN struggled to catch up to the better-equipped British and American navies. Macdonald himself lacked military expertise and often depended on senior naval staff who kept him in the dark about equipment shortages and other problems. "Macdonald's administration of Naval Affairs did not rise to brilliance", Henderson writes, "[but] the problem may have lain more with the senior naval staff than with Macdonald". Macdonald's conflict with high ranking naval officers, particularly Rear Admiral Percy W. Nelles, led to the effective dismissal of the latter in 1944. Yet, as the war progressed, the RCN, led by Macdonald, gradually became more effective in protecting the huge cargoes of materials on which Allied victory depended.

Conscription crisis

Biographer Stephen Henderson maintains that Macdonald played a key role in the wartime conscription crises that beset the federal government in 1942, and again in 1944, as Prime Minister Mackenzie King tried to avoid imposing compulsory military service overseas. Macdonald himself strongly favoured conscription rather than relying solely on voluntary enlistment. A committed internationalist, he believed it unfair that some bore the sacrifices of overseas service while others escaped what he saw as their military obligations. Macdonald realized however, that conscription was highly unpopular in French-speaking Quebec and that enforcing it would split the country at a time when national unity was crucial. He also recognized that in the early years of the war, voluntary enlistment was producing enough recruits to meet the needs of the armed forces.

Nevertheless, Macdonald continued to push the government to commit itself to conscription if circumstances should change. His position earned him the enmity of the politically cautious Mackenzie King. "Macdonald is a very vain man", the prime minister complained in his diary, "and has an exceptional opinion of himself. Undoubtedly, he came here expecting to possibly lead the Liberal party later on but has found that he will not be able to command the following that he expected".

As the opposition Conservatives continued to press for overseas conscription, the King government held a national plebiscite on April 27, 1942. The plebiscite asked voters to release the government from its previous promise not to introduce compulsory war service. The results confirmed the sharp national split. English Canada voted strongly in favour and French Canada overwhelmingly against. The results of the plebiscite seemed to strengthen the position of ministers who supported conscription. Macdonald's two cabinet colleagues from Nova Scotia, defence minister J. L. Ralston, and finance minister J. L. Ilsley, urged the government to introduce conscription immediately. A more cautious Macdonald wanted the government to commit itself to conscription should it be required to support the war effort.

The crisis flared again two years later when the Canadian military called for overseas reinforcements. Ralston wanted King to impose conscription, but at Macdonald's urging, seemed willing to compromise by going along with the prime minister's plan for one last voluntary recruitment campaign. King however, suddenly dismissed Ralston during a cabinet meeting on November 1, 1944. Macdonald considered resigning, but said later he would have struck King if he had risen to leave. Instead he sat in his chair ripping sheets of notepaper into small shreds and dropping them on the floor. Stephen Henderson writes that Macdonald's decision not to resign probably saved the King government. King himself seemed to recognize that if Macdonald had left, Ilsley would have resigned too, possibly taking other ministers with him and causing the government's collapse.

In the end, King was forced to impose overseas conscription after the failure of the voluntary recruitment campaign, but the war ended soon after and his government survived unscathed. The conscription crisis however, hardened the animosity between King and his naval minister. Macdonald, disillusioned by what he saw as the chicanery and ruthlessness of national politics, longed to return to Nova Scotia. After King called an election for June 11, 1945, Macdonald resigned from the federal cabinet.

Provincial premier, 1945–54

When Macdonald returned to Nova Scotia in 1945, he was only 55, but the silver-haired politician now seemed 20 years older. After the retirement of Premier A. S. MacMillan, the Liberals reaffirmed Macdonald's leadership at their convention on August 31, 1945. Less than two months later, Macdonald's Liberals swept the province wiping out the Conservatives for the first time since Confederation and winning all but two Cape Breton ridings where voters elected members of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation or CCF, the forerunner of the present-day New Democratic Party, or NDP. In spite of his huge victory, a close colleague noted that Macdonald was not the same man he had been before he left Nova Scotia in 1940. He had trouble making decisions, not because he was a procrastinator, but because he was not well.

Nevertheless, Macdonald plunged into his role as a leading champion for the provinces. He argued that in order to maintain their independence, provinces needed exclusive jurisdiction over such sources of revenue as gasoline, electricity and amusement taxes. He lobbied for constitutional amendments designed to guarantee provincial rights. Macdonald urged the federal government to accept the 1940 recommendations of the Rowell-Sirois Commission and redistribute national wealth based on need. Such a policy, he maintained, would enable poorer provinces to sustain government services available in other parts of the country without having to impose higher-than-average levels of taxation. In the end, Macdonald won only small victories such as gaining exclusive provincial access to gasoline taxes. The federal government refused to recognize financial need as the basis for provincial subsidies.

Aside from his role as a national spokesman for provincial rights, Macdonald presided over an administration that invested heavily in education. His government financed the building of rural high schools and extended financial assistance to Dalhousie University's schools of medicine and law. Macdonald also appointed Nova Scotia's first minister of education, Henry Hicks, in 1949 to oversee $7.6 million in spending, about a fifth of the provincial budget.

The Macdonald Liberals easily won re-election in 1949 and 1953, but the Conservatives made steady gains under Robert Stanfield, their new leader. The Conservatives for example, drew attention to kickback schemes under which brewing companies, wineries and distilleries contributed to the Liberal party in exchange for the right to sell their products in government liquor stores. The Liberals seemed secure against such allegations however, as long as they were led by the popular Angus L. Macdonald. However, Macdonald suffered a slight heart attack on April 11, 1954, and was admitted to hospital where he died in his sleep two nights later, just four months before his 64th birthday.

Stephen Henderson writes that the Nova Scotia legislature sat on the day of his death. Macdonald's seat was draped in Clanranald tartan and a sprig of heather decorated his desk. Macdonald's body lay in state for three days in the legislative building as more than 100,000 people filed past to pay their respects.

Aftermath of Macdonald's death
Macdonald's death proved disastrous for provincial Liberals. There was no obvious successor to the popular premier. At the party's leadership convention held on September 9, 1954, the Liberals appeared badly split along religious lines. After five ballots, the convention rejected Harold Connolly, a Roman Catholic who had served as interim premier after Macdonald's death. Instead they chose the Protestant Henry Hicks. "Unfortunately for the Liberals", historian Murray Beck writes, "it appeared as if the delegates had ganged up to defeat the only Catholic among the contestants". Beck also notes that "Nova Scotia governments have always been most vulnerable after a change in leadership". In the next provincial election held on October 30, 1956, Robert Stanfield and his Conservatives won 24 seats, the Liberals 18. The 23-year Liberal era, begun under Macdonald's leadership, had finally ended.

Assessment and legacy
Murray Beck writes that Macdonald's political appeal to Nova Scotians may have been even stronger than the legendary Joseph Howe's. Like Howe, Macdonald was a passionate and eloquent leader whose elegantly crafted speeches reflected his wit, wide learning and respect for factual accuracy. Beck writes that by scrupulously fulfilling his campaign promises, Macdonald became known as a leader who always kept his word.

Macdonald's reputation as the premier who led the province out of the Great Depression rested on his commitment to ambitious government projects such as highway construction and rural electrification. He continued to support highway improvements throughout his career. Two projects that he pushed especially hard for, the Canso Causeway linking Cape Breton Island to mainland Nova Scotia and a suspension bridge spanning Halifax Harbour were completed after his death. The bridge, named in his honour, made it possible to travel between Halifax and Dartmouth without having to board a ferry or drive several kilometres around the Bedford Basin.

Macdonald consistently called for a more equitable redistribution of wealth, so that poorer provinces such as Nova Scotia, could share fully in Canada's prosperity. Biographer Stephen Henderson writes that Macdonald deserves credit for the introduction, in 1957, of an equalization scheme designed to enable poorer provinces to provide comparable levels of services to their citizens. Macdonald's advocacy of provincial autonomy however, fell victim to the centralizing tendencies of a post-war welfare state in which the federal government increasingly assumed greater control over national social programs.

Throughout his life, Macdonald maintained ties to his alma mater, St. Francis Xavier University. He received an honorary doctor of laws degree from St. FX in 1946. He served as honorary chair and fundraiser for the university's centennial celebrations in 1953 and raised money to support student research into the early history of the Scots in Nova Scotia. Macdonald suggested that the reading room in a new university library be called the Hall of the Clans. St. FX adopted the idea and decided to name the library in his honour. Thus, when the Angus L. Macdonald Library officially opened on July 17, 1965, 50 coats of arms representing both Scottish and Irish clans adorned the walls of its reading room.

Notes

References
 Bickerton, James P. (1990) Nova Scotia, Ottawa, and the Politics of Regional Development. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
 Beck, J. Murray. (1988) Politics of Nova Scotia. (Volume Two 1896–1988) Tantallon, N. S.: Four East Publications.
 Cameron, James D. (1996) For The People: A History of St. Francis Xavier University. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
 Cook, Ramsay. "The Triumph and Trials of Materialism". In The Illustrated History of Canada edited by Craig Brown. (1987) Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys.
 Forbes, E. R. (1989) Challenging the Regional Stereotype: Essays on the 20th Century Maritimes. Fredericton: Acadiensis Press.
 Forbes, E. R. and Muise, D. A. (editors). (1993 & 1997) The Atlantic Provinces in Confederation. Toronto & Fredericton: University of Toronto Press and Acadiensis Press.
 Hawkins, John. (1969) The Life and Times of Angus L. Windsor, N. S.: Lancelot Press Limited.
 Henderson, T. Stephen. (2007) Angus L. Macdonald: A Provincial Liberal. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Incorporated.
 Macdonald, Angus L. (1960) Speeches of Angus L. Macdonald. Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company.
 March, William. (1986) Red Line: The Chronicle-Herald and the Mail-Star 1875–1954. Halifax: Chebucto Agencies Limited.
 McKay, Ian. (1994) The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
 Morton, Desmond. (1992) A Military History of Canada. (Third Edition) Toronto: McLelland & Stewart Inc.
 Simpson, Jeffrey. (1988) Spoils of Power: The Politics of Patronage. Toronto: Collins Publishers.
 Stevens, Geoffrey. (1973) Stanfield. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited.
 Struthers, James. (1983) No Fault of Their Own: Unemployment and the Canadian Welfare State 1914–1941. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
 Willis, John. (1979) A History of Dalhousie Law School. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Further reading
 Chapman, Harry. (2005) Crossings: Fifty Years of the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing.
 Conrad, Margaret. (1986) George Nowlan: Maritime Conservative in National Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
 Conrad, Margaret and Hiller, James K. (2006) Atlantic Canada: A Concise History. Don Mills ON: Oxford University Press.
 Cross, Austin F. (1943) The People's Mouths. Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada Limited.
 Forbes, Ernest R. (1979) The Maritime Rights Movement, 1919–1927. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
 Hadley, Michael L., Huebert, Robert N., and Crickard Fred W. (1996) A Nation's Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
 Pickersgill, J. W. (1960) The Mackenzie King Record (Volume 1 1939 – 1944). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
 Tucker, Gilbert Norman. (1952) The Naval Service of Canada: Its Official History. Volume II: Activities on Shore During the Second World War. Ottawa: King's Printer.
 Waite, P. B. (1994) The Lives of Dalhousie University: Volume One, 1818–1925. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
 Waite, P. B. (1998) The Lives of Dalhousie University: Volume Two, 1925–1980. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
 Walsh, Paul. (1986) Political Profiles: Premiers of Nova Scotia. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing Limited.
 Whitaker, Reginald. (1977) The Government Party: Organizing and Financing the Liberal Party of Canada 1930–58. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Canadian legal scholars
Canadian Roman Catholics
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Schulich School of Law alumni
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Lawyers in Nova Scotia
Canadian King's Counsel
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
People from Inverness County, Nova Scotia
Premiers of Nova Scotia
Canadian people of Scottish descent
St. Francis Xavier University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
1890 births
Canadian military personnel of World War I
1954 deaths
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
Nova Scotia political party leaders

Angus Lewis Macdonald


أي لوف يو  هي دودة حاسوب ضربت العديد من أجهزة الكمبيوتر في عام 2000، عندما تم إرسالها كمرفق برسالة بريد إلكتروني مع النص "I LOVE YOU" في عنوان الرسالة.

الدودة وصلت في صناديق البريد في 4 مايو 2000، مع هذا العنوان البسيط "I LOVE YOU" ومرفق "LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.txt.vbs". عند فتح المرفق، ترسل الدودة نسخة من نفسها للجميع في قائمة العناوين، متنكره في زي للمستخدم. كما أنها تحدث العديد من التغييرات الضارة لنظام المستخدم.

نشر مثل هذه الآلية كانت معروفة (في آي بي إم المركزية بدلا من الويندوز من مايكروسوفت)، وتستخدم بالفعل في اكسيك شجرة عيد الميلاد لعام 1987 الذي أدى إلى انهيار جزء كبير من الحاسبات في العالم في ذلك الوقت.

ويوجد عاملان لفاعلية الدودة:
 أنها تعتمد على الهندسة الاجتماعية لجذب المستخدمين لفتح المرفق، وضمان استمرار انتشارها.
 أنها تستغل ضعف تصميم نظام البريد الإلكتروني حيث أن البرنامج يمكن تشغيله بسهولة بمجرد فتح المرفق؛ الآلية الكامنة -- في بي سكريبت—لم يتم استغلال إمكانيتها بهذه الدرجة سابقا، وبالتالي فإن طبقات الحماية لم تكن في مكانها.

الانتشار
انتشرت الدودة انتشارا ضخما وانتقلت غربا حيث وصل إلى العمال في مكاتبهم، ووجهت الرسائل التي تم إنشاؤها في الفلبين. لأن الدودة تستخدم القوائم البريدية كهدف رئيسي، والرسائل غالبا ما تأتي على ما يبدو من أحد معارف المستخدم، ويمكن أن تعتبر «آمنة»، وتوفر المزيد من الحوافز لفتحها.

كل ما نحتاجه هو قليل من المستخدمين في كل موقع لجعل المرفق VBS يولد الآلاف والآلاف من رسائل البريد الإلكتروني التي من شأنها أن تشل أنظمة البريد الإلكتروني تحت ثقلها، ناهيك عن الآلاف من الكتابات فوق الملفات الموجودة على محطات العمل والخوادم التي يمكن الوصول إليها.

الآثار
بدأت الدودة في الفلبين يوم 4 مايو، 2000، وانتشرت في جميع أنحاء العالم في يوم واحد (سافرت من هونغ كونغ إلى أوروبا إلى الولايات المتحدة)،  تسببت في حوالي 5.5 مليار دولار أضرار. بحلول 13 أيار / مايو 2000 كانت 50 مليون قيمة الإصابات المبلغ عنها.

معظم الضرر كان في العمل للتخلص من الدودة. وزارة الدفاع ووكالة المخابرات المركزية والبرلمان البريطاني كان عليهم اغلاق أنظمة البريد الإلكتروني للتخلص من الدودة، كما فعلت معظم الشركات الكبيرة.

هذه البرمجيات الخبيثة سببت غضبا واسع النطاق.

الدودة تعدل الملفات الهامة، وكذلك الموسيقى والوسائط المتعددة وأكثر، مع نسخة من نفسها. كما أنها أرسلت دودة إلى كل الموجودين على قائمة اتصال المستخدم لأنها كانت مكتوبة في السيناريو الأساسي البصرية.

وهذه الدودة الأجهزة الوحيدة المتضررة هي التي تستخدم نظام تشغيل مايكروسوفت ويندوز. في حين أن أي كمبيوتر اخر يمكن أن يتلقى رسالة «اى لوف يو»، لكن المصابة فقط أنظمة مايكروسوفت ويندوز.

تركيب للدودة
الفيروس مكتوب باستخدام برمجة مايكروسوفت فيجوال بيسيك (VBS)، وتطلب من المستخدم النهائي تشغيل البرنامج النصي من أجل تسليم حمولتها. أنها ستضيف مجموعة من مفاتيح التسجيل في سجل ويندوز التي ستسمح للدودة في البدء في كل جزء.

الدودة عندئذ ستبحث عن كل الأجهزة التي ترتبط بالكمبيوتر المصاب واستبدال الملفات ذات الامتدادات *.JPG، *.JPEGVBS، *.VBE، *.JS، *.JSE]]، *.CSS، *.WSH، *.SCT، *.DOC *.HTAمع نسخ من نفسه، في حين إلحاق إلى اسم الملف.الامتداد VBS. الدودة ستحدد *.MP3 و*.ملفات MP2، وعندما يجدها، يجعل الملفات مخفية، وتنسخ نفسها مع نفس اسم الملف وإلحاق.امتداد VBS.

الدودة تنتشر من خلال إرسال نسخ من نفسها إلى كافة المستخدمين في دفتر العناوين مايكروسوفت اوت لوك. كما أن لديها عنصر إضافي، سيتم تحميل وتنفيذ برنامج مصاب يسمى "Win - BUGSFIX.EXE" أو "Microsoftv25.exe". هو برنامج سرقة للكلمة السرية للبريد إلكتروني.

البعد التشريعي
في المخترع المزعوم للدودة أفادت التقارير أن يكون من الفلبينيين. الأشقاء ايرينواونيل دي جوزمان من مانيلا  ؛ صديق ايرين،روميل لاموريس، الذي كان لفترة قصيرة في أيار / مايو 2000 في اتصال مع تفشي الدودة، ومايكل بونف، وهو طالب زميل دي غوزمان في اما.

اونيل أخيرا ظهر لكنه نفى اختراع الدودة، لكنه قال انه قد يكون عن غير قصد مسؤول عن إطلاقها. كما لا توجد قوانين في الفلبين ضد اختراع البرمجيات الخبيثة في ذلك الوقت، وأطلق سراحه في آب / أغسطس من النيابة وأسقطت كل التهم المنسوبة إليه. التهم الأصلية التي كانت ضدها هي الاستعمال غير المشروع كلمة مرور لبطاقات الائتمان، والمعاملات المصرفية.

في عام 2009، احتفلت الطبقة العلوية للترفيه بالفيروس أي لوف يو كجزء من الذكرى السنوية العشرين للمجموعة الاستعادية. وكانت مجموعة من وقائع الأحداث الكبرى في الرياضة والسياسة والثقافة الشعبية، والتكنولوجيا وتاريخ العالم في السنوات ال 20 الماضية.

المراجع

انظر أيضا
 دودة

روابط إضافية
 حشرة الحب -- والوشق
 Radsoft : إن تقرير إخباري ILOVEYOU
 وصف الصفحة
 «لا نأسف' من كاتب حشرة الحب» في السجل
 CERT الاستشارية كاليفورنيا - 2000 - 04 دودة رسالة حب

الفلبين في 2000
استحداثات عام 2000
الاتصالات في الفلبين
الاختراق في عقد 2000
ديدان الحاسوب
ديدان البريد الإلكتروني
فيروسات الحاسوب
قانون فلبيني

أي لاف يو


Ben Hermans (født 8. juni 1986) er en professionel belgisk cykelrytter, der kører for det professionelle cykelhold .

Han har kørt for Topsport Vlaanderen i 2009, Team RadioShack fra 2010-2011 og senere på RadioShack Nissan i 2012 og derefter på RadioShack-Leopard i 2013. Fra 2014-2017 kørte Ben Hermans for BMC Racing Team.

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Belgien

Ben Hermans


Oreca ("ORganisation, Exploitation, Competition Automobile") es un equipo de automovilismo de velocidad y constructor de automóviles de carreras fundado por Hugues de Chaunac en Francia en el año 1973. Sus pilotos más habituales en la década de 2000 han sido principalmente franceses, entre ellos Soheil Ayari, Stéphane Ortelli, Olivier Panis, Nicolas Lapierre, Soheil Ayari y Loïc Duval.

Actualmente la sede principal de Oreca se encuentra en el Parque de Actividades de la ciudad de Toulon, y realiza sus pruebas en el Circuito Paul Ricard, del cual es socio estratégico. En tanto, tiene una segunda sede en el Technopole del Circuito de Nevers Magny-Cours, enfocada en la producción de motores.

Asimismo, Oreca organizó desde 2011 hasta 2016 el Campeonato de Francia de Gran Turismos, la Copa Porsche Carrera Francia y la Copa Seat León Franci. Además, la empresa estuvo involucrada en la monomarca de sport prototipos Le Mans Prototype Challenge desde 2009 hasta 2017.

Historia

En las décadas de 1970 y 1980, pilotos de Oreca ganaron dos veces la Fórmula 2 Europea, una vez el Campeonato de Fórmula 3 Europea de la FIA, 11 veces la Fórmula 3 Francesa y siete veces el Gran Premio de Mónaco de Fórmula 3, entre ellos varios futuros profesionales de alto nivel como Jacques Laffite, Alain Prost, Yannick Dalmas, Jean Alesi y Érik Comas. El equipo también se involucró en la formación de otros de la talla de Thierry Boutsen, Patrick Tambay, Didier Pironi y Yvan Muller.

En la década de 1990, participó de manera oficial con BMW en el Campeonato Mundial de Rally y el Campeonato Francés de Superturismos. En el primero, colocó a Marc Duez 13º en el campeonato y consiguió un tercer puesto en el Tour de Córcega de 1990 con François Chatriot. En el segundo de ellos, ganó varios títulos. Asimismo, ganó de manera absoluta las 24 Horas de Le Mans de 1991 con el Mazda 787B de motor Wankel. También disputó la Fórmula 3000 Internacional en 1998 y 1999, donde su mejor actuación fue un séptimo lugar de Soheil Ayari en 1999 con un podio.

Luego corrió en gran turismos con un Dodge Viper, con el cual dominó la clase GT2 / GTS del Campeonato FIA GT desde 1997 hasta 1999, la American Le Mans Series en 1999 y 2000, las 24 Horas de Le Mans de 1998, 1999 y 2000 y las 24 Horas de Daytona de 2000. En 2001, Oreca corrió con dos Chrysler LMP en las 24 Horas de Le Mans, sin que ninguno llegara a meta. Al mismo tiempo que competía con los Viper en GTS, Oreca llegó quinto y sexto absoluto en las 24 Horas de Le Mans de 2002 con dos Dallara SP1 de la clase principal; también con un Dallara SP1 llegó una carrera primero y otra segundo en el Campeonato de la FIA de Sport Prototipos.

En 2005, Oreca participó en las 24 Horas de Le Mans con un Audi R8 LMP oficial, que terminó cuarto absoluto. Luego corrió tres fechas de la Le Mans Series con el mismo automóvil, donde ganó una y llegó segundo en las otras dos, terminando tercero en el campeonato de equipos de LMP1. También participó en tres fechas del Campeonato Mundial de Turismos con un Seat Toledo pilotado por Stéphane Ortelli, con un sexto lugar como mejor resultado.

Oreca compitió con un Saleen S7 de la clase GT1 durante dos años. En 2006, consiguió dos triunfos de clase en la Le Mans Series y finalizó tercero en el campeonato de equipos de GT1. En 2007, llegó quinto y noveno en la clase GT1 en las 24 Horas de Le Mans de 2007, pero ganó cuatro fechas de seis en la Le Mans Series, con lo cual ganó el título de equipos y el de pilotos con Ayari y Ortelli.

En septiembre de 2007, Oreca compró el fabricante de automóviles de competición Courage. Con lo adquirido, Oreca construye desde 2008 sport prototipos para uso propio y de clientes. En 2008, corrió en las 24 Horas de Le Mans con dos Courage-Oreca LC70 de la clase LMP1; uno llegó octavo y el otro abandonó. También disputó todas las fechas de la Le Mans Series, donde obtuvo un tercer lugar como mejor resultado ante la fuerte presencia de rivales como motor Diésel. Sin dichos rivales en 2009, Oreca luchó en igualdad de condiciones con Charouz y Pescarolo. Consiguió una victoria y cuatro podios, pero una ausencia la impidió pelear el título. También en 2009, la empresa estrenó el Oreca 01 de la clase LMP1; con él también llegó quinto en las 24 Horas de Le Mans y en Petit Le Mans.

Oreca corrió un Peugeot 908 HDI FAP en la temporada 2010 de la Le Mans Series, con el cual ganó una carrera, llegó segundo en otra y ganó el título de equipos de LMP1. En las 24 Horas de Le Mans, llegó quinto con un Oreca 01 de la clase LMP1 y abandonó con el Peugeot 908 HDI FAP. También corrió un Oreca 01 en la primera fecha de la Le Mans Series, que arribó cuarto. En 2011, el equipo ascendió a la Copa Intercontinental Le Mans, donde con el Peugeot 908 HDI FAP ganó las 12 Horas de Sebring, llegó segundo en Petit Le Mans, quinto en las 24 Horas de Le Mans y tercero en el campeonato de equipos de LMP1. Ese mismo año, presentó el Oreca 03 de la clase LMP2, con el que abandonó en las 24 Horas de Le Mans.

En 2012, Oreca comenzó a colaborar con Toyota Motorsport GmbH para competir oficialmente con un LMP1 híbrido en el Campeonato Mundial de Resistencia.

Oreca continuó desarrollando prototipos de la clase LMP2, lanzando el Oreca 05 en 2015 y el Oreca 07 en 2017.

Enlaces externos

Sitio oficial de Oreca

Equipos de automovilismo de Francia
Equipos de Fórmula 3
Equipos de Fórmula 3000 Internacional

Oreca


Estlands frilandsmuseum (estisk: Eesti Vabaõhumuuseum) er en rekonstrueret landsby fra Estland kyst, med kirke, værtshus, skole, møller, brandstation og tilhørende kulturlandskab. Museet dækker 79 hektar, og har tilsammen 72 forskellige bygninger. Museet ligger 8 km vest for centrum i Tallinn på Rocca al Mare. Museet blev etableret i 1957. Bygningerne kommer fra forskellige steder i Estland.

Billeder

Eksterne henvisninger
Hjemmeside

Tallinn
Frilandsmuseer
Museer i Estland
Kulturhistoriske museer
Etableret i 1957

Estlands frilandsmuseum


Alexandru Văleanu (n. 3 noiembrie 1890, comuna Țânțăreni, județul Tighina – d. secolul al XX-lea) a fost un deputat din Sfatul Țării, organismul care a exercitat puterea legislativă în Republica Democratică Moldovenească, în perioada 1917-1918.

Educație
A urmat cursurile Universității din Petrograd, fiind licențiat în Științele Fizico-Chimice.

Activitate didactică
A fost profesor de liceu.

Activitate politică
A îndeplinit funcția de președinte al Sindicatului Viticol Tighina, dar și al Camerei Agricole Tighina.
A fost, pe rând, deputat în Sfatul Țării și  în primul Parlament al Țării; vicepreședinte din Zemstvă; prefect al județului Tighina.
A fost ales delegat, din partea țăranilor, luând parte la lucrările reformei agrare.

Decorații
A primit distincțiile: "Coroana României" și "Steaua României", în gradul de Ofițer și Comandor. De asemenea, a obținut și Ordinul "Ferdinand", în gradul de Cavaler. A fost decorat cu "Răsplata Muncii" pentru construcțiile școlare de clasa I.

Note

Bibliografie
 Figuri contemporane din Basarabia, vol. I-III, Editura ARPID, Chișinău, 1939

Lectură suplimentară
 Chiriac, Alexandru, Membrii Sfatului Țării (1917-1918) - dicționar, Editura Fundației Culturale Române, București, 2001
 Cojocaru, Gheorghe E., Sfatul Țării - itinerar, Editura Civitas, Chișinău, 1998
 Colesnic, Iurie, Sfatul Țării - enciclopedie, Editura Museum, Chișinău, 1998
 Chiriac, Alexandru, Mic dicționar al membrilor Sfatului Țării din Chișinău, (21 noiembrie 1917 — 27 noiembrie 1918), în "Patrimoniu. Revistă de cultură istorică", Chișinău, nr.4/1991

Legături externe
  Sfatul Țării

Vezi și
 Sfatul Țării

Nașteri în 1890
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României
Decorați cu Ordinul Steaua României
Istoria Basarabiei
Istoria României
Membri ai Sfatului Țării
Prefecții județului interbelic Tighina
Republica Democratică Moldovenească
Revoluția Rusă

Alexandru Văleanu


Mønsvej  er en to sporet omfartsvej der går nord om Vordingborg og Nyråd. Vejen er en del af primærrute 59 der går imellem Vordingborg og Stege.

Den er med til at lede trafikken der skal mod Sydmotorvejen E47/ E55 og Møn uden om Vordingborg og Nyråd, så byerne ikke bliver belastet af for meget trafik.

Vejen forbinder Brovejen i øst med Sydmotorvejen E47/E55 i vest, og har forbindelse til Græsbjergvej, Nyråd Skovstræde og Kalvehavevej.

Kilder

Transport i Vordingborg
Omfartsveje i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Vordingborg

Mønsvej (Vordingborg)


එච්. ඩබ්ලිව්. අමරසූරිය  (14 ඔක්තෝබර් 1904 – 6 මාර්තු 1981) වතු හිමියකු, දේශපාලඥයකු, අධ්‍යාපඥයකු හා දර්ශනවේදියකි. ඔහු ඩී.එස් සේනානයක මහතාගේ කැබිනට් මන්ඩලයේ වෙලද අමාත්‍යවරයා විය.
ලංකාවේ රාජ්‍ය කවුන්සිලයේ හිටපු සාමාජිකයෙකු වූ එච්.ඩබ්ලිව්.අමරසූරිය  එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙක් සහ පළමු මහලේකම්වරයා විය. ඔහු ලංකාවේ පළමු පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ  නියෝජ්‍ය කථානායක සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ කමිටු සභාපති තනතුර ද හෙබවීය.  රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවේ ප්‍රථම අධ්‍යාපන විධායක කමිටු සාමාජිකයකු මෙන්ම බෞද්ධ පාසල්වල හිටපු සාමාන්‍යාධිකාරීවරයකු ද වූ ඔහු ලංකාවේ අධ්‍යාපනය නංවාලීමට ඉමහත් සේවයක් කළේය.

ළමා කාලය
එච්. ඩබ්ලිව් අමරසූරිය 1904 ඔක්තෝබර් 14 වන දින ගාල්ලේ උණවටුනේ ධනවත් අමරසූරිය පවුලට දාව උපත ලැබීය. ඔහුගේ පියා හෙන්රි මහේන්ද්‍රපාල අමරසූරිය හිමිකරු, නාවික වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ නිදහස් ක්‍රියාකාරිකයෙකි. ඔහුගේ මව කැරොලයින් ද සිල්වාය. ඔහුගේ මුත්තණුවන් වන මුහන්දිරම් තෝමස් ද සිල්වා අමරසූරිය සහ ජුවානිස් ද සිල්වා යන දෙදෙනාම ගාල්ලේ ධනවත් ව්‍යාපාරිකයෝ වූහ. වැඩිමහල් පිරිමි ළමයා සහ දරුවන් හත් දෙනෙකුගෙන් යුත් පවුලේ දෙවැන්නා වූ ඔහුට බාල සහෝදරයන් තිදෙනෙක් සිටියහ. තෝමස් අමරසූරිය, ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් සහ බුද්ධදාස අමරසූරිය සහ සහෝදරියන් තිදෙනා සුසීමා, අයිරින් සහ අමරා. තරුණ හෙන්රි වුඩ්වර්ඩ් තම අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා ගාල්ල මහින්ද විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළත් වූ අතර අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව යන දෙකටම හොඳින් සමත් විය.  ඔහු 1923 දී විද්‍යාල ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ නායකත්වය දැරූ අතර විද්‍යාලීය පාපන්දු කණ්ඩායමේ සාමාජිකයෙක් ද විය. ඔහුගේ පියාගේ ඉක්මනින් වියෝවීමත් සමඟ හෙන්රි වුඩ්වර්ඩ් සිය පාසල් අධ්‍යාපනය අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු ඔහුගේ පියාගේ වතුවල කළමනාකරණය සහ පවුලේ කටයුතු භාර ගත්තේය.

දේශපාලන හා සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය
වැවිලිකරුවෙකු ලෙස හෙන්රි වුඩ්වර්ඩ් අමරසූරිය තම පියාගේ වතුවල ප්‍රමාණය සහ ඒවායේ නිෂ්පාදනය විශාල වශයෙන් වැඩි කළ අතර තේ, රබර් සහ පොල් සඳහා දැඩි ලෙස අවධානය යොමු කළේය. ඔහු තම පියා විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද ඔලිම්පස් සමූහ තේ කර්මාන්ත ශාලාව නිම කළේය. මෙම කාලය තුළ ඔහු දේශීය අධ්‍යාපනයේ දියුණුව කෙරෙහි ද දැඩි උනන්දුවක් දැක්වූ අතර වැඩි කල් නොගොස් ගාල්ලේ බෞද්ධ අධ්‍යාපන සංගමයේ කළමනාකරු බවට පත්විය. විශාල වතු සහ බෞද්ධ පාසල් සමූහයක කළමනාකාරීත්වය සමඟ ඔහු 1936 සිට 1938 දක්වා ඔහු සභාපතිවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළ ලංකා ජාතික කොංග්‍රසයට (CNC) සම්බන්ධ වෙමින් ප්‍රධාන දේශපාලන ප්‍රවාහයට සම්බන්ධ විය. ඔහු 1931 දී උඩුගම ආසනයේ මන්ත්‍රීවරයා ලෙස ප්‍රථම වරට ලංකා රාජ්‍ය සභාවට තේරී පත් විය. ඉන්පසු ඔහු 1936 සිට 1947 දක්වා ලංකා රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවේ ගාල්ල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසයේ තේරී පත් වූ මන්ත්‍රීවරයා ලෙස සේවය කළේය. 1942 දී ඔහු නිදහස් අධ්‍යාපනය ගෙන ඒම සඳහා CWW කන්නන්ගර සමඟ රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවේ අධ්‍යාපන විධායක කමිටුවේ සේවය කළේය.

1946 දී ලංකා මහජන සභාව අලුතින් පිහිටුවන ලද එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයට අනුබද්ධ වන විට ඔහු එහි සභාපතිවරයා විය. 1946 සැප්තැම්බර් 06 වැනි දින කොළඹ ඇල්බට් ක්‍රෙසන්ට් හිදී පැවති එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයේ මංගල රැස්වීමේදී ඩී.එස්.සේනානායක මහතා විසින් ඒ.ආර්.ඒ.රාසික් මහතා සහ භාණ්ඩාගාරිකවරුන් ලෙස ජේ.ආර්.ජයවර්ධන මහතා සමඟින් අමරසූරිය මහතා මහලේකම්වරයා ලෙස යෝජනා කළ අතර එය ඒකමතිකව සිදුකෙරිණි. එච්.ඩබ්ලිව්.අමරසූරිය මහතා පසුව පක්ෂයේ උප සභාපතිවරයෙකුද විය. 1947 මහ මැතිවරණයේදී ඔහු ගාල්ල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශයට තරග කළ නමුත් විජයානන්ද දහනායක මහතා අතින් පරාජයට පත්විය. කෙසේ වෙතත් ඔහු 1948 දී සයිමන් අබේවික්‍රම මහතාගේ අභාවයෙන් පසු පැවති අතුරු මැතිවරණයකින් බද්දේගම ආසනය සඳහා ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට පිවිසියේය. ඔහු 1948 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී වෙළඳ හා වාණිජ කටයුතු පිළිබඳ කැබිනට් අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස පත් කරන තෙක් 1948 සැප්තැම්බර් සිට 1948 දෙසැම්බර් දක්වා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ නියෝජ්‍ය කථානායකවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය. ඔහු 1952 දක්වා මෙම අමාත්‍ය ධුරය දැරීය. එච් ඩබ්ලිව් අමරසූරිය මහතා ප්‍රමුඛ නියෝජිත පිරිසක් ලන්ඩනයට ගොස් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ සඳහා උද්ඝෝෂණ කළ අතර ප්‍රධානියාගේ කමිටුවක් පත්කිරීමේ වගකීම ද ඔහු සතු විය. ඔහු වෙළඳ අමාත්‍යවරයාව සිටියදී ඉන්දියාවට සාර්ථක දූත පිරිසක් ද නායකත්වය දුන්නේය. 1952 ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයේදී ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂයේ හෙන්රි අබේවික්‍රමට සිය පාර්ලිමේන්තු අසුන අහිමි විය. 1956 මහ මැතිවරණයේදී ඔහු නැවත වරක් බද්දේගම ආසනයට ඉදිරිපත් වූයේ අසාර්ථක විය. ඉන් අනතුරුව එච් ඩබ්ලිව් අමරසූරිය මහතා ලංකා සෙනෙට් සභාව නියෝජනය කළ අතර වසර 44ක් ලංකා මහජන සභාවේ සභාපතිවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය.
එච්.ඩබ්ලිව්.අමරසූරිය යුගයේ දේශපාලන නායකයකුට අමතරව ව්‍යාපාරිකයකු මෙන්ම බෞද්ධ නායකයකු ද විය. ඔහු 1923 සිට 1961 දක්වා දකුණු පළාත් වැවිලිකරුවන්ගේ සංගමයේ සභාපතිවරයා විය. තවද ඔහු පහතරට නිෂ්පාදන සංගමයේ සභාපතිවරයාද, ලංකා වෙළඳ මණ්ඩලයේ පළමු සභාපතිවරයාද, සමස්ත ලංකා වෙළඳ සංගමයේ සභාපතිවරයාද, ලංකා කලාපීය සන්නාමවල පළමු සභාපතිවරයාද විය.  ඔහු කොළඹ තරුණ බෞද්ධ සංගමයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකු වූ අතර සමස්ත ලංකා බෞද්ධ මහා සම්මේලනයේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි. පසුව ඔහු සමස්ත ලංකා බෞද්ධ මහා සම්මේලනයේ මෙන්ම කොළඹ තරුණ බෞද්ධ සංගමයේ සභාපතිවරයාද විය.  ලෝක බෞද්ධ සහයෝගීතාවයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රාදේශීය මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සභාපතිවරයා වූ ඔහු ලෝක බෞද්ධ සංගමයේ උප සභාපතිවරයා ද විය. ඔහු මහාබෝධි සංගමයට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ අතර ලංකා මහා බෝධි සංගමයේ නායකත්වය ද දැරීය.

හෙන්රි වුඩ්වර්ඩ් අමරසූරිය පානදුරේ එම්.සී පෙරේරාගේ වැඩිමහල් දියණිය වන අයිලීන් රේචල් පෙරේරා සමඟ 1928 දී විවාහ විය. ඔවුන්ට මහිමන් නම් පුතෙකු සහ රුක්මණී, ඉන්ද්‍රානි, ප්‍රියානි සහ ගීතාංජලී යන දියණියන් හතර දෙනෙක් සිටියහ. ඔවුන් පදිංචිව සිටියේ ගාල්ල උණවටුනේ පිහිටි අමරගිරි වලව්වේය. එච් ඩබ්ලිව් අමරසූරිය මහතා තේ, රබර් සහ පොල් වතු අක්කර 6000කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයකට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර ඔහුගේ වතු අවට මාර්ග, බෙහෙත් ශාලා, ප්‍රසව සායන, පාසල් සහ පන්සල් සංවර්ධනය කළේය. ඔහු Henry Woodward Amarasuriya Charitable Trust පිහිටුවා අධ්‍යාපන හා සෞඛ්‍ය ක්ෂේත්‍රය නංවාලීම සඳහා බොහෝ පරිත්‍යාග කළේය. මාලිගාකන්ද විද්‍යෝදය පිරිවෙන, පෑලියගොඩ විද්‍යාලංකාර පිරිවෙන ඇතුළු බොහෝ පිරිවෙන් උන්වහන්සේගේ දානපතිකමේ ප්‍රතිලාභීන් විය.

අධ්‍යාපනයට දුන් දායකත්වය
ඔහු විශේෂයෙන්ම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණු පළාතේ බොහෝ පාසල් ආරම්භ කළේය. ගාල්ල විද්‍යාලෝක විද්‍යාලය, හුංගම විජයබා විද්‍යාලය, මීපාවල අමරසූරිය විද්‍යාලය ඔහු විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද කැපී පෙනෙන පාසල් කිහිපයකි. අඩු වයසින් මියගිය තම දියණිය ගීතාංජලී සිහිකරමින් ඔහු කොළඹ විශාඛා විද්‍යාලයට පුස්තකාල ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් තෑගි කළේය. පසුව ඔහු උණවටුන "ගුරු අභ්‍යාස විද්‍යාලය" පිහිටුවීමට උණවටුන තම පාරම්පරික නිවස අමරගිරි වලව්ව පරිත්‍යාග කළේය. එහි තිබු උණවටුන මහා විද්‍යාලය  ඔහුගේ වෙනත් ඉඩමක ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කලේය. තම මාතෘභූමියට සහ දකුණු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනතාවට ඉමහත් සේවයක් කළ හෙන්රි වුඩ්වර්ඩ් අමරසූරිය 1981 මාර්තු 6 වන දින වයස අවුරුදු 76 දී මිය ගියේය. 1983 මැයි 22 වැනි දින ශ්‍රී ලංකා තැපෑලෙන් එච්.ඩබ්ලිව්.අමරසූරිය මහතාගේ තැපැල් මුද්දරයක් නිකුත් කළේ ඔහු විසින් රටට කළ අගනා මෙහෙවර සිහිපත් කරමිනි.
සමස්ත ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් නායක සර්ගෝ ජයවික්‍රම ඔහුගේ ඥාති සොහොයුරා විය.

එච්. ඩබ්ලිව්. අමරසූරිය


Andre Zogholy (* 1975 in Vöcklabruck) ist ein in Linz lebender österreichischer Soziologe, Künstler und Musiker.

Leben
Andre Zogholy hat Soziologie an der Universität Linz studiert. Er ist Mitbegründer des Linzer Instituts für qualitative Analysen, Lehrbeauftragter am Institut für Gesellschafts- und Sozialpolitik an der Universität Linz und am Institut für Medien an der Kunstuniversität Linz und Verfasser mehrerer wissenschaftlicher Publikationen im sozial- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Zusammenhang. Im kulturellen Feld ist er u. a. als Gründungsmitglied der Linzer Künstlergruppe qujOchÖ und als Musiker im Bereich der elektronischen Musik unter wechselnden Namen und in verschiedenen Kollaborationen, u. a. mit Dietmar "Didi" Bruckmayr (Wipeout, Orchester 33 1/3, Fuckhead), Dieter "Didi" Kern (Pest, Wipeout, Fuckhead, Bulbul) oder Wolfgang Fuchs (Fax Mattinger, One.Night.Band), aktiv. Seine künstlerischen, wissenschaftlichen und kuratorischen Arbeiten in den letzten Jahren konzentrieren sich zunehmend auf das Verhältnis von Architektur, Klang und Gesellschaft.

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten (Auszug)
 Andere Räume – Andere Sounds. Ein Streifzug durch das Verhältnis von Raum, Regierungstechniken und Sound. in: QUER – Architektur und Leben im urbanen Raum, QUER-Verlag, Wien 2014.
 Konkrete Utopien für den ländlichen Raum. in: Pollak Sabine (Hrsg.), Die Freuden des Landlebens. Zur Zukunft des ruralen Wohnens, Sonderzahl Verlag, Wien 2011: ISBN 978-3-85449-345-7.
 Stadt im Glück. Ausstellungsprojekt im Rahmen von Linz 2009 Linz 2009.
 "Leben im Strafraum." Ausstellungskatalog, Kunstmuseum Lentos, Linz 2008.
 flexible@art. Prekarisierung(stendenzen) des Kunst- und Kulturfeldes. Wien 2007.
 Postskriptum über die Kulturindustrie., Dissertation, Linz 2004.
 Kulturpolitische Strategien der FPÖ und die Hegemonietheorie nach Antonio Gramsci. Linz 2002: ISBN 3-85487-336-0.
 Antonio Gramsci und die kulturpolitischen Strategien der Freiheitlichen Partei Österreichs. in: Hauch, Gabriella, Hellmuth, Thomas, Pasteur, Paul (Hrsg.), Populismus. Ideologie und Praxis in Frankreich und Österreich, Studienverlag, Innsbruck/Wien 2002: ISBN 978-3-7065-1684-6.

Künstlerische Arbeiten (Auszug)
 [H:UMMMM] auditive.wellness.heterotopologien. Wellnessoase Hummelhof, Linz 2016.
 Goodbye Wittgenstein. Digbeth First Friday, Birmingham 2016, Atelierhaus Salzamt, Linz 2016.
 Architektur und Klang. Architekturforum Oberösterreich, Linz 2013.
 Das große Manöver. Steirischer Herbst, Graz 2010.
 Mythos Hofer. Innsbruck 2009.
 Leben im Strafraum. Lentos Kunstmuseum Linz, Linz 2008.
 Dobuschido – Der Film. Crossing Europe, Linz 2009.

Diskographie

Alben
 1998: Egotrip
 2003: EGO = Ego-1 (Interstellar Records)
 2011: V/A stellar constellation x (Interstellar Records)

Weblinks
 Website von Andre Zogholy
 Andre Zogholy auf der Website des Institut für Gesellschafts- und Sozialpolitik der Universität Linz

Einzelnachweise

Soziologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Musiker (Österreich)
Hochschullehrer (Universität für künstlerische und industrielle Gestaltung Linz)
Österreicher
Geboren 1975
Mann

Andre Zogholy


Hovedorglet i Roskilde Domkirke betegner det primære af de fire orgler i domkirken. Det ligger på højre side i skibet og blev bygget mellem 1554 og 1555 af den hollandske orgelbygger Herman Raphaëlis Rodensteen,
som også genanvendte en del af det allerede eksisterende orgel. Den første restaurering blev udført af Nicolaus Maas i 1611.

Orglet blev fornyet af Johan Lorentz den ældre mellem 1650 og 1654, der omdannede det fra det klassiske hollandsk renæssanceorgel til barokstil. Lorentz restaurerede både spillebordet og pedalværket og byggede en ny facade. Efter Lorentz' død, afsluttede Gregor Mulisch og muligvis Peter Karstensen hans arbejde.

Roskilde Domkirke er på UNESCOs Verdensarvsliste.

Referencer

Orgler

Orglet i Roskilde Domkirke