تُشكّل المسيحية في قيرغيزستان ثاني أكثر الديانات انتشاراً بين السكان بعد الإسلام، ووفقًا لإحصائية مركز بيو للأبحاث عام 2010 المسيحية هي الديانة الثانية من حيث عدد الأتباع في قيرغيزستان (11.4% من السكان)، أي حوالي 610,000 نسمة. الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية هي المذهب الرئيسي بين مسيحيي قيرغيزستان، والأغلبيَّة الساحقة من أعضاء هذه الكنيسة هم من الناطقين بالروسية ويعود وجودهم إلى استيطان الروس والأوكرانيين خلال حقبة الإمبراطورية الروسية، بينما الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية هي الأكثر انتشارًا في بين الإثنية البولندية والألمانية القاطنة في البلاد. وتُعد الكنائس البروتستانتية المختلفة إحدى أبرز المذاهب بين مسيحيي قيرغيزستان، والأغلبيَّة الساحقة من أعضاء هذه الكنائس هم من القيرغيز ومعظمهم من معتنقي المسيحية.

تعود جذور المسيحيَّة في البلاد إلى القرن السادس قبل ظهور الإسلام، حيث ضمت البلاد مجتمعات مسيحية شرقية لا بأس بها، بما في ذلك النساطرة والسريان الأرثوذكس وكان أتباع كنيسة المشرق من المتعلمين الذين اتقنوا السريانية. وبدأت كنيسة المشرق بالوهن في البلاد بعد القرن الثالث عشر تحت ضغط الصراعات بين المنغول والصليبيين والمسلمين وأدت سلسلة اضطهادات شنها قادة الترك والمنغول الداخلين حديثا إلى الإسلام إلى انهيار المجتمعات المسيحية في آسيا الوسطى. أعيد إحياء المسيحية في البلاد خلال القرن التاسع عشر وذلك بعد الغزو الروسي، عندما تم بناء الكنائس الأرثوذكسية الروسية المختلفة في المدن الكبيرة.

على الرغم من بناء عدد كبير من المساجد والمدارس الإسلامية في السنوات الأخيرة، إلا أن حوالي 25,0000 إلى 50,000 من القرغيزيين المسلمين ارتدوا عن الإسلام إلى المسيحية أو إلى ديانات أخرى، وذلك حسبما ذكر بعض القساوسة والواعظين الإنجيليين وبعض الخبراء، إلا أن الحكومة قد شككت في صحة رقم 50,000 شخص. وفقاً للباحثين الأتراك بينار أكجالي وإنجين دمير تختلف الأعداد الدقيقة عن القرغيزيين المتحولين للمسيحية ولكن يُقبل عمومًا تقدير 20,000 في أوساط الباحثين. وفقًا إلى تقرير أعدته قناة الجزيرة، فإن الالاف المسلمين القيرغيزيين تحولوا في السنوات القليلة الماضية من الإسلام إلى المسيحية أو أصبحوا أتباعًا لجماعات تبشيرية مختلفة وفقاً لإحصائية حكومية رسميَّة.

تاريخ

العصور المبكرة والوسطى

ذكر سيرة حياة مار أبا وجود أسقف مقيم في تركستان منذ سنة 549، كما انتشرت منذ ذلك الحين العديد من النقوش السريانية وخاصة في بلاد ما وراء النهر في طلاس بكازخستان حاليًا وبنجكنت بطاجكستان. ويبدو من الأخطاء اللغوية في بعض تلك الكتابات أن كاتبها كان على الأغلب من المتحدثين بالصوغدية. أما بحلول القرن التاسع وصلت المسيحية إلى جنوب بحيرة بالخاش بين الصين وكازخستان.
وقام بعض الرهبان النساطرة بالسفر إلى أواسط آسيا والصين لنشر المسيحية فيها بسبب القيود التي فرضت على نشر المسيحية بين المسلمين في المشرق، فازدهرت كنيسة المشرق في تلك البقاع واعتنقت أعداد كبيرة من الفرس والترك والهنود والصينيين والمغول الديانة المسيحية، وساعدت الاضطهادات التي واجهتها كنيسة المشرق في العراق بالقرن الحادي عشر على توسعها التدريجي شرقًا، ويلاحظ أنه بجانب السريان المشارقة كان هناك تواجد أقل لكل من السريان المغاربة ومجموعات يهودية وزرادشتية في آسيا الوسطى. كما كان هناك تواجد لكنيسة المشرق شمالا في بيرم بروسيا حاليًا حيث عثر على عدة نقوش سريانية ومخطوطات من الإنجيل يعود بعضها إلى القرنين الخامس والسادس.

بالتوجه شرقًا تصبح اللغة السريانية المستعملة في بعض النقوش، ركيكة وتظهر نقوش مسيحية تركية وتترية، ففي طورفان بشرق الصين عثر على العديد من المخطوطات باللغة الصوغدية وعدد أقل بالسريانية. غير أنه بالرغم من استعمال الصوغدية في القراءات أثناء القداديس إلا ان السريانية ظلت لغة رسمية للكنيسة في تلك الأنحاء كذلك.
قام البطريرك صليبا (714-728) بتنظيم الوجود المسيحي في وسط وشرق آسيا بأن أسس مطرانيات في هرات وسمرقند والصين. ومن الملاحظ كذلك أن التقسيم الإداري للكنيسة في أسيا الوسطى كان فضفاضًا وقليل التنظيم ويعود السبب في ذلك إلى الكثافة السكانية المنخفضة للغاية واتساع مساحة الولايات البطريركية.

بحلول القرن التاسع، كانت أبرشية كنيسة المشرق تهتم بمسيحيي قيرغيزستان والمناطق المتاخمة في شرق تركستان. وعلى الرغم من أن المسيحيين كانوا من العرقية التركيَّة في المقام الأول الأ أنه كان هناك تواجد لجماعات مسيحية عرقية أخرى أبرزها الأرمن الأرثوذكس بحلول القرن القرن الرابع عشر. ولكن بحلول القرن الخامس عشر، لم تعد هناك هياكل كنسية لأي كنيسة تهتم بمسيحيين قيرغيزستان. يَعود ذكر الكاثوليك في هذه المنطقة منذ القرن الرابع عشر، حتى القرن التاسع عشر والقرن العشرين جاء المبشرون الرومان الكاثوليك إلى قيرغيزستان بشكل رئيسي من الصين.

العصور الحديثة

الحقبة القيصرية والشيوعية

تعزز الحضور المسيحي الأرثوذكسي في قيرغيزستان مع اندماج البلاد في الإمبراطورية الروسية في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. وافتتحت الرعايا الأولى في قيرغيزستان في كل من بيشكك، وطلاس، وجلال آباد في عقد 1870 لخدمة المستوطنات العسكرية الروسية التي تم بناؤها في البلاد. واعترفت بالرعايا العسكرية في نهاية المطاف كأبرشيات منتظمة مما أدى إلى نمو الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية في قيرغيزستان. في عام 1871 أسس المجمع المقدس الروسيَّة للكنيسة الأرثوذكسيَّة أبرشية طشقند وتركستان لإدارة مجتمعاتها الجديدة في آسيا الوسطى، وضمت أبرشية جديدة في قيرغيزستان تحت سلطتها. بحلول الثورة الروسية في عام 1917 كان هناك أكثر من ثلاثين كنيسة في قيرغيزستان. كما كانت موطنًا لأحد أبرز الأديرة الأرثوذكسية الثلاثة في آسيا الوسطى في ذلك الوقت، دير الثالوث المقدس على ضفاف بحيرة إيسيك كول.

خلال الحقبة السوفيتية عانت الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية في قيرغيزستان من الاضطهاد كما حدث في أماكن أخرى في الاتحاد السوفييتي، نتيجة سيادة الفكر الإلحادي في الاتحاد السوفييتي. وقتل رجال الدين والمؤمنين على حد سواء من قبل السلطات الجديدة وأغلقت ودمرت العديد من الكنائس. وكجزء من تخفيف الاضطهاد خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، أعيد فتح العديد من الكنائس، وكان هناك اثنان وثلاثون كنيسة نشطة في قيرغيزستان بحلول عام 1946. وأغلقت ثمانية في وقت لاحق في الاضطهاد المتجدد تحت حكم خروتشوف.

الوضع الراهن

منذ انهيار الاتحاد السوفياتي تضاعف عدد الرعايا الأرثوذكس في قيرغيزستان إلى أربعين رعية. وأنشئ أيضًا دير جديد للنساء في قره بالتا في شمال قيرغيزستان. في عام 2011 قرر المجمع المقدس للكنيسة الأرثوذكسية الروسية فصل الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية في قيرغيزستان عن أبرشية طشقند وانشاء أبرشية جديدة دعيت باسم أسقفية بيشكيك وقيرغيزستان. بعد استقلال قيرغيزستان عن الاتحاد السوفياتي في عام 1991 أصبحت الجماعات الكاثوليكيَّة جزءًا من الإدارة الرسولية لآسيا الوسطى ومقرها في كاراغاندا في كازاخستان. في عام 1997 أنشأ البابا يوحنا بولس الثاني بعثة كاثوليكية لقيرغيزستان تحت رعاية اليسوعيين. وفي عام 2006، أنتقلت الإدارة الرسولية إلى نيكولاوس ميسمر وهو أول أسقف كاثوليكي في البلاد. وأقام الفاتيكان علاقات دبلوماسية مع قيرغيزستان. وتعمل الكنيسة الكاثوليكيَّة بحرية نسبيًا في البلاد، على الرغم من أن لديها مشاكل بالتسجيل مع لجنة الدولة للشؤون الدينية. ويواجه الكهنة صعوبة في العمل في البلاد حيث أن العديد منهم أجانب ويجب أن يحصلوا على تصاريح أو تأشيرات طلابية. السفر لمسافات طويلة شائع للكهنة لزيارة المجتمعات الكاثوليكية الصغيرة في البلاد، العلاقات المسكونية مع الكنائس المسيحية الأخرى إيجابية، وخاصًة على المستوى المحلي. بحسب مصدر من عام 2016 بحلول عام 2009، تحول حوالي 22,000 من القيرغيز إلى البروتستانتية، وفقاً للخبراء. وبحسب تقرير أدى كان انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي في عام 1991 إلى هجرة 100 ألف الأشخاص ذوي الأصول الألمانية، ومعظمهم من اللوثريين والكاثوليك، إلى أوروبا أو الولايات المتحدة. وخلال العقود اللاحقة هاجر الآلاف من المسيحيين ذوي الأصول الروسية إلى الخارج، وتؤثر الهجرة المسيحية سلباً على النمو السكاني للمسيحيين في البلاد.

تعيش الجماعات الدينية المختلفة في تعايش وفي اختلاط في ما بينهم؛ وبحسب مركز بيو للأبحاث يقول حوالي 9% من المسلمين القيرغيز إن جميع المسلمين في بلدهم، أو الكثير منهم، معادون للمسيحيين، وفقاً لمسح أجراه مركز بيو للأبحاث حول مسلمي العالم. ويقول نحو 8% ممن تم استطلاع آرائهم من المسلمين في قيرغيزستان إن كل أو معظم أو كثير من المسيحيين معادون للمسلمين، وهي ثالث أقل نصيب في 26 دولة سئل فيها السؤال.

ديموغرافيا

الطوائف المسيحية

تُعدّ الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية أكبر الطوائف المسيحية في قيرغيزستان، وتضم أكثر من 500,000 نسمة، وأتباعها في المقام الأول من المواطنين من ذوي الأصول الروسيَّة والأوكرانيَّة، ويقطن معظمهم في المدن الكبرى.
وفقاً لمركز بيو للأبحاث عام 2010 حوالي 9.4% من السكان من أتباع الكنائس الأرثوذكسية الشرقية. ويعود حضور الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية في البلاد إلى القرن التاسع عشر. هناك أقلية صغيرة من المواطنين المسيحيين ذوي الأصول الألمانية، ومعظمهم من أتباع الكنيسة اللوثرية وتجديدية العماد، إلى جانب مجتمع من أتباع الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية والذي يضم حوالي 1,500 عضو، ويتوزع الكاثوليك على ثلاثة رعايا وهي بيشكك وتالاس وجلال أباد، ومعظم الكاثوليك في البلاد هم من نسل الألمان والبولنديين والمجموعات العرقية الأوروبية الأخرى الذين تم ترحيلها إلى آسيا الوسطى خلال حقبة جوزيف ستالين في الثلاثينيات والأربعينات من القرن العشرين. وتضم البلاد أقلية من المؤمنين القدماء من ذوي الأصول الروسيَّة. وفقاً لمركز بيو للأبحاث عام 2010 حوالي 1.7% من السكان من أتباع الكنائس البروتستانتية، وتُقدر أعدادهم بحوالي 90,000 شخص.

المتحولين للمسيحية
وفقاً لتقرير بي بي سي ذكر الواعظ الإنجيلي بولوت أن أعداد القيرغيز المتحولين للمسيحية تُقدر بحوالي 50,000 شخص، معظمهم من أصول إسلامية، على الرغم من أن الحكومة تشكك في هذا الرقم. تُشير احصائية تعود إلى سنة 2015 إلى تحول 19,000 قيرغيز مسلم للديانة المسيحية. ووفقاً للباحث يوهان إنجفال عام 2020 تُقدر أعداد القيرغيز المتحولين للمسيحية بحوالي 25,000 شخص. وفقاً للباحث ديفيد رادفورد من جامعة جنوب أستراليا تقدر أعداد القيرغيز المتحولين للمسيحية تُقدر بحوالي 20,000 شخص، معظمهم من أصول إسلامية. وفقاً للباحثين الأتراك بينار أكجالي وإنجين دمير تختلف الأعداد الدقيقة عن القرغيزيين المتحولين للمسيحية ولكن يُقبل عمومًا تقدير 20,000 في أوساط الباحثين. ويعتقد البعض أن الأرقام الحقيقية أكبر بكثير مما وردت في التقرير مع ازدياد نشاط الجماعات التبشيرية، حيث تعمل اليوم في قيرغيزستان أكثر من ثلاثمئة منظمة وجماعة تبشيرية غير إسلامية مسجلة رسمية لدى السلطات.

المجتمع

الوضع القانوني

ينص الدستور والقانون على حرية الدين؛ لكن وفقاً لتقرير الحرية الدينية فإنَّ الحكومة قيدت أنشطة الجماعات الإسلامية الراديكالية التي اعتبرتها تهديدات للأمن. ينص الدستور على فصل الدين عن الدولة. يعرّف الدستور الجديد، الذي تم تبنيه في 30 ديسمبر عام 2006، البلاد كدولة ديمقراطية موحدة ذات سيادة تقوم على سيادة القانون؛ كما كان الدستور السابق قد عرّف البلاد بأنها «علمانية». اعترف مرسوم صدر في 6 مايو عام 2006 بالإسلام والكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية باعتبارهما «جماعات دينية تقليدية». تعترف الحكومة بعيد الأضحى وعيد الفطر) وعيد الميلاد الأرثوذكسي كأعياد وطنية. يرسل الرئيس والحكومة المحلية التحيات للمسلمين وأتباع الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية في احتفالتهم، ويتم نشر التحيات في وسائل الإعلام.

المواقف تجاه المسيحية
بحسب مسح لمركز بيو للأبحاث نُشر عام 2013 يقول 9% من المسلمين القيرغيزستانيين إن جميع المسلمين في بلدهم، أو الكثير منهم، معادون للمسيحيين، وفقاً لمسح أجراه مركز بيو للأبحاث حول مسلمي العالم. ونحو 8% من تم استطلاع آرائهم من المسلمين في قيرغيزستان يقولون إن كل أو معظم أو كثير من المسيحيين معادون للمسلمين. وبحسب مركز بيو للأبحاث حوالي 12% من المسلمين القيرغيزستانيين يقولون إنهم يعرفون بعضًا أو كثيرًا عن المعتقدات المسيحية، ويقول حوالي 54% من المسلمين القيرغيزستانيين أنَّ المسيحية تختلف كثيراً عن الإسلام، بالمقارنة مع 31% منهم يقولون أنَّ للمسيحية الكثير من القواسم المشتركة مع الإسلام. وترتفع نسبة من يقولون أنَّ للمسيحية الكثير من القواسم المشتركة مع الإسلام (62%) بين المسلمين القيرغيزستانيين الذين يقولون إنهم يعرفون بعضًا أو كثيرًا عن المعتقدات المسيحية، بالمقارنة مع المسلمين القيرغيزستانيين الذين يقولون إنهم يعرفون القليل أو من لا يعلمون شيئاً عن المعتقدات المسيحية (28%). ويقول حوالي 19% من المسلمين القيرغيزستانيين أنهم سيكونون مرتاحين بحالة زواج ابنتهم من مسيحي، بالمقارنة مع 24% بحالة زواج ابنهم من مسيحيَّة.

المراجع

انظر أيضًا

 الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية.
 المسيحية في كازخستان.
 المسيحية في طاجيكستان.
 المسيحية في تركمانستان.
 المسيحية في أوزبكستان.

المسيحية في قيرغيزستان


Egon Endres (* 9. September 1902 in Koblenz; † 5. August 1983 in West-Berlin) war ein deutscher Jurist und Politiker (CDU).

Endres studierte Rechtswissenschaft an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. Am 29. Januar 1940 beantragte er die Aufnahme in die NSDAP und wurde zum 1. März desselben Jahres aufgenommen (Mitgliedsnummer 7.550.841). Er wurde Rechtsanwalt und ab 1945 Notar.

1945 wurde Endres Mitbegründer der CDU Berlin. Von 1948 bis 1954 war er Bezirksverordneter im Bezirk Zehlendorf. Mitglied des Abgeordnetenhauses von Berlin war Endres von 1954 bis 1967.

Endres wurde 1973 zum Stadtältesten von Berlin geehrt. Er war Mitglied der katholischen Studentenverbindung KAV Suevia Berlin.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Fraktionsvorsitzender (CDU Berlin)
Stadtältester von Berlin
Bestattet in einem Ehrengrab des Landes Berlin
Deutscher
NSDAP-Mitglied
Geboren 1902
Gestorben 1983
Mann
Korporierter im CV

Egon Endres (Jurist)


Independencia ist eine Ortschaft in Uruguay.

Geographie
Independencia befindet sich auf dem Gebiet des Departamento Florida in dessen Sektor 13 in der Cuchilla del Pintado. In geringer Entfernung verläuft südöstlich der Río Santa Lucía. Der Ort liegt in der äußersten südwestlichen Spitze des Departamentos unweit der Grenze zum Nachbardepartamento Canelones. Nächstgelegene Ansiedlung in nördlicher Richtung ist Cardal, im Süden ist 25 de Agosto gelegen. In einiger Entfernung fließt westlich der Arroyo de la Virgen.

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde am 13. September 1874 durch Florencio Escardó und E. Cremieux gegründet.

Infrastruktur
Durch den Ort führt die Eisenbahnlinie Montevideo - Paso de los Toros.

Einwohner
Die Einwohnerzahl Independencias beträgt 396 (Stand: 2011), davon 194 männliche und 202 weibliche.

Quelle: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Weblinks
 Stadtplan von Independencia (PDF; 84 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Departamento Florida

Independencia (Uruguay)


An Dendrobium shompenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni B.K.Sinha ngan P.S.N.Rao. An Dendrobium shompenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Nicobar Is.. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium shompenii


Karageçmiş, Samsun ilinin Havza ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 77 km, Havza ilçesine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Havza'nın mahalleleri

Karageçmiş, Havza


Alice Garrigue Masaryková, auch Alice Masaryk (* 3. Mai 1879 in Wien; † 29. November 1966 in Chicago) war eine Soziologin und Tochter des Mitbegründers und ersten Staatspräsidenten der Tschechoslowakei, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk.

Leben

Familie
Alice Masaryková wurde in Wien geboren und war das erste von vier Kindern des Ehepaares Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk und der US-Amerikanerin Charlotte Garrigue. Ihre Geschwister waren Herbert, Olga, Eleanor und Jan Masaryk. In ihren Memoiren beschreibt Alice Masaryková ihre Kindheit als glücklich und erzählt außerdem von ihrem besonderen Interesse für Sprachen, Religion und das Lesen im Allgemeinen.

Bildung
Als Masaryková drei Jahre alt war, übersiedelte die Familie nach Prag. Sie begann ihre Schulbildung im Jahr 1886 und besuchte zuletzt die erste Höhere Mädchenschule Minerva. Danach studierte sie Medizin an der Karls-Universität Prag. Auch wenn sie sich des Privilegs bewusst war, dass sie als eine der wenigen Frauen für ein Universitätsstudium zugelassen wurde, brach sie dennoch dieses Studium ab und wechselte zu den Studienfächern Geschichte, Soziologie und Philosophie. Für eine Vertiefung ihrer universitären Ausbildung und wegen der Recherchen für ihre Promotionsarbeit, lebte Masaryková in London, Leipzig und Berlin (1901–1902). Am 23. Juni 1903 erhielt sie ihren Doktortitel.

Beruf
Zwischen 1904 und 1905 hielt Masaryková sich einer Einladung folgend an der University of Chicago Social Settlement (UCSS) auf. Dort machte sie Bekanntschaft mit Julia Lathrop, Mary McDowell und Jane Addams. So sagte sie:

Nach ihrer Rückkehr nach Böhmen arbeitete Masaryková von 1905 bis 1910 als Lehrerin an einem Gymnasium in České Budějovice, wo sie Erdkunde und Geschichte unterrichtete. 1910 kehrte sie nach Prag zurück und arbeitete bis 1914 an einer anderen Schule.

1911 war Masaryková Mitbegründerin der soziologischen Abteilung an der Karls-Universität Prag. Diese beruhte auf einer Reihe von Vorlesungen mit dem Fokus auf soziale Probleme wie zum Beispiel die Wohn- und Arbeitssituation von Industriearbeitern, Alkoholismus und Geschlechtskrankheiten. Laut einer engen Vertrauten Masarykovás, Anna Berkovcova, war sie der Überzeugung, dass jeder Student – ob zukünftiger Rechtsanwalt, Doktor, Theologe oder Lehrer – in Soziologie bewandert sein sollte, damit er oder sie das spätere Berufsumfeld besser verstehen könne.

Nach ihrer Inhaftierung im Jahr 1915 war es Masaryková nicht erlaubt, ihren Beruf als Lehrerin weiterhin auszuüben. Die Schließung der soziologischen Abteilung mit dem Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges führte dazu, dass sie private Vorlesungen in Soziologie für Studenten von ihrem Zuhause aus anbot. In 1918 gründete sie dann zusammen mit ihrer Kollegin Anna Berkovcová die erste Schule für Soziale Arbeit in der Tschechoslowakei. Masarykovás Überlegungen zu der Gründung der Schule wurden von Anna Berkovcová überliefert, welche sagte, dass sich die sozialen Probleme zum Ende des Krieges hin vervielfacht hätten und Masaryková erkannte, dass diese Probleme zu lange ignoriert worden waren und die Almosengabe als Fürsorge nicht länger genügte. Sie war überzeugt, dass eine neue Republik, an deren Gründung ihr Vater arbeitete, ein gut organisiertes Sozialhilfeprogramm benötigte. Sie sagte, dass eine Demokratie nur dann gut funktionieren könne, wenn ihre soziale Fürsorge auf handfesten sozialen Grundstrukturen basiere. Daher empfand sie die Ausbildung von gut geschulten Sozialarbeitern von höchster Bedeutung. Die Schule orientierte sich vorrangig an der Soziologie, die von Jane Addams und George Herbert Mead an der University of Chicago begründet wurde. Masaryková und Berkovcová werden somit als die Begründer der sozialen Bildung in der Tschechoslowakei verstanden.

Mit der Gründung der Tschechoslowakischen Republik im Jahr 1918 wurde Masaryková am 6. Februar 1919 als Präsidentin des Tschechoslowakischen Roten Kreuzes eingesetzt. Sie behielt diese Position bis zur Invasion NS-Deutschlands 1938. In ihrer Rolle als Präsidentin war es ihr möglich, das Sozialhilfesystem grundlegend zu verändern. So wurden zum Beispiel Polikliniken oder auch Suppenküchen für sozial schwache Personen eingerichtet.
Masaryková folgte einer erneuten Einladung der Universität Chicago. In den USA übernahm sie eine kurzlebige Vorlesungsreihe ihres Bruders Jan Masaryk zur sozialen Situation der Tschechoslowakei. Aufgrund mehrerer traumatischer Erlebnisse verbrachte sie die Jahre von 1940 bis 1945 in psychiatrischer Behandlung, bevor sie zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges in die Tschechoslowakei zurückkehrte. Dort wurde sie 1948 mit dem Tod ihres Bruders Jan konfrontiert, welcher zu der Zeit eine hohe politische Position bekleidete. Die Umstände seines Todes sind weithin ungeklärt.
Sie blieb jedoch nicht lange, da die Machtübernahme durch die Kommunisten sie abermals zur Emigration zwang. Sie verbrachte den Rest ihres Lebens in den USA, wo sie politisch aktiv blieb. Von 1950 bis 1954 sprach sie regelmäßig im Rundfunksender Radio Free Europe, um die in der Tschechoslowakei Verbliebenen in ihrem Kampf für Demokratie zu unterstützen.

Politik
Die Rolle, die der Vater Tomáš Gariggue Masaryk bei der Gründung des eigenständigen tschechoslowakischen Staates spielte, beeinflusste Alice Masaryks Leben und Wirken. So wurde sie 1915 für 8 Monate in einem Gefängnis in Wien inhaftiert. Ihr wurde vorgeworfen, die politischen Schriften ihres Vaters aufzubewahren, während sich dieser im Exil befand. Überlegungen einer Hinrichtung wurden erst verworfen und Alice Masaryk in die Freiheit entlassen, nachdem die USA Einfluss auf die österreichische Regierung ausgeübt hatte. Dieser Einfluss, der zur Rettung Masarykovás verholfen hatte, begründete sich in der öffentlichen Unterstützung, welche sie bei amerikanischen Soziologinnen und anderen berühmten Persönlichkeiten, wie zum Beispiel Julia Lathrop, Jane Addams und Mary McDowell fand.

Masaryková war eine der ersten Frauen, die 1919 einen Posten im Parlament der am 28. Oktober 1918 neu gegründeten Tschechoslowakei einnahm und wurde in Folge zur Leitung des tschechoslowakischen Roten Kreuzes gebeten. Als ihre Mutter 1923 starb, übernahm Masaryková die Rolle einer politischen Repräsentantin an der Seite ihres Vaters und wurde gemeinhin als "First Lady" des neuen Staates verstanden.

1928 war Masaryková die Präsidentin des ersten internationalen Kongresses zur Sozialen Arbeit (First International Conference of Social Work) und hielt bei einer folgenden Veranstaltung 1939 eine Rede, welche ihre politische Einstellung skizziert. So sagte sie, dass eine Notwendigkeit für jedes Land besteht nach Freiheit, Gleichheit und Brüderlichkeit zu streben, um eine demokratische Einheit aller Menschen zu schaffen. Sie war überzeugt, dass eine Demokratie, welche wahrhaftig am Wohlergehen aller Menschen interessiert ist, ökonomisch beständiger und politisch humaner wäre.
Masaryková unterstützte ebenso wie ihr Vater aktiv akademische Frauennetzwerke. Tomáš Masaryk zum Beispiel leistete finanzielle Starthilfe für ein Projekt einer internationalen Organisation von Frauen der International Federation of University Women (IFUW).

Tod

Alice Masaryková starb am 29. November 1966 in Chicago. Ihre Urne wurde 1994 neben ihren Eltern auf dem Dorffriedhof von Lány u Rakovníka beigesetzt, wo auch ihr 1948 verstorbener Bruder Jan Masaryk bestattet ist.

Werke
The Bohemian in Chicago, in: Charities and the Commons (1904), 13, S. 206–210.
Foreword, in Mary E. Hurlbutt (ed.) (1920a) Social Survey of Prague, Band 3, Prague: Ministry of Welfare, S. 7–8.
From an Austrian Prison, in: The Atlantic Monthly (1920b), 126, S. 577–587.
The Prison House, in The Atlantic Monthly (1920c), 126, S. 770–779.
A Message from Alice Masaryk, in: The Survey(1921a), 46, S. 333.
The Program of the Czechoslovak Red Cross after 18 months, in: Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge (1921b), S. 736–739.
Help for Russia, in: Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge (1921c), S. 863–864.
The Bond Between Us, in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work (1939), New York, Columbia University Press, S. 69–74.

Literatur
Alice Garrigue Masaryk, 1879–1966. Her Life as Recorded in Her Own Words and by Her Friends (1980).
 Bruce Keith: Alice Masaryk (1879–1866), in: Mary Jo Deegan (Hrsg.), Women in Sociology, New York 1991, S. 298–305.
Christine von Oertzen, Strategie Verständigung – Zur transnationalen Vernetzung von Akademikerinnen 1917–1955, Göttingen 2012.

Einzelnachweise

Soziologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Emigrant aus dem Deutschen Reich zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Geboren 1879
Gestorben 1966
Frau
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Abgeordneter (Tschechoslowakei)
Frauenrechtler (Tschechoslowakei)

Alice Masaryková


Latife Tekin, (d. 31 Aralık 1957, Kayseri), Türk edebiyat yazarı.

1957'de Kayseri'nin Bünyan ilçesine bağlı Karacahevenk köyünde doğdu. 1966'da 9 yaşındayken ailesiyle birlikte İstanbul'a geldi. Ortaöğrenimini Beşiktaş Kız Lisesi'nde tamamladı. İstanbul Telefon Başmüdürlüğü'nde kısa bir süre çalıştı. İlk kitabı "Sevgili Arsız Ölüm" 1983'te yayınlandı. Anadolu'daki köy yaşamı ve insanlarını masalımsı bir atmosferde ve "Yüzyıllık Yalnızlık" (Gabriel Garcia Marquez) tadında anlattığı bu ilk romanıyla büyük ün kazandı. Büyülü gerçekçilik akımına da yakıştırılan bu romanının ardından peş peşe diğer romanları geldi. Eserleri İngilizce, Almanca, Fransızca, İtalyanca, Farsça ve Hollandacaya çevrildi. Değişik üslubu ve yaklaşımıyla kuşağındaki edebiyatçıların önde gelen isimlerinden biri oldu.

Latife Tekin Bodrum Gümüşlük'te bir "Edebiyat Evi" projesi başlatmıştır. Garanti Bankası tarafından desteklenen proje, mimar Hüsmen Ersöz'ün 1998 yılında hazırladığı mimari proje ile inşaata başlamıştır (1999). Ressam Hale Arpacıoğlu'nun, Koç Grubu şirketlerinden aldığı destekle, aynı mimari projenin bir parçası olarak Sanat Evi'nin yapımına başlanmıştır. Latife Tekin, Bodrum Gümüşlük'te, herkesin yazabileceği, tartışabileceği, sanatçıların büyük şehrin dağdağasından uzak eser üretebileceği bir mekanın tamamlanması için çalışmaktadır.

Eylül 2019'da Erdal Öz Edebiyat Ödülü'ne layık görüldü.

Eserleri

Roman
 Sevgili Arsız Ölüm(Adam, 1983)
 Berci Kristin Çöp Masalları (Adam, 1984)
 Gece Dersleri (Adam, 1986)
 Buzdan Kılıçlar (Adam, 1989)
 Aşk İşaretleri (Metis, 1995)
 Ormanda Ölüm Yokmuş (Metis, 2001)
 Unutma Bahçesi (Everest, 2004)
 Muinar (Everest, 2006)
 Rüyalar ve Uyanışlar Defteri (Doğan, 2009)
 Manves City (Can, 2018)
 Sürüklenme (Can, 2018)
 Zamansız (Can, 2022)

Senaryo
 Bir Yudum Sevgi (1984)

Anı
 Gümüşlük Akademisi (Nisan, 1997)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Berci Kristin ve Latife Tekin 21 Mayıs 2009  (Podcast, Sabancı Üni.)

1957 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Bünyan doğumlular
Sedat Simavi Ödülü sahipleri
Resim aranan yazarlar
Yaşayan insanlar
Erdal Öz Edebiyat Ödülü sahipleri
20. yüzyıl Türk kadın yazarları

Latife Tekin


Viola arborescens es una especie de violeta. Se encuentra en la región del Mediterráneo meridional.

Descripción
Es una pequeña mata leñosa y ramificada desde la base. Las hojas son alargadas, curvadas hacia el interior y pubescentes. Las flores son largamente pedunculadas, de color violeta pálido con estrías oscuras. Por el hábitat donde vive (pinares, márgenes de caminos, etc.), por su carácter leñoso y por la forma de las hojas es muy fácil diferenciarla del resto de violas, que prefieren lugares más húmedos y sombríos y suelen tener hojas cordadas.

Taxonomía
Viola arborescens fue descrita por Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 935, en el año 1753.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

arborescens

Viola arborescens


Mrkva, biljni rod iz porodice štitarki. Široko je rasprostranjena, a obična mrkva, Daucus carota je popularna zbog svojih hranjivih svojstava te se koristi u raznim kuhinjama diljem svijeta.

Povijest i rasprostranjenost

Mrkva potječe iz središnje Azije, a uzgaja se već tisućama godina. Originalno su uzgajane zbog lišća koje se koristilo kao začin, no vremenom se selekcijom razvile sorte s različitim oblicima i bojama korjenastog dijela. Narančasta boja koja je danas najčešća rezultat je uzgoja u Nizozemskoj u 17. stoljeću. Danas je mrkva prisutna na svim kontinentima, a glavni svjetski proizvođači su Kina, Indija i Rusija.

Hranjive tvari i zdravstvene prednosti

Mrkva je bogata hranjivim tvarima i ima mnoge zdravstvene prednosti. Najznačajnija hranjiva tvar u mrkvi je beta-karoten, koji tijelo pretvara u vitamin A. Vitamin A je važan za održavanje zdravlja vida, rasta i razvoja stanica, kao i za jačanje imunološkog sustava. Mrkva također sadrži vlakna koja podržavaju probavu i održavanje zdrave tjelesne težine. Također je izvor vitamina C, vitamina K, kalija i drugih važnih hranjivih tvari.

Redovita konzumacija mrkve može pružiti brojne zdravstvene benefite, uključujući smanjenje rizika od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, poboljšanje vida i zdravlja kože te jačanje imunološkog sustava. Antioksidanti prisutni u mrkvi pomažu u borbi protiv slobodnih radikala i smanjenju upala u tijelu.

Upotreba i priprema

Mrkva se može konzumirati na razne načine, a najčešće se jede sirova ili kuhana. Sirova mrkva je popularan snack i često se koristi u salatama ili kao dodatak raznim umacima i jelima. Kuhane mrkve su sastojak mnogih jela, uključujući variva, juhe i priloge. Mrkva se također koristi za pripremu sokova, smoothieja i kolača.

Ovaj rod štitarki raširen je po svim kontinentima. U Hrvatskoj postoje dvije vrste D. carota i D. dentatus.

Vrste

 Daucus aleppicus J.Thiébaut
 Daucus arcanus García-Martín & Silvestre
 Daucus aureus Desf.
 Daucus biseriatus Murb.
 Daucus broteri Ten.
 Daucus carota L.
 Daucus crinitus Desf.
 Daucus decipiens (Schrad. & J.C.Wendl.) Spalik, Wojew., Banasiak & Reduron
 Daucus della-cellae (Asch. & Barbey ex E.A.Durand & Barratte) Spalik, Banasiak & Reduron
 Daucus durieua Lange
 Daucus edulis (Lowe) Wojew., Reduron, Banasiak & Spalik
 Daucus elegans (Webb ex Bolle) Spalik, Banasiak & Reduron
 Daucus glaberrimus Desf.
 Daucus glochidiatus (Labill.) Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.
 Daucus gracilis Steinh.
 Daucus guttatus Sm.
 Daucus hochstetteri A.Braun ex Engl.
 Daucus humilis (Lobin & K.H.Schmidt) Rivas Mart., Lousã, J.C.Costa & Maria C.Duarte
 Daucus incognitus (C.Norman) Spalik, Reduron & Banasiak
 Daucus insularis (Parl.) Spalik, Wojew., Banasiak & Reduron
 Daucus involucratus Sm.
 Daucus jordanicus Post
 Daucus junceus (Willk.) Mart.Flores & M.B.Crespo
 Daucus littoralis Sm.
 Daucus mauritii (Sennen ex Maire) Sennen
 Daucus melananthus (Hochst.) Reduron, Spalik & Banasiak
 Daucus microscias Bornm. & Gauba
 Daucus minusculus Pau ex Font Quer
 Daucus mirabilis (Maire & Pamp.) Reduron, Banasiak & Spalik
 Daucus montanus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
 Daucus muricatus (L.) L.
 Daucus pedunculatus (Baker f.) Banasiak, Spalik & Reduron
 Daucus pumilus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link
 Daucus pusillus Michx.
 Daucus reboudii Coss. ex Batt.
 Daucus ribeirensis (K.H.Schmidt & Lobin) Rivas Mart., Lousã, J.C.Costa & Maria C.Duarte
 Daucus rouyi Spalik & Reduron
 Daucus sahariensis Murb.
 Daucus setifolius Desf.
 Daucus syrticus Murb.
 Daucus tenuisectus Coss. ex Batt.
 Daucus virgatus (Poir.) Maire

Sinonimi
 Agrocharis Hochst.
 Ammiopsis Boiss.
 Babiron Raf.
 Ballimon Raf.
 Carota Rupr.
 Caucaliopsis H.Wolff
 Ctenodaucus Pomel
 Durieua Boiss. & Reut.
 Gynophyge Gilli
 Heterosciadium Lange ex Willk.
 Melanaton Raf.
 Melanoselinum Hoffm.
 Meopsis (Calest.) Koso-Pol.
 Monizia Lowe
 Pachyctenium Maire & Pamp.
 Peltactila Raf.
 Platydaucon Rchb.
 Platyspermum Hoffm.
 Pomelia Durando ex Pomel
 Pseudorlaya Murb.
 Rouya Coincy
 Staflinus Raf.
 Tetrapleura Parl.
 Tiricta Raf.
 Tornabenea Parl.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Daucinae

Mrkva


Šahovska asocijacija malih nacija (eng.  Small Nations Chess Association), pridružena organizacija Svjetske šahovske organizacije koja predstavlja male države. Uloga mu je promicati i razvijati sve oblike šaha na svom prostoru (zona 1.10), štititi interese šaha, uspostaviti i koordinirati aktivnost članova i organizirati regionalna prvenstva pod okriljem FIDE, te zastupati interese članova kod FIDE i inih međunarodnih organizacija.

Sjedište je u St. Croixu na Američkim Djevičanskim Otocima. Današnja predsjednica je Margaret Murphy iz Američkih Djevičanskih Otoka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice
ESNA - San Marino Scacchi 6th European Small Nations Team Championship
Guernseyski šahovski savez

Šahovske organizacije

Šahovska asocijacija malih nacija


Suwon Samsung Bluewings (koreansk: 수원 삼성 블루윙즈) er en fodboldklub i Suwon, Sydkorea.

Titler
K League Classic
Vinder (4): 1998, 1999, 2004, 2008

Korean FA Cup
Vinder (5): 2002, 2009, 2010, 2016, 2019

Korean League Cup
Vinder (6): 1999, 1999s, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2008

Korean Super Cup
Vinder (3): 1999, 2000, 2005

AFC Champions League
Vinder (3): 2000–01, 2001–02

Asian Super Cup
Vinder (2): 2001, 2002

A3 Champions Cup
Vinder (1): 2005

Pan-Pacific Championship
Vinder (1): 2009

Eksterne henvisninger

 hjemmeside (koreansk)
Fodboldklubber i Sydkorea
Sport i Sydkorea

Suwon Samsung Bluewings


Monica Baumgarten de Bolle (Rio de Janeiro, 1973  ) é uma economista, imunologista, pesquisadora, colunista e escritora brasileira. É também professora da Johns Hopkins University, onde dirigiu o Latin American Studies and Emerging Markets, e pesquisadora sênior do Peterson Institute for International Economics. Como economista, concentra-se em macroeconomia, política cambial, política monetária e fiscal, comércio e desigualdade, regulação financeira e mercados de capitais. Mais recentemente, durante a Pandemia de COVID-19, expandiu suas pesquisas para a área de saúde pública, especificamente imunologia e microbiologia. Tem colaborado com as revistas Piauí , IstoÉ , Exame  e Galileu, além dos jornais O Estado de S. Paulo, El País  e Folha de S. Paulo . Ao lado de Carlos Alberto Sardenberg, atuou no quadro "Economia de Quarta", na CBN. Foi entrevistada no programa Roda Viva, da TV Cultura, em 2016 e 2020.

Seu livro "Como matar a borboleta azul: uma crônica da Era Dilma" foi indicado ao Prêmio Jabuti  em 2017, e o "Futuro da Indústria no Brasil", co-escrito com o economista Edmar Bacha, foi premiado no Prêmio Jabuti 2014.

Vida Acadêmica
De Bolle tem bacharelado e mestrado em Economia pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, e doutorado na London School of Economics.

Atualmente, De Bolle leciona na Universidade Johns Hopkins nos Estados Unidos, e é pesquisadora do Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Durante a Pandemia de COVID-19, de Bolle especializou-se em imunologia, genética e bioquímica na Escola de Medicina Harvard.

Controvérsias
Em um debate realizado com o ex-presidente do Banco Central do Brasil, Armínio Fraga, De Bolle protagonizou uma troca de farpas sobre o auxílio emergencial do Governo de Jair Bolsonaro. No debate, De Bolle foi apoiada por André Lara Resende.

Em 2020, perdeu a coluna regular que mantinha em O Estado de S. Paulo após um artigo crítico ao Ministro da Economia Paulo Guedes. Em suas redes sociais, sugeriu que o encerramento havia sido motivado por suas críticas.

Obras

 De Bolle, Monica (2020). "Ruptura". Editora Intrínseca.
 De Bolle, Monica (2016). "Como matar a borboleta azul: uma crônica da Era Dilma". Editora Intrínseca.
 De Bolle, Monica (2014). "The State of the World Economy, Challenges and Responses: Ensaios em Honra a Pedro S. Malan"
 De Bolle, Monica (2013). "O Futuro da Manufatura Brasileira: o debate da desindustrialização"
 De Bolle, Monica (2011). "New Dilemmas in Economic Policy"
 De Bolle, Monica (2009). "Financial Regulation Reform in the US: Nova Arquitetura Global e o Contexto Regulatório Brasileiro"
 De Bolle, Monica (2009). "Como Responder à Crise Financeira Global? Políticas Econômicas para o Brasil"

Foi também a tradutora para português de O Capital no século XXI, de Thomas Piketty.

Referências

Alunos da Escola de Medicina Harvard
Alunos da London School of Economics
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro
Colunistas do jornal O Estado de S. Paulo
Economistas do Brasil
Professores brasileiros nos Estados Unidos
Professores da Universidade Johns Hopkins

Monica Baumgarten de Bolle


පසළොස්වක පෝය යනු බෞද්ධ සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට අනුව චන්ද්‍ර මාසයක් තුල යෙදෙ පෝය හතරින් එකකි. සෑම චන්ද්‍ර මාසයකම පසළොස්වක තිථියට යෙදේ. චන්ද්‍ර මාසයක ඇති පෝයදින 4න් වඩාත් වැදගත් සහ වඩාත් ඉහලින් සමරන්නේ පසළොස්වක පොහොය දිනයයි.

සාමාන්‍ය චන්ද්‍ර වසරක පසළොස්වක පොහොය දොළහක්ද අධික චන්ද්‍ර වසරක පසළොස්වක පොහොය දහ තුනක්ද යෙදේ.පොහොයවල් :( පුර පසොලොස්වක, අමාවක, පුර අටවක, අටවක.

දුරුතු පසළොස්වක පොහොය

බුදුරදුන්ගේ ප්‍රථම ලංකාගමනය
බුද්ධත්වයෙන් නව මසකට පසු උරුවෙල් දනව්වට වැඩමකල බුදුරදුන් උරුවේල කාශ්‍යප,නදී කාශ්‍යප,ගයා කාශ්‍යප යන තුන්බෑ ජටිලයන් ප්‍රමුඛ 1000 පිරිස සිය දහම් මගට හරවා ගත්හ.

පසුව ලක්දිව බිම්තැන්නේ මහවැලි ගඟ අසබඩ මිනිපේ නම් සරු දනව් පියසට ගුවනින් පහලව බුදුරැස් මාලාවන් විහිදුවමින්                  වැඩහුන්  සේක.

ලක්දිව ත්‍රිපිටක බුද්ධ ධර්මය ප්‍රථම වරට පුස්තකාරෑඩ කිරීම.

නවම් පසළොස්වක පොහොය

රජගහ නුවර වේලුවනාරාමයේදී සැරියුත් මුගලන් වහන්සේලා අග්‍ර ශ්‍රාවක තනතුර ලැබීම.

තථාගතයන් වහන්සේ විසින් මහා සංඝයාට ඕවාද ප්‍රාතිමෝක්‍ෂය දේශනා කිරිම.

බුදුන් වහන්සේ පිරිනිවනට මාස තුනකට ප්‍රථම ආයු සංස්කාරය අත් හැරීම.

මැදින් පසළොස්වක පොහොය

බුදුරදුන් 20000ක් ආර්ය මහා සංඝයා පිරිවරාගෙන සුද්ධෝධන රජතුමා හා සිය ඥාතීන්ව අමාමහ නිවන්සුව ලබාදෙනු වස් කිඹුල්වත් පුරයට වැඩම කිරීමට ගමනාරම්භය.

රහල් කුමරු පැවිදි වීම

නන්ද කුමරු පැවිදි වීම

බක් පසළොස්වක පොහොය

ලක්දිව දෙවන වරට බුදු සිරිපා පහසින් පිවිතුරු බවට පත්වූයේත්, බුදුරදුන්ගේ සවනක් රැස් කඳින් මුළු හෙළදිව ආලෝකමත් වූයේත් දහම් අමා මිහිරෙන් නොයෙක් දෙනා නිවී සැනසී ගියේත් මේ පොහෝදා වේ.

බුදුරදුන් ලක්දිව නාගදීපයට වැඩමකොට මැණික් පුටුවට යුද වදිමින් සිටි චූලෝදර - මහෝදර නා රජුන් දෙදෙනාට ධර්ම දේශනා කොට ඔවුන් සාමදාන කිරීම.

සතර පෙරනිමිතිවලින් පළමු පෙරනිමිත්ත සිදුහත් කුමරු ඇස ගැටීම.

වෙසක් පසළොස්වක පොහොය

 සිද්ධාර්ථ කුමාරයාගේ ඉපදීම, සිද්ධාර්ථ තාපසයාගේබුදුවීම, සහ බුදුන් වහන්සේ ගේපරිනිර්වානය යන අසිරිමත් මංගල කරුණු රැසකින් පූජනීයත්වයටත්,ඓතිහාසිකත්වයටත් පත් වූ වෙසක් දිනය බෞද්ධ ජනතාවගේ පරම පූජනීය ආගමික දිනයක් වීම.

දීපංකර බුදුරදුන් හමුවේ සම්මා සම්බුද්ධ පදවිය සඳහා ගෞතම බුදුරදුන් නියත විවරණ ලැබීම.

කිසාගෝතමී දේවිය විසින් "නිබ්බුතා නූන සා මාතා"යන නිබ්බුත පද පැවසීම.

බුදුවීමෙන් පසු ප්‍රථම වරට කිඹුල්වත් පුරයට පැමිණ යමාමහ පෙළහර පෑම.

බුද්ධත්වයෙන් අටවන වර්ෂයේ මනිඅක්ඛිත නාරදුගේ ඇරයුමෙන් කැලණියට වැඩීම,එදවසම සුමන සමන් දෙව්රදුන්ගේ ඇරයුමින් සමනළ පව්වට වැඩම කොට බුදුසිරිපා පිහිටුවා තෙවන වරටත් සිරිලක පුන්‍ය භූමියක් බවට පත් කිරීම.

විජය කුමරු ලංකාවට පැමිනීම.

පිරිනිවන් මංචකයේ සැතපී සිටි බුදුරදුන් වෙත පැමිනි සක්දෙව් රදුට  ලංකාවත් සිංහලජාතියත් රක්නා ලෙස පැවරීම.

දෙවනපෑතිස් රජු ධර්මාශෝක චක්‍රවර්තීන් විසින් තිළිණකොට එවන ලද පංච කකුධ භාණ්ඩයන් සහිතව නියම උදාර රජකු ලෙස ද්විතීයාභිශේක           ලැබීම.

අනුරපුර මහමෙවුනා උයනේ රුවන්වැලි සෑ රදුන් සැදීමට වීසා නැකතින් වැඩ ඇරඹීම.

ආනන්ද හිමියන් පිරිනිවන් පෑම

මහා විහාරවංශික භික්‍ෂූන්ගේ වර්ෂයක් පාසා පවත්වනු ලබන උපසම්පදා මහෝත්සවය ප්‍රථමවරට පැවැත්වීම.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිංහල බෞද්ධ රජවරුන්ගේ අභිෂේකය සිදුකිරීම.

පොසොන් පසළොස්වක පොහොය

අනුබුදු මහා මිහිදු මහරහතන් වහන්සේ ප්‍රමුඛ ඉට්ඨිය,උත්තිය,සම්බල,බද්දසාල යන රහතන් වහන්සේලාත්,ෂඩ් අභිඥාලාභී සුමන    සාමනේරයන්ද,භණ්ඩුක නම් අනාගාමී උපාසකවරයා යන පිරිස ධර්මවිජය  පිළිබඳ අනගිතම පනිවිඩය මූර්ථිමත් කරමින් ශාන්තීය දූතයන් වශයෙන් ලංකාකවේ උතුරුමැද නිම්නයේ අනුරපුර මිස්සක පව්වට වැඩමකර බු:ව 236 දී ලක්දිව බුදුසසුන පිහිටුවීම.

බුදු වී සිව්වන සතියේ රුවන්ගෙයි වැඩහිඳිමින් ධර්මය මෙනෙහි කරන බුදුරදුන්ගේ ශරීරයෙන් ප්‍රථම වරට සවනක් ඝණ බුදුරැස් විහිදීම.

ලක්දිව ප්‍රථම මහණ උපසම්පදාව වන භණ්ඩුක උපාසක මහණ උපසම්පදාව සිදුවීම.
දෙවනපෑතිස් රජු ඇතුළු 40,000 ක් පිරිස චුල්ල හත්ථිපදෝපම  සූත්‍රය අසා තෙරුවන් සරණ යාම

ඇසළ පසළොස්වක පොහොය

සිදුහත් කුමරු මව්කුස පිළිසිඳ ගැනීම

සිදුහත් කුමුරු අභිනිෂ්ක්‍රමණය කිරීම.

රාහුල කුමරුගේ උපත.

බරණැස් පුර ඉසිපතනාරාමයේදී පස්වග මහනුන්ට දම්සක් පැවතුම් සූත්‍රය දේශනා කිරීම.

ගණෟඩබ්බ රුක්මුල්හිදී ථීරථකයන්ගේ මානය මර්ධනය කිරීමට යමාමහ පෙළහර පෑම.

මාතා දිව්‍යරාජයා ඇතුළු දෙවියන්ට විජයම්බණ දේශනා කිරීම.

ප්‍රථම ධර්ම සංඝායනාව පැවැත්වීමට රජගහ නුවරට වැඩමකර වස් එලැඹ මූලික කටයුතු ඇරඹීම.

ප්‍රථම ඛණ්ඩ සීමාව සාම්ගීත කිරීම.

අරිෂෟඨ කුමරු ප්‍රධාන සිංහලයන් සපනස් දෙනාගේ මහණ උපසම්පදාව තුම්බුරු සීමා මාලකයේදී සිදු කිරීම.

ලංකාවේ දෙසැටක් රහතන් වහන්සේලාගේ ප්‍රථම වස්සූපගමනය.

බු.ව 382 දී දුටුගැමුණු රජු විසින්රුවන්වැලි සෑ රදුන් තනන්නට මගුල් ගල තැබීම.

මහ සෑයේ ධාතු නිධානය අනේප්‍රකාර ප්‍රාතිහාර්ය මැද සිදුවීම.

කීර්ති ශ්‍රී මේඝවර්ණ රජ(කිත්සිරි මෙවන්)  දවස කලිඟු රටින් හේමමාලා කුමරිය හා දන්ත කුමරු විසින් ලංකාවට ගෙනෙන ලද දළදා වහන්සේ ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරමින් වර්ෂයක් පාසා පවත්වනු ලබන ඇසළ පෙරහැරේ ආරම්භය.

ලක්දිව සාමනේර හිමිවරුන්ට උපසම්පදාව ලබා දීම.

නිකිණි පසළොස්වක  පොහොය

වස් එළඹීම ඇරඹීම.

ආනන්ද හිමියන් රහත් වීම.

අජාසත් රජුගේ දායකත්වයෙන් රජගහ නුවරදී පළමු ධර්ම සංගායනාව පැවැත්වීම.

බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ ලලාට ධාතුන්වහන්සේ නිදන් කොට සේරුවිල මංගල චෛත්‍යරාජයා තැනීම ආරම්භ කිරීම.

බිනර පසළොස්වක පොහොය

මෙහෙනි සස්නේ ආරම්භය.
බුදුරදුන් විශාලා මහනුවර කූටාගාර ශාලාවේ වැඩ වෙසෙන සමයේ මහා ප්‍රජාපතී ගෝතමී දේවිය රෝහිනී නදී තීරයේදී පැවිදි වූ කුමරුවන්ගේ  භාර්යාවන් 500 දෙනා සමඟ කෙස් සිඳ, කසාවත් හැඳ කිඹුල්වත් පුරයේ සිට පා ගමනින්ම විශාලා මහනුවරට පැමිණියාය.අනඳ හිමියන්ගේ මාර්ගයෙන් කාන්තාවන්ට සසුන් පැවිද්ද දෙනලෙස ඉල්ලා සිටියහ.අනඳ හිමි බුදුරදුන්ට මේ බව සැලකලද උන්වහන්සේ තෙවරක්ම එම ඉල්ලීම ප්‍රතික්‍ෂේප කළහ.පසුව අනඳ හිමිගේ බලවත් උත්සාහය මත කරුණු පහදා දී මහා            ප්‍රජාපතී ගෝතමිය ප්‍රධාන කාන්තාවන්ට සසුන් දොර විවෘත විය.පැවිද්ද අවශ්‍යනම් අෂ්ඨගරු ධර්ම පිළිගත යුතුය,එයම ඇයට පැවිද්ද හා උපසම්පදාව වන්නේයි බුදුරදුන් ප්‍රකාශ කලහ.එය පිළිගෙන එවලෙහිම පැවිද්ද හා උපසම්පදාව ලැබීය.

වප් පසළොස්වක පොහොය

සත්වන වස් කාලය ගතකිරීමට තව්තිසා දෙව්ලොවට වැඩම කෙරූ බුදුන් වහන්සේ දෙව්ලොවින් නික්ම දඹදිව සකස්පුරයට පැමිණ මහා පෙළහර පාමින් වැඩ සිටි සේක.

සැරියුත් හිමියන් ප්‍රඥාලාභී භික්‍ෂූන් අතර අග්‍රස්ථානය ලැබීම.

කල්ප ලක්‍ෂයකින් මතුයෙහි බුදුවීමට සිටින මෛත්‍රී බෝසතානන් ගෞතම බුදුරදුන්ගේ ශාසනයෙහි පැවිදි වීම.

අනුලා දේවිය ඇතුළු කුල කතුන් සසුන්ගත කිරීමට සංඝමිත්තා තෙරණිය ඇතුළු භක්‍ෂුණී සංඝයාත්,ජය ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධි ධාමයේ දක්‍ෂිණ ශාඛාවත් ලක්දිවට වැඩමවා ගැනීමට අනුබුදු මිහිදු හිමියන්ගේ නියමයෙන් දෙවනපෑතිස් රජුගේ සංදේශයත් සතුටු පඬුරුත් රැ‍ගෙන අරිෂ්ඨ කුමරු ප්‍රමුඛ රාජකීය දූත පිරිස දඹදිව සැලලුප් නුවර ධර්මාශෝක චක්‍රවර්තීන් හමුවීමට පිටත්කොට යවන ලද්දේ වප් පෝ දායි.

මහාරිෂ්ඨ මහ රහතන් වහන්සේ විසින් ලංකා ශාසන ඉතිහාසයේ අමරණිය සිද්ධයක් වන විනය පිටකය සංඝායනා කිරීම.

ඉල් පසළොස්වක පොහොය

මෛත්‍රී බෝධිසත්වයන් ගෞතම බුදුරදුන්ගෙන් විවරණ ලැබීම.

ප්‍රථම ධර්මදූත පිරිස වන රහත් හැටනමගේ ධර්ම ප්‍රචාරය සඳහා ගමනාරම්භ කිරීම.

බුදුරදුන් තුන්බෑ ජටිලයන් දමනය කිරීමට උරුවෙල් දනව්වට වැඩම කිරීම.

පසුවස් ප්‍රාවරණය කලයුතු දිනය වීම.

චීවර මාසයේ අන්තිම පොහොය එනම් කඨිනාස්කරණ විනය කර්මය කළහැකි අවසන් දිනය වීම.

අගසව් සැරියුත් මාහිමියන් පිරිනිවන් පෑම.

 ථූපාරාම චෛත්‍යය ඉදිකිරීම.

උඳුවප් පසළොස්වක පොහොය

සංඝමිත්තා තෙරණිය ඇතුළු පිරිස ශ්‍රී මහා බෝධියේ දක්‍ෂිණ ශාඛාවද රැගෙන ලක්දිව දඹකොළ පටුනට පැමිණීම.

මුඟලන් තෙරුන් පිරිනිවන් පෑම.

සිරිපා වන්දනාව ආරම්භ කරන පොහොය වීම.

රටවල් අනුව පසළොස්වක පොහොය
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාව: සෑම පසළොස්වක පොහොය (තිථියකටම) දිනකටම වඩාත්ම අනුරූපී සම්මත දිනය රජයේ සහ වෙළඳ නිවාඩුවකි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 පෝය
 පසළොස්වක

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ
 දහම් පාසල් හා පාසල් බුද්ධ ධර්මය පෙළ පොත්

බුද්ධාගම
බෞද්ධ දින දසුන

පසළොස්වක පොහොය දොළහ


|- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align=center
! colspan="4" | Natjecatelj za  Hrvatsku

Aleksej Demjanov (Čerkessk, 9. prosinca 1973.), hrvatski i ruski gimnastičar.

Kao reprezentativac Hrvatske, natjecao se pojedinačno na Olimpijskim igrama 1996. u višeboju. Osvojio je 57. mjesto.

Na Mediteranskim igrama 1998. je osvojio srebro na karikama.

Bio je član Dinama iz Čerkesska, Osijeka i Hrvatskog sokola iz Zagreba.

Izvori

Hrvatski gimnastičari
Ruski gimnastičari

Aleksej Demjanov


Osetçe (), Kafkasya'da yaşayan Osetlerin konuştuğu Doğu İran dilleri grubundan bir dildir. Asıl olarak Rusya içindeki Kuzey Osetya-Alanya'da ve Gürcistan'da Güney Osetya'da konuşulur. Osetçe konuşan toplam kişi sayısı 700.000 kadardır. Bu nüfusun yaklaşık yüzde yirmisi, Gürcistan'ın değişik bölgelerinde yaşar.

Osetçe, Hint-Avrupa dilleri ailesinden Doğu İran dilleri grubuna giren dillerden biridir. Kuzey Osetya'nın, eğitim dili ve aynı zaman da Rusça ile birlikte resmî dilidir. De facto Güney Osetya yönetiminin de resmî dili ve bu bölge halkının da eğitim dilidir.

Osetçe İron ve Digor olarak iki ana lehçeye ayrılır. İron, Kuzey ve Güney Osetya'da konuşulan iki şiveyi ve bu şivelere bağanan, değişik ağızları barındırır. Digor, Kuzey Osetya'nın batısında konuşulur. Osetçe'nin bir üçüncü lehçesi de, orta çağ'daki göçler sonucu, 17. yüzyıla kadar Macaristan'da konuşulan, bu gün ölü bir dil olan Yas dilidir.

Kelimeler
Aşağıdaki tablo Osetçenin diğer Hint-İran ve Hint-Avrupa dilleri ile olan bağlantısını göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

Osetçe


4x100 m fri for damer under Sommer-OL 2016 fandt sted den 6. august 2016.

Medaljefordeling

Turneringsformat
Konkurrencen blev afviklet med indledende heats og finale. Efter de indledende heats gik de otte bedste tider videre til finalen, hvor medaljerne blev fordelt.

Tidsplan
Nedenstående tabel viser tidsplanen for afvikling af konkurrencen:

Resultater

Heats

Finale

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
http://www.fina.org/sites/default/files/2015_02_rio2016_qualification_system_sw_en.pdf
http://www.tpenoc.net/download/Rio2016/SportExplanatoryGuides/Aquatics.pdf

4x100 m fri (damer)

Svømning under sommer-OL 2016 – 4x100 m fri (damer)


Jalgaon () is a gaon in Maharashtra, India. The gaon is located in North Maharashtra in the subregion of Khandesh, and serves as the administrative headquarters of its namesake district, the Jalgaon district. The Girna river flows from the western part of the gaon. Jalgaon is colloquially known as the "Banana gaon of India" as the region's (Jalgaon district) farmers grow approximately two-thirds of Maharashtra's banana production.

According to Abul Fazal (Gladwin's AineAkbari 1157), the name Khandesh is derived from the "Khan" title given by Ahmad-I of Gujarat (1411-1443) to Malik Nasir, the second of the Faruki kings. According to some sources, the name comes from the Khandava forest of Mahabharat. The Mahabharat mentions Yuvanshava, the ruler of Toranmal (Nandurbar district) as fighting with the Pandavas. The rock temples and caves at Nashik and Ajanta show that during the first three centuries AD, Khandesh was under the rulers who patronized Buddhism. Thereafter, it was ruled by Saptavananas, Andhrabhrityas, Virsen (Ahir King), Yawan dynasty, Chalukyas, Yadavs and then Alaud-din Khilji, Mohammad Tughlak, Malik Raja Malik Nazir, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and subsequently the Marathas ruled the region.

The former Khandesh which was controlled by the Faruqui dynasty of Burhanpur, was than well established by the Maratha Royal named Tulajirao Bhoite and became Jalgaon. The Bhoite rulers built a mansion there which is now recognized as Bhoite Gadhi. In the 18th century, Khandesh was captured by British troops from the Holkar regime with Dhule as the headquarters. Robert Gill was the first officer of British East India Company in the Khandesh District with headquarters in Dhule.In 1906 Khandesh was divided between East Khandesh and West Khandesh, and Jalgaon became the headquarters of East Khandesh district. After the 1956 reorganisation of India's states, East Khandesh became part of Bombay State and later in 1960 it became part of Maharashtra.

Transport
Jalgaon's airport was built in 1973 by the Public Works Department. The Jalgaon municipal council took over its operations in April 1997 and handed it over to the Maharashtra Airport Development Company in April 2007. The Government of Maharashtra signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with The Airports Authority of India (AAI) to upgrade the existing airfield in July 2009. Pratibha Patil, then president of India, laid the foundation stone for the development and expansion of the Jalgaon airport in June 2010. Jalgaon offers flights to Mumbai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Kolhapur, Nashik and Nanded operated by Trujet airlines.

The gaon is served by the Jalgaon Junction railway station. The railway connects the gaon to major cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Panvel, Chennai, Agra, and Lucknow.

Education

North Maharashtra University is located 8 km away from the gaon's center. Prominent under/post-graduate colleges in the gaon are Mooljee Jetha College and Nutan Maratha College.

Jalgaon has two medical colleges, Government Medical College and Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital, Jalgaon. and the Government Ayurved College, Jalgaon providing the knowledge of Ayurveda.

Climate
Jalgaon has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) owing to the rain shadow of the Western Ghats. There are three seasons in Jalgaon: the sweltering and arid "hot" season from March to mid-June, the hot and steamy "wet" under the monsoon from mid-June to September, and the hot and dry "cool" season from October to February. In Jalgaon District, the average annual rainfall is around 690 mm and the temperature can range from 10 to 48 degrees Celsius, making it a diverse climate with scorching summers of up to 45 degrees Celsius.

Tourist attractions
Gandhi Teerth is one of the biggest tourist attractions in Jalgaon Gaon. It is a research institution and museum based on the life of Mahatma Gandhi. It was established on 25 March 2012 by the Gandhi Research Foundation.

Guru Purnima festival at Maharishi Krishna Dvaipayana Vedvysa Temple in Yawal is also a popular pilgrimage destination. It is visited by pilgrims from within Jalgaon and neighboring states like Madhya Pradesh. The temple is located at the confluence of the river Hadkhai-Khadkai also known previously as River Harita and Sarita. Vyasa was invited by the sage Lomasha to perform a sacrifice for the Pandavas after their incognito exile. It is one of the main three temples of Vyasa, the others being Vyas Chatti, Badrinath and Vyas Kashi Temple.

Other ancient pilgrim places and tourist destination include,

 Changdeva Temple
 Patnadevi, an old temple built by the Mandlik kings of Yadav completed in year 1128 AD.
 Mudhai Devi Temple, of Hemadpanti architecture built around 1150–1200 AD
 Saint Muktabai Temple, home to Muktabai Dindi, which has been an integral part of the Pandharpur Wari for over 310 years.
 Satpuda Manudevi Temple, Adgaon
 Unapdev Hot Water Fountain was mentioned in the Ramayana epic and has a touch of Lord Rama during his fourteen-year exile from Ayodhya
 Padmalaya – Ganpati Temple (Prabhakshetra), is one of the Saade-teen (three and a half) 'Shree Ganapati Peeth' in India. It has two swayambhu idols consist of corals and one has its trunk curving to the right and other one to the left.

Demographics
As per Indian government census 2011, the population was 4,60,228 out of this 240590 were males and 219638 were females.

Notable people

 Bhāskara II (c. 1114–1185), aka Bhāskarāchārya, was an Indian mathematician and astronomer
 Bahinabai Chaudhari (1880–1951), a farmer whose poetry, published posthumously, helped popularize the Ahirani dialect.
 Pandurang Sadashiv Sane, aka Sane Guruji, social activist and freedom fighter worked as the teacher in Pratap High School in Amalner town.
 Balkavi (1890–1918), a Marathi poet.
 Keki Moos (1912-1989), a famous artist and painter
 Pratibha Patil (1934–present), a former president of India (2007–12) and governor of Rajasthan (2004–07).
 Suresh Jain, 8 times MLA from city and Ex-minister of Govt of Maharashtra.
 Ishwarlal Jain (1946 – present), three times MLA and 6 years Rajya Sabha MP. NCP Party Treasurer.
 Bhavarlal Jain (1937–2016), an entrepreneur who founded Jain Irrigation Systems.
 Haribhau Jawale (1953 – present), 3 term MLA and Member of Parliament from Raver.
 Eknath Khadse (1952–present), a politician of the Nationalist Congress Party.
 Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor (1942–2023), a Marathi poet and recipient of the Padma Shri award.
 Ujjwal Nikam, a public prosecutor who has worked on high-profile murder and terrorism cases.
 Gulab Raghunath Patil (1966–present) Senior Leader of Shiv Sena and Minister in Maharashtra.

See also
 Jain Irrigation Systems
 Jalgaon Municipal Corporation
 Jalgaon Zilla Parishad
 Make in Maharashtra

References

External links

All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001
Talukas in Maharashtra
Cities in Maharashtra

Jalgaon


Charles Samuel Joelson (* 27. Januar 1916 in Paterson, New Jersey; † 17. August 1999 in Freehold, New Jersey) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1961 und 1969 vertrat er den Bundesstaat New Jersey im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Charles Joelson besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und danach die Montclair Academy. Bis 1937 studierte er an der Cornell University. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an dieser Universität und seiner 1940 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Paterson in seinem neuen Beruf zu arbeiten. Seit 1942 diente er während des Zweiten Weltkrieges in der United States Navy. Zwischen 1949 und 1952 war er Berater der Stadt Paterson. In den Jahren 1954 bis 1956 fungierte er als stellvertretender Leiter der Kriminalpolizei seines Staates, deren Leitung er zwischen 1958 und 1960 übernahm. Von 1956 bis 1958 war er Staatsanwalt im Passaic County.

Politisch war Joelson Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1960 wurde er im achten Wahlbezirk von New Jersey in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 3. Januar 1961 die Nachfolge von Gordon Canfield antrat. Nach vier Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zu seinem Rücktritt am 4. September 1969 im Kongress verbleiben. Diese waren von den Ereignissen des Vietnamkrieges und der Bürgerrechtsbewegung geprägt. Joelsons Rücktritt erfolgte, nachdem er von Gouverneur Richard J. Hughes zum Richter am New Jersey Superior Court ernannt worden war. Dieses Amt bekleidete er 15 Jahre lang bis 1984. Er starb am 17. August 1999 in Freehold.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für New Jersey
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (New Jersey)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 1999
Mann

Charles Samuel Joelson


Football Manager (also known as Worldwide Soccer Manager in North America from 2004 to 2008) is a series of football management simulation video games developed by British developer Sports Interactive and published by Sega. The game began its life in 1992 as Championship Manager. However, following the break-up of their partnership with original publishers Eidos Interactive, triggered by the "fiasco" release of CM4 in 2003, Sports Interactive lost the naming rights to Eidos Interactive, but retained the game engine and data and re-branded the game Football Manager with their new publisher Sega. The latest version of Football Manager, titled Football Manager 2023, was released on 8 November 2022.

Main series

Football Manager 2005

On 12 February 2004, after splitting from publishers Eidos Interactive, it was announced that Sports Interactive, developers of the Championship Manager game, had retained the rights to the source code but not the rights to the title Championship Manager, which were held onto by Eidos (who previously acquired the brand rights from Domark upon their merger in 1995). These developments led to a further announcement that future Sports Interactive football management games would be released under the famous Football Manager brand name. Whilst the Championship Manager series would go on, Eidos no longer had any source code, or, indeed a developer for Championship Manager.

Having been left without a publisher for its football management series, Sports Interactive teamed up with Sega and later, in April 2006, Sports Interactive was acquired completely by the publisher in a continuing trend of consolidation within the games industry. The first game released under the newly acquired Football Manager brand was Football Manager 2005. Commonly known as "FM 2005", it competed directly with Championship Manager 5 from Eidos-funded Beautiful Game Studios.

Football Manager 2005 included an updated user interface, a refined game engine, updated database and competition rules, pre and post-match information, international player news, cup summary news, a 2D match engine, coach reports on squads, jobcentre for non-playing positions, mutual contract termination, enhanced player loan options, manager "mind games" and various other features.

Football Manager 2005 was released in the UK on 5 November 2004 – closely followed by releases in many other countries around the world – and it became the 5th fastest-selling PC game of all time (according to Eurogamer). The Macintosh version of the game came on the same dual format disk as the Windows version, so its sales were also included.

Football Manager 2006

Football Manager 2006 for Windows and Mac OS was released in the UK on 21 October 2005 (2 weeks earlier than the originally stated 4 November release). On the same day as the game's release, Sports Interactive also released a patch to fix some bugs discovered during the Beta and Gold stages of development. In its first week of release, it became the second-fastest-selling PC game of all-time in the UK.

Essentially a season update of FM 2005, it does however, include many small adjustments and improvements to the general gameplay. These adjustments include team-talks, simplified training and in-game help screens. As well as this, the game is updated by its many researchers (unpaid fans of the game augmented by in-house collaboration). The database is usually updated twice in the period of the release of the game. The first comes with the game and the second is usually downloadable in February as a free data update to reflect the changes which take place during the winter opening of the FIFA transfer window. As has been customary with the series a beta demo of the game was released on 12 September 2005. This was later followed on 30 September by a gold demo. This is a cut-down, limited time version of the full game which is sent to the game manufacturers. With a special download from Sports Interactive, one can play as the fictional football team, Harchester United from Sky One's series Dream Team.

Football Manager 2006 – Xbox 360
The Xbox 360 version was released on 13 April 2006 and is the first home console game in the Football Manager series. The full 50 playable league systems are included, as well as a 250,000-strong player database (very near to the figure of the PC version), but due to the large save files of the game, the Xbox hard disk drive is required. The game is also region free.

This version also makes use of the Xbox Live functionality, allowing players to create online leagues and cups with up to 16 human-controlled teams using team data they have exported from their offline game. Voice chat is fully supported during online play. It has also been confirmed that SI will release new content through the Marketplace system.

Football Manager 2007

On 8 June 2006, Sports Interactive published details on Football Manager 2007. On 1 October 2006, Sports Interactive released a Gold Demo of FM 2007, available in two versions, vanilla and strawberry. Both versions allow users to play six months into a season. The strawberry version contains a larger collection of quickstarts so users can try out more leagues. It also contains more graphics than the vanilla version. Football Manager 2007 was released on 18 October 2006.

New features in the 2007 version of FM include the ability to include pictures for the player as the manager; substantially increased media interaction such as approaches from national newspaper journalists about the upcoming match or asking for comments on a player's performance in recent matches; new varying degrees of criticism or praise for players (happy with form or very pleased with form rather than just one generic good term), a similar feature has been included for such actions as admiring players or attempting to unsettle transfer targets. Improvements have also been made to board request interactions.

The main improvement lauded by Sports Interactive for this version of FM is the improved scouting system. Scouts' and coaches' experience is now shown graphically via bar charts and scouts gain knowledge from areas they have scouted previously. To go with this it is now possible to get feeder/parent club status which allows to either send players to lower league teams to gain experience, make it easier to get work permits, merchandise sales in other areas etc. or, as a lower league team, to receive reserve and youth team players on free, season long loans and to generate extra revenue through associated 'fees' and friendly matches. A patch has been released to combat some of the main bugs in the game, such as unrealistic scout reports and high amounts of injuries sustained whilst playing on the pitch. On 27 July, the Football Manager website was updated with a new Football Manager 2008 section.

Football Manager 2008

On 3 October 2007 Sega Europe Ltd and Sports Interactive announced Football Manager 2008 to be released 19 October. However, the release date was brought forward by a day to 18 October 2007, due to some retailers shipping the game early.

There were a number of new features: all features in matches seamlessly follow on from the previous one; a mini radar pitch appears during tactical changes; improved International management; new skin; advisor system; improved notebook system; a revamped captain selection; improved board and fan confidence system; transfer centre to track transfers; improved match engine; the player may change pitch dimensions; award system overhaul; in-game all-time best elevens; a revamped finance system; collective win bonuses; FaceGen system for new-gen players; new calendar.

Football Manager 2009

On 3 September 2008, Sports Interactive released a preview video announcing Football Manager 2009 to be released on 14 November. The main difference from past versions was the inclusion of a 3D match engine for the first time in the game's history. Other new features included the ability to have female managers and staff, a new press conference system, more in-depth feedback from assistant manager and a more realistic transfer system. The latest incarnation of Football Manager was also released in DVD format for the first time.

The use of online-activation DRM utilised by Sports Interactive resulted in issues for consumers activating either online, or phone. This was the result of a well orchestrated DDoS attack launched upon activation servers and phone lines, resulting in many users on the Windows platform unable to activate and play. mOn 17 December 2008, Sports Interactive announced a deal with Arsenal F.C. to release an exclusive version of Football Manager 2009, containing all official Arsenal squad player pictures, and an exclusive skin in Arsenal's colours. Shortly following this announcement, Sports Interactive reinforced their pursuit of online retailers by offering Football Manager 2009 through eSellerate for the Mac OS X platform on 23 December. This is the first incarnation of the game to be available to global users through online distribution.

Football Manager 2010

On 12 August 2009, Sports Interactive & Sega Europe Ltd. announced that Football Manager 2010 for PC and Apple Macintosh, and Football Manager Handheld 2010 for PlayStation Portable was to be released on 30 October 2009.
Include Competitions: Challenge Cup and Challenge Cup qualification, Caribbean Championship Football Manager has been hugely successful, managing to gain the number 1 spot in the gaming charts. There have been many improvements made to FM10, including the following:-

 A totally revamped user interface making it simpler and quicker to find the information.
 Match Analysis tool showing the actions of each player on the pitch, allowing to pinpoint any team's strengths and weaknesses.
 Making changes from the touchline by "shouting" instructions from the touchline instantly.
 Included two new national teams, Zanzibar and Tuvalu.

Football Manager 2011

FM2011 was released on 5 November 2010. On 23 July 2010 a number of features as well as the design of the box were leaked before an official announcement could be made.

 Improved training options
 More complex module for searching new players
 Improved graphics and 3D view of the game
 Introduction of football agents to the game
 Playing games in evenings (so called night effect)
 Differentiated weather conditions

Football Manager 2012

Football Manager 2012 was released on 21 October 2011.

 Transfers & Contracts – significant changes to the transfer and contract systems
 Scouting improvements – a new much detailed in-game report has been devised
 3D Match Improvements – new animations, new crowd system, more stadiums
 Manage Anywhere, Anytime – the ability to add or take away playable nations
 Tone – new system which allows to specify the way to say things
 Intelligent Interface – a new adaptive layout system, new filters and more
 New national team – Kiribati

Football Manager 2013

In a press conference in early September, the makers of the Football Manager series revealed a few new features in Football Manager 2013.  These included the addition of a director of football, being able to give certain roles to other staff that managers would have to do themselves in previous games, taxes, a new way of making loan deals and the addition of Classic Mode where players could go through one season in eight hours without having to customize training or deal with team talk. On 28 September 2012, the release date was announced as 2 November 2012. If the game is pre-ordered, a beta version of the game will be available two weeks prior to 2 November, with any saved data being able to be transferred to the release version. New national team was included, South Sudan national football team.

Football Manager 2014

In August 2013, the Sports Interactive official website unveiled the main tweaks and upgrades to be added in "Football Manager 2014", the most noticeable being the decision to release a simultaneous version for the Linux operating system. Among the other changes announced were extended options in transfer and contract negotiations as well as player conversations, the ability to play with more than just three nations loaded in Classic Mode, a tactical overhaul and improvements to the 3D match engine. Studio Director and long-time Football Manager lead Miles Jacobson also announced that for a week in mid-August he would announce one new feature every day via his Twitter feed, the first feature being the ability to arrange testimonial matches. On 13 September 2013, the release date was announced as 31 October 2013. If the game is pre-ordered, a beta version of the game will be available two weeks prior to 31 October, with any saved data being able to be transferred to the release version.

Football Manager 2015

Football Manager 2016

Football Manager 2017

Football Manager 2018

The 2018 release introduced a "Dynamics" team morale system, which allows managers to see team hierarchies and a more in depth team cohesion rating. The scouting mechanic has also had an overhaul, with it being more lifelike, with scouts knowledge of players scaling between 0 and 100%. A Nintendo Switch version was released on 13 April 2018.

Football Manager 2019

Football Manager 2020

Football Manager 2021

Football Manager 2022

Football Manager 2023

Other games

Football Manager Mobile
Football Manager Mobile, known as Football Manager Handheld (FMH) upon inception, was first released on 13 April 2006 on PlayStation Portable. This was Sports Interactive's first ever game for a handheld console and was designed to be a separate game and play somewhat differently from the PC/Mac versions of the game due to the different nature of the handheld consoles. The game was designed to be more similar in feel and play to earlier Sports Interactive products – being much faster in nature, while retaining the feeling of being a realistic simulation.

In April 2010, the game became available on the iOS products. The iOS version of the game is very different in nature to that on the PSP and it contains a wholly new UI because of the touch screen nature of those devices. In April 2012, the game was also made available on Android devices in a version very similar in nature to the iOS version. In 2015, a new 2D match engine was introduced for iOS and Android devices, as well as an opportunity to purchase an "in-game editor". These early version of the mobile game utilized the PISD Ltd technology to target the handheld markets. The 2016 edition of the game saw its name change to Football Manager Mobile. In 2018, Football Manager Mobile was ranked #10 on paid games. In 2020, football manager mobile 2020 became the first fmm to reach 1 million downloads in all platforms.

Football Manager Live

On 20 April 2007, Sega Europe Ltd and Sports Interactive released details for Football Manager Live which would be a brand new massively multiplayer online game based on PISD Ltd technology. Released on 4 November 2008, Football Manager Live had its roots set in the Football Manager series, but was designed specifically as a massively multiplayer online game. On 12 December 2008, the first Community Day was arranged by Sports Interactive and Sega. The future of the series and many other matters were discussed with a number of fans who decided to show up for the event. On 14 April 2011, it was announced that Football Manager Live would be discontinued after all 'Gameworlds' (Servers) completed their next season (28 day period) – due around the end of May 2011.

Football Manager Online
On 12 March 2015, Sega Publishing Korea Ltd. and Sports Interactive released details for Football Manager Online, which would be a brand new massively multiplayer online game.

Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed
Football Manager is represented with a racer named "Football Manager" in the cross-over game, Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed, and is exclusive to the PC version of the game.

Influence
Football Manager has been recognized by real-life football clubs as a source for scouting players. In 2008, Everton FC signed a deal with Sports Interactive allowing them to use the game's database to scout players and opposition.

A video documentary entitled Football Manager: More Than Just A Game was produced by journalism graduate and MA student Stephen Milnes and released in October 2010. Another documentary by FilmNova entitled An Alternative Reality: The Football Manager Documentary was released in the UK cinemas in October 2014 followed by a release on Steam in March 2015.

Football Manager celebrated its twentieth birthday in the summer of 2012, and to celebrate this milestone Back Page Press released a book including interviews with the creators and players that became legends in-game. Another part of the book will include stories about how the game has taken over one's life.

In November 2012, Azerbaijani student Vugar Huseynzade was promoted to manager of FC Baku's reserve team based on his success in Football Manager.

In 2013, stand-up comedian Tony Jameson performed a show called Football Manager Ruined My Life; it was well received at the Edinburgh Festival, before going on to have a successful touring run, culminating in the show being filmed and released on DVD and Steam.

In the 2000s, an anonymous player of Football Manager tipped the Philippine Football Federation regarding the eligibility of Phil and James Younghusband to play for the Philippines men's national football team through the video game. In 2005, the brothers who were then part of the Chelsea youth program were successfully called up to the national team. Phil Younghusband would later become the top goalscorer for the Philippines with at least 50 goals credited to his name.

In 2020, a part-time Football Manager researcher discovered Blackburn Rovers forward Ben Brereton was half-Chilean via a club interview from 2018 and added Brereton's second nationality to the game database. Brereton would regularly be called up by the Chile national team in the Football Manager 2021 game, which prompted interest from a Chilean Football Manager streamer. Brereton received encouragement from Chile head coach Reinaldo Rueda and began the application process for a Chilean passport. Martín Lasarte, who succeeded Rueda in February 2021, called up the Rovers forward for the first time in May that year. He was an unused substitute in Chile's two World Cup qualification fixtures in June before making his debut as a substitute in the Copa América against Argentina.

Belgian manager Will Still credits the game as part of his influence to become a manager whilst playing for Sint-Truidense V.V.'s youth set up, before taking up assistant roles with Preston North End, Lierse and eventually becoming  manager of Beerschot, leading them to a 9th place finish in First Division A. Still took over the role of Manager of French Ligue 1 side Stade de Reims, which became notable in the news due to the fact Still has yet to receive his UEFA Pro License, a requirement for the French top division, resulting in a £22,000 fine for each game Still manages.

Football Manager in academic work
Championship Manager has been the object of a sociological study where it is concluded that not only football culture is essential to fully live the gaming experience, but also gamers build their sporting identity by playing the game. Other media like films are described as providing only restrictive narratives to the sports fans, while in contrast, sports video games in general and Football Manager in particular provide more fluid narratives, and a wealth of information that helps construct the identity of the football fan, beyond sport itself.

The Football Manager gaming online community has been studied as a workforce to co-construct the crowdsourced database of football players that the game relies on to simulate football matches and careers. The mutual influence of the game and real life football is described as twofold. First, database players simulated potential and real life transfer market activity are mutually shaping each other. The other mutual influence highlighted are the real life football and game metrics that quantify and measure the footballing activity.

See also
Sports management games

References

External links

Official website
5 Experts Give Their Opinion on Football Manager 2013
Beginner's guide – Let's play Football Manager

Association football management video games
Classic Mac OS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Sega Games franchises
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video game franchises introduced in 2004
Windows games

Football Manager


An Hymenachne patens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni L.Liou. An Hymenachne patens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hymenachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hymenachne

Hymenachne patens


Svijet

Filmovi

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 30. srpnja – Edd Byrnes, američki glumac († )

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Filmovi

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Film u 1932.


Kulturni krajolik Hawramana/Uramanata je naziv za zaštićeno područje planinskog krajolika i regije Hawraman koji svjedoči o tradicionalnoj kulturi naroda Hawrami, agropastoralnog kurdskog plemena koje je naselilo regiju otprilike 3000. godine pr. Kr. Nalazi se u srcu planine Zagros u iranskim pokrajinama Kurdistan i Kermanšah uz zapadnu granicu Irana i Iraka.

Dana 27. srpnja 2021. "Kulturni krajolik Hawramana/Uramanata" je upisan na UNESCO-v popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji, uključujući 12 sela u dva područja od 106.307 ha: Centralno-istočna dolina (Zhaverud i Takht, u Kurdistanskoj pokrajini) i Zapadna dolina (Lahun, u Kermanšaškoj pokrajini).

Sela su jedinstvena po arhitekturi, načinu života i poljoprivrednoj metodologiji i integrirana su s prirodom uključivanjem poljoprivrede na strmim padinama. 12 sela uključenih u posjed ilustriraju evoluirajuće reakcije ljudi Hawrami na oskudicu produktivne zemlje u njihovom planinskom okruženju kroz tisućljeća. O njihovoj neprekidnoj prisutnosti u ovom krajoliku, koji također karakterizira iznimna bioraznolikost i endemizam, svjedoče kameno oruđe, špilje i stijene, humci, ostaci stalnih i privremenih naselja, te radionice, groblja, ceste, sela, dvorci i dr.

Popis zaštićenih sela Uramanata

Izvori

Svjetska baština u Iranu

Kulturni krajolik Uramanata


Skoda er en dansk kortfilm fra 2001 instrueret af Anders Gustafsson og efter manuskript af Hans Gunnarsson og Anders Gustafsson.

Handling
Tor elsker sin kæreste Jessica, men selv er han gået i stå. Deres parforhold har bestemt set bedre dage, og med Jessicas investering i en nedslidt Skoda bliver livet ikke nemmere. Da hun fravælger at tilbringe sin eneste ferieuge med Tor for at tage på selvudviklingskursus med jyden Per, ser den ellers handlingslammede Tor ser sig nødsaget til at mande sig op. Men det er lettere sagt end gjort!

Medvirkende

 Nicolaj Kopernikus, Tor
 Louise Mieritz, Jessica
 Kjeld Nørgaard, Jørgen
 Henning Jensen, Knud
 Nikolaj Dahl, Niels

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Skoda (film)


Le Clan des gangsters () est un film de gangsters italo-espagnol réalisé par Ignacio Iquino et sorti en 1970.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Le Clan des gangsters ou Truands, n'abusez pas de ces dames ou Trois Frères, trois mitraillettes
 Titre espagnol :
 Titre original italien :
 Réalisateur : Ignacio Iquino
 Scénario : Ignacio Iquino, Juliana San José de la Fuente, Ernesto Gastaldi
 Photographie : Antonio L. Ballesteros fils
 Montage : Luis Puigvert
 Musique : Enrique Escobar
 Décors : Andrés Vallvé
 Maquillage : Margarita Martínez
 Production : Ignacio Iquino
 Société de production : IFI Producciones, Admiral International Films
 Pays de production :  -
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor - 1,66:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 86 minutes ()
 Genre : Film de gangsters
 Date de sortie :
 Espagne :  (Valence)
 Italie :
 France :

Distribution
 Dean Reed : Owen Olinger
 Danny Martin : Frank Olinger
 Fernando Sancho : Burton
 Krista Nell : Marilyn
  : Catherine Olinger
 Alice Sandro as Mary
 Paolo La Porta
 Ángel del Pozo : L'agent de police John Williams
 Paola Barbara
 Malisa Longo

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film espagnol sorti en 1970
Film italien sorti en 1970
Film de gangsters italien
Film de gangsters espagnol
Film en espagnol
Film italien tourné en espagnol
Film réalisé par Ignacio Iquino
Film scénarisé par Ernesto Gastaldi
Adaptation d'un roman espagnol au cinéma
Film tourné à Barcelone
Film tourné en Aragon

Le Clan des gangsters (film, 1970)


Kup Međimurskog nogometnog saveza za sezonu 2017./18. je osvojilo "Međimurje" iz Čakovca, koje se uz finalista "Nedelišće" plasirao u pretkolo Hrvatskog kupa za sezonu 2018./19.

Sudionici
U natjecanju je sudjelovao 71 klub s područja Međimurske županije, prikazanih prema pripadnostima ligama u sezoni 2017./18.

Rezultati

1. kolo

Slobodni: Croatia Orehovica, Dubravčan Donja Dubrava, Graničar Kotoriba, Hodošan, Kraljevčan 38 Donji Kraljevec, Mladost Komet Prelog, Polet Sveti Martin na Muri, Rudar Mursko Središće, Spartak Mala Subotica

2. kolo

3. kolo (1/16 završnice)

Osmina završnice

Četvrtzavršnica

Poluzavršnica
Igrano na dvije utakmice

Završnica
Igrano na dvije utakmice, 23. svibnja i 6. lipnja 2018.

Poveznice
 Kup Međimurskog nogometnog saveza
 3. ŽNL Međimurska 2017./18.

Vanjske poveznice
 mns.hr, Međimurski nogometni savez
 medjimurje.hr
 mnovine.hr
 emedjimurje.rtl.hr

Izvori

 mns.hr, Kup MNS-a 2017./18., stablo natjecanja, preuzeto 18. srpnja 2018.
 mns.hr, Kup MNS-a 2017./18., rang-lista sudionika, preuzeto 18. srpnja 2018.
 mns.hr, "Gool" - službeno glasilo MNS-a, pristupljeno 18. srpnja 2018.
 nk-nedelisce.hr/, Kup Međimurja , pristupljeno 18. srpnja 2018.
 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2017./18., 1. ŽNL sa završnicama županijskih kupova

Međimurska 2017-18
Međimurska-kup
Nogomet u Međimurskoj županiji

Kup Međimurskog nogometnog saveza 2017./18.


ميراندا ، من مواليد 7 سبتمبر 1984، لاعب كرة قدم برازيلي سابق، بدأ مسيرته الاحترافية سنة 2004 مع نادي كوريتيبا البرازيلي، ثم لعب مع نادي سوشو الفرنسي، عاد للبرازيل سنة 2006 ولعب مع نادي ساو باولو حتى سنة 2011، لعب مع أتلتيكو مدريد حتى عام 2015، وبعد ذلك مع إنتر ميلان، تم اختياره من قبل المدرب تيتي في شهر سبتمبر من عام 2016 قائداً للمنتخب البرازيلي، ساهم خلال وجوده مع نادي أتلتيكو مدريد الإسباني بفوز فريقه بلقب الدوري الإسباني 2013–14 وكأس ملك إسبانيا 2012–13 وكأس السوبر الإسباني 2014 وبلوغ المباراة النهائية لـنهائي دوري أبطال أوروبا 2014.

روابط خارجية

مصادر

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في الصين
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون من ولاية بارانا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو أتلتيكو مدريد
لاعبو إنتر ميلان
لاعبو جيانغسو سونينغ
لاعبو دوري السوبر الصيني
لاعبو ساو باولو
لاعبو سوشو
لاعبو كأس العالم 2018
لاعبو كأس القارات 2009
لاعبو كرة القدم البرازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برازيليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم فازوا بكوبا أمريكا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الصين
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم من ولاية بارانا
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 2015
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 2019
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا المئوية
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي كوريتيبا
لاعبون فائزون بالدوري الأوروبي
لاعبون فائزون بكأس القارات
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1984

جواو ميراندا


Nordfjorden eller Nordfjord er navnet på en række norske fjorder og andre geografiske lokaliteter:

Fjorder
 Nordfjorden (Båtsfjord) – en fjordarm af Syltefjorden i Båtsfjord kommune i Finnmark.
 Nordfjorden (Sørøya) – en fjordarm i Galtefjorden på Sørøya i Hasvik kommune i Finnmark.
 Nordfjorden (Stjernøya) – en fjord på Stjernøya i Hasvik kommune i Finnmark.
 Nordfjorden (Malangen) – en fjordarm i Malangen i Balsfjord kommune i Troms.
 Nordfjorden (Senja) – en del af Bergsfjorden i Berg kommune i Troms.
 Nordfjorden (Kattfjord) – en fjordarm af Kattfjorden i Tromsø kommune i Troms.
 Nordfjorden – et navn på Osen helt inderst i Skjelfjorden på Flakstadøya i Lofoten.
 Nordfjorden (Sørfold) – den inderste del af Tørrfjorden i Sørfold kommune i Nordland.
 Nordfjorden (Bodø) – en fjordarm af Mistfjorden i Bodø kommune i Nordland
 Nordfjorden (Gildeskål) – en fjordarm i Gildeskål kommune i Nordland.
 Nordfjorden (Meløy) – den inderste del af Holandsfjorden i Meløy kommune i Nordland.
 Nordfjorden (Rødøy) – en arm af Melfjorden i Rødøy kommune i Nordland.
 Nordfjorden – en vig i Nordsjona i Rana kommune i Nordland
 Nordfjorden – en bugt ved Vik i Flatanger kommune i Nord-Trøndelag.
 Nordfjorden (Indre Fosen) – en arm af Stjørnfjorden i Bjugn og Indre Fosen kommuner i Sør-Trøndelag.
 Nordfjord (fjord) – en fjord i Nordfjord i Sogn og Fjordane.
 Nordfjord (Sokndal) – en lille fjord i Sokndal kommune i Rogaland.
 Nordfjorden – en lille del af Skjernøysundet nord for Skjernøya i Mandal kommune i Vest-Agder.
 Nordfjorden (Risør) – en del af Søndeledfjorden i gamle Søndeled kommune (Risør kommune) i Aust-Agder.
 Nordfjorden (Svalbard) – en arm af Isfjorden på Svalbard

Indsøer
 Nordfjorden – et lille vand på Litlfjellet i Vefsn kommune i Nordland.
 Nordfjorden – den nordlige del af indsøen Vegår i Vegårshei kommune i Aust-Agder.
 Nordfjorden – den vestligste del af indsøen Reksjå i Tinn kommune i Telemark.
 Nordfjorden (Tyrifjorden) – en del af indsøen Tyrifjorden i Ringerike kommune i Buskerurd.

Region
 Nordfjord (region) – den nordlige del af Sogn og Fjordane fylke.

Bebygelser
 Nordfjord (Båtsfjord) – en bygd inderst i Nordfjorden i Båtsfjord kommune i Finnmark.
 Nordfjord (Sørfold) – en bygd i bunden af Nordfjorden i Sørfold kommune i Nordland.
 Nordfjorden (bygd i Rana) – en bygd ved vigen Nordfjorden ved Nordsjona i Rana kommune i Nordland.
 Nordfjorden (bygd i Rissa) – en bygd i Rissa kommune i Sør-Trøndelag.

Nordfjorden


Bastardens smukke sang er en film instrueret af Christy Garland.

Handling
Filmen foregår i et land, man sjældent hører om - Guyana i Sydamerika. Et land, der først blev koloniseret af hollænderne og derefter af briterne. Guyana har en historie med slaveri og racistiske spændinger, som har efterladt landet med en tung arv af alkoholisme, vold og fattigdom. Familier overalt i landet kæmper med alkoholisme, og for de fleste dukker problemet op gennem generationer. Hovedpersonen Muscle, hvis mor Mary er alkoholiker, beslutter sig alligevel for at konfrontere problemet. Han kæmper med stor skyldfølelse, men er overbevist om, at kun ved at holde sin mor indespærret, kan han redde hendes liv. Mary føler det anderledes og tigger konstant Muscle om at få lov til at gå ud, være sammen med familien og drikke.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2014

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

The Bastard Sings the Sweetest Song


El oso canela (Ursus americanus cinnamomum) es una subespecie de  mamíferos  carnívoros  de la familia Ursidae.

Morfología
La diferencia más llamativa entre un oso canela y cualquier otro oso negro es su pelaje marrón o marrón rojizo, que recuerda a la canela, de donde se deriva el nombre. Los osos adultos pesan entre 90 y 270 kg, miden entre 125 y 205 cm de largo y de 80 a 100 cm de altura a los hombros. Los machos son más grandes que las hembras. Los osos carecen de la frente elevada de las subespecies costeras. Presenta dimorfismo sexual, los machos son más grandes que las hembras.
 El pelaje es de color canela.

Comportamiento
Los osos canela son excelentes escaladores y nadadores. En su mayoría son activos al amanecer y al anochecer. Los osos hibernan desde finales de octubre o noviembre hasta marzo o abril, según las condiciones meteorológicas. Las hembras alcanzan la madurez sexual alrededor de los 4 o 5 años de edad y el apareamiento suele ocurrir entre junio y mediados de julio. La madre da a luz en la guarida de invierno, por lo general a dos o tres cachorros, a finales de enero o febrero. Los cachorros permanecen con la madre alrededor de 17 meses, tiempo durante el cual ella no vuelve a quedar embarazada.

Alimentación

Los osos canela son omnívoros y la mayor parte de su dieta es vegetariana, incluidas frutas, plantas, bellotas, nueces y bayas. También comen miel, insectos, pequeños mamíferos (roedores), peces y carroña.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra en Norteamérica: Idaho, el oeste de Montana y Wyoming, el este de Washington y Oregón, el este de Colorado, el noreste de Utah y algunas áreas de Canadá.

Longevidad

Tiene una esperanza de vida de 30 años.

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Nowak, Ronald M. (y.). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. El. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
 Parker, S. (y.). Grizmek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Vol. IV. Nova York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 1990.
 Wilson, D.Y. el Ruff, S. eds. Washington. Smithsonian Institution Press. Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. 1999.

Enlaces externos

 ITIS
 uBio
 PhotosCanada

cinnamomum
Taxones descritos por John James Audubon

Ursus americanus cinnamomum


An Gahnia in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Gahnia in nahilalakip ha familia nga Cyperaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Gahnia ancistrophylla
 Gahnia aristata
 Gahnia aspera
 Gahnia australis
 Gahnia baniensis
 Gahnia beecheyi
 Gahnia decomposita
 Gahnia deusta
 Gahnia drummondii
 Gahnia erythrocarpa
 Gahnia filifolia
 Gahnia filum
 Gahnia graminifolia
 Gahnia grandis
 Gahnia howeana
 Gahnia hystrix
 Gahnia insignis
 Gahnia javanica
 Gahnia lacera
 Gahnia lanaiensis
 Gahnia lanigera
 Gahnia marquisensis
 Gahnia melanocarpa
 Gahnia microcarpa
 Gahnia microstachya
 Gahnia novocaledonensis
 Gahnia pauciflora
 Gahnia procera
 Gahnia radula
 Gahnia rigida
 Gahnia schoenoides
 Gahnia sclerioides
 Gahnia setifolia
 Gahnia sieberiana
 Gahnia sinuosa
 Gahnia subaequiglumis
 Gahnia trifida
 Gahnia tristis
 Gahnia vitiensis
 Gahnia xanthocarpa

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Gahnia

Gahnia


Jiali Plaza () es un rascacielos de  de altura situado en Wuhan, China. El edifiico, de 61 plantas, fue completado en 1997 bajo el diseño de WMKY Lim. El edificio consta de dos plantas subterráneas que son usadas como aparcamiento de coches.

En el momento de su inauguración fue el edificio más alto de la ciudad.

Véase también
 Anexo:Rascacielos en Wuhan
 Anexo:Rascacielos de China
 Anexo:Rascacielos más altos

Enlaces externos
Entrada de SkyscraperPage.com
Emporis.com - Building ID 104194

Rascacielos de Wuhan
Rascacielos de China de los años 1990
Rascacielos de China entre 250 y 299 metros
Arquitectura de 1997
China en 1997
Rascacielos inaugurados en 1997
Edificios de oficinas de China

Jiali Plaza


"I Wanna Be Sedated" je jedna od najpoznatijih pjesama američkog punk rock sastava Ramones. Pjesma je prvobitno objavljena na četvrtom albumu sastava, Road to Ruin, u rujnu 1978. godine te je B-singl pjesme "She's the One", objavljene 21. rujna 1978. godine. Pjesma je kasnije ponovno objavljena kao singl u Nizozemskoj 1979. godine, i u SAD-u 1980. godine.

Pozadina
"I Wanna Be Sedated" napisao je Joey Ramone. U intervju o pjesmi, Joey je objasnio refren:

Glazbeni video
Glazbeni video za pjesmu režirao je Bill Fishman, a objavljen je u rujnu 1988. godine, oko deset godina nakon prvobitne objave pjesme, kako bi promovirao kompilacijski album Ramones Mania. Poznati video prikazuje Ramonese kako sjede za stolom (s lijeva na desno: Johnny, Joey, Marky i Dee Dee), nonšalantno čitaju i jedu corn flakes. U međuvremenu, u pozadini se počnu pojavljivati skupine ljudi, kao što su časne sestre, akrobati, balerine, čudovišta, navijačice, klaunovi, doktori, fetiš medicinske sestre, i mlade djevojke pušačice. Snimka je namjerno ubrzana kako bi se prikazala napetost pozadine, dok Ramonesi sjede za stolom u normalnoj brzini. Ovo je postignuto jako sporim kretanjem Ramonesa dok su se svi u pozadini kretali normalno. U videu se pojavljuje i Courtney Love.

Fotografija glazbenog zapisa pojavljuje se u izdanju jedanaestog albuma sastava Brain Drain iz 1989. godine, iako se pjesma ne pojavljuje na samom albumu.

Recenzije
"I Wanna Be Sedated" našla se na 145. mjestu Rolling Stone'ove liste 500 najboljih pjesama svih vremena. Marky Ramone bubnjar je na pjesmi.

Osoblje
 Joey Ramone – vokali
 Johnny Ramone – gitara
 Dee Dee Ramone – bas-gitara, prateći vokali
 Marky Ramone – bubnjevi

Izvori

Singlovi 1970-ih
Američke skladbe

I Wanna Be Sedated


La Catedral-Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Paz (en inglés: Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of Peace) es la iglesia matriz de la Diócesis de Honolulu. El templo está localizado en la ciudad de Honolulu, en el estado de Hawái. Es la sede del obispo de Honolulu.

Otra catedral, se instaló en la Concatedral de Santa Teresa del Niño Jesús, también al servicio de la diócesis. La catedral fue agregada al Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos. La Catedral fue construida durante la era misionera de Hawái y sirvió como la iglesia madre del Vicariato Apostólico de las Islas de Hawái. Fue dedicada por Monseñor Maigret el 15 de agosto de 1843 bajo el título de Nuestra Señora de la Paz o Malia O Ka Malu, la cual es Patrona de la Diócesis de Honolulu y de Hawái. El 10 de mayo de 2014 fue declarada Basílica menor por el Papa Francisco.

Véase también
Nuestra Señora de la Paz (Hawái)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial

Catedrales de Estados Unidos del siglo XIX
Basílicas de Estados Unidos
Catedrales neorrománicas de Estados Unidos
Catedrales de Hawái
Paz Honolulu
Honolulu
Honolulu
Edificios y estructuras de Honolulu
Edificios y estructuras terminadas en 1843
Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos de Hawái
Arquitectura de Estados Unidos de 1843
Diócesis de Honolulu

Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Paz (Honolulu)


La Mauricie National Park er en 536 km² stor nationalpark i Québec i Canada som siden 1970 har beskyttet et område langs floden Saint Lawrences nordlige bred.

Oprettelsen af parken har hjulpet flere dyrearter, blandt andet er antallet af elsdyr øget fra 40 til næsten 300. Der findes også 600 bævere, 125 sortbjørne, 13-20 par islommer.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Officielt websted

Nationalparker i Canada
Québec
Etableret i 1970

La Mauricie National Park