Runolist (lat. Leontopodium), rod trajnica iz porodice Compositae kojemu pripada oko 60 vrsta. Na području Hrvatske raste planinski ili krški runolist L. nivale subsp. alpinum (sin. Leontopodium alpinum), gdje je zaštićena Zakonom o zaštiti prirode 1952.g. na svim prirodnim nalazištima.

Rasprostranjena je od Engleske, na jug do Sredozemlja, a u Hrvatskoj na gorskim predjelima Dinarida. Vrsta obrašćuje pukotine i police vapnenačkih stijena predplaninskog i planinskog pojasa Dinarskog gorja, i to uglavnom na sjevernim stranama, ali se u višim dijelovima mjestimično javlja i na kamenjarskim travnjacima, npr. na području Zavižana na Velebitu. Raste u opsegu endemičnih biljnih zajednica iz sveze Micromerion croaticae, npr. u as. Asplenio-Silenietum hayekianae. Biljka je trajnica koja se razmnožava sjemenom, ali se obnavlja i iz korijena.

Vrste

 Leontopodium andersonii C. B. Clarke
 Leontopodium antennarioides Soczava
 Leontopodium artemisiifolium (H. Lév.) Beauverd
 Leontopodium aurantiacum Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium blagoveshczenskyi Vorosch.
 Leontopodium brachyactis Gand.
 Leontopodium caespitosum Diels
 Leontopodium calocephalum (Franch.) Beauverd
 Leontopodium campestre (Ledeb.) Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium charkeviczii Barkalov
 Leontopodium conglobatum (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium coreanum Nakai
 Leontopodium dedekensii (Bureau & Franch.) Beauverd
 Leontopodium delavayanum Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium discolor Beauverd
 Leontopodium fangingense Y. Ling
 Leontopodium fauriei (Beauverd) Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium forrestianum Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium franchetii Beauverd
 Leontopodium giraldii Diels
 Leontopodium haastioides Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium haplophylloides Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium hayachinense (Takeda) Hara & Kitam.
 Leontopodium himalayanum DC.
 Leontopodium jacotianum Beauverd
 Leontopodium japonicum Miq.
 Leontopodium junpeianum Kitam.
 Leontopodium kamtschaticum Kom.
 Leontopodium kurilense Takeda
 Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauverd
 Leontopodium lingianum (Y. L. Chen) Dickoré
 Leontopodium makianum Kitam.
 Leontopodium microphyllum Hayata
 Leontopodium monocephalum Edgew.
 Leontopodium montisganeshii S. Akiyama
 Leontopodium muscoides Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium nanum (Hook. fil. & Thomson) Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium nivale (Ten.) A. Huet ex Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium ochroleucum Beauverd
 Leontopodium omeiense Y. Ling
 Leontopodium palibinianum Beauverd
 Leontopodium paradoxum J. R. Drumm.
 Leontopodium pusillum (Beauverd) Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium roseum Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium schlothauerae Barkalov
 Leontopodium seorakensis Y. S. Lim, Hyun, Y. D. Kim & H. C. Shin
 Leontopodium shinanense Kitam.
 Leontopodium sinense Hemsl.
 Leontopodium smithianum Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium souliei Beauverd
 Leontopodium stellatum A. P. Khokhr.
 Leontopodium stoloniferum Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium stracheyi (Hook. fil.) C. B. Clarke ex Hemsl.
 Leontopodium suffruticosum Y. L. Chen
 Leontopodium villosulum A. P. Khokhr.
 Leontopodium villosum Hand.-Mazz.
 Leontopodium wilsonii Beauverd

Sinonimi
 Simlera Bubani
 Sinoleontopodium Y.L.Chen

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Loricariinae

Runolist


Mary Mouser (Pine Bluff - 9 de maio de 1996) é uma atriz americana. Ela é mais conhecida por seu papel como Samantha LaRusso na série da Netflix Cobra Kai, e Lacey Fleming na série da ABC Body of Proof . Ela também assumiu o papel de Karen Grant, filha de Fitz & Mellie em Scandal na 4ª temporada.

Biografia
Ela tem dois irmãos, Aaron Parker e Laura Ashley, que também estão no ramo de atuação.  . Em 2009, ela foi diagnosticada com diabetes tipo 1 .

Carreira
Mouser começou sua carreira aos seis anos de idade, quando foi escolhida como foto-duplo da personagem de Abigail Breslin em Signs .

Ela foi destaque na série Starz Kids & Family Eloise: The Animated Series como a voz de Eloise e apareceu como a protagonista infantil no filme original do Hallmark Channel A Stranger's Heart . Ela fez trabalhos de voz para filmes de animação como Dragon Hunters, Tarzan II e Pom Poko, e foi uma dubladora na série de drama de áudio, Adventures in Odyssey como Samantha McKay, irmã mais nova de Grady McKay.

Ela também apareceu em papéis de protagonista convidada em CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Without a Trace, The King of Queens, Monk, Inconceivable, Scrubs, One Life to Live e teve um papel recorrente em NCIS como a filha de Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Kelly. Ela também teve um papel regular na série da CW Life Is Wild como Mia Weller, por 13 episódios. No Best of Fest Awards de 2006 no KIDS FIRST! Film and Video Festival, Mouser recebeu o Outstanding Performance Award por seu trabalho de dublagem em Eloise: The Animated Series . Mouser também estrelou em Lie To Me e em Ghost Whisperer como o personagem Madison, estrelou o drama médico da ABC Body of Proof como a filha de Dana Delany, Lacey Fleming . Mouser desempenhou os papéis de Savannah O'Neal e Emma Reynolds no filme original do Disney Channel Frenemies, que foi lançado em 2012.

Desde 2018, ela interpreta Samantha (Sam) LaRusso, estudante do ensino médio e de karatê, na série Cobra Kai, lançada inicialmente pelo YouTube Premium e depois pela Netflix, onde faz parte do elenco principal. Mary também apareceu em um episódio de Mind Field (S2 E5) no canal VSauce no YouTube .

Filmografia

Filmes

Televisão

Videogames

Prêmios e indicações

Referências

Atrizes de televisão dos Estados Unidos
Atrizes de cinema dos Estados Unidos

Mary Mouser


Nethuns, Etrüsk mitolojisinde su tanrısı. Başlarda sadece kuyuların tanrısıyken daha sonrasında her türlü su ve nemin tanrısı olarak tapınılmaya başlamıştır. Yunan Poseidon ve Romalı Neptün ile denkti.

Etrüsk tanrıları
Deniz ve nehir tanrıları

Nethuns


An Pelexia palmorchidis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko. An Pelexia palmorchidis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pelexia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pelexia

Pelexia palmorchidis


Juan Esnáider (født 5. marts 1973) er en argentinsk fodboldspiller.

Argentinas fodboldlandshold

|-
|1995||1||2
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|1996||1||0
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|1997||1||0
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!Total||3||2
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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Argentina

Juan Esnáider


Nisâ Suresi (Arapça: سورة النساء; Sūratu'n-Nisā), Kur'an'ın dördüncü suresidir. Sure 176 ayetten oluşur.

Medine'de indirildiğine inanılan sure, ismini Arapça kadınlar anlamına gelen "nisâ" kelimesinden alır. Şeriat hukukunda bazı hükümler Nisa suresindeki ayetlere dayandırılır. Bu ayetler ilk çiftin tek bir nefsden yaratıldığından bahsetmekle başlayıp İslam'da evlilik, kadın-erkek ilişkilerini ve miras hukukunu düzenlemektedir.

Nüzûl
Mushaftaki sıralamada dördüncü, iniş sırasına göre 92. suredir. Mümtehine sûresinden sonra, Zil âl'den önce nâzil olmuştur. Bakara, Enfâl, Âl-i İmrân, Ahzâb ve Mümtehine sûreleri Medine'de Nisâ'dan önce inmişlerdir. Sûrenin, Mekke'den Medine'ye hicretten sonra 5. veya 6. yılda, Müreysî Gazvesi'nde dinî hükümler ve uygulamalar arasına girdiği bilinen teyemmüm âyetini ihtiva etmesi ağırlıklı olarak bu yıllarda indiğini düşündürmektedir.

Tefsir
Nisa suresi 3. ayete dayandırılan nikâh hükümlerine göre bir erkeğin gücü yetiyorsa ve eşlerine karşı adaletli davranacaksa; birden fazla 2, veya 3, veya 4 kadınla evlenebileceğine izin verilmekle birlikte, bir erkeğin tek kadınla evlenmesinin onun için daha hayırlı olacağı tavsiye edilmiştir. Aynı sûrenin 2. ayetinde yetim haklarına riâyet edilmesi ve yetimlerin haklarının korunması emredilmiştir.

Surenin 24. ayeti Şii mezhebindeki muta (kadınlardan ücret karşılığı belirli süre için faydalanma) uygulamasının dini dayanağını teşkil etmektedir. Birçok Türkçe çeviride ayetler tercüme edilirken girilen ekleme ifadeler ve kelime kaydırmaları ayetlerin nikâhtan bahsettiği izlenimini uyandırmaktadır.

34. ayette erkeklerin kadınlar üzerinde idareci ve hakim olduğu, dolayısıyla onlardan üstün olduğu yazmakta olup erkeklerin maddi harcamalar yapması buna gerekçe olarak gösterilmektedir. "İtaatkâr" ve "Allah'ın korunmasını emrettiği şeyleri kocalarının bulunmadığı zamanlarda da koruyan" kadınların iyi kadınlar oldukları ifade edilmektedir. "Fenalık" ve geçimsizliklerinden korkulan kadınlara önce öğüt verilmesi ve yataklarından ayrılması, bunlar da fayda vermezse dövülmeleri, itaat ettiklerinde dayağa son verilmesi emredilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
Şeriat
Muta nikâhı

Sureler

Nisa Suresi


Utvrda Royal je utvrda na najvišem vrhu otoka Lokruma.

Gradnju tvrđave je, po zauzeću Dubrovnika, započeo Napoleonov general Auguste Marmont 1806. godine, a dovršena je za vrijeme austrijske uprave oko 1835. godine.

Izvori

Građevine u Dubrovniku
Utvrde u Hrvatskoj

Utvrda Royal


Sampaloc is a district of Manila, Philippines. It is referred to as the University Belt or simply called "U-Belt" for numerous colleges and universities are found within the district such as the University of Santo Tomas, the oldest extant university in Asia; the National University, the first private nonsectarian and coeducational institution in the Philippines; the Far Eastern University, known for its Art Deco campus and cultural heritage site of the Philippines; and the University of the East, once dubbed as the largest university in Asia in terms of enrollment. The district is bordered by the districts of Quiapo and San Miguel in the south, Santa Mesa district in the south and east, Santa Cruz district in the west and north, and Quezon City in the northeast.

Aside from being the "University Belt", Sampaloc is also known to Metro Manila and the surrounding provinces for its Dangwa flower market, located in Dimasalang Road, well known as the selling center for cut flowers from all over the Philippines, mainly Baguio. Sampaloc is also the location of a former colonial mansion, now called Windsor Inn, which is popular among backpackers and budget travelers.

Barangays 395 to 636 of the City of Manila would all have belonged to Sampaloc and comprise 241 barangays for the district. However, what are now known as barangays 587-636 became part of Santa Mesa when these areas were separated from Sampaloc after Santa Mesa became a separate parish in 1911. Santa Mesa is now a part of the 6th congressional district of Manila, while Sampaloc is the sole district comprising the 4th congressional district of Manila.

Many streets in Sampaloc, particularly in the northeast portion divided by España and Lacson Avenues, have names that are directly associated with the Philippine national hero José Rizal, either named after the places (e.g. Calamba, Dapitan), real-life people (e.g. Blumentritt), characters from his novels (e.g. Ibarra, Maria Clara) or his pen names (e.g. Laong Laan, Dimasalang).

Barangays

Etymology
"Sampaloc" or "Sampalok" is the native Tagalog word for the tamarind fruit. The place was likely named after it due to tamarind trees that may have been rampant in the area.

History

The founding of Sampaloc as a town coincided with its establishment as a parish independent of Santa Ana de Sapa in 1613. At the time, it included what is now Pandacan which was separated from it in 1712. Sampaloc would comprise ten barrios ― Bacood, Balic-Balic, Bilarang Hipon, Calubcub, Manggahan, Nagtahan, San Isidro, San Roque, Santa Mesa, and Santol.

Outbreak of the Philippine-American War

Following the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Treaty of Paris of 1898 which seceded the Philippines to the United States, the subsequent arrival of American colonial troops shortly drew animosity between both American troops and Filipino troops.

When a detachment of Philippine Revolutionary Army troops attempted to cross the San Juan River Bridge, American troops returned fire. This event was memorialized with a historical marker which had stood on the bridge until it was ordered to be moved in 2003 after studies by Dr. Benito J. Legarda concluded that the shot was not fired at the bridge, but was instead fired somewhere between Blockhouse 7 (within the city limits of Manila) and Barrio Santol at Silenco Street (now part of Sampaloc) on the connecting road that is now Sociego Street.

American colonial era
In 1901, with the chartering of the city of Manila under the American-led Taft Commission, where most of Sampaloc, with the exception of the barrio of Bilarang Hipon, would be absorbed by the city of Manila when its borders were extended outside the walled city now known as Intramuros.

Contemporary period
In 1996, Ramon Bagatsing Jr., the then-representative of Manila's 4th district, launched a program called the "Sampaloc Experiment", which sought to implement the then-new subject of computer education within the district's public schools as a trial program for the rest of the country.

Education

Education in Sampaloc is handled by the Division of City Schools – Manila. Sampaloc is also home to some universities and colleges part of the University Belt such as Far Eastern University, Informatics, Mary Chiles College, National University, Perpetual Help College of Manila, Philippine College of Health Sciences, Philippine School of Business Administration, University of the East, University of Manila, and University of Santo Tomas.

Transportation

Sampaloc is the hub of major national bus transportation carriers. Among the bus companies in Sampaloc with their terminal are: Fariñas Transit Company, GV Florida Transport, Victory Liner, Partas, Maria De Leon, RCJ Trans, RCJ Lines, Five Star Bus Company, Northern Luzon Bus Line and Dalin liner and other southern Luzon buses.

Sampaloc is served by two Philippine National Railways station: Laon Laan and España station. It is also served by LRT Line 2 Legarda station and LRT Line 1 Blumentritt Station in Santa Cruz.

Main thoroughfares in Sampaloc are S.H. Loyola (formerly Lepanto), Vicente Cruz, M. De La Fuente, P. Florentino, Blumentritt, Aurora Boulevard, Dapitan, Laon Laan, Dimasalang, Maria Clara, Maceda, Padre Campa, Padre Noval, Tomas Earnshaw (Bustillos), Legarda, Gastambide, Recto Avenue, Lerma, Nicanor Reyes (Morayta), Lacson Avenue and España Boulevard.

Notable
 Sam Verzosa
 Angeline Quinto

See also
Hugh Wilson Hall
University Belt

References

Districts of Manila

Sampaloc, Manila


Victoria De Angelis (Roma, 28 de abril de 2000) é uma baixista e compositora italiana. Ela é mais conhecida por ser integrante da banda de rock italiana Måneskin.

Início de vida, educação e família
Victoria De Angelis nasceu em Roma, Itália, em 28 de abril de 2000, filha de mãe dinamarquesa e pai italiano. Sua mãe faleceu quando ela tinha 15 anos. Possui uma irmã mais nova chamada Veronica. Desde treze anos de idade, lutou contra os estereótipos e a discriminação de gênero: andava de esqueite, tinha o cabelo curto e vestia roupas masculinas. De acordo com a mesma, o rock encarnou este desejo de liberdade. Começou a tocar guitarra aos oito anos de idade, e baixo no sétimo ano.

Durante uma entrevista para a revista Elle, revelou que, aos 14 anos de idade, sofria de ataques de pânico, o que fizeram-na perder um ano letivo. De Angelis frequentou a Scuola Media Gianicolo no ensino fundamental, onde conheceu o colego de banda Thomas Raggi e, posteriormente, completou seus estudos no Liceo Classico Virgilio. De Angelis citou como influências Nick O'Malley e Kim Gordon.

Carreira
De Angelis e Thomas Raggi se conheceram durante o ensino fundamental tendo, mais tarde, sido acompanhados por Damiano David enquanto frequentavam o ensino médio, com Ethan Torchio, de Frosinone, tendo logo depois entrado na banda, quando esta estava à procura de um baterista.

Embora De Angelis e Raggi terem fundado a banda em 2015, foi apenas em 2016 que esta foi oficializada, quando os membros tiveram que escolher o nome da banda, porque decidiram se inscrever no Pulse, um concurso de música local para bandas emergentes. Durante um brainstorming, De Angelis, que é metade dinamarquesa, foi perguntada a seus colegas de banda a falar algumas palavras em dinamarquês, tendo chegado a um acordo em Måneskin (literalmente "clarão da lua" ou "luar"), apesar do significado não ter relação com a banda em si. Algum tempo depois, começaram a atuar como artistas de rua no distrito romano de Colli Portuensi e, em 2017, ganharam destaque ao terminarem em segundo lugar na décima primeira temporada do talent show italiano X Factor. A banda teve uma estreia revolucionária com o álbum de estúdio "Il ballo della vita" e uma turnê entre 2018 e 2019. Em 2021, o segundo álbum de estúdio "Teatro d'ira: Vol. I" foi lançado.

Vida pessoal
De Angelis é bissexual.

Mulheres
Mulheres baixistas
Nascidos em 2000
Naturais de Roma
Baixistas da Itália
Pessoas LGBT da Itália
Pessoas vivas
Måneskin

Victoria De Angelis


ට්‍රැන්සල්වේනියාව ( හෝ ; ; ) යනු මධ්‍යම රුමේනියාවෙහි ඓතිහාසික ප්‍රදේශයකි.

ට්‍රැන්සල්වේනියාව


(59419) Prešov, denumire internațională (59419) Presov, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
59419 Prešov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Modra de L. Kornos și S. Gajdos. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,58 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 9,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 59001-60000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

59419 Prešov


سيدي دامد هي بلدية بدائرة عين بوسيف ولاية المدية الجزائرية.

تقع في الجنوب الشرقي للولاية ناحية شلالة العذاورة وهي من البلديات التي نشأت عن التقسيم الإداري لسنة 1984.

المصادر

أماكن مأهولة في ولاية المدية
سيدي دامد

سيدي دامد


Tovaria nom. cons., maleni biljni rod smješten u vlastitu porodicu Tovariaceae, dio reda kupusolike. Dvije priznate vrste, od kojih T. pendula raste od Meksika na sjeveru, na jug do Perua i Bolivije. Druga vrsta T. diffusa endem je s Jamajke.

Vrste
 Tovaria diffusa (Macfad.) Fawc. & Rendle
 Tovaria pendula Ruiz & Pav.

Izvori

Brassicales

Tovaria


Jonathan Donald Stanhope  (born 29 April 1951) is a former Australian politician who was Labor Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2001 to 2011. Stanhope represented the Ginninderra electorate in the ACT Legislative Assembly from 1998 until 2011. He is the only ACT Chief Minister to have governed with a majority in the ACT Assembly. From 2012 to 2014 Stanhope was Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories, which consists of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

Early years and background
Stanhope was born in Gundagai, New South Wales. He was one of nine children of schoolteacher parents who had emigrated from England. At age 5 he injured his knee, which developed into osteomyelitis, resulting in one leg being 2.5 inches longer than the other.  He walked with a pronounced limp until the issue was corrected surgically at age 16. Much of his junior education was spent at one-teacher schools in country NSW. He attended Mullumbimby Public School and Bega High School before coming to Canberra to undertake studies at the Australian National University, graduating as a Bachelor of Laws.

Between 1979 and 1987, Stanhope held a range of community roles including:
 President ACT Council for Civil Liberties
 Original co-convener of Racial Respect in the ACT
 President ACT Hospice and Palliative Care Society
 ACT convener of the National Coalition for Gun Control

Between 1987 and 1991, Stanhope was Secretary of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs; and between 1991 and 1993, Deputy Administrator and Official Secretary of Norfolk Island. From 1993 to 1996, Stanhope worked as Senior Adviser and Chief of Staff for the Federal Attorney-General, Michael Lavarch, and between 1996 and 1998, advised the then Federal Opposition Leader, Kim Beazley, on native title.

Political career
Stanhope was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly representing the Ginninderra electorate at the 1998 ACT general election and was immediately elected Opposition Leader by the Labor caucus.

At the 2001 ACT general election, Stanhope defeated the Liberal government of Gary Humphries, although with a hung parliament, and was elected Chief Minister. In the lead-up to the election, Stanhope played a major role in the Bruce Stadium affair that led to the resignation of the former Chief Minister, Kate Carnell.

On 13 January 2003, Stanhope helped rescue a helicopter pilot who had crashed in a dam during a firefighting operation. Stanhope, who was in a second helicopter with crew and the ACT head of the bushfire services, Peter Lucas-Smith, had responded to the stricken pilot's Mayday call. The man had suffered serious head injuries and was taken to the Canberra Hospital in a critical condition. After the rescue Stanhope praised the emergency services: "It provided to me a very stark awareness of the enormous risks that many in our community take, the extent to which so many people put their lives on their line to ensure the protection of our communities".

Canberra was hit by bushfires in January 2003.  Four people died and 500 houses were destroyed. Stanhope faced a no-confidence motion in the Assembly from the Liberal opposition, which if passed meant he would have been forced to resign as Chief Minister. Instead, the motion was downgraded to a censure motion by the combined vote of the ALP and the Democrats and passed in the Assembly. The coronial inquest into the bushfire was released in mid-December 2006, and found significant bureaucratic failings contributed to the devastation, although it also claimed shortcomings at a political level.

At the 2004 ACT general election, Stanhope led the Labor Party to win sufficient seats to form a majority government, the first such government in the Territory's history.

As Chief Minister, he introduced a Human Rights Act, in 2004, the first jurisdiction in Australia to do so. In 2005, Stanhope published the confidential draft of the Federal Anti-Terrorism Bill 2005 on his website. Citing concerns about the removal of basic human rights, Stanhope later refused to sign a revised version of the legislation, becoming the only state or territory leader to do so.

In June 2006 Stanhope came under fire over the 2006–07 ACT Budget which was crafted to address ongoing budget deficits. The budget included massive rate rises, across the board fee hikes, a change in the ACT's emergency services management and the proposed closure of 38 schools and colleges through consolidation. The budget outcome led to ratings agency Standard & Poor's having to add qualification before reaffirming the ACT's AAA credit rating. Additionally the decision regarding distribution of the education budget prompted outcry in one Australian newspaper, with the Sydney-based Daily Telegraph labelling him "Stanhope-less" and an "economic vandal" on the front page of a special ACT edition.

Soon after the budget the ACT's Civil Unions Act, to allow formal recognition of same-sex relationships, was overturned by the Federal Howard government despite the objections of the ACT Government and its federal senators. The Rudd Government had advised it was not Labor policy to stifle state legislation, and that it would not block attempts by the ACT government on this issue. Despite this, the Rudd Government later threatened to override any laws introduced in the ACT that legislated for same-sex ceremonies. As a result, the Stanhope Government removed provisions for ceremonies in its proposal, and ultimately allowed for civil partnerships that did not include legislated ceremonies. The Stanhope Government reported that the number of new civil partnerships entered into "exceeded expectations".

In 2006 Stanhope became the ACT's longest serving Chief Minister, exceeding the record previously held by Kate Carnell.

On 26 November 2007, following the resignation of the Northern Territory's Clare Martin, Stanhope became Australia's longest-serving incumbent state or territory leader. When Kevin Rudd was sworn in as Prime Minister of Australia on 3 December 2007, replacing John Howard, Stanhope became the country's longest-serving incumbent head of government.

At the 2008 ACT general election, Stanhope led the Labor Party to win sufficient seats to form a minority government, again with a hung parliament. After almost two weeks of deliberations, the Greens chose to support a minority Labor government.

During his time in office, Stanhope also held the office of Attorney-General from 14 November 2001 to 18 April 2006. During this period, he sponsored a significant rewrite of the civil law of the ACT - including the passage of the Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002, the Civil Law (Sale of Residential Property) Act 2003 and the Civil Law Property Act 2006.

On 9 May 2011, Stanhope announced his intention to resign as Chief Minister and as a member for Ginninderra. He formally resigned as Chief Minister on 12 May, and as a Member of the Legislative Assembly on 16 May 2011. The casual vacancy in the Assembly, caused by Stanhope's resignation, was filled by Chris Bourke.

After politics
Stanhope accepted a professorial fellowship in the Australia and New Zealand School of Government, based at the University of Canberra, commencing in August 2011.

On 17 August 2012, Stanhope was appointed Administrator of the Indian Ocean Territories (Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island) by Governor-General Quentin Bryce. His two-year term ended in October 2014, and he was replaced by Barry Haase.

See also
 First Stanhope Ministry
 Second Stanhope Ministry
 Third Stanhope Ministry

External links
 ACT Legislative Assembly – Current Member's profile

References

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|-

1951 births
20th-century Australian lawyers
Christmas Island administrators
Australian Labor Party members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
Australian National University alumni
Chief Ministers of the Australian Capital Territory
Living people
Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
Leaders of the Opposition in the Australian Capital Territory
Treasurers of the Australian Capital Territory
Attorneys-General of the Australian Capital Territory
Officers of the Order of Australia
People from the Riverina
21st-century Australian politicians

Jon Stanhope


Helgi Hallgrímsson (f. 22. febrúar 1933, d. 8. október 2020) var fjórði vegamálastjóri vegagerðarinnar og gegndi því starfi frá 1992 til 2003.

Tenglar

Fólk fætt árið 1933
Fólk dáið árið 2020
Vegamálastjórar

Helgi Hallgrímsson (vegamálastjóri)


سانت جونز  هي مدينة كندية تقع على جزيرة نيوفاوندلاند وتعد مدينة سانت جونز عاصمة مقاطعة نيوفاوندلاند ولابرادور الكندية ويبلغ عدد سكان مدينة سانت جونز حوالي 100646 نسمة حسب إحصائيات سنة 2006.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لسانت جونز:
</ref> and at St. John's Airport from 1942 to the present day.}}

توأمة
لسانت جونز اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 إلهافو
 وترفورد
 ماراكاي

أعلام

 مارتين بينيت
 ماري برات
 ويليام أكوين كاريو
 سيباستيان سبينس
 هاري واتسون
 موريس بريندرغاست
 آرثر ماكسويل هاوس
 فريدريك كارتر
 إد وايت
 أليسا نيكول باليت

انظر أيضا
 كيب سبير

مراجع

أماكن ساحلية مأهولة في كندا
أماكن مأهولة أسست في عقد 1490
تأسيسات سنة 1497 في أمريكا الشمالية
عواصم دول سابقة
مدن في نيوفاوندلاند واللابرادور
مدن كندا

سانت جونز


Ann Van Elsen (n. 27 de diciembre de 1979 en Mol, Bélgica) es una modelo y personalidad de televisión de Mol, Amberes en Bélgica. Fue coronada Miss Bélgica en 2002.

Biografía
Después de terminar sus estudios de Marketing, Van Elsen obtuvo su Maestría en Economía en 2006.

Carrera

Van Elsen apareció en la portada de una revista cuando esa revista había elegido una fotografía de un lector para que aparecería en la portada. Esto inspiró a entrar en concursos de belleza como Miss Antwerp, Miss Bélgica y Miss Universo

Televisión
En televisión, Van Elsen ha presentado varios programas en Bélgica, incluyendo Mediamadammen, Huizenjacht, Onder Hoogspanning, De Brandkast, Supertalent In Vlaanderen y Summerdate.

Playboy
Apareció en la edición de enero de 2008 de Playboy.

Familia
Estaba casada con Gunter Van Handenhoven hasta 2012, quién es el hermano de la cantante Sandrine Van Handenhoven.

Referencias

Modelos femeninas de Bélgica
Flamencas
Nacidos en Mol

Ann Van Elsen


Primul plan cincinal (în , первая пятилетка) al Uniunii Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste (URSS) a fost o listă de obiective economice, elaborată de secretarul general Iosif Stalin și bazată pe teoria sa a instaurării socialismului într-o singură țară. El a fost implementat între 1928 și 1932.

În 1929 Stalin a hotărât să înceapă un program național de colectivizare care prevedea crearea sistemului de ferme colective de tip colhoz care se întindeau pe mii de hectare de teren și în care munceau sute de țărani. Crearea fermelor colective a distrus, în esență, clasa culacilor și a dus, de asemenea, la sacrificarea a milioane de animale domestice, pe care țăranii au preferat să le omoare decât să le predea colhozurilor. Aceste disfuncționalități au înrăutățit condițiile de viață ale țăranilor și au produs foamete în Ucraina, Rusia, Kazahstan, precum și în anumite zone din Caucazul de Nord. În ciuda pierderilor de vieți omenești, înființarea fermelor colective le-a permis țăranilor să folosească tractoarele pentru a lucra terenurile agricole, spre deosebire de perioada anterioară când majoritatea țăranilor erau prea săraci pentru a deține un tractor. Au fost înființate în URSS stații de mașini și tractoare, iar țăranilor li s-a permis să folosească tractoarele, ceea ce a determinat sporirea producției agricole pe cap de locuitor. Țăranii au primit dreptul de a vinde surplusul de produse agricole obținut. Cu toate acestea, planificatorii guvernului nu au reușit să ia notă de situațiile locale. În 1932, producția de cereale a fost cu 32% sub medie; în plus, achizițiile de produse alimentare au crescut cu 44%. Producția agricolă a fost atât de perturbată încât în mai multe raioane a izbucnit foametea.

Din cauza accentului pus pe industrializarea rapidă, au apărut modificări social-culturale majore. Pe măsură ce apărea o nouă structură socială derivată din colectivizarea agriculturii, au avut loc conflicte în cadrul unor populații nomade. În Turkmenistan, de exemplu, politica sovietică de colectivizare a orientat producția agricolă către plantele industriale și în special către bumbac. O astfel de schimbare a provocat neliniște în cadrul unei comunități conservatoare, iar între anii 1928 și 1932 țăranii și păstorii nomazi turkmeni au arătat clar prin metode precum rezistența pasivă că nu erau de acord cu o astfel de politică.

Motivele elaborării primului plan cincinal
Înainte de adoptarea primului plan cincinal sovietic, Uniunea Sovietică se confrunta cu numeroase amenințări pe plan extern. Primul Război Mondial abia se încheiase, iar statul sovietic trecuse printr-un îndelungat război civil. Această frică de război a apărut atunci când națiunile occidentale precum Marea Britanie au început să-și întrerupă relațiile diplomatice cu Uniunea Sovietică. Aceste evenimente au creat în rândul sovieticilor teama că Occidentul se pregătea să atace iarăși Uniunea Sovietică; puterile străine ocupaseră în timpul Războiul Civil Rus mai multe porțiuni ale teritoriului rus. Teama de o invazie a puterilor occidentale i-a făcut pe sovietici să realizeze că aveau nevoie de o politică de industrializare rapidă pentru a spori potențialul militar sovietic și a putea concura cu foștii aliați occidentali. În același timp apăruse prin 1927 o nemulțumire în rândul țărănimii din Uniunea Sovietică. Această nemulțumire își avea originea în perioada de foamete de la începutul anilor 1920, fiind sporită de tratamentele rele aplicate țăranilor de noile autorități. În același timp, poliția secretă sau NKVD-ul a început să-i aresteze pe disidenții politici din Uniunea Sovietică. Toate aceste tensiuni riscau să distrugă tânăra Uniune Sovietică și l-au determinat pe Iosif Stalin să promoveze o politică de industrializare rapidă, astfel încât Uniunea Sovietică să poată face față acestor amenințări, dacă era necesar.

Dezvoltarea rapidă a industriei grele

Aspectul central al primului plan cincinal sovietic a fost industrializarea rapidă a Uniunii Sovietice. Nevoia unei industrializări rapide s-a datorat fricii de un nou război. În cazul izbucnirii unui război între Uniunea Sovietică și țările din Occident, sovieticii urmau să lupte împotriva unora dintre cele mai industrializate națiuni ale lumii. Industrializarea rapidă urma să reducă pericolul că țara era neprotejată dacă urma să aibă loc un război între sovietici și statele occidentale. Pentru a satisface necesitățile unui război posibil, liderii sovietici au stabilit cote de producție nerealiste. Urmau să fie construite unități industriale care să producă materiale necesare industriei de război, în timp ce ce producția bunurilor necesare pentru populația civilă a fost restrânsă. În perioada 1928-1932 au apărut centre industriale gigantice în zone ce fuseseră anterior extrem de izolate precum Magnitogorsk, Nipru și Nijni Novgorod. Producția realizată de industria grea trebuia să crească în acest cincinal cu 350%. Pentru a realiza această creștere economică masivă, Uniunea Sovietică a trebuit să redirecționeze resursele esențiale ale țării pentru a satisface nevoile industriei grele. Investițiile care nu erau necesare industriei grele au fost tăiate din bugetul sovietic; ca urmare a acestei redistribuiri a fondurilor financiare, produsele de bază precum alimentele au devenit tot mai puține. Uniunea Sovietică a decis apoi că alimentele disponibile trebuiau redistribuite prioritar către muncitorii necesari pentru continuarea industrializării. Această industrializare rapidă adus la apariția unei noi clase muncitoare în Uniunea Sovietică. În această perioadă forța de muncă industrială a crescut de la 3,12 milioane de muncitori în 1928 la 6,01 milioane de muncitori la sfârșitul planului, în 1932.

Colectivizarea agriculturii
Primul plan cincinal a prevăzut, de asemenea, o colectivizare rapidă a agriculturii din Uniunea Sovietică. Unul din motivele colectivizării agriculturii l-a reprezentat necesitatea creșterii numărului de muncitori ce urmau să lucreze în fabricile noi. Oficialii sovietici credeau, de asemenea, că colectivizarea va determina creșterea productivității agricole și că va contribui la dezvoltarea altor domenii. Această colectivizare agricolă  a fost însă un eșec total pentru sovietici. La sfârșitul anului 1929 sovieticii au impus formarea unei agriculturi colectivizate, iar clasa "culacilor" a trebuit să fie lichidată din cauza rezistenței membrilor lor în fața fixării unor prețuri arbitrare pentru produsele agricole. Ca urmare, autoritățile de partid au adoptat un comportament necontrolat și violent atunci când au început achiziția produselor alimentare din țară. În anii care au urmat colectivizării agriculturii, aprovizionarea sovietică cu alimente a fost perturbată. La rândul său, această perturbare a dus în cele din urmă la apariția foametei ce a durat mai mulți ani după primul plan cincinal, iar mai mult de treizeci de milioane de oameni au murit de foame în 1933.

Munca forțată
Pentru a îndeplini obiectivele primului plan cincinal Uniunea Sovietică a început utilizarea muncii deținuților. Inițial, liderii sovietici au încercat să reducă numărul de deținuți din Uniunea Sovietică, astfel încât aceste resurse umane să fie folosite pentru atingerea obiectivelor planului cincinal. Ei și-au dat seama cât de curând de necesitatea și beneficiul folosirii deținuților pentru finalizarea planului cincinal. În acest timp, liderii sovietici au încercat să orchestreze o creștere a numărului deținuților. Modificarea legislației a făcut ca mulți deținuți periculoși să fie eliberați din închisoare și trimiși în lagăre de muncă. Populația Uniunii Uniunea Sovietică a început să fie condamnată la pedepse de muncă silnică, chiar și atunci când era vorba de infracțiuni mici. Mulți dintre deținuții folosiți în lagărele de muncă erau țărani care se opuseseră colectivizării. Aceasta a fost o încercare a Uniunii Sovietice de a dispune de o forță de muncă gratuită pentru realizarea unei industrializări rapide; cu toate acestea, ea a condus la încarcerarea mai multor oameni nevinovați în Uniunea Sovietică. În cele din urmă națiunile occidentale, precum Statele Unite ale Americii, au început să boicoteze mărfurile produse prin această formă de muncă.

Succesul primului plan cincinal
Succesul primului plan cincinal a făcut ca Uniunea Sovietică să devină treptat o superputere mondială prin industrializarea sa rapidă. Jurnalistul anglo-american Walter Duranty a primit în 1932 Premiul Pulitzer pentru corespondență pentru reportajele dedicate primului plan cincinal, iar marile succese ale planului sovietic descrise de el l-au determinat pe președintele Franklin Roosevelt să recunoască oficial Uniunea Sovietică în 1933. Primul plan cincinal a contribuit la pregătirea Uniunii Sovietice pentru obținerea victoriei în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Fără primul plan cincinal și cele care au urmat, Uniunea Sovietică nu ar fi fost pregătită pentru a face față invaziei germane din 1941. Ca urmare a industrializării rapide, statul sovietic a fost capabil să construiască armele de care avea nevoie pentru a-i învinge pe nemți în 1945.

Eșecurile primului plan cincinal
Eșecurile primului plan cincinal au fost numeroase. Primul plan a fost destinat eșecului încă de la început, din cauza stabilirii unor cote nerealiste pentru producția industrială care nu vor atinse decât în deceniile următoare. Una dintre problemele principale l-a constituit faptul că prevederile planului au fost schimbate în mod constant. Normele de producție, odată atinse, erau imediat revizuite și mărite, ceea ce a eliminat orice șansă de realizare a planului. În al doilea rând, colectivizarea a produs o foamete pe scară largă în Uniunea Sovietică, ducând la moartea a mai multor milioane de oameni. Aceste foamete a fost una dintre cele mai cumplite din istoria omenirii și a creat urmări ce au marcat timp de mai mulți ani Uniunea Sovietică, cauzând o ură profundă a ucrainenilor, tătarilor și a mai multor grupuri etnice la adresa rușilor. Hitler a folosit disprețul populațiilor neruse față de ruși ca un element de bază pentru conducerea Operațiunii Barbarossa și obținerea victoriilor inițiale asupra rușilor. Aceste eșecuri au făcut ca planul să fie întrerupt după patru ani în loc de cinci.

Referințe

 Surse
 Fitzpatrick, Sheila. 1994. The Russian Revolution, Second Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
  (abstract)
Cite journalLast nameMelnikova-RaichFirst nameSoniaYear of publication2010TitleThe Soviet Problem with Two 'Unknowns': How an American Architect and a Soviet Negotiator Jump-Started the Industrialization of Russia, Part I: Albert KahnJournalIA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial ArcheologyVolume36Issue2Pages57–80ISSN0160-1040JSTOR41933723Cite journalLast nameMelnikova-RaichFirst nameSoniaYear of publication2010TitleThe Soviet Problem with Two 'Unknowns': How an American Architect and a Soviet Negotiator Jump-Started the Industrialization of Russia, Part I: Albert KahnJournalIA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial ArcheologyVolume36Issue2Pages57–80ISSN0160-1040JSTOR41933723

Legături externe
 Info on the first five-year plan from Infoplease
Istoria economică a anilor 1930
Economia Uniunii Sovietice
Evenimente repetitive
Planificare

Primul plan cincinal al Uniunii Sovietice


The Canopus class was a group of six pre-dreadnought battleships of the British Royal Navy built in the late 1890s. The ships were designed by the Director of Naval Construction, William White, for use on the China Station. The class comprised , the lead ship, and , , , , and . The class was armed with a main battery of four BL 12 inch Mk VIII naval guns and a secondary battery of twelve QF 6-inch guns. Compared to the preceding s, the Canopus class was smaller, faster, and less heavily armoured, though they adopted new, stronger Krupp armour, which was more effective than the Harvey steel used in the Majestics. In addition to the Krupp steel, the ships also adopted several other changes, including water-tube boilers, in-line funnels, and a full-length armoured belt.

The six ships of the Canopus class served abroad for much of their early careers, with all six of them seeing service on the China Station in the early 1900s. In addition, Canopus also served with the Mediterranean Fleet during this period. In 1905, with the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the Royal Navy withdrew most of its heavy units from the Far East, and the six Canopus-class ships returned to British waters, seeing further service with the Home, Channel, and the Atlantic Fleets through 1908. From then to 1910, most of the ships saw service with the Mediterranean Fleet, before being reduced to reserve status or other secondary duties thereafter.

With Britain's entry into the First World War in August 1914, the ships were mobilised as the 8th Battle Squadron, but they were quickly dispersed to other stations, serving as guard ships and convoy escorts. Canopus participated in the hunt for the German East Asia Squadron, which culminated in the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914. In early 1915, most of the ships were sent to the eastern Mediterranean Sea to take part in the Dardanelles Campaign against the Ottoman Empire. During these operations, Ocean and Goliath were sunk, in March and May 1915, respectively. Canopus and Albion were withdrawn from active service in 1916, thereafter being used as barracks ships.  Glory served as the flagship of the British North Russia Squadron, while Vengeance took part in operations off German East Africa in 1916. After the war, all four survivors were quickly broken up in the early 1920s.

Design

Design work began on what became the Canopus class in March 1895, when William Henry White, the Director of Naval Construction, presented the design for the Japanese s then being built in Britain to the Board of Admiralty. These ships, which were based on the British , represented a marked increase in Japanese naval power in East Asia, and White argued that more powerful battleships would be required on the China Station to counter them. He also suggested that the new design be capable of transiting the Suez Canal to reduce transit time between Europe and Asia. The Board concurred, and on 13 May again met White to provide their requirements for the new ships. Two days later, White relayed the parameters for the ships to his staff, along with instructions to prepare a suitable design as quickly as possible. The new ships were to have a freeboard equal to that of the battleship , the same main battery as the preceding s, a secondary battery of ten  guns, the speed and fuel capacity as the second-class battleship , and an armoured belt that was 6 inches thick.

White and his staff prepared a preliminary design sketch on 23 May, which they submitted to the Admiralty. This vessel was to carry the specified battery of four  guns and ten 6-inch guns on a displacement of . Speed was to be  from . Further work to refine the design continued, and three variants were created: "A", "B", and "C". "A" reduced displacement slightly to , but kept the same armament and speed. "B" was broadly similar to the original design, but added two 6-inch guns, and "C" was slightly smaller, along the lines of "A", but its secondary battery consisted of eight 6-inch guns and eight  guns. The three variants were submitted to the Admiralty in early October; on the 9th, the Board sent its reply to White, instructing him to prepare a new design that combined the armour layout of "A" and "B" with the secondary battery of "B".

Design work continued for almost a year before the final version was approved on 2 September 1896. By this time, the Board had decided to adopt new water-tube boilers after they had been successfully tested aboard the torpedo gunboat . The armour layout was further revised, with the final version discarding the thinner side armour above the belt, along with the aft strake of armour; the main and secondary guns also had their armour protection reduced. These reductions were used to increase the thickness of the forward strake and the main deck and to place four of the secondary guns in armoured casemates. Though the thickness of the armour layout was much reduced compared to the preceding Majestic class, the adoption of new Krupp steel
in place of the Harvey steel allowed for only a modest decrease in protection.

Six vessels, rated as first-class battleships, were authorized to be built to the new design in the 1896 and 1897 estimates. Though the armour scheme was not as weak as it appeared on paper, the Royal Navy was not pleased with the reduction in defensive power. White's department regarded them as second-class battleships, and they were indeed classified as "improved Renowns" in the 1896 estimates. Nevertheless, they matched the Fujis they were intended to counter, and they represented the maximum offensive and defensive capabilities possible on the displacement and draught restrictions imposed by the Admiralty. They proved more than capable of performing the task for which they had been built on the China Station.

General characteristics

The ships of the Canopus class were  long between perpendiculars and  long overall, with a beam of . They had a draft of  normally and up to  fully loaded. They displaced  normally and up to  at full load. The ships were fitted with two masts, each with one fighting top carrying several of the light guns and one searchlight. Four other searchlights were mounted on the bridges.

Their crew numbered 682 officers and ratings on completion, but the number varied throughout the ships' careers. For example, by 1904, Goliaths crew had increased to 737 and Albion had a crew of 752, which included an admiral's staff. While serving as a gunnery training ship in 1912, Vengeance had a crew of just 400, while Albion was reduced to 371 officers and sailors as a guard ship in 1916. Each ship carried a number of small boats, including two steam pinnaces and one sail pinnace, one steam launch, three cutters, one galley, one whaler, three gigs, two dinghies, and one raft.

Propulsion
The Canopus-class ships were powered by a pair of 3-cylinder triple-expansion engines that drove a pair of inward-turning screw propellers, with steam provided by twenty Belleville boilers. They were the first British battleships with water-tube boilers, which generated more power at less expense in weight compared with the fire-tube boilers used in previous ships. The new boilers led to the adoption of two fore-and-aft funnels, rather than the side-by-side funnel arrangement used in many previous British battleships. The Canopus-class ships proved to be good steamers, with a high speed for battleships of their time— from —a full two knots faster than the Majestics. The increase in speed came primarily from the water-tube boilers, which produced an extra  compared to the older fire-tube boilers of the Majestics. The inward-turning screws also provided an increase in speed, since they could be operated at higher revolutions than the outward-turning screws used in earlier ships.

Each ship had a fuel capacity of  of coal under normal conditions, but additional spaces could be used to double capacity, for  during wartime. The ships burned  of coal steaming at  for 24 hours and up to  at full speed every 24 hours. The Canopuses were able to reach  at an economical cruising speed of  with a full load of coal. While steaming at , the range fell significantly to .

Though the water-tube boilers significantly increased performance, they were plagued with problems throughout the ships' careers. Oceans boiler condenser tubes leaked badly until a refit in 1902–1903 corrected the problem. Vengeance similarly suffered throughout her service life, which reduced the efficiency of her engines. The inward-turning screws also caused problems in service, as they made steering difficult at low speed or when steaming in reverse; the arrangement proved to be unpopular with crews as a result. Regardless, the Royal Navy retained inward-turning screws in all future pre-dreadnought battleships, before returning to outward-turning propellers for  in 1906.

Armament

The ships of the Canopus class had four 12-inch 35-calibre guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft; these guns were mounted in circular barbettes that allowed all-around loading, although at a fixed elevation. Canopus carried her guns in BIII mountings, the same used in the last two Majestic-class ships, while the next four vessels used the newer BIV mounts, and Vengeance used newer-still BV mountings. The BIII mounts featured a deck that interrupted the shell and propellant hoists to prevent the flash fire from an explosion in the turret from easily reaching down to the magazines, which could produce a catastrophic explosion. The BIV mounts eliminated this deck to allow for faster ammunition handling, but the designers realized the greatly increased risk this entailed, and so restored the deck with the BV mounts. To improve shell handling speed, a new turret was developed by Vickers for Vengeance that allowed for reloading the guns at all elevations, which eliminated the need to return to the fixed loading elevation, improving her rate of fire significantly.

The ships also mounted a secondary battery of twelve 6-inch 40-calibre guns mounted in casemates. Eight of the 6-inch guns were mounted in the main deck, which placed them too low to give them a good field of fire, though the other four guns, mount a deck higher, did not suffer from the same problem. For close-range defence against torpedo boats, the ships carried a tertiary battery of ten 12-pounder guns and six 3-pounder guns in individual mounts, distributed along the length of the ships, including in casemates in the bow and stern and in pivot mounts in the superstructure.

As was customary for battleships of the period, they were also equipped with four  torpedo tubes submerged in the hull, two on each broadside near the forward and aft barbette. A fifth tube had been planned at the ship's stern, above the water, but it was eliminated during construction. This was likely done because the above-water tubes could not be adequately protected, and if a torpedo exploded while it was still in the tube, it could have done serious damage to the ship.

Armour

To save weight, Canopus carried less armour than the Majestics—6 inches in the belt compared to —although the change from Harvey armour in the Majestics to Krupp armour in Canopus meant that the loss in protection was not as great as it might have been, Krupp armour having 30 percent greater protective value at a given weight than its Harvey equivalent. Though it was thinner, it was more comprehensive; the Canopus class was the first British capital ship to return to a full-length armoured belt since , launched in 1875. To save weight, the belt was reduced to  at either end of the ship. As with the belt, the other armour used to protect the ships could also be thinner; the bulkheads on either end of the belt were  thick.

They were fitted with two armoured decks,  thick, respectively, both of which were Harvey steel. This was the first time a second armour deck was installed in a British warship. At the time the design was being prepared, rumours circulated that the French intended to equip their newest battleships with howitzers, which fired shells at high angles; this would allow them to hit British ships with plunging fire, avoiding the ships' heavy belt armour. The French did not place howitzers on any of their new ships, but the adoption of two armour decks was continued in British practice until the s of the 1920s.

The main battery turrets were  thick with 2 in thick roofs, atop 10 to 12 in barbettes. The barbettes reduced to 6 in behind the belt. Not all sections of the ships received the Krupp steel; the casemate battery was protected with 6 in of Harvey steel on the fronts, and 2 in on the sides and the rears. Their forward conning towers received Harvey steel for their sides that were 12 in thick, while the aft conning towers had only  sides.

The thinner armour layout of the ships came under intense criticism while they were being built, particularly in the press. White publicly defended the design, pointing out that recent experience between Chinese and Japanese warships at the Battle of the Yalu River demonstrated that armour proved to be more effective in protecting ships than proving ground tests would indicate, and the advances in armour technology warranted the reduction in service of saving weight for better weapons.

Ships

Service history

Pre-war
The ships of the class spent much of their peacetime career abroad. Canopus spent her early career in the Mediterranean Fleet, while Goliath went to the China Station in 1900. Glory, Albion, and Ocean joined Goliath from 1901 to 1905, and Vengeance and Canopus was sent to join them in 1902 and 1905, respectively. In September 1902, Ocean was damaged by a typhoon. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance signed in 1905 allowed Britain to withdraw much of her East Asian naval strength, and the Canopus-class ships were recalled to European waters. On their return to Britain, most of them served brief stints with the Channel Fleet and then the Home Fleet and the Atlantic Fleet between 1905 and 1907. During this period, the ships also underwent major overhauls after their extended periods of service overseas. Goliath instead went to the Mediterranean Fleet from 1903 to 1906, followed by periods with the Channel Fleet and Home Fleet in 1906 and 1907, respectively.

Canopus, Glory, Ocean, and Goliath were sent to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1908, where they remained until the end of the decade. On 13 June 1908, Vengeance was damaged in a collision with the merchant ship  at Portsmouth; she was involved in another collision on 29 November 1910 with the merchant vessel . Several of the ships, including Canopus and Glory were reduced to reserve status on their return to Britain, where they remained until the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. Ocean, meanwhile, again served with the Home Fleet but saw little activity until the outbreak of war. Vengeance, for her part, served in secondary roles from 1908, including as a tender and a gunnery training ship. In 1913, she was transferred to the 6th Battle Squadron of the Second Fleet.

World War I
At the beginning of the First World War, the ships of the Canopus class were mobilised for service with the 8th Battle Squadron. Canopus was quickly sent to the South America Station, where she patrolled for German commerce raiders. She was involved in the search for the German East Asia Squadron of Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee. Too slow to follow Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock's cruisers, she missed the Battle of Coronel in November 1914, where Cradock was defeated. Moored at Port Stanley as a defensive battery, she fired the first shots of the Battle of the Falklands in December, which led Spee to break off the attack before being chased down and destroyed by Admiral Doveton Sturdee's battlecruisers.

At the start of the conflict, Ocean was stationed in Ireland to support a cruiser squadron, but in October she was transferred to the East Indies Station to protect troopship convoys from India. Goliath initially served as a guard ship in Loch Ewe, one of the harbors used by the Grand Fleet, before escorting the crossing of British troops to Belgium in late August. She then took part in operations against German East Africa, participating in the blockade of the German light cruiser  in the Rufiji River. In October 1914, Glory was transferred to the North America and West Indies Station, where she served as the squadron flagship. In late 1914, Ocean participated in an attack on Basra before being transferred to Egypt to defend the Suez Canal, where she joined Vengeance, which had been there since November. Albion was sent to the Atlantic to help defend against the possibility of German warships breaking out of the North Sea. In December and January 1915, she supported operations against German Southwest Africa.

Dardanelles campaign

Canopus, Albion, Ocean, and Vengeance were transferred to the Mediterranean in early 1915 for the Dardanelles Campaign. They participated in major attacks on the Ottoman coastal fortifications defending the Dardanelles in March 1915, but the British and French fleets proved incapable of forcing the straits. These included major attacks on 18 March that saw the loss of one French and two British battleships—one of which was Ocean—to Ottoman naval mines. Ocean had been attempting to rescue the crew from the battleship , which had also struck a mine, when she too was mined and sank. Most of her crew was able to evacuate to nearby destroyers. The surviving ships were repeatedly damaged by Ottoman coastal guns during these operations, but none seriously so. Allied infantry landed in April, beginning the Gallipoli campaign, and Canopus continued to bombard Ottoman positions to support them. These operations included the First Battle of Krithia and helping defeat Ottoman counter-attacks. On 13 May 1915 Goliath was sunk in Morto Bay off Cape Helles by three torpedoes from the Ottoman destroyer . Out of her crew of 750, 570 were killed in the sinking. In June 1915, Glory was reassigned to the Mediterranean to join her sisters in the campaign, though she saw little action during that time, as her crew was needed ashore to support the troops fighting on the peninsula.

Later careers
In October 1915, Albion was transferred to Salonika to support the Allied operations against Bulgaria through then-neutral Greece, but she saw no further action. She was transferred back to Ireland in April 1916 for service as a guard ship, a role she filled until October 1918, when she was reduced to a barracks ship. After the Gallipoli campaign ended with the withdrawal of Allied forces in January 1916, Canopus patrolled the eastern Mediterranean, but saw no further action. She was removed from service in April 1916 and was converted into a barracks ship in early 1918. In August 1916, Glory was sent to Murmansk, Russia, to support Britain's ally by keeping the vital port open for supplies being sent for the Eastern Front. There, she served as the flagship of the British North Russia Squadron. Worn out from operations off Gallipoli, Vengeance returned to Britain for a refit. She was recommissioned in December 1915 for service in East Africa, during which she supported the capture of Dar es Salaam in German East Africa. She returned to Britain again in 1917 and was decommissioned, thereafter serving in subsidiary roles until 1921.

After the war, the Royal Navy began discarding the ships. Albion was sold for scrap in December 1919 and broken up the following year, as was Canopus. Glory returned to Britain in 1919, was decommissioned, and was renamed HMS Crescent in 1920, before ultimately being sold to ship breakers in December 1922. Vengeance was sold for scrap in 1921 and broken up the next year.

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

 MaritimeQuest Canopus Class Overview
 The Dreadnought Project

Battleship classes

Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Victorian-era battleships of the United Kingdom
World War I battleships of the United Kingdom

Canopus-class battleship


Godissart de Cari (Paris, 1774 - Saint-Maximin, 1848) est le pseudonyme du citoyen Michel René Gaudissard, ex-militaire, dessinateur de caricatures éditées par Aaron Martinet. Il est aussi occasionnellement lithographe et aquafortiste.

Biographie
Né à Paris en 1774, fils de René Gaudissard, bourgeois de Paris, et Marie Madeleine Planterose, Michel René Gaudissard meurt célibataire à Saint-Maximin le . Aucune information n'est disponible concernant sa vie privée.

Œuvres

Identifié dès 1803 lors du dépôt d'une première planche comme le citoyen Gaudissard, il devient l'un des principaux dessinateurs de la maison Martinet. Il est surtout connu pour ses caricatures qui font le succès de son éditeur. Il travaille avec le graveur Louis Maleuvre, fils de Pierre Maleuvre, plusieurs gravures portant leurs deux signatures. Il collabore également à l'illustration de l'importante publication des Troupes françaises, ouvrage représentant les uniformes de l'armée. Ses dessins portent souvent en marge des indications très précises à l'usage du graveur.

En 1826 il illustre l'album  Souvenirs de l'Angleterre, orné de vingt aquarelles, d'un voyage avec la famille Audenet de Pierrefitte-sur-Seine.

Artiste discret, la plupart des gravures portent une signature "G de C" ou "G de Cari" intégrée dans un élément du décor.

Conservation

 États-Unis
 Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Art Institute of Chicago
 Musée d'Art Blanton
 France
 Bibliothèque nationale de France
 Musée Carnavalet

 Pays-Bas
 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
 Royaume-Uni
 British Museum
 Wellcome Collection

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Service historique de la Défense.

Dessinateur français
Caricaturiste
Graveur français du XVIIIe siècle
Graveur français du XIXe siècle
Lithographe français du XIXe siècle
Aquafortiste français
Naissance en 1774
Naissance à Paris
Décès en juin 1848
Décès dans l'Oise

Godissart de Cari


Christine Løventoft (f. 1979) er dansk/græsk kunsthistoriker og tidligere fotomodel. Hun har siden 2017 været direktør for Museet for Religiøs Kunst i Lemvig. Tidligere har hun været leder af Sisimiut & Kangerlussuaq Museum i Grønland. Hun har en Mag.art. i kunsthistorie fra Københavns Universitet samt en MA i museumsstudier fra UCL (University College London).

Kilder

Kunsthistorikere fra Danmark
Museumsdirektører fra Danmark
Museumsfolk fra Danmark

Christine Løventoft


Rockaway Inlet is a strait connecting Jamaica Bay, wholly within New York City, with the Atlantic Ocean. It separates the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens from the Floyd Bennett Field (formerly Barren Island) in Brooklyn.

Rockaway Inlet is bounded by Brooklyn to the north and Rockaway Peninsula to the south. It is the entrance to Jamaica Bay, and most of the inlet is within the boundary of Gateway National Recreation Area. Its entrance is marked by a light on a jetty extending southward from Rockaway Point. The entrance channel extends westward of the jetty and is marked by lighted buoys. It has a depth of about 15 feet midchannel with a shoal of only one foot. In 1968 a light failed and the tanker Mary A. Whalen ran aground, resulting in a case entitled United States v. Reliable Transfer Co. about dividing damage payments.

The inlet is spanned by the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge.

See also
East Rockaway Inlet, separating the peninsula from Atlantic Beach

References

External links
Nautical chart

Straits of Kings County, New York
Straits of Queens County, New York
Inlets of New York (state)

Rockaway Inlet


Telepati ya da uzaduyum, bireyler arasında bilinen beş duyunun yardımı olmaksızın gerçekleştiği ileri sürülen bilgi aktarımıdır. Bir başka deyişle, telepati parapsikolojide incelenen paranormal bir yetenek olup, bireyler arasında duyular-dışı algılama yoluyla düşünce, fikir, duyum veya imajların aktarılmasını sağladığı ileri sürülen tesir irtibatıdır. Terim eski Yunanca'daki "uzak" anlamına gelen tele (τηλε) sözcüğü ile "etkilenme, tesir almış olma, hissetme" anlamlarına gelen patheia (πάθεια) sözcüğünün birleştirilmesiyle elde edilmiş olup  önceden kullanılan "düşünce aktarımı" teriminin yerini almak üzere SPR'nin  kurucularından Fredric W. H. Myers tarafından 1882'de ortaya atılmıştır. Birçok Doğu Bloğu ülkesinde telepati yerine "bio enformasyon" terimi kullanılmıştır.

Telepatide, alıcı ve verici olmak üzere en az iki kişi vardır. Tesiri gönderen ya da düşüncesini yayan, gönderen kimseye verici (agent), gönderileni almaya çalışan kişiye alıcı denir. Telepati yeteneğine sahip bazı "alıcı" telepatların diğer insanların zihinlerini okuma yeteneği oldukları söylenir. Telepati psikokinezi ile birlikte parapsikolojik araştırmanın iki temel araştırma alanını oluşturur. Bu alanda telepatiyi tam anlamıyla keşfetmek ve anlamak üzere sürdürülen birçok araştırma vardır. Telepatinin nasıl, ne yolla gerçekleştiği hakkında çeşitli varsayımlar ortaya atılmışsa da henüz kesin bir sonuca ulaşılamamıştır.

Parapsikoloji'deki telepati deney yöntemleri
Parapsikoloji alanında telepati kısa adı ESP (extra-sensory perception) olan duyular dışı algılamanın bir türü olarak kabul edilir. Duyular dışı algılamanın diğer tanınmış türlerinden bazıları prekognisyon ve durugörü olarak bilinir. Telepati yeteneğini test etmek üzere başvurulan çeşitli deney yöntemleri bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan en tanınmış ikisi Zener kartları ve Ganzfeld uyarımıdır.

Zener kartları

Zener kartları parapsikoloji alanında, ESP testlerinde kullanılmak üzere 1920'de Karl Zener tarafından icat edilmiş kartlardır. Parapsikoloji alanında ilk niceliksel araştırmalarda kullanılan bu kartlara, Joseph B. Rhine çalışma arkadaşı Karl Zener'e ithafen bu adı vermiştir.

Zener kartları daire, artı, dalga, kare ve beş uçlu yıldız sembollerini içeren 25 karttan oluşan bir destedir. 1930'larda Duke Üniversitesi'nin Parapsikoloji Laboratuvarı'nda Zener kartlarıyla yapılan deneylerde, kartlar desteden tek tek çekiliyor ve deneklerden, görmedikleri bu kartlarda hangi sembollerin yer aldıklarını bilmeleri isteniyordu. Deneklerin bu testlerde başarı oranı, beş sembol olduğundan normalde % 20 olması gerekirken, başarı oranının % 20'nin üzerinde olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Ganzfeld uyarımı

Ganzfeld uyarımı (İng. ganzfeld stimulation) Parapsikoloji laboratuvarlarındaki deneylerde denekte duyular-dışı algılamayı harekete geçirmek üzere "duyumsal yoksunluk" sağlanması (duyumsal uyaranların minimum düzeye indirildiği bir ortam sağlanması) olayına verilen addır.

Önceleri vizüel süreç testlerinde kullanılan terim, 1973 yılından itibaren psi testlerindeki uygulamalar için kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu uyarım sayesinde, beş duyusunu kullanamayan deneğe paranormal algılamalar için bir çeşit fırsat ortamı yaratılmakta, denek, zorunlu olarak duyular-dışı algılama alanına itilmektedir. Fakat beklenen paranormal algılamalardan hangisinin oluşacağı bilinmez; yani denekte bir telepati fenomeni de oluşabilir, durugörü de, prekognisyon da. Parapsikloglar ganzfeld uyarımını sağlamak üzere, "yüzme kabini" veya "izolasyon kabini" denilen,ısısı beden ısısına ayarlı, tuzlu suyla dolu, gürültü ve diğer uyaranlardan yalıtılmış çeşitli kabinler hazırlamışlardır.

Popüler bir yöntem

Telepati deneylerinin yapılabilmesi için laboratuvar koşulları zorunlu değildir; halk arasında ya da aile içinde yapılan telepati deneyleri arasında en bilinen yöntem şöyle açıklanır: Dış uyaranların az olduğu (sessiz, pek ışık almayan, soğuk olmayan vs.) bir odada birkaç kişi gevşer ve zihinsel olarak konsantre olur (odaklanır). Bu kişilerden biri "verici", diğerleri "alıcı"dır. Deneyde herhangi bir aldatmaca olmaması için verici kişi deneyden önce diğerlerine aktarmak istediği şey (görüntü, örneğin bir elma) neyse onu bir kağıda diğerlerinden gizli olarak yazmış olmalıdır. Beş veya on dakika süren odaklanma süresince verici kişi başka hiçbir şey düşünmeden aktaracağı görüntüye odaklanmalı, yani sürekli onu düşünmeli ve onu bilincinde net ve duru bir biçimde canlandırmalıdır. Alıcılar ise, vericiden gelen etkili yayının bilinçlerinde yer edebilmesi için hiçbir şey düşünmemeye, bilinçlerini bütünüyle boş tutmaya en üst düzeyde özen göstermelidirler. Başarı, vericinin odaklanma (konsantrasyon) derecesine bağlı olduğu kadar, alıcıların her türlü kaygı ve kişisel düşüncelerden uzak bir biçimde bilinçlerini boş tutabilmelerine de bağlıdır. Odaklanma bitiminde tüm alıcılar kendi önlerinde bulunan kağıda bilinçlerin hangi görüntünün belirdiğini yazarlar ve sonuçlar karşılaştırılır. Gözlemler her beş kişiden birinin iyi bir alıcı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Telepati türleri
Parapsikologlar araştırmalarında telepati fenomenini çeşitli türler altında ele alırlar:
 Gizli ya da gecikmeli telepati: Tesirin gönderilmesi ile alınması arasında belirli bir sürenin geçtiği, yani alıcının gecikmeli olarak aldığı enformasyon aktarımı.
 Prekognitiv telepati: Bir kimsenin zihinsel durumun geleceği hakkında edinilen enformasyon aktarımı.
 Hareki ya da heyecansal telepati: Uzaktan etkileme olarak da bilinen, bir kimsenin hareketlerine ilişkin duyum aktarımı
 Yüksek şuur (üst şuur) telepatisi: Yüksek bilgiler ve ortak bilgelik için yüksek şuur haline geçiş söz konusudur.

Sonuçlar

Parapsikologlar telepati deneyleri sonuçlarında şu saptamalarda bulunmuşlardır:
 Telepati yer ve zamanla sınırlanamaz.
 Vericinin aktifliği (konsantrasyonu) ve alıcının pasifliği başarıyı etkiler.
 Hayvanlar ve bitkilerde de ESP yetenekleri mevcuttur.
 Birbirine hissi bağları bulunan (anne ve çocuk, iki sevgili vs.) kimselerde sonuçlar daha başarılıdır.

Kavramın kökenleri

İnsanlarda, zamanla körelmiş olduğu belirtilen bu yeteneğin aslında herkeste değişik derecelerde mevcut bulunduğu ve çeşitli deneme egzersizleriyle geliştirilebileceği ileri sürülür. Araştırmacılar Avustralya'daki bazı orman kabilelerinin beş duyu dışında bir iletişim yöntemi kullandıklarını bildirmektedir. Bu araştırmacılardan biri olan Alexander Markey, Yeni Zelanda'lı Maori'lerin günümüzde hala telepati kullanarak iletişim sağlayabildiklerini yazmış olduğu bir kitabında dile getirmektedir. Benzer yöntemler Afrika kabilelerinde de, örneğin Tabu yerlilerinde kullanılmaktadır. Gizlibilimlerle uğraşanlarda (okültizmde), teozofide ve tasavvufta ustalaşmak isteyenlerin, telepati yeteneğini geliştirip kullandıkları ve bu değişik öğretilerin telapatları kendi bölgelerinde, "olgun ve keramet ehli" olarak değerlendirilmiş oldukları ileri sürülür.

Roger Luckhurst'a göre, Batı kültüründe telepati kavramı esas olarak 19. yy. sonlarında ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu dönemden önce bilim fiziksel olgulara yoğunlaşmıştı ve "zihin"le pek ilgilenmiyordu. Paranormal fenomeni anlama çalışmaları esas olarak canlısal manyetizma çalışmaları ile başlamıştır. Telepati daha sora metapsişik araştırmacılarca ele alınmış ve SPR gibi derneklerin kurulmasından bir süre sonra laboratuvar koşullarında yöntemli ve sistemli bir şekilde incelenmeye başlandı. Bu alanda ilk başarılı sonuçlar, parapsikolojinin babası sayılan, Duke Üniversitesi'nden profesör J.B. Rhine tarafından elde edildi.

Örneğin Duke Üniversitesi'nde yapılan bir dizi ESP deneyinde, 1850 deneyden 558'inde başarılı sonuç alınmıştı. Bu sonuçların rastlantıya dayalı olasılık hesaplarına göre gerçekleşme olasılığı ancak 22 milyarda birdi. Rhine'ın ESP ve telepati deneyleri üzerine yazdığı "Altmış Yıldan Sonra Duyular-dışı Algılama" (Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years) adlı kitabı Harvard Üniversitesi Psikoloji Bölümü'nce öğrenciler için akademik bir test kitabı olarak kabul edildi. Rhine gibi psişik araştırmacıların başarılı sonuçlar almasından sonra telepati laboratuvar koşulları içine çekildi ve parapsikolojik araştırma kapsamında ele alınmaya başlandı.

Telepati nosyonu iki psikolojik kavrama benzemez: düşünce sokma/silme kuruntuları ve psikolojik sembiyoz(karıştırma). Bu benzerlik bazi kişilerin neden telepati fikrine kapıldığını açıklayabilir. Düşünce sokma/silme, bir psikoz, özellikle şizofreni veya şizoafektif bozukluk, semptomudur. Bu semptomu gösteren ruhsal hastalar, yanılgılı bir şekilde, düşüncelerinden bazılarının kendilerinin olmadğına inanırlar, ama başkaları (yani diğer kişiler, dünyadışı yaratıklar ya da komplocu istihbarat ajanları) beyinlerine düşünce koymaktadır (düşünce sokma). Bazı hastalar düşüncelerin beyinlerinden alındığını veya silindiğini (düşünce silme) sanırlar. Psikozun diğer semptomları yanı sıra, düşünce sokma da ilaçlı tedavi ile azaltılabilir.

Psikolojik sembiyoz (karıştırma) ise, daha az tanımlanmış bir kavramdır. Melanie Klein gibi erken psikanalistlerin yazılarında bulunan bir fikirdir. Çocuğun erken psikolojik deneyiminde (ilk bebeklik esnasında), bir yanda kendi aklı ile, öte yanda anne/baba deneyimi arasındaki farkın bilincine varamaması inancı ile ilgilidir.
Aklın bu durumuna psikolojik sembiyoz(karıştırma) denir; gelişmeyle sona erer, fakat, denir ki, bazı yönleri yetişkin ruhsal işlevlerinde de bulunmaktadır. Bu düşünce sokma/silme deneyimi veya bilinçsiz anıların psikolojik sembiyozu (karıştırma) "telepati"nin bir nosyon olarak icadına ve telepatinin var olduğu inanışına yol açmış olabilir, denebilir. Şizotipal kişilik bozukluğu olan kişilerin telepatiye inanmaya yatkın oldukları fikri, psikiyatrlar ve psikologların kanaatidir ve deneysel bulgular bunu desteklemektedir.

Telepati ile empatinin farkı
Düşünceler arasında doğrudan doğruya bağlantı kurulması, iki zihin veya ruh arasında imaj, fikir, sembol tarzında ortaya çıkan tesir alış verişi olarak da tanımlanan telepati ile yine parapsikolojide kullanılan empati teriminin sık sık birbiriyle karıştırıldığı görülür.
Empati (İng: empathy), birbirlerine manevi bakımdan sıkıca bağlı iki canlı arasında, duygu ve ruhsal hallerin aktarılması fenomenine ve bu psişik irtibata Parapsikoloji'de verilen addır. Kimilerince telepatik bir irtibat biçimi sayılmaktaysa da,telepatiden farkı, tanımından da anlaşılacağı gibi, empatide düşünce ve imaj aktarımının olmamasıdır.

Örneğin aralarında empati bulunan iki kişiden biri bir bedensel rahatsızlıktan acı çektiğinde diğer empatın da bedeninin aynı bölgesinde acı duyduğu görülmüştür. Gözlem ve deneyler empati halinin anne ile çocuklar arasında ve ikizler arasında daha sık gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan deneyler, empati halinin özellikle ebeveyn ile yavrular arasında gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. Örneğin, bir deneyde, yavrularından kilometrelerce uzağa götürülen bir anne tavşanın, yavruları öldürüldüğünde acı acı bağırdığı görülmüştür. Terim, Latince'deki "iç,içine, içinde" anlamına gelen "em" öneki ile Grekçe'deki "duygu, acı, ıstırap, algılama" anlamına gelen "patheia" sözcüğünden türetilmiştir. Terimin psikolojide kullanılan anlamı ile parapsikolojide kullanılan anlamı aynı değildir.

Notlar ve referanslar

Ayrıca bakınız

 Parapsikoloji
 Psi Enerji
 Telekinezi
 Paranormal
 Astral Seyahat
 Durugörü
 Empati
 Prekognisyon

Dış bağlantılar
 Evolving Towards Telepathy – an article on the potential for technologically endowed telepathy, or "techlepathy"
 California Institute of Technology study using implanted electrodes in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vPF), yielding findings on predicting the intentions of subjects to make movements
 PDF article in Nature Neuroscience on "Spatial selectivity in human ventrolateral prefrontal cortex"
 Quantum Physicist Nick Herbert Ponders Instantaneous Communication
 Primary Quantum Model of Telepathy (PDF)
 Soal-Goldney Experiment - a critical evaluation of the Soal-Goldney Experiment, which claimed to prove the existence of telepathy
 Dream and Telepathy - article in Science and Psychoanalysis
 Animal Talk - Interspecies Telepathic Communication
 Türk Telepati Portalı

Kaynakça
 Yılmaz, S. Nusret; Telepati / EGE META YAYINLARI

Telepati


Franjevački samostan i crkva sv. Marije bili su samostan i crkva bosanskih franjevaca u Jajcu. Crkva sv. Marije je temelj državnosti BiH, krunidbena, oprosna, zavjetna i najstarija crkva na ovim prostorima.

Nije sasvim sigurno kad je osnovan ovaj samostan u Jajcu. Pouzdano se zna da su franjevci u Jajcu početkom 15. stoljeća imali samostansku crkvu sv. Marije. Ona je kao romanička građevina nastala u 12. ili 13. stoljeću. Nije poznato kojem je svecu crkva bila prije posvećena. Franjevci su ovamo došli koncem 14. stoljeća i zatekli ju staru i ruševnu. 1404. su sagradili samostan i povjesničari su se slagali da su tad obnovili crkvu i namijenili ju Blaženoj Djevici Mariji. Literatura novijeg doba spominje Stanicu (Stanu) Radosalić, suprugu bogatog jajačkog trgovca, Radiča Radosalića koja u svojoj oporuci iz 1484. godine, zapisanoj u Splitu, tvrdi da je ona podigla crkvu sv. Marije u Jajcu. No crkva je sasvim izvjesno starija. U prvom ili drugom desetljeću 15. stoljeća obnovljena u gotičkom stilu. Prilikom pregradnje ostataka romaničke crkve u gotičku, ugrađena je rozeta u zapadnom zidu. Nije poznato ni tko je obnovio crkvu. Mnogo govori da su to napravili franjevci, jer im je trebala samostanska crkva, druge u blizini nije bilo, a već su imali tu ruševnu. Njezini su zidovi bili oslikani, a jedna sačuvana kompozicija ("mrtvački ples") tema je karakteristična za franjevačke srednjovjekovne crkve. Prema nekima crkvu je oslikao slikar Martin Petković. Do 1460-ih crkva je bila bez zvonika, ili je nekadašnji zvonik srušen. Novi je sagrađen kad su moći sv. Luke Evanđelista stigle u Jajce. God. 1460. – 63. uz crkvu je podignut toranj sv. Luke, koji je dobio takav naziv jer su se u crkvi tih godina čuvale moći sveca, što ih je tamo donijela kraljica Mara. Franjevci su uz ovu imali i crkvu sv. Katarine. Nju je vjerojatno dala sagraditi kraljica Katarina.

Nakon provale Turaka moći su prodane Mlečanima. Danas se one čuvaju u crkvi San Giobbe u Veneciji. Toranj je u donjem dijelu izveden u gotičkom stilu, dok su gornje tri galerije s romaničkim obilježjima. Nakon konačnog osvajanja Jajca 1527./1528. god., Turci su crkvu sv. Marije oteli od franjevaca, nisu ju ni kupili niti im ju je itko darovao, pregradili u džamiju, a toranj je služio kao minaret. Od crkve su danas preostale ruševine, dok je toranj sv. Luke u cijelosti očuvan.

Nakon osmanskog osvajanja Jajce je izgubilo na važnosti. Posljedica je bila da su u 17. st. zidovi jajačke utvrde uvelike osuli, veliki požar 1658. potpuno je uništen i poslije tek donekle popravljen. Jajačke su utvrde bile ruševne sve do 1880-ih i austro-ugarske uprave. Tad se izvode nešto veći konzervatorski radovi. Nisu zaobišli ni ovaj kompleks. Veći konzervacijski radovi obavljeni su na citadeli i na tornju sv. Luke.
Crka je korištena do 1832., do požara u kojem je izgorjela, kao i minaret na zvoniku sv. Luke i već preko 180 godina ne služi nikome.

Povjerenstvo za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika proglasilo je graditeljsku cjelinu crkvu sv. Marije (pretvorenu u Fethiju, odnosno Sultan Sulejmanovu džamiju, 1528. godine) sa zvonikom sv. Luke za nacionalni spomenik BiH.

U blizini su druge jajačke znamenitosti: Medvjed kula, Katakombe, Ženska (Dizdareva) džamija, Sahat kula, Dizdareva kuća, Pećine i rimski sarkofazi. U blizini je gradskih zidina.

2010-ih problem je postalo muslimansko-bošnjačko neutemeljeno svojatanje ove crkve koju svojata Medžlis Islamske zajednice Jajce. Po pravu prvenstva pripada katoličkoj Crkvi jer ju je izgradila katolička zajednica, od koje je oteta i ta institucija koja polaže pravo na crkvu postoji i danas i treba ju dogovorno vratiti. Primjer su molitveni prostori po kojima je Islamska vjerska zajednica dobila molitvene prostore koje je komunistička vlast nacionalizirala. Mejtef je nacionaliziran poslije Drugog svjetskog i pretvoren u područnu osnovnu školu. IZ-u je vraćen 1970-ih. U Jajcu je danas pozitivan primjer tamo gdje su u ovlasti dužnosnici Hrvati. Uz vraćanje mejtefa i uvođenje u posjed tzv. Pavelićeve ili Hadnan džamije 1999. godine hrvatski su primjeri dobre volje.

Izvori

Romaničke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini
Romanički samostani
Gotičke crkve
Franjevački samostani u Bosni i Hercegovini
Franjevačke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini
Katolički samostani u Jajcu
Nacionalni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine
Jajce
Katoličke crkve u Jajcu

Franjevački samostan i crkva sv. Marije u Jajcu


Șoimul negru () este o pasăre rară răspândită în Australia. Totuși există mici perechi cuibăritoare în Noua Zeelandă.

Habitatele sale preferate sunt zonele de deșert și semideșert. Rivalizează cu Falco berigora.

Se hrănește în principal cu păsări, pe care le prinde în aer. De asemenea vânează și șopârle.

Note

Falconidae

Falco subniger


Knud Zimsen (født 17. august 1875 i Hafnarfjörður, død 15. april 1953) var i 18 år borgmester i Islands hovedstad Reykjavík, længere end nogen anden.

Baggrund og uddannelse
Knud Zimsen var det femte af ti børn - og første søn - af det fra Danmark tilflyttede ægtepar Knud Due Christian Zimsen (født 1841) og Anna Cathinca. Hans mor voksede op i Randers. Hans far var født i København, men flyttede kort derefter med sin familie til Grenaa og endelig i 1855 til Island. Han ledede senere en Knudtzon-butik i Hafnarfjörður og havde det overordnede tilsyn med en anden i Reykjavík. Christian og Anna blev gift i 1868.

Zimsen tog i foråret 1893 studentereksamen fra Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík og sejlede i begyndelsen af august samme år til København. Her uddannede han sig til ingeniør, en uddannelse han fuldførte omkring 1900. Han vendte hjem til Reykjavík i 1902.

Karriere
I Island arbejdede Zimsen i næsten tredive år til gavn for byen Reykjavík. Han sad i byrådet og arbejdede som kommuneingeniør og landmåler. I løbet af skoleåret 1903-04 var han også lærer på det kommunale gymnasium.

Borgmesterposten i Reykjavík blev oprettet i 1907, og året efter kom der to ansøgninger til embedet. Zimsens og en fra Páll Einarsson, der var sysselmand i Hafnarfjordur. Valget 7 maj faldt ud til fordel for Páll, der vandt med stemmerne 10-3, men i 1914 blev Zimsen hans efterfølger. I løbet af sin lange embedsperiode arbejdede han for at videreføre opførelsen af hovedbygningen på Islands Universitet på dens nuværende placering, og fra 1930 for at gennemføre en systematisk udbygning af det geotermiske netværk, der nu forsyner byen med al strøm. Desuden var han formand for handelskommissionen og leder af den såkaldte Ingólfskommission, der organiserede opførelsen af et monument for byens grundlægger Ingólfur Arnarson, der blev afsløret i 1924.

I en alder af 57 år fratrådte Zimsen i 1932 embedet af helbredsmæssige årsager. Efterfølgende var han blandt andet medstiftende medlem af Rotary Club i Reykjavík.

Familie
I 1901 giftede han sig med Flora Marie Heintzelmann (født 1869, død 1927), de fik ingen egne børn, men adopterede datteren Ingibjörg (født  16. juni 1904, død 17. august 1979). I foråret 1902 flyttede parret til Reykjavík. Her opførte Zimsen i 1905 Gimli-huset som familiebolig, hvor det islandske turistbureau har til huse i dag. Han og Flora ejede en stor have, som hun dyrkede kærligt. I 1911 solgte de huset, da vedligeholdelsen var for dyr.

To år efter Floras død indgik Zimsen 1929 sit andet ægteskab med Anna S. Einarsdóttir, og de fik to børn sammen, Knutur Hafsteinn Zimsen (født 9. februar 1931, død 17. juni 1956) og Anna Johanna Zimsen (født 7. juni 1932, død 5. november 2014).

Bibliografi
 Knud Zimsen: Við fjörð og vík. Vaka-Helgafell, Reykjavík 1948.
 Knud Zimsen, Lúðvík Kristjánsson: Úr bæ í borg – nokkrar endurminningar Knud Zimsens um þróun Reykjavíkur. Vaka-Helgafell, Reykjavík 1952.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Knud Zimsen fyrrverandi borgarstjóri - minningarorð; artikel i Morgunblaðið 1953
 Starfaði í þrjátíu ár fyrir Reykjavíkurbæ; artikel i Morgunblaðið 1940
 Knud Zimsen fyrrv. borgarstjóri sjötugur; artikel i Morgunblaðið 1945

Ingeniører fra Island
Borgmestre fra Island
Personer fra Hafnarfjördur
Selvbiografer fra Island
Embedsmænd fra Island

Knud Zimsen


Jack Klugman (27. april 1922 – 24. december 2012) var en amerikansk film-, tv- og teaterskuespiller. Han var nok bedst kendt for sin rolle i 12 vrede mænd fra 1957.

Filmografi

Film

Tv

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Pennsylvania
Filmskuespillere fra USA
Tv-skuespillere fra USA
Teaterskuespillere fra USA
Personer fra Philadelphia

Jack Klugman


Stabat Mater es una composición musical de Francis Poulenc de 1950 de la secuencia del Stabat Mater.

Composición
Poulenc compuso la obra en respuesta a la muerte de su amigo, el pintor y escenógrafo Christian Bérard. Aunque tenía, en principio, la intención de escribir un Réquiem para él, le pareció demasiado pomposo y consideró más apropiado, como especie de oración de intercesión, elegir el conmovedor texto medieval del Stabat Mater para confiar el alma de su amigo a la Virgen negra de Rocamadour.

La obra fue compuesta en sólo dos meses, que Poulenc atribuyó a una inspiración divina y fue su primer trabajo coral con orquesta. Diseñada para soprano solista, coro mixto y orquesta, fue estrenada el 13 de junio de 1951 en el Festival de Estrasburgo con la Orquesta Municipal de Estrasburgo y el Coro de Saint-Guillaume bajo la dirección de Fritz Munch. El Stabat Mater fue bien recibido en toda Europa y ganó el Premio del Círculo de Críticos de Nueva York como la mejor obra coral del año.

Análisis musical

Instrumentación
Esta obra está escrita para flautín, 2 flautas, 2 oboes, corno inglés, 2 clarinetes en si bemol, clarinete bajo, 3 fagotes, 4 trompas, 3 trompetas en do, 3 trombones, tuba, timbales, 2 arpas, instrumentos de cuerda, soprano solista, coro SATB (divisi).

Estructura
El Stabat Mater está dividido en 12 movimientos, que varían drásticamente en su carácter, de sombrío a luminoso y frívolo, incluso en los textos más graves. Todos los movimientos son relativamente breves; la grabación de Telarc de Robert Shaw dura algo menos de 30 minutos, y el movimiento más largo apenas supera los cuatro minutos.

 Stabat mater dolorosa (Très calme) Coro
 Cujus animam gementem (Allegro molto--Très violent) Coro
 O quam tristis (Très lent) Coro a cappella
 Quae moerebat (Andantino) Coro
 Quis est homo (Allegro molto--Prestissimo) Coro
 Vidit suum (Andante) Soprano (o Mezzosoprano), Coro
 Eja mater (Allegro) Coro
 Fac ut ardeat (Maestoso) Coro a cappella
 Sancta mater (Moderato--Allegretto) Coro
 Fac ut portem (To. de Sarabanda) Soprano, Coro
 Inflammatus et accensus (Animé et très rythmé) Coro
 Quando corpus (Très calme) Soprano, Coro

Texto y análisis de las estrofas

El Stabat Mater es un canto litúrgico en latín de la Iglesia católica, propio de la fiesta de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores del 15 de septiembre. Describe el dolor de la Virgen al pie de la cruz donde muere Jesús.

Se compone de diez estrofas, que a su vez se dividen en dos estrofas parciales de tres versos cada una. Esto indica que el Stabat Mater se cantaba como una secuencia de dos medios coros, con el primer medio coro cantando la primera estrofa parcial con una melodía y luego el segundo medio coro respondiendo con la segunda estrofa parcial con la misma melodía. La secuencia rítmica final de todas las estrofas está dispuesta en un esquema rítmico [aabccb].

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Hell, Henri: Francis Poulenc. Londres: John Calder, 1959.
 Ivry, Benjamin: Francis Poulenc, 20th-Century Composers series. Londres: Phaidon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-7148-3503-X
 Mellers, Wilfrid: Francis Poulenc. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Enlaces externos
 «Stabat Mater» — Poulenc, texto en latín e inglés en Johnrpierce.com (consultado el 30-04-2012).

Composiciones de Francis Poulenc
Poulenc, Francis
Composiciones de 1950
Música en latín

Stabat Mater (Poulenc)


Etimologija imena
Machamp dolazi od španjolske riječi macho, što označava prenaglašenu muškost ili grubost, te engleske riječi champ- što je skraćenica od champion= prvak. U engleskom imenu Pokemona također stoji Mach, jedinica brzine zvuka koja se povezuje s izrazito brzim udarcima ovog Pokemona.

Japansko ime カイリキー Kairiki je zapravo riječ koja u tom jeziku znači nadljudska snaga. Također, to je japansko ime tehnike Snaga (Strength).

Borbeni Pokémoni

Machamp


EnvZ/OmpR est un système à deux composants (également nommé phosphorelais) composé du capteur histidine kinase EnvZ et du régulateur associé OmpR. Bien caractérisé chez Escherichia coli (E. coli) il a été mis en évidence lors d'études sur l'osmorégulation par le système des porines OmpF et OmpC.

Organisation
Au sein ompB le gène ompR est en amont de envZ qui sont les deux seuls membres de l'opéron. Le signal d'arrêt de transcription de OmpR chevauchant le début de envZ, on trouve un nombre plus important de protéines OmpR que de EnvZ.

Le capteur EnvZ est une protéine de la membrane interne composée d'une boucle périplasmique, de deux domaines transmembranaires et d'un domaine cytoplasmique. D'une taille de 450 acides aminés, EnvZ est un capteur dit "orthodoxe" et est donc composé d'un module senseur et d'un module transmetteur. Le domaine catalytique cytoplasmique est séparé du domaine transmembranaire 2 par un domaine HAMP (Histidine kinases, Adenyl cyclases, Methyl-accepting proteins and Phosphatases) qui aurait un rôle dans la transmission du signal. Lors de la perception d'un stimulus activateur, l'homodimère EnvZ va se transautophosphoryler au niveau du résidu l'histidine 243 du domaine catalytique et transmet le phosphate au niveau d'un résidu aspartate spécifique de OmpR.

OmpR est un régulateur de la sous-famille OmpR/PhoB d'une taille de 239 acides aminés et présent au nombre de 3500 monomères chez E. coli. Il est composé de deux domaines fonctionnels. Le premier en N-ter est un domaine récepteur qui va recevoir le signal du capteur sous forme de phosphorylation du résidu aspartate 55. Le deuxième domaine en C-ter est un domaine de liaison à l'ADN présentant un motif caractéristique Hélice-coude-hélice ailé (wHTH). À la suite de la réception du signal le régulateur va se dimériser et se fixer sur des boîtes de fixation présentes sur l'ADN, permettant ainsi la régulation de certains gènes.

Stimuli et régulon
Le stimulus le plus connu du système est la variation d'osmolarité mais le système répond également à des variations de pH, la présence de procaïne, une carence nutritionnelle ou des modifications des éléments de l'enveloppe comme l'absence d'OPGs (glucanes périplasmiques osmorégulés).En plus de stimuli classiques, MzrA une protéine de la membrane est connue pour diminuer l'activité du système lors de stress de l'enveloppe par interaction avec EnvZ. À la suite de la phosphorylation, l'affinité de OmpR pour les boîtes de fixation du régulateur en amont de ompF et ompC augmente d'un facteur dix. Outre la régulation des porines, des analyses transcriptomiques dans laquelle l'expression des gènes a été mesurée en présence ou en absence de OmpR ont estimé que la protéine régulait 125 gènes chez E. coli. Parmi ces gènes on retrouve ceux liés à la motilité ou encore à la synthèse d'acides aminés. D'autres études ont déterminé que le système régulait des gènes de facteurs de virulence chez les bactéries zoopathogènes mais également chez les phytopathogènes.

Régulation des porines OmpF et OmpC
Les gènes régulés par OmpR les plus connus sont ompF et ompC dont l'expression dépend de l'osmolarité du milieu. À faible osmolarité, le capteur EnvZ possède une activité phosphatase forte et une activité kinase faible. On retrouve alors une faible quantité de protéines OmpR phosphorylées qui vont se fixer sur les sites de basses affinités de ompF et ompC, permettant l'expression de ompF mais pas de ompC. Quand l'osmolarité augmente, l'activité kinase de EnvZ va être majoritaire par rapport à l'activité phosphatase du capteur. La quantité d'OmpR phosphorylée va alors augmenter, ce qui va engendrer la fixation de ceux-ci sur les sites de fortes affinitées de ompF et ompC, provoquant la répression de ompF et l'activation de ompC.

Notes et références

Protéine

EnvZ/OmpR


Grešun (hrenak, lat. Sium), rod vodenastih trajnica iz porodice štitarke raširen po Europi, Aziji, Sjevernoj Americi i Africi. Postoji oko 10 priznatih vrsta. U Hrvatskoj raste širokolisni grešun (S. latifolium). Ostale poznate vrste su (S. suave) i šećerni ili slatki korijen (S. sisarum)

Vrste
 Sium carsonii  Durand ex A.Gray
 Sium latifolium  L.
 Sium latijugum  C.B.Clarke
 Sium medium  Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
 Sium ninsi  L.
 Sium serra (Franch. & Sav.) Kitag.
 Sium sisarum   L.
 Sium suave  Walter
 Sium tenue  (Kom.) Kom.
 Sium ventricosum  (H.Boissieu) Li S.Wang & M.F.Watson

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Oenantheae

Grešun


An Alocasia puber in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Justus Carl Hasskarl, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Alocasia puber in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alocasia, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Alocasia

Alocasia puber


Eylül ile aşağıdakilerden herhangi biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

 Eylül - Miladi takvim'e göre yılın 9. ayı
 Eylül - Grup Yorum albümü
 Eylül - Keremcem albümü
 Eylül - Mehmet Rauf'un romanı
 Eylül - 1987 yapımı TRT 1'de yayımlanan Türk televizyon dizisi.
 Eylül - 2005 yapımı atv'de yayımlanan Türk televizyon dizisi.

Eylül (anlam ayrımı)


Maide Suresi (Arapça: سورة المائدة, Surat'ul Maide), Kur'an'ın beşinci suresidir. Sure 120 ayetten oluşur.

İsimlendirme
Medine'de indirildiğine inanılan sure ismini 112. ve 114. ayetlerinde geçen sofra anlamına gelen, maide kelimesinden almıştır. Rivayete göre sure Hicri 6. yılda Muhammed'in Mekkelilerle yaptığı Hudeybiye Antlaşması'ndan sonra nâzil olmaya başladı. İhtiva ettiği birçok konudan biri olan ve "yemek sofrası" manasına gelen Maide, sureye isim olmuştur.

Konular
Sureye haram aylar, kurban, ihram gibi hacla ilgili konularla başlanır. Sonra yiyeceklerden ve kadınlardan haram-helal olanlar konusuna geçilir. Surenin 6. ayeti ise abdest ile ilgilidir. Sonra Âdem'in iki oğlunun kurban takdim etmeleri ve isim vermeden Habil ve Kabil konusu ele alınır.

Suredeki 33 ve 38. ayetler gibi bazı ayetler ise yol kesme, hırsızlık ve kısas benzeri Şeriat hüküm ifadelerden oluşur.

Surenin önemli bir miktarı Yahudi ve Hristiyanların inançları, "sapkınlıkları", düşmanlıkları gibi konularla ilgilidir. 110. ayet ise İsa'nın öldürülmediğini, göğe yükseltilmesini, mucizelerini, kendisine Tevrat ve "İncil"in öğretildiğini yazar.

Sure ahitlerini yerine getirenlerin kıyamet gününde alacakları ödüllerle bitirilir.

Kaynakça

Sureler

Maide Suresi


was a town which was located in Iwata District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

At the time of its merger, the town had an estimated population of 3,219 and a density of 11.86 persons per km2. The total area was 271.28 km2.

On July 1, 2005, Misakubo, along with the cities of Tenryū and Hamakita, the town of Haruno (from Shūchi District), the towns of Hosoe, Inasa and Mikkabi (all from Inasa District), the town of Sakuma, the village of Tatsuyama (all from Iwata District), and the towns of Maisaka and Yūtō (both from Hamana District), was merged into the expanded city of Hamamatsu, and is now part of Tenryū-ku, Hamamatsu City.

Misakubo is located on the Iida-sen (Iida Line) which runs from Toyohashi in Aichi Prefecture to Iida in Nagano Prefecture.

Festivals

Misakubo Matsuri (水窪まつり)

The most famous festival is the aptly named Misakubo Matsuri (Misakubo Festival) which takes place in mid-September. For more than a month prior to the two-day event the local people gather in area-groups and build a float, make costumes and practice skits. During the day of the festival the floats and performers travel round the town performing for the leaders of each area and the best performances are rewarded. The evenings are a traditional Yatai festival where wooden carved floats are pulled around the town by the revelers.

Kuni-Tori Tsunahiki (くにとり綱引き)
This is yearly tug-of-war competition between Misakubo, representing Shizuoka Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture.
The winning team moves the border of the prefecture by 1 meter, expanding the winning prefecture. In 2006 Misakubo won but is currently 3 meters in the red.

Dissolved municipalities of Shizuoka Prefecture
Hamamatsu

Misakubo, Shizuoka


Kongde Ri (nogle gange Kwangde Ri) er et bjerg i Himalaya i det østlige Nepal. Bjerget ligger fire kilometer vest for Namche Bazaar.

Bjerget er klassificeret som en "vandretop", men bliver anset for at være en af de mere udfordrende. En klatretilladelse koster 350 USD for op til fire klatrere.

Referencer

Bjerge i Himalaya
Nepal

Kongde Ri


17748 Uedashoji este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
17748 Uedashoji este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Saji de Observatorul din Saji. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,36 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 3,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 17001-18000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

17748 Uedashoji


Olaylar
 Hülagû Han, Büyük Kağan Möngke tarafından İran, Irak, Azerbaycan ve Abbasiler Devleti üzerine gönderildi.

Doğumlar
 II. Stefan Uroš Milutin, Sırbistan kralı (ö. 1321)

Ölümler
 22 Eylül - Dōgen, Japon Zen hocası ve Japonya'daki Soto Zen okulunun kurucusu (d. 1200)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Robert Grosseteste, İngiliz devlet adamı, teolog, filozof, Lincoln başpiskoposu (d. 1175)
 Theodoros Komnenos Dukas, Epirus hükümdarı, Selanik İmparatoru

1253


An Elymus cognatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Thomas Arthur Cope. An Elymus cognatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elymus

Elymus cognatus


José Reginaldo Vital (født 29. februar 1976) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

José Reginaldo Vital


Securitate var leynilögregluna í alþýðulýðveldinu Rúmeníu frá 1948-1989. Securitate hét fullu nafni Öryggisdeild ríkisins (á Rúmönsku: Departamentul Securității Statului). Securitate var stofnuð 30. ágúst 1948 með hjálp frá NKVD, innanríkisráðuneyti Sovétríkjanna. Fyrir Securitate starfaði leynilögregla undir nafninu Siguranța Statului í Rúmeníu. Eftir að forseta Rúmeníu Nicolae Ceaușescu var steypt af stóli árið 1989 tók ný ríkisstjórn við sem úthlutaði öllum verkefnum þeirra til nýrra stofnanna. Securitate var síðan endanlega leyst upp 30. desember 1989 aðeins 5 dögum eftir aftöku Nicolae Ceaușescu.

Þegar Securitate var hvað stærst störfuðu um 11.000 manns þar í fullu starfi og 500.000 sem uppljóstrarar.

Aðferðir Securitate töldust vera harðar miðað við aðrar leynilögreglur. Þegar kolanámumenn fóru í verkfall í ágúst 1977 voru leiðtogar þeirra sendir í röntgenmyndatökur í þeim tilgangi að láta þá fá krabbamein.

Tilvísanir

Leyniþjónustur
Saga Rúmeníu
Stofnað 1965
Lagt niður 1989

Securitate


Coroana imperială este o coroană folosită pentru încoronarea  împăraților.

Coroană

Coroană imperială