Michael James Badnarik ( ; August 1, 1954 – August 11, 2022) was an American software engineer, political figure, and radio talk show host. He was the Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2004 elections, and placed fourth in the race, behind independent candidate Ralph Nader and the two major party candidates, George W. Bush and John Kerry. Two years later Badnarik ran as a Libertarian Party candidate in the 2006 congressional elections for Texas's 10th congressional district seat near Austin. In a three candidate field, Badnarik came in third, receiving 7,603 votes for 4.3% of the vote.

Political career
Badnarik's political philosophy emphasizes individual liberty, personal responsibility, and strict adherence to an originalist interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. All of his positions arise from this foundation. In economics, Badnarik believes in laissez-faire capitalism, a system in which the only function of the government is the protection of individual rights from the initiation of force and fraud. He, therefore, opposes institutions such as welfare and business regulation.

Badnarik first ran for public office in 2000 as a Libertarian, earning 15,221 votes (17%)
in a race for the Texas legislature district 47. In 2002 he ran for the district 48 seat receiving 1,084 votes, or 2%.

Badnarik was a member of the libertarian Free State Project.

2004 U.S. presidential campaign

In February 2003, Badnarik announced his candidacy for the Libertarian Party's presidential nomination and spent the following 18 months traveling the country, teaching a course on the United States Constitution to dozens of libertarian groups. He has written a book, Good To Be King: The Foundation of our Constitutional Freedom () on the subject of constitutional law; the book was first self-published by Badnarik, but was released in hardcover in October 2004.

Badnarik was viewed as unlikely to win the Libertarian presidential nomination, facing challenges from talk-show host Gary Nolan and Hollywood producer Aaron Russo. At the 2004 Libertarian National Convention, Badnarik gained substantial support following the candidates' debate (broadcast live on C-SPAN). In what was then the closest presidential nomination race in the Libertarian Party's history, all three candidates polled within 12 votes of each other on the first ballot (Russo 258, Badnarik 256, Nolan 246). When the second ballot placed the candidates in the same order, Gary Nolan was eliminated and threw his support to Badnarik; Badnarik won the nomination on the third ballot 417 to 348, with None of the Above receiving six votes. Richard Campagna of Iowa City, Iowa, was elected separately by convention delegates as his vice-presidential nominee.

Some members of the party disapproved of Badnarik becoming the presidential nominee, feeling that he would be unable to draw media attention that many had felt Russo would have. Libertarian blogger Julian Sanchez called Badnarik "embarrassing."

Badnarik's capture of the nomination was widely regarded as a surprise by many within the party; both Nolan and Russo had outpaced him in both fundraising and poll results prior to the convention. Badnarik commented following his success at the national convention, "If I can win the nomination, there's no reason I can't win this election."

Badnarik and Green Party candidate David Cobb were arrested in St. Louis, Missouri, on October 8, 2004, for an act of civil disobedience. Badnarik and Cobb were protesting their exclusion from the presidential debates of the 2004 presidential election campaign. They were arrested after crossing a police barricade in an attempt to serve an Order to Show Cause to the Commission on Presidential Debates.

Badnarik was not the only member of his family running in the 2004 cycle. His mother, Elaine Badnarik, was nominated by the Libertarian Party for lieutenant governor of Indiana in the 2004 Indiana gubernatorial election.

By the end of the election cycle, Badnarik's presidential campaign had raised just over one million dollars (US), obtained ballot access in 48 states plus the District of Columbia (the Libertarian Party failed to obtain ballot access in Oklahoma and New Hampshire, although Badnarik was a qualified write-in candidate in New Hampshire), and placed nationwide political advertisements on CNN and Fox News, in addition to local advertising buys in the important swing states of Wisconsin, New Mexico, Nevada, and Arizona.

No national polls including Badnarik had put him above 1.5%, though one poll put him at 5% in New Mexico and another at three percent in Nevada. A Rasmussen poll on October 26, 2004, put Badnarik at 3% in Arizona.

Badnarik received 397,265 votes nationwide in the November 2, 2004, election, taking 0.3 percent of the popular vote and placing fourth, 68,385 votes behind Ralph Nader but 12,834 votes better than the party's 2000 election results. Badnarik spent most of early 2005 touring the nation and giving speeches. He also taught a class on the U.S. Constitution, using his experiences on the campaign trail to develop his lesson plan.

2006 U.S. congressional campaign

In August 2005, Badnarik announced that he would run for the U.S. House of Representatives in the 2006 election. He ran for the 10th Congressional District of Texas, which is currently represented by Republican Michael McCaul.

He raised nearly $450,000 for his campaign and received the Libertarian Party of Texas nomination for its 10th district Congressional candidate.

He received 7,603 votes, or four percent, in the November election, losing to Republican incumbent Michael T. McCaul, who received 55 percent of the vote, and Democrat Ted Ankrum, who got 40 percent.

A December 2006 letter from his campaign manager, Alan Hacker, states that Badnarik has "retired from political candidacy" and is now working as an account representative for a political and novelty bumper sticker mail-order business.

Post-campaign events
Badnarik delivered a keynote speech at the 2007 New Hampshire Liberty Forum, where he announced his endorsement for Ron Paul, U.S. Congressman from Texas 14th district, in the 2008 presidential election.

In April 2007, he began hosting a talk radio program, Lighting the Fires of Liberty, on the We the People radio network. His final program aired on October 3, 2008.

In October 2008, he began hosting a talk radio program, by the same title, on the Genesis Communications Network. His final program aired on March 20, 2009.

In November 2009, Badnarik was elected as one of three delegates from the State of Texas to attend the 2009 Continental Congress sponsored by the We The People Foundation, and subsequently elected parliamentary president of that body.

Badnarik suffered a heart attack on the morning of December 21, 2009, while in Viroqua, Wisconsin attending a hearing regarding a raw milk case. After the hearing he boarded a car to go to lunch with friends, then slumped over. His friends attempted CPR and contacted the paramedics. They attempted CPR to revive him three times with no success. Upon the fourth attempt his heart was revived yet with erratic behavior. He was taken by helicopter to Gundersen Lutheran Hospital CCU in La Crosse, Wisconsin.

Sunday afternoon, January 10, 2010, Badnarik posted a message to his friends and supporters stating that he was improving rapidly and would soon be released from the hospital.

Issue positions

 Abortion: Badnarik personally opposes abortion, but believes that decisions regarding abortion rights should be made at the state and not the federal level. He recognizes that there is significant controversy surrounding when life begins, and argues that therefore the state should not legislate against abortion, since a fetus is arguably not a human life in and of its own.
 Broadcast regulation: Badnarik opposes government regulation of "offensive" content. "I find it very offensive when the government tells me what I can and cannot watch. [...] Individual people should decide what is or is not obscene and they will make that decision by watching or not watching reality TV."
 Campaign finance reform: Badnarik supports eliminating public matching funds and contribution limits for political campaigns.
 Civil rights: Badnarik supports all of the Bill of Rights unequivocally, a position which he claims contrasts with most political candidates. Badnarik says government does not grant rights but rather acknowledges them, that they exist independently of government as part of who and what we are, and that, as Thomas Jefferson noted in the United States Declaration of Independence, the only legitimate function of government is to secure them.
 Economic policy: Badnarik would eliminate the federal income tax and drastically reduce government spending. He advocates the elimination of the Federal Reserve and the restoration of a commodity-based currency.
 Education: Badnarik supports the elimination of the federal Department of Education, claiming that it is both unconstitutional and ineffective. Badnarik has called for the privatization of education, which he believes would result in both more effective and affordable alternatives due to free market competition.
 Energy: Badnarik opposes government regulation of the energy industry, instead arguing that the free market is more effective in controlling prices and maintaining stability.
 Free trade: Badnarik would withdraw the U.S. from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). "NAFTA and GATT have about as much to do with free trade as the Patriot Act has to do with liberty," he has said. "We need to get the government out of regulating trade, so that American workers can do what they do best and that is to create wealth."
 Gay marriage and Civil Unions: Badnarik believes that marriage, as a contract between two individuals, should not be a government concern and supports the right of individuals to associate in whatever ways they see fit.
 Gun control: Badnarik opposes restrictions on gun ownership as restrictions on an individual's right to self-defense. Badnarik is an enthusiastic gun owner, and strongly supports the Right to keep and bear arms.
 Health care: Badnarik opposes government involvement in health care and drug regulation, as he contends that the current drug approval process raises costs for consumers.
 Illegal drugs: Badnarik supports the decriminalization of marijuana and other illegal drugs. See also: Drug legalization.
 Immigration: Badnarik believes that, "Peaceful immigrants should be allowed to enter the US at conveniently located Customs and Immigration stations, subject only to brief vetting to ensure that they are not terrorists or criminals, and reasonable consideration of the nation's ability to assimilate them."
 International relations: Badnarik supports the reduction and eventual elimination of government-funded foreign aid programs. His platform also calls for withdrawal from the United Nations and the eviction of the UN from the United States.
 Iraq War and military intervention: Badnarik supports a rapid withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq, while providing for repair to Iraqi infrastructure damaged by U.S. action. He also supports ending foreign intervention.
 Military draft: Badnarik opposes any reinstatement of a military draft.
 9/11 Truth: Badnarik has signed the 9/11 Truth Statement calling for new investigations of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, including the failure of US intelligence to act on warnings of upcoming attacks, the breakdown of military air defense, and the nature of the investigations. The Statement has also been signed by the other 2004 Presidential candidates Ralph Nader and David Cobb. Badnarik has also mentioned that he would fight Al-Qaeda if he was elected president.

Arguments for limited government
Badnarik believes that the federal government has exceeded its Constitutional bounds and should be scaled back in favor of a laissez-faire society. His political views are influenced by the writings of both Ayn Rand and L. Neil Smith.

Views on taxes
Badnarik believes that the U.S. Constitution does not provide for a federal income tax and has posed the tax protester argument that the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was never legally ratified.

Badnarik has also posed the tax protester argument that the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as "non-positive law," applies to only certain groups, and argues that the only types of income susceptible to taxation are "the domestic income of foreigners, certain foreign income of Americans, income of certain possessions corporations, and income of international and foreign sales corporations" He has also cited the Supreme Court decision Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad, in which the Court indicated that the Sixteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution did not give Congress any power that it did not have already. He also argues that the Sixteenth Amendment was not properly ratified, citing the two-volume work The Law that Never Was, co-authored by William J. Benson.

One of his key statements on income tax is that the United States grew to be the most powerful nation in the Universe without requiring such a tax, and that it began to falter when the government began to intervene in the economy and individuals' lives. In the past, he has stated that refusing to file a tax return is justifiable until the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) provides a legal reason for doing so (see Federal statutes imposing obligations to pay income taxes and file returns). However, in his book Good to Be King he writes, "I do not know if Americans are liable to pay income taxes." In an August 2004 interview with the journal Liberty, Badnarik stated that he had not filed tax returns for approximately the previous three years as he was unemployed. However, he said he had contacted the IRS to find out his tax liability and to settle up on any taxes he owed. This was an effort to make his then-campaign to be the President of the United States go more smoothly.

Positions on personal identification
When Badnarik moved to Texas, he did not obtain a driver's license, due to that state's requirement that an applicant provide a Social Security Number and fingerprint. Identification is supplied by carrying a United States passport.

2004 Ohio recount
After the 2004 presidential election, Badnarik, working with Green Party candidate David Cobb, sought a recount of the Ohio vote. This caused controversy within the Libertarian Party, as presidential second place candidate John Kerry had not contested the vote in Ohio, and a recount would cost the state an estimated $1.5 million of tax-payer money. Some party members were concerned that a recount would damage the public perception of the Libertarian party.

Badnarik said that he decided to push for a recount after receiving "about two dozen passionate requests to do so from Libertarians in various states."

Good to Be King
In his book Good to Be King Badnarik suggests that it is unnecessary to have a driver's license to drive, that the IRS has no Constitutional authority to collect taxes, and that common law marriages are valid in all 50 states.

Death
Badnarik died from heart failure at his home in San Antonio, Texas, on August 11, 2022, aged 68. He was cremated through the Neptune Society.

See also

 List of candidates in the 2004 United States presidential election
 Free State Project

References

General references

External links
 Liberal Institute interview with Michael Badnarik  from April 2005

 Website for Michael Badnarik's class on the Constitution
 An eight-hour recording of Badnarik's Constitution class

1954 births
2022 deaths
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American politicians
American anti–Iraq War activists
American drug policy reform activists
American gun rights activists
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
American software engineers
American talk radio hosts
Candidates in the 2004 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Libertarian Party (United States) presidential nominees
Non-interventionism
People from Hammond, Indiana
Texas Libertarians
Writers from Texas

Michael Badnarik


حقل زلطن أحد أكبر الحقول النفطية في ليبيا ومن أهمها ويبعد نحو 170 كيلومترا جنوب ميناء البريقة. كما أن به تم اكتشاف أول بئر نفطية ذات جدوى اقتصادية في ليبيا في العام 1959.

ينتج الحقل نحو 30.000 برميل يوميا من مجموع 120 بئر منتجة. وتدير الحقل شركة سرت للنفط.

مصادر

إقليم طرابلس
حقول نفط في ليبيا

حقل زلطن


Hanna Holborn Gray (née le ) est une historienne américaine de la pensée politique de la Renaissance et de la Réforme et professeure émérite d'histoire à l'Université de Chicago. Elle est présidente de l'Université de Chicago de 1978 à 1993, après avoir été présidente par intérim de l'Université Yale en 1977-1978. Dans les deux écoles, elle est la première femme à occuper le poste de direction le plus élevé. Lorsqu'elle est nommée à ce poste à Chicago, elle devient l'une des premières femmes aux États-Unis à occuper la présidence complète d'une grande université.

Biographie
Holborn est née à Heidelberg, en Allemagne, fille de Hajo Holborn, professeur d'histoire européenne à Yale qui fuit l'Allemagne nazie en Amérique, et d'Annemarie Bettmann, philologue. Son frère aîné, Frederick, est assistant à la Maison Blanche et professeur de politique étrangère à la Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Elle fréquente la Foote School à New Haven, Connecticut (diplômée en 1943), la Sidwell Friends School à Washington DC, puis le Collège Bryn Mawr dans la banlieue de Philadelphie, où elle obtient son diplôme en 1950. Holborn se rend à Oxford en tant que boursier Fulbright. Elle obtient un doctorat de Harvard en 1957, et y enseigne, devenant professeur assistant en 1959.

À Harvard, ses expériences sont circonscrites par son "statut d'outsider" en tant que femme. Bien que techniquement mixtes dans certains programmes d'études supérieures dans les années 1950, les femmes sont pour la plupart reléguées au Radcliffe College, "séparé, mais pas égal". Lorsque Gray devient la première et la seule femme tutrice en histoire et en littérature, elle est autorisée à contrecœur dans le restaurant des tuteurs, mais n'est pas bien accueillie par les autres tuteurs. De même, lorsqu'elle devient enseignante, en tant que femme, elle est interdite dans le hall principal de la faculté et doit entrer par la porte latérale, bien qu'elle ait décidé d'entrer de toute façon par la porte d'entrée. (Elle s'est inspirée de la professeure pionnière de Harvard, Helen Maud Cam, qui plus tôt dans la décennie est devenue la première femme à assister aux services du matin de la faculté au cours des plus de 300 ans de l'institution simplement en se présentant tous les jours et en s'asseyant).

Elle déménage à Chicago lorsque son mari est nommé à un poste à l'Université de Chicago. Elle passe sa première année en tant que chargée de recherche à la Newberry Library, puis commence à enseigner l'histoire à Chicago et obtient sa titularisation en 1964. De 1966 à 1970, elle est co-rédactrice en chef du Journal of Modern History avec son mari.

Gray est nommée doyenne du Collège des arts et des sciences de l'Université Northwestern en 1972 et professeur d'histoire et prévôt à l'Université Yale en 1974. Elle est présidente par intérim de Yale pendant quatorze mois après que le président Kingman Brewster ait accepté de manière inattendue une nomination en tant qu'Ambassadeur des États-Unis au Royaume-Uni. Gray retourne ensuite à l'Université de Chicago, en tant que présidente de 1978 à 1993, la première femme présidente de plein exercice d'une grande université aux États-Unis. En 1991, elle reçoit la Médaille présidentielle de la Liberté. Elle prend sa retraite en juin 1993, mais demeure professeure émérite.

Gray est également administratrice, membre du conseil d'administration de la Harvard Corporation, de la Yale Corporation, de la Smithsonian Institution, de JPMorgan Chase, de la Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, de la Marlboro School of Music, du Council on Foreign Relations, de la Concord Coalition, la Mayo Clinic, la Brookings Institution et le Collège Bryn Mawr. Gray reçoit des diplômes honorifiques de plus de soixante institutions, dont l'Université de Chicago, le College of William and Mary, Harvard, Oxford, Yale, Brown, Columbia, Princeton et Duke. Elle est présidente du conseil d'administration de la deuxième plus grande fondation d'Amérique, le Howard Hughes Medical Institute, jusqu'en 2010.

Le portrait d'Hanna Gray accroché à l'Université de Chicago a été "volé" (et restitué) à plus d'une occasion en tant que blague étudiante. Gray publie un mémoire, An Academic Life, en 2018.

Publications

 Hanna Holborn Gray, « Quelques réflexions sur la deuxième génération ». La deuxième génération. Les émigrés de l'Allemagne nazie comme historiens, éd. Andreas Daum, Harmut Lehmann et James J. Sheehan. New York : Livres Berghahn, 2016,, 102–113.

Références

Bibliographie

 Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1999). Yale : Une histoire. New Haven : Presse universitaire de Yale . ;
 En ligneLeavitt, Judith A. (1985). Femmes gestionnaires et administratrices américaines: un dictionnaire biographique sélectif des dirigeants du XXe siècle dans les affaires, l'éducation et le gouvernement. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Press. ;
 Shoichet, Catherine. "Gray Matters : près de 50 ans après avoir perfectionné ses compétences en enseignement à Harvard, Hanna H. Gray a une sagesse à partager", Harvard Crimson. 5 juin 2003.

Liens externes

Étudiant de l'université d'Oxford
Récipiendaire de la médaille présidentielle de la Liberté
Récipiendaire de la National Humanities Medal
Professeur à l'université Northwestern
Professeur à l'université Harvard
Président de l'université de Chicago
Professeur à l'université de Chicago
Étudiant de l'université Harvard
Étudiante du collège Bryn Mawr
Historien américain du XXe siècle
Naissance en octobre 1930

Hanna Holborn Gray


Grešnik (hrvatski: Griješnik) prvi je roman u trilogiji Vreme zla srpskog književnika Dobrice Ćosića, objavljen 1985.

O djelu

Roman obrađuje razdoblje od završetka Prvog svjetskog rata do početka Drugog, točnije do Beogradskog Gran Prixa-a, čije je odvijanje Ćosić detaljno opisao.

Glavni je junak Ivan Katić, "griješni" saputnik komunista koji doživljava životni sunovrat jer im se 1936. zamjerio. Proglašen za buržoja i trockistu, biva odbačen od "drugova" i poslije rata, kad je dospio na robiju, a na slobodi dolazi u sukob s obitelji koja se raspada.

Roman je ispričan iz perspektiva više junaka, prije svega Ivana Katića, sina republikanca Vukašina Katića, odnosno, unuka Aćima Katića, seoskog radikala. Ostali junaci ovog romana su: Ivanov otac, Vukašin, njegova sestra Milena, njezin sin Vladimir, njihov dalji rođak Najdan, kao i ruski komunista hercegovačkog podrijetla Petar Bajević.

Citati

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Grešnik

Dobrica Ćosić

Grešnik


ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ජාතික ධජ දිනය සැමරෙන්නේ සැප්තැම්බර් 3 දිනදීය. එදිනදී සැමරෙන්නේ, 1901දී  ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ජාතික ධජය පළමුවෙන් ලෙළවීමේ දිනයයි. එම දිනයේදී, අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය එඩ්මන්ඩ් බාර්ටන් විසින්, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව සඳහා ධජයක් සැලසුම් කිරීමේ තරගයේ ජයග්‍රාහකයන් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදි. මෙල්බර්න්හී රාජකීය ප්‍රදර්ශන ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ බුබුලාකාරය මුදුනෙහි සිට, මීටර 5.5 හා මීටර 11 ප්‍රමාණයේ විශාල ධජයක් ලෙළවන ලදි.

ආශ්‍රිත

ධජ දිනය (ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව)


La estación de Phalempin es una estación ferroviaria francesa, de la línea férrea París-Lille, situada en la comuna de Phalempin, en el departamento de Norte. Por ella transitan únicamente trenes regionales.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 235,509 de la línea férrea París-Lille.

Historia
A diferencia de las demás estaciones de la línea no fue abierta por la Compañía de Ferrocarriles del Norte con la inauguración del tramo correspondiente de la línea férrea París-Lille en 1846. Su puesta en marcha, en 1865, con unas instalaciones muy rudimentarias, fue obra de una compañía minera llamada Compañía de las Minas de Carvin. Aun así, no tardó en recalar en manos de la Compañía del Norte.

Entre 1997 y 2001 la estación fue totalmente renovada. Se añadió además un aparcamiento para bicicletas y monitores informativos.

La estación
La estación está formada por un pequeño edificio de dos plantas con anexos. Posee dos vías y dos andenes laterales. El cambio de vía se realiza gracias a un paso subterráneo. Dispone de atención comercial de lunes a viernes.

Servicios ferroviarios

Regionales
Los siguientes trenes regionales transitan por la estación:

 Línea Douai - Lille.
 Línea Arras - Lille.
 Línea Lens - Libercourt / Lille.
 Línea Phalempin - Lille.

Enlaces externos

Estaciones de ferrocarril de Francia inauguradas en los años 1860
Estaciones de la línea París-Norte a Lille
Estaciones de ferrocarril del departamento de Norte
Estaciones de ferrocarril inauguradas en 1865
Francia en 1865

Estación de Phalempin


was a village located in Kanzaki District, Saga Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,941 and a population density of 31.86 persons per km2. The total area was 60.93 km2. On March 20, 2006, Sefuri, along with the towns of Kanzaki (former) and Chiyoda (all from Kanzaki District), was merged to create the city of Kanzaki.

Dissolved municipalities of Saga Prefecture

Sefuri, Saga


Das Leicameter ist ein aufsteckbarer Belichtungsmesser, der speziell auf die Messsucherkameras der Leica-M-Serie zugeschnitten ist.
Er wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit Leica (heute: Leica Camera AG) entwickelt und von 1950 bis Ende der 1980er Jahre vom Unternehmen Metrawatt AG Nürnberg vertrieben.

Modelle
Schon in den 1930er Jahren hatte Metrawatt aufsteckbare Belichtungsmesser hergestellt, wie z. B. 1939 das Modell LC 60, die aber nicht die Bezeichnung Leicameter trugen.

Leicameter 1–3 (1950–1954)
1950 wurde der erste Leicameter angeboten, ein mit einer Selenzelle ausgestatteter Aufsteckbelichtungsmesser, der bei Bedarf (d. h. schlechte Lichtverhältnisse) mit einem Verstärkerelement ergänzt werden konnte. In kurzer Folge erschienen die Modelle 2 und 3, die sich im Wesentlichen nur durch anders gestaltete Skalen unterschieden.

Leicameter M / MC (1954–1956)

Mit der Vorstellung der Leica M3 erschien 1954 auch ein neuer Leicameter, der Leicameter M. Der Belichtungsmesser wurde mit dem Zeitwahlrad der Kamera gekuppelt, so dass das unmittelbare Ablesen der am Objektiv einzustellenden Blende möglich war. Auch dieser Belichtungsmesser arbeitete mit einer Selenzelle und konnte bei Bedarf mit einem Verstärkerelement aufgerüstet werden. Dieses erste Modell besaß eine Abdeckplatte über der Messzelle, die gleichzeitig als Ein-Aus-Schalter fungierte.

1956 erschien das Nachfolgemodell MC, bei dem die Abdeckklappe entfiel. Ansonsten war der MC baugleich mit dem Leicameter M.

Leicameter MR / MR-4 (1963–1987)

1963 erschien der Leicameter MR, der nun nicht mehr mit einer Selenzelle, sondern mit einer damals neuartigen CdS-Zelle funktionierte, die allerdings auf eine Batterie angewiesen ist. Die viel größere Empfindlichkeit der CdS-Zelle machte die Benutzung eines Verstärkerelementes überflüssig, außerdem wurde die Messung eines genau definierten Bildausschnittes möglich, der bei beiden Modellen so gewählt wurde, dass er in etwa dem eines 90-mm-Objektives entsprach. Außerdem waren beide Modelle mit einer Taste ausgestattet, die die Arretierung des Messergebnisses erlaubte, was eine wesentliche Erleichterung beim Ablesen der Messwerte darstellte. Die beiden Modelle unterscheiden sich nur durch die Gestaltung dieser Taste, die beim Leicameter MR-4 gegenüber dem Leicameter MR geändert wurde, damit die Taste nicht mit dem neuen Rückspulhebel der Leica M4 kollidierte.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Leica-Wiki
 Ken Rockwell: The Leicameter
 Peter Lausch: Leicameter

Leica
Fotoausrüstung
Videotechnik
Belichtung (Fotografie)

Leicameter


Guillermo Dela Vega Afable (Davao, Filipinas, 3 de abril de 1951) é um ministro católico romano e bispo de Digos.

Guillermo Dela Vega Afable recebeu o Sacramento da Ordem para a Arquidiocese de Davao em 24 de abril de 1976.

Em 21 de abril de 2001, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo Titular de Vadesi e o nomeou Bispo Auxiliar de Davao. O núncio apostólico nas Filipinas, arcebispo Antonio Franco, o consagrou bispo em 12 de julho do mesmo ano; Co-consagrantes foram o Arcebispo de Davao, Fernando Capalla, e o Bispo de Digos, Generoso Camiña PME.

O Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo Coadjutor de Digos em 24 de abril de 2002. Em 11 de fevereiro de 2003, Guillermo Dela Vega Afable tornou-se Bispo de Digos, sucedendo a Generoso Camiña PME, que renunciou por motivo de doença.

Ver também

Bispos católicos das Filipinas

Guillermo Dela Vega Afable


Sebastián Juan Moncalvi (Italia, 15 de marzo de 1902 - 1974) fue un escultor, pintor y profesor italouruguayo.

Biografía
Sebastián Moncalvi, nació en el año 1902 en Italia y llegó a Argentina a los 21 años de edad. En Buenos Aires vivió hasta 1928 y en 1930 vivió por dos años en Brasil radicándose definitivamente en Montevideo en 1932. Realizó los primeros estudios en su tierra natal, ampliándolos luego en Montevideo. Fue ciudadano legal uruguayo, ejeciendo como profesor en el Instituto Normal.

Premios y reconocimientos
Como escultor obtuvo el Premio Artistas Extranjeros en el Salón Nacional de Bellas Artes del año 1952. Obtuvo el primer premio del Salón de Artes Plásticas en 1943.

En el Salón de Escultura de 1948, obtuvo el Premio de retrato , por el busto al Dr. José María Delgado.

En el Salón de Escultura de 1949, obtuvo el Premio de retrato , por el retrato del senador Justino Zabala Muñiz.

Obras
El busto de Carlos Gardel fue instalado en una plazoleta en la esquina de las calles Gardel y Zelmar Michelini. Inaugurado el 11 de diciembre de 1952 y originalmente se emplazaba en el Parque Rodó, obra de los escultores Omar Grezzi y  Juan Sebastián Moncalvi; fue trasladado en 1967, al sitio indicado.
Realizó un busto esculpido en bronce de José María Delgado que se encuentra en la "Sala de Escritores Salteños" de la Casa Quiroga en la ciudad uruguaya Salto.

Referencias

Bibliografía
(orden cronológico)
XIII Salón Nacional Pintura y Escultura, Comisión Nacional de Bellas Artes, Uruguay (reproduce obras de Moncalvi)
José Pedro Argul, Pintura y escultura del Uruguay: historia crítica, Revista del Instituto Histórico y Geográfico del Uruguay; apartado del tomo 22, Imprenta Nacional, 1958
Catálogo descriptivo del Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Volumen 1. Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (ed.) Uruguay, 1966
Estatuaria en el Uruguay: con una noticia sobre el arte de escultura en el Uruguay, Volumen 1 Biblioteca del Palacio Legislativo (ed.) República Oriental del Uruguay, 1980
Lincoln R. Maiztegui Casas, Orientales: una historia política del Uruguay, Volumen 3, Planeta (ed.), 2005 ISBN 9974643511, 9789974643512

Escultores de Uruguay
Escultores del siglo XX
Escultores de Italia en Uruguay
Profesores de Uruguay
Ítalo-uruguayos
Emigrantes italianos hacia Uruguay

Sebastián Moncalvi


Camelot is a musical with music by Frederick Loewe and lyrics and a book by Alan Jay Lerner. It is based on the legend of King Arthur as adapted from the 1958 novel The Once and Future King by T. H. White.

The original 1960 production, directed by Moss Hart with orchestrations by Robert Russell Bennett and Philip J. Lang, ran on Broadway for 873 performances, winning four Tony Awards. It starred Richard Burton as Arthur, Julie Andrews as Guenevere, and Robert Goulet as Lancelot.

It spawned several notable productions including four Broadway revivals and a 1967 film adaptation. The 2023 Broadway revival features a revised book by Aaron Sorkin.

The musical has become associated with the Presidency of John F. Kennedy, which is sometimes called the "Camelot Era", because of an interview with Jackie Kennedy in which she compared her husband's presidency to King Arthur's reign, specifically mentioning his fondness for the musical and particularly the title song's closing lyrics, which end Camelot.

Background

In 1959, Alan Jay Lerner and Moss Hart decided to adapt T. H. White's The Once and Future King as their next project. As discussed in Lerner's 1978 book, The Street Where I Live, Frederick Loewe, who initially had no interest in the project, agreed to write music, with the understanding that if things went badly, it would be his last score. After the tremendous success of My Fair Lady, expectations were high for a new Lerner and Loewe musical. However, the show's production met several obstacles. Lerner's wife left him during the writing process, causing him to seek medical attention and delaying the production.

When Camelot began rehearsals, it still needed considerable work. However, the producers were able to secure a strong cast, including Julie Andrews, Richard Burton, and Roddy McDowall, as well as Robert Goulet in his first Broadway role. John Cullum also made his Broadway debut as Sir Dinadan; Bruce Yarnell was Sir Lionel. Cullum later replaced McDowall, and William Squire replaced Burton. Other replacements included Patricia Bredin (as of April 16, 1962), Kathryn Grayson (as of October 23, 1962) and Janet Pavek (as of July 9, 1962) for Andrews.

Tryouts and promotion

The show premiered in Toronto, at the O'Keefe Centre on October 1, 1960. It overran drastically — it was supposed to last two hours forty minutes, and instead clocked in at four and a half hours.  The curtain came down at twenty minutes to one in the morning; Lerner later noted that "Only Tristan and Isolde equaled it as a bladder endurance contest." Noël Coward is supposed to have remarked that the show was "longer than the Götterdämmerung ... and not nearly as funny!" In spite of this, the morning papers gave generally positive reviews, but hinted that the show needed much work, i.e., drastic editing, in order to succeed. Soon afterwards, Lerner was hospitalized for three weeks with a bleeding ulcer.  Soon after he was discharged, Hart suffered his second heart attack, and Lerner stepped in as temporary director for the rest of the out-of-town run. Camelot then moved to Boston, edited, but still running well over the intended length. The production team tried to find another director, even phoning José Ferrer, who could not undertake the job. Lerner and Loewe disagreed on how to proceed with the show, as Loewe did not want to make any major changes without Hart's guidance. Lerner wrote: "God knows what would have happened had it not been for Richard Burton." Accepting cuts and changes, he radiated a "faith and geniality" and calmed the fears of the cast. Guenevere's song "Before I Gaze at You Again" was given to Andrews at the last minute before the first New York preview, which provoked her famous quote, "Of course, darling, but do try to get it to me the night before." After the show opened on Broadway, Hart was released from the hospital, and he and Lerner began cutting the play even further. Two songs, "Then You May Take Me To the Fair" and "Fie on Goodness," were cut a few months into the run (though they remain on the cast album, and the former featured in the 1967 film).

The New York critics' reviews of the original production were mixed. However, Ed Sullivan approached Lerner and Loewe to create a segment for his television variety program, celebrating the fifth anniversary of My Fair Lady. They decided to do very little from their previous hit and instead to perform four highlights from Camelot. The show stimulated ticket sales, and Camelot achieved an unprecedented advance sale of three and a half million dollars. Robert Goulet received favorable reviews, most notably for his rendition of the show-stopping romantic ballad "If Ever I Would Leave You", which became his signature song.

Aftermath
After Camelot'''s run, Goulet appeared on The Danny Thomas Show and The Ed Sullivan Show, which made him a household name among American audiences.

A week after the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, Kennedy's widow, Jackie Kennedy, was interviewed by Theodore H. White, an interview that ran in the December 1963 issue of Life magazine. In the interview, Jackie stated that the show's original cast recording had been a favorite bedtime listening for her husband (who had been Lerner's classmate at Harvard University), and that his favorite lines were in the final number: "Don't let it be forgot/ That once there was a spot/ For one brief, shining moment/ That was known as Camelot". She also made a direct comparison to the Camelot storyline, saying, "There'll be great presidents again... but there'll never be another Camelot." The veracity of her claim about her husband's love of Camelot has been disputed. Nevertheless, an association between Camelot and Kennedy's tenure as president formed immediately in the public consciousness, and has remained in the decades since.Frezza, Christine."'Camelot': One Brief Shining Moment" bard.org (Insights), 2005, accessed August 20, 2011 Lerner later wrote in his autobiography that, soon after the article came out, a touring production of the show at the Civic Opera House in Chicago had to be stopped after those lines were sung: "there was a sudden wail from the audience. It was not a muffled sob; it was a loud, almost primitive cry of pain. The play stopped, and for almost five minutes everyone in the theater - on the stage, in the wings, in the pit, and in the audience - wept without restraint. Then the play continued..."

The obstacles encountered in producing Camelot were hard on the creative partnership of Lerner and Loewe, and the show turned out to be one of their last collaborations (although they did work together to adapt their 1958 movie Gigi to the stage in 1973, and collaborated again the following year on the movie musical The Little Prince). Camelot was Hart's last Broadway show. He died of a heart attack in Palm Springs, California, on December 20, 1961.

Synopsis

The action starts at the end of the plot; Arthur demands that Merlin take him back to the beginning...

Act I
King Arthur is nervous about his upcoming arranged marriage and is hiding in a tree. Merlin the Magician, his wise tutor, calls Arthur down to warn the young king that he must learn to think for himself. Merlin, who lives backward in time and remembers the future as well as the past, knows he will soon be separated from Arthur. Merlin persuades Arthur to climb down and chides him for his unkingly behavior. Arthur then left alone, ponders both his subjects and his own feelings about the intended nuptials ("I Wonder What the King is Doing Tonight?"). Arthur hears someone coming and scampers up the tree again. Guenevere, Arthur's intended bride, comes to the woods. She does not like the idea of being Queen, preferring to live the life of an ordinary nobleman's daughter, ("Simple Joys of Maidenhood"). She stumbles into Arthur, who initially calls himself "Wart" (his childhood nickname), and then, hearing of her reluctance to marry, tells her of the joys of life in Camelot ("Camelot"). It is love at first sight, and they almost kiss but are interrupted when Arthur's attendants come upon the two of them. He is revealed as the King. He tells Guenevere the story of how he pulled the sword from the stone and became king, and she finally agrees to marry him. The wizard Merlin is amused by this development, but his joy turns to sorrow as his memories of the future begin to fade. He realizes that Nimue, a beautiful water nymph, has come to draw him into her cave for an eternal sleep ("Follow Me"). He begs Nimue for answers, as he has forgotten if he has warned Arthur about two important individuals, Lancelot and Mordred. His memories fade permanently, though, and he is led away.

Five years later, Arthur sits with Guenevere in his study, discussing his views on knights and chivalry. He explains that he wishes to create a new kind of knight — one that does not pillage and fight but tries to uphold honor and justice. He is eventually inspired, with Guenevere's help, to establish the Round Table with the motto "might for right." Within a few years,  Arthur's idea leads to the Knights of the Round Table being renowned all over England, and their fame  even spreads to France. A young, pretentious and over-religious French prince from Joyous Garde named Lancelot du Lac has heard of the Round Table and is determined to come to Camelot and join Arthur's knights, confident that he is perfect for the post ("C'est Moi"). King Pellinore, an elderly man who was a friend of Arthur's family, also comes to Camelot to witness Arthur's greatness for himself.  He inadvertently wanders into the May Day festivities organized by Guenevere ("The Lusty Month of May").  On learning who he is, Guenevere orders a guestroom to be prepared, and has one of the knights escort him to the castle.  Pellinore becomes part of the family — he is still present at the musical's conclusion, many years later. As Pellinore departs, King Arthur arrives with Lancelot, and introduces him to the company.  Guenevere is put off by Lancelot's boastful manner and her attempts to draw him into conversation seem only intended to prove him wrong about his apparently unrealistic claims about his own prowess. The knights and ladies of the court watch in amusement. Guenevere incites three of the knights — Sir Dinadan, Sir Sagramore and the burly Sir Lionel — to challenge Lancelot to a joust ("Then You May Take Me to the Fair"). Arthur (who, unlike everybody else, is friendly with Lancelot) is dismayed by this, and is at a loss to understand a woman's ways — though he cannot be angry with Guenevere ("How to Handle a Woman").

In the jousting match Lancelot easily defeats all three knights. He wounds Sir Lionel, who fights him last, so badly that the crowd thinks he is dead. But the dismay of the crowd turns to awe as Lancelot's distraught cries for Sir Lionel to live seem to resurrect a dead man. Whether it is an actual miracle or not, the entire court believes it to be one, and all the knights and ladies bow or curtsy to Lancelot, paying homage to him as he passes by. Guenevere curtsies to him, too, and as he kneels before her, their eyes lock, and both seem to realize something that neither understood before. Arthur notices their silent exchange. In the scenes that follow, Guenevere is torn between her new love for Lancelot and her love and loyalty for Arthur. She wishes Lancelot would leave Camelot ("Before I Gaze at You Again"). In spite of Lancelot's boasts that he is immune to pleasures of the flesh, he is also madly in love with Guenevere, and also torn by the conflict between that love and his devotion to Arthur, who makes Lancelot a Knight of the Round Table. Arthur, realizing that Lancelot and Guenevere have feelings for each other, hopes it will blow over and soliloquizes to his sword Excalibur that they will rise to the challenges they will all face together.

Act II
Many years later, Guenevere and Lancelot are still tormented by their unfulfilled love. She tries to get rid of him, but Lancelot will not leave her ("If Ever I Would Leave You"). They both believe that Arthur is not aware of it. Nevertheless, she remains faithful to Arthur and helps him in carrying out the affairs of State.

Mordred, Arthur's illegitimate son, comes to Camelot to dishonor the King and tries to gain the throne for himself. Arthur puts him in charge of the knights' training program, not knowing that Mordred is there to destroy the Round Table in revenge against Arthur for abandoning him, and that he detests the idea of being a Knight ("The Seven Deadly Virtues"). Arthur begins to feel the strain of ruling England, and both he and Guenevere wonder what commoners do without any such responsibilities ("What Do The Simple Folk Do?").

Mordred, meanwhile, has devised a plan to ruin Arthur and his kingdom permanently. He enters an enchanted glade where his aunt, the sorceress Morgan le Fay, dwells in an invisible castle. Morgan has a sweet tooth, and though she likes Arthur, Mordred manages to bribe her with a large supply of sweetmeats to build one of her invisible walls around Arthur for one night, so that when he goes on his hunting trip the next day, he will not be able to get back to the castle ("The Persuasion").  Meanwhile, Mordred incites the Knights to remember their former days of fighting and pillaging and turns them against Arthur ("Fie On Goodness!").

With Arthur gone, Lancelot, unable to stop himself, visits Guenevere in her chambers, as Mordred fully suspected he would.  They kiss passionately ("I Loved You Once in Silence"). However, Lancelot and Guenevere's affair and Mordred's machinations come to a head when Mordred and some of the Knights of the Round Table interrupt, accuse Lancelot of treason, and try to take him prisoner. Lancelot fights them off and escapes, but Guenevere is arrested, tried, found guilty of treason by reason of her infidelity, and sentenced to be burned at the stake ("Guenevere"). At the execution, Arthur watches from a distance as Mordred taunts him for his failures; he is torn between upholding his law and doing his duty as a king, or sparing Guenevere, whom he still loves in spite of everything. At the last moment, Lancelot arrives with an army, rescues Guenevere and takes her off with him to France. But in the process, Lancelot has been forced to kill some of the other knights, leaving the survivors vowing revenge.

For the sake of his own honor and that of Camelot, Arthur must now wage war against Lancelot. Mordred has taken up his own army against Arthur, back in England. The war takes a terrible toll on Camelot, as more than half of the Knights of the Round Table are killed. Before the final battle, Arthur meets Lancelot and Guenevere. Lancelot and Guenevere's relationship has foundered, doubtless because of their guilty consciences. Guenevere has become a nun, and the Round Table is now broken. They offer to face up to justice in England, but Arthur will not see Guenevere burned or Lancelot beheaded. He forgives them both, and they depart separately. That night in camp, Arthur meets a young stowaway named Tom of Warwick (likely Sir Thomas Malory), who has come to join the Round Table. His speech reminds Arthur of the idealism and hope that he had as a young king, and inspires him. Arthur knights Tom and sends him back to England to grow up there, that he might pass on to future generations the ideals of chivalry and Camelot ("Camelot" (reprise)).

Revisions to the 2022 Broadway revival

The Aaron Sorkin-penned revision of the book excises all magic, making Merlin a sage, and Morgan Le Fay a scientist heralding the Age of Enlightenment, and removing the character of Nimue. The new book also underscores democracy and a more egalitarian society. Act I begins with Arthur's retinue alert, waiting for the arrival of Guenevere's carriage from France as part of a peace treaty, and critiquing her flouting of tradition by disembarking at the bottom of the hill instead of atop. Guenevere is more contemporary and is cold to Arthur in their meeting, replacing their love-at-first-sight encounter. She seems bound by duty in/to her marriage, rather than love, and serves as an advisor to Arthur rather than a mere consort. Despite this, near the conclusion of Act II, a tearful Guenevere admits to Arthur that she has loved him since their first meeting and wishes he could see himself the way she has.

The knights are mistrustful of Guenevere because she is a French foreigner. Pellinore is an older knight who takes on Merlin's role of sage/advisor. Arthur steps in as the final jouster and is the one revived by Lancelot. It is revealed that Arthur has written Morgan Le Fay a letter every week for the past four years, despite never receiving a reply, begging her and Mordred to live in the castle. This long-standing faithfulness stirs Guenevere's jealousy and fear when Arthur pays Le Fay a visit as a result of a forged letter from Mordred. Lancelot, torn between his duty to Arthur and the Knights and his forbidden love of Guenevere, agrees to guard her one final night before returning to France when Arthur pays Le Fay a visit.

Productions and adaptations

 Original production and tours Camelot opened on Broadway at the Majestic Theatre on December 3, 1960, and closed on January 5, 1963, after 873 performances and 2 previews. Directed by Moss Hart, the choreography was by Hanya Holm, scenic design by Oliver Smith, costume design by Adrian (who worked on the designs prior to his death in September 1959) and Tony Duquette, and lighting design by Abe Feder.  It won four Tony Awards. The original cast album was America's top-selling mono LP record for 6 weeks.

A two-year U.S. tour followed the Broadway closing, starring Kathryn Grayson and William Squire, who was succeeded by Louis Hayward. Grayson was dismissed in Cincinnati, OH, for having missed performances and replaced by her understudy, Jan Moody. There was also a 1963–1964 bus-and-truck tour starring Biff McGuire as Arthur, Jeannie Carson as Guenevere, and Sean Garrison as Lancelot. Yet another company toured with the show in 1964, starring Howard Keel as Arthur, Constance Towers as Guenevere, and Bob Holiday as Lancelot. Also in 1964 an Australian production opened at  Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, starring Paul Daneman and Jacqueline McKeever, with stage design by John Truscott. Truscott would later work on the film adaptation. The production, by the J. C. Williamson company, ran for two years.

 Original and revived West End productions
The London production opened in August 1964 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and featured Laurence Harvey as Arthur, Elizabeth Larner as Guenevere and Barry Kent as Lancelot. It played for 518 performances.

Richard Harris again played Arthur in a West End revival at the Apollo Victoria Theatre, London, from November 23, 1982 to February 5, 1983 with Fiona Fullerton, William Squire and Robert Meadmore.

 Broadway revivals
The show was revived on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre from November 15, 1981, to January 2, 1982, and was broadcast on HBO a year later, starring Richard Harris as Arthur, Meg Bussert as Guenevere,  Muenz as Lancelot and Thor Fields as Tom of Warwick. Harris, who had starred in the film, and Muenz also took the show on tour nationwide.

Richard Burton reprised his role as Arthur in a revival that ran from July 8, 1980, to August 23, 1980, at the New York State Theater at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Christine Ebersole played Guenevere, and Richard Muenz was Lancelot.

Another Broadway revival ran from June 21, 1993 to August 7, 1993 for 56 performances at the Gershwin Theatre as a stop on a national tour, with Robert Goulet now cast in the role of Arthur. Goulet reprised this role at Toronto's O'Keefe Centre in 1993.

In March 2022, it was reported that Aaron Sorkin and Bartlett Sher were working on a reimagined production for Broadway, which was to begin performances on Thursday, November 3 and open on Thursday, December 8 at the Vivian Beaumont Theater. In June 2022, it was announced that the revival had been postponed to the spring of 2023. It began previews on March 9, 2023, with an official opening on Thursday, April 13, 2023. Cast members include Andrew Burnap as Arthur, Phillipa Soo as Guenevere, and Jordan Donica as Lancelot. The production closed on July 23, 2023, after 38 previews and 115 regular performances. Plans for a U.S. national tour and West End production are underway.

 Other productions
 Richard Harris again played Arthur in a West End revival at the Apollo Victoria Theatre, London, from November 23, 1982 to February 5, 1983 with Fiona Fullerton, William Squire and Robert Meadmore.
 An 18-month U.S. tour, starring Michael York as Arthur, Rachel York (no relation) as Guenevere, and James Barbour as Lancelot, began on January 9, 2007 and ended in April 2008. Alan Jay Lerner's son, Michael Lerner, contributed changes to the libretto, and Glenn Casale directed. From June 27–30, 2007, the tour played at Toronto's Hummingbird Centre, where the musical had premiered in 1960.Camelot Canadian listing in the Sonycentre newsletter sonycentre.ca, June 2007 While the 2007 Michael York tour was performing across the U.S., Candlewood International ran a separate, largely non-equity national tour that played to cities not visited by the union tour. The Morgan le Fay character was removed, as it had been in all previous productions since 1964. Jeff Buchsbaum directed and Paula Sloan choreographed a cast headed by Robert Brown as Arthur, Matthew Posner as Lancelot, Mollie Vogt-Welch as Guenevere, Gregory Van Acker as Sir Sagramore, Geoff Lutz as Mordred, and Heather Faith Stricker as Lady Catherine.
 From May 7 to May 10, 2008, the New York Philharmonic presented five semi-staged concerts of Camelot directed by Lonny Price and produced by Thomas Z. Shepard and starring Gabriel Byrne as King Arthur, Marin Mazzie as Guenevere, and Nathan Gunn as Lancelot. It featured Christopher Lloyd as Pellinore, Stacy Keach as Merlyn, Marc Kudisch as Lionel, Bobby Steggert as Mordred, Will Swenson as Sagramore, Christopher Sieber as Dinadan, Fran Drescher as Morgan le Fay and Rishi Mutalik as Tom of Warwick. The May 8 performance was broadcast nationally on Live from Lincoln Center on PBS.
 Camelot was produced in San Francisco at San Francisco Playhouse in July 2013.
 The 2018 production at Sidney Harman Hall set box office records for the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, DC.
In 2019, there was a Lincoln Center Theater gala production of Camelot starring Lin Manuel Miranda and Jordan Donica as Arthur and Lancelot respectively.
  A semi-staged concert performance of the musical ran at the Watermill Theatre, Newbury from 17 August to the 5th of September 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the concerts were held outdoors in the theatre's gardens and the audience were seated at socially distanced tables. It was directed by The Watermill Theatre's Artistic Director Paul Hart. The cast included real life  married couple Michael Jibson & Caroline Sheen as Arthur and Guenevere, Marc Antolin as Lancelot and Peter Dukes as Mordred.

Notable casts

 Original casts

 Concert casts

 Additional notable performers
King Arthur: Eric Anderson, George Lee Andrews, Brent Barrett, Robert Cuccioli, John Cullum, Davis Gaines, George Hearn, Mark Jacoby, Terrence Mann, Jeff McCarthy, Paul Nicholas, Robert Petkoff, Lou Diamond Phillips, Hayden Tee, David Thaxton, Oliver Thornton, Michael York
Guenevere: Kim Crosby, Rachel deBenedet, Betsy Joslyn, Jenny Powers, Marina Prior, Jennifer Hope Wills, Rachel York
Lancelot: Steve Barton, Lewis Cleale, Robert Cuccioli, Gregg Edelman, Davis Gaines, Jeremiah James, Joseph Mahowald, Michael McCarthy, Alex Rathgeber, Matt Rawle, Chuck Wagner, Richard White
Merlyn: Eric Anderson
Mordred: John Cullum
Pellinore: Ken Page

Musical numbers

Act I
 "Overture" — Orchestra
 "The March [Parade]" — Orchestra
 "I Wonder What the King Is Doing Tonight" — Arthur
 "The Simple Joys of Maidenhood" — Guenevere
 "Camelot" — Arthur
 "Camelot" (reprise) — Arthur, Guenevere
 "Follow Me"† — Nimue
 "C'est Moi" — Lancelot
 "The Lusty Month of May" — Guenevere, Ensemble
 "Then You May Take Me to the Fair"§ — Guenevere, Sir Lionel, Sir Sagramore, Sir Dinaden
 "How To Handle a Woman" — Arthur
 "The Jousts"† — Arthur, Guenevere, Ensemble
 "Before I Gaze at You Again" — Guenevere

Act II
 "If Ever I Would Leave You" — Lancelot
 "The Seven Deadly Virtues" — Mordred
 "What Do the Simple Folk Do?" — Arthur and Guenevere
 "Fie on Goodness!"§ — Mordred & Knights
 "I Loved You Once In Silence"‡ — Guenevere
 "Guenevere" — Ensemble
 "Camelot" (reprise) — King Arthur

§ — Cut shortly into the original 1960 run, remained on the cast album; restored in most subsequent revivals; "Fie on Goodness" cut from film version; "Then You May Take Me to the Fair" included in film.

† — Cut from the 2022 Broadway revival

‡  — Reassigned to Lancelot in the 2022 Broadway revival

Critical response
The New York critics' reviews of the original production were mixed to positive. A 1993 review in The New York Times commented that the musical "has grown in stature over the years, primarily because of its superb score ... [which] combined a lyrical simplicity with a lush romanticism, beautifully captured in numbers like 'I Loved You Once in Silence' and 'If Ever I Would Leave You.' These ballads sung by Guenevere and Lancelot are among the most memorable in the Lerner-Loewe catalogue. King Arthur supplies the wit, with songs like 'I Wonder What the King Is Doing Tonight.'" A 2003 review noted, "this musically rich, legend-based classic evokes enough swashbuckling spectacle to keep one smiling. And for lovers of dime-store romance, Camelot has it all — a beautiful English princess swept off her feet by a shy, but passionate bachelor king; an ardent French knight, torn between devotion to his liege and an uncontrollable hunger, reciprocated, to be sure, for the king's tempestuous wife.... Camelot features a score rich in English country-tune charm by Mr. Lerner. [sic: Loewe wrote the music] Its lyrics, by Mr. Loewe [sic: Lerner wrote the lyrics], never fail to dazzle with their virtuosity and wit." However, "Jay Lerner's murky book... has helped sink many a revival of the musical.... It's a good story, but Lerner's book is talky and dense, filled with pontificating soliloquies that would have been more powerfully contained in song. Moreover, while the entire show rushes towards a bloody climax... when it finally arrives, it is merely sketched upon in one song, 'Guenevere.' ...The score, though, is pure magic."

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production

1980 Broadway revival
Source: IBDB

2023 Broadway revival

Original cast recording

 Film adaptation

A film adaptation, directed by Joshua Logan, was released in 1967. It stars Richard Harris as Arthur, Vanessa Redgrave as Guenevere, Franco Nero as Lancelot and David Hemmings as Mordred.

References

Sources
 Lerner, Alan Jay. The Street Where I Live (1978). W. W. Norton & Company,
 Kantor, Michael and Maslon, Laurence. Broadway: The American Musical'' (2004). Bluefinch Press, New York,

External links

 Summary, production, and licensing information at Tams-Witmark
 Camelot Audition Advice and Show Information from MusicalTheatreAudition.net
 Background of the show and commentary by Judy Harris
 Study Guide, Bard College
 Information about the show theatrehistory.com
 Information about recordings, Cast Albumdb.com
New York Public Library Blog about Camelot

1960 musicals
Arthurian musical theatre
Broadway musicals
Musicals based on novels
Fantasy theatre
Musicals by Alan Jay Lerner
Musicals by Frederick Loewe
Tony Award-winning musicals
Musicals set in castles
Musicals set in the Middle Ages

Camelot (musical)


Gabriel Wallmark (né le ) est un athlète suédois spécialiste du triple saut.

Biographie
En 2021, Gabriel Wallmark remporte le titre des championnats d'Europe juniors à Tallinn, puis s'impose lors des championnats du monde juniors à Nairobi où il étébalit un nouevau record de Suède junior avec . Il est sacré champion de Suède 2021 avec la marque de

Palmarès

Records

Notes et références

Liens externes

Triple-sauteur suédois
Naissance en janvier 2002
Champion du monde junior d'athlétisme
Champion d'Europe junior d'athlétisme

Gabriel Wallmark


A UP Experience é um centro cultural, esportivo e científico localizado em Curitiba, no Paraná. O centro conta com mais de 300 espaços onde acontecem diversos tipos de eventos, campeonatos esportivos e shows, além de 153 mil metros quadrados de área verde.

Também fazem parte da UP Experience: Teatro Positivo, UP Expo, Biblioteca Central, sala de eventos, auditórios, clínicas, laboratórios, centro esportivo completo, 125 jardins e 23 bosques e toda a infraestrutura dos campi da Universidade Positivo (Ecoville, Osório e Santos Andrade).

Há ainda o Templo da Paz e o Lago UP Experience.

Estrutura
 Teatro Positivo: O Teatro Positivo foi inaugurado em março de 2008, com arquitetura inspirada no Teatro Grego de Epidauro, do século IV a.C. É considerado o maior teatro do Paraná e um dos maiores da América do Sul, com capacidade para 2.400 pessoas, quatro camarins e quatro camarotes.

 UP Expo: O centro de eventos UP Expo foi inaugurado em 2008. É composto por espaços modulados e flexíveis, totalizando mais de 11 mil metros quadrados, e que possibilitam programações simultâneas.

 UPX Sports: O centro esportivo do complexo UP Experience conta com academia completa, salas de dança e luta, piscinas com qualidade olímpica aquecidas, ginásio poliesportivo, pistas de corrida e campos de futebol. Em 2021, a UPX Sports recebeu alguns jogos da Superliga Feminina de Vôlei.

 Biblioteca Central: A biblioteca conta com cerca de 125 mil exemplares impressos e 28 mil títulos de livros em formato eletrônico.

Cultura de Curitiba
Centros culturais do Brasil

UPExperience


Sıtmasuyu, Samsun ilinin Tekkeköy ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Köy, adını, vaktiyle bulunan bir sudan almaktadır. Bu suyun, o zamanların büyük sorunu olan sıtmaya iyi geldiği rivayet edilmektedir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 27 km, Tekkeköy ilçesine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Tekkeköy'ün mahalleleri

Sıtmasuyu, Tekkeköy


Glenea fulvomaculata é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrito por James Thomson em 1860.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

fulvomaculata
Coleópteros descritos em 1860

Glenea fulvomaculata


Two Eleven bzw. 2/11 ist das sechste Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen Sängerin Brandy. Das Album erschien am 19. Oktober 2012.

Hintergrund
Zunächst deuteten erste Berichte im Jahre 2009 darauf hin, dass Brandy den Longplayer mit The-Dream, Pharrell Williams, Ne-Yo, StarGate, Tricky Stewart  produzieren würde. Zu dieser Zeit war sie noch bei Epic unter Vertrag und schloss zusätzlich einen Management-Deal mit Jay-Z's Roc Nation ab. Eine dieser Kollaborationen war der Song "Louboutins", welchen später Jennifer Lopez als Single veröffentlichte, nachdem Brandy sich von der Plattenfirma Epic und kurz darauf auch von Roc Nation getrennt hatte. Nach der Trennung von Epic begann sie an neuen Songs mit den Produzenten Sean & Kadis zu arbeiten.

Im Winter 2009 steuerte Brandy einen Hip-Hop-lastigeren Sound, mit Rap-Einlagen ihres Alter Egos Bran'Nu und Beats von Produzent und Rapper Timbaland an. Zu dieser Zeit war sie unter Vertrag bei Knockout Entertainment und platzierte zwei ihrer Rapsongs auf Timbalands Shock Value II. Timbaland war von ihren Fähigkeiten als Rapperin beeindruckt, nachdem sie ein von ihr auf YouTube hochgeladenes Rapvideo gesehen hatte. Dies führte zur gemeinsamen Arbeit an Songs für ihr sechstes Album unter dem Label Mosley Music Group. Letzten Endes jedoch, wie sie in diversen Talkshows erzählte, fühlte sich die Sängerin dazu überredet, als MC zu fungieren, und bereute dies im Nachhinein. Außerdem – inspiriert durch den Erfolg ihrer Kollegin Monica – soll das Album vom "wahren R&B" der 1990er beeinflusst werden und Songs "aus Herz und Seele" und "mit Gänsehautfeeling" beinhalten. So verriet sie der Zeitschrift Rolling-Stone:

Titelliste

Deluxe Edition

Quellen

Album (Contemporary R&B)
Album 2012
Brandy-Album

Two Eleven


La Ruta Estatal de California 28, y abreviada SR 28 (en inglés: California State Route 28) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de California. La carretera inicia en el Oeste desde la  hacia el Este en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 17,6 km (10.943 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de California 28 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de California por sus siglas en inglés Caltrans.

Cruces
La Ruta Estatal de California 28 es atravesada principalmente por la .
{| class=wikitable
!Localidad
!Miliario
!Destinos
!Notas
|-
|Tahoe City
|0.09
|, Emerald Bay
|
|-
|Kings Beach
|9.34
|
|
|-
|
|11.03
|colspan=2 align=center|Frontera con Nevada
|-
|
|11.03
|
| Continuación más allá de la frontera con Nevada

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Caltrans

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de California
Carreteras del condado de Placer

Ruta Estatal de California 28


Forbandede Ungdom er det andet studiealbum fra den danske musikduo Ukendt Kunstner. Det udkom 12. maj 2014 via No3 og Sony Music. Albummet indeholder 12 sange, rappet af Hans Philip og produceret af Jens Ole McCoy. På albummet medvirker udover Hans Philip Lord Siva på sangen "Fortæl Dem", Sivas på sangen "Stein Bagger" og Caroline Henderson på sangen "Englebarn".

Albummet har opnået certificeringen platin.

Baggrund
I Politiken den 7. marts 2015 blev det skrevet om albummet beskrevet således:

Modtagelse

Forbandedede Ungdom blev generelt modtaget okay af anmelderne.

GAFFAs anmelder, Maria Therese Seefeldt Stæhr, skrev at "det langt hen ad vejen er et vellykket og interessant album" og gav albummet fem ud af seks stjerner. Soundvenues anmelder, Kristian Karl, kaldte Forbandede Ungdom "et afgørende skridt væk fra nattelivsrap, både tematisk og lydmæssigt" og "sobert, dæmpet melankolsk og langt fra nattelivsodysseen 'Neonlys'" og gav albummet fire ud af seks stjerner i sin anmeldelse. Mindre begejstret var musik.guide.dks anmelder, Peter Schollert, der gav albummet tre ud af seks stjerner, og blandt andet i sin anmeldelse skrev, at "Der er afgjort momenter i musikken og i leverancerne af ord, der kan holde interessen fanget, [...]" men at "[...] for tit på den ungdommelige udgivelse udstyres udsyn og selvindsigt med så megen alvor, at man ikke kan tage det alvorligt."

Spor
Alle sange er skrevet af Hans Philip, medmindre andet er noteret.

Hitlister og certificeringer

Album

Ugentlige hitlister

Årslister

Singler

Referencer

Noter

Referencer

Album fra 2014
Ukendt Kunstner-album

Forbandede Ungdom (album)


L'Université d'études étrangères de Kyoto (), également connue sous l'acronyme KUFS, est une université privée de langue étrangère créée en 1947 et établie à Kyoto, au Japon dans l'arrondissement de Ukyō-ku.

Description
Le Kyoto Junior College of Foreign Languages est rattaché à cette université. La KUFS se spécialise dans neuf langues : anglais, espagnol, français, allemand, portugais, chinois, italien, russe (fondé en 2020) et japonais.

En avril 2018, le Département des relations internationales est créé et comprend principalement le département des études mondiales et celui du tourisme mondial.

Départements académiques
Il existe huit départements de langues spécialisées au sein de la Faculté des études étrangères en plus d'un cours d'études japonaises pour les étudiants étrangers :
 Département d'études britanniques et américaines
 Département d'études espagnoles (rebaptisé "Études hispaniques" à compter d'avril 2007
 Département d'études françaises
 Département d'études allemandes
 Département d'études brésiliennes et portugaises ( portugais : Departamento de Estudos Luso-Brasileiros da UEEQ )
 Département d'études italiennes
 Département d'études chinoises
 Département d'études japonaises
 Département des affaires mondiales
 Département d'études mondiales
 Département du tourisme mondial
 Cours d'études japonaises pour étudiants étrangers (en japonais) (en anglais)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Université privée au Japon
Université dans la préfecture de Kyoto
Établissement scolaire fondé en 1947

Université d’études étrangères de Kyoto


Nikolaj Ivanov henviser til blandt andre:

 Nikolaj Kuzmitj Ivanov (1810–1880) – russisk operasanger
 Nikolaj Iudovitj Ivanov (1851–1919) – russisk officer og kontrarevolutionær
 Nikolaj Petrovitj Ivanov (født 1949) – sovjetisk olympisk roer
 Nikolaj Vladimirovitj Ivanov (født 1964) – russisk fodboldsdommer

Nikolaj Ivanov


Ernesto Novelo Torres (Valladolid, Yucatán; 1895 - Mérida, Yucatán; 1968) fue un político mexicano, miembro del Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Fue gobernador de Yucatán entre 1942 y 1946. Sobrino del escritor José Inés Novelo.

Datos biográficos
Vivió en la ciudad de Mérida desde muy joven, habiendo estudiado para ejercer el sacerdocio en el Seminario Conciliar de San Ildefonso. Más tarde, al renunciar a su vocación inicial, continuó sus estudios en el Instituto Literario de Yucatán.

Trabajó como telegrafista, habiendo llegado a ser jefe de la oficina de Telégrafos Nacionales en el puerto de Progreso, en Yucatán. Fue presidente municipal de este Puerto en 1932.

Fue diputado al Congreso del Estado de Yucatán en 1935. Durante la administración del gobernador Humberto Canto Echeverría fungió como Tesorero del Estado y también como Oficial Mayor.

Fue elegido gobernador de Yucatán para el cuatrienio 1942-1946. En su administración se inició la construcción del Monumento a la Patria en el Paseo de Montejo de la ciudad de Mérida, habiéndosele encargado el proyecto escultórico al artista colombomexicano Rómulo Rozo. También fueron construidos el Parque de las Américas,  el Archivo General del Estado (AGEY) y el centro escolar Felipe Carrillo Puerto.

Fueron creadas durante la gestión de Novelo Torres la Orquesta Típica Yukalpetén y la Orquesta Sinfónica de Yucatán. También fue elaborada la Enciclopedia Yucatanense, encargándosele al historiador Carlos Echánove Trujillo la coordinación del proyecto de realización. Esta primera edición de la enciclopedia (la segunda habría de editarse en 1979 durante la administración del gobernador Francisco Luna Kan) fue realizada con la intención de conmemorar el IV centenario de la fundación de la ciudad de Mérida (6 de enero de 1544-1944).

Al culminar su tarea gubernativa fue elegido senador por el estado de Yucatán para la XL y XLI Legislatura del Congreso de la Unión de México. Al término de su mandato como senador retornó a Yucatán dedicándose a la vida privada.

Véase también
 Gobernantes de Yucatán
 Revolución mexicana en Yucatán
 Industria henequenera en Yucatán
 Avilacamachismo
 Elecciones estatales de Yucatán de 1941

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Creación del Archivo General del Estado de Yucatán Consultado el 11 de enero de 2012.

Nacidos en Valladolid (México)
Gobernadores de Yucatán del siglo XX
Senadores de las XL y XLI Legislaturas de México
Miembros del PRI de Yucatán
Fallecidos en Mérida (México)

Ernesto Novelo Torres


Askariasis er en sygdom, der forårsages af parasitten spolorm Ascaris lumbricoides. I over 85 % af alle tilfælde giver sygdommen ingen symptomer, særligt hvis der er en lav forekomst af orme. Symptomerne tiltager med forekomsten af orme og kan omfatte stakåndethed og feber ved sygdommens begyndelse. Disse symptomer kan blive efterfulgt af oppustethed, mavesmerter og diarré. Børn er hyppigst ramt, og hos børn kan sygdommen også medføre nedsat vægtøgning, fejlernæring og indlæringsvanskeligheder.

Smitten overføres, når personen indtager mad eller drikke, der indeholder Ascaris-æg fra afføring. Æggene klækkes i tarmene, trænger gennem bugvæggen og finder vej til lungerne via blodet. Her trænger de ind i alveolerne og passerer op via luftrøret, hvor de hostes op og sluges. Larverne føres derefter for anden gang via maven og ind i tarmen, hvor de bliver til voksne orme.

Sygdommen forbygges bedst ved renlighed, hvilket omfatter god adgang til toiletter og korrekt og hygiejnisk bortskaffelse af afføring. Håndvask med sæbe skulle også være forebyggende. I områder, hvor over 20 % af befolkningen er smittet, anbefales det at behandle alle personer regelmæssigt. Det er almindeligt at blive smittet gentagne gange. Der findes ingen vaccine. De behandlinger, der anbefales af Verdenssundhedsorganisationen WHO er lægemidlerne albendazol, mebendazol, levamisol eller pyrantelpamoat. Andre virksomme stoffer er tribendimidin og nitazoxanid.

Cirka 0,8 til 1,2 milliarder mennesker på verdensplan har spolorm, og de hyppigste forekomster er blandt befolkninger i subsaharisk Afrika, Latinamerika og Asien. Dette gør spolorm til den den mest almindelige type jordbundsoverført indvoldsorm. I 2010 medførte den circa 2.700 dødsfald i forhold til 3.400 i 1990. En anden type Ascaris rammer svin: Ascaris suum.

Referencer

Sygdomme

Askariasis


Ōishi Yoshio (1659-1703), un samouraï japonais
 Takao Oishi (né en 1964), un footballeur japonais
 Nobuyuki Oishi (né en 1939), un footballeur japonais
 Yoshino Ōishi (née en 1944), une photojournaliste japonaise
 Oishi Shuishiro, un des personnages du manga Le Prince du tennis
 Ōishi Wasaburō (1874-1950), un météorologue et espérantiste japonais
 Saburô Ôishi (fl. 1940), un paléobotaniste japonais

 autres
 (3379) Oishi, un astéroïde de la ceinture principale découvert le 6 octobre 1931 par l'astronome allemand Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth

Ôishi


භෞතිකවේද විද්‍යාව යන්න ග්‍රික සම්භයක් ඇති වචනයකි. මෙහි ශරිරය පිළිබද අධයනය යන තේරුම ඇත. භෞතිකවේදය යනු සජිවින්ගේ යාන්ත්‍රික,භෞතික සහ ජෛව රසායනික ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනයයි.

සාම්ප්‍රදායික භෞතිකවේදය ශාක භෞතිකවේදය සහ සත්ව භෞතිකවේදය මගින් කුමන කොටසක් ගැන අධයනය කලද ඒවා දෙපිරිසටම පොදු වේ. උදාහරණය ලෙස යිස්‍ට් යේලයේ  භෞතිකවේදය මිනිස් සෛල වලට අදාලය.

සත්ව භෞතිකවේදය බිහිවි ඇත්තේ මානව භෞතිකවේදය මෙවලම් භාවිතාකර මානව නොවන ජිවින්ගේ භෞතිකවේදය අධ්‍යයනයෙනි. ශාක  භෞතිකවේදය ක්‍ෂේත්‍ර දෙකෙහිම ක්‍රම භාවිත කරයි. මෙම විෂය පථයන් විශ්වයේ ගසමෙන් පුළුල් හා විවිධාකාරය. මෙම විෂමතාවය නිසාම මානව  භෞතිකවේදය පරිෂණ මුලික ලෙස මානව භෞතික ගති ලක්ෂණ පරිනාම ක්‍රියාදාමය ඔස්සේ වෙනස් වි ඇති ආකාරය අධ්‍යයනයට පමණක් යාන්ද්‍ර වී ඇත. මෙම විදයාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයන් යොදාගන්නා ක්‍ෂේත්‍ර අතර ජීව රසායනික, ජෛව භෞතික විද්‍යාත්මක, භූදර්ශන ජීව විද්‍යාව, ජෛව යාන්ත්‍රික හා ඖෂධ ක්‍ෂේත්‍රය වැදගත් වේ.

සටහන්

{|

|Physiology
|-
{|

භෞතිකවේදය


An Digitaria madagascariensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Marie Bosser. An Digitaria madagascariensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Digitaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Digitaria (Poaceae)

Digitaria madagascariensis


Die Pechlibellen (Ischnura) sind eine weltweit verbreitete Gattung der Schlanklibellen (Coenagrionidae) innerhalb der Kleinlibellen (Zygoptera).
Sie sind bekannt für die verschiedenen, teilweise stark farbigen Varianten, die vor allem die Weibchen annehmen können. In Mitteleuropa finden sich mit der Großen und Kleinen Pechlibelle (Ischnura elegans und Ischnura pumilio) zwei Arten der Gattung. In Südeuropa und Nordafrika wird die Große Pechlibelle durch sehr ähnliche Arten ersetzt.

Merkmale

Pechlibellen sind typische,  meist relativ kleine Schlanklibellen mit Körperlängen zwischen zwanzig und vierzig Millimetern und einem lang gestreckten, oberseits typischerweise metallisch schwarz gefärbten Abdomen. Eines oder mehrere der hinteren Abdominalsegmente sind häufig hell, meist blau, gefärbt und bilden so ein auffälliges "Schlusslicht", das zur schwarzen Grundfärbung kontrastiert. Es gibt jedoch auch Arten, bei denen die schwarze Färbung des Abdomens nicht vollständig ist, sowie solche, die kein Schlusslicht ausbilden. Die schwarze Färbung, die in der Aufsicht den für die Pechlibellen charakteristischen dunklen Eindruck hervorruft, befindet sich jedoch nur auf der Oberseite des Abdomens, seitlich und unterseits sind die mittleren Segmente hell, meist gelblich, so dass die Pechlibellen in der Seitenansicht nicht besonders dunkel gefärbt erscheinen.

Die meisten Arten besitzen helle, deutlich ausgebildete Postokularflecken auf der dem Körper zugewandten Seite der Facettenaugen. Diese variieren in Größe und Form zwischen den Arten stark, häufig sind sie bei den Weibchen – seltener auch bei den Männchen – durch eine helle Linie miteinander verbunden. Die Augen sind oberseits dunkel, so dass sie wie von einer Kappe bedeckt wirken. Zusätzlich finden sich manchmal noch farblich abgesetzte, horizontale Streifen in der Mitte der Augen, diese fehlen normalerweise bei voll ausgereiften Individuen. Mittig auf der Oberseite des Thorax befindet sich immer ein dunkler Mittelstreifen, meist – außer bei einigen weiblichen Farbvarianten – sind auch die seitlichen, dunklen Humeralstreifen ausgebildet. Die dazwischenliegenden hellen Antehumeralstreifen müssen nicht vorhanden sein, oder können bei einigen Männchen zu auseinander liegenden Punkten aufgelöst sein. Die Thoraxseitenstreifen sind nur schwach ausgebildet oder fehlen – besonders wiederum bei einigen weiblichen Farbvarianten – ganz, so dass die Thoraxseiten hell und ohne Zeichnung erscheinen.

Die Flügel setzen wie bei allen Schlanklibellen gestielt am Körper an. Vorder- und Hinterflügel sind gleich und immer hyalin. Ein Unterscheidungsmerkmal gegenüber anderen Schlanklibellen ist das bei den meisten Arten rhombisch geformte, zweifarbige Pterostigma, das meist zur Flügelbasis schwarz und auf der Seite der Flügelspitze weiß gefärbt ist. Auch unterscheiden sich die Flügelmale in Größe und Form zwischen Vorder- und Hinterflügel.

Die Weibchen der Pechlibellen sind dafür bekannt, in verschiedenen Farbvarianten aufzutreten. Androchrome Weibchen sind wie Männchen gefärbt, häufiger werden jedoch heterochrome (weibchenfarbene) Färbungen ausgebildet, diese teilweise mit mehreren Farbvarianten, die sich wiederum mit Einsetzen der Geschlechtsreife deutlich verändern. Typisch für die Jugendform ist eine leuchtende Orange- oder Rosafärbung, bei einigen Arten bedeckt diese den ganzen Körper. Mit der Ausreifung zur geschlechtsreifen Imago verdunkeln sich die Farben zunehmend. Außerdem wird von den geschlechtsreifen Pechlibellen einiger Arten eine meist bläuliche oder weißliche Wachsbereifung gebildet, die die Zeichnung des Körpers überdecken kann. Vor dem Legebohrer auf dem achten Hinterleibssegment befindet sich ein abstehender Dorn. Wie die Ausbildung polychromer Formen ist dies ein Charakteristikum der Ischnurinae.

Typisch für die männlichen Pechlibellen ist ein grüner Thorax mit einem dunklen Abdomen und blauem Schlusslicht, jedoch kommen auch andere Farbvarianten vor. In der Aufsicht wirkt das Ende des Abdomens mit den Cerci bei den meisten Arten wie gegabelt, was ihnen in Amerika und Kanada den Namen "Forktails" einbrachte. Auch die Färbung der Männchen unterscheidet sich teils erheblich zwischen der Jugend- und Altersform.

Ähnliche Arten
Durch das typischerweise schwarze Abdomen mit dem auffälligen Schlusslicht ist eine Abgrenzung der Pechlibellen zu anderen Schlanklibellen wie den Azur- und Becherjungfern in der Regel relativ einfach. Diese bilden artspezifische Zeichnungen der Abdominalsegmente aus, die sich in der Seitensicht verjüngen, sich cranial zuspitzen und so die Oberseite des Abdomens nicht vollständig bedecken. Die Zeichnung des Abdomens ist bei den Pechlibellen oberseits meist deckend und die Seiten sind parallel ausgebildet. Einige Vertreter der Azur- und Becherjungfern zeigen jedoch auch Muster und Schlusslichter, wie sie für die Pechlibellen typisch sind, zum Beispiel die nordeuropäische Hauben-Azurjungfer (Coenagrion armatum) mit ebenfalls grünem Thorax und geschwärztem Abdomen.

Verbreitung
Die Pechlibellen sind weltweit verbreitet, darunter auch auf vielen Ozeanischen Inseln. In Mitteleuropa wird die Gattung von der Kleinen Pechlibelle (Ischnura pumilio) und der Großen Pechlibelle (Ischnura elegans) vertreten, wobei letztere im westlichen Mittelmeerraum und Nordafrika durch sehr ähnliche Arten aus dem Artkomplex der Elegans-Gruppe ersetzt wird. Deren Vertreter zeigen zwar leichte Unterschiede in der Ausbildung der Farbvarianten, sind sich ansonsten jedoch so ähnlich, dass eine Unterscheidung nur aufgrund der männlichen Hinterleibsanhänge und der Form des Prothorax, beziehungsweise der unterschiedlichen Verbreitungsgebiete erfolgen kann. In Teilen Spaniens und Nordafrikas findet sich Ischnura graellsii, auf den Mittelmeerinseln Ischnura genei und in Nordafrika Ischnura saharensis. Hier kommt es außerdem zur Überlappung von Arten der Elegans-Gruppe mit Ischnura fountainei.

Eine Besonderheit stellt die isolierte Population der sich parthenogenetisch fortpflanzenden Rätselhaften Pechlibelle (Ischnura hastata) auf den Azoren dar.

In Nordamerika sind 14 Arten der Gattung zu finden, teilweise mit Artpaaren oder -trios, die zeitgleich im gleichen Habitat auftreten und ohne genauere Untersuchung der männlichen Hinterleibsanhänge nicht voneinander zu unterscheiden sind. Die Männchen von fünf der amerikanischen Arten unterscheiden sich jedoch deutlich von anderen Pech- und Schlanklibellen.

Pechlibellen halten sich bevorzugt in der dichten Vegetation rund um ihre Entwicklungsgewässer auf, einige Arten fliegen auch über dem offenen Wasser. Bevorzugte Habitate sind Teiche, Seen und Moorgewässer, in denen die Libellen teilweise sehr hohe Populationsdichten erreichen können. Es gibt jedoch auch Arten die Bäche und Flüsse bevorzugen. Obwohl viele Arten ein großes Verbreitungsgebiet besitzen, sind Pechlibellen relativ schlechte Flieger.

Lebensweise
Die Pechlibellen sind in Mitteleuropa univoltin, das heißt, sie bilden nur eine Generation pro Jahr heraus. Im wärmeren Südeuropa wie auch im Süden Nordamerikas kann es dagegen auch zur Ausbildung mehrerer Generationen kommen. Die Größe der Imagines ist mit dem Schlupfzeitpunkt korreliert – größere Individuen, deren Larvalentwicklungszeit durch die Wintermonate verlängert war, werden vorwiegend im Frühjahr angetroffen, kleinere Individuen sind im Sommer und Herbst zu beobachten. Generell haben die Pechlibellen im Vergleich zu anderen Schlanklibellen eine längere Flugzeit und neigen dazu, auch in der Ausreifungszeit am Entwicklungsgewässer zu bleiben. Zur Fortpflanzung finden die Pechlibellen im Paarungsrad zusammen, die Länge der Paarung variiert zwischen den Arten stark. Die anschließende Eiablage, meist in aus dem Wasser ragenden Pflanzenteilen, erfolgt nur durch das Weibchen, ohne angekoppeltes Männchen und typischerweise in den frühen Morgenstunden – häufig nur einmal.

Namensgebung

Der deutsche Name Pechlibellen leitet sich vom überwiegend schwarz gezeichneten Abdomen der mitteleuropäischen Vertreter ab, die damit sehr dunkel, beziehungsweise pechschwarz erscheinen. Der von Toussaint von Charpentier als wissenschaftlicher Gattungsname gewählte Begriff "Ischnura" bildet sich aus ischnos (griech.) für dünn, schlank und ura (griech.) für Schwanz, beziehungsweise Abdomen, wenn auch die Pechlibellen im Vergleich zu anderen Schlanklibellen kein besonders schlankes Abdomen besitzen.

Arten
Die Gattung der Pechlibellen wurde 1840 von Toussaint von Charpentier angelegt, Typusart ist die Große Pechlibelle. Nach Schorr et al. 2013 werden folgende 70 Arten den Pechlibellen zugerechnet:

Quellen

Literatur
 John C. Abbott: Damselflies of Texas: a field guide. University of Texas Press, Austin 2011, ISBN 978-0-292-71449-6.
 Klaas-Douwe B. Dijkstra: Field Guide to the Dragonflies of Britain and Europe. British Wildlife Publishing, Gillingham 2006, ISBN 0-9531399-4-8.
 Dennis Paulson: Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East, Princeton Field Guides. Princeton University Press, New Jersey 2011, ISBN 978-0-691-12283-0.
 Dennis Paulson: Dragonflies and Damselflies of the West, Princeton Field Guides. Princeton University Press, New Jersey 2000, ISBN 0-691-12281-4.
 Jill Silsby: Dragonflies of the World. Smithsonian, Washington 2001, ISBN 1-56098-959-9.
 Klaus Sternberg, Rainer Buchwald (Hrsg.): Die Libellen Baden-Württembergs. Band 1: Allgemeiner Teil, Kleinlibellen (Zygoptera). Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8001-3508-6.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Schlanklibellen

Pechlibellen


William Waldorf Astor, primer vizconde Astor (31 de marzo de 1848-18 de octubre de 1919) fue un millonario estadounidense que se convirtió en noble británico. Era miembro de la prominente Familia Astor.

Vida en Estados Unidos

William Astor nació en Nueva York, único hijo de John Jacob Astor III (1822-1890) y Charlotte Augusta Gibbes (1825-1887). Fue educado en Alemania e Italia antes de estudiar en la Escuela de Leyes de la Universidad de Columbia. En 1878, se casó con Mary Dahlgren Paul (1858-1894).

Fue elegido para la Asamblea del Estado de Nueva York en 1877, y al Senado en 1879, donde sirvió hasta 1881. Astor fue probablemente elegido con la ayuda del jefe republicano de Nueva York, el famoso Roscoe Conkling, con quien su familia estaba involucrada. En 1881, Astor fue derrotado por Roswell P. Flower como candidato para el Congreso de Estados Unidos. En 1882, el presidente Chester A. Arthur nombró a Astor ministro para Italia, cargo que desempeñó hasta 1885 ("Ve y diviértete, mi querido hijo", le dijo el presidente a Astor). Durante su estancia en Roma, Astor desarrolló una pasión por el arte y la escultura.

A la muerte de su padre, a principios de 1890, Astor heredó una fortuna que le hizo el hombre más rico de Estados Unidos de América. También en 1890, comenzó la construcción del lujoso Hotel Waldorf, sobre el lugar de su antigua residencia (su primo, John Jacob Astor IV, construyó el contiguo Hotel Astoria en 1897, y el complejo se convirtió en el Hotel Waldorf-Astoria. William, aunque era el dueño, lo visitó sólo una vez en su vida).

Gran Bretaña
En respuesta a una disputa que se originó con su tía Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor en 1891, sobre cuestiones de posición en la Alta Sociedad, Astor se mudó a Gran Bretaña con su familia. Alquiló la Lansdowne House en Londres hasta 1893, cuando compró una propiedad en Cliveden-on-Thames en Taplow, Buckinghamshire, al Duque de Westminster. En el verano de 1892, Astor fingió su propia muerte, aparentemente de neumonía. Sin embargo, el engaño fue prontamente descubierto, dando lugar a que Astor fuese objeto de burla en la prensa.

Astor hizo varias adquisiciones de negocios, mientras vivió en Londres. En 1892, compró la Pall Mall Gazette, y en 1893 creó la  Pall Mall Magazine. En 1911, adquirió The Observer. En 1912 vendió Magazine, y en 1914 regaló Gazette y The Observer, junto con el edificio en Newton Street, a su hijo Waldorf Astor.

En 1903 adquirió el Castillo de Hever, cerca de Edenbridge, Kent, a unos 30 kilómetros al sur de Londres. La extensa propiedad, construida en 1270, fue el lugar donde Ana Bolena vivió de niña. William Waldorf Astor invirtió una gran cantidad de tiempo y dinero para restaurar el castillo, el edificio qué se conoce como la "Villa Tudor" y creó un lago y jardines. En 1905 dio a su hijo William Waldorf Astor II y a su nueva nuera, Nancy Langhorne, la propiedad de Cliveden como regalo de bodas.

En 1908, abrió el Hotel Waldorf en el West End de Londres, buscando establecer un hotel de estilo americano en el Reino Unido.

Filantropía y nobleza

Astor, habiéndose convertido en ciudadano británico en 1899, se interesó en obtener distinción en la sociedad británica. Entre las organizaciones benéficas beneficiadas con sus donativos estaban The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street (al que donó $ 250,000 en 1903), el University College de Londres, la Universidad de Oxford, la Universidad de Cambridge, la National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, la Sociedad de la Cruz Roja Británica y el Gordon Memorial College. Sus donaciones a organizaciones benéficas de guerra incluyeron $125,000 al Fondo de Ayuda Nacional del Príncipe de Gales, una cantidad similar al Fondo de Familias de Oficiales de la Princesa Luisa, $200,000 a la Sociedad de la Cruz Roja Británica, $25,000 al Comité de Empleo de la Reina María, y una suma similar al Lord Mayor's National Bands Fund. Donó anualmente $5,000 al King Edward's Hospital Fund a partir de su fundación en 1897.

Tales donaciones eran frecuentemente honradas con la concesión de un título de nobleza a su benefactor. El 1 de enero de 1916, se le ofreció y aceptó un título en la nobleza del Reino Unido bajo el título de Barón Astor del Castillo de  Hever en el condado de Kent. El 3 de junio de 1917, el Barón Astor fue elevado al rango de vizconde. La concesión fue controvertida, ya que representaba para muchos cómo un millonario estadounidense podía comprar su camino a la aristocracia británica.

Muerte

Astor murió de insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva en el baño de su casa de Brighton, Sussex, Inglaterra, a los 71 años. Fue incinerado y sus cenizas enterradas en el piso de mármol de la capilla de Cliveden.

Descendencia

 Waldorf Astor, 2do vizconde Astor (1879-1952) casado con Nancy Witcher Langhorne en 1906. Su primer matrimonio, en 1897, terminó en divorcio 1903.
 Pauline Astor (1880–1972), casada el 29 de octubre de 1904 con Herbert Henry Spender Clay (1875–1937).
 John Rudolph Astor (1881-1881).
 John Jacob Astor,  barón Astor de Hever (1886-1971) se casó con Lady Violet Mary Elliot [de los condes de Minto] (1889-1965) en 1916.
 Gwendolyn Enid Astor (1889–1902).

Fallecidos por insuficiencia cardíaca
Familia Astor
Emigrantes estadounidenses hacia Reino Unido
Nacionalizados del Reino Unido
Editores del Reino Unido
Nobles de Reino Unido
Vizcondes
Embajadores de Estados Unidos en Italia
Personas de Nueva York (estado)
Republicanos de Nueva York

William Waldorf Astor, Vizconde Astor


بلدية سُفليّ أو (نقحرة: سوفلاي)  هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة المرية. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 260 نسمة.

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المرية
بلديات المرية
أماكن ذات اسم عربي الأصل في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية

سوفلاي


Izotropija je svojstvo nekih kemijskih tvari da u svim smjerovima imaju jednaka fizikalna svojstva. Tako je na primjer deformacija izotropnih elastičnih materijala jednakih (po Hookeovu zakonu) u svim smjerovima, optički izotropni materijali provode svjetlost u svim smjerovima jednako i tako dalje. Izotropne tvari obično su plinovi i tekućine te materijali nekristalne građe važni u tehnologiji: amorfni poluvodiči, polimerni materijali i staklo. U filozofiji znanosti, za matematičko-logički pojam izotropnog i homogenoga prostora zaslužan je B. Russell, a korijeni takvim formulacijama leže u fizikalnoj i matematičkoj teoriji prostora Frane Petrića.

Hookeov zakon

Ako je šipka ili štap od nekog elastičnog materijala, onda i nju možemo promatrati kao oprugu. Šipka ima duljinu L i poprečni presjek A. Ako šipku razvlačimo s nekom silom F, onda u njoj nastaje naprezanje σ, koje se opire vanjskoj sili. Tada Hookeov zakon možemo pisati u drugom obliku:

ili

gdje je: σ – naprezanje u šipki ili štapu (N/mm2), E – Youngov modul elastičnosti (N/mm2), ε – omjer produljenja šipke ili štapa i njene duljine (bez dimenzije ili ΔL / L), L – duljina štapa, ΔL - produljenje šipke ili štapa (mm), F – sila koja produljuje šipku ili štap (N), A – poprečni presjek šipke ili štapa (mm2)

Hookeov zakon vrijedi samo u određenom području nekog materijala, koje se naziva elastično područje. Za čelik je elastično područje sve do granice razvlačenja ili gdje ta granica nije jasno određena, do granice plastičnosti koja je određena onim naprezanjem pri kojem nastaje trajno produljenje od 0,2% prvobitne dužine šipke ili štapa. Ovo naprezanje nosi oznaku σ0,2.

Anizotropija

Anizotropija (grč. ἄνıσος: nejednak) je osobitost nekog sredstva da njegova fizikalna svojstva poprimaju različite vrijednosti za različite smjerove. Anizotropne su mnoge krute tvari: monokristali elemenata i spojeva, polikristali kojih zrna nisu potpuno nasumce usmjerena, drvo, vlaknaste tvari i tako dalje. Fizikalna svojstva anizotropnih kristala jesu elastičnost, električna vodljivost (kositar pokazuje veliku električnu otpornost za prolaz električne struje u jednome smjeru, a malu u drugome), optička gustoća (različita brzina svjetlosti u različitim smjerovima kod kalcita), magnetizacija (kubično željezo lako je magnetizirati u smjeru nekog od triju bridova). Anizotropija se može i umjetno izazvati. Optičku anizotropiju pokazuje izotropno staklo izloženo mehaničkom naprezanju (tlačenju ili rastezanju; Thomas Johan Seebeck, 1813.) kao i većina tekućina u električnom polju (John Kerr, 1875.).

Izvori

Materijali

Izotropija


Sartana en el valle del oro (Sartana nella valle degli avvoltoi) es un Spaghetti Western italiano estrenado el 15 de agosto de 1970. En España se estrenó de manera tardía, en 1975.
Es uno de los títulos no oficiales en los que el personaje de Sartana, uno de los más característicos del subgénero, estuvo presente; el protagonista adoptó el nombre de Lee Calloway, pero el nombre de Sartana se empleó en las diversas titulaciones de la película.

Argumento

Sartana, célebre aventurero del oeste, es contratado por dos individuos misteriosos para que liberen de un presidio a un forajido. La recompensa será la mitad del oro que el forajido había robado, pero Sartana caerá en una trampa, salvándose gracias a la intervención de un mexicano...

Reparto

William Berger (Lee Calloway aka Sartana)
Wayde Preston (Anthony Douglas)
Aldo Berti (George Douglas)
Carlo Giordana	(Slim Douglas)
Franco De Rosa	(Peter Douglas)
Luciano Pigozzi (Paco) (como Alan Collins)
Jolanda Modio (Juanita)
Pamela Tudor (Esther)
Josiane Tanzilli (Carmencita)
Claudio Aponte
Bruno Arié
Betsy Bell (Saloon singer)
Federico Boido
Gaetano Imbró
Franco Ressel (Norton)
Bruno Ukmar

Sartana fue interpretado por el actor austriaco William Berger, habitual del subgénero del Spaghetti Western. Otra aportación foránea al reparto sería la del actor estadounidense Wayde Preston, que también desarrolló la mayor parte de su carrera en el género del Western, ya fuera en series televisivas como Colt 45 o Maverick, como en largometrajes (Cabalgando al infierno, de Vic Morrow).

Fechas de estreno

Italia: 15 de agosto de 1970
Turquía: 1972
España: 1975

Véase también

Sartana (personaje)
Spaghetti Western

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas de 1970
Películas dirigidas por Roberto Mauri
Películas de Italia
Películas en italiano
Películas de spaghetti western

Sartana en el valle del oro