Bernard Zénier (* 21. August 1957 in Giraumont) ist ein ehemaliger französischer Fußballspieler. Nach Beendigung seiner Spielerlaufbahn arbeitete er als Vereinsfunktionär.

Vereinskarriere
Bereits als Jugendlicher weckte Bernard Zénier, der bei einem Amateurverein aus dem lothringischen Florange spielte, das Interesse des benachbarten FC Metz, der den gerade erst 17 gewordenen Linksaußen 1974 verpflichtete. In seiner ersten Saison in der höchsten Spielklasse kam er nur in fünf Punktspielen zum Einsatz, erzielte dabei aber auf Anhieb vier Treffer. Für den Fußball hatte er sogar die Schule abgebrochen, nachdem er durch die Abschlussprüfung gefallen war. In den folgenden drei Jahren wurde Zénier zum Stammspieler bei Metz und belegte mit der Mannschaft im Abschlussklassement der Division 1 jeweils Mittelfeldränge. Besseres als ein sechster Platz 1975/76 sprang dabei nicht heraus; allerdings erreichte er mit den Messins in der gleichen Saison Pokalhalbfinale und wurde zudem 1977 zum Nationalspieler (siehe unten).

1978 wechselte er zum benachbarten Konkurrenten AS Nancy, und erst dort entfaltete er seine Qualitäten als Torschütze vollständig; in der Spielzeit 1978/79 erreichte er unter allen Liga-Toptorjägern mit 15 Treffern den zehnten Rang, 1980/81 sogar den siebten (16 Treffer) und 1981/82 mit 13 Toren Platz zwölf. 1979 erlitt Bernard Zénier einen Beinbruch, drei Jahre später führte eine schwere Knieverletzung erneut zu einer längeren Spielpause. Auch mit Nancy waren nationale Titel während seiner dortigen fünf Jahre nicht zu gewinnen; immerhin stand er 1978/79 in allen vier Begegnungen der ASN anlässlich des europäischen Pokalsieger-Cups gegen Frem Kopenhagen und Servette Genf und schoss auch dort zwei Tore. Zur Saison 1983/84 holten ihn die Girondins Bordeaux, und dort gewann er auf Anhieb auch den Meistertitel. Dazu hatte er allerdings nur vier Tore beisteuern können und war von Trainer Aimé Jacquet in lediglich 25 Punktspielen aufgestellt worden, dazu in beiden Partien des UEFA-Pokals, in dem 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig allerdings hochfliegende Pläne der Girondins frühzeitig beendete. Zénier wurde anschließend an den Aufsteiger Olympique Marseille verkauft, der zu den zahlungskräftigsten französischen Vereinen gehörte, die in dieser Zeit vermehrt auf den Kauf "fertiger Spieler" als auf den Einbau eigener Jungtalente setzten. Aber er wurde an der Mittelmeerküste nicht richtig heimisch, und als Olympique 1986 das Landespokalfinale gegen Bordeaux verlor, fand er nicht einmal als Einwechselspieler Berücksichtigung.

Deshalb kehrte er 1986 nach Metz zurück und feierte schon zehn Monate später einen ersten persönlichen Erfolg: seine 18 Punktspieltreffer machten ihn zum besten Erstliga-Torschützen der Saison. Ein Jahr später gelang ihm – auch dank seiner drei Torerfolge – mit dem FC der Einzug in ein weiteres Pokalfinale, und darin stand er vom Anpfiff weg auf dem Rasen. Im entscheidenden Elfmeterschießen gegen den FC Sochaux verwandelte Zénier als erster seinen Strafstoß. Bei Metz' Erstrunden-Aus im Europapokal der Pokalsieger 1988/89 fehlte er hingegen in beiden Partien gegen den RSC Anderlecht; eine erneute Verletzung hatte ihn auch nur 21 Saisoneinsätze in der französischen Liga bestreiten lassen. 1991 beendete er nach 466 Spielen mit 130 Treffern in der Division 1 seine aktive Zeit. Dem Klub blieb er, der mit der Tochter von Metz' Ex-Präsidenten Carlo Molinari verheiratet ist, allerdings bis in die Gegenwart (2012) treu. Bis 2009 war Bernard Zénier selbst Mitglied des Vereinspräsidiums, seither ist er als "Talentspäher" der Messins tätig.

Stationen
 bis 1970: AS Florange (als Jugendlicher)
 1974–1978 FC Metz
 1978–1983 AS Nancy
 1983/84 Girondins Bordeaux
 1984–1986 Olympique Marseille
 1986–1991 FC Metz

In der Nationalmannschaft
Bernard Zénier hat insgesamt 30 Mal für die verschiedenen Jugendauswahlmannschaften gespielt; 1976 belegte er mit der französischen A-Jugend den vierten Platz beim UEFA-Juniorenturnier in Ungarn. Als Erwachsener brachte er es hingegen nur auf fünf A-Länderspiele für Frankreich, wobei er in drei Begegnungen jeweils erst nach gut 60 Spielminuten eingewechselt wurde. Sein Debüt bei den Bleus erfolgte im Februar 1977 anlässlich eines 1:0-Sieges gegen die Bundesrepublik, als Trainer Hidalgo den Metzer auf der Suche nach einer neuen Angriffsreihe berücksichtigte. Auf dem linken Flügel hatte er allerdings in Loïc Amisse, Didier Six und Bruno Bellone sehr starke Konkurrenten. Deshalb dauerte es fünf Jahre, ehe er wieder berufen wurde. Obwohl ihm Anfang 1982 gegen Nordirland sein einziger Treffer im Nationaldress gelang, fand er wegen einer Knieverletzung (siehe oben) keine Berücksichtigung im endgültigen Aufgebot für die Weltmeisterschaftsendrunde im selben Jahr, ebenso wenig zwei Jahre später für die Europameisterschaft im eigenen Land. Anschließend vergingen noch einmal fast fünf Jahre, bevor er im November 1987 bei der 0:1-Heimniederlage gegen die DDR in einem Qualifikationsspiel zur Europameisterschaft 1988 zum letzten Mal für die Bleus auf dem Platz stand.

Palmarès
 Französischer Meister: 1984
 Französischer Pokalsieger: 1988
 Bester Torschütze der Division 1: 1986/87
 5 A-Länderspiele für Frankreich, 1 Treffer

Literatur
 Denis Chaumier: Les Bleus. Tous les joueurs de l'équipe de France de 1904 à nos jours. Larousse, o. O. 2004, ISBN 2-03-505420-6
 L'Équipe/Gérard Ejnès: La belle histoire. L'équipe de France de football. L'Équipe, Issy-les-Moulineaux 2004, ISBN 2-9519605-3-0
 L'Équipe/Gérard Ejnès: 50 ans de Coupes d'Europe. L'Équipe, Issy-les-Moulineaux 2005, ISBN 2-9519605-9-X
 L'Équipe/Gérard Ejnès: Coupe de France. La folle épopée. L'Équipe, Issy-les-Moulineaux 2007, ISBN 978-2-915535-62-4
 Alfred Wahl/Pierre Lanfranchi: Les footballeurs professionnels des années trente à nos jours. Hachette, Paris 1995, ISBN 978-2-01-235098-4

Weblinks
 Zéniers Datenblatt auf der Seite des französischen Fußballverbandes
 Datenblatt bei footballdatabase.eu
 Biographie bei afterfoot.fr

Anmerkungen und Nachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Frankreich)
Fußballspieler (AS Nancy)
Fußballspieler (FC Metz)
Fußballspieler (Girondins Bordeaux)
Fußballspieler (Olympique Marseille)
Franzose
Fußballfunktionär (Frankreich)
Geboren 1957
Mann

Bernard Zénier


is a Japanese manga series based on the Pokémon media franchise created by video game designer Satoshi Tajiri and managed by The Pokémon Company. Tajiri once stated that the series is closest to how he imagined the universe of Pokémon to be.

The series is written by Hidenori Kusaka.  (真斗) was the illustrator for the first nine volumes. When Mato became ill and was unable to continue illustrating the series, Satoshi Yamamoto took over as the illustrator and still continues as the series' artist.

Pokémon Adventures is translated into English in North America by Viz Media. As of September 2023, 61 volumes have been released, along with five pairs of mini-volumes depicting the "Black & White", "X & Y", "OmegaRuby & AlphaSapphire", "Sun & Moon", and "Sword & Shield" arc. In Southeast Asia, Singapore publisher Chuang Yi was translating Pokémon Adventures into English, and continued to translate new volumes up to volume 41. The company, however, entered voluntary liquidation in early 2014 and translation stopped. Shogakukan Asia now handles the series in Singapore.

Plot

Pokémon Adventures is divided into several distinct parts which are known as chapters, and those, in turn, are divided further into volumes and many smaller chapters. There are sixteen major divisions at present, with twelve of them completely published, and one of them partially published. 64 volumes of the manga have been released as of February 2023.

Due to the serialization of Black 2 & White 2 chapter on hold and taking many years before being collected into a volume, the X & Y and subsequent chapters of Pokémon Adventures were separately collected into mini-volumes. The rounds included in these mini-volumes were only ones that were published in the CoroCoro Ichiban magazine. Once the Black 2 & White 2 chapter ended in the regular volumes, the subsequent chapters started to be collected in that format as well.

Red, Green & Blue
The first story shows Red, the protagonist, who gets his Pokédex from Professor Oak to start on his Pokémon journey, collecting Pokémon and battling gym leaders for the eight coveted gym badges. He later meets his rival Blue  who is Oak's own grandson. Later in his journey, he encounters con artist Green , who sells him fake Pokémon items. She has stolen a Squirtle from Oak's lab and has evolved it into a Wartortle.

Later, Oak had been kidnapped by Team Rocket to create a Mewtwo, and Red, Green and Blue arrive at Saffron City to take on the Team Rocket Admins—Koga, Lt. Surge, and Sabrina. They manage to defeat Team Rocket and save Oak. It is revealed that using 7 gym badges, Arcticuno, Zapdos, and Moltres will be fused after Green does, unaware of the results. Their fusion results in a Pokemon referred to as Zapmolcuno, which looks like the three Legendary Birds fused together at the body, having all three of their heads. Red, Green, and Blue then work together to defeat and split the bird apart. Red then travels to the Indigo Plateau to battle his rival Blue, having gained seven badges, but also prevails against the evil bio-weapon Mewtwo and Team Rocket's leader and legendary missing Viridian Gym Leader, Giovanni, on the way. Green is confronted by Oak about stealing and is forgiven. Red later battles Blue in the Pokémon League Championships and emerges victorious, claiming the title of champion of the Pokémon League.

Yellow
Red has disappeared after receiving a challenge letter sent to him by Bruno of the Elite Four. They plan to lure him to them, and use him to get information on Giovanni's whereabouts. They also need his Earth Badge. Only Red's Pikachu, Pika, managed to escape, Red having been encased in ice. Yellow decided to go look for Red, as Red had helped her catch a Rattata  to train her in the skills of battling.

Later, Yellow, Blaine, Blue, Green, Bill, Lt. Surge, Koga and Sabrina join forces to bring down the Elite Four together. They find out that Lance's master plan was to use the Gym Badges and create an amplifying effect at Cerise Island to power up a mysterious Legendary Pokémon and destroy all humans in the world except themselves. They felt that humans and Pokémon were not meant to coexist. Red turned up later at Cerise Island to help Surge and Bill defeat Bruno. It is also revealed that Giovanni was the one who rescued Red from his ice coffin. Yellow battles Lance, but is losing until the other trainers send their power to Yellow, and with their combined strength, she manages to defeat Lance.

Gold, Silver & Crystal
The third adventure is based on the Pokémon Gold, Silver, and Crystal versions of the game.  It features the protagonists Gold, Silver and Crystal, and is centered mostly around the Johto region, with Gold as the point of view character. Gold first started his journey to chase a thief that broke into Professor Elm's lab, and stole a Totodile. Gold then made it his mission to get Totodile back from Silver (who stole it), and follows Silver. In Gold's quest to steal back Totodile, he decided to become fully involved in Silver's life. But following him gets him wrapped up in Neo Team Rocket (a revival of Team Rocket), and Gold tries to stop them. In a shocking reveal, it turns out one of the gym leaders is the Neo Team Rocket's leader, the Ice type gym leader, Pryce. He was also the Mask of Ice, a mysterious man who kidnapped Silver and Green as children. The Johto Trio (Gold, Silver, and a pro catcher named Crystal) then stop both Neo Rocket and the Mask of Ice in a dramatic final battle to end off the chapter.

Ruby & Sapphire
The Ruby & Sapphire manga is based on the Ruby and Sapphire  versions of the game. It features Ruby and Sapphire  and their bet to each other: 80 days for Ruby to win all the Contest Ribbons in Hoenn, and for Sapphire, a powerful trainer in her own right, to battle all the Gym Leaders for the 8 badges.

In their travels, they meet new companions like the gym leaders of the Hoenn region and the avid news reporter Gabby and her cameraman Ty (who play a minor role in the games). Team Aqua and Team Magma are introduced here, as they attempt to awaken the legendary Pokémon Kyogre and Groudon to conquer the world, and Ruby and Sapphire take notice after encountering several main members in their journeys. The gym leaders, Ruby, and Sapphire end up trying to protect Hoenn from the awakened Kyogre and Groudon, their awakening causes a disaster as Ruby loses a contest, leading to his Feebas running away and unable to find its way back. Ruby, however, finds it and apologizes, and gives it the Hyper Rank Beauty Ribbon, after which it evolves into Milotic. In the chapter Rayquaza Redemption II, Sapphire confesses that she has developed feelings for Ruby.

FireRed & LeafGreen
The next story, returning to Red, Green, and Blue, is loosely based on the Sevii Islands portion of the FireRed and LeafGreen versions of the game. The plot consists of Team Rocket trying to capture Deoxys, and Red, Green, and Blues' efforts to stop them. Along the way, they must rescue Green's parents and Professor Oak, who is Blue's grandfather, who have been kidnapped by Deoxys. Despite their best efforts, they are not able to stop Team Rocket from obtaining Deoxys, even though they've mastered the ultimate attacks taught by Ultima, an old but powerful woman residing on Two Island. After being defeated, Red is approached by Mewtwo who offers help in defeating Team Rocket.

Yellow and Silver are reintroduced as they later search for clues about Silver's parents. Knowing that his objective was somewhere in Viridian City, Silver met up with Yellow in the forest. Meanwhile, Giovanni used Deoxys's power to search for his lost son and was led to the Viridian Forest too. It is revealed that Silver is Giovanni's son and he passes out in shock. Yellow follows Team Rocket, who brought Silver back with them to an airship.

Red and Mewtwo challenge Giovanni. He loses, but the airship flies out of control. It is revealed that Red and Deoxys' have a connection because it absorbed some of Red's blood. Together, Red, Blue, Green, Yellow and Silver stop Deoxys from destroying the area but they are caught in an energy clash that petrifies them. Though Mewtwo is also caught in the attack, his body is nowhere to be seen. Deoxys manages to escape moments before the blast and is currently searching for the other Deoxys that was disposed of after Team Rocket had no further use for it.

Emerald
The protagonist of this story arc is Emerald, who is hired by Crystal and Professor Oak to capture Jirachi in seven days before it is captured by Guile Hideout, the main antagonist. Emerald is also trying to challenge the seven facilities of the Battle Frontier and conquer them all. In the process, Emerald meets with the other two Hoenn Pokédex holders, Ruby and Sapphire.

The three Pokédex owners take on the Battle Frontier challenge, but they are interrupted by Guile Hideout, who was manipulating the head of the Battle Tower, Anabel. In an ensuing battle with Emerald, he releases Anabel from his control and reveals himself to be Team Aqua's leader, Archie. He also reveals that he has caught Jirachi, and subsequently uses it to summon a massive water-composed clone of Kyogre to flood the Battle Frontier. Archie hints that he is unable to be separated from the armor covering him for a prolonged period of time.

The three Pokédex holders escape the rising waters with the help of Gold and Crystal, who have also arrived at the Battle Frontier. Gold explains that the five Pokédex owners who were petrified — Red, Blue, Green, Yellow and Silver — were ordered to be shipped to the Battle Frontier. The hope was for them to be de-petrified through a wish to Jirachi. While Crystal trains Ruby and Sapphire to learn a powerful skill that can help stop Kyogre, Archie abandons Jirachi, who is subsequently left in Emerald's hands.

Gold assigns Emerald to make a wish to de-petrify Red, Blue, Green, Yellow and Silver. After finally coming into terms with his real desire—to be with Pokémon and people who like them, Jirachi grants his wish, and the five Pokédex owners are cured of their petrification. Red and Gold immediately incapacitate Archie by destroying his armor. With all ten Pokédex owners now reunited, they combine their strongest attacks together and defeat Kyogre and Archie, who vanishes for good.

Diamond & Pearl
This storyline is based on the Diamond and Pearl versions of the game. It features Lady Platinum Berlitz, who, for her coming-of-age ceremony, must travel to the top of Mt. Coronet in order to collect materials to create her own family emblem. Despite her vast knowledge, due to coming from a wealthy family of scholars, her father insists that she is followed by a pair of professional bodyguards. However, an identity mishap occurs as manzai comedians Diamond and Pearl believe that Platinum is their tour guide who will accompany them on a prize trip around Sinnoh, while Platinum believes that the duo are her bodyguards.

As they travel Sinnoh, Platinum becomes engrossed in Gym Battles after fighting Roark in order to up her Piplup's confidence. She manages to obtain six gym badges within a space of 25 days, which Byron remarks to have beaten Sapphire's previous record of 8 badges in 80 days. While helping Platinum prepare for Gym Battles through intense periods of training, the starter Pokémon bestowed upon them by Professor Rowan gradually evolve to their final evolved form, while Platinum's Ponyta evolves into a Rapidash.

In an encounter with Team Galactic while in Veilstone City, Platinum becomes Galactic's ransom target, as a means to extract capital to develop a bomb, which would be used to destroy the three lakes of Sinnoh. Platinum's center of attention causes the banishment of her real bodyguards to a different realm, causing Diamond and Pearl to continue faking as professional bodyguards, while now knowing the truth. The evidence is further solidified when the trio visit Celestic Town to find Cyrus studying the ruins there.

After battling Fantina for a gym badge, the trio learn that Platinum's father and Professor Rowan have been kidnapped while at an academic conference in Canalave City. They immediately speed to Canalave City aboard Fantina's Drifblim.  After her father and Professor Rowan are saved, Platinum learns that Diamond and Pearl were not her bodyguards; while this causes a rift between them, Platinum reconciles with them by revealing her name as a means of declaring she recognizes the two as her friends.  They resolve to continue their journey through Sinnoh in order to stop Team Galactic's nefarious plans and save the legendary Pokémon (Mesprit, Uxie, and Azelf) of Sinnoh's three lakes. And Diamond, Pearl, and Platinum will be informed that Team Galactic captures the trio legendary Pokémon use them to the production of Red Chain in order to summon to the two legendary Pokémon in charge of time and space, Dialga and Palkia create a new universe.

Platinum
The chapter follows Lady Platinum Berlitz, separate with Diamond and Pearl, as she enters the Battle Frontier; as well as Looker, who is international police investigating information on the Team Galactic and assist Platinum investigating information on the Distortion World, where her original bodyguards, Dialga and Palkia, and Cyrus, the leader of Team Galactic. To this end, Platinum will challenge the Frontier Brains to obtain intelligence.

At the same time, Charon of Team Galactic also initiate a plan of action to take possession of the legendary Pokémon of Sinnoh, including the legendary Pokémon expelled to Distortion World, Giratina.

HeartGold & SoulSilver
This arc is based on the Generation IV games, HeartGold and SoulSilver, and takes place between the Emerald and Diamond & Pearl arc. Gold is tasked by Professor Oak to find former villain Lance in the Pokéathlon, as he holds information about the Alpha Pokémon, Arceus. Gold decides to compete in the Pokéathlon and wins the contests, but is unable to find Lance. Meanwhile, Silver discovers that Team Rocket has been resurrected once again, and is using 3 plates, items that greatly boost a Pokémon based on type, for another evil plot. Both events cause Gold, Silver, and Crystal to investigate the situation, eventually taking them to the Sinjoh Ruins, where the 4 executives behind Team Rocket plan to use Arceus, who has lost faith in humanity, to summon Dialga, Palkia, and Giratina to bring back their leader, Giovanni. The trio, helped by Giovanni, a reformed Lance, and Pryce (who has returned from the crack of time), defeat the Legendary Pokémon and restore Arceus' faith in humanity.

Black & White

This arc features a boy named Black and his Tepig "Tep"  on a quest to become a master trainer, along with Black's Braviary "Brav"  and Munna "Musha".  When his ambition to become the best trainer in Unova gets the better of him, he causes a scene by screaming out his dream with his Pokémon. One day due to an encounter with a Galvantula, he destroys a film set and ends up under the employment of a girl named White, the owner of female Tepig Gigi  and happens to be the proud president of the BW Agency, a company that provides Pokémon actors for various productions. Black and White's Tepigs have a crush on each other, and White happens to require the services of Black's Tep. The rivals of the Black and White game, Cheren and Bianca, appear as Pokédex holders, Cheren with a Snivy and Bianca with Oshawott. Due to an accident at Professor Juniper's lab, Black is left with the only functioning Pokédex from Professor Juniper's lab, thus making him especially important for completing the Pokédex; it also makes him a target of Team Plasma due to his opposition towards their ideals of "Pokémon liberation".

Black 2 & White 2
The plot of Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 is a special class trip arc. It follows Blake (Lack-Two in Japan), a member of the International Police who seeks to arrest the seven sages and the other Neo Team Plasma members, and Whitley (Whi-Two in Japan), a former member of Team Plasma yearning for the return of N. They are new students in Cheren's class along with Hugh, who vows himself to defeat Neo Team Plasma and get the Purrloin they stole for his sister back. Neo Team Plasma's plans now are to take over the Unova region and awaken the legendary Pokémon named Kyurem.

The serialization of the story arc began in July 2013. On September 27, 2016, it was announced that the chapter would be published digitally in Shogakukan's "Sunday Web Every". It began on October 4, 2016 and released each chapter of volume 52 on a weekly basis before continuing on to the first round of volume 53 on a monthly basis starting November 22, 2016. Another hiatus occurred following February 2018, but serialization resumed in March 2019 until its completion in April 2020. Its regular volumes publication began in December 2014 and concluded in May 2020.

X & Y
The X & Y chapter focuses on a depressed boy named X, who won a major tournament as a child, and Y, a girl who dreams of becoming a Sky Trainer. X has been forced out of hiding when the two legendary Pokémon blow up his town. Soon, he meets up with a group called Team Flare who tries to steal his tool that enables mega evolution. X, Y, and their companions, Shauna, Tierno, and Trevor have to try to escape Team Flare by seeking a place where they can go in peace; however, the plan doesn't go like X and his friends want.

Serialization of this story arc began in October 2013 and concluded in November 2016. The publication of the X & Y chapter in the regular volumes format began in May 2020 and concluded in February 2022.

Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire
The Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire arc focuses on the returning Hoenn trio of Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald based on the Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire versions of the game. Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald acquire Mega Bracelets and Mega Stones from Steven to help aid his quest to save the Earth from impending doom by a meteorite while Ruby encounters a mysterious girl along the way. Sapphire is traumatized when she learns the truth about the meteor, and in result of that trauma she loses her voice and sense of smell. Ruby takes on the role of lorekeeper and gets Rayquaza to trust him so they can save the world through the use of dragon lore. It is based primarily on the events of the Delta Episode in the games.

The arc was released digitally on Shogakukan's "Web Sunday," with a new chapter on the first Tuesday of every month. The first mini-volume was released in Japan on July 24, 2015.

Sun, Moon, Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon
This chapter features a boy named Sun who is a courier with the hope of gathering 100 million Yen and a girl named Moon who is a pharmacist and an archer. In order to calm the wrath of the Tapu, one of which unexpectedly attacked them, the guardian deities of Alola, they embarked on an island challenge journey, and will face Team Skull and Aether Foundation's Ultra Beast-related conspiracy, the mysterious creatures come from another dimension Ultra Space.

Sword & Shield
Marvin is a young boy who just moved to Galar region and met Henry Sword (Sōdo Tsurugi in Japan) and Casey Shield (Shieldmilia Tate in Japan), the boy is a "Meister" of repair Pokemon's gear and hopes to have an opportunity to see the legendary artifacts Rusted Sword and Shield, and the girl is a computer engineer who is interested in Dynamax and looking for her lost Pokemon team. They traveled with Professor Magnolia to help her investigate the Dynamax phenomenon. And Henry and Casey are planning to challenge the Galar Pokemon League, in order to gather information about Casey's lost Pokemon.

Scarlet & Violet

Characters

The protagonists of this series are mainly the Pokémon trainers who called Pokédex Holders that are recognized by the well-known Pokémon professors in various regions and awarded Pokédex.

As of Sword & Shield chapter, there are 23 Pokédex Holders and according to their region and the version of Pokédex they hold, they can be divided into eight groups.

Kanto
Red – The male protagonist in the Red, Green & Blue and FireRed & LeafGreen chapters and the first protagonist in this series. The champion of the 9th Indigo Plateau Pokémon League. Initially shown as a rash young trainer, he has matured over the course of the series. His first Pokémon was a Poliwag, which is first seen as a Poliwhirl. It later evolves into Poliwrath to save Red from drowning. When he started his journey, he received a Bulbasaur from Professor Oak. It eventually evolved to a Venusaur, but he temporarily traded it with his rival Blue for a Charizard in FireRed and LeafGreen, though they traded back at the end of the saga. His Pokémon are Poliwrath (Poli), Venusaur (Saur), Pikachu (Pika), Snorlax (Snor), Espeon (Vee), Gyarados (Gyara) and Aerodactyl (Aero). He specializes in Pokémon Battles (The Fighter). In his latest appearance in ORAS he is twenty.
Blue - The other male protagonist in the Red, Green & Blue and FireRed & LeafGreen chapters. The cool-headed yet somewhat cocky rival of Red; their relationship has improved over the course of the series. He had the starter Pokémon Charmander, now a Charizard. He excels at training Pokémon (The Trainer), even those that are not his. His team as of the FRLG saga consists of Charizard, Golduck, Machamp, Rhydon, Porygon2, and Scizor. In G/S/C/HG/SS he has been made gym leader of Viridian City after Red declined that offer. Although the exact timing of his appearance in the XY chapter is unknown, it is probable that it occurs simultaneously with the ORAS chapter, making him twenty.
Green - The female protagonist in the Red, Green & Blue and FireRed & LeafGreen chapters. A crafty and perky girl who stole a Squirtle from Professor Oak. It was revealed that when she was young, she was one of the Masked Children along with Johto dex holder, Silver. She made her first appearance by persuading Red into buying fake items by using her beauty. Now, she is one of Red's closest friends. Her Squirtle has since evolved into a Blastoise. She excels at evolving Pokémon (The Evolver). Her current team comprises Blastoise (Blasty), Wigglytuff (Jiggly), Clefable (Clefy), Granbull, Nidoqueen (Nido), and Ditto (Ditty). She used to have Ornithophobia before overcoming it by capturing Articuno, Zapdos, and Moltres. As of her latest appearance in the ORAS chapter, she is twenty.
Yellow - The protagonist in the Yellow chapter. She is happy-go-lucky, gentle, and kind-hearted. Yellow has a rare psychic power to heal Pokémon (The Healer), a trait seen only in special individuals from the Viridian Forest area. She disguised herself as a boy on a mission to save Red. She also has a psychic power to read Pokémons' minds, which is also from the Viridian Forest. She always sleeps after using her abilities due to their high use of her energy. During her adventures, she borrowed Red's Pikachu. She now has her own Pikachu, a female named Chuchu. Her current team consists of Pikachu (Chuchu), Golem (Gravvy), Omastar (Omny), Dodrio (Dody), Butterfree (Kitty), and Raticate (Ratty).

Johto
Gold - The male protagonist in the Gold, Silver & Crystal and HeartGold & SoulSilver chapters. The good-hearted, but somewhat perverse, protagonist of the Gold & Silver saga. Very rash, even more so than Red. He is capable in hatching Pokémon (The Breeder).  His current team consists of Typhlosion (Exbo), Ambipom (Aibo), Mantine (Tibo), Politoed (Polibo), Sudowoodo (Sudobo), Sunflora (Sunbo), Togekiss (Togebo), and Pichu (Pibu), who was given to him by Yellow as a result of her and Red's Pikachu's courtship. His first adventure started in G/S/C thinking Silver stole his backpack full of Pokémon. In HG/SS he is sixteen.
Silver - The other male protagonist in the Gold, Silver & Crystal and HeartGold & SoulSilver chapters. Gold's blunt yet kind rival, the son of Team Rocket leader Giovanni. Was a Masked Child until he escaped alongside his sister figure, Green. He had the starter Pokémon Totodile (stolen, like Green's Squirtle), now a Feraligatr. He specializes in trading Pokémon (The Exchanger). His team consists of Feraligatr, Weavile, Kingdra, Honchkrow, Rhyperior and the red Gyarados. In HG/SS he is sixteen.
Crystal (Crys/Kris) - The female protagonist in the Gold, Silver & Crystal and HeartGold & SoulSilver chapters. An intelligent and energetic expert at catching Pokémon (The Capturer). She has caught every non-legendary Pokémon for Professor Oak (she got the legendary Pokémon's data with the help of the 1st generation trainers). She had a Chikorita for a starter Pokémon, which is now a Meganium. She so far owns Meganium (Megaree), Xatu (Xatee), Hitmonchan (Monlee), Smoochum (Chumee), Arcanine (Archy), Parasect (Parasee), Mr. Mime, and Cubone (Bonee).  In HG/SS she is sixteen.

Hoenn
Ruby - The male protagonist in the Ruby & Sapphire and Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire chapters. The well-meaning but a bit obnoxious protagonist of the fourth chapter, and Gym Leader Norman's son, as well as Sapphire's rival. He hates Pokémon battles and prefers to compete in Pokémon Contests, as a result of what had happened to him and Sapphire when they were young. He was able to win every Contest, gaining the title "Charmer". Ruby received the starter Pokémon Mudkip, which evolves into a Swampert. His party last checked consists of Swampert (Mumu), Mightyena (Nana), Delcatty (Kiki), Castform (Fofo), Milotic (Feefee) and Gardevoir (Rara). He previously had a Celebi.
Sapphire - The female protagonist in the Ruby & Sapphire and Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire chapters. Daughter of Professor Birch and Ruby's rival. She is very wild and often dresses in clothes made of leaves. She loves battling and thinks Pokémon Coordinators (like Ruby) are prissy, as a result of what had happened to her and Ruby when they were young. She was able to defeat every Gym Leader, earning the title "Conqueror". She had Torchic for a starter Pokémon, which evolves into a Blaziken. Her party last checked consists of Blaziken (Chic), Aggron (Rono), Wailord (Lorry), Donphan (Phado), Tropius (Troppy) and Relicanth (Relly).
Emerald - The protagonist in the Emerald chapter and the other male protagonist in Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire chapter. He initially did not have any Pokémon, but later was joined by a Sudowoodo and Dusclops. He also carries a concealed gun known as an E-Shooter as a tool to calm Pokémon. Emerald was hired by Crystal to compete in the Battle Frontier to protect the legendary Pokémon Jirachi from an evil man named Guile Hideout. For his skill in calming down rampaging Pokémon, he gained the title of "Calmer". Emerald also stole a Sceptile from the Battle Factory, which was none other than the same Grovyle which was blown away from Sky Pillar while awakening Rayquaza. Emerald uses Pokémon that Crystal owns in each attraction, excluding the Battle Factory, Battle Tower, Battle Palace, and Battle Arena. He also apparently has a connection to the legendary Pokémon Latios and Latias. Emerald's party last checked consists of Sceptile, Dusclops, Sudowoodo, Snorlax, Mr. Mime and Mantine.

Sinnoh
Diamond (Dia) - The male protagonist in the Diamond & Pearl and Platinum chapters. An aspiring Pokémon Comedian with a gluttonous and rather dim-witted personality, though one who has been shown to sometimes exhibit charisma and insight in desperate situations ("Empathizer"). Is kind to everyone, quick to make friends, and has a very powerful moral code. He is a Pokémon trainer and a very good friend of Pearl. He has a Bastiodon (Don), Lickilicky (Kit), Munchlax (Lax), and Torterra (Tru). He also owns a Mamoswine (Moo) that was given to him by Platinum. He is also known for having the legendary Regigigas (Reg). Because of a mix-up, he initially thinks that if he escorts Berlitz to Mt. Coronet he will win a prize, but alongside Pearl he decides to accompany her anyway after the truth is revealed. During the journey, he develops a strong friendship with Platinum.
Pearl - The other male protagonist in the Diamond & Pearl and Platinum chapters. A headstrong boy with a hasty personality and dream of becoming a great comedian. Pearl is never afraid to speak his mind and has a strong sense of determination ("Determiner"). He is a Pokémon comedian (like his friend Diamond) and has a Chatot (Chatler), Luxray (Rayler), Infernape (Chimler),  Buizel (Zeller), Tauros (Tauler), and Diglett (Digler). Because of a mix-up, he initially thinks that if he escorts Berlitz to Mt. Coronet, he will win a prize. Though suspicious of her at first, Pearl grows to respect Platinum for her many talents.
Platinum Berlitz - The female protagonist in the Diamond & Pearl and Platinum chapters. The elegant but spoiled protagonist of a very wealthy and important family, she has to travel to Mt. Coronet as part of a ritual. She has read many books with rich knowledge and hope to be able to practice ("Understander"). She receives three Pokédexes, three Pokétches, and the three starters (Turtwig, Chimchar, and Piplup) from Professor Rowan to give to her partners. She owns an Empoleon, Rapidash, and Lopunny. She was also given a Froslass, Cherrim and Pachirisu by Candice, Gardenia and Maylene (Although the Pachirisu actually belonged to Volkner). Throughout the early portions of the story, her first name is omitted and not revealed; later, her name is revealed as Platinum. She is known to enter many competitions, such as Pokémon Super Contests, gym leaders battles, and Sinnoh Battle Frontier.

Unova
Black - The male protagonist in the Black & White chapter. He owns a male Tepig, and his quest is to be a master trainer. Black meets White in an accident with a Galvantula busting one of White's business. His Tepig has a crush on White's. He can be very perceptive but his dream of winning the Pokémon League fills his mind so much that he can't think properly ("Dreamer"). When this happens his Munna (Musha) eats his dreams so he can think clearly like a reasoner. Last checked his party consists of Braviary (Brav), Musharna (Musha), Emboar (Bo), Galvantula (Tula), Carracosta (Costa) and possibly Reshiram.
White - The female protagonist the in Black & White chapter. She is the owner of a Pokémon agency, which rents Pokémon to movies and ads ("Dreamer"). She owned a female Tepig (Gigi), but when it left her for N, she received N's Servine, who she tries to name Amanda. Amanda later evolves into Serperior, and White also obtains a Deerling (Darlene), Stunfisk (Dorothy), Alomomola (Nancy), Duosion (Solly), and Vullaby (Barbara). Gigi eventually decided to come back to her agency.
Blake (known as Lack-two in Japan) - The male protagonist in the Black 2 & White 2 chapter. He is a member of the International Police in search for Neo Team Plasma's members ("Arrester"). He is shown owning a Dewott, Keldeo (Keldemaru), Genesect, Kabutops (Kabutomaru) and Gliscor (Liomaru).
Whitley (known as Whi-two in Japan) - The female protagonist in the Black 2 & White 2 chapter. She is a former member of Team Plasma with her mother. She believes former Team Plasma is good, and N will return to lead them ("Liberator"). She is shown having a Foongus (Foongy), an Accelgor, N's Zorua and Tepig (Lady Gigi).

Kalos
X - The male protagonist in the X & Y chapter. A boy who won a Pokémon Tournament when he was younger but became overwhelmed by paparazzi and became a depressed shut-in ("Loner"). He owns a Kangaskhan (Kanga and Li'l Kanga), Charizard (Salamè), Manectric (Élec), Gengar (Garma), and Pinsir (Rute) that can all Mega Evolve. He also has a Chesnaught nicknamed Marisso.
Y - The female protagonist in the X & Y chapter. A girl who dreams of becoming a Sky Trainer although her mother is a popular Rhyhorn racer ("Flyer"), and her full name known as Y na Gabena (Yvonne Gabena in English). She has an intrepid personality and is a leader in their friends. She is shown with a Fletchinder (Fletchy, originally a Fletchling),  Sylveon (Veevee), Greninja (Croaky), Rhyhorn (Rhyrhy), Absol (Solsol that can Mega Evolve), and Xerneas (Xerxer) although the last one was eventually lost as it turns back into its tree form.

Alola
Sun - The male protagonist in the Sun & Moon and Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon chapters. A money obsessed boy from Kanto with many jobs, mainly as a delivery boy. His goal is to collect 100 million Yen to buy back an island the Aether Foundation stole from his great-grandfather ("Saver"). He is currently shown to have an Alolan Meowth (Cent), an Incineroar (Dollar), a Totem Wishiwashi (Quarter), a Totem Mimikyu (Penny), a Crabominable (Dong) and a Stakataka (Lei).
Moon - The female protagonist in the Sun & Moon and Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon chapters. A girl from Sinnoh who is skilled at archery, but is also a pharmacist ("Mixer"). She came to Alola to find materials to cure a Piplup. She is currently shown with a Charjabug, Mareanie, Alolan Muk, and Decidueye.

Galar
Henry (known as Soudo/Sword in Japan) - The male protagonist in the Sword & Shield chapter. Full name known as Henry Sword , is a  which repairs the gear Pokemon use in battle and in life. When working on gear, he hyperfocuses, but otherwise he seems laidback- if a tad manipulative. Feels responsible for Casey losing her Pokemon and is going through the League challenge to help her find them. Has a Thwackey (Twiggy), Sirfetch'd (Lancelot) and a Gurdurr (Steeler), named after their gear.
Casey (known as Shieldmilia in Japan) - The female protagonist in the Sword & Shield chapter. Full name known as Casey Shield , is a loud, energetic girl who is a technological prodigy. She has a very analytic mind and loves Dynamaxing and pranks. Has a Ball Guy head that may or may not be the real deal and a tragic past where she lost all five of her Pokemon. With the help of Henry, Professor Magnolia and Marvin, she hopes to win the Pokemon League to gain press attention and use it to search for her team. Her starter Pokemon is a Scorbunny (currently a Raboot), but as the chapter progresses, she recovers her lost party. She also known as Schilly in the English fan translation.

Development
Series writer Hidenori Kusaka was offered to make a Pokémon manga by Nintendo. Having been a fan of manga ever since he was a child, Kusaka quickly accepted. The serialization of the manga began in Shogakukan's 4th grade Elementary School magazine in March 1997, and since then, it has been serialized through other Shogakukan's magazines and platforms, including CoroCoro Ichiban!, Sunday Webry and Pokémon Fan. When writing the series, Kusaka always tries to add elements of amazements with the idea that the readers would feel they are actually playing a video game. Some parts from the story are based on Kusaka's thoughts of the Pokémon video games, which includes weapon designs and the areas where wild Pokémon live. His main focus in manga is to create Pokémon that looks attractive so that readers would appreciate them more. He also tries to balance the number of Pokémon trainers and Pokémon in order to be faithful to the game.

During publication of the series, artist Mato fell sick leaving Kusaka to either cancel the series or select another artist. He decided to continue and chose Satoshi Yamamoto as Mato's replacement. Yamamoto felt pressure during his debut as older fans criticized his art in comparison to Mato. When he started drawing he had little knowledge about Pokémon, but still he was focused in the drawing for the new protagonist, Crystal. After working for a year, he was surprised with Kusaka's stories and wanted to make his pictures give a good impression. During the fourth story arc, Yamamoto mentioned that several of the disasters happening in the Hoenn region that he drew are based on his favorite horror and monster movies.

Reception
Japanese volumes from the series have been featured in the Japanese comic ranking various times. Viz's first volumes edition from the manga, "The Best of Pokémon Adventures", appeared on ICv2's Top 20 Graphic Novels from April 2008. It also won the first Nickelodeon Magazine Comics Awards in the category "Favorite Manga Series". Readers from Media Factory's Da Vinci Denshi Navi magazine voted the series as the third manga they wanted to have an animated adaptation. By September 2014, the manga had over 12 million copies in circulation only in Japan. By August 2017, it had 28 million copies in circulation worldwide.

ICv2's Nick Smith gave the first volume 3.5 stars out of 5, commenting that several of the parts from the manga make it more interesting than the anime, such as Team Rocket's appearances or Pikachu's rebelled personality. Although he still noted there was more violence in the manga than in the anime, he still recommended it for all ages.

Volume 14 charted at tenth on The New York Times Manga Best Seller list on the week ending August 6, 2011.

Tsunekazu Ishihara, CEO of The Pokémon Company, said "I want every Pokémon fan to read this comic!"

Sales announcement mistake
Southeast Asia publisher Shogakukan Asia announced in November 2016 that the manga had sold over 150 million copies worldwide. However, in December 2017, the illustrator Satoshi Yamamoto stated on his Twitter account that this was an error.

Notes

References

External links

Pocket Monsters Special Japanese website
Official Pokémon Adventures website of Viz Media
Pokemon Adventures result at Shogakukan Asia

1997 manga
Adventure anime and manga
Children's manga
Fantasy anime and manga
Pokémon manga
Shogakukan manga
Viz Media manga

Pokémon Adventures


Ubådsmindesmærket Möltenort (tysk U-Boot-Ehrenmal Möltenort) står i Heikendorf ved Kielerfjorden cirka ti kilometer nordøst for Kiel i Schleswig-Holstein, Tyskland. Mindesmærket er tilegnet tyske ubådfolk som omkom i verdenskrigene fra henholdsvis Kaiserliche Marine, Kriegsmarinen samt i nyere fredstid også faldne ubådsfolk fra Deutsche Marine. Mindesmærket ærer desuden ofrene for ubådskrigen. Mindesmærket blev opført i 1930, efterfølgende revet ned og genopført i 1938. I 1990 blev det fredet.

Historie
Efter første verdenskrig fremførte tidligere tyske ubådsofficerer et ønske om at rejse et mindesmærke for de faldne tyske ubådsbesætninger. Mindesmærket blev opført mellem 1926 og 1930 på en lille odde i Kielerfjorden, som i begyndelsen af 1800-tallet var en skanse (Möltenorter Schanze). Mindesmærket består af en søjle med en havørn i bronze på toppen. Monumentet blev indviet den 8. juni 1930, men allerede seks år senere blev monumentet revet ned grundet omfattende materielskader. I 1938 opførtes det nuværende mindesmærke, men selv herefter fulgte renoveringer og forandringer.

Mindesmærket ejes af Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge og vedligeholdes af stiftelsen U-Boot-Ehrenmal Möltenort i samarbejde med blandt andet U-Boot-Kameradschaft Kiel e.V.. Vedligeholdesarbejdet finansieres af donationer. Søjlen er blevet et velkendt landmærke for Heikendorf og forbipasserende tyske undervandsbåde viser deres respekt ved at sænke med flaget.

Bygning og ørnen

Mod Kielerfjorden rejser mindesmærkets 15,30 meter høje sandstenssøjle, kronet med en havørn i bronze. Ørnen har en spændvidde på 4,8 meter og en højde på 4,6 meter. Den havde oprindeligt en vægt på 12,4 ton. Ørneskulpturen blev skabt af jugendkunstneren Fritz Schmoll (1883-1963) og blev bygget i 1938 i jern belagt med cirka 3 mm galvaniseret kobber. Dette usædvanlige design blev virkeliggjort af Württembergische Metallwarenfabrik.

I 2000 opdagedes omfattende rustskader i ørnens bærende stålkonstruktion som nødvendiggjorde en omfattende renovation. Året efter erstattedes ørnen af en bronzeafstøbning, hvorefter den originale blev overført til det militærhistoriske museum i Dresden. På søjlen under ørnen er ubådskrigsmærket placeret, men i nazitiden var der et hagekors på samme sted.

Søjlen flankeres af to underjordiske mindessale, en nordlig og en sydlig, som begge leder besøgeren videre til et åbent halvcirkelformet areal hvor der står 117 bronzetavler med over 35.200 navne og fødselsdatoer på faldne ubådssejlere.

Navnetavlerne

På tavlerne er soldaternes navne sorteret efter ubådenes numre, vragsted og årsagen til forliset (hvis kendt).

Blandt alle disse søfolk findes også et antal kendte personer, eksempelvis Korvettenkapitän Günter Prien, ubådschefen for U-47, som havde kommandoen over en af Kriegsmarinens mest succesfulde undervandsbåde med 31 sænkede skibe. Priens ubåd med 44 besætnigsmedlemmer blev sænket den 8. marts 1941 syd for Irland, muligvis af en sømine eller af den britiske destroyer HMS Wolverine. Blandt de omkomne i fredstid findes de 19 døde soldater fra U2365 (U-Hai) som sank i Nordsøen den 14. september 1966.

Antallet af faldne ubådssejlere er angivet på to Plaketter:

1914–1918
4.744 Gefallene
200 verlorene U-Boote

(1914–1918
4.744 faldne
200 ubåde tabt)

--------

1939–1945
30.002 Gefallene
739 verlorene U-Boote

(1939–1945
30.002 faldne
739 ubåde tabt)

Galleri

Se også
 Marinemindesmærke Laboe med museumsubåden U995 som ligger et par kilometer nord for ubådsmindesmærket.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

 Ubådsmindet i Kiel (svensk).
 Officiel hjemmeside (engelsk).

Monumenter i Tyskland
Etableret i 1930

Ubådsmindesmærket Möltenort


Youssef Belammari (en ), né le  à Rabat (Maroc), est un footballeur marocain jouant au poste de milieu de terrain au Raja Club Athletic.

Biographie

Débuts au FUS Rabat (2017-2023)
Youssef Belammari est formé au FUS de Rabat. Le 5 avril 2017, il fait ses débuts professionnels en championnat face au Raja Casablanca (défaite, 2-0). Le 28 mai 2017, il reçoit sa première titularisation face au Moghreb Tetouan (match nul, 1-1). Le 27 août 2017, il marque son premier but face au Mouloudia d'Oujda (match nul, 1-1).

Raja CA (depuis 2023)
Le 2 juillet 2023, il s'engage avec le Raja CA pour trois saisons et devient la troisième recrue estivale du club.

Statistiques

Palmarès
 Raja CA
 Coupe du Maroc
 Finaliste en 2022.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1998
Naissance à Rabat
Footballeur marocain
Joueur du FUS de Rabat
Joueur du Raja Club Athletic

Youssef Belammari


A multiple rocket launcher (MRL) or multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) is a type of rocket artillery system that contains multiple launchers which are fixed to a single platform, and shoots its rocket ordnance in a fashion similar to a volley gun. Rockets are self-propelled in flight and have different capabilities than conventional artillery shells, such as longer effective range, lower recoil, typically considerably higher payload than a similarly sized gun artillery platform, or even carrying multiple warheads.

Unguided rocket artillery is notoriously inaccurate and slow to reload compared to gun artillery. A multiple rocket launcher helps compensate for this with its ability to launch multiple rockets in rapid succession, which, coupled with the large kill zone of each warhead, can easily deliver saturation fire over a target area. However, modern rockets can use GPS or inertial guidance to combine the advantages of rockets with the higher accuracy of precision-guided munitions.

History

The first multiple rocket launchers were invented during the medieval Chinese Song dynasty, in which the Chinese fire lance was fixed backward on a pike or arrow and shot at an enemy as early as 1180. This form of rocket was used during the Mongol siege of Kaifeng.

Chinese militaries later created multiple rocket launchers that fired up to 100 small fire-arrow rockets simultaneously. The typical powder section of the arrow-rockets was 1/3 to 1/2 ft (10 to 15 cm) long. Bamboo arrow shafts varied from 1.5 ft (45 cm) to 2.5 ft (75 cm) long and the striking distance reached 300 to 400 paces. The Chinese also enhanced rocket tips with poison and made sure that the launchers were mobile. They designed a multiple rocket launcher to be carried and operated by a single soldier. Various forms of MRLs evolved, including a launcher mounted on a wheelbarrow.

The Joseon dynasty of Korea used an expanded variant of such a launcher (called a hwacha) made of 100 to 200 holes containing rocket arrows placed on a two-wheeled cart. The range of the fired arrows is estimated to have been 2,000 meters. The hwacha was used to great effect against invading armies during the Japanese invasions of 1592–1598, most notably the Battle of Haengju, in which 40 hwachas were deployed to repel 30,000 Japanese soldiers.

European armies preferred relatively large single-launch rockets prior to World War II. Napoleonic armies of both sides followed the British adoption of Mysorean rockets as the Congreve rocket. These were explosive steel-cased bombardment rockets with minimal launchers. European navies developed naval multiple launcher mounts with steadily improving explosive rockets for light and coastal vessels. These weapons were largely replaced by conventional light artillery during the late nineteenth century.

World War II

The first self-propelled MRLs—and arguably the most famous—was the Soviet BM-13 Katyusha, first used during World War II and exported to Soviet allies afterwards. They were simple systems in which a rack of launch rails was mounted on the back of a truck. This set the template for modern MRLs. The Americans mounted tubular launchers atop M4 Sherman tanks to create the T34 Calliope rocket launching tank, only used in small numbers, as their closest equivalent to the Katyusha. The Germans began using a towed six-tube multiple rocket launcher during World War II, the Nebelwerfer, called the "Screaming Mimi" by the Allies. The system was developed before the war to skirt the limitations of the Treaty of Versailles. Later in the war, 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41s were mounted on modified Opel Maultier "Mule" halftracks, becoming Panzerwerfer 42 4/1s. Another version produced in limited numbers towards the end of the war was a conversion of the Schwerer Wehrmachtschlepper ("heavy military transport", sWS) halftrack to a configuration similar to the Panzerwerfer 42 4/1, mounting the 10-barreled 15 cm Nebelwerfer.

Another German halftrack MRL system was inspired by the Russian BM-13. Keeping the Soviet 82 mm rocket caliber as well as the launch and rocket stabilisation designs, it was developed into a system of two rows of 12 guide rails mounted to a Maultier chassis, each row providing the capacity for 24 rockets, underslung as well as on top of the rails, for 48 rockets total. This vehicle was designated 8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer (8 cm multiple rocket launcher). As the launch system was inspired by and looked similar to the BM-13, which the Germans had nicknamed "Stalin-Orgel" or "Stalin-Organ", the Vielfachwerfer soon became known as the "Himmler-Orgel", or "Himmler-Organ".

Types

There are two main types of MRLs:
 With tubes or pipes, usually made of steel, non-removable from launcher, with options to be reloaded in on the battlefield with rockets loaded manually or semi-automatically. This was the most usual type until the 21st century. It is more convenient for battlefield usage because it does not require special tools to reload modules and test them before using them on launchers as with other types.
 With containers, pods or modules that can be removed from the launcher and quickly replaced with same or different types of rockets and calibers. They are usually reloaded at a factory or within specially-equipped army workshops. These are more modern types of weapons as they are not necessarily related to just one type of rocket and give more options to commanders in the field to deal with different tactical situations using different types of rockets or to quickly reload. They are also easier to upgrade for different types of rockets.

Current usage

Like all artillery, MRLs have a reputation of devastating morale on ill-disciplined or already-shaken troops. The material effect depends on circumstances, as well-covered field fortifications may provide reasonable protection.

MRLs are still unable to properly engage reverse slope positions in mountain warfare because it is more difficult to determine the trajectory compared to that of a howitzer by adding or removing propellant increments. Simple MRL rocket types have a rather long minimum firing range for the same reason. An approach to lessen this limit is the addition of drag rings to the rocket nose. The increased drag slows the rocket down relative to a clean configuration and creates a less flat trajectory. Pre-packaged MRL munitions do not offer this option but some MRL types with individually loaded rockets do.

Improvised MRLs based on helicopter or aircraft-mounted rocket pods (typically of 57–80mm caliber) especially on light trucks and pickups (so-called "technicals") are often seen in civil wars when rebels make use of captured launchers and munitions.

Modern MRL systems can use modern land navigation (especially satellite navigation such as GPS) for quick and accurate positioning. The accurate determination of the battery position previously required such effort that making a dispersed operation of the battery was at times impractical. MRL systems with GPS can have their MRLs dispersed and fire from various positions at a single target, just as previously multiple batteries were often united on one target area.

Radar may be used to track weather balloons to determine winds or to track special rockets that self-destruct in the air. The tracking allows determination of the influence of winds and propellant temperatures on the rockets' flight paths. These observations can then be factored into the firing solution for the rocket salvo for effect. Such tracking radars can also be used to predict the range error of individual rockets. Trajectory-correcting munitions may then benefit from this, as a directional radio may send a coded message to the rocket to deploy air brakes at just the right time to correct most of the range error. This requires that the rockets were originally aimed too far, as the range can only be shortened by the air brakes, not extended.

A more sophisticated system makes use of radar data and a one-way radio datalink to initiate a two dimensional (range and azimuth) correction of the rocket's flight path with steering by fins or nose thrusters. The latter is more common with systems which can be used to upgrade old rockets and the IMI ACCULAR is an example.

Fin-stabilised rockets also allow for easy course corrections using rudders or minute charges. Precision-guided munitions have been introduced to exploit this. Guidance principles such as GPS satellite navigation, inertial navigation systems and semi-active laser seekers are used for this. This improves dispersion from a CEP of hundreds of meters at dozens of kilometers' range to just a few meters and largely independent of the range of the round (except for INS, as INS navigation creates a small dispersion that is about proportional to range). This in turn made great increases of rocket (or missile) ranges useful; previously dispersion had made rockets too inefficient and often too dangerous to friendly troops at long ranges.
Long-range MRL missiles often fly a higher quasi-ballistic trajectory than shorter-ranged rockets and thus pose a de-confliction challenge, as they might collide with friendly aircraft in the air.

The differences between an MRL missile and a large anti-tank guided missile, such as the Nimrod, have blurred due to guided MRL missiles such as the M31 GMLRS (guided unitary multiple launch rocket system), which passed flight tests in 2014.

See also

 List of rocket artillery
 List of U.S. Army rocket launchers
 Rouketopolemos
 Transporter erector launcher

References

Chinese inventions

Salvo weapons
Self-propelled rocket launchers
Military history of the Song dynasty

Multiple rocket launcher


رينو كوهاد ( في أوبيناس)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى فالينسيان الفرنسي منذ 2009 في خط الوسط .

لعب كوهاد في أندية نيم (2001-2004) بوردو (2004-2006) سيت بالإعارة (2005-2006) ستراسبورغ (2006-2009) .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أوبناس
رياضيون من الأرديش
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو سانت إتيان
لاعبو ستراسبورغ
لاعبو سيت
لاعبو فالينسيان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من الأرديش (إقليم فرنسي)
لاعبو كرة قدم من أوفيرني-رون ألب
لاعبو ميتز
لاعبو نيم
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1984

رينو كوهاد


Canes Venatici ya da Av köpekleri takımyıldızı modern 88 takımyıldızdan biridir.

Canes Venatici (takımyıldız)


Timor ist ein männlicher Vorname. Der Vorname wurde in der Verwendung im 16. Jahrhundert direkt von dem Lateinischen  abgeleitet. Bei dem erneuten Auftreten im 20. Jahrhundert handelt es sich wohl um eine Variante von Timur.

Timor ist außerdem der Name einer südostasiatischen Inselgruppe, deren Name auf den indonesischen Begriff  zurückgeht.

Namensträger
 Timor Taimuras Kasaraschwili (* 1959), sowjetischer Ringer georgischer Abstammung
 Timor Avitan (* 27. November 1991), israelischer Fußballer
 Timor, Figur aus dem Märchenfilm "Frau Holle" (2008)

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname

Timor (Vorname)


Karl Heinrich Ernst Assmann (* 27. Juli 1890 im Stadtteil Friedrichsberg von Lichtenberg bei Berlin; † 1. April 1970 in Pirna) war ein deutscher Bibliothekar.

Leben
Assmann studierte Neuere Philologie und Philosophie in Marburg und Greifswald und promovierte 1913. 1919 kam er nach Kriegsdienst im Ersten Weltkrieg als Fachreferent für Anglistik und Leiter des Benutzungsdiensts an die Sächsische Landesbibliothek in Dresden, deren Direktor er von 1945 bis 1948 sowie von 1952 bis 1957 war.

Schriften
 Miltons epische Technik nach Paradise Lost, Greifswald 1913 (Univ., Diss.).
 Danteschätze der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek in Dresden. Dresden 1921.
 Führer für die Benutzer der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek. Dresden 1925, weitere drei Auflagen bis 1936.
 Die Sächsische Landesbibliothek zu Dresden im Wiederaufbau. in: Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen. 1948, S. 4–26.
 Wie benutze ich die Sächsische Landesbibliothek? 1949.
 Sächsische Landesbibliothek Dresden 1556–1956. Festschrift zum 400-jährigen Bestehen. (Hrsg.), 1956.

Literatur

 Alexandra Habermann, Rainer Klemmt, Frauke Siefkes: Lexikon deutscher wissenschaftlicher Bibliothekare 1925–1980. Klostermann, Frankfurt 1985, ISBN 3-465-01664-5, S. 7.

Weblinks

 Karl Assmann in der Sächsischen Biografie

Einzelnachweise

Bibliothekar (Deutschland)
Person (SLUB Dresden)
Bibliothekar (Dresden)
Deutscher
Geboren 1890
Gestorben 1970
Mann

Karl Assmann (Bibliothekar)


(« Science des météorites et des planètes ») est une revue scientifique mensuelle évaluée par les pairs qui a été créée en 1953 sous le titre . Elle a été publiée par Wiley-Blackwell au nom de la Meteoritical Society. Depuis le  janvier 2003, le rédacteur en chef est A.J. Timothy Jull (Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory). L'objectif général de la revue est la planétologie.

Histoire
La revue est créée en 1953 pour succéder aux Notes and Contributions (« Notes et contributions »), publiées par la Meteoritical Society dans le magazine Popular Astronomy de 1933 à 1951. Initialement intitulée Meteoritics, la revue devient Meteoritics and Planetary Science avec le numéro de janvier 1996.

Sujets traités
Les thématiques abordées englobent les planètes, les satellites naturels, le nuage zodiacal, le milieu interstellaire, les échantillons de roche lunaire, les météores, les météorites, les astéroïdes, les comètes, les cratères et les tectites, et proviennent de plusieurs domaines, tels que l'astronomie, l'astrophysique, la physique, la géophysique, la chimie, l'isotope géochimie, la minéralogie, les Sciences de la Terre, la géologie ou la biologie.

La revue publie des articles de recherche originaux, des éditoriaux et des critiques de livres.

Résumé et indexation
Meteoritics & Planetary Science est indexé et résumé dans :

 Contenu actuel / Sciences physiques, chimiques et de la Terre
 GEOBASE / Résumés géographiques et géologiques
 Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts
 Science Citation Index
 Scopus

Selon le Journal Citation Reports, en 2019, la revue a un facteur d'impact de 2,863, la classant  sur 85 revues dans la catégorie "Geochemistry & Geophysics".

Références

Liens externes

 Site officiel
 Meteoritics & Planetary Science (2002-2009) au Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université d'Arizona

Presse écrite en anglais
Titre de presse créé en 1953
Revue scientifique aux États-Unis
Géochimie et géophysique
Planétologie

Meteoritics & Planetary Science


Piscidia grandifolia es una especie de plantas con flores  perteneciente a la familia de las fabáceas. Es originaria de México.

Descripción
Son árboles, que alcanzan un tamaño de hasta 20 m de alto; los tallos jóvenes tomentulosos, glabrescentes. Folíolos 9–13, elípticos a obovados, de 4–20 cm de largo y 2–13 cm de ancho, ápice obtuso a subagudo, a veces mucronado, base redondeada a aguda, haz glabrescente, envés tomentoso; estípulas ovadas, 7–8 mm de largo y 4–8 mm de ancho. Las inflorescencias en forma de espigas axilares, con flores 15–18 mm de largo; cáliz 7–8 mm de largo, tomentuloso, lobos agudos; los pétalos blancos a rosados, estandarte glabro por fuera. Frutos 4–15 cm de largo (incluyendo el estípite 5–15 mm de largo) y 1.5–4 cm de ancho (incluyendo las alas de 5–15 mm de ancho y el cuerpo seminífero de 6–10 mm de ancho), tomentosos o velutinos; semillas (1–) 2–7 (–8), 12–13 mm de largo y 5 mm de ancho, café-rojizas.

Distribución y hábitat
Es una especie común, en los bosques húmedos, semideciduos o de pino-encinos, a una altitud de 1000–1500 metros desde Guatemala a Nicaragua. Sólo la variedad típica se conoce de Nicaragua. Las 2 variedades adicionales son de México.

Propiedades
Las hojas cocidas se usan para tratar afecciones respiratorias (asma, catarro, gripe, tos, tos ferina), cefalea, dismenorrea, dolores, fiebres, gastritis, insomnio, náuseas y tinea.

La corteza se usa para tratar alcoholismo, asma, bronquitis, cefalea, delirio, dolor de muelas, insomnio, histeria, neuralgia, tos ferina y rabia. La corteza y la raíz se usan para dolores (cabeza, muelas, neuralgia).

Sus frutos se usan como veneno en las flechas. Los textos mayas prescriben la decocción de la hoja en baños con fines medicinales (asma, fiebre, tinea) y tóxicos. La corteza y las hojas se usan para intoxicar peces. Se le atribuyen propiedades analgésicas, anestésicas, antisépticas, ictiotóxicas, insecticidas, midriática, narcótica, purgante, sedante, sudorífica.

Taxonomía
Piscidia grandifolia fue descrita por (Donn.Sm.) I.M.Johnst. y publicado en Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 70: 71, en el año 1924.
Variedades aceptadas
Piscidia grandifolia var. glabrescens Sandwith
Nombre común
Se conoce popularmente como: barbasco, chijol, habín, llorasangre, papaché, palo de zope, zopilote.
Sinonimia
Derris grandifolia Donn.Sm.
Ichthyomethia grandifolia (Donn.Sm.) S.F.Blake

Véase también
Anexo:Plantas medicinales (A-B)

Referencias

 Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. Cambridge, MA.70:71.  1924

Enlaces externos

Millettieae
Plantas medicinales

Piscidia grandifolia


Farmleigh is the official Irish state guest house. It was formerly one of the Dublin residences of the Guinness family. It is situated on an elevated position above the River Liffey to the north-west of the Phoenix Park, in Castleknock. The estate of  consists of extensive private gardens with stands of mature cypress, pine and oak trees, a boating pond, walled garden, sunken garden, out offices and a herd of rare native Kerry cattle. It was purchased by the Government of Ireland from the 4th Earl of Iveagh in 1999 for €29.2 million. A state body—the Office of Public Works (OPW)—spent in the region of €23 million restoring the house, gardens and curvilinear glasshouses, bringing the total cost to the state to €52.2 million. Farmleigh was opened to the public in July 2001.

History

Farmleigh was once a small (two-storey) Georgian house built in the mid-18th century. It originally belonged to the Coote and then Trench families. Farmleigh Bridge was added to the estate in the 1870s to carry electricity lines from the mill race turbine on the Strawberry Beds to the house.

In 1873, the house and estate were purchased by the then Edward Guinness (1847–1927) when he married his cousin Adelaide Guinness. He was a great-grandson of Arthur Guinness and was created Baron Iveagh in 1891 and Earl of Iveagh in 1919.

Edward Guinness commissioned a major renovation and extension programme to extend the house to the west and add a third floor. These works took place between 1881 and 1884 and were completed to designs by Irish architect James Franklin Fuller. A ballroom was added in 1896, designed by the Scottish architect William Young. The conservatory was added in 1901.

As many of the house's features were commissioned by The 1st Earl of Iveagh, visitors gain some insight into his character from the landscaped gardens, classical architecture, and sober symmetrical layout. There are also tapestries on display, which the 1st Earl collected while travelling through Europe as a young man. The Earl's library, on loan to the state, contains some of the earliest books printed in Ireland. Farmleigh eventually passed to Rupert, 2nd Earl of Iveagh, and remained in the ownership of the Guinness family throughout the rest of the 20th century.

Current use

The estate was purchased from The 4th Earl of Iveagh by the State in 1999. The official purpose for the €29.2 million purchase, and subsequent expenditure of €23 million in refurbishment, was that it would be used for state purposes. Specifically, it is designated as "an official State guest house for visiting heads of State and dignitaries. Some notable visitors have been hosted at Farmleigh including the Chinese Prime Minister, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, the King of Malaysia, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, the Governor-General of New Zealand, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, and U.S. President Joe Biden. However, the estate only hosted seven visiting dignitaries in 2006 (the most in one year), six in 2008, and only two the following year. Also in 2009, 246,000 members of the public visited the estate.

In 2006 it was announced by the Office of Public Works (OPW) that the Steward's Lodge which is located in the grounds of Farmleigh had been renovated. It was speculated at the time that the lodge was to become an official residence of the Taoiseach. Former Taoiseach Brian Cowen used the lodge for this purpose on occasion, staying at the lodge while in Dublin. His successor, Enda Kenny, has also stayed on occasion at the Steward's Lodge.

Today Farmleigh is operated by the OPW and the estate and gardens are largely open to the public, with the house closed except for organised tours. Seasonal events, such as craft and food markets, are held on the grounds. The estate has also been used as the venue for the RTÉ proms, a public concert series that took place each summer in a large marquee erected on the grounds.

References

External links

Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland
Tourist attractions in Fingal
Buildings and structures in Fingal
State guesthouses

Farmleigh


NBIA may refer to:

 Niels Bohr International Academy, a Center for Theoretical Physics at the Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen
 Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, a group of degenerative diseases of the brain

 (New) Bangkok International Airport (Suvarnabhumi Airport), an international airport serving Bangkok, Thailand
 National Biomedical Imaging Archive, a National Cancer Institute repository of medical images for researchers and imaging tool developers
 Normandy Beach Improvement Association
 North Bali International Airport

NBIA


Yúber Mosquera (n. Medellín, Colombia; 31 de agosto de 1984) es un futbolista colombiano. Juega como defensa central y su equipo actual es Atlético Huila de la Categoría Primera A de Colombia.

Formación académica
Yuber es licenciado en educación física y deportes de la Universidad Politécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid.

Trayectoria

Universidad Católica
Luego de estar por 10 temporadas en el fútbol venezolano el 5 de enero de 2018 fue confirmado como nuevo jugador de la Universidad Católica de Ecuador junto a su compatriota Daniel Buitrago.

Estadísticas

Clubes
 Actualizado al último partido disputado el .

Palmarés

Torneos nacionales

Distinciones individuales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en Soccerway

Futbolistas de Colombia
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Venezuela
Futbolistas de la Asociación Civil Deportivo Lara
Futbolistas del Deportivo Táchira Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo de la Universidad Católica (Ecuador)
Futbolistas del Atlético Huila

Yúber Mosquera


بلاسيرفيلي  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة إل دورادو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 13 مايو، 1854.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لبليسرفيل في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان بليسرفيل 9,610 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 4,001 أسرة وعدد العائلات 2,486 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 4,242 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 88.56% من البيض و0.23% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1.27% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.88% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.12% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و5.79% من الأعراق الأخرى و3.14% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و12.61% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 4,001 أسرة كانت نسبة 33.5% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 41.7% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 15.9% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 4.5% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 37.9% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 31.2% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 14.3% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.34، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.90.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 38.3 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 25.1% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 8.7% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 26% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 21.7% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 15.7% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 86.2 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 80.4 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 36,454 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 46,875 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 36,711 دولارًا مقابل 28,095 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 19,151 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 9.3% من العائلات ونسبة 12.1% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 17.3% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 4.3% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان بليسرفيل 10,389 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 4,129 أسرة وعدد العائلات 2,461 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 4,541 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 83.90% من البيض و0.77% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1.56% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و0.94% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.13% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و8.35% من الأعراق الأخرى و4.36% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و17.93% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 4,129 أسرة كانت نسبة 30.4% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 38.9% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 14.6% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 6.1% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 40.4% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 31.6% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 14.5% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.37، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.97.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 40.4 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 21.9% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9.4% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 23.8% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 27.2% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 17.7% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 47.5% ذكور و52.5% إناث.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لبليسرفيل:

أعلام
 جيري فريمان
 بيتي ماك
 راسيل كيرنز
 شاين بارنارد
 تريسي بيكر
 إليزابيث فلايشمان
 جورج هيرنانديز
 جيمس بلير
 دوغلاس م. ستون

معرض صور

مراجع

بليسرفيل
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1848
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1854
تأسيسات سنة 1854 في كاليفورنيا
حمى ذهب كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة إل دورادو (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا
مقرات المقاطعات في كاليفورنيا

مجتمعات تعدين في حمى ذهب كاليفورنيا

بليسرفيل


Englen og løven er en eksperimentalfilm fra 1990 instrueret af Nikolai Østergaard efter manuskript af Nikolai Østergaard.

Handling
En romantisk bagatel.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1990

Englen og løven


Die Sinan-Beg-Moschee (Sinan-begova džamija) war eine Moschee in Čajniče (Чајниче) in Bosnien und Herzegowina nahe der Grenze zu Montenegro.

Geschichte
Die Moschee wurde im Jahr 1570 im Auftrag des Sandschakbegs Sinan Beg Boljanović erbaut. Sie wurde wie alle Moscheen in Čajniče während des Bosnienkriegs zerstört und nicht wieder aufgebaut.

Anlage
Die Moschee war wie die Aladža-Moschee in Foča und die Ali-Pascha-Moschee in Sarajevo im "klassischen" Stil auf quadratischem Grundriss errichtet und besaß eine große Kuppel auf achteckigem Tambour. Die große Vorhalle an der Stirnseite ruhte auf vier Säulen, sie war von drei kleinen Kuppeln gekrönt. Das kannelierte Minarett stand unmittelbar neben dem Baukörper; es besaß ein verziertes Scheref. Neben der Moschee befanden sich zwei Grabkammern für den Stifter und seine Frau, die von Kuppeln überwölbt waren.

Literatur
Lazar Trifunovic: Kunstdenkmäler in Jugoslawien, Band 1 (A-O). Ein Bildhandbuch. Leipzig 1981: Edition Leipzig, S. 363, mit Foto Nr. 67, ohne ISBN

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
zwei historische Fotos der Stadt mit Ansicht der Moschee

Osmanische Moschee in Bosnien und Herzegowina
Moscheebau in Bosnien und Herzegowina
Moscheebau in Europa
Erbaut in den 1570er Jahren
Zerstört in den 1990er Jahren
Čajniče

Sinan-Beg-Moschee


Raaj Kumar (born Kulbhushan Pandit; 8 October 1926  3 July 1996) was an Indian actor who worked in Hindi films. He appeared in the Oscar-nominated 1957 film Mother India and starred in over 70 Hindi films in a career that spanned over four decades.

Personal life
Kulbhushan Pandit was born on 8 October, 1926 in Loralai in the Baluchistan Province of British India (now in Pakistan) into a Kashmiri Pandit family. In the late 1940s, he moved to Bombay, where he became a sub-inspector under Bombay Police. In the 1960s, he married Jennifer Pandit, an Anglo-Indian, whom he met on a flight where she was an air hostess. She later changed her name to Gayatri Kumar as per Hindu customs. They had three children, sons Puru Raaj Kumar (an actor), Panini Raaj Kumar and daughter Vastavikta Pandit, who made her screen debut in 2006 film Eight: The Power of Shani.

Career
Raaj Kumar made his acting debut in the 1952 film Rangili and appeared in films like Aabshar, Ghamand and Lakhon Mein Ek, but it was as Prince Naushazad in Sohrab Modi's Nausherwan-E-Adil (1957) that he became famous.

In 1957, he achieved prominence with his brief role as the husband of Nargis in Mother India. He also worked alongside Shammi Kapoor in Ujala (1959). He followed this with the unglamorous role of a mill worker in Paigham (1959) alongside Dilip Kumar. He starred in the box office hits Dil Apna Aur Preet Parayi (1960) and Gharana (1961). In Sridhar's Dil Ek Mandir (1963), Raaj Kumar played the role of a cancer patient for which he won his first Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1964, he co-starred in superhit drama Zindagi. He was cast with Sunil Dutt, Shashi Kapoor and Balraj Sahni in Yash Chopra's ensemble family drama Waqt in 1965. He became known for his distinct style of dialogue delivery.

His other notable films include Kaajal (1965), Hamraaz (1967), Neel Kamal (1968), Mere Huzoor (1968), Heer Raanjha (1970), Maryada (1971), Lal Patthar (1971) and Pakeezah (1972). After a period of flops in the mid 1970s and early 1980s, he had notable successes with films like Bulundi (1981), Kudrat (1981), Dharam Kanta (1982), Marte Dam Tak (1987), Jung Baaz (1989), Suryaa: An Awakening (1989) and Police Public (1990). In 1991, he reunited with fellow veteran actor Dilip Kumar after 32 years in Subhash Ghai's blockbuster action drama Saudagar. His last major hit was Tirangaa (1993) and his final film was ''God & Gun (1995).

Death
Kumar died at the age of 69 on 3 July 1996 from throat cancer. According to his son Puru Raaj Kumar in his interview to Farhana Farook, his father suffered from Hodgkins for which he had chemotherapy. The last two years of his life were bad with the nodes recurring in the lungs and ribs.

Filmography

Notes

References

External links

Indian male film actors
1926 births
1996 deaths
Kashmiri Pandits
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Police officers from Mumbai
Male actors from Mumbai
20th-century Indian male actors
Kashmiri people
Indian Hindus
Filmfare Awards winners

Raaj Kumar


Mahāyāna, (Sanskrit महायान mahāyāna, kelime olarak  'Büyük Taşıt' ("Maha" "büyük", "yana" ise "taşıt") anlamına gelir; Çince: 大乘, Dàchéng; Japonca: 大乗, Daijō; Vietnamca: Đại Thừa; Korece: 대승, Dae-seung; Thai: มหายาน, Maha Yan) Budizm'in üç ana kolundan biridir. Kaynağı Hint yarımadasıdır. Budizm'i Hinayana ve Mahayana olarak sınıflandırır. Vajrayana ise Mahayana Budizm'inin bir yayılmıştır. Günümüze hâlen uygulanmakta olduğu yerler Hindistan, Çin, Tibet, Japonya, Kore, Vietnam ve Tayvan'dır.

Kökeni
Mahayana'nın ayrı bir okul olarak ortaya çıkışı MÖ 1. yüzyılda Kuşan İmparatorluğu (günümüzde Pakistan içinde bir bölge) sınırları içinde gerçekleşmiştir. Burada bir hayli geliştirildikten sonra yaklaşık MS 2. yüzyıl civarında Çin'de yayılmaya başlamıştır. Mahayana Budizminin kökeni kesin olarak bilinemese de, kimi araştırmacılar tarafından Ekavyavaharika, Lokottaravadin ve Sautranika gibi eski okullarla arasında benzerlikler kurulmaktadır. Ancak 2. yüzyılda Nagarjuna tarafından kurulan Madhyamika okulu ilk Mahayana Budist okul olarak kabul edilir.

Doktrin
Mahayana yolunu benimseyenler, Budizm'in daha ortodoks kolu olan Theravada'yı (eskilerin yolu) biraz da küçümseyici bir ifadeyle Hinayana (küçük taşıt) olarak adlandırır. Günümüzde Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Tayland, Laos ve Kamboçya'da yaygın olan Theravada Budizmi ile Mahayana arasındaki temel ayrım Buda'nın doğası ve Budizm'de izlenmesi gereken ideal konularında ortaya çıkar. Theravada'da Buda'nın yolunu izleyip nirvanaya ulaşan kişiye arhat adı verilir. Mahayanacılar ise arhat idealini dar ve bencil bir amaç sayarlar ve karşılık olarak bodhisattva idealini savunurlar. Bodhisattva aydınlanmaya erişmiş, ancak Buda olmayı erteleyerek dünya üzerindeki tüm duyarlı canlılar Budalığa erişmedikçe doğum ölüm döngüsünden (samsara) ayrılmayı reddeden, yardıma ihtiyacı olanın yardımına koşan kişidir. Dolayısıyla bodhissatva'nın en önemli erdemi şefkat (karuna), Theravada'nın bilgelik erdeminden daha üstün sayılır.

Hinayana ve Mahayana arasındaki fark
Hinayana sözcük olarak " küçük araba" ya da " küçük yol" anlamına gelmektedir. Hina, yani "küçük" kelimesi, ruhu harekete geçirmeyi ifade etmektedir. Dört Yüce Gerçekten birincisi olan, acıların kavranması, edinilmiş davranışlarla acılardan kurtuluşu hedefler. Her kim bu söz konusu ruhsal enginliğe ulaşırsa (feragat olarak da adlandırılır) Mahayana'dan Hinayana'ya geçer. Bu arzular insan denilen canlı için bir nevi ufak güdülemedir. Her kim acılardan kurtulmak isterse, üzerine düşen sorumlulukları yerine getirmeli ki büyük ruh enginliğine ulaşsın ve Mahayana'ya geçebilsin. Mahayana Budizm'inde acılardan kurtulma isteği her bir kişi için, daha doğrusu bütün canlılar için geçerlidir. Bir kişinin huzuru bütün insanlığın huzuru anlamına gelmektedir.

Mahayana Budizm'inin Avrupa kültürleriyle etkileşimi
Yunan ve Roma kültüründe ortaya çıkmış Yeni Platonculuk (Neoplatonizm) ve Mahayana Budizm'inin Hıristiyanlık üzerinde önemli etkileri vardır. Bu birçok kültürü ve dini birbirine bağlayan bir köprü görevi görür. Örneğin bugün birçok İslam ülkeleri vaktiyle Yunan ve Budizm kültüründen etkilenmiştir; ancak Mahayana Budizm'inde bu konuda güvenli olarak yeterli bilginin mevcut olmadığını göstermektedir.
Yeni Platonculuk (insanların ruhlarını kapladığı görülen derin dinsel ilgi) Yunan akılcılığının içinde felsefi olarak ele alınır.

Mahayana öğretisinin oluşumu
Büyük araba ya da büyük yol anlamına gelir ve amacı Samsara'dan bütün dünyevi zevklerden kurtulmaktır. Dharma çarkının ikinci evresinin öğretileri Buda aracılığıyla, Nagarjuna (Budist düşünür) ve Asanga (Budist topluluğu) tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Bu bilgilere Buda'nın ölümünden yaklaşık 500 yıl sonra ulaşılmıştır. Mahayana Budizm'inin iki yolu vardır: Esas yol olan Nagarjuna ve geniş yol denilen Asanga. Birincisi yani Nagarjuna boşluk (Shunyata)

Asanga ise kendi yararından çok başkalarının yararını düşünen (özgeci) Bodhisattva davranışları üzerinde durmaktadır. Mahayana yandaşları, bu öğretilerin saklı kaldığı için yayılma imkânı bulamadığını belirtiyorlar. Nagarjuna Nagas'ın tantrik güçleri aracılığıyla boşluğa giden öğretileri oluşturur. Asanga ise inziva hayatından 12 yıl sonra ortaya çıkmış ve acıları etkilemiştir. Bunun sonucunda Buda Maitraya'nın öğretilerini elde etmiştir.

Bu düşünceye göre Buda ölmeden önce öğrencilerine yüksek düzeyde bir eğitim vermiştir ve geri kalan öğretileri Dharma çarkının ikinci evresini oluşturmaktadır. Bu evre daha sonralarda  Mahayana geleneğinden (Küçük yol) etkilenmiş olan  Dharma çarkının ilk evre öğretileri, aynı zamanda Mahayana'nın da bölümlerindendir ve bireysel kurtuluşa hizmet etmektedir. Mahayana yandaşları tarafından uygulanmaktadır. Çarkın üçüncü evresinin öğretileri (evrelerden oluştuğu için çark olarak nitelendirilir). Vajrayana Budizm'ine aittir. Elmas araba -Elmas Yol anlamına gelmektedir ve Buda Doğası, Utara-Tantra- Shastra metinlerinde yer almaktadır.

Öğretmen-öğrenci sistemi
Başkalarına yardımı esas alan Mahayana öğretisinin bir sonucu, öğrenci öğretmen uyumudur. Örneğin, Buda Amida'ya aşırı güvenmek, buna örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Buda Amida içimizdeki öğretmen anlamına gelir. Kişinin kendi acılarıdır. İyi bir Bodhisattva olan öğretmen, Prajnaparamita'yı (Sutra) anlayıp öğrenendir. Ancak bilinmesi gereken en önemli şey; Mahayana okulunda öğretmenin kendi yolundan, bağımlılık yaratmadan öğrenciyi aydınlığa ulaştırmasıdır. Aydınlığa giden yola, kişinin gücü ve motivasyonuyla çıkılır. Mahayana öğretmenleri, Bodhisattva'ları harekete geçirir ve on kuralı oluştururlar. Öğrencilere, Buda'nın öğretilerini öğreterek ve bunları uygulamaya sokarak yardım ederler ve onları aydınlığa ulaştırırlar. Bu nedenle Mahayana okulundaki öğretmenler "Buda" gibi kabul görürler. Öğrencinin bu duruma muktedir olması ve gerçekten bir motivasyonla kendini geliştirmesi gerekmektedir.

Mahayana öğrencisinin özellikleri
Hint Budist üstat Arjadeva'ya göre bir öğrenci şu özellikleri barındırmalıdır: tarafsız, zeki, istekli ve öğretmeye hevesli. Ayrıca hem iyi bir dinleyici hem de iyi bir öğretici özelliklerine sahip olabilmelidir. Öğrenci, bir mezhep yandaşı olmamalıdır (örneğin geleneğe ya da bir dine bağlı taraf tutmaması gerekir). İyi ve kötüye giden yolun ayrımını yapabilecek beceriye sahip olması gerekmektedir. Son olarak, öğrenci hakiki, özgeci bir motivasyonu barındıran kişi olmalıdır.

Mahayana öğretmeninin özellikleri
Yine üstat olan Asanga'ya göre, geleceğin Budası Maitreya'nın açıklamasına bakılırsa, bir öğretmen şu özelliklere sahip olmalıdır: Bir Mahayana öğreticisi olarak kendine güvenmeli, disiplinli olmalı ve öğretilerin sonucunda etkileyici bir sükûnete kavuşmuş olmalıdır. Öğrencilerden üstün olan, azimli, insanlara huzur veren, yazılı kaynakları iyi bilen, işine şevkle bağlı özelliklere sahip olmalıdır. Çıkarsız hizmet verebilmelidir. Bir öğretmen, boşluğu ifade eden Shunyata gibi gerçekliğin etkileyici bilgisine sahiptir ve öğrencilere bunları öğretebilme yeteneğine sahiptir. Öğrencilerin üzerlerinden korkaklık duygusunu atmalarını sağlar, onları yormadan, her birine devamlı cesaret verir.

Acılardan kurtuluş ve Aydınlanma
Buda öğretisinin ilk evresi, dört yüce gerçekle özetlenebilir. Dört Yüce Gerçekten, ilki yaşamın bütünüyle acı çekmek olduğu üzerinde durur. Amaç; açgözlülük, kin, cahillik gibi ruha acı veren kirlerden (Kleshas) arınarak acılardan kurtulup, özgürlüğe kavuşmaktır. Bu acılar, insan psikolojisinin temelini oluşturur. Kişi, ruhun bu zehirlerinden arınmayla ikinci gerçek olan acıların nedenlerini sorgulamaya geçer ve dördüncü gerçek olan sekiz aşamalı yolu pratik bir şekilde hayata geçirmesiyle Nirvana'ya ulaşır. Acılardan kesin kurtuluş olan Nirvana'ya ulaşmak ancak üçüncü gerçeklik aşamasında, Buda'nın onayıyla mümkündür. Budizm'e göre acılardan kurtulmuş, Nirvana'ya ulaşmış kişi artık iç huzura ermiş demektir. Gelişimin bu evresini tamamlamış, Nirvana'ya ulaşmış kişilere "Arhat" adı verilir. Ancak, Mahayana Budizm'ine göre bu kurtuluş ya da aydınlanma ile (Arhat ideali) kişi Buda unvanı alır. Bu bilgelik, Buda olmayı ve dünya üzerindeki bütün canlılara yardım edebilmeyi sağlar. Mahayana'ya göre bir Buda, kişinin geçmişteki, şimdiki ve gelecekteki bütün Karmalarını bilir ve böylelikle bir Arhat olarak bencillikten uzaklaşıp başkalarına daha iyi yardımlarda bulunabilir. Öğrencilerin (Shravakas), Prateyabuddhas'ların (hiçbir öğreti yardımı almadan, kendi kendine aydınlığa ulaşmış kişilerin aydınlığa erişmesi ile Buda aydınlığı birbirinden farklıdır. Bu nedenle Buda'nın aydınlanması Mahayana Budizm'inde "Tam Aydınlık" olarak adlandırılır. Bu üç tür aydınlanmaya ulaşmak için bazı yollar vardır. Tam Aydınlığa giden yol Mahayana'da yer almaktadır ve Shravakas'ların izlemesi gereken sekiz aşamalı yolu içermektedir. Mahayana Budizm'ini takip eden bir kişi Bodhisattva'nın ilk seviyesini aştığı zaman Nirvana'ya ulaşabilir.

Mahayana Metinleri

Mahayana metinleri muhtemelen MÖ 1. yüzyılda yazılmaya başlandı. Prajna-Paramita sutralarında olduğu gibi kimi sutralar, Buda'nın saklı kalmış vaazları olarak tanıtılır. Kimilerinin ise diğer sutralarla birlikte kulaktan kulağa aktarıldığı, sonradan yazıya geçirildiği iddia edilmektedir. Kimi kaynaklar ise bu sutraların Buda döneminden sonra saklandığını, ancak daha sonraları mitolojik yollarla tekrar ortaya çıktığını savunur. Sutralara ek olarak yorumlardan oluşan çeşitli Mahayana metinleri de bulunmaktadır.

Tarihsel olarak en eski olduğu ispatlanan Mahayana metinleri, Prajna-Paramita Sutraları, Avatamsaka Sutra, Lotus Sutra, Vimalakīrti Sutra ve Nirvana Sutra'dır.

Mahayana Budistler kimi zaman Shakyamuni Buddha'nın öğretilerini üç genel kategoriye ayırır; buna "dharma çarkının evreleri" adı verilir: Hinayana, Prajna Paramita ve Tathagatagarbha öğretileri.

Budizm Çin ve Tibet'e yayıldıktan sonra Mahayana metinleri buralarda çevrilmiş ve Platform Sutra ve Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment gibi yeni metinler de eklenmiştir. Chan ustası Linji'ye ait Linji Lu'da daha sonradan eklenenler arasındadır. Budizmin Doğu Asya'da gelişimine paralel olarak Kore ve Japonya'da değişik metinler Mahayana metinlerine dahil edilmiştir. Örneğin, Kore'de Jinul yazmaları, Japonya'da Dogen'nin Shobogenzo'su gibi.

Mahayana okulunda okutulan eserler
Farklı Mahayana okullarında okutulan, Sanskritçe'den çevrilmiş eserler (Mahayana Sutra'ları), Pali- Kanon'dan (Budizm Kitabı) daha önemli ve ileri seviyede olan eserlerdir. Tripataka'nın (Budizm Kitabı) yanı sıra söz konusu bu kitaplar, Mahayana Sutra'larını içermektedir. Bu kitapta Shakyamuni Buda'nın öğretileri Mahayana Budistleri tarafından bir araya getirilmiştir. Daha sonralarda Theravada Budistleri, bunları toplamış, bu nedenle öğretilerin temelleri sadece Pali-Kanon'larda yer almış ve bu kitabı kutsal kabul etmişlerdir. Theravadalılar'ın Mahayana kitaplarını neden reddettikleri ayrıntılı olarak Shantideva (Güney Hindistan Kralının oğlu) tarafından yazılan Bodhicharyavatara eserinin 9. bölümünde tartışılmaktadır. Bu reddediş ve ilgili diğer konular, Buda'nın ölümünden yaklaşık 500 yıl sonra ortaya çıkan Pali metinlerinde de yer almaktadır. Bu yüzden, Mahayana yandaşları Pali metinlerini de kabul etmemişlerdir.

Amitabha Budizmi
Amitabha Budizm'i, duyular üstü Buda Amitabha'nın öğretilerini içeren, Mahayana okullarının yöneldiği Budist görüşüdür. 1.–2. yüzyılda Hindistan'da ortaya çıkmış, 5. yüzyılda Çin'e kadar ulaşmış ve Çin okullarınca benimsenmiştir.

Amitabha Budizm'i genelde Amidizm olarak nitelendirilir. Japoncada Amida, Sanskritçede ise Amitabha kelimeleriyle karşılık bulmaktadır. Amidizm, ruhani özelliklere sahip, Buda Amitabha'nın önderi olduğu bağımsız bir Budizm akımıdır. Bu Budizm'in temelini Amitabha'ya duyulan güven ve "Arık ülke" de yeniden doğumun beklentisi oluşturmaktadır. Arık ülke, Buda ve Bodhissattvalar'ın yaşadığı düşünülen, acılardan, kötülüklerden arınmış temiz, saf ülke anlamına gelmektedir. Günümüz insanlarının Nirvana'ya ulaşması mümkün olmadığı için onlara yardım edecek tek kişi Amitabha'dır. Çünkü Amitabha diğer varlıkları aydınlığa ulaştırmak için Bodhisattva'lık yemini etmiştir, diğer insanların tekrar doğumunu sağlamadıkça aydınlığa ulaşmamaya ant içmiştir. Bu nedenle her kim ona güvenir, onun adını içtenlikle anarsa, huzur dolu, cennet misali bir dünya olan Arık ülkede tekrar doğacaktır ve Nirvana'ya ulaşabilecektir.

Bugün Çin, Kore, Japonya, Tayvan, Vietnam, Singapur gibi Uzak Doğu ülkelerinde Amitabha'ya saygı duyulur ve onun Budist öğretisi geniş bir alana yayılmıştır. Meditasyon okullarında ise çok öneme sahip değildir ve sadece alt tabaka işçi sınıfı arasında yayılma gösterebilmiştir.

Mahayana Budizm'inde et tüketimi

Çoğu Mahayana Okulu et yemeyi yasaklamıştır. Lankavatara Sutra'sının 8. bölümünde, Bodhisattva'ların neden et yemedikleri ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıklanmaktadır. Mahayana inancına göre, et yemek korkuya neden olduğundan etten uzak durulmuştur. Et yenilmemesinin diğer bir nedeni de acılardan kurtulmaktır. Özellikle Tibet Budizm'indeki Mahayana okullarında ise sadece iklimsel duruma bağlı olarak et yenmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Zen
 Bodhisattva
 Mahayana Sutraları
 Budizm

Doğu Asya'da kültür

Mahayana


රන් දේදුන්නක් යනු ඉදිරියේදී තිරගත වීමට නියමිත නලින් රාජපක්ෂ විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූ දෙවන චිත්‍රපටයයි. (මින් පෙර අඟර දඟර) මෙහි රොෂාන් රණවන,රෙක්ස් කොඩිප්පිලි, සුසිලා කෝට්ට්ගේ, නිල්මිනී කෝට්ටගොඩ වැනි ප්‍රවීණ කළාකරුවන් හා හඳුන්වා දෙන ටනාෂා හතරසිංහ සමඟ ප්‍රියසාද් දියණියන් ද රංගනයෙන් දායක වෙයි.

සාරාංශය
කලබලකාරී කොළඹ නගරයේ තැනින් තැන කඩිමුඩියේ මිනිසුන් ගමන් කරනු පෙනේ. තරමක් ඇඳිරි වැටුණු අවස්ථාවක මාවතක් දිගේ පැමිණෙන ත්‍රීවිල් රථයකින් අවුරුදු විසිපහක පමණ කඩවසම් තරුණයෙකු බසී. ඔහු නමින් රොෂාන්ය. රොෂාන් ත්‍රීවිල් රථයෙන් බහින අවස්ථාවේ පිටුපසින් දිව එන තරුණියක් රොෂාන්ගේ ඇඟේ හැපෙයි. ඇය නමින් නිෂානිය. පත්තර වාර්තාකාරියක් වන නිෂානි හොර සල්ලි තිප්පොළක් ඡායාරූප ගැනීමට ගිය අවස්ථාවේ ඇය හොර මැරයින්ට අසුවේ. ඔවුන්ගෙන් බේරීමට දිව එන අවස්ථාවේ හදිසියේ රොෂාන් හමුවේ. ඇය පසුපස එන මැරයින් නිශානි, රොෂාන් සමඟ සිටි නිසා ඇයව හඳුනා ගැනීමට නොහැකිව එතනින් පිට වේ. ඔවුන් නික්ම ගිය පසු පැමිණෙන ත්‍රීවිල් රථයකට අත දමන නිශානි රොෂාන්ට ස්තූති කොට ත්‍රීවිල් රථයේ නැග පිට වෙයි. සිදු වූයේ කුමක්දැයි රොෂාන්ට සිතා ගැනීමට නොහැකිව බලා සිටියි.

රොෂාන් කොළඹට පැමිණෙන්නේ ඔහු සමඟ සරසවියේදී ළඟින්ම ඇසුරු කළ ශිවා හමුවීමටය. ශිවා දමිල තරුණයෙකි. මව, පියා, නැගණිය සමඟ සිටින ශිවා කායවර්ධන ආයතනයක් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. ශිවාගේ නිවසට ඇතුල් වන රොෂාන් ශිවාගේ දෙමව්පියන් ආදරයෙන් පිළිගන්නේ ශිවාට සරසවියේදී සිටි හොඳම මිතුරා රොෂාන් බව දන්නා හෙයිනි. රොෂාන් යම්කිසි සිදුවීමක් ශිවාට පැවසුව පසු රොෂාන්ට ඕනෑම උදව්වක් කරන බව පවසයි. ටික කලකට රොෂාන් තමාගේ කායවර්ධන ආයතනයේ වැඩ කරන බව ශිවාගේ මව්පියන්ට පවසයි. ඉතාමත් ඕනෑකමින් කායවර්ධන ආයතනයේ වැඩ කටයුතු කරන රොෂාන් කීපවතාවත් නිශානි අතරමඟදී මුණ ගැසුණද නිශානි රොෂාන්ව මඟ හරියි. මේ අතර නිශානි ලුහුබඳිමින් මැරයින් කීප වතාවක්ම නිශානිව කොටු කර ගැනිමට මාන බලයි.

දිනක් නිශානි ලුහුබඳිමින් මැරයින් පැමිණෙන අවස්ථාවක නැවතත් රොෂාන් පැමිණ ඇයව බේරා ගනී. ඉන් පසු සමීප ඇසුරක් ඇති කර ගන්නා රොෂාන් සහ නිශානි නිතර නිතර මුණ ගැසෙයි.

රජයේ ප්‍රබල ඇමතිවරයෙකු වන වීරරත්න නොයෙකුත් නීති විරෝධී ක්‍රමවලින් මුදල් සොයන මැර දේශපාලනඥයෙකි. අවංක දේශාපාලකයෙක් ලෙස සමාජය ඉදිරියේ පෙනී සිටිමින් හොර රහසේ දූෂණ, වංචා සිදු කරමින් මිනීමැරිම්, මත් කුඩු බෙදා හැරිම්, හොර සල්ලි අච්චු ගසමින් මුදල් උපයයි. පෙර දින නිශානි වාර්තා කළ හොර සල්ලි තිප්පල ද අයත් වන්නේ මෙම ඇමැතිවරයාටය. ඔහුට ඉතාමත් සල්ලාල පුතෙකු ද සිටී. ඔහු සිය පියාගේ බලපුළුවන්කාරකමින් නොයෙකුත් නීති විරෝධී වැඩ කරයි.

දිනක් රොෂාන්ට තම නැගණිය වන රශ්මි උපකාරක පන්තියක ඇරලවන ලෙස ශිවා ඉල්ලා සිටී. එහි ගිය අවස්ථාවේ මැදිවියේ යුවළක් රොෂාන් සමඟ ඉතාමත් ගෞරවයෙන් කතා කරයි. රොෂාන්ගේ නෑදෑයින් කිසිවෙක් කොළඹ නොමැති බැවින් ඔවුන් කවුදැයි රොෂාන්ගෙන් අසන රශ්මි විමිතියට පත්වේ. ගමේ දන්නා හඳුනන අය බව පවසමින් රොෂාන් කතාව මඟ හරියි. තවත් දිනක නිශානි සමඟ පැමිණෙන රොෂාන් පොලිස් මුරපලක නවත්වයි. එහිදී එක් උප පොලිස් පරීක්ෂකවරයෙකු වන රාජපක්ෂ, රොෂාන් සමඟ ඉතාමත් කුළුපඟව කතා කරනු දකින නිශානි රොෂාන් ගැන විමසිල්ලෙන් පසු වෙයි.

රොෂාන් සහ නිශානි අවන්හලක සිටින අවස්ථාවක නිශානි ලුහුබඳින ඇමතිවරයාගේ මැරයින් නිශානි පැහැරගෙන යෑමට සැරසෙත්ම රොෂාන් ඔවුන් හා සටන් කර නිශානි බේරා ගනී. එක් මැරයෙකු රොෂාන් හඳුනාගෙන රොෂාන්ගේ ගමේ සිටින වික්ටර් නැමැති මැර නායකයෙකුට රොෂාන් කොළඹ සිටින බවට දුරකථන ඇමතුමක් දෙයි. වහා ක්‍රියාත්මක වන වික්ටර් සහ මැර කණ්ඩායම රොෂාන් සොයා කොළඹට පැමිණෙයි. නිශානිගේ පියා ද හිටපු පත්තර වාර්තාකරුවකු වන අතර දූෂණයක් හෙළි කරමින් පත්තර වාර්තාවක් ලියූ බැවින් මැර කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් නිශානිගේ පියා සහ මව ඝාතනය කරයි. ඉන් පසු නිශානි හැදී වැඩුණේ බණ්ඩාරවෙල ළමා නිවාසයකයි. සුනාමියෙන් අනාථ වුණු කුඩා ගැහැනු ළමයෙකු නිශානිගේ වියදමින් ළමා නිවාසයේ හැදී වැඩෙයි. තමා සමග සිය නැගණිය බැලීමට බණ්ඩාරවෙල යෑමට නිශානි රොෂාන්ට කතා කරයි. රොෂාන් ඉතා කැමැත්තෙන් නිශානි සමඟ බණ්ඩාරවෙල යයි.

වික්ටර්ගේ කූට උපක්‍රමයක් නිසා බොරු චෝදනාවකට රොෂාන්ගේ පියා රිමාන්ඩ් භාරයට පත් වේ. රොෂාන්ගේ නැගණිය ඒ බව රොෂාන්ට පැවසීමට උත්සාහ කළ ද රොෂාන්ට දුරකථන ඇමතුමක් ගැනීමට නෙහැකි වේ. සිදු වූ සියල්ල ශිවාට පවසන රොෂාන්ගේ නැගණිය වන සචිනි තමාට තනියම ගමේ සිටීමට බිය බව ශිවාට පවසයි. රොෂාන් බණ්ඩාරවෙල ගොස් ඇති නිසා ශිවා සිය දෙමව්පියන් දැනුවත් කර සචිනි තම නිවසට කැඳවාගෙන එයි.

වික්ටර් සහ මැර පිරිස කොළඹ පීරමින් රොෂාන් සොයා අවසානයේ ශිවාගේ නිවස සොයා ගනී. එකවරම ශිවාගේ නිවසට කඩා වදින මැරයන් රොෂාන් ඉන්නා තැන අසා නිවැසියන්ට කරදර කිරීමට සැරසෙයි.ඉන්පසු ශිවා රොෂාන් ඉන්නා තැන පෙන්වීමට ඉදිරිපත් වී මැරයින් සමඟ මැරයින්ගේ වාහනයේ පිට වෙයි. අතරමඟදී රොෂාන් සිටින්නේ මෙතනැයි පවසන ශිවා රථයෙන් බැස රොෂාන් සමඟ තිබෙන ගනුදෙනුව තමන් සමඟ බේරා ගන්නා ලෙස පවසා මැරයින් සමඟ සටන් කරයි. එහෙත් වීරරත්න ඇමතිගේ දරුණු මැරයෙකු ශිවාට පහරදී මාරාන්තික තුවාල ඇති කරයි.

බණ්ඩාරවෙල සිට පැමිණෙන රොෂාන් සහ නිශානි ශිවාට පහර දී දැඩි සත්කාර ඒකකයේ ප්‍රතිකාර ගන්නා බව දැනගත් ඔවුන් වහාම රෝහලට යයි. ශිවා දැඩි සත්කාර ඒකකයේ අසීරු තත්ත්වයක සිටී. වික්ටර් පැමිණ රොෂාන් සොයා ශිවාට පහර දුන්නේ මන්දැයි ශිවාගේ දෙමව්පියන් මෙන්ම නිශානි සත්‍ය පවසන ලෙස රොෂාන්ට බල කරයි. තවදුරටත් සත්‍ය සඟවා ගත නොහැකිව රොෂාන් සියලුම දේ අතීත ආවර්ජනයෙන් පවසයි.

රොෂාන් ගමට ගොස් රැකියාවක් අපේක්ෂාවෙන් පසු වෙයි. සාමාන්‍ය පෙළ සිසුන්ට නොමිලයේ පන්ති පවත්වන රොෂාන් ගමේ ඉතාමත් ගුණගරුකව ජීවත් වෙයි. රොෂාන්ගේ මව මිය ගොස්ය. පියා ගමේ විදුහල්පතිවරයෙකු ලෙස ගමේ සැමගේම ගෞරවයට පත් වේ. රොෂාන්ගේ නැගණිය උසස් පෙළින් පසුව සරසවිය වරම් බලාපොරොත්තුවෙන් සිටී. ගමගේ නැමැති වංක දේශපාලකයෙකු වන හිටපු මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙක් ද මෙවර ඡන්දයට ඉදිරිපත් වෙයි. ඉතාම අවංකව දේශපාලනය කරන ඔහු රොෂාන්ගේ පියා සමඟ ළඟින් ඇසුරු කරයි.

ගමේ ජිවත් වන වික්ටර් නීති විරෝධී දේවලින් මුදල් හම්බ කරන මැරයෙකි. සිය සොයුරා සමඟ නොයකෙත් දූෂණ වැඩ කරයි. වීරරත්න ඇමතිගේ මත්කුඩු ව්‍යාපාර ජාලය වික්ටර් විසින් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. පාසල් ළමුන්ගේ මාර්ගයෙන් මත්කුඩු ප්‍රවාහනයට මාන බලන වික්ටර්ගේ ගෝලයෙකු රොෂාන්ගේ පියා විසින් පොලීසියට කොටු කර දෙයි. එහෙත් ප්‍රබල දේශපාලකයාගේ උපදෙස් මත පොලීසියේ ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයා රාජපක්ෂ විසින් අත් අඩංගුවට පත් මත්කුඩු මාරු කොට මත් කුඩු නොවන බව ඔප්පු කර වික්ටර්ගේ ගෝලයා නිදහස් කරයි. පොලිස් ස්ථානාධිපති සමඟ ගැටුමක් ඇති කර ගන්නා රාජපක්ෂ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කොළඹට මාරු කර යවයි. පොලිස් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයා වික්ටර්ට පක්ෂපාතී අයෙකි.

සිය මත්කුඩු පොලීසියට කොටු කර දුන් බැවින් වික්ටර්ගේ සොයුරා විසින් රොෂාන්ගේ පියාට පහර දෙන අවස්ථාවේ රොෂාන් පැමිණ ඔවුන් හා සටන් කරයි. එහිදී රොෂාන්ගේ දරුණු ප්‍රහාරයකින් වික්ටර්ගේ සොයුරා දරුණු ලෙස රෝගාතුර වී කෝමා තත්ත්වයට පත්වේ. එදා සිට රොෂාන් මරා දැමීමට උත්සාහ කරන වික්ටර් රොෂාන් කොටු කර ගැනීමට මාන බලයි. ගමේ අයවලුන්ගේ සහ රොෂාන්ගේ පියා සහ නැගණියගේ බලවත් ඉල්ලීම නිසා රොෂාන් අකමැත්තෙන් වුවද ගමෙන් පිට වී කොළඹට පැමිණ ශිවාගේ නිවසේ සිටින බව රොෂාන් අතීත ආවර්ජනයෙන් පවසයි.

වීරරත්න ඇමතිගේ මැරයින් සහ වික්ටර් එක්ව නිශානිව පැහැරගෙන ගොස් ප්‍රාණ ඇපකාරියක් ලෙස රඳවා නිශානි බේරා ගැනීමට අවශ්‍ය නම් රොෂාන්ට තම තිප්පලට පැමිණෙන ලෙස වික්ටර් රොෂාන්ට දන්වයි.

රංගනය
රොෂාන් රණවන - රොෂාන්
ටනාෂා හතරසිංහ - නිශානි
රනීෂ් හේවගේ - ශිවා
රෙක්ස් කොඩිප්පිලි -
දිනක්ෂී ප්‍රියසාද් -  රෂ්මි
ශේෂාද්‍රී ප්‍රියසාද් -
නිල්මිනී කෝට්ටගොඩ
සුසිලා කෝට්ට්ගේ

මූලාශ්‍ර

රන් දේදුන්නක්


Aynı adlı akarsu için Pärnu Nehri maddesine bakınız.

Pärnu, Estonya'nın kuzey bölümlerinde 4807 km2'lik, merkezi Pärnu olan ildir. Nüfusu 90.000 kadardır.

Şehir Belediyeleri:

 Pärnu
 Sindi

Belde Belediyeleri:
 Are
 Audru
 Häädemeeste
 Halinga
 Kihnu
 Koonga
 Paikuse
 Saarde
 Sauga
 Surju
 Tahkuranna
 Tootsi
 Tori
 Tõstamaa
 Vändra Parish
 Vändra
 Varbla

Pärnu (il)