Angelo la débrouille : Réveille-toi ! C'est Noël ! est un téléfilm français d'animation en 3D produit par TeamTO et Cake Entertainment spécialement consacré à la fête de Noël. Le téléfilm est réalisé par Maxime Maleo et sorti en 2021. Ce téléfilm est dérivée de la série Angelo la Débrouille.

Synopsis
À la veille de Noël, Angelo est sûr et certain d'être l'adolescent parfait. Il attend le fameux jour du  pour recevoir des tonnes et des tonnes de cadeaux. La journée d'Angelo se passe assez bien jusqu'au moment où en allant se coucher, il revit exactement la même journée. Dès lors, il conclut qu'il est dans une boucle temporelle pour une seule raison : car il est dans la liste noire du Père Noël.

Résumé détaillé
Angelo se réveille chez lui, son petit frère Pierre lui fait croire que c'est Noël. Mais ce n'est que le réveillon, son père lui rappelle qu'eux deux participent au concours de bonhommes de neige. Angelo en profite pour se balader en ville avec Lola et Victor au centre commercial, ensuite ils vont au Parc Aventure. Ils en profitent pour manger les pâtisseries de Cathy, faire des batailles de boules de neige puis Angelo et son père participent au concours de bonhommes de neige. Angelo met trop de temps à rassembler de la neige et perd le concours avec son père. Après cette belle journée, sa mère lui fait faire des corvées (sortir les poubelles, faire la vaisselle...). En sortant les poubelles, Angelo fait n'importe quoi et Gilbert le menace de placer sur la liste des enfants pas sages de Noël. Ce dernier ne prenant pas Gilbert au sérieux le traite de Père Fouettard. Avant de se coucher, il joue sur l'ordinateur avec Yoann. Il va se coucher sur les ordres de sa mère, pourtant le jour d'après, quelque chose cloche. Angelo revit la même journée :

 La blague de Pierre.

 La remarque d'Alvina sur Noël.

 La maladresse de son père avec le mixeur.

 Sa mère qui lui rappelle de faire le ménage.

En allant au centre commercial :

 Lola recommence à imiter un lutin.

 Une fille fait tomber son vase en parlant.

 M. Leroux dit à Angelo de rendre son devoir après les vacances.

 Victor disant la même phrase sur le réveillon.

Puis en allant au Parc Aventure, tout recommence comme la précédente journée vécu par Angelo :

 Gladys vole des confiseries.

 La nièce de Mademoiselle Perla perd à un jeu.
 Le vigile du centre commercial glisse sur du verglas.
 Manetti bombarde Bertrand-François de boules de neige.
 Angelo fait une bataille de neige.

 Lui et son père perdent au concours de bonhommes de neige.

En retournant vers son ordi pour jouer, il sait à l'avance où sont ses ennemis. Quand il va se coucher, il espère qu'il va vraiment vivre Noël. Mais rebelote, Angelo en parle à Victor et Lola au centre commercial. Victor pense que ce dernier est coincé dans une espèce de boucle temporelle. C'est-à-dire qu'il revit à chaque fois la même journée sans que les autres s'en rendent compte. À ce moment-là, il est brisé mais a une théorie à la suite des propos de Gilbert. Peut-être qu'il est coincé dans une boucle temporelle car il est sur la liste noire du Père Noël. Il décide alors de faire le bien partout où il passe, seulement quand ce jour-là recommencera.

Ça y est, la boucle recommence. Angelo devient très gentil avec tout le monde. Et comme il sait ce qu'il va se passer avant que ça se passe vu qu'il a déjà vécu cette journée, il en profite pour faire le bien. Globalement tout se passe bien, il gagne son concours, il gagne sa bataille de neige, il donne en avance son devoir à M. Leroux. Il partage ses gâteaux avec ses amis, il rattrape le vase de la fille du centre commercial, il empêche le vigile de glisser par terre et fait plusieurs corvées chez lui. Il aide même Gilbert à sortir les poubelles et lui lit une histoire de Noël. Victor et Lola ont oublié ce qu'ils ont dit à Angelo sur la boucle temporelle et ce que lui leur a dit sur ces bonnes résolutions. Jusque-là, il est sûr de passer du 24 au .

En se réveillant le lendemain, il se réveille toujours le même jour. Il est toujours coincé dans sa boucle temporelle. Cette fois, il s'agace et se défoule sur sa famille. Il se dispute avec sa mère, il hurle sur Pierre, il s'énerve contre Alvina et n'arrive plus à faire des blagues à son père qui lui font rire. Il réexplique la situation à Victor et Lola, ces derniers le rassurent en lui disant que si Angelo ne peut pas connaître de demain. Alors il peut faire n'importe quels actions, vu qu'elles n'auront pas de conséquences. Il fait tout et n'importe quoi pendant 2 jours (faire des courses au prix astronomique, faire un concert avec Slobber...), finalement il commence à se lasser de son problème.

Puis en se baladant au Parc Aventure pendant la nuit, il croise Gladys qui n'arrête pas de faire n'importe quoi. Il en déduit facilement que Gladys aussi est dans la boucle et qu'elle le sait. Et qu'en plus de ça, elle est également sur la liste noire. Contrairement à Angelo, ça ne la dérange pas du tout. Elle lui explique qu'à toutes les fêtes de Noël, elle demandait à avoir un chien. Sauf qu'à la place, elle avait le droit à un grille-pain comme cadeau de Noël.

Maintenant Angelo sait quoi faire, il attend qu'il soit minuit avec des cookies et un verre de lait. Il est tranquillement posé sur une chaise en attendant le Père Noël, quand ce dernier débarque, Angelo lui donne les cookies et le verre en échange de réponses à ses questions. Il veut savoir pourquoi il recommence sans cesse la même journée, et pourquoi il est dans la liste noire avec Gladys alors qu'il considère que cette dernière est 10 fois pire. Le Père Noël se justifie en disant qu'il ne faut pas comparer les personnes blacklistés car elles ont leurs propres histoires personnelles.

Lorsque le jour recommence, Angelo refait la même méthode et demande au Père Noël qui fait la liste des enfants pas sages. Ce dernier est sidéré quand il apprend que c'est un logiciel utilisé par les lutins qui classe les enfants (nommé Algorithme).

Quand le jour redémarre à nouveau, Angelo demande à ses amis de l'aider. Il leur explique sa situation, et leur prouve ce qu'il avance en prévoyant ce qu'il va arriver dans le Parc. Ils se réunissent dans la chambre du garçon, Lola et Yoann seront chargés de distraire le Père Noël en volant son traîneau qui se trouve être un vaisseau. Bertrand-François est chargé de faire les cookies et le lait et Victor piratera la tablette du Père Noël où est stocké la liste noire car le logiciel bug sûrement. Angelo sera le négociateur et volera la tablette du Père Noël. Manetti rejoint le plan pour être utilisé comme "joker", au cas où le plan foire, il se rajoutera au plan. Victor prévient tout le monde d'un truc important : ils n'auront qu'une seule chance car s'ils foirent la mission ils seront d'office sur la liste noire. C'est leur ultime chance ! Donc si jamais Angelo et ses amis échouent, ils seront tous bloqués dans la boucle temporelle.

Yoann et Lola se baladent dans la ville en vaisseau, Victor branche la tablette du Père Noël avec son ordinateur pour pirater Algorithme. Le Père Noël revient dans la maison d'Angelo pour récupérer sa tablette, Angelo lui donne le téléphone de Victor à la place. Il se rend sur le toit et fait revenir son vaisseau mais se rend compte qu'il n'a pas sa tablette. Il reprend sa tablette pour faire revenir son vaisseau mais Lola et Yoann arrivent à obtenir un tour en vaisseau. Sa tablette lui a été reprise par Angelo qui a assisté au retour de Yoann et Victor et ce dernier revient chez lui. C'est là que Manetti intervient. Il bombarde Yoann, Lola et le Père Noël de boules de neige, le personnage de Noël prend ça pour un jeu et décide de jouer également. Malheureusement Gladys qui veut rester dans la boucle met les amis d'Angelo sur le toit K.O. Victor rencontre un problème quand il se rend compte que le logiciel est écrit en langage lutin. Gladys va chez Angelo et lui reprend la tablette pour la donner à son propriétaire. Le Père Noël est obligé de classer les amis d'Angelo sur liste noire et ainsi dans la boucle. C'était leur seule chance mais Angelo décide de sacrifier sa place en liste noire, il déclare avoir mérité sa place sur liste noire pour l'éternité et de laisser ses amis en-dehors de toute cette histoire.

Puis ce dernier disparaît, il se noie dans une espèce d'océan en voyant sa journée défiler. Il se re-réveille dans son lit quand Pierre lui annonce encore une fois que c'est Noël. Quelque chose est différent cette fois, ses parents aussi lui souhaitent un Joyeux Noël ! Il ne comprend pas tout de suite et aperçoit plein de cadeaux sous le sapin de sa famille. Pierre lui donne son cadeau contenant une lettre du Père Noël, expliquant qu'Angelo a raison et que Noël ne doit pas avoir de liste réservée et juste d'offrir des cadeaux à tous les enfants. Il célèbre Noël pour de vrai, c'est alors que Gladys toque à la porte. Angelo lui ouvre, Gladys remercie ce dernier car cette fois elle a eu un chien. Elle se met même à rire avec toute sa famille et à lui donner un baiser de son chien.

Scène post-générique
Dans cette scène, on peut voir Gilbert, le Père Noël et le père d'Angelo parler de cette aventure et que tout ça n'était qu'un stratagème pour qu'Angelo devienne plus généreux.

Fiche technique

 Titre original : Angelo la débrouille : Réveille-toi ! C'est Noël !
 Autre titre : Angelo la débrouille : Réveille-toi ! C'est Noël
 Réalisation : Maxime Maleo
 Scénario : Amy Jackson, Andy Rheingold, Rick Groel
 Storyboard : Maxime Maléo
 Montage : Maleck Mroueh
 Musique : Vincent Boutolleau
 Directeur d'animation : Nicolas Crepaldi
 Production :
 Producteurs délégués : Corinne Kouper, Guillaume Hellouin, Edward Galton, Tom van Waveren
 Producteurs associés : Amy Jackson, Andy Rheingold, Patrick Dedieu, Caroline Souris, Jean-Baptiste Spieser, Marie-Pierre Journet
 Société de production : TeamTO, Cake Entertainment
 Société de distribution : Canal+, France Télévisions, Super RTL
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : Couleur
 Genre : Téléfilm animée, téléfilm de Noël, fantastique
 Durée : 63 minutes
 Date de sortie :  (sur MyCanal) ;  (Canal+)

Distribution

 Marie Diot : Angelo
 Brigitte Lecordier : Victor
 Frédérique Marlot : Lola
 Céline Melloul : Alvina / Pierre / Gladys / Enzo / Lucie / Gigi
 Nathalie Bienaimé : La mère d'Angelo
 Patrick Pellegrin : Le père d'Angelo / Manetti / Gilbert / Coach Zonka
 Vincent de Boüard : Yoann / Eddie / Vigile
 Jean-Pierre Leblan : M. Leroux

Anecdotes

Quand Angelo interroge le Père Noël, il demande où sont ces cadeaux. C'est la première fois dans la série ou dans une production audiovisuel dérivée qu'on peut laisser entendre qu'Angelo a dit un gros mot. Dans le téléfilm, un son de buzz intervient quand Angelo demande : « Où sont mes *buzz* de cadeaux ? ». On peut s'imaginer qu'il a dit le juron "putain !".

À la fin du téléfilm, on laisse sous-entendre que Gladys est devenue gentille et même qu'elle est amoureuse d'Angelo.

Notes et références

Téléfilm français des années 2020
Téléfilm diffusé en 2021
Téléfilm d'animation français
Téléfilm de Noël


Homo heidelbergensis (also H. erectus heidelbergensis, H. sapiens heidelbergensis) is an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human which existed during the Middle Pleistocene. It was subsumed as a subspecies of H. erectus in 1950 as H. e. heidelbergensis, but towards the end of the century, it was more widely classified as its own species. It is debated whether or not to constrain H. heidelbergensis to only Europe or to also include African and Asian specimens, and this is further confounded by the type specimen (Mauer 1) being a jawbone, because jawbones feature few diagnostic traits and are generally missing among Middle Pleistocene specimens. Thus, it is debated if some of these specimens could be split off into their own species or a subspecies of H. erectus. Because the classification is so disputed, the Middle Pleistocene is often called the "muddle in the middle".

H. heidelbergensis is regarded as a chronospecies, evolving from an African form of H. erectus (sometimes called H. ergaster). By convention, H. heidelbergensis is placed as the most recent common ancestor between modern humans (H. sapiens or H. s. sapiens) and Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis or H. s. neanderthalensis). Many specimens assigned to H. heidelbergensis likely existed well after the modern human/Neanderthal split. In the Middle Pleistocene, brain size averaged about 1,200 cubic centimetres (cc), comparable to modern humans. Height in the Middle Pleistocene can only be estimated based upon remains from three localities: Sima de los Huesos, Spain,  for males and  for females;  for a female from Jinniushan, China; and  for a specimen from Kabwe, Zambia; around the same as modern humans. Like Neanderthals, they had wide chests and were robust overall.

The Middle Pleistocene of Africa and Europe features the advent of Late Acheulian technology, diverging from that of earlier and contemporary H. erectus, and probably issuing from increasing intelligence. Fire likely became an integral part of daily life after 400,000 years ago, and this roughly coincides with more permanent and widespread occupation of Europe (above 45°N), and the appearance of hafting technology to create spears. H. heidelbergensis may have been able to carry out coordinated hunting strategies, and consequently they seem to have had a higher dependence on meat.

Taxonomy

Research history

The first fossil, Mauer 1 (a jawbone), was discovered by a worker in Mauer, southeast of Heidelberg, Germany, in 1907. It was formally described the next year by German anthropologist Otto Schoetensack, who made it the type specimen of a new species, Homo heidelbergensis. He split this off as a new species primarily because of the mandible's archaicness—in particular its enormous size—and it was the then-oldest human jaw in the European fossil record at 640,000 years old. The mandible is well preserved, missing only the left premolars, part of the first left molar, the tip of the left coronoid process (at the jaw hinge), and fragments of the mid-section as the jaw was found in two pieces and had to be glued together. It may have belonged to a young adult based on slight wearing on the 3rd molar. In 1921, the skull Kabwe 1 was discovered by Swiss miner Tom Zwiglaar in Kabwe, Zambia (at the time Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia), and was assigned to a new species, "H. rhodesiensis", by English palaeontologist Arthur Smith Woodward. These were two of the many putative species of Middle Pleistocene Homo which were described throughout the first half of the 20th century. In the 1950s, Ernst Mayr had entered the field of anthropology, and, surveying a "bewildering diversity of names," decided to define only three species of Homo: "H. transvaalensis" (the australopithecines), H. erectus (including the Mauer mandible, and various putative African and Asian taxa) and Homo sapiens (including anything younger than H. erectus, such as modern humans and Neanderthals). Mayr defined them as a sequential lineage, with each species evolving into the next (chronospecies). Though later Mayr changed his opinion on the australopithecines (recognising Australopithecus), his more conservative view of archaic human diversity became widely adopted in the subsequent decades.

Though H. erectus is still maintained as a highly variable, widespread and long-lasting species, it is still much debated whether or not sinking all Middle Pleistocene remains into it is justifiable. Mayr's lumping of H. heidelbergensis was first opposed by American anthropologist Francis Clark Howell in 1960. In 1974, British physical anthropologist Chris Stringer pointed out similarities between the Kabwe 1 and the Greek Petralona skulls to the skulls of modern humans (H. sapiens or H. s. sapiens) and Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis or H. s. neanderthalensis). So, Stringer assigned them to Homo sapiens sensu lato ("in the broad sense"), as ancestral to modern humans and Neanderthals. In 1979, Stringer and Finnish anthropologist Björn Kurtén found that the Kabwe and Petralona skulls are associated with the Cromerian industry like the Mauer mandible, and thus postulated these three populations might be allied with each other. Though these fossils are poorly preserved and do not provide many comparable possible diagnostic traits (and likewise it was difficult at the time to properly define a unique species), they argued that at least these Middle Pleistocene specimens should be allocated to H. (s.?) heidelbergensis or "H. (s.?) rhodesiensis" (depending on, respectively, the inclusion or exclusion of the Mauer mandible) to formally recognise their similarity.

Further work most influentially by Stringer, palaeoanthropologist Ian Tattersall, and human evolutionary biologist Phillip Rightmire reported further differences between Middle Pleistocene Afro-European specimens and H. erectus sensu stricto ("in the strict sense", in this case specimens from East Asia). Consequently, Afro-European remains from 600 to 300 thousand years ago—most notably from Kabwe, Petralona, Bodo and Arago—are often classified as H. heidelbergensis. In 2010, American physical anthropologist Jeffrey H. Schwartz and Tattersall suggested classifying all Middle Pleistocene European as well as Asian specimens—namely from Dali and Jinniushan in China—as H. heidelbergensis. This model is not as universally accepted. After the 2010 identification of the genetic code of some unique archaic human species in Siberia, termed "Denisovans" pending diagnostic fossil finds, it is postulated that the Asian remains could represent that same species. Thus, Middle Pleistocene Asian specimens, such as Dali Man or the Indian Narmada Man, remain enigmatic. The palaeontology institute at Heidelberg University, where the Mauer mandible has been kept since 1908, changed the label from H. e. heidelbergensis to H. heidelbergensis in 2015.

In 1976 at Sima de los Huesos (SH) in the Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain, Spanish palaeontologists Emiliano Aguirre, José María Basabe and Trinidad Torres began to excavate archaic human remains. Their investigation of the site was prompted by the finding of several bear remains (Ursus deningeri) since the early 20th century by amateur cavers (which consequently destroyed some of the human remains in that section). By 1990, about 600 human remains were reported, and by 2004 the number had increased to roughly 4,000. These represent at least 28 individuals, of which possibly only one is a child, and the rest teenagers and young adults. The fossil assemblage is exceptionally complete, with whole corpses buried rapidly, with all bodily elements represented. In 1997, Spanish palaeoanthropologist Juan Luis Arsuaga assigned these to H. heidelbergensis, but in 2014, he retracted this, stating that Neanderthal-like features present in the Mauer mandible are missing in the SH humans.

Classification
In palaeoanthropology, the Middle Pleistocene is often termed the "muddle in the middle" because the species-level classification of archaic human remains from this time period has been heavily debated. The ancestors of modern humans (Homo sapiens or H. s. sapiens) and Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis or H. s. neanderthalensis) diverged during this time period, and, by convention, H. heidelbergensis is typically considered the last common ancestor (LCA). This would make H. heidelbergensis a member of a chronospecies. It is much debated if the name H. heidelbergensis can be extended to Middle Pleistocene humans across the Old World, or if it is better to restrict it to just Europe. In the latter case, Middle Pleistocene African remains can be split off into "H. rhodesiensis". In the latter view, "H. rhodesiensis" can either be seen as the direct ancestor of modern humans, or of "H. helmei" which evolved into modern humans.

Regarding the Middle Pleistocene European remains, some are more firmly placed on the Neanderthal line (namely SH, Pontnewydd, Steinheim, and Swanscombe), whereas others seem to have few uniquely Neanderthal features (Tautavel in France, Ceprano in Italy, Vértesszőlős in Hungary, Bilzingsleben in Germany, Mala Balanica in Serbia, and Aroeira in Portugal). Because of this, it is suggested there were multiple lineages (or species) in this region and time period, but French palaeoanthropologist Jean-Jacques Hublin considers this an unjustified extrapolation as they may have simply been different but still interconnected populations of a single, highly variable species. In 2015, Marie Antoinette de Lumley suggested the less derived material can also be split off into their own species or a subspecies of H. erectus s. l. (for example, the Arago material as "H. e. tautavelensis"). In 2018, Mirjana Roksandic and colleagues revised the hypodigm of H. heidelbergensis to include only the specimens with no Neanderthal-derived traits (namely Mauer, Mala Balanica, Ceprano, HaZore'a and Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar). There is no defined distinction between latest potential H. heidelbergensis material – specifically Steinheim and SH – and the earliest Neanderthal specimens—Biache, France; Ehringsdorf, Germany; or Saccopastore, Italy. The use of the Mauer mandible, an isolated jawbone, as the type specimen for the species has been problematic as it does not present many diagnostic features, and in addition it is missing from several Middle Pleistocene specimens. Anthropologist William Straus said on this topic that, "While the skull is the creation of God, the jaw is the work of the devil." If the Mauer mandible is actually a member of a different species than the Kabwe skull and most other Afro-European Middle Pleistocene archaic humans, then "H. rhodesiensis" would take priority as the name of the LCA.

In 2021, Canadian anthropologist Mirjana Roksandic and colleagues recommended the complete dissolution of H. heidelbergensis and "H. rhodesiensis", as the name rhodesiensis honours English diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes who disenfranchised the black population in southern Africa. They classified all European H. heidelbergensis as H. neanderthalensis, and synonymised H. rhodesiensis with a new species they named "H. bodoensis" which includes all African specimens, and potentially some from the Levant and the Balkans which have no Neanderthal-derived traits (namely Ceprano, Mala Balanica, HaZore'a and Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar). H. bodoensis is supposed to represent the immediate ancestor of modern humans, but does not include the LCA of modern humans and Neanderthals. They suggested the confusing morphology of the Middle Pleistocene was caused by periodic H. bodoensis migration events into Europe following population collapses after glacial cycles, interbreeding with surviving indigenous populations. Their taxonomic recommendations were rejected by Stringer and others as they failed to explain how exactly their proposals would resolve anything, in addition to violating nomenclatural rules.

Evolution
H. heidelbergensis is thought to have descended from African H. erectus — sometimes classified as Homo ergaster — during the first early expansions of hominins out of Africa beginning roughly 2 million years ago. Those that dispersed across Europe and stayed in Africa evolved into H. heidelbergensis or speciated into H. heidelbergensis in Europe and "H. rhodesiensis" in Africa, and those that dispersed across East Asia evolved into H. erectus s. s. The exact derivation from an ancestor species is obfuscated by a long gap in the human fossil record near the end of the Early Pleistocene. In 2016, Antonio Profico and colleagues suggested that 875,000-year-old skull materials from the Gombore II site of the Melka Kunture Formation, Ethiopia, represent a transitional morph between H. ergaster and H. heidelbergensis, and thus postulated that H. heidelbergensis originated in Africa instead of Europe.

According to genetic analysis, the LCA of modern humans and Neanderthal split into a modern human line, and a Neanderthal/Denisovan line, and the latter later split into Neanderthal and Denisovans. According to nuclear DNA analysis, the 430,000-year-old SH humans are more closely related to Neanderthals than Denisovans (and that the Neanderthal/Denisovan, and thus the modern human/Neanderthal split, had already occurred), suggesting the modern human/Neanderthal LCA had existed long before many European specimens typically assigned to H. heidelbergensis did, such as the Arago and Petralona materials.

In 1997, Spanish archaeologist José María Bermúdez de Castro, Arsuaga, and colleagues described the roughly million-year-old H. antecessor from Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, and suggested supplanting this species in the place of H. heidelbergensis for the LCA between modern humans and Neanderthals, with H. heidelbergensis descending from it and being a strictly European species ancestral to only Neanderthals. They later recanted. In 2020, Dutch molecular palaeoanthropologist Frido Welker and colleagues analysed ancient proteins collected from an H. antecessor tooth found that it was a member of a sister lineage to the LCA rather than being the LCA itself (that is, H. heidelbergensis did not derive from H. antecessor).

Human dispersal beyond 45°N seems to have been quite limited during the Lower Palaeolithic, with evidence of short-lived dispersals northward beginning after a million years ago. Beginning 700,000 years ago, more permanent populations seem to have persisted across the line coinciding with the spread of hand axe technology across Europe, possibly associated with the dispersal of H. heidelbergensis and behavioural shifts to cope with the cold climate. Such occupation becomes much more frequent after 500,000 years ago.

In 2023 a genomics analysis of over 3000 living individuals indicated that Homo sapiens''' ancestral population was reduced to less than 1300 individuals between 800,000 and 900,000 years ago. Prof Giorgio Manzi, an anthropologist at Sapienza University of Rome, suggested that this bottleneck could have triggered the evolution of Homo heidelbergensis.

 Anatomy
 Skull

In comparison to Early Pleistocene H. erectus/ergaster, Middle Pleistocene humans have a much more modern human-like face. The nasal opening is set completely vertically in the skull, and the anterior nasal sill can be crested or sometimes a prominent spine. The incisive canals (on the roof of the mouth) open near the teeth, and are orientated like those of more recent human species. The frontal bone is broad, the parietal bone can be expanded, and the squamous part of temporal bone is high and arched, which could all be related to increasing brain size. The sphenoid bone features a spine extending downwards, and the articular tubercle on the underside of the skull can jut out prominently as the surface behind the jaw hinge is otherwise quite flat.

In 2004, Rightmire estimated the brain volumes of ten Middle Pleistocene humans variously attributable to H. heidelbergensis—from Kabwe, Bodo, Ndutu, Dali, Jinniushan, Petralona, Steinheim, Arago, and two from SH. This set gives an average volume of about 1,206 cc, ranging from 1,100 to 1,390 cc. He also averaged the brain volumes of 30 H. erectus/ergaster specimens, spanning nearly 1.5 million years from across East Asia and Africa, as 973 cc, and thus concluded a significant jump in brain size, though conceded brain size was extremely variable ranging from 727 to 1,231 cc depending on the time period, geographic region, and even between individuals within the same population (the last one probably due to notable sexual dimorphism with males much bigger than females). In comparison, for modern humans, brain size averages 1,270 cc for males and 1,130 cc for females; and for Neanderthals 1,600 cc for males and 1,300 cc for females.

In 2009, palaeontologists Aurélien Mounier, François Marchal and Silvana Condemi published the first differential diagnosis of H. heidelbergensis using the Mauer mandible, as well as material from Tighennif, Algeria; SH, Spain; Arago, France; and Montmaurin, France. They listed the diagnostic traits as: a reduced chin, a notch in the submental space (near the throat), parallel upper and lower boundaries of the mandible in side-view, several mental foramina (small holes for blood vessels) near the cheek teeth, a horizontal retromolar space (a gap behind the molars), a gutter between the molars and the ramus (which juts up to connect with the skull), an overall long jaw, a deep fossa (a depression) for the masseter muscle (which closes the jaw), a small gonial angle (the angle between the body of the mandible and the ramus), an extensive planum alveolare (the distance from the frontmost tooth socket to the back of the jaw), a developed planum triangulare (near the jaw hinge), and a mylohyoid line originating at the level of the third molar.

Size
Trends in body size through the Middle Pleistocene are obscured due to a general lack of limb bones and non-skull (post-cranial) remains. Based on the lengths of various long bones, the SH humans averaged roughly  for males and  for females, with maximums of respectively  and . The height of a female partial skeleton from Jinniushan is estimated to have been quite tall at roughly  in life, much taller than the SH females. A tibia from Kabwe is typically estimated to have been , among the tallest Middle Pleistocene specimens, but it is possible this individual was either unusually large or had a much longer tibia to femur ratio than expected.

If these specimens are representative of their respective continents, they would suggest that above-medium to tall people were prevalent throughout the Middle Pleistocene Old World. If this is the case, then most all populations of any archaic human species would have generally averaged to  in height. Early modern humans were notably taller, with the Skhul and Qafzeh remains averaging  for males and  for females, an average of , possibly to increase the energy-efficiency of long-distance travel with longer legs.

A conspicuously massive proximal (upper half) femur was recovered from Berg Aukas Mine, Namibia, about  east of Grootfontein. It was originally estimated to have been from a male as much as  in life, but its exorbitant size is now proposed to be the consequence of an extraordinarily vigorous early-life activity level while an otherwise ordinary person was maturing. If so, the individual from the Berg Aukas Mine would probably have had proportions similar to Kabwe 1.

 Build

The human body plan had evolved in H. ergaster, and characterises all later Homo species, but among the more derived members there are 2 distinct morphs: A narrow-chested and gracile build like modern humans, and a broader-chested and robust build like Neanderthals. It was once assumed that the Neanderthal build was unique to Neanderthals based on the gracile H. ergaster partial skeleton "KNM WT-15000" ("Turkana Boy"), but the discovery of some Middle Pleistocene skeletal elements (though generally fragmentary and few and far between) seems to suggest Middle Pleistocene humans overall featured a more Neanderthal morph. Thus, the modern human morph may be unique to modern humans, evolving quite recently. This is most clearly demonstrated in the exceptionally well-preserved SH assemblage. Based on skull robustness, it was assumed Middle Pleistocene humans featured a high degree of sexual dimorphism, but the SH humans demonstrate a modern humanlike level.

The SH humans and other Middle Pleistocene Homo have a more basal pelvis and femur (more similar to earlier Homo than Neanderthals). The overall broad and elliptical pelvis is broader, taller and thicker (expanded anteroposteriorly) than those of Neanderthals or modern humans, and retains an anteriorly located acetabulocristal buttress (which supports the iliac crests during hip abduction), a well defined supraacetabular groove (between the hip socket and the ilium), and a thin and rectangular superior pubic ramus (as opposed to the thick, stout one in modern humans). The foot of all archaic humans has a taller trochlea of the ankle bone, making the ankle more flexible (specifically dorsiflexion and plantarflexion).

 Pathology
On the left side of its face, an SH skull (Skull 5) presents the oldest-known case of orbital cellulitis (eye infection which developed from an abscess in the mouth). This probably caused sepsis, killing the individual.

A male SH pelvis (Pelvis 1), based on joint degeneration, may have lived for more than 45 years, making him one of the oldest examples of this demographic in the human fossil record. The frequency of 45-plus individuals gradually increases with time, but has overall remained quite low throughout the Palaeolithic. He similarly had the age-related maladies lumbar kyphosis (excessive curving of the lumbar vertebrae of the lower back), L5–S1 spondylolisthesis (misalignment of the last lumbar vertebra with the first sacral vertebra), and Baastrup disease on L4 and 5 (enlargement of the spinous processes). These would have produced lower back pain, significantly limiting movement, and may be evidence of group care.

An adolescent SH skull (Cranium 14) was diagnosed with lambdoid single suture craniosynostosis (immature closing of the left lambdoid suture, leading to skull deformities as development continued). This is a rare condition, occurring in less than 6 out of every 200,000 individuals in modern humans. The individual died around the age of 10, suggesting it was not abandoned due its deformity as has been done in historical times, and received the same quality of care as any other child.

Enamel hypoplasia on the teeth is used to determine bouts of nutritional stress. At a rate of 40% for the SH humans, this is significantly higher than exhibited in the earlier South African hominin Paranthropus robustus at Swartkrans (30.6%) or Sterkfontein (12.1%). Nonetheless, Neanderthals suffered even higher rates and more intense bouts of hypoplasia, but it is unclear if this is because Neanderthals were less capable of exploiting natural resources, or because they lived in harsher environments. A peak at 3½ years of age may be correlated with weaning age. In Neanderthals this peak was at 4 years, and many modern hunter gatherers also wean at about 4 years of age.

Culture
Food

Middle Pleistocene communities in general seem to have eaten big game at a higher frequency than predecessors, with meat becoming an essential dietary component. Diet could overall be varied—for example the inhabitants of Terra Amata seem to have been mainly eating deer, but also elephants, boar, ibex, rhino and aurochs. African sites commonly yield bovine and horse bones. Though carcasses may have simply been scavenged, some Afro-European sites show specific targeting of a single species, which more likely indicates active hunting; for example: Olorgesailie, Kenya, which has yielded over 50 to 60 individual baboons (Theropithecus oswaldi); and Torralba and Ambrona in Spain which have an abundance of elephant bones (though also rhino and large hoofed mammals). The increase in meat subsistence could indicate the development of group hunting strategies in the Middle Pleistocene. For instance, at Torralba and Ambrona, the animals may have been run into swamplands before being killed, entailing encircling and driving by a large group of hunters in a coordinated and organised attack. Exploitation of aquatic environments is generally quite lacking, despite some sites being in close proximity to the ocean, lakes or rivers.

Plants were probably also frequently consumed, including seasonally available ones, but the extent of their exploitation is unclear as they do not fossilise as well as animal bones. Assuming a diet heavy in lean meat, an individual would have needed a high carbohydrate intake to prevent protein poisoning, such as by eating typically abundant underground storage organs, tree bark, berries, or nuts. The Schöningen site, Germany, has over 200 plants in the vicinity which are either edible raw or when cooked.

Art

Upper Palaeolithic modern humans are well known for having etched engravings seemingly with symbolic value. As of 2018, only 27 Middle and Lower Palaeolithic objects have been postulated to have symbolic etching, out of which some have been refuted as having been caused by natural or otherwise non-symbolic phenomena (such as the fossilisation or excavation processes). The Lower Palaeolithic ones are: a 400,000 to 350,000 years old bone from Bilzingsleben, Germany; three 380,000-year-old pebbles from Terra Amata; a 250,000-year-old pebble from Markkleeberg, Germany; 18 roughly 200,000-year-old pebbles from Lazaret (near Terra Amata); a roughly 200,000-year-old lithic from Grotte de l'Observatoire, Monaco and a 200- to 130-thousand-year-old pebble from Baume Bonne, France.

In the mid-19th century, French archaeologist Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes began excavation at St. Acheul, Amiens, France, (the area where the Acheulian was defined), and, in addition to hand axes, reported perforated sponge fossils (Porosphaera globularis) which he considered to have been decorative beads. This claim was completely ignored. In 1894, English archaeologist Worthington George Smith discovered 200 similar perforated fossils in Bedfordshire, England, and also speculated that their function was beads, though he made no reference to Boucher de Perthes' find, possibly because he was unaware of it. In 2005, Robert Bednarik reexamined the material, and concluded that—because all the Bedfordshire P. globularis fossils are sub-spherical and range  in diameter, despite this species having a highly variable shape—they were deliberately chosen. They appear to have been bored through completely or almost completely by some parasitic creature (i. e., through natural processes), and were then percussed on what would have been the more closed-off end to fully open the hole. He also found wear facets which he speculated were begotten from clacking against other beads when they were strung together and worn as a necklace. In 2009, Solange Rigaud, Francisco d'Errico and colleagues noticed that the modified areas are lighter in colour than the unmodifed, suggesting they were inflicted much more recently such as during excavation. They were also unconvinced that the fossils could be confidently associated with the Acheulian artefacts from the sites, and suggested that—as an alternative to archaic human activity—apparent size-selection could have been caused by either natural geological processes or 19th-century collectors favouring this specific form.

Early modern humans and late Neanderthals (the latter especially after 60,000 years ago) made wide use of red ochre for presumably symbolic purposes as it produces a blood-like colour, though ochre can also have a functional medicinal application. Beyond these two species, ochre usage is recorded at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, where two red ochre lumps have been found; Ambrona where an ochre slab was trimmed down into a specific shape; and Terra Amata where 75 ochre pieces were heated to achieve a wide colour range from yellow to red-brown to red. These may exemplify early and isolated instances of colour preference and colour categorisation, and such practices may not have been normalised yet.

In 2006, Eudald Carbonell and Marina Mosquera suggested the  Sima de los Huesos (SH) hominins were buried by people rather than being the victims of some catastrophic event such as a cave-in, because young children and infants are absent which would be unexpected if this were a single and complete family unit. The SH humans are conspicuously associated with only a single stone tool, a carefully crafted hand axe made of high-quality quartzite (rarely used in the region), and so Carbonell and Mosquera postulated this was purposefully and symbolically placed with the bodies as some kind of grave good. Supposed evidence of symbolic graves would not surface for another 300,000 years.

 Technology
 Stone tools
The Lower Palaeolithic (Early Stone Age) comprises the Oldowan which was replaced by the Acheulian, which is characterised by the production of mostly symmetrical hand axes. The Acheulian has a timespan of about a million years, and such technological stagnation has typically been ascribed to comparatively limited cognitive abilities which significantly reduced innovative capacity, such as a deficit in cognitive fluidity, working memory, or a social system compatible with apprenticeship. Nonetheless, the Acheulian does seem to subtly change over time, and is typically split up into Early Acheulian and Late Acheulian, the latter becoming especially popular after 600 to 500 thousand years ago. Late Acheulian technology never crossed over east of the Movius Line into East Asia, which is generally believed to be due to either some major deficit in cultural transmission (namely smaller population size in the East) or simply preservation bias as far fewer stone tool assemblages are found east of the line.

The transition is indicated by the production of smaller, thinner, and more symmetrical hand axes (though thicker, less refined ones were still produced). At the 500,000-year-old Boxgrove site in England—an exceptionally well-preserved site with abundance of tool remains—thinning may have been produced by striking the hand axe near-perpendicularly with a soft hammer, possible with the invention of prepared platforms for tool making. The Boxgrove knappers also left behind large lithic flakes leftover from making hand axes, possibly with the intention of recycling them into other tools later. Late Acheulian sites elsewhere pre-prepared lithic cores ("Large Flake Blanks," LFB) in a variety of ways before shaping them into tools, making prepared platforms unnecessary. LFB Acheulian spreads out of Africa into West and South Asia before a million years ago and is present in Southern Europe after 600,000 years ago, but northern Europe (and the Levant after 700,000 years ago) made use of soft hammers as they mainly made use of small, thick flint nodules. The first prepared platforms in Africa come from the 450,000-year-old Fauresmith industry, transitional between the Early Stone Age (Acheulian) and the Middle Stone Age.

With either method, knappers (tool makers) would have had to have produced some item indirectly related to creating the desired product (hierarchical organisation), which could represent a major cognitive development. Experiments with modern humans have shown that platform preparation cannot be learned through purely observational learning, unlike earlier techniques, and could be indicative of well developed teaching methods as well as self-regulated learning. At Boxgrove, the knappers used not only stone but also bone and antler to make hammers, and the use of such a wide range of raw materials could speak to advanced planning capabilities as stoneworking requires a much different skillset to work and gather materials for than boneworking.

The Kapthurin Formation, Kenya, has yielded the oldest evidence of blade and bladelet technology, dating to 545 to 509 thousand years ago. This technology is rare even in the Middle Palaeolithic, and is typically associated with Upper Palaeolithic modern humans. It is unclear if this is part of a long blade-making tradition, or if blade technology was lost and reinvented several times by multiple different human species.

 Fire and construction

Despite apparent pushes into colder climates, evidence of fire is scarce in the archaeological record until 400 to 300 thousand years ago. Though it is possible fire remnants simply degraded, long and overall undisturbed occupation sequences such as at Arago or Gran Dolina conspicuously lack convincing evidence of fire usage. This pattern could possibly indicate the invention of ignition technology or improved fire maintenance techniques at this time, and that fire was not an integral part of people's lives before then in Europe. In Africa, on the other hand, humans may have been able to frequently scavenge fire as early as 1.6 million years ago from natural wildfires, which occur much more often in Africa, thus possibly (more or less) regularly using fire. The oldest established continuous fire site beyond Africa is the 780,000-year-old Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel.

In Europe, evidence of constructed dwelling structures—classified as firm surface huts with solid foundations built in areas mostly sheltered from the weather—has been recorded since the Cromerian Interglacial, the earliest example a 700,000-year-old stone foundation from Přezletice, Czech Republic. This dwelling probably featured a vaulted roof made of thick branches or thin poles, supported by a foundation of big rocks and earth. Other such dwellings have been postulated to have existed during or following the Holstein Interglacial (which began 424,000 years ago) in Bilzingsleben, Germany; Terra Amata, France; and Fermanville and Saint-Germain-des-Vaux in Normandy. These were probably occupied during the winter, and, averaging only  in area, they were probably only used for sleeping in, while other activities (including firekeeping) seem to have been done outside. Less-permanent tent technology may have been present in Europe in the Lower Paleolithic.

 Spears

The appearance of repeated fire usage—earliest in Europe from Beeches Pit, England, and Schöningen, Germany—roughly coincides with hafting technology (attaching stone points to spears) best exemplified by the Schöningen spears. These nine wooden spears and spear fragments—in addition to a lance, and a double-pointed stick—date to 300,000 years ago and were preserved along a lakeside. The spears vary from  in diameter, and may have been  long, overall similar to present day competitive javelins. The spears were made of soft spruce wood, except for spear 4 which was (also soft) pine wood. This contrasts with the Clacton spearhead from Clacton-on-Sea, England, perhaps roughly 100,000 years older, which was made of hard yew wood. The Schöningen spears may have had a range of up to , though would have been more effective short range within about , making them effective distance weapons either against prey or predators. Besides these two localities, the only other site which provides solid evidence of European spear technology is the 120,000-year-old Lehringen site, district of Verden, in Lower Saxony, Germany, where a  yew spear was apparently lodged in an elephant. In Africa, 500,000-year-old points from Kathu Pan 1, South Africa, may have been hafted onto spears. Judging by indirect evidence, a horse scapula from the 500,000-year-old Boxgrove shows a puncture wound consistent with a spear wound. Evidence of hafting (in both Europe and Africa) becomes much more common after 300,000 years.

 Language

The SH humans had a modern humanlike hyoid bone (which supports the tongue), and middle ear bones capable of finely distinguishing frequencies within the range of normal human speech. Judging by dental striations, they seem to have been predominantly right-handed, and handedness is related to the lateralisation of brain function, typically associated with language processing in modern humans. So, it is postulated that this population was speaking with some early form of language. Nonetheless, these traits do not absolutely prove the existence of language and humanlike speech, and its presence so early in time despite such anatomical arguments has been primarily opposed by cognitive scientist Philip Lieberman.

 See also

 Altamura Man
 Ceprano Man
 Dmanisi hominins
 Early European modern humans
 Homo rhodesiensis Homo antecessor Swanscombe Heritage Park
 Tautavel Man
Tunel Wielki

 References

 External links

 Homo heidelbergensis'' – The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
 Homepage of Mauer 1 Club
 UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Archaeological Site of Atapuerca
 Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

Fossil taxa described in 1908

Homo heidelbergensis


Policijska akademija 7: Misija Moskva (engleski izvornik: Police Academy: Mission to Moscow), američka filmska komedija iz 1994. godine. Sedma iz franšize Policijske akademije. Film je ostvario slabu domaću zaradu, zbog čega dugo vremena nakon njega nije bilo niti nagovještaja snimanja novog nastavka.

Sažetak
Junaci iz policijske akademije idu u Rusiju, u duhu sveopće liberalizacije i otopljavanja odnosa dviju supersila.
Američki filmovi 1990-ih
Filmske komedije

Policijska akademija 7: Misija Moskva


Michele Cortegiani, né le  à Naples et mort le  à Tunis, est un peintre italien, auteur de paysages marins de sa Sicile natale, puis de vues de la Tunisie, de portraits féminins et de sujets de genre.

Biographie

Michele Cortegiani naît le  à Naples. Certaines sources insistent sur les origines napolitaines de l'artiste tout en confirmant sa formation purement palermitaine. Élève de Francesco Lojacono, avec qui il s'installe à Paris entre 1877 et 1881.

Il collabore à la décoration du plafond du Teatro Massimo de Palerme, aux côtés de Luigi Di Giovanni et de Ettore De Maria Bergler, sous la direction de Rocco Lentini, de 1893 à 1897. L'idée de Lentini pour le plafond est celle d'une grande roue dont les rayons dorés contrastent avec le fond bleu. À l'intérieur de chaque rayon, des panneaux appelés pétales, sont représentés des anges et des personnages féminins avec des instruments de musique peints sur toile, tandis que le grandiose tondo central représente l'allégorie du Triomphe de la musique.

En 1902, il est appelé par la communauté italienne de Tunis, qui le tient en haute estime et participe aux expositions de beaux-arts du Salon Tunisien. Son séjour est caractérisé par une brillante carrière locale, au cours de laquelle il réalise les fresques du Casino de la ville et du Théâtre Municipal, œuvres aujourd'hui malheureusement recouvertes de peintures murales.

En Sicile, avec Lojacono, De Maria Bergler, Michele Catti et d'autres peintres de leur école, le groupe est connu sous le nom de "maîtres de la couleur" en raison de la manière dont ils capturent la lumière des ports et des villages endormis de Sicile.

Œuvres
 1882, Nel porto di Palermo, esposto a Milano.
 1884, Palermo.
 1886, Voliera di Villa Giulia, dipinto.
 1887, Ritratto della contessa Sant, Malta.
 1887, San Giuseppe col bambino, quadro d'altare documentato in una chiesa di San Giuseppe di Malta.
 1888, Grecale.
 1890c., Veduta di Palermo da Mezzomonreale.
 1891c., Catacombe dei Cappuccini, dipinto oggi perduto. Opera presentata all'Esposizione nazionale di Palermo del 1892.
 1891, Mura fenicie di Erice, dipinto, Palazzo dei Normanni. Opera presentata all'Esposizione nazionale di Palermo del 1892.
 1891, San Giuseppe col bambino, dipinto, opera documentata nella chiesa di San Giuseppe dei Teatini di Palermo.
 1893 - 1897, Ciclo, affreschi realizzati in collaborazione con Rocco Lentini e Ettore De Maria Bergler, opere presenti nella cupola del Teatro Massimo di Palermo.
 1895, Beauty in satin and pearls.
 1897, San Martino, Isola delle Femmine, Donne in preghiera, pastelli, opere esposte nella Galleria Civica di Palermo.
 1899 - 1900, Ciclo, affreschi realizzati in collaborazione con Ettore De Maria Bergler e Rocco Lentini, negli ambienti del Grand Hòtel Villa Igiea di Palermo.
 1900, Ragazze in preghiera, Profilo di donna, pastelli.
 1901, Il sonno, pastello, opera presentata all'Esposizione del Glaspalast di Monaco di Baviera.
 1902, Ciclo, affreschi, opere documentate nel Casinò e il Théâtre Municipal di Tunisi.
 ?, Figura di ragazza, pastello su carta.

 ?, Jeune tunisienne à la jarre, Huile sur toile, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Narbonne.
 ?, Popolana con spilloni, olio su tela, autografo.
 ?, Scorcio di villa,
 ?, Chiostro del duomo di Monreale, olio su cartone.
 ?, Tunisienne.
 ?, Strada di Tunisi.
 ?, Due papere.
 ?, Nudo di donna.
 ?, Vue de Tunis.
 ?, Animation sur une place à Tunis.
 ?, Le café des Nattes à Sidi Bou Saïd.
 ?, Quattro scene orientaliste.
 ?, Portrait de femme aux boucles d'oreilles ....
 ?, Veduta costiera.
 ?, Scène de rue animée à Tunis.
 ?, Arabes sous la porte de la ville, Tunis.
 ?, Marabout devant la baie, Djerba.
 ?, Devant la porte de la ville, Tunis.
 ?, Rue animée à Tunis.
 ?, Barca alla punta
 ?, Paesaggio alberato.
 ?, Strada per Monreale, olio su tela.
 ?, Zisa.
 ?, Pesca del granchi.
 ?, Barche alla punta nel Porto di Palermo, olio su tela, due dipinti firmati e dedicati a Gioacchino di Marzo.

Expositions
 1883, Società Promotrice di Belle Arti de Gênes.
 1884, Esposizione Generale Italiana, in seguito Esposizione internazionale d'arte decorativa moderna di Torino.
 1891, Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts de Paris.
 1892, Exposition nationale à Palerme.
 1896, Società Promotrice di Belle Arti de Gênes.
 1902, Esposizioni presso il Salon Tunisien.

Honneurs
 Chevalier de l'Ordre de la Couronne d'Italie
 Officier de l'Ordre de Nichan Iftikhar

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Galerie d'art moderne de Palerme
 Peinture orientaliste
 Peinture de paysage
 Liste de peintres italiens

Bibliographie

 "Pittori Italiani di Tunisia", Finzi editore, Tunisi, 2000.

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1857
Naissance à Naples
Décès en juillet 1928
Décès à Tunis
Peintre italien du XIXe siècle
Peintre italien du XXe siècle
Décès à 71 ans

Michele Cortegiani


Sir William Frederick Lloyd   (December 17, 1864 – June 13, 1937) was a newspaper editor and  Prime Minister of Newfoundland from 1918 to 1919.

Born in Stockport, England, Lloyd emigrated to Newfoundland in 1890 where he taught school before becoming a journalist and becoming editor of The Telegram. He was first elected to the Newfoundland House of Assembly in 1904 as a Liberal and became Leader of the opposition in 1916.

Due to a political crisis over conscription the government of Sir Edward Patrick Morris formed a National Government and invited Lloyd to join as Attorney-General. After Morris retired at the end of 1917, the governor asked Lloyd to form a government even though he was from a minority party. Lloyd took over the National Government but in 1919 his minister of finance, Sir Michael Patrick Cashin, who had succeeded Morris as leader of the Newfoundland People's Party moved a motion of no confidence and defeated the Lloyd government. Cashin became the new Prime Minister and Lloyd returned to the opposition benches.

Lloyd served again in government, briefly, as minister of justice in 1924.

In the 1919 New Year Honours, he was named Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George.

He married Agnes Taylor in 1896; the couple had one son.

William F. Lloyd died in St. John's on June 13, 1937.

References

1864 births
1937 deaths
Prime Ministers of the Dominion of Newfoundland
Members of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
People from Stockport
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Newfoundland Colony people
Attorneys-General of the Dominion of Newfoundland
Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

William F. Lloyd


Klinska pomora, hrvatski punk band iz Zagreba.

Povijest
Osnivanju je prethodio prvi susret budućih članova s punkom. Tulum kod Maxa (Saša Maksimovića) bio je mjesto susreta. Mati mu je s poslovnog puta u Londonu donijela prvu ploču od Sex Pistolsa i momci su se zainteresirali za punk. Zamisao o sastavu je došla jer je na Kajzerici već postojao sastav Cigla, vrlo popularan u Gopčevoj osnovnoj školi. Momci iz Cigle bili su stariji prijatelji Gopca i prijatelja pa su napravili punk-rock grupu Klinska pomora. Početak je bio na tulumu kod Marka (Zdravko Ostić) 1977. godine na kojem su izvlačili papiriće tko će svirati koje glazbalo. Na papirićima je pisalo gitara, bas, bubnjevi i pjevač. Birajući ime razmatrali su ime Bikovi iz Gmajne, pa Fuj crveni, pa Murica s plincima i na kraju Klinska pomora. Ime Fuj, crveni bilo im je buntovničko ali ga nisu izabrali zbog politike, nego zbog buntovnosti i po dolasku je otpalo jer su odmah u estradi rekli da to ne može, pa su u deset sekundi morali smisliti novo ime. Zaneseni punkom, članovi Pomore su skupili novce i otišli u Jugotonovu prodavaonicu i zatražili sve šta imaju od punk-rocka, pa su kupili Clash, Vibrators, Eddie and the Hot Rods, a prodali su im i prve AC/DC.
Imali su svoj svijet: Trnsko, Kajzericu i svoj sastav. Dogovorivši se oko članova, krenuli su s probama. Prve su bile na Kajzerici kod bake Kate, u napuštenoj kući koja je bila za rušenje. Prva postava Klinske Pomore bila je: Mark (solo gitara ), Damir Kamenski - Kemac (ritam gitara), Zdravko Koren - Libe (bas gitara), Davor Gobac (vokal) i Ivica Šuper Žorž na bubnjevima. Vođa sastava bio je Mark, ujedno i najstariji i jedini pravi glazbenik u sastavu. Profesionalno je svirao bubanj i trebao je imati angažman u Parnom valjku. Prvi nastup je bio u kinu Studentskog centra (SC), 1977. na Gaudeamusu. Budući da su bili loši glazbenici, to su nadoknađivali scenskim nastupom. Zbog toga je Klinska pomora je bile poznata po divljim koncertima i zbog ispada članova na pozornici i oko nje, kao i reakcija publike, nastupi su najčešće završavali ili na miliciji ili u hitnoj. Srećom po članove imali su dobrog menadžera koji im je ugovarao povoljne samostalne svirke i disciplinirao ih financijskim kaznama skidanjem honorara. Nisu imali mnogo skupnih nastupa, jer im je tako dogovarao menadžer, jer su tako imali slobodu napraviti ispade a i zbog toga drugi sastavi nisu htjeli svirati s njima jer se zbog njih često otkazivalo koncerte. Nastupili su s poznatim imenima kao Prljavo kazalište, Parni valjak i Pankrti. Slovenska publika izvrsno ih je primila u SKC-u. Na Prvom pljesku 1978. godine u Lisinskom svirali su bez Kemca i Gobca, kojeg je osiguranje skupa s Davorinom Bogovićem izbacilo iz dvorane. Od sudaca su dobili jedan glas. Za uvježbavanje su dijelili prostoriju u Gundulićevoj s Prljavim kazalištem, Haustorom i drugima. Nisu imali svoju opremu, drugi nisu htjeli dijeliti s njima, pa su bez pitanja poslije proba preko noći uzimali opremu i ujutro vraćali, sve dok ih nisu otkrili. Došlo je do preslagivanja sastava jednom prigodom jer je menadžer smatrao da Davor Gobac ne zna pjevati. Nakon testiranja najurio ga je, kao najmlađeg (Gobac spominje da mu roditelji nisu dopuštali izbivati vani na probama iza deset navečer, pa je brzo izbačen te je Pomora imala veliki nastup bez njega u Ljubljani s Parafima i Pankrtima; izbacio ga je Mark, a Gobac je tad bio 7. razred osnovne). Kemac je tad prešao na mjesto vokala. Kvalitetniji zvuk dobili su kad je došao novi gitarist Mac (Marijan Podgorski), kasnije basist i vokal La Fortunjerosa, sastava koji je također dao kratkotrajnog člana, Salu Zalepugina. 1990. godine skoro su potpisali ugovor s Jugotonom, ali su odbili korigirati politički provokativne tekstove kao Fotelja, Kralj bezidejne omladine i Socijalizam te je otpao ugovor. Nakon 1980. godine imali su sve manje svirki, a sve više nereda. Prema urbanoj legendi pošlo je sve nizbrdo nakon jednog velikog nereda na skupnom koncertu u SC-u, gdje su se poslije svirke potukli punkeri i šminkeri, u tučnjavi se osim šakama i nogama služilo i noževima, palicama i kamenjima. Članovi Klinske pomore završili su neko vrijeme u bolnici od ozljeda. Sutradan nakon te tučnjave škvadra Klinske pomore pošla je osvetnički pohod i premlatila sve koji su taj dan bili u SC, a s obzirom na to da je milicija sve to povezala s članovima koji nisu htjeli nitkog odati, dobili su uvjetne kazne. Budući da vlasnici klubova nisu više htjeli sastave kao Klinska pomora, sastavu je pošlo nizbrdo. Kultna osoba među starim zagrebačkim punkerima bio je Kemac koji je živio boemski. Izbivanjem Domovinskog rata bio je među prvim dragovoljcima za obranu Hrvatske i prošao je sva ratišta. Ostali članovi još su neko vrijeme svirali u drugim sastavima (Smog, M-61, Motor City Bar, Ibis, Pardon) koji su napravili ugovore s diskografskim kućama kao Memphis, Dallas Records i nosače zvuka su im producirali poznati glazbenici kao Denyken i Žan Jakopač.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Discogs
RIF magazin  Ivana Kocijan: VIDEO Psihomodo Pop obradio "Narodnu pjesmu" kultnih riječkih Parafa. Poslušajte

Zagrebački glazbeni sastavi
Hrvatski punk sastavi

Klinska pomora


Lodovico Graziani (-) fue un tenor operístico italiano.  Según exponen John Warrack y Ewan West, en The Oxford Dictionary of Opera: «Su voz era clara y vibrante, pero le faltaba talento dramático». Actualmente se le recuerda principalmente por haber sido el primero, en 1853, que interpretó el papel de Alfredo Germont en La traviata de Verdi.

Carrera
Graziani nació en Fermo, Italia, en una familia de raigambre musical. Tres de sus hermanos también fueron cantantes profesionales, en particular su hermano menor Francesco Graziani era un barítono muy conocido que pasó gran parte de su carrera cantando en la Real Ópera Italiana (Covent Garden) en Londres. Lodovico estudió con Cellini y debutó en 1845 en Bolonia en Don Procopio de Carlo Cambiaggio. En 1846 se le oyó en el Regio Teatro degli Avvalorati en Livorno como Elvino en La sonnambula de Vincenzo Bellini. Debutó en La Scala el 14 de agosto de 1847 en el rol titular de Dom Sébastien de Gaetano Donizetti.

En 1851, en la Salle Ventadour de Théâtre-Italien en París, Graziani cantó Gennaro en Lucrezia Borgia de Donizetti con Marianna Barbieri-Nini en el rol titular y Fortini como el duque de Ferrara. La siguiente temporada estuvo en La Fenice de Venecia, donde se le oyó como Idreno en Semiramide de Rossini, el duque de Mantua en Rigoletto, el rol titular de Stiffelio en Verdi, y en los estrenos de varias óperas de compositores italianos menores. En su segunda temporada allí, el 6 de marzo de 1853, estrenó el papel de Alfredo en La traviata de Verdi. La producción fue recibida pobremente, y Verdi, que estaba deprimido y disgustado, describió el canto de Graziani como "marmóreo" y "monótono", aunque la mayor parte de la culpa por la falta de éxito de la ópera se reservó al barítono Felice Varesi, quien cantó Giorgio Germont.  Graziani no estuvo bien — una representación se canceló por su indisposición. Más tarde en su carrera, en otros papeles verdianos, Graziani tuvo más éxito.

Graziani regresó al Théâtre-Italien para la temporada 1854–1855 para cantar Manrico en Il trovatore de Verdi, con la contralto Adelaide Borghi-Mamo como Azucena. Verdi, quien estaba en aquella época en París trabajando en la producción de la Ópera de Les vêpres siciliennes, fue de algún modo convencido por Calzado, el director del Italien, de no solo aprobar la producción, sino también ayudar a supervisarla, sin cargo adicional. Las representaciones, que presentaron la ópera en París a partir del 23 de diciembre de 23 de diciembre de 1854, fueron exitosas. (Al año siguiente Verdi demandó a la compañía por montar producciones de La traviata y Rigoletto con material pirateado, pero perdió el caso.)

Graziani regresó a La Scala en 1855 en L'ebreo de Giuseppe Apolloni, y en 1862 interpretó allí a Riccardo en Un ballo in maschera de Verdi. Otros papeles de Verdi en La Scala incluyeron al duque de Mantua en Rigoletto y Enrico (Henri) en Giovanna de Guzman (el nombre usado para la primera versión italiana de Les vêpres siciliennes).

Cantó el papel titular en Dom Sébastien de Donizetti en el Teatro San Carlos en Nápoles en 1856, y el rol de Vasco da Gama en las primeras representaciones de L'Africaine de Meyerbeer en Bolonia en 1865. También interpretó en Viena (1860).

Graziani murió en Fermo.

Hermanos
Los tres hermanos de Lodovico Graziani que se convirtieron en cantantes profesionales fueron: Giuseppe (1819–1905), bajo; Francesco (1828–1901), barítono; y Vincenzo (1836–1906), también barítono. (Para más detalles sobre sus hermanos, véase Francesco Graziani.)

Referencias

Fuentes
 Budden, Julian (1978). The Operas of Verdi: 2. From Il Trovatore to La Forza del destino. Nueva York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195204506.
 Kuhn, Laura, editor (2000). Baker's Dictionary of Opera. Nueva York: Schirmer. ISBN 9780028653495.
 Meyerbeer, Giacomo; Letellier, Robert Ignatius, editor (2002). The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: 3. The Years of Celebrity, 1850–1856. Madison, Nueva Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 9780838638446.
 Sadie, Stanley, editor (1992). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (4 volúmenes). Londres: Macmillan. ISBN 9781561592289.
 Sadie, Stanley, editor; John Tyrell; editor ejecutivo (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition. Londres: Macmillan. ISBN 9781561592395 (tapa dura).  (eBook).
 Simeone, Nigel (2000). Paris: A Musical Gazetteer. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300080537.
 Walker, Frank (1982). The Man Verdi. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226871325 (tapa dura); ISBN 9780460037297 (hardcover, 1962).
 Warrack, John; West, Ewan (1992). The Oxford Dictionary of Opera. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198691648.

Enlaces externos

Tenores de Italia
Tenores en el Teatro Real
Músicos de Italia del siglo XIX
Nacidos en Fermo
Fallecidos en la provincia de Fermo

Lodovico Graziani


Zoonoz omurgalı hayvanlardan insanlara geçen (zooantroponoz) ve insanlardan omurgalı hayvanlara geçen (antropozoonoz) herhangi bir enfeksiyon hastalığını tanımlayan terimdir. Birçok ağır ve önemli hastalık bu kategoridedir.

Örneğin ;
Kuduz,
Kuş gribi
Domuz gribi
Deli dana hastalığı vb.

Terimin kökeni Yunanca zoon yani "hayvan" ve nosos yani "hastalık" sözcükleridir.

Sınıflandırma
Bulaşma yollarına göre
Yaşam döngülerine göre
Rezervuar konakçılarına göre
Etiyolojilerine  göre

Zoonoz hastalık bulaş yolları
Temas yoluyla:
Tularemi, şarbon
Hayvan ısırığı yoluyla:
Kuduz
Sindirim yoluyla:
Bruselloz, salmonelloz
Solunum yoluyla:
Tularemi, şarbon

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20151123205422/http://www.artvinhsm.gov.tr/upload/dosyalar/E27_sarbon.pdf
 http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111223-6.htm

Zoonoz hastalıklar


Múmíurnar í Guanajuato eru lík fólks sem létust í heimsfaraldri kóleru sem barst til Mexíkó árið 1833. Líkin varðveittust sem múmíur í gröfunum vegna þurrs loftlags.

Saga
Í kringum árið 1870 tóku í gildi ný lög í Guanajuato fylki í Mexíkó um að fólk þurfti að greiða skatt fyrir að jarða látið fólk eða grafarskattur. Ef skatturinn var ekki greiddur voru líkin grafin upp og geymd í geymslu til að skipta út fyrir lík þar sem ættingjar greiddu skattinn. Þetta varð til þess að í ljós kom að líkin varðveittust vel sem náttúrulegar múmíur í líkkistunum sínum. Í lok 19. aldar fóru múmíurnar að laða að sér ferðamenn sem borguðu nokkur pesó til að skoða líkin. Geymslan varð svo síðar að safni.

Sögur af líkum

Vegna heimsfaraldurs kóleru sem brast út í Mexíkó árið 1833 var fólk oft jarðað strax þegar það var talið vera látið til að minnka útbreiðslu og talið er að sumir höfðu verið grafnir lifandi á tímum faraldursins. Þekkt dæmi um það var lík Ignaciu Aguilar, en Ignacia hafði fengið hjartastopp og var hún grafin strax. Ignacia var ein þeirra sem var grafin upp vegna skattalaganna og var líkið í öðruvísi stellingu en venjulega. Andlitið sneri niður, og var mjög blóðugt, hendurnar voru undir andlitinu og var búið að borða hluta handarinnar. Talið er að Ignacia hafi verið grafin lifandi, vaknað í gröfinni og loks látist úr súrefnisskorti.

Safn
Í Guanajuato er safn þar sem líkin sem voru grafin upp í grundvelli skattalaganna eru til sýningar, en líkin er meira en 100 talsins.

Tilvísarnir

Saga Mexíkó

Múmíurnar í Guanajuato


Westerau er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Nordstormarn under Kreis Stormarn. Kreis Stormarn ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Westerau ligger omkring 14 km sydvest for Lübeck og ca. syv km øst for Bad Oldesloe. I den nordlige del af kommunen ligger herregården Trenthorst som i dag rummer et institut for økologisk landbrug.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Stormarn

Westerau


Der Highway 5A in British Columbia, Kanada, ist 176 km lang und dient als Alternativroute zwischen Princeton am Crowsnest Highway und Kamloops. Vor Fertigstellung des Coquihalla Highways 1986 wurde die Strecke südlich von Merritt als Highway 5 geführt.

Streckenverlauf
Der Highway zweigt in Princeton am Flughafen von Highway 3 nach Norden hin ab. Bei Aspen Grove stößt nach 63 km von Osten her kommend Highway 97C auf Highway 5A und verläuft für 24 km gemeinsam mit diesem bis in das Zentrum von Merritt; auf dem Weg dorthin kreuzt Highway 5, der nach Süden Richtung Hope führt. In Merritt zweigt Highway 97C nach Cache Creek ab, das erste Teilstück von Highway 97 verläuft gemeinsam mit Highway 8 nach Spences Bridge. Highway 5A verlässt Merritt wieder nach Nordwesten, quert ein zweites Mal Highway 5 und verläuft entlang des südlichen Ufers des Nicola Lakes. Von dort läuft die Route wieder nach Norden und endet nach 89 km in Kamloops an den Highways 1, 5 und 97, die dort gemeinsam verlaufen.

Einzelnachweise

05
Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen
Thompson-Nicola Regional District
British Columbia Highway 005a

British Columbia Highway 5A


The California Academy of Sciences is a research institute and natural history museum in San Francisco, California, that is among the largest museums of natural history in the world, housing over 46 million specimens. The academy began in 1853 as a learned society and still carries out a large amount of original research. The institution is located at the Golden Gate Park in San Francisco.

Completely rebuilt in 2008, the academy's primary building in Golden Gate Park covers . In early 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic, the California Academy of Sciences had around 500 employees and an annual revenue of about $33 million.

The museum is accessible via public transit on the N Judah Metro line. The westbound 9th Avenue and Irving station is located about 0.5 miles from the Academy of Sciences. Three Muni bus lines also serve the museum, including the 44, 5, and 7 lines.

Governance
The California Academy of Sciences, California's oldest operating museum and research institution for the natural sciences, is governed by a 41-member board of trustees who are nominated and chosen by the California Academy of Sciences Fellows.  The Academy Fellows are, in turn, "[n]ominated by their colleagues and appointed by the Board of Trustees...the Fellows remain members of the Fellowship for life."  The board of trustees are then responsible for appointing the executive management of the academy, who in turn are responsible for overseeing the academy's overall operation and the hiring of its other managers and employees.

Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability (IBSS)
Besides its function as source of public science education through its museum, the California Academy of Sciences also operates the Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability (IBSS) as its research arm, conducting research in the fields of taxonomy, phylogenetics, and biodiversity studies.  Although one aspect of the IBSS is available for view by museum patrons at the science "project lab" exhibit, most of the research happens in laboratories and facilities "behind the scenes" and not observable by the public.  In fact, unbeknownst to most patrons, research and administrative facilities occupy nearly 50% of the Academy's physical structure.

Public Education

The main thrust of the exhibits is natural history. The venues of the museum include the following:
Kimball Natural History Museum - generally encompasses the entire museum outside the planetarium, rainforest, and aquarium, and includes Africa Hall (the Academy's oldest running exhibit), the East Wing (which includes a Foucault pendulum, also a carry-over exhibit from the older, pre-2008 renovation of the Academy), the West Wing (which  housed several geophysical exhibits), as well as several smaller exhibits distributed throughout the remainder of the Academy building.
Morrison Planetarium - features a digitally controlled planetarium dome measuring  in diameter with a  diameter screen.
Rainforests of the World - rainforest exhibit enclosed in a  glass dome.
Steinhart Aquarium - includes exhibits of coral reefs, tidepools, and swamp habitats.

Besides its museum programs, the California Academy of Sciences offers many educational and community outreach programs to members of the public at large.

Research
Academy scientists, under the Academy's Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, conduct systematic and conservation research in several different fields, including anthropology, marine biology, botany, entomology, herpetology, ichthyology, invertebrate zoology, mammalogy, ornithology, geology, and paleontology. There also is a strong emphasis on environmental concerns, with all the various departments collaborating closely to focus on systematic biology and biodiversity. Academy researchers study life around the world: a 2011 expedition to the Philippines discovered an estimated 300 species new to science. The Academy publishes the peer-reviewed journal Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, as well as Occasional Papers, Memoirs, and Special Publications.

History

Early years
The California Academy of Natural Sciences was founded in 1853, only three years after California joined the United States, becoming the first society of its kind in the Western US. Its stated aim was to undertake "a thorough systematic survey of every portion of the State and the collection of a cabinet of her rare and rich productions." It was renamed as the more inclusive California Academy of Sciences in 1868.

The academy had a forward-thinking view towards women in science, passing a resolution in its first year of existence that the members "highly approve of the aid of females in every department of natural science, and invite their cooperation." This policy led to several women being hired into professional positions as botanists, entomologists, and other occupations during the 19th century, when opportunities for women in the sciences were limited, and often, those that existed were restricted to menial cataloging and calculation work.  In 1892, Alice Eastwood, a botanist, was hired by the academy and worked there until she retired in 1949. She created the collection of rare plants, which was saved when the academy was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

The academy's first official museum opened in 1874 at the corner of California and Dupont Streets (now Grant Avenue) in what is now Chinatown, and drew up to 80,000 visitors a year. To accommodate its increasing popularity, the academy moved to a new and larger building on Market Street in 1891, funded by the legacy of James Lick, a 19th-century San Francisco real estate mogul, entrepreneur, and philanthropist.

However, only fifteen years later, the Market Street facility fell victim to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and three days of fire, which also wiped out all but a wheelbarrow full of the academy's library and specimen collections. In the widespread destruction occurring in the aftermath of the quake, academy curators and staffers only were able to retrieve a single cart of materials, including academy minute books, membership records, and 2,000 type specimens. The 1905-1906 scientific collecting expedition to the Galápagos Islands (the first of several sponsored by the academy to the archipelago) already was underway, and it returned seven months later, providing replacement collections for those lost.

Golden Gate Park site
In 1916, the Academy moved to the North American Hall of Birds and Mammals in Golden Gate Park, the first building on the site that was to become its permanent home. In 1923, the Steinhart Aquarium was added, followed in 1934 by the Simson African Hall.

During World War II, the Academy contributed to the American war effort by using its workshop facilities to repair optical and navigational equipment for United States Navy ships; San Francisco was a major port for the Pacific War arena.

The post-war years saw a flurry of new construction on the site; the Science Hall was added in 1951, followed by the Morrison Planetarium in 1952. The Morrison Planetarium was the seventh major planetarium to open in the United States and featured a one-of-a-kind star projector, built by Academy staff members (in part using the expertise gained doing the optical work for the US Navy during World War II). The Academy Projector projected irregularly shaped stars, rather than the circular stars projected by many optical star projectors. The irregular shapes were created by placing variously sized grains of silicon carbide onto the glass star plates by hand, then aluminizing the plates, and brushing away the silicon carbide grains.

In 1959, the Malliard Library, Eastwood Hall of Botany, and Livermore Room all were added. Throughout the 1960s, universities concentrating on the new field of molecular biology divested themselves of their traditional specimen collections, entrusting them to the academy and leading to a rapid growth of the Academy's holdings.

In 1969, another new building, Cowell Hall, was added to the site. In 1976, several new galleries were opened, and the following year, in 1977, the "fish roundabout" was constructed.

Prior to the old building being torn down in 2005, there was a Life through Time gallery, housing a large display on evolution and paleontology. There was a Gem and Mineral Hall, a section on Earthquakes, and a Gary Larson exhibit.

Earthquake damage and new building

The academy buildings were damaged significantly in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Subsequently, the Bird Hall building was closed to ensure public safety. The inadequately engineered Steinhart Aquarium suffered dramatic seismic damage from the 1989 earthquake, as well.

As plans were made to repair the damage and make the buildings seismically stable, it was realized that a considerable amount of work would be needed to bring the buildings up to modern standards. This led to the idea of giving the academy a complete overhaul, thus motivating the closing of the main site.

Construction began on the new $500 million building on September 12, 2005, while the exhibits were moved to 875 Howard Street for a temporary museum.

The academy reopened with a free day on September 27, 2008. For most of the day the line for admittance was over a mile (nearly two kilometers) long, and although over 15,000 people were admitted, several thousands more had to be turned away.

In May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Academy announced that it would lay off 105 of its then 504 employees, furlough 96 others, and enact pay cuts among part of the rest. Due to the COVID-19 lockdown's effect on ticket sales, the organization was expecting its revenue to decrease by around $12 million (36%), in the next fiscal year.

Environmental design of new building

The design architect for the museum replacement project was Renzo Piano. His design was awarded the Urban Land Institute (ULI) Award for Excellence for the Americas region in 2008, as well as the Holcim Award Silver for sustainable construction projects in the North America region in 2005.  One critic praised the building as a "blazingly uncynical embrace of the Enlightenment values of truth and reason", and a "comforting reminder of the civilizing function of great art in a barbaric age".

The new building emphasizes environmentally friendly design, in keeping with the academy's focus on ecological concerns and environmental sustainability. It received Platinum certification under the LEED program. This project was featured on the Discovery Channel Extreme Engineering series in 2006, the National Geographic Channel Man-Made series in July 2008, and Smithsonian Channel's How Do They Build That? in August 2022.

The new building includes an array of environmentally friendly features:
Produces 50 percent less waste water than previously
Recycles rainwater for irrigation
Uses 60,000 photovoltaic cells
Supports a green roof with an area of
Uses natural lighting in 90 percent of occupied spaces
Was constructed of over  of recycled concrete
Construction includes 11 million pounds (5,000 t) of recycled steel
Wall insulation made from scraps of recycled denim

Green roof

The California Academy of Science green roof has several environmentally friendly features, as well as sustainable design. Renzo Piano  was inspired by seven major hills of San Francisco, which typically refers to: Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, Russian Hill, Rincon Hill, Mount Sutro, Twin Peaks and Mount Davidson. The living green roof was planted with 1.7 million California native plants. The museum's central piazza lies beneath a massive glass ceiling in the roof, which opens to allow cool night air to flow into the building below; by using this kind of natural ventilation instead of air conditioning to regulate interior temperature, the building becomes more energy efficient. Renzo Piano and SWA Group won the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) Award in design in 2009.

Gallery

See also

 49-Mile Scenic Drive
 Green museum

References

Further reading
 "Natural Phenomenon", by Matt Tyrnauer, Vanity Fair, May 2008
 Cutting Edge Construction—National Geographic Channel
 "Concrete and Strawberries", California magazine, September 2008
 "Beyond Green", California Home + Design, September 2008

External links

 Calacademy.org: PDFs on national media reports of Academy's construction
 California Academy of Sciences at Google Cultural Institute
 ASLA 2009 Design Award

1853 establishments in California
2000s architecture in the United States
Association of Science-Technology Centers member institutions
Buildings and structures burned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake
Buildings and structures completed in 2008
Expressionist architecture
Futurist architecture
Golden Gate Park
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Museums in San Francisco
Natural history museums in California
Organizations established in 1853
Ove Arup buildings and structures
Planetaria in the United States
Postmodern architecture in California
Renzo Piano buildings
Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area
Science museums in California

California Academy of Sciences


Líbanonsedrus (fræðiheiti: Cedrus libani) er sígrænt tré af þallarætt. Flestar heimildir telja að hann skiftist í tvær undirtegundir, en nokkrar telja hann Atlassedrus (Cedrus atlantica) og Kýpursedrus (Cedrus brevifolia) til hans. Ekki er endanlega útkljáð með það.

Hann er ættaður frá austurhluta Miðjarðarhafssvæðisins (Tyrkland, Sýrland og Líbanon).

Tilvísanir

Þallarætt
Sedrus

Líbanonsedrus


Payoff may refer to:
 Bribery, an act of implying money or gift giving that alters the behavior of the recipient
 A payoff dominant equilibrium in game theory
 Payoff matrix or payoff function in a normal-form game in game theory
 Payoff set in set theory
 Payoff (film), a 1991 TV film starring Keith Carradine
 Gomez & Tavarès (AKA Payoff) a 2003 film
 A word for slogan, used in some countries
 Pay off, to move away, fall off, or be pushed round by the wind
 Paying off, in British Commonwealth contexts, a practice originating in the age-of-sail of ending officers' commissions and of paying crew wages once a ship had completed its voyage; see Ship commissioning#Ship decommissioning
 Paying off pennant, flown in some navies when a ship is decommissioned; see Pennant (commissioning)

See also
 The Payoff (disambiguation)

Payoff


Sandgerðishöfn er höfn í Sandgerði í Suðurnesjabæ. Þar eru tveir viðlegukantar við Norðurgarð og Suðurbryggju, og fjórar flotbryggjur fyrir minni báta. Sandgerðisviti stendur inni í höfninni.

Sandgerði var fræg útvegsjörð öldum saman og mikið útræði frá ströndinni allt í kring. Fyrstu hafnarframkvæmdir í Sandgerðisvík hófust árið 1907 á vegum Ísland-Færeyjafélagsins. Steinbryggja var svo reist með verkfærum sem höfðu áður verið notuð til að gera steinbryggjuna í Reykjavík. Félagið kom sér upp aðstöðu á Hamrinum og á grandanum þar út í var reist trébryggja. Þessi útgerð stóð stutt en 1914 hófu þrír menn frá Akranesi útgerð frá Sandgerði: Haraldur Böðvarsson, Þórður Ásmundsson og Loftur Loftsson. Árið 1946 keypti sveitarfélagið bryggjurnar og 1974 var hafist handa við að loka höfninni betur með brimgörðum báðum megin við hana. Síðan þá hefur höfnin stöðugt verið bætt og dýpkuð.

Sandgerði
Hafnir á Íslandi

Sandgerðishöfn


San Vicente es una localidad española perteneciente al municipio de Arganza, en la comarca de El Bierzo, provincia de León, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León.

Atravesado por el río Cúa, posee una pequeña zona rodeada de piedras y arboleda, frecuentada por aquellos que más necesitan un poco de paz y descanso.

Pequeñas casas de piedra y madera forman este pueblo, con tejados de pizarra.

Un lugar encantador, donde en la noche las vistas no tienen precio, y durante el día la naturaleza hace su magia para abrazarte.

Historia
Ha estado siempre asociado al vecino pueblo de La Retuerta, ahora despoblado. Durante el Antiguo Régimen ambos pertenecían al señorío de la abadía de San Andrés de Espinareda.

Pascual Madoz describía así la localidad a mediados del :

Situación
Se accede a través de la carretera CV-158.

Se encuentra al norte del municipio de Arganza. a 7km de Quilós, 2km de Espanillo y 7km de Vega de Espinareda.

Las localidades más cercanas son Valle de Finolledo, Espanillo y San Pedro de Olleros.

Evolución demográfica

Véase también

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

  Ayuntamiento de Arganza

Localidades de El Bierzo Bajo
Localidades de Arganza

San Vicente (Arganza)


This article lists the winners and nominees for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special.  Originally entitled Outstanding Drama Series, Mini-Series or Television Movie, the award was retitled to its current name in 1995.

Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Multiple wins and nominations

Wins
 2 wins
 In the Heat of the Night

Nominations

 4 nominations
 Luther

 2 nominations
 American Crime
 In the Heat of the Night

References

NAACP Image Awards


Shaanxi History Museum, which is located to the northwest of the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda in the ancient city Xi'an, in the Shaanxi province of China, is one of the first huge state museums with modern facilities in China and one of the largest. The museum houses over 370,000 items, including murals, paintings, pottery, coins, as well as bronze, gold, and silver objects. The modern museum was built between 1983 and 2001 and its appearance recalls the architectural style of the Tang dynasty.

History

Shaanxi History Museum was constructed from 1983. It was opened to the public on 20 June 1991. The museum is in an area of , with a building area of , cultural relics storerooms of , exhibition halls of 11,000 square meters, and a collection of 370,000 objects. The museum is architecturally in the Tang style, with a "hall in center, storied buildings in corners". It is elegant and dignified, on a large scale, with a combination of traditional architecture and modern technology, which embodies folk tradition and local features.

Shaanxi was the ancient imperial capital of China, having been the seat of more than 13 feudal dynasties, including the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang dynasties. The province is rich in cultural relics. With the completion of the Shaanxi History Museum, it collected over 370,000 precious relics which were unearthed in Shaanxi Province, including bronze wares, pottery figures, and mural paintings in Tang tombs.  In particular there are large numbers of pottery Tang dynasty tomb figures from the tombs of the imperial family around the city.

Since the opening of the museum, it has followed the policy of collecting, conservation, publicizing, education, and scientific research, using its many historical relics, and conducted various types of display. The relics have also been exhibited overseas in cities in Japan, France, the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany.

Collection highlights
Highlights of the museum include:

 Fossils of the Lantian Man (preceded Peking Man),
 The Deer Pattern Eaves Tile from the Qin dynasty,
 The many objects from the Tang Hejia Village hoard, found in 1970, deposited around 755 during the An Lushan Rebellion.
 The Kneeling Archer, a  tall figure unearthed in 1977 from Emperor Qin Shi Huang's tomb
 The Four Footed Li, a Shang dynasty bronze cooking utensil,
 Playing Polo, a Tang dynasty mural of people playing polo in China,
 Frescos and pottery tomb figures from the tomb of Princess Li Xianhui, 705, Tang dynasty
 The Empress's Seal, a jade seal from the Western Han dynasty, excavated near the tomb of Emperor Gao Zu, the first emperor of the Han dynasty – one of the most important imperial seals ever found in China.

Gallery

Location

The address of the museum is 91 East XiaoZhai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.

See also
 List of museums in China

References

External links

Shaanxi History Museum website
Shanxi History Museum information

Museums in Xi'an
History of Shaanxi
Buildings and structures completed in 2001
Museums established in 1991
1991 establishments in China
National first-grade museums of China

Shaanxi History Museum


Gokels er en kommune og en by i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Mittelholstein i den sydlige del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Gokels ligger omkring 22 km sydøst for Heide i et landbrugsområde.

Nord for Gokels løber Kielerkanalen, mens Bundesautobahn 23 løber vest for byen mod Hamborg og Heide. Byen ligger ved jernbanen mellem Neumünster og Heide.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Gokels


Ólafur Garðar Einarsson (f. 7. júlí 1932 á Siglufirði, d. 27. apríl 2023) var alþingismaður og menntamálaráðherra frá 1991 til 1995. Hann sat einnig sem forseti Alþingis árin 1995 til 1999. Ólafur lauk lögfræðiprófi frá HÍ 1960. Kona Ólafs var Ragna Bjarnadóttir, (1931-2015). Dóttir þeirra var Ásta Ragnhildur (1968-2021).

Tengill
Um Ólaf á vef Alþingis

Menntamálaráðherrar Íslands
Þingmenn Sjálfstæðisflokksins

Ólafur G. Einarsson


Helige Å eller Helga Å er det afsnit af Mörrumsån, som løber fra Helgasjön via Salen til Åsnen i Kronobergs län, Småland.

Mörrumsåen
Vandløb i Småland
Mörrumsåens afløbsområde
Sveriges geografi

Helige å


Griwa steht für:
 Griwa (Geomorphologie) (Грива), Höhenzug-Typus im Westsibirischen Tiefland
 den deutschen Namen der Ortschaft Grīva in der Stadt Daugavpils in Lettland

Siehe auch:
 Griva

Griwa