AN-94 (russisk: 5,45-мм автомат Никонова обр. 1994 г. / АН-94 «Абака́н») er en riffel af russisk designet og fremstilet i Rusland. AN-94 står for 'Avtomat Nikonova 94' efter den russiske våbeningeniør Gennadiy Nikonov, og 94 for året hvor riflen blev designet. Våbenet er planlagt til at erstatte det ældre AK-74-riffel, der i øjeblikket anvendes i det meste af det russiske militær. Våbenet er af samme kaliber som AK-74, 5,45 x 39 mm.

Grundet det komplekse design og våbenets pris har ibrugtagningen af riflen foregået langsomt, og det er sandsynligt at riflen ikke vil blive benyttet som standardudrustning i den russiske hær. Produktionen af AN-94 ophørte i 2006 og i 2013 var den russiske AK-74M fortsat standardriflen i hæren.

Den hævdede fordel ved våbenet er dets evne til at forsinke rekyl, indtil to projektiler har forladt riflens løb, hvilket skulle give en forøget træfsikkerhed under kamp. Våbenet kan skyde to umiddelbart efter hinanden således at rekyl ikke mærkes ved det andet skud. Våbenet kan skyde 1800 skud i minuttet.

Referencer

Automatrifler
Våben fra Rusland

AN-94


La bibliothèque municipale de Châtillon-sur-Seine, en Côte-d'Or, a été créée en 1797 à partir des archives des communautés religieuses locales supprimées en 1790 par la Révolution. Son fonds enrichi au  est actuellement déposé à la médiathèque de cette ville ; il comptait  en 2021. Ses conservateurs et bibliothécaires sont presque tous également conservateur du musée archéologique devenu musée du Pays châtillonnais.

Localisation
Depuis 2022, les fonds de la bibliothèque municipale se trouvent 15 rue Marmont à Châtillon-sur-Seine.

Histoire
Les ouvrages et objets archéologiques lapidaires, objets de fouille de la bibliothèque communale puis municipale de Châtillon-sur-Seine ont successivement été conservés :
 de 1790 à 1797 : à l'ancien couvent des Capucins ;
 de 1820 à 1830 : au  étage de l'ancien couvent des Bénédictines, devenu à partir de 1820 sous-préfecture et hôtel de ville ;
 1830 à 1947 : à l'ancien collège, rue  ;
 de 1947 à 2021 : à l'ancien auditoire royal ;
 depuis 2022 : à la médiathèque municipale.

La bibliothèque de prêt
La bibliothèque municipale n'offrant que des consultations sur place, en 1982, un groupe de bénévoles sous la présidence de  Maria Maurage a créé une association Bibliothèque pour tous pour le prêt de livre. Un fonds de  porté à  par acquisitions successives a été dispersé par dons lors de la fermeture de la bibliothèque pour tous le , faute de relève au bénévolat.

En 1983 une bibliothèque de prêt pour les enfants et la jeunesse est créée dans le cadre de la Maison des jeunes et de la culture (), elle est transférée à la bibliothèque municipale en 1989.

Dans les années 1990 la bibliothèque jusqu'alors réservée à des chercheurs s'ouvre au grand public et diversifie ses activités culturelles. En 2002,  sont mis à la disposition du public, et elle se tourne spécialement vers les enfants et la jeunesse.

Les collections
Le fonds ancien est une source d'information reconnue sur la vie religieuse et les abbayes locales sous l'ancien régime et sur le maréchal Marmont.

V. Croix (1887) décrit ainsi la bibliothèque de Châtillon-sur-Seine dans le Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France : .

Les manuscrits 6 et 7 sont mentionnés pour documenter l'abbaye de Flavigny-sur Ozerain, dont un cartulaire de référence corrigé par Dom Plancher (on y conserve aussi une histoire de la même abbaye).

Le manuscrit Historica descriptio abbatialis Ecclesiæ B. Mariæ de castellione ad Sequanam du père Hocmelle (??- Troyes 1730) donne d'abondantes informations sur Saint Bernard et les écoles de Châtillon-sur-Seine. La bibliothèque le doit à Nicolas Bourceret (érudit local, ??-1822). « Ce manuscrit a été annoté par le donateur ».

Il existe également à la bibliothèque de Châtillon-sur-Seine, un ouvrage consacré à la généalogie de la maison de Clugny (Dijon 1721 et Amsterdam 1724).

Les documents relatifs au maréchal Marmont ( Châtillon-sur-Seine 1774 - Venise1852 ) ont servi de sources à la publication par C. Courtois (1935) d'un Initiatives intellectuelles et sociales du maréchal Marmont.

Une copie de l'épitaphe de Thierry de Roussillon, fils de Girart de Roussillon, est gravée sur un fragment de marbre provenant de Pothières.

Michel Lagrange, écrivain, poète, professeur agrégé au lycée Désiré Nisard a légué ses cahiers () et dessins à la bibliothèque en 2019.

Numérisation
Medium (Répertoire des manuscrits reproduits ou recensés) et le Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) ont mis en ligne le microfilm de 3 manuscrits : Histoire et cartulaire de l'abbaye N.D. de Châtillon-sur-Seine, la copie du Cartulaire de l'abbaye S.Pierre de Flavigny et le manuscrit de François Hocmelle.

Il existe des versions papier du catalogue des manuscrits dont la plus ancienne est celle de Virgile Croix. Le catalogage informatisé avec cote méthodique du fonds des  anciens a été confié à l'entreprise AureXus en 2021, en revanche il n'y a pas de projet de numérisation du fonds ancien.

Les conservateurs et bibliothécaires
Des personnalités locales et de nombreux donateurs ont largement contribué développement de la bibliothèque qui est au  le centre du monde savant et des progrès dans la découverte du riche passé archéologique local. La mémoire des conservateurs ci-dessous est conservée :
 1793-1797 M. Clery, 1797 M. Humbert-Bazile (installe le fonds ancien au Couvent des Carmélites en 1797, et évite son transport à Dijon), 1807-1814 Vorles Michâteau (en 1812 le premier catalogue est terminé), 1815 abbé Louis Mary, 1815-1819 M. Bourcelet ;
 1819-1852. Docteur Jean-Baptiste Honoré Bourée (Flavigny 1777- Châtillon 1852), conservateur, correspondant de la Société royale des Antiquaires de France, auteur d'un Mémoire sur les monuments celtiques découverts dans l'arrondissement de Châtillon-sur-Seine (1830), (la Bibliothèque comptait alors ). Notice biographique parue dans le Bulletin de la Société des sciences historiques et naturelles de l'Yonne, Auxerre, vol 6, 1851. Il porte la collection à  consacrant sa rémunération de bibliothécaire aux acquisitions. Il a aussi dirigé le Musée de Châtillon. Un nouveau catalogue est terminé en 1848. ;
 1852-1867. Ignace Chaillier, régent de philosophie au collège de Châtillon, nommé conservateur-adjoint en 1825, pendant sa longue présence à la Bibliothèque il porte la collection à 13997 volumes en 1852 et reçoit en 1853 Le leg Duc de Raguse (Maréchal Marmont). Il est le créateur du Musée de Châtillon-sur-Seine en 1835 qu'il enrichira des objets romains, monnaies, poteries, etc. découverts à Vix. La Bibliothèque recevait à cette époque les objets de fouille, par exemple en 1864, divers bijoux et le bassin de bronze avec trépied de Sainte-Colombe (Tumulus de la Garenne, aux Mousselots) ont été déposés à la Bibliothèque et c'est le bibliothécaire Chaillier qui est le correspondant de la Commission des antiquités du département ;
 1867-1879 Charles Ronot (artiste peintre, École de Dessin et d'Ornement, directeur de l'école des beaux-arts de Dijon en 1880) bibliothécaire années 1870-1880 la bibliothèque compte  et  en 1873. En 1889, Arthur Leroy, député de la Côte d'Or est élu membre du Comité d'inspection et d'achat de livres aux côtés de Louis Cailletet membre de l'Institut ;
 1879-1906. Virgile Croix, 1907-1909 Félix Truchot, 1910-1919 M Chiquel ;
 1921-1923. Ernest Devillard (Mussy sur Seine 1853 - Châtillon 1938), professeur agrégé au Lycée Montaigne de 1884 à 1925, réside à Paris et à Châtillon, bibliothécaire municipal de Châtillon sur Seine (1924-??). Il rédige avec J. Lagorgette un catalogue (catalogue Devillard-Lagorgette en 2 vol.) et publie La Famille de Marmont, Clothilde Hélène Victoire Chappron mère du maréchal (Le Châtillonnais et l'Auxois - 1938) ;
 1923-1942. Jean Lagorgette (1881-1942), vice-président puis président de la Société archéologique et historique du Châtillonnais, est conservateur de la bibliothèque et du musée de Châtillon-sur-Seine a publié: Figurations, animales et humaines du premier âge du fer (1938) suites aux fouilles et aux découvertes qu'il a conduit au Mont-Lassois à Vix. Cette période voit la collection croitre par de nombreux dons privés et publics dont (1934) 53 cartons,  de l'Herbier de France donné par  veuve  Magdelaine de Vanvey collecté par son mari ;
 1942 Fernand Legent, 1948-1957 R. Joffroy, 1958-1983 R. Paris, 1983-1988 Aline Thomson, 1988-2018 Annick Gueneau, 2019- Sarah Kennel-Thiriot..

Anthologie

 Geneviève Gille, Les archives privées, Revue historique, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France. 1965

 Robert Robert et Gaston Derys. Petit dictionnaire à l'usage des gens de gout. Paris-Soir, 24 aout 1930. (La macreuse est un oiseau polaire, et l'origine de la légende n'est pas sourcée)

Références

Bibliographie

 .

 .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ancien auditoire royal de Châtillon-sur-Seine (monument historique où fut hébergée la Bibliothèque de 1945 à 2021).
 Maison de la rue des Avocats : au 10 de la même rue que l'ancien Auditoire Royal, un hôtel particulier du  est partiellement inscrit aux Monuments Historiques depuis 1987.

Liens externes

 Site de la médiathèque
 Site de la bibliothèque

Châtillon-sur-Seine
Châtillon-sur-Seine
Culture dans la Côte-d'Or

Bibliothèque municipale de Châtillon-sur-Seine


PlayStation 3 (Japonca: プレイステーション3 - Pureisutēshon Surī; resmî olarak PS3 şeklinde kısaltılır), Sony Computer Entertainment tarafından 2006 yılında üretilen ve PlayStation 2'nin ardından gelen PlayStation serisinin üçüncü video oyunu konsolu. Yazılım olarak PlayStation 3 sistem yazılımı ile çalışır. İlk ürünler OtherOS kullandı. Bu, PlayStation 3 video oyun konsolunun önceki sürümlerinde, Linux veya FreeBSD gibi, kullanıcının yazılım yüklemesini sağlayan bir özellikti. Yedinci nesil video oyun konsollarından olan PlayStation 3, satış bakımından Microsoft'un Xbox 360 ile Nintendo'nun Wii isimli konsollarıyla rekabet halindedir. İlk olarak 11 Kasım 2006'da, Japonya'da satışa sunulan konsol, kısa bir süre sonra tüm dünyada piyasaya sürüldü. Üretilen ilk sürümler, sabit diskin kapasitelerine göre 20 ve 60 gigabaytlık modellerdi. Birkaç ay sonra ise 40, 80 ve 160 gigabaytlık modeller üretildi. Sony Computer Entertainment, 30 Mayıs 2017'de PlayStation 3 üretmeyeceğini duyurdu.

2009'un Eylül ayından itibaren daha az yer kaplayan ve daha az enerji tüketen slim kasa PlayStation 3 modeli piyasaya sürüldü. PS3 Slim ilk olarak 120GB'lık modeller ile, Ekim 2009'dan itibaren ayrıca 250GB'lık modeller ile raflardaki yerini almıştır. 2012 yılında da Super Slim ile 500GB'lık modeller piyasaya sürülmüştür.  Bu modellerin içerdikleri yeni özelliklerin yanı sıra, PlayStation 2 oyunları ile uyumluluk özelliği ve üçüncü parti işletim sistemi kurulumu özelliği kaldırılmıştır.

Donanım
PPE'nin L2 ön belleği 256Kb ve bir adet VMX Vektör ünitesine sahip. SPE'lerden her birinin ise 128Kb local belleği bulunuyor ve tüm SPE'ler birbirleriyle oldukça hızlı şekilde iletişim kurabilecek şekilde birbirlerine Element Interconnect Bus ile bağlı durumdalar.

PS3'ün teoride açıklanan toplam kayan nokta performansı (floating point performance) 2.18 TFLOPS. Bu değer, PS3'ün işlemci ve grafik işlemcisinin toplam gücü iken Cell tek başına 204 GFLOPS'luk bir güce sahiptir.

PS3 hafıza olarak toplamda 512 MB'lık bir hafızaya sahip ve 2 parça 256 MB hafızadan oluşuyor. İşlemci çalışma frekansıyla aynı hız değerine (3.2 GHz) ve 64 bit versiyonuna sahip olan 256 MB'lık XDR DRam sistem için atanmış durumda. Bunun yanında grafik işlemcisinin kullanımı için, bellek arayüzü olarak 256 MB'lık bir GDDR-3 video-ram'ine sahip. GDDR-3'ün çalışma frekans hızı 1400 MHz, veriyolu 128 bit.

PS3, grafik işlemcisi olarak Nvidia'nın özel olarak tasarladığı RSX adı verilen grafik çipini kullanıyor. RSX, dünyanın en büyük oyun organizasyonu olan E3'te 2005 ve 2006'daki Game Developers Conference'da açıklanan bilgilere göre Nvidia'nın G70/NV47 mimarisini kullanıyor. 550 MHZ hızında ve 128-bit piksel işleme yeteneği sahip. 1,8 TFLOPS gücünde ve  HDMI 1.3 ile dijital video çıkışı sunuyor. RSX, kendine atanmış olan 256MB'lık GDDR-3 yanında gerektiğinde 256 MB'lık sistem hafızası olan XDR'ıda kullanımına katabiliyor. Son özellikleri ise hâlen açıklanmış değil. Yapılan açıklamalara göre RSX, Nvidia'nın şimdiye dek yapmış olduğu en karmaşık grafik çipi ve Cell ile birlikte uyumlu çalışabiliyor.

PS3 ile birlikte gelen diğer bir yenilik ise Sony'nin önderlik ettiği yeni jenerasyon optik disk formatı olan Blu-ray. PS3 optik sürücü olarak 2x hızında Blu-Ray sürücü kullanıyor. Bu çift katmanda toplamda 50 GB'a kadar veri okunabilmesi anlamına geliyor ve Sony'nin yeni Blu-ray diskleri artik 100 GB'a, artı olarak satışta olmayan ama gerçekleştirilmiş Blu-ray diski 200GB'a kadar ulaşabiliyor. Önceki nesil optik disk formatları olan CD ve DVD diskler ise PS3'ün Blu-ray sürücüsünde yine okunabilir durumda olacaklar.

PS3 konfigürasyon şeçimine bağlı olarak 20GB veya 30GB'lık 1.5" SATA sabit diske sahip. Bunun yanında Tokyo Game Show'da Sony'nin yapmış olduğu açıklama ile her 2 modelde HDMI çıkışa sahip olarak piyasaya sürülecek. Daha önce yapılan açıklamalarda sadece 60GB'lık modelde HDMI çıkış bulunacağı belirtiliyordu. Konsol 1080p'de (1920*1080 progressive) dahil olmak üzere HDTV çözünürlüklerine destek veriyor. HDMI çıkış yanında 1 adet analog çıkışa ve bir adet dijital ses çıkışına sahip. Gigabit ethernet (10/100/1000 Mbps) her 2 konfigürasyonda standart olarak yer alıyor.

20 GB'lığa nazaran, 60 GB'lık modelde yer alan diğer farklılıklar; Wi-Fi desteği ile birlikte konsolun ön bölmesine yer alan Memory Stick, Sd ve CompactFlash kartları okuyabilen bir kart okuyucuya sahip olması.

PS3'te bunlar dışında Bluetooth 2.0 desteği bulunuyor Kablosuz bağlantı arayüzü olarak Bluetooth kullanan PS3 kontrolleri (SIXAXIS) 7 adede kadar yükselebiliyor. Konsol 4 adet de USB 2.0 girişine sahip. (40GB'lık modelde 2 adet bulunuyor)

Model özellik karşılaştırmaları

Key:"Birinci nesil" "İkinci nesil" "Üçüncü nesil" "Dördüncü nesil"

Tüm siyah ve beyaz modeller parlak görünüme sahiptirlerTüm modellerde: Blu-ray/DVD/CD sürücüsü, HDMI 1.3a, Bluetooth 2.0, Gigabit Ethernet (10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T) ve PlayStation 1 Yazılım emulasyonu ile geriye dönük uyumluluk.Model numaraları bölgelere göre farklılık gösterebilr. See PlayStation 3 hardware – model numbers for details.

a Linux desteği sistem yazılımı 3.21 ile ortadan kaldırıldı. Bakınız Removal of "OtherOS" support

b Seramik beyaz modeli sadece Asya ve Japonya içindir.
c Gümüş modeli sadece Asya ve Japonya içindir.
d Metalik gri modeli sadece MGS4 paketi içindir.
e Yakuza 3 paketi seramik beyaz kasaya sahipti ve üzerinde gri ejderha motifleri vardı. Bu paket 10.000 stokla sınırlıydı.
f Pembe ve beyaz modeller sadece Asya ve Japonya içindir. Final Fantasy XIII paketi oyunun karakterinin pembe tasarımına sahipti.

Yasal olarak yazılım kopyası oluşturulma ve kullanım hakkı

Yasal yazılım lisans sözleşmelerine yer alan orijinal yükleme diskinin kullanıma ve zamana bağlı etkiler sonucu üzerinde taşıdığı veriler kaybolacaktır.

Bu nedenle orijinalden yeni bir kopya oluşturduktan hemen sonra orijinal medyanın imha edilmesi maddesi yer almaktadır fakat illegal kopyaların sistemde çalışmaması için uygulanan kopya koruma sistemleri yasal olarak orijinal ürün alan kullanıcıların kullandıkları yazılımı yedekleme sorunu yaşamalarına ve dolaylı olarak yasal yazılım lisans sözleşmesinde yer alan maddelerin üretici firmalar tarafında yeni bir yasal orijinal kopyayı sunmaması sonucu yasal olarak yazılım alanların hukuki açıdan mağdur olmasına sebep olmaktadır.

Bu nedenden ötürü birçok ülkede yasal orijinal kopyalama ve yasal kopya kullanımı bölgesel mahkeme kararına göre serbest olduğu için yasal kopya oluşturma ve bu kopyanın çalıştırılması için modifiye çip kullanımı bölgesel olarak serbesttir.

PSgroove ve diğer yöntemler hakkında

PSgroove yönteminde ise içinde programlana bilinir usb portu içeren tüm işlemci içeren tüm donanımları destekler.

Ipod için "RockBox-PSGroove" yazılımı uygulama videoları

Önemli Not: Bu videodaki yöntem uygulanırsa Ipod USB üzerinde sinyal üreteceği için bilgisayar tarafından Ipod olarak algılanmayacaktır. Ipodu eski haline getirmek için wikipedia sayfasındaki "Ipod kurtarma modu" ile ilgili makaleyi okumanız önerilir.

LAN tünel yöntemi ile multiplay oyun özelliği

Backup konusunda çeşitli eleştiriler

Konusunda uzman birçok oyun editörü ve otoriteler tarafından bu kadar gelişmiş bir oyun sisteminin basit bir devre elemanı ve yazılımla kırılması oldukça şaşırtıcı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. bu durumun firmanın daha önceki konsol serilerindeki ticari satış başarısı açısından dolaylı olarak 3 maymunu oynadığı ve stoklarda kalmış olan eski versiyonların satışını kolaylaştırmak için düşük firmware'li stokların eritilmesi için firmanın yaptığı bir oyun olarak firma eleştiriler almaktadır.

Ve bu konuda yapılan yorumlar şu ana kadar çıkmış oyunlar için yedekleme yapılabilinmesi olası gibi ama yeni çıkacak oyunlar için bu mümkün olmayacak ! tabi her 5 yılda bir mod chip benzeri bir donanımla zaten güncel satışı olmayan oyunların dolaylı olarak 5 yılda bir ücretsiz dağıtmasıyla aynı şeyden başka bir şey olmadığı şeklinde yorumlar dikkati çekmektedir.

Kaynakça

Ev video oyun konsolları

2000'lerde oyuncaklar
2010'larda oyuncaklar
Geriye dönük video oyun konsolları
Blu-ray Disc
Cell BE mimarisi
Durdurulan ürünler
PlayStation (seri)
2006'da tanıtılan ürünler
Bölgesiz oyun konsolları
Yedinci nesil video oyun konsolları
Sony konsolları

PlayStation 3


Gidseltagningen i Bangladesh 2016 var en gidseltagning, der fandt sted i Dhaka i Bangladesh 1. juli 2016 om aftenen og varede indtil den efterfølgende morgen. Angrebet fandt sted på caféen Holey Artisan Bakery i Dhakas diplomatkvarter, hvor en gruppe bevæbnede mænd tog et ukendt antal gidsler blandt såvel gæsterne som personalet. Angrebet kostede 28 mennesker livet, heraf tyve gidsler, seks gidseltagere og to politibetjente.

I forbindelse med redningsaktionen, der havde deltagelse af ca. 100 betjente, blev én gidseltager anholdt og tretten gidsler befriet. Blandt ofrene var ni italienere, syv japanere, 2 eller 3 bangladeshere, en amerikaner og en inder. Islamisk Stat har ifølge CNN taget ansvaret for handlingen, men det afvises af regeringen i Bangladesh, der afviser, at Islamisk Stat er til stede i Bangladesh.

Ansvar
En første rapport fra Amaq News Agency, som er tilknyttet Islamiske Stat Irak og Levanten, siger, at gruppen hævdede den havde dræbt 24 mennesker og sårede 40 andre. En anden rapport, udstedt direkte af IS et par timer senere, siger, at gruppen havde dræbt "22 korsfarere" og var ledsaget af billeder af terroristerne, stående foran IS-bannere.

Indenrigsministeren fra Bangladesh, Asaduzzaman Khan har udtalt, at gerningsmændene tilhørte Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen og var ikke tilknyttet ISIS. De var veluddannede og for det meste fra rige familier.

Referencer

Begivenheder i 2016
Bangladesh
Gidseltagninger

Gidseltagningen i Bangladesh 2016


Toyoji Takahashi (1913 - 5. marts 1940) var en japansk fodboldspiller. Han var en del af den japanske trup ved Sommer-OL 1936.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Toyoji Takahashi


Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also called retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) and Terry syndrome, is a disease of the eye affecting prematurely born babies generally having received neonatal intensive care, in which oxygen therapy is used due to the premature development of their lungs. It is thought to be caused by disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels which may result in scarring and retinal detachment. ROP can be mild and may resolve spontaneously, but it may lead to blindness in serious cases. Thus, all preterm babies are at risk for ROP, and very low birth-weight is an additional risk factor. Both oxygen toxicity and relative hypoxia can contribute to the development of ROP.

Causes

By the fourth month of pregnancy, the fetal retina has begun to develop vascularization. Such formation of blood vessels appears to be very sensitive to the amount of oxygen supplied, either naturally or artificially. In rare cases ROP has been found in some patients with a mutation in the NDP gene, which is normally associated with the more damaging Norrie disease.

Risk factors

Various risk factors contribute to the development of ROP. They are:
 Prematurity
 High exposure to oxygen
 Low birth weight
 Various types of infections
 Cardiac defects
 Anaemia
 Low vitamin E level

Pathophysiology

During development, blood vessels grow from the central part of the retina outwards. This process is completed a few weeks before the normal time of delivery. However, in premature babies it is incomplete. If blood vessels grow normally, ROP does not occur. If the vessels grow and branch abnormally the baby develops ROP. These abnormal blood vessels may grow up from the plane of the retina and may bleed inside the eye. When the blood and abnormal vessels are reabsorbed, it may give rise to multiple band like membranes which can pull up the retina, causing detachment of the retina and eventually blindness before six months.

Normally, maturation of the retina proceeds in utero, and at term, the medial portion (nasal retina) of the retina is fully vascularized, while the lateral portion (temporal retina) is only incompletely vascularized. The normal growth of the blood vessels is directed to relatively low-oxygen areas of the retina, but the vessels remain in the plane of the retina and do not grow into the vitreous humor. If excess oxygen is given, normal blood vessels degrade and cease to develop. When the excess oxygen environment is removed, the blood vessels rapidly begin forming again and grow into the vitreous humor of the eye from the retina.

The key disease element in ROP is fibrovascular proliferation. This is growth of abnormal new vessels; this may regress, but frequently progresses. Associated with the growth of these new vessels is fibrous tissue (scar tissue) that may contract to cause retinal detachment. Multiple factors can determine whether the disease progresses, including overall health, birth weight, the stage of ROP at initial diagnosis, and the presence or absence of "plus disease". Supplemental oxygen exposure, while a risk factor, is not the main risk factor for development of this disease. Restricting supplemental oxygen use reduces the rate of ROP, but may raise the risk of other hypoxia-related systemic complications, including death.

Patients with ROP, particularly those who have developed severe disease needing treatment are at greater risk for strabismus, glaucoma, cataracts and shortsightedness (myopia) later in life and should be examined yearly to help prevent or detect and treat these conditions.

Diagnosis

The stages of ROP disease have been defined by the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP).

In older patients, the appearance of the disease is less well described but includes the residua of the ICROP stages as well as secondary retinal responses.

International classification

The system used for describing the findings of active ROP is entitled The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP). ICROP uses a number of parameters to describe the disease. They are location (zone) of the disease, the circumferential extent of the disease based on the clock hours, the severity (stage) of the disease and the presence or absence of "Plus Disease". Each aspect of the classification has a technical definition. This classification was used for the major clinical trials. It was revised in 2005.
The zones are centered on the optic nerve. ZoneI is the posterior zone of the retina, defined as the circle with a radius extending from the optic nerve to double the distance to the macula. ZoneII is an annulus with the inner border defined by zoneI and the outer border defined by the radius defined as the distance from the optic nerve to the nasal ora serrata. ZoneIII is the residual temporal crescent of the retina.

The circumferential extent of the disease is described in segments as if the top of the eye were 12 on the face of an analog clock, e.g. stage1 from 4:00 to 7:00. (The extent is a bit less important since the treatment indications from the Early Treatment for ROP.)

The Stages describe the ophthalmoscopic findings at the junction between the vascularized and avascular retina.

 Stage 1 is a faint demarcation line.
 Stage 2 is an elevated ridge.
 Stage 3 is extraretinal fibrovascular tissue.
 Stage 4 is sub-total retinal detachment.
 Stage 5 is total retinal detachment.

Plus disease

Plus disease can be present as a major complicating factor at any stage. It is characterised by:
 Significant level of vascular dilation and tortuosity observed at the posterior retinal arterioles. This reflects the increase of blood flow through the retina.
 Vitreous haze and anterior chamber haze
 Iris vascular engorgement
 Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis or immature blood vessels growing over the lens which also restrict the dilatation of the pupils.

Differential diagnosis

The most difficult aspect of the differential diagnosis may arise from the similarity of two other diseases:
 Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy which is a genetic disorder that also disrupts the retinal vascularization in full-term infants.
 Persistent fetal vasculature that can cause a traction retinal detachment difficult to differentiate but typically unilateral.

Screening

Almost all infants with ROP have a gestational age of 31 weeks or less (regardless of birth weight) or a birth weight of 1250 g (2.76 lbs) or less; these indications are generally used to decide whether a baby should be screened for ROP, but some centres, especially in developing countries, extend birth weight screening criteria to 1500 g (3.3 lbs).

Any premature baby with severe illness in perinatal period (respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, blood transfusion, intraventricular haemorrhage, apnoeic episodes, etc.) may also be offered ROP screening.

Timing

Retinal examination with scleral depression is generally recommended for patients born before 30–32 weeks gestation, or 4–6 weeks of life, whichever is later. It is then repeated every 1–3 weeks until vascularization is complete (or until disease progression mandates treatment).

Procedure

Following pupillary dilation using eye drops, the retina is examined using a special lighted instrument (an indirect ophthalmoscope). The peripheral portions of the retina are sometimes pushed into view using scleral depression. Examination of the retina of a premature infant is performed to determine how far the retinal blood vessels have grown (the zone), and whether or not the vessels are growing flat along the wall of the eye (the stage). Once the vessels have grown into zoneIII (see below) it is usually safe to discharge the child from further screening for ROP. The stage of ROP refers to the character of the leading edge of growing retinal blood vessels (at the vascular-avascular border).

Monitoring

In order to allow timely intervention, a system of monitoring is undertaken for infants at risk of developing ROP. These monitoring protocols differ geographically because the definition of high-risk is not uniform or perfectly defined. In the USA the consensus statement of experts is informed by data derived by clinical trials and published in Pediatrics 2006. They included infants with birthweights under 1500 grams or under 30 weeks gestation in most cases. The first examination should take place within the first 4 weeks of birth, and regular, weekly examination is required until it is clear that the eyes are not going to develop disease needing treatment, or one or both eyes develop disease requiring treatment. Treatment should be administered within a 48 hours, as the condition can progress rapidly.

Management

Treatment

 Peripheral retinal ablation is the mainstay of ROP treatment. The destruction of the avascular retina is performed with a solid state laser photocoagulation device, as these are easily portable to the operating room or neonatal ICU. Cryotherapy, an earlier technique in which regional retinal destruction was done using a probe to freeze the desired areas, has also been evaluated in multi-center clinical trials as an effective modality for prevention and treatment of ROP. However, when laser treatment is available, cryotherapy is no longer preferred for routine avascular retinal ablation in premature babies, due to the side effects of inflammation and lid swelling. Furthermore, recent trials have shown that treatment at an earlier stage of the disease gives better results.
 Scleral buckling and/or vitrectomy surgery may be considered for severe ROP (stages4 and5) for eyes that progress to retinal detachment. Few centers in the world specialize in this surgery, because of its attendant surgical risks and generally poor outcomes.
 Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) has been reported as a supportive measure in aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity. In a 2011 clinical trial comparing bevacizumab with conventional laser therapy, intravitreal bevacizumab monotherapy showed a significant benefit for zoneI but not zoneII disease when used to treat infants with stage3+ retinopathy of prematurity. Potential benefits of intravitreal Avastin injection over laser therapy include: reduction in level of anesthesia required, preservation of viable peripheral retina, and, possibly, reduced incidence of subsequent high refractive error. However, the safety of this new treatment has not yet been established in terms of ocular complications as well as systemic complications. The latter are theoretically possible, as the active ingredient of bevacizumab not only blocks the development of abnormal blood vessels in the eye but may also prevent the normal development ofother tissues such as the lung and kidney.  A 2018 Cochrane review also examined the effectiveness of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and their use for ROP.
 Oral propranolol is being evaluated for counteracting the progression of ROP, but safety is a concern. A prospective randomized trial in which pre-term newborns were randomized to receiving oral propranolol with standard treatment or standard treatment alone found that oral propranolol showed a 48% relative risk reduction for progression to stage3, 58% reduction for progression to stage3 plus, and 100% reduction for progression to stage4. Furthermore, there was a 52% relative risk reduction for the need for laser treatment or intravitreal bevacizumab. However 19% of the newborns experienced serious adverse effects including hypotension and bradycardia. A study in a mouse model of human ROP has shown that beta-blockade is protective against retinal angiogenesis and ameliorate blood-retinal barrier dysfunction.

Follow-up

 Once diagnosed with ROP lifelong follow-up (yearly) is performed in some centers. In others, only children treated for ROP are followed yearly.
 Follow-up after laser or anti-VEGF treatment is individualized.
 Follow-up of premature children (with or without ROP) is varying among centers and countries, mirroring the diverse states of health care system in different countries.

Prognosis

Stages 1 and 2 do not lead to blindness. However, they can progress to the more severe stages. Threshold disease is defined as disease that has a 50% likelihood of progressing to retinal detachment. Threshold disease is considered to be present when stage3 ROP is present in either zoneI or zoneII, with at least five continuous or eight total clock hours of disease, and the presence of plus disease. Progression to stage4 (partial retinal detachment), or to stage5 (total retinal detachment), will result in substantial or total loss of vision for the infant.

 Refractive errors including myopia (most common)
 Strabismus
 Amblyopia
 Retinal detachment, traction of the retina and blindness
 Glaucoma
Impairments in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, convergence, and accommodation

Epidemiology

ROP prevalence varies, from 5 to 8% in developed countries with adequate neonatological facilities, to up to 30% in middle-income developing countries.

There is increasing evidence that ROP and blindness due to ROP are now public health problems in the middle income countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe and the more advanced economies in South East Asia and the Middle east region. In these countries ROP is often the most common cause of blindness in children. ROP is highly likely to become an increasing problem in India, China and other countries in Asia as these countries expand the provision of services for premature infants.

There is also evidence that the population of premature infants at risk of severe ROP varies depending on the level of neonatal intensive care being provided. In countries with high development indices and very low neonatal mortality rates (e.g. North America, Western Europe), severe ROP is generally limited to extremely preterm infants i.e. those weighing less than 1 kg (2.2 lbs) at birth. At the other end of the development spectrum, countries with very low development indices and very high neonatal mortality rates (e.g. much of subSaharan Africa) ROP is rare as most premature babies do not have access to neonatal intensive care and so do not survive. Countries with moderate development indices are improving access to neonatal intensive care, and in these settings bigger, more mature babies are also at risk of severe ROP as neonatal care may be suboptimal. These findings have two main implications: firstly, much can be done in countries with moderate development indices to improve neonatal care, to reduce the risk of severe ROP in bigger babies and increase survival of extremely preterm infants, and secondly, in these settings bigger more mature babies need to be included in ROP programs and examined regularly so as to detect those babies developing ROP requiring treatment.

In 2012, the World Health Organization published data on rates of preterm birth and the number of premature babies born in different regions of the world. This report contained three main findings:
 Premature birth has many different causes, and prevention is challenging,
 Prematurity is the most common cause of neonatal death in many countries, totaling as many as 1 million infants annually due to complications of preterm birth, and
 the number of preterm births is currently estimated to be 15 million, and increasing.

History

This disease was first described in a premature baby in 1942 as reported by Theodore L. Terry. Between 1941 and 1953, over 12,000 babies worldwide were affected by it. However, Dr Kate Isabel Campbell (1889–1986), a specialist in children's diseases, was actually responsible in 1951 for proving the link between retrolental fibroplasia (a blindness in premature babies) and oxygen levels in humidicribs.

Soul musician Stevie Wonder, actor Tom Sullivan, pianist Derek Paravicini, and jazz singer Diane Schuur are a few famous people who have the disease. The first case of the epidemic was seen on St. Valentine's Day in 1941 when a premature baby in Boston was diagnosed. Cases were then seen all over the world and the cause was, at that point, unknown. By 1951 a clear link between incidence and affluence became clear: many cases were seen in developed countries with organized and well-funded health care. Two British scientists suggested that it was oxygen toxicity that caused the disease. Babies born prematurely in such affluent areas were treated in incubators which had artificially high levels of oxygen. Studies on rats made this cause seem more likely, but the link was eventually confirmed by a controversial study undertaken by American pediatricians. The study involved two groups of babies. Some were given the usual oxygen concentrations in their incubators, while the other group had "curtailed" oxygen levels. The latter group was shown to have a lower incidence of the disease. As a result, oxygen levels in incubators were lowered and consequently, the epidemic was halted.

References

External links
 Retinopathy of Prematurity Resource Guide from the National Eye Institute (NEI).
 Merck Manual entry on ROP
 World ROP Congress Archives of the International Conferences on ROP.

Blindness
Disorders of choroid and retina
Neonatology
Preterm birth
Rare diseases

Retinopathy of prematurity


Una estructura recíproca (reciprocal frame) es un ensamblaje tridimensional de elementos que se apoyan mutuamente.

Características

El principio de reciprocidad estructural, es decir, el uso de elementos de soporte de carga para componer una configuración espacial en la que están mutuamente apoyados entre sí, se conoce desde la antigüedad. Sus características son:

Es necesario cierto coeficiente de rozamiento entre los mismos para alcanzar el equilibrio.
El número mínimo de elementos necesarios es tres.
La base de su equilibrio reside en que un elemento se apoya en el siguiente elemento, y así sucesivamente, hasta que el último elemento se apoya finalmente sobre el primero cerrando el círculo de la autosustentación.
Una estructura de trama recíproca se  puede descomponer en elementos básicos que circunscriben un polígono con al menos tres de sus lados por el que la figura puede ser regular o irregular. Una estructura de trama recíproca puede ser construido a partir de elementos básicos idénticos o no idénticos, siempre que exista un patrón de teselado.

En el mundo de la construcción, la aplicación del principio de reciprocidad requiere:
 La presencia de al menos dos elementos que permiten la generación de una cierta interacción forzada
 Que cada elemento de la composición debe apoyar y ser apoyado por otro
 Que cada elemento de apoyo debe cumplir su apoyo a lo largo de su longitud y nunca en los vértices

La unión de los elementos en los puntos de contacto generalmente puede llevarse a cabo sin conexiones mecánicas, sino únicamente por la presión y fricción. Para apoyar la fuerza de fricción, existen técnicas sencillas de conexión tales como atar los elementos o realizar entallas en los elementos en los puntos de contacto. Directamente dependiente del desarrollo de las conexiones es la deformación de todo el sistema bajo carga. El aumento de deslizamiento que se produce con la unión simple, como atando los elementos, da como resultado un aumento de la deformabilidad de la estructura entera.

Este tipo de estructuras tienen la capacidad de salvar luces (o más bien cubrir superficies) superiores a las longitudes de sus elementos, siendo su disposición geométrica la que posibilita una estructura estable. Normalmente sus elementos son de tipo viga, aunque también pueden aceptarse como estructuras recíprocas aquellas formadas por elementos iguales. Al no necesitar elementos externos de soporte son utilizadas para construir puentes, cubiertas o estructuras similares.

Historia
Las estructuras recíprocas, también conocidas como Tejado Mandala se han utilizado desde el  en la arquitectura china y japonesa, como atestiguan algunos documentos encontrados, aunque quedan muy pocos vestigios de estos métodos.

Quizás sean Sebastiano Serlio y Leonardo Da Vinci quienes establezcan los primeros estudios geométricos y estructurales de la reciprocidad en torno al año 1500. Un claro ejemplo de utilización de una estructura recíproca lo podemos encontrar en el códice Madrid de Da Vinci donde se describe la construcción de un puente de vigas de madera (desdibujado en la parte central de la imagen).

Más recientemente estás estructuras fueron utilizadas por los arquitectos Kazuhiro Ishii (the Spinning House) y Yasufumi Kijima, y el ingeniero Yoishi Kan (Kijima Stonemason Museum). Villard de Honnecourt dibujó bocetos mostrando diseños similares en el , y estructuras parecidas se usaron en la sala capitular de la Catedral de Lincoln (Lincolnshire, Inglaterra). También fue utilizada por Josep Maria Jujol en Casa Bofarull y Casa Negre.

El tejado recíproco fue desarrollado por Graham Brown en 1987 de forma independiente y está siendo una técnica usual para construcción de techados en casas de autoconstrucción ecológicas, particularmente en modernas  Rounhouses.

Galería

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 How to build a reciprocal roof frame
 Design forward
 Green Building elements
 Reciprocal Frame Architecture By Olga Popovic Larsen
 The variety of reciprocal frame (RF) morphologies developed for a medium span assembly building: A case study
 www.biagiodicarlo.com
 Carpentry the selfsupporting framework
 www.hectorscerbo.com

Sistemas estructurales

Estructuras recíprocas


قرار مجلس الأمن الدولي رقم 605 لعام 1987 بتاريخ 22 ديسمبر وفيه يشجب مجلس الأمن الممارسات الإسرائيلية التي تنتهك حقوق الإنسان للشعب الفلسطيني في الأراضي المحتلة ويطلب من إسرائيل أن تتقيد فوراً وبدقة باتفاقية جنيف المتعلقة بحماية المدنيين وقت الحرب.

مراجع

أحداث ديسمبر 1987
إسرائيل وفلسطين والأمم المتحدة
عنصرية إسرائيل
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة بشأن إسرائيل
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة عام 1987

قرار مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة رقم 605


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Kostolište enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Kostolište im Okres Malacky.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Kostoliste
!


A military discharge is given when a member of the armed forces is released from their obligation to serve. Each country's military has different types of discharge. They are generally based on whether the persons completed their training and then fully and satisfactorily completed their term of service. Other types of discharge are based on factors such as the quality of their service, whether their service had to be ended prematurely due to humanitarian or medical reasons, whether they had been found to have drug or alcohol dependency issues and whether they were complying with treatment and counseling, and whether they had demerits or punishments for infractions or were convicted of any crimes. These factors affect whether they will be asked or allowed to re-enlist and whether they qualify for benefits after their discharge.

United Kingdom
There are several reasons why someone may be discharged from the military, including expiration of enlistment, disability, dependency and hardship.

Members of the British Armed Forces are to complete their service obligations before they may be considered for discharge. Service personnel who attempt to leave before completing their length of service, without going through the appropriate channels, may be subject to a criminal conviction.

At the end of service in the Regular Forces, personnel normally have a compulsory reserve liability. The length of this liability depends on the Service, rank and type of commission or engagement in which they entered and whether they are subject to the Reserve Forces Act 1980 or 1996.

British Army
Types of discharge
Normal Service Leaver: personnel who A) are leaving on completion of engagement; B) have been given notice to leave, or C) been given notice of discharge under redundancy.
Early Service Leaver: personnel who have been discharged either A) compulsorily from the trained or untrained strength, or B) at their own request from the trained strength or untrained strength having completed less than 4 years of service.
Medical Discharge / Retirement: service is being terminated on medical grounds. Personnel would have attended a Medical Board that recommended the person's services be terminated on medical grounds.

Army officers and other ranks must be interviewed by at least one of the following:
Unit Welfare Officer
Regimental Career Management Officer
Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM)
Regimental Administrative Officer
Commanding Officer (CO)
Unit Resettlement Information Staff

Naval Service
Individuals in the Royal Navy and Royal Marines who are not due for compulsory retirement but who wish to leave the Service, for whatever reason, before reaching the end of their Commission/Career/Engagement may apply for Early Termination, provided the conditions outlined in Chapter 54 of BR 3 - Naval Personnel Management are met. Within the Naval Service, the term "retirement" applies to officers who complete the period of service required by their respective commissions. For officers of the trained strength, recommendations for termination of a commission must generally be reviewed by the Admiralty Board.

Early Termination: Officers may apply to leave (voluntarily withdraw from training) up to their Premature Termination of Career Training (PTCT) point, which is generally before the day they pass out of Britannia Royal Naval College, and also depends on their speciality. Ratings and Other Ranks have a "statutory right of discharge" after six months' service or after they turn 18.
Invaliding: Personnel may be "invalided out" if they are found "permanently unfit for full naval service" by the Naval Service Medical Board of Survey (NSMBOS).

Resignation: This is a common civilian term used to refer to the termination of one's commission but in the Naval Service, the term "resignation" has a "special meaning". Despite common usage of the term, officers do not legally have the right to resign their commission. However, they may be permitted to do so under extenuating circumstances, at the discretion of their CO and with permission from the Admiralty Board. Resignation is appropriate when an officer wishes to sever all connection with the Service. Circumstances that would warrant resignation rather than the other types of discharge are where an individual holds actions or beliefs/attitudes that fundamentally conflict with the concept of military service. The primary consideration of the Admiralty Board's acceptance of resignation is the best interests of the Service. Officers who resign their commissions are not liable to serve in the Reserves but certain benefits such as retired pay and resettlement grant may be affected.

Other types of discharges include:
Compulsory Withdrawal from Training (CWFT): When an officer's performance – whether professional, character or leadership – falls below the standard required, even after all appropriate warnings have been applied, this type of discharge may be invoked. Young Officers (YO) (officers in training) at the Britannia Royal Naval College or Commando Training Centre Royal Marines and Officer Candidates promoted from the Lower Deck who fail to complete initial training can also be subjected to a CWFT. Pilots undergoing professional training would be suspended from flying duties.
Administrative Discharge: Officers whose performance or conduct falls below the standard required may be discharged from the Active List.
Incapacity Due to Causes beyond the Officer's Control
Unsuitability Due to Causes within the Officer's Control: service personnel (both officers and ratings) may be discharged on grounds of "temperamental unsuitability" (TU). The RN BR3 handbook defines TU as "a persistent and obvious failure by the individual to adapt to the basic, but unique demands of Service life".
Misconduct
Dismissal: Officers charged with offences under the Military Discipline Legislation. In exceptional cases, officers may be "dismissed with disgrace".
Compassionate discharge: There are several types of compassionate discharges. Such a discharge is granted for Ratings who seek a discharge due to extenuating personal circumstances.

United States

Enlisting in the US military generally entails an eight-year commitment, served with a combination of active and reserve service. Individuals who voluntarily separate from active duty with fewer than eight years normally fulfill the balance of their term in the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR). In the U.S., discharge or separation is not military retirement; personnel who serve for 20 years or longer are retired, and are transferred to the Retired Reserve. Members who are seriously disabled are also retired (receiving what is referred to as a Medical Retirement) rather than discharged.

Typical reasons for discharge:
 Expiration of Term of Service (ETS)
 Failure to meet physical fitness standards
 Reaching the maximum age limit
 High Year Tenure (reaching the maximum allowable time in grade, and not selected for promotion)
 Disability, dependency, or hardship
 Pregnancy/parenthood
 Personality disorder
 Medical conditions not considered disabilities
 Physical or mental conditions that interfere with military service, resulting in placement on the Temporary or Permanent Disability Retirement Lists
 Convenience of the Government/Secretarial Authority (voluntary redundancy due to funding cutbacks, for example)
 Unsuitability for military service
 Misconduct – Minor disciplinary infractions
 Misconduct – Drug abuse with or without an administrative review board
 Misconduct – Commission of a serious offense
 Entry-level performance and conduct
 Resignation (available to officers only)
 Reduction in Force (RIF)
 Entry Level Separation (ELS). Uncharacterized (neither Good nor Bad Conduct) if discharged within the first 180 days of service and no misconduct is found in the service member's record
 Punitive Discharges
 Bad Conduct Discharge (BCD) issued by either Special Court Martial or General Court Martial only.
 Dishonorable Discharge issued by a General Court Martial only

If discharged administratively for any of the above reasons, the service member normally receives an honorable discharge, a general (under honorable conditions) discharge, or an Other Than Honorable (OTH) Discharge service characterization.

To receive an honorable discharge, a service member must have received a rating from good to excellent for their service. Service members who meet or exceed the required standards of duty performance and personal conduct, and who complete their tours of duty, normally receive honorable discharges. A dishonorable discharge (DD) is handed down for an offense the military considers the most reprehensible conduct. This type of discharge may be rendered only by conviction at a general court-martial for serious offenses (e.g., desertion, sexual assault, murder, etc.) that call for dishonorable discharge as part of the sentence.

Career U.S. military members who retire are not separated or discharged. Upon retirement, officers and enlisted personnel are transferred to the Retired Reserve. For Active Duty personnel, until they reach a cumulative 30 years of service, active plus retired reserve combined, they are subject to recall to active duty by order of the president. In addition, a military member who becomes disabled due to an injury or illness is medically retired if: 1) The member is determined to be unfit "… to perform duties of the member's office, grade, rank or rating ..."; 2) Whose disability is determined to be permanent and stable; 3) Is either rated at a minimum of 30% disabled, or the member has 20 years of military service. Medical retirees are transferred to the Retired Reserve with the same retired pay and benefits as 20+ year retirees. Medically retired personnel are not subject to recall to active duty.

Administrative discharges

Entry level separation (ELS) or Uncharacterized discharge

Entry level separations, which are accompanied by an uncharacterized discharge, are given to individuals who separate prior to completing 180 days of military service or when discharge action was initiated prior to 180 days of service. The vast majority of these administrative separations occur during recruit training or "boot camp". This type of discharge (over 19,000 in 2019) does not attempt to characterize service as good or bad. Rather, an uncharacterized discharge is the absence of a characterization of service, as the individual being discharged does not have sufficient time in service in order to fairly characterize the individual's service. However, this type of discharge often attaches a reason such as pregnancy, performance in training, or medical issues. An individual with an ELS may, under certain conditions, be allowed to re-enlist in the military.

During the drafting of the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act, the House of Representatives passed Congresswoman Elaine Luria's amendment to accompany H.R.6395 that required the United States Armed Forces to report on the number of service members subject to the misuse of the uncharacterized discharge since 2001. However, the amendment was removed by the Senate.

Honorable discharge
To receive an honorable discharge, service members must have received a rating from good to excellent for their service. Service members who meet or exceed most of the required standards of duty performance, committed no or minimal misconduct, and who complete their tours of duty, normally receive honorable discharges. However, one does not need to complete a full term of service to receive an honorable discharge, as long as the reason for their discharge is not due to misconduct. For instance, service members rendered physically or psychologically incapable of performing assigned duties normally have their service characterized as honorable, regardless of whether they incurred the condition or disability in the line of duty, provided they otherwise met or exceeded standards. Similarly, service members selected for involuntary discharge due to a Reduction in Force (RIF) typically receive an honorable discharge, assuming their conduct while on active duty met or exceeded standards. Individuals with honorable discharges will also, under certain circumstances, be allowed to re-enlist in the US military.

According to AR 635-200, paragraph 9–4, "The service of Soldiers discharged under this section will be characterized as honorable or under honorable conditions unless the Soldier is in entry-level status and an uncharacterized description of service is required. An honorable discharge is mandated in any case in which the Government initially introduces into the final discharge process limited use evidence as defined by AR 600–85, paragraph 6–4. (See para 2–6h for procedures for reinitiation or rehearing, if appropriate.)"

General discharge
General discharges are given to service members who engaged in minor to moderate misconduct, or performed satisfactorily but failed to meet performance standards expected of military members. Reasons for such a characterization of service vary, and are utilized by the unit commander as a means to correct unacceptable behavior prior to initiating discharge action (unless the reason is drug abuse, in which case discharge is often mandatory). A commander must disclose the reasons for the discharge action in writing to the service member, and must explain reasons for recommending the service be characterized as General. The service member is normally required to sign a statement acknowledging receipt and understanding of the notification of pending discharge memorandum. In the case of drug-related offenses, the person is also advised of the right to seek counsel and present supporting statements.

In addition, service members are required to sign documents acknowledging that "substantial prejudice in civilian life" may be encountered under a general discharge. Members who receive a general discharge often lose eligibility to participate in the GI Bill, service on veterans' commissions, and other programs for which an honorable discharge is required, and may lose eligibility to re-enlist, but they will remain eligible for most or all of the "standard" VA benefits, such as disability and health care.

Federal and state laws, such as Illinois through the Illinois Human Rights Act, prohibit discrimination against a veteran from housing or employment on the basis of unfavorable discharge from military service, as long as a veteran does not receive a dishonorable discharge.

Other Than Honorable (OTH) discharge
An Other Than Honorable discharge represents a significant departure from the conduct and performance expected of all military members, and is issued for more serious misconduct, such as assault, security violations, excessive trouble with authorities, and possession or use of prohibited drugs.

Generally, in order to receive VA benefits and services, the veteran's character of discharge or service must be under "other than dishonorable" conditions (i.e., honorable, under honorable conditions, or general) as stated by law (Title 38, United States Code). However, individuals receiving an other-than-honorable or bad conduct discharge will have their service reviewed, and if certain statutory and regulatory bars do not apply, they will be allowed access to VA benefits and services. The VA adjudication of a person's service characterization, including examination of these bars, is called a "Character of Discharge" (COD) review (sometimes referred to as a "Character of Service Determination (CSD)"), as defined by 38 USC 5305B.

Veterans with an OTH discharge and considered "Honorable for VA purposes" may still apply for the full enrollment in the VA. Assuming most or all other eligibility criteria are met, they will receive medical benefits, disability benefits, vocational programs, and other wrap-around services. Once the VA has deemed an OTH discharge "Honorable for VA Purposes" it is similar to having a General discharge in terms of benefits and services.

"Honorable for VA Purposes" is not the same as an Honorable discharge or General discharge, and does not necessarily upgrade one's discharge to Honorable or General, and therefore does not necessarily qualify one for education benefits. However, even if someone has an OTH discharge, they may still qualify, such as through other periods of service that qualify them as "Honorable for VA Purposes", for education benefits.

Veterans with Other Than Honorable discharges who are deemed "Dishonorable for VA Purposes" because of a regulatory bar may still qualify for health care, but only for service-related condition or injuries. If the veteran is barred for statutory reasons, even this limited health care is not available.

Additionally, most veterans with an OTH discharge cannot re-enlist or use the GI Bill.

Clemency discharge

By Presidential Proclamation 4313, President Gerald Ford created a procedure for those military personnel who resisted the Vietnam War to receive a presidential pardon and have their punitive discharges changed to a Clemency discharge. It also provided a path for those who left the country to return. If the military personnel fulfilled certain requirements of alternative service, they would also receive a Certificate of Completion from the Selective Service System.

Punitive discharges
Punitive discharges constitute conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline.

Bad Conduct Discharge (BCD)

A Bad Conduct Discharge, colloquially referred to as a "big chicken dinner" or "big crazy duck", from the initialism, can only be given by a court-martial (either special or general) as a punishment for an enlisted service member. Bad conduct discharges may be preceded by a period of confinement in a military prison. The discharge itself is not issued until completion of the appellate review process, or in the cases of discharges involving a prison sentence, completion of both the sentence and the appellate review process.

Many or all veterans' benefits are forfeited in the case of a Bad Conduct Discharge, and those discharged through a general court-martial will also not be eligible for disability compensation. Even then, although these veterans can still receive health care, they will not be able to do so through the VA.

Dishonorable discharge (DD)
A dishonorable discharge, colloquially referred to as a "duck dinner", is the worst type of discharge in the US military. It can only be handed down to a military member by a general court-martial. Dishonorable discharges are rendered by conviction from a general court-martial for extreme offenses (e.g., treason, espionage,  desertion, sexual assault, or murder).

With a dishonorable discharge, all or almost all benefits are forfeited, regardless of any past honorable service; this type of discharge is regarded as shameful in the military. As with many bad conduct discharges, dishonorable discharges are normally preceded by military prison sentences and are formally issued after completion of both confinement and the appellate review process. In the rare case that a court-martial decides on a death sentence, the dishonorable discharge is meted out the day prior to the condemned soldier being put to death.

In most states, a dishonorable discharge is deemed the equivalent of a felony conviction, with attendant loss of many civil rights. Veterans who have been dishonorably discharged lose the ability to own firearms, work government jobs, receive government assistance and loans, and in some jurisdictions to vote, hold public office, or serve in a jury. Additionally, since government aid is normally not available and bank loans very difficult to obtain for those with dishonorable discharges, veterans who are dishonorably discharged often find attending post-secondary education difficult.

Additionally, US federal law prohibits possession of ammunition, firearms, or explosives by those who have been dishonorably discharged. Per the Gun Control Act of 1968, being dishonorably discharged is also a disqualifying question on ATF Form 4473, which must be completed and signed to purchase a firearm from a Federal Firearms Licensee, and in most cases result in a denial by the Brady background check that must be performed and passed to allow a sale.

Finally, many veterans who are dishonorably discharged have a difficult time finding work once they return to civilian life.

Statistics
According to the Department of Defense, of 207,000 service members that were discharged in 2014, more than 18,000 (9%) were issued less-than-honorable paperwork, with 4143 veterans (2.0%) receiving other-than-honorable discharges, 637 (0.31%) receiving bad conduct discharges, and 157 (0.08%) receiving dishonorable discharges. Between 2000 and 2014, 352,000 people in all were handed similar papers, ranging from general to dishonorable.

Analogous proceedings for commissioned officers
Commissioned officers cannot be reduced in rank by a court-martial, nor can they be given a bad conduct discharge or a dishonorable discharge. If an officer is convicted by a general court-martial, then that officer's sentence can include a "dismissal", a separation carrying the same consequences as a dishonorable discharge for an enlisted person and a reduction in rank to the last rank at which the officer served satisfactorily. A US Treasury decision states that even though an officer is dismissed rather than dishonorably discharged, the phrase "discharged from the Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions" is broad enough to include a dismissal rendered for an officer by a general court-martial, and thus an officer dismissed under dishonorable conditions is also prohibited from possessing firearms or ammunition under federal law, in the same manner as someone with a dishonorable discharge.

If a court-martial convicts an officer but imposes a sentence that does not include a dismissal, the secretary of the officer's service branch may drop that officer from the roll (official list) of officers in that branch. Such a separation is characterized as administrative rather than punitive.

Appeal procedures
After discharge, a service member (or their next-of-kin, if the service member is deceased) can appeal the type of discharge that was given.

The member must file form DD-293 if discharged within 15 years, or form DD-149 if over 15 years ago. The forms are significantly different and go to the Discharge Review Board (DRB) and the Board for correction of military records (BCMR) respectively.  provide the law for this action.

The service member (or their next of kin if the service member is deceased) must submit evidence for error, impropriety or inequity in discharge. Most appeals are rejected, however, and changes are authorized only if it can be proven the service member was unfairly denied an honorable characterization.

Appellate review of punitive discharges
Any punitive discharge adjudged by a court-martial is automatically reviewed by a military appellate court for each respective branch. These are the Army Court of Criminal Appeals (ACCA), Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals (AFCCA), Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals (NMCCCA), and the Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals (CGCCA). These courts are staffed by appellate military judges and function as an intermediate appellate court and have the power to review de novo both any questions of legal error and the factual basis of the conviction. If either the government or the accused is dissatisfied with the results of this appeal, the conviction or the sentence can be appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF). This court has the power of discretionary review, in that it can in some cases deny a petition to grant a review. This court however must hear any death penalty cases or cases certified by the Judge Advocate General of each respective service for appellate review. Litigants before the CAAF can appeal to the United States Supreme Court. However, this right only applies to any case that the CAAF has reviewed. Therefore, in most military justice cases, the CAAF is the court of last resort since a denial of a petition of review by that court prevents higher appeal.

Servicemembers who are given a punitive discharge and have completed any adjudged confinement are normally placed on appellate leave pending final review of their cases by the appellate courts. This includes members who plead guilty at their courts-martial since all cases are automatically reviewed. The member is considered on active duty and is subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice while on appellate leave. While the member is entitled to full health care benefits and other privileges of being on active duty, the member receives no pay or allowances and is relieved of any military duties.

A service member who was adjudged a punitive discharge at a court martial and then dies before the appellate review process is complete is considered to have died on active duty under honorable conditions. Their next-of-kin is then entitled to any rights and benefits to which any other service member's family would be entitled.

Upgrade of administrative discharges and special court-martial BCDs
Once discharge is finalized, General, Entry-Level/Uncharacterized, and Under Other-Than-Honorable Conditions (UOTHC or OTH) discharges may be appealed for upgrade through the Discharge Review Board of the respective service; however, the appeal must be filed within 15 years of the date of separation, and it must be shown that the characterization of service was the result of an error or injustice. Bad Conduct Discharges handed down by a Special Court-Martial may be upgraded only as an act of clemency. Discharge Review Boards may also consider appeals for a change to the Narrative Reason for Discharge (in Block 28 of DD 214). The DRB does not consider a request for the change of a Reenlistment Eligibility (RE) or Separation Designator (SPD) Code by itself, but they are often changed to correspond with the new characterization of service and/or narrative reason for discharge if a discharge is upgraded.

If more than 15 years have passed since discharge, appeals must be directed to the Board For Correction of Military/Naval Records of the respective service. The BCM/NR hears a wide array of appeals and correction requests, and can be utilized by Active Duty, Reserve, National Guard, retired and discharged veterans alike. Normally, an appeal must be filed within three years of the occurrence of an error or injustice; however, exceptions are often made.

In the United States, every service member who is discharged or released from active duty is issued a DD Form 214 and a military discharge certificate (denoting the discharge type). A reservist who is called to active duty is given a DD 214 when he or she is deactivated and returned to the reserves. Those who are discharged before completing 8 years of active duty or reserve duty in an active drilling status are transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) for the remainder of their military service obligations (MSO). The Individual Ready Reserve does not drill or receive pay; however, a member in IRR status can be recalled to active duty during time of war or national emergency until the 8 years have expired. Most members separating with an honorable discharge after completing a single term of service (typically 3–6 years) are transferred to the IRR for the remainder of the 8-year MSO. Retirees are furnished with the DD 214, though a U.S. military retirement is not characterized as a discharge as retirees may be recalled to active duty, under certain circumstances, until they have achieved a total of 30 years of service.

The DD 214 is a complete documentation of military service. It contains everything from total time in service, dates of entry and discharge, dates of rank, documentation of foreign service, ribbons, medals and badges awarded, professional military education completed, characterization of service, and reason for discharge (among other things). In responses to job applications, many employers request a copy of the DD 214. There are two DD 214 types: the edited (or "short") version, and the unedited (or "long") version. The edited version omits certain information, including the reason for discharge.

Employers often request the unedited version, but the legality of this is debatable in certain situations. It can be denied, especially if the "long" version references facts that violate the right to privacy or could be used in a discriminatory fashion (such as non-relevant psychological, medical, or disability issues) explicitly cited as illegal by federal or state hiring laws. For example, the Illinois Human Rights Act prohibits discrimination due to unfavorable discharge. A service member may request the edited, unedited, or both versions on separation.

Since the 1970s, an honorably discharged veteran receives a frameable certificate (DD 256). A similar one is issued to someone granted a general discharge (DD 257). For each certificate, one or more letters after the number indicate the branch of service that issued it. For example, a "256A" is awarded by the Army. Other certificates for long service, or to eligible spouses of veterans, may also be presented.

The Freedom of Information Act has made (limited) records of military service available to the public, on request. However, information protected by the Privacy Act of 1974 can be released only with the veteran's consent.

Military discharge uniform insignia
During wartime the American military have often issued special insignia to honorably discharged veterans to wear on their uniforms to distinguish them from local service personnel or deserters.

The Army issued red Discharge Chevrons during and after World War One (1917–1919) that were worn point-up on the lower right sleeve of the tunic or overcoat. Just before and just after World War Two (September 1939 – December 1946) the Army issued the Honorable Discharge Insignia (or "Ruptured Duck"). It was an eagle in a circle badge sewn in yellow thread on an olive drab diamond that was worn over the right breast pocket on the "Class A" dress tunic.

The Marine Corps issued an Honorable Discharge Lapel Button from 1916 to the present that was meant to be worn with civilian clothes. During World War II from 1941 to 1945 a contrasting diamond was worn on the lower right sleeve with the Dress Blues or Dress Whites (a white diamond on the Dress Blues and a blue diamond on the Dress Whites) by retired Marines. A white diamond was worn on the upper right shoulder (like a Distinctive Unit Insignia) on the Service Green or Service Khaki "Alphas" and the overcoat by discharged Marines.

In 1945 the Navy and Marine Corps adopted the Army's "Ruptured Duck" insignia to handle the large number of discharged service people at the end of the war.

Reenlistment Eligibility Code
Another important aspect is the RE (Reenlistment Eligibility) Code. This specifies under what conditions the member can reenlist in the armed forces. The definition of each RE Code may vary from Service to Service, as currently it is the responsibility of each branch of the Armed Forces to establish reenlistment eligibility criteria. As a general rule, however, an RE Code in the "1" series allows reenlistment into any component of the Armed Forces, and an RE Code in the "3" series usually lets the veteran reenlist with a waiver. RE Codes in the "2" series often place restrictions on reenlistment: this is especially true in the Air Force, which has a policy permanently barring airmen separated from the Air Force with an RE Code 2 from reenlisting in the Air Force (though reenlistment into other components of the Armed Forces may be possible with a waiver). An RE Code in the "4" series typically bars reenlistment into any component of the Armed Forces. (It is possible for a person with an RE Code of 4 to enlist in the Navy or Air Force if the SPD Code and the Narrative Reasoning is waivable.) A veteran issued an RE Code in the "4" series usually requires an Exception to Policy waiver to reenlist.

The Department of Veterans Affairs uses different criteria from the Departments of the Air Force, Army, and Navy when establishing veteran status. VA benefits, such as the VA's health care and home loan programs, can sometimes be enjoyed if the veteran's conduct was not dishonorable.

See also
 Blue discharge
 Discharge by purchase
 GI Rights Network
 Section 8 (military)

References

External links
 Board for Correction of Naval Records—Bureau of Naval Personnel
 U.S. Marines. Frequently Asked Questions. Manpower and Reserve Affairs Personnel Management Division. Retrieved January 8, 2004.
 About.com Upgrading your discharge.  Retrieved February 27, 2006.
 About.com Military Justice 101, Part 3.  Retrieved February 27, 2006
 Snopes.com Urban Legends: Disney's Discharge. Retrieved February 27, 2006

 Military-Transition.org Additional resources to help service members and their families return to civilian life Retrieved June 18, 2018.

Military life
Termination of employment
Veterans' affairs

Military discharge


Le raïon de Voznessensk (en ) est un raïon (district) dans l'oblast de Mykolaïv en Ukraine.
Avec la réforme administrative de l'Ukraine, le 18 juillet 2020 le raïon est étendu.

En images

Notes et références

Voznessensk

Raïon de Voznessensk


Gözeler, Tunceli ilinin Ovacık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 72 km, Ovacık ilçesine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Ovacık belde ve köyleri

Gözeler, Ovacık


Champarán, anteriormente conocido como Champajhar, es una aldea en el distrito de Raipur, en el estado de Chattisgarh (India), que se encuentra a unos 60 km de Raipur (capital del estado) a través de Arang.

El pueblo se identifica con el antiguo bosque de Champarania y por lo tanto tiene un significado religioso, como el lugar de nacimiento de Vallabha Acharia, el fundador de la doctrina Vallabh.
En su honor se ha construido un hermoso templo.
Cerca de este templo se encuentra otro templo, el de Champakeshwara Mahadeva (Shivá Majadeva, el señor de Champaka).

Atracciones

 El aniversario del nacimiento de Vallabha se celebra cada año el día once del mes de vaisaka y muchos de los seguidores de su religión se reúnen en el templo para rendirle homenaje.
 La Feria Anual de Champarán se celebra con grandes fiestas en el mes de magh cada año.

Otro Champarán

Champarán es también una región histórica de la India.
Se encuentra cerca de la frontera con Nepal, unos 150 km al norte de la ciudad de Patna.

Localidades de Chhattisgarh

Champaran


Evliyazade Refik Bey (1872 - 1950) Osmanlı Devleti'nin İttihat ve Terakki yıllarında ve I. Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar (1913-1918) İzmir Belediye Reisliği yapmış yerel yöneticidir. Dönemin İzmir'inin tanınmış ailelerinden Evliyazadeler ailesine mensup olup, babası, Evliyazade Hacı Mehmet Efendi de 19. yüzyıl sonlarında iki dönem İzmir Belediye Reisliği yapmıştır.

Osmanlı devlet görevlileri
İzmir doğumlu siyasetçiler
İzmir belediye başkanları

Evliyazade Refik Bey


El Aeropuerto de Coatepeque  es un pequeño aeropuerto ubicado al suroeste de la cabecera municipal de Coatepeque, departamento de Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.
Tiene una pista de 900 metros de longitud y en el año 2020 tuvo una afluencia de 771 pasajeros y 344 operaciones aéreas.

Véase también
 Lista de aeropuertos de Guatemala

Referencias

Aeropuertos de Guatemala

Aeropuerto de Coatepeque


Bogdan Michał Borusewicz (født 11. januar 1949) er en polsk politiker fra Borgerplatformen. Han var marskal (formand) for senatet (i Polens parlament) fra 20. oktober til 11. november 2015. Under det kommunistiske regime var Borusewicz aktivist i den demokratiske opposition. Han var medlem af Sejmen i tre perioder og er den første, der har været senatets marskal to gange. I 2010 var han Polens fungerende præsident i et par timer.

Kommandører af Æreslegionen

Bogdan Borusewicz


Áskell Löve (20. október 1916 – 29. maí 1994) var íslenskur grasa- og erfðafræðingur. Rannsóknir Áskels beindust fyrst og fremst að flóru Norðurslóðar - mosum, æðplöntum og háplöntum. Hann með konu sinni Doris var fyrsti rannsakandinn sem gaf til kynna fjölda litninga fyrir hverja tegund sem vex á Íslandi.

Æviágrip
Áskell fæddist á Ísafirði. Hann nam grasafræði við Háskólann í Lundi í Svíþjóð frá 1937. Hann giftist samnemanda sínum Doris Benta Maria Wahlén og unnu þau saman að flestum verkum hans. Hann lauk doktorsprófi árið 1942 í grasafræði og D.Sc. gráðu í erfðafræði árið eftir. Frá 1941 til 1945 vann hann sem rannsakandi við Háskólann í Lundi og erfðafræðingur við Háskóla Íslands.

Árið 1951 flutti hann til Norður-Ameríku þar sem hann hóf störf sem dósent í grasafræði við háskólann í Manitoba (Winnipeg). Síðan 1951 hann starfaði sem prófessor við Montreal háskóla í Kanada. Svo kómst hann í Bandaríkin og var prófessor í líffræði og formaður líffræðideildar  við háskólann í Boulder (Colorado) frá 1964 til 1976.  Árið 1974 neyddist Áskell til að segja af sér (líklega vegna póltískra ofsókna) og síðan 1976 flytja til í San Jose (Kalifornía).

Meðal þekktra nemenda hans voru Brij Mohan Kapoor, Hugh Bollinger og Bill Weber.

Verk

Áskell var höfundur 12 bóka og yfir 1400 ritgerða. Þekktastar eru tvær bækur um Flóru Íslands, myndskreyttar af norska listamanninum Dagny Tande Lid   Dagny Tande Lid (1903 - 1998):
 Íslenskar jurtir. — 1945. Ejnar Munksgaard, Kaupmannahöfn.
 Íslenzk ferðaflóra. — 1970. Almenna bókafélagið, Reykjavík.
 Íslenzk ferðaflóra. — 1977. 2. útgáfa. Almenna bókafélagið, Reykjavík.
 Flora of Iceland. — 1983. Almenna bókafélagið, Reykjavík.
Önnur helstu vísindarit hans:
 Cyto-genetic studies in Rumex. // Botaniske Notiser. — 1940.
 Études cytogénétiques géographique-systématique du Rumex subgenus Acetosella. // Botaniske Notiser. — 1941.
 Cyto-ecological investigations on Cakile (Their Studies on the origin of the Icelandic flora). — 1947.
 Studies on Bryoxiphium. — 1953.
 Cytotaxonomical conspectus of the Icelandic flora. // Acta Horti Gotoburgensis. — 1956.
 Origin of the Arctic flora. — 1959.
 Taxonomic remarks on some American alpine plants. // University of Colorado studies. — 1965.
Sameiginleg vísindarit með konu sinni Doris Löve:
 Chromosome numbers of northern plant species. — 1948.
 The geobotanical significance of polyploidy: 1. Polyploidy and latitude. — 1949.
 North Atlantic Biota and Their History. — 1963.
 Cytotaxonomy of the Alpine Vascular Plants of Mount Washington. // University of Colorado Studies. Series in Biology, No. 24. — 1966.
 Cytotaxonomical Atlas of the Slovenian Flora. — 1974.
 Plant Chromosomes. — 1975.
 Cytotaxonomical Atlas of the Arctic Flora. — 1975.

Staðlaða höfundarstyttingin Á.Löve er notuð til að tilgreina hann sem höfund þegar vitnað er í grasafræði og um 1370 nöfn gefin út af Áskeli Löve.
Nokkur latnesk heiti plantna (af meira en 1370) sem hann lýsti:

Heimildir
 William A. Weber. In Memoriam: Áskell Löve, 1916—1994 // Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Aug., 1994), pp. 313—314.
 Williams Weber. Áskell Löve (1916—1994). // Taxon, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Nov., 1994), pp. 670—671
 Zdeněk Černohorský. Islandský botanik Áskell Löve zemřel. // Vesmír 74, 46, 1995/1
 Dr. A. Ceska. DORIS LOVE (1918—2000) // BEN (Botanical Electronic News). No. 242. March 4, 2000. — ISSN 1188-603X.
 The Löve name in Iceland

Tilvísanir
Íslenskir náttúrufræðingar

Áskell Löve


جود نيوز فور فيلمز شركة إنتاج سينمائي تابعة لمجموعة جودنيوز جروب بالانجليزى (Good News Group) وتعتبر من أكبر شركات إنتاج السينما في مصر والوطن العربي وانتجت العديد من الافلام منها:

1- حليم (فيلم) عام 2006 بطولة أحمد زكي - جمال سليمان - منى زكي

2- عمارة يعقوبيان (فيلم) عام 2006 بطولة عادل إمام - نور الشريف - يسرا - هند صبري ونخبة من النجوم

3- مرجان أحمد مرجان (فيلم) عام 2007 بطولة عادل إمام - ميرفت أمين

4- حسن ومرقص (فيلم) عام 2008 بطولة عادل إمام - عمر الشريف

5- ليلة البيبي دول (فيلم) عام 2008 بطولة نور الشريف - ليلى علوي - محمود عبد العزيز - سلاف فواخرجي ونخبة من النجوم

6- رمضان مبروك أبو العلمين حمودة (فيلم) عام 2008 بطولة محمد هنيدي - سيرين عبد النور

7- إبراهيم الأبيض (فيلم) عام 2009 بطولة أحمد السقا - هند صبري - محمود عبد العزيز

8- بوبوس (فيلم) عام 2009 بطولة عادل إمام - يسرا

المراجع

شركات إنتاج الأفلام في مصر
شركات إنتاج فني

جود نيوز فور فيلمز


Fredrik Raddum er en norsk billedkunstner.
Han konstruerer skulpturer og installationer der viser dyr og mennesker i aparte tragikomiske situationer.

På Statens Museum for Kunst finder man hans skulptur fra 2002 Dog at campfire, der viser en sørgelig hund der steger en pølse ved et lejrbål.
I 2011 udstillede Raddum på ARoS.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kunstnere fra Norge

Fredrik Raddum


Massi est l'un des onze arrondissements de la commune de Zogbodomey dans le département du Zou au centre du Bénin.

Géographie

Localisation
Massi est situé au Sud de la commune de Zogbodomey.

Administration
Sur les quatre-vingts villages et quartiers de ville que compte la commune de Zogbodomey, l'arrondissement de Massi en groupe  villages.

Histoire
L'arrondissement de Massi est une subdivision administrative béninoise. Dans le cadre de la décentralisation au Bénin, il devient officiellement un arrondissement de la commune de Zogbodomey, le 27 mai 2013, après la délibération et adoption par l'Assemblée nationale du Bénin. Ceci se déroule lors de la séance du 15 février 2013 de la loi N° 2013-O5 du 15/02/2013 portant création, organisation, attributions et fonctionnement des unités administratives locales en République du Bénin.

Démographie
Selon le recensement de la population de  conduit par l'Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique (INSAE), Massi compte 2680 ménages avec .

Galerie de photos

Notes et références

Zou
Arrondissement au Bénin

Massi (arrondissement)


Limbo er en dansk kortfilm fra 2002 instrueret af Nynne Marie Selin Eidnes efter eget manuskript.

Medvirkende

 Camilla Bendix
 Thomas Waern Gabrielsson

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2002

Limbo (film fra 2002)


Fındıcak, Mudurnu - Bolu ili Mudurnu ilçesine bağlı köy
 Fındıcak, Gemlik - Bursa ili Gemlik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Fındıcak, Mustafakemalpaşa - Bursa ili Mustafakemalpaşa ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Fındıcak, Çerkeş - Çankırı ili Çerkeş ilçesine bağlı köy
 Fındıcak, Osmancık - Çorum ili Osmancık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Fındıcak, Domaniç - Kütahya ili Domaniç ilçesine bağlı köy
 Fındıcak, Canik - Samsun ili Canik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Fındıcak, Yıldızeli - Sivas ili Yıldızeli ilçesine bağlı köy
 Fındıcak, Sürmene - Trabzon ili Sürmene ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Fındıcak


Das Kabinett des Dr. Larifari ist ein deutscher Tonfilm aus dem Jahr 1930. Regisseur ist Robert Wohlmuth. Der Film wurde auch unter dem Alternativtitel: "Tausend Worte Ulk" vertrieben.

Zum Titel
Der Titel wurde sechs Jahre zuvor schon einmal für einen deutschen Spielfilm verwendet. Es handelt sich dabei um den Marionettenfilm "Die große Liebe einer kleinen Tänzerin", den Alfred Zeisler 1924 mit den Puppenspielern der Powell-Schwiegerling-Co. realisierte. Er wählte dafür als Arbeitstitel "Das Kabinett des Dr. Larifari", nach einer Figur des Films, dem Zauberer Dr. Larifari, die deutliche Anklänge an Robert Wienes "Caligari"-Figur von 1920 zeigt.

Handlung
Die drei Freunde Paul, Max und Carl sind pleite. Um sich zu sanieren, beschließen sie Großes zu wagen, nämlich ins neumodische Tonfilmgeschäft einzusteigen und gemeinsam eine Produktionsgesellschaft zu gründen. Und weil sie drei sind, nennen sie diese: Die Trio-Film. Aber dem Trio mangelt es zunächst erst noch an einem brauchbaren Drehbuch. Erste Ideen werden durchgespielt, aber schnell wieder verworfen. Als man sich schließlich auf einen Familienfilm geeinigt hat, beginnen die Dreharbeiten im Atelier, wobei die frischgebackenen Produzenten jedoch mit ihrer Unbekümmertheit bald für völliges Chaos sorgen, bis auch das Personal streikt und alles zusammenbricht. Am Ende sind die drei zwar um einige Erfahrungen reicher, jedoch wieder so abgebrannt wie zuvor.

Stil und Einfluss
Film-im-Film-Komödie, in der das Berliner Kabarett der Weimarer Republik und seine Größen eine letzte Apotheose vor der "Machtergreifung" 1933 erleben. Der Titel nimmt parodistisch Bezug auf Robert Wienes berühmten expressionistischen Stummfilm "Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari" von 1920. Nur tritt hier in den einzelnen vorgespielten Szenen, die eine das Filmgeschäft karikierende Rahmenhandlung zusammenhält, an die Stelle des absurden Grusels ein nicht minder absurder, dafür aber befreiender Humor von durchaus selbstreferentieller Qualität.

Dass das neue Medium Tonfilm sich, kaum flügge geworden, gleich selbst kritisch reflektiert, ist mit dem "Kabinett"-Film keine singuläre Erscheinung.
Auch Max Ophüls gestaltete 1930 seine Tonfilm-Operette "Die verliebte Firma" als eine "Satire über das Filmemachen", er hatte "sichtlich Spaß an der Persiflage diverser Filmtypen und Rollenklischees".

Die "Freiheit des absurden Humors" im Kabinett des Dr. Larifari besteht nicht zuletzt darin, dass hier so ziemlich alles parodiert wird, was an Stilen, Stereotypen und Stars im deutschen Film zuvor Kasse gemacht hatte: Von der Welle der "Rhein- und Wein-" und der "Wien-" und "Sängerfilme" bis hin zum Umgang mit den aktuellen Publikumslieblingen, den Stars selbst.
Die Komik entsteht dabei durch Selbstreflexivität, durch "Ausflüge in Wunsch- und Parallelwelten", bei denen mit Realität und Fiktion, mit gesellschaftlichen Konventionen und tradierten Geschlechterrollen eher spielerisch umgegangen wird.

Und die Zuschauer von 1930, die in die Kinos strömten, konnten offenbar mit dieser Art von Komik umgehen, konnten sie verstehen und genießen.

Ausführende
Den Film zeichnet ein einmaliges Aufgebot an hochkarätigen Kabarettdarstellern aus, das ihn noch heute über seinen bloßen Unterhaltungswert hinaus zu einem Zeitdokument macht: Zu sehen und zu hören sind die austrojüdische comedienne Gisela Werbezirk als meschuggene Schriftstellerin Hedda Mutz-Kahla, der Schauspieler und Kabarettist Willy Prager in der Rolle eines Patienten, beide Verfolgte des NS-Regimes, dazu die Soubrette Alice Hechy als Ehefrau und der altgediente Komiker Karl Harbacher als Kellner Leopold. Die beiden Kabarettisten Paul Morgan und Max Hansen und der Tenor Carl Jöken spielen sich – in mehreren wechselnden Rollen – selbst.

Auch die Musiknummern sind auf der Höhe der Zeit: Sie werden von der seinerzeit wohl 'heißesten' deutschen Jazzkapelle, den 'Weintraubs Syncopators' des 'drummers' Stefan Weintraub gespielt.
Es sind Kompositionen von Robert Stolz, Franz Wachsmann und Max Hansen.
Die Liedtexte verfassten ebenfalls Erste Kräfte ihres Fachs: Robert Gilbert, Max Hansen, Armin Robinson und der kabarett-erfahrene Conférencier Paul Nikolaus.

Musik-Titel: "Die Ballade einer deutschen Stadt", "Ewige Liebe gibt's nur im Roman!" (Wachsmann/Gilbert, Robinson), "Mein kleiner Bruder träumt von Ihnen Tag und Nacht" (Stolz/Hansen). Sie erschienen auch auf Industrieschallplatten (Grammophon/Electrola).

Der Tenor Carl Jöken trägt die Ballade "Der Erlkönig" (Schubert) und die Arie des Vasco da Gama "Land so wunderbar" aus "Die Afrikanerin" (Meyerbeer) vor.

Stilbildende neue Technologie
Der Aufmerksamkeitswert, den der "Blick ins Tonfilmatelier" damals beim Publikum aufgrund der technischen Neuheit des Mediums erzielte, spiegelt sich in mehreren Produktionen dieser Zeit wider, z. B. in Max Ophüls' musikalischer Komödie Die verliebte Firma oder in Alfred Zeislers Krimi Der Schuß im Tonfilmatelier, beide im gleichen Jahr (1930) wie das Kabinett entstanden und wie dieses im Filmmilieu spielend.

Zeitgenössische Kritik
Drei Künstler, die das Publikum Berlins von Bühne, Kabarett und Film her kennt, drei Namen, die von der Schallplatte, vom Radio und vor allem vom Film her im ganzen Reich mit der Assoziation eines Schmunzelns bekannt sind — Paul Morgan, Max Hansen und Carl Jöken — sind das unternehmende und ausführende "Trio" dieses Tonfilms.

Der Aufbau des Triofilms ist von einem ganz neuen Genre. Nachdem Operette und Revue erobert worden sind, gibt es nun hier das "Tonfilm – Kabarett der Komiker". Die Handlung gliedert sich in einzelne Parodien und Tonfilmglossen. Sehr hübsch ist die Eingangs-Conférence, die dem Publikum gleich verständlich macht, dass es ein originelles Kunterbunt, einen Ferienulk seiner drei Lieblinge vor sich hat.

Zuerst müssen die Direktoren der Branche daran glauben, und wie unsere drei, die für ihre schwere Gage immer so schwer arbeiten müssen, sich das Leben in einer Filmdirektion vorstellen, das ist so offensichtlich parodistisch und nett gemacht, dass trotz einiger Breiten jedes Publikum Vergnügen daran haben wird. Da sie nun "Film im Film" nach der Mode dieser Saison machen, parodieren unsere drei Komiker dann alles, was im Tonfilm Erfolg hatte.

p.: Das Kabinett des Dr. Larifari. In: Lichtbild-Bühne, Nr. 184, 2. August 1930.

Tondokumente
(Aufnahmen auf Industrieschallplatten)

  Mein kleiner Bruder träumt von Ihnen Tag und Nacht. Lied und Slowfox (Rob. Stolz u. M. Hansen) a.d.Tonfilm "Das Kabinett des Dr. Larifari". Bernard Etté und sein Orchester, Refrain: Kurt Mühlhardt. Kristall Best.Nr. 3100 (mx. C 575.1) September 1930
 Mein kleiner Bruder träumt von Ihnen Tag und Nacht. Lied und Slowfox (Rob. Stolz u. M. Hansen) a.d.Tonfilm "Das Kabinett des Dr. Larifari". Max Hansen mit Paul Godwin-Orchester. Grammophon 23 170 (mx. 1327 bn)
  Die Ballade einer deutschen Stadt (W. Kadenis u. M. Hansen) Max Hansen mit Paul Godwin-Orchester. Grammophon 23 182 (mx. 874 ½ bd)
 Ewige Liebe, das gibt's nur im Roman (F. Wachsmann / Gilbert / Robinson), English Waltz from the film DAS KABINETT DES DR. LARIFARI, 1930, performed by Weintraubs Syncopators. Electrola E.G.1423 (mx. BLR 5519-I)

Abbildungen
 Original-Kinoplakat "Das Kabinett des Dr. Larifari", Offset 1930 (142 × 95 cm)
 Berliner Filmkurier # 1420: Das Kabinett des Dr. Larifari, Max Hansen, Paul Morgan
 Carl Jöken, Max Hansen und Paul Morgan (Standphoto)
 Max Hansen dirigiert die Weintraubs (Standphoto)

Literatur
 Frank Arnau (Hrsg.): Universal Filmlexikon 1932. Berlin/London, 1932.
 Besprechung des Films bei Cinegraph:
 Besprechung des Films bei filmportal:
 Thomas Elsaesser: Das Weimarer Kino – aufgeklärt und doppelbödig. Berlin 1999.
 Filmophile's Lexicon: Expressionism
 Malte Hagener, Jan Hans (Hrsg.): Als die Filme singen lernten. Innovation und Tradition im Musikfilm, 1928–1938. Cinegraph Buch 11, München: edition text + kritik 1998. ISBN 3-88377-614-9.
 Sabine Hake: Provocation of the disembodied voice. Seite 55–72, hier: Seite 60. In: Kenneth Scott Calhoon, Peripheral Visions: The Hidden Stages of Weimar Cinema. Liliane Weissberg editor. Wayne State University Press (Taschenbuch – Juli 2001).
 "Künstler am Rundfunk" – Ein Taschenbuch, unsere Lesern gewidmet. Teil 1: Sänger und Sängerinnen. Berlin, Verlag Rothgießer & Diesing A.G., 1933. Enthält auf Seite 91 Photo von Kammersänger Carl Jöken, Mitglied der Berliner Staatsoper, am Flügel.
 Horst H. Lange: Jazz in Deutschland – die deutsche Jazzchronik 1900–1960. Berlin, Colloquium 1966, 2. Verbesserte Auflage, Olms 1996, 296 Seiten, ISBN 3-487-08375-2
 Berthold Leimbach (Hrsg.): Tondokumente der Kleinkunst. Selbstverlag, Göttingen 1991. Enthält Artikel zu Hansen, Morgan, Prager und Werbezirk.
 o. Verf.: Lieder und Lachen: Die musikalische Komödie. In: filmportal.de
 o. Verf.: Max Hansen.
 Eva Offenthaler: Vom "Czernowitzbold" zum Hollywoodschauspieler: Paul Morgan. In: Institut Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon und biographische Dokumentation. Biographie des Monats. Okt. 2011.
 Viktor Rotthaler: Die Musikalisierung des Kinos. Die Komponisten der Pommer-Produktion. In: Katja Uhlenbrok (Hrsg.): MusikSpektakelFilm. Musiktheater und Tanzkultur im deutschen Film 1922–1937. München 1998, Seite 123–134.
 Jörg Schöning (Hrsg.): Die deutsche Filmkomödie vor 1945. (Kaiserzeit, Weimar, Nationalsozialismus). Katalogbuch zu CineFest I. Internationales Festival des deutschen Film-Erbes, Redaktion: Jörg Schöning unter Mitarbeit von David Kleingers und Johannes Roschlau. München, edition text + kritik, 2004, 140 Seiten, 50 Abb. ISBN 3-88377-792-7
 Jörg Schweinitz: "Wie im Kino!" Die autothematische Welle im frühen Tonfilm. Figurationen des Selbstreflektiven. In: Thomas Koebner (Hrsg.): Diesseits der Dämonischen Leinwand. Neue Perspektiven auf das späte Weimarer Kino. S. 373–392.
 Rudolf Ulrich: Österreicher in Hollywood. 2. Aufl. 2004, Artikel Gisela Werbezirk (Werbisek). Rezension in: Österreich Journal v. 21. April 2011, S. 114–115, m. Abbildung.
 Artikel Franz Waxman. In: ArkivMusic:
 Artikel Franz Waxman: In: film reference
 Michael Wedel: Der deutsche Musikfilm. Archäologie eines Genres. München, edition text + kritik, 2007.

Anmerkung

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1930
Deutscher Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Filmkomödie
Filmwirtschaft im Film

Das Kabinett des Dr. Larifari


Mary Pinchot Meyer Eno (14 de octubre de 1920 - 12 de octubre de 1964) fue una pintora estadounidense, mujer del oficial de la CIA Cord Meyer. Fue amiga íntima del presidente de los Estados Unidos, John F. Kennedy. El 12 de octubre de 1964, dos días antes de su cuadragésimo cuarto cumpleaños, fue asesinada en el barrio de Georgetown de Washington D. C.

En 1998 Nina Burleigh dijo en su biografía:

Primeros años

Mary Pinchot fue hija de Amos Pinchot, un abogado rico, figura clave en el Partido Progresista, que había ayudado a financiar la revista socialista The Masses. Su madre, Ruth, era la segunda esposa de Pinchot, una periodista que trabajaba para revistas como The Nation y The New Republic. Mary Pinchot era sobrina de Gifford Pinchot, un conocido conservacionista y dos veces Gobernador de Pensilvania. Mary se crio en la casa de la familia Grey Towers en Milford, Pensilvania, donde de niña conoció a muchos intelectuales de izquierdas, como Mabel Dodge, Louis Brandeis, Robert M. La Follette, Harold L. Ickes, etc. Ella asistió a la escuela Brearley y después a la universidad Vassar, donde empezó a interesarse por el comunismo.
Salió con William Attwood en 1938 y al mismo tiempo acudió con él a un baile celebrado en Choate Rosemary Hall, donde conoció a John F. Kennedy.

Poco después acabó la universidad y se convirtió en periodista, escribiendo para United Press y la revista Mademoiselle. Como pacifista y miembro del Partido Laborista ella fue objeto de escrutinio de la Oficina Federal de Investigaciones.

Matrimonio

Mary Pinchot conoció a Cord Meyer en 1944, cuando él era teniente del Cuerpo de Marines de EE. UU. donde había perdido su ojo izquierdo a causa de heridas de metralla recibidas en combate. Los dos tenían puntos de vista pacifistas, y similares creencias en el gobierno del mundo. Se casaron el 19 de abril de 1945. Esa primavera, ambos asistieron a la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Organización Internacional en San Francisco, (durante la cual la O.N.U. fue fundada), Cord Meyer como ayudante de Harold Stassen y Pinchot como reportera para un servicio de distribución de periódicos. Luego Mary Pichot trabajó por un tiempo como editora de Atlantic Monthly. Su hijo mayor, Quentin Pinchot, nació a finales de 1945, seguido por Michael Pinchot en 1947; después de nacer él, Mary se convirtió en ama de casa, aunque asistió a clases en la Liga de estudiantes de Arte de Nueva York

Cord Meyer fue nombrado presidente de los Federalistas del Mundo Unido en mayo de 1947 y sus miembros se duplicaron. Mary Meyer escribió para la revista de la organización. En 1950, su tercer hijo, Marcos, nació y ellos se mudaron a Cambridge, Massachusetts. Como miembros del Partido Comunista EE.UU., ellos se infiltraron en las organizaciones internacionales que él había fundado. No se sabe cuándo Cord Meyer comenzó a trabajar secretamente para la CIA, pero en 1951 se acercó a Allen Dulles. Cord Meyer, se convirtió en un empleado de la CIA y pronto se convirtió en un "operativo principal" en la operación Mockingbird, una operación encubierta destinada a influir en EE.UU. medios impresos y radiales hacia la línea de la CIA.

Referencias

Pintores de Estados Unidos del siglo XX

Mary Pinchot Meyer


Vinodar je najpoznatija i najznačajnija tradicionalna manifestacija grada Daruvara i njegovih vinara i vinogradara.

Održava se svake godine počevši od 1999. godine. Traje tjedan dana. Prve dane su raznovrsna stručna predavanja, terenske radionice, stručno ocjenjivanje vina, okrugli stolovi posvećeni uzgoju vinove loze, proizvodnji i očuvanju vina. Prateća je bogata ponuda vina. Zadnja tri dana je sajam tradicionalnih proizvoda i mnogo drugih zabavnih događaja. Na sajmu se nudi domaći sir, med, medne prerađevine, slavonski pršut, kulen, domaće vino, rakije i likeri, prikazuju tradicionalni obrti, suveniri i rukotvorine. U sklopu eno-gastro sadržaja je Kušaonica "Moje vino je najbolje". Na kušaonicu svoje uzorke donose domaći proizvođači vina, a ocjenjuju ih priznati enolozi. Održava se izložba nagrađenih vina. Daruvarskom okolicom održava se biciklistički Vino tour. Za goste iz Zagreba organiziran je turistički vlak Vinodar Express koji vozi od Zagreba do Daruvara i natrag. U sklopu Vinodara se održava Večer vinara gdje se vinari s Daruvarske vinske ceste predstavljaju novinstvu i turističkim djelatnicima. Doprinos daju Likovna kolonija Wine&Art ispred baroknog dvorca Janković i druga društva i udruge. Za sudionike na gradskom je trgu tijekom sajma cjelodnevna tamburaška glazba, koncerti poznatih domaćih izvođača, ponuda šarana na rašljama i obvezna atrakcija je noćno pečenje vola na ražnju. Vinodar je regionalno mjesto regionalnog ocjenjivanja Sauvignona.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Turistička zajednica Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije

Daruvar
Enologija
Turizam
Hrvatske gastronomske manifestacije

Vinodar