السرطان أو السلطعون . هو حيوان قشري عشر قدمي، ينتمي لما تحت رتبة قصيرات الذنب ، نظراً لقصر ذيله البارز أو المخفي تحت قفصه الصدري. تنتشر السرطانات في كل محيطات العالم، وتوجد عدة أنواع منها تستوطن المياه العذبة والبر، خاصة في المناطق الاستوائية. هناك حوالي 6,793 نوع معروف حالياً و 1800 أحافير غير مبهمة لأنواع منقرضة مختلفة مختلف من 93 عائلة مختلفة ينتمي إلى رتبة السرطانات. لا ينتمي السرطان الناسك وجراد البحر والجمبري والقريدس والروبيان وسرطان حدوة الحصان إلى رتبة السرطانات بالرغم من تشابه التسمية أو الشكل. الأنواع التي تنتمي إلى عائلة متفاوتات الذيول  تشبه عادة السرطانات الحقيقة ولكنها ليست كذلك.

نشأة
يمكن إيجاد السرطانات في أي محيط في العالم في حين أن الكثير من السلالات تعيش في المياه العذبة والأراضي خاصة في المناطق الإستوائية.

حوالي 850 سلالة هي بحرية (مياه عذبة)، برية، برمائية في المناطق الإستوائية والشبه الاستوائية. كان يعتقد أن السرطانات أحادية العرق (أي ينتمون لسلف واحد) ولكن الآن يعتقد أن سلاسلة السرطان تشمل نسبين مختلفين على الأقل. أحدهما من العالم القديم (آسيا - أفريقيا - أستراليا) والآخر من العالم الحديث (أمريكا الجنوبية - أمريكا الشمالية).

أقدم الحفريات الغير المبهمة تعود إلى العصر الجوراسي (181 إلى 135 مليون سنة مضت) بالرغم من أن العصر الكربوني (359.2 إلى 299.0 مليون سنة مضت) عاش فيه حيوان الكاراباس  الذي يمكن أن يكون سرطانا بدائيا.

التشعب التكيفي للسرطانات بدأ في العصر الطباشيري أو عند إنقسام قارة غندوانا المتزامن مع التشعب التكيفي للأسماك العظمية. ومنه ظهرت السرطانات المفترسة الأوائل.

الفارق بين الجنسين
 يملك الذكر عادة مخلبًا أكبر لجذب الإناث. بعض السرطانات تملك مخلبا كبيرا نسبيا واحدا لجذب الإناث.
 يملك الذكر عادة بطناً ضيقاً ومثلثاً. بينما تملك الإناث بطنا مستديرة وواسعة لحضن الصغار.
 تختلف النسبة بين حجمي الجنسين حسب النوع مثلا الأنثى أكبر من الذكر بالنسبة إلى سرطان البازلاء  والذكر أكبر من الأنثى بالنسبة إلى السرطان الأزرق وسرطان الشبح الأطلسي وسرطان خليج الشاطئ.
 السرطانات تظهر فرقا ملحوظا بين الجنسين وهذه الفروقات تختلف حسب النوع.

الشكل

تشريح
تملك السرطانات الصفات الأساسية عشاريات الأقدام. وتملك هيكلا خارجيا رقيقا مكونا من كربونات الكالسيوم زوجا من المخالب (chela)

يتراوح حجم السرطان بين بعض الملميترات مثل سرطان البازلاء  إلى حجم السرطان العنكبوت الياباني (4 أمتار = 13 قدم = 157.5 إنش = 4.374 ياردة).

من صفات هذا الحيوان أن له جسما دائريا مسطحا وهو مغطى بدروع قشرية قوية، وله خمس أزواج من الأرجل يستخدمها في السير والسباحة.. ومنها زوج عبارة عن كلابات ضخمة (تسمى بالخليج عضاعض) يستخدمها في الأكل والصيد والدفاع عن نفسه، ويمكنه من خلال هذه الكلابات أن يحطم الأصداف بسهولة للحصول على ما بداخلها من الرخويات.

مخالب

يختلف الشكل والحجم النسبي للمخالب الكبيرة للسرطانات اختلافاً كبيرا بين الأنواع حسب العادات التي تمارسها. ولذكر السرطان العازف كلاب (مخلب) واحد أكبر بكثير من الكلابات الأخرى. وتعيش سرطانات الناسك في محارات بحرية فارغة تحكم إغلاقها، مستخدمة أحد مخالبها بابا. ويأخذ لون وشكل ونسيج المخالب والأرجل والأجسام كثيرا من الظلال والأشكال. وتجري كثير من السرطانات على الطرق الجانبية لرمال أو صخور شاطئ البحر. ويوجد للسرطانات السابحة زوائد تشبه المجداف على قوائمها. ولديه القدرة على التضحية بإحدى أطرافه أو أرجله في حالة إحساسه بالخطر والتي يمكنه أن يعوضها بنموها من جديد.

التزاوج
تجذب السرطانات شريكها بمادة الفيرومون أو من خلال وسائل بصرية أو صوتية أو اهتزازية. تَستخدم مادة الفيرومون عادة من قبل السرطانات البحرية بينما تستخدم السرطانات البرية والسرطان البرمائية العلامات البصرية كالتلويح بالم خالب الكبيرة لجذب الإناث. العديد من السرطانات لديها إخصاب داخلي. بإمكان إناث السرطانات أن تخزن الكائنات المانوية لمدة طويلة قبل أن تستعمله لتخصيب البويضات.

تغذية
السرطان حيوان كالش (يتغذى على الحيوانات والنباتات). وهو يتغذى على المخلفات والغماريات والروبيان ومتماثلات الأرجل وروبيان السرعوف وكثيرات الأشعار والـOstreoida وثنائيات الصدفة وبطنيات القدم. وهو فريسة لعدة أنواع من الأسماك كالبوروك الأوروبي والنازلي الفضي (silver hake) والنازلي المرقط (spotted hake) والنازلي السنجاب (Squirrel Hake) والقد (cods) والحدوق (haddocks) وغراب البحر والسمك الأزرق.

علاقته بالإنسان

صيد السرطانات

تُصاد السرطانات الحقيقة وتُربى في مزارع سمكية وتستهلك في جميع أنحاء العالم، 20% من القشريات التي تصطاد وتربى هي سرطانات (1,4 طن يستهلك سنويا). سلالات السرطانات الأكثر إصطيادا هي سرطانات الحصان (Portunus trituberculatus ) وسرطانات الزهور (Portunus pelagicus) وسرطانات الثلج (Chionoecetes) والسرطانات الزرقاء (Callinectes sapidus) والسرطانات البنية (Cancer pagurus) وسرطانات دونجونيس (Metacarcinus magister) وسرطانات الوحل (Scylla serrata), كل واحدة منها توفر حوالي معدل 20.000 طن سنويا.

الجدول التالي يلخص محاصيل السرطان من سنة 2000 إلى سنة 2008 بالطن

معارضة صيد السرطانات
عادة ما تُغلى السرطانات وهي حيّة عند الطهي. صرح العلماء النروجيين في عام 2005 أنها لا تشعر بالألم ، ولكن الدراسات الأحدث أشارت أن السرطان قادرة على الشعور وتذكر الألم.

ثقافة

طهو
 بعض السرطانات لديها قيمة غذائية كبيرة، مثلا السرطان الأوروبي صالح للأكل وله صدفة كبيرة لها قشرة سهلة الكسر.
 يعتبر السرطان الأزرق أكثر السرطانات البحرية التي تباع غذاء في أسواق شرقي أمريكا الشمالية. وفي المنطقة الهندية الباسيفيكية يتم صيد أنواع مختلفة للأكل أيضا.
 أشهر هذه الأنواع هو السرطان الأزرق السابح الذي يوجد في مياه أستراليا.
 بالإضافة إلى السرطان الأزرق السابح، يصيد الأستراليون أيضا سرطان المانجروف أو سرطان الطين بكميات كبيرة، وهو نوع ذو جسم ثقيل وصدفة شوكية.
 كما يتم صيد السرطان العنكبوتي الياباني بكميات كبيرة في منطقة الشرق الأقصى.

فن ومجالات أخرى

 علم ديرغكس لاند (dirksland) وعلم اتحاد السكان في الكاميرون (1995) يحتويان على صورة سرطان.
 مستر سلطة (Mr krabs) في برنامج سبونج بوب هو شخصية خيالية تشبه السرطان.
 كرابي (krabby - クラブ) هو اسم بوكيمون يشبه السرطان.
 كراب (krabe) هو أحد الوحوش التي ظهرت في فيلم أبطال ليوكو
 سديم السرطان هو بقايا مستعر أعظم وسديم رياح نبضية في كوكبة الثور.
 كراب (crab) هي أغنية ألفت عام 2003.(عنوانها يعني سرطان).
 الرجل السرطان (crabman) هو إحدى شخصيات مسلسل «اسمي إيرل».
 قصة السرطان ذا المخالب الذهبية (بالفرنسية: ) هي قصة نشرت عام 1940.
 (Brainstorm) هو إحدى شخصيات مسلسل بن 10 وهو كائن فضائي يشبه السرطان.

التصنيف
 قصيرات الذنب الحقيقية
 متغايرات الثقوب
 البطمونينات
 البطمونات
 البطموناوات
 البطمون

انظر أيضا
 سرطان كماني
 سرطان المرجان
 سرطان البازلاء
 سرطان أزرق
 القشريات
 مصيدة الكركند
 نزع مخالب سرطان البحر

مراجع

سرطانات
قشريات تجارية
قشريات صالحة للأكل
كائنات باقية ظهرت خلال الجوراسي

سرطان (حيوان)


Cücahlı, Karabük ilinin Safranbolu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 38 km, Safranbolu ilçe merkezine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Safranbolu belde ve köyleri

Cücahlı


52242 Michelemaoret este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
52242 Michelemaoret este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Henri Debehogne și Giovanni De Sanctis. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,68 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 12,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 52001-53000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1981
Centura de asteroizi

52242 Michelemaoret


Christian Peskine est un mathématicien français, né le .

Biographie
Christian Peskine est le fils du cinéaste Boris Peskine (1911-1991), déporté pendant la guerre.

Il a soutenu sa thèse de doctorat en mathématiques, intitulée Dimension projective finie et cohomologie locale,  à l'Université Paris-Sud en 1971 sous la direction de Pierre Samuel et Maurice Auslander.

Il a été chercheur au CNRS de 1966 à 1972, professeur à l'Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg de 1972 à 1975, professeur à l'Université d'Oslo de 1975 à 1985, puis professeur à l'Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie depuis 1985.

Il a créé l'Institut de mathématiques de Jussieu, qu'il a dirigé de 1994 à 2000. Il a ensuite été directeur scientifique adjoint pour les mathématiques du département de Sciences Physiques et Mathématiques (SPM) du CNRS de 2000 à 2007.

Il est professeur émérite de mathématiques à l'Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie.

Principaux travaux
 Liaison des variétés algébriques, avec Lucien Szpiro.
 Théorèmes et conjectures d'intersection, avec Lucien Szpiro.
 Classification des courbes gauches, avec Laurent Gruson.
 Surfaces projectives complexes lisses en dimension 4, avec .

Distinctions
 1984 : Fridtjof Nansen's Belønning, Académie Royale de Norvège.
 1987 : Membre de l'Académie Royale de Norvège.
 1988 : Prix d'excellence NAVF pour la recherche, Norvège.

Principales publications
 Une généralisation du main theorem de Zariski, Bulletin de la Société mathématique de France, 1966.
 Cohomologie locale et dimension projective finie, avec Lucien Szpiro, Publications mathématiques de l'IHÉS, 1973.
 Liaison des variétés algébriques, avec Lucien Szpiro, Inventiones mathematicae, 1974.
 Syzygies et multiplicités,  avec Lucien Szpiro, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, Paris, 1974.
 Genre des courbes de l'espace projectif I, avec Laurent  Gruson, Algebraic Geometry, Tromso, 1978.
 Genre des courbes de l'espace projectif II, avec Laurent  Gruson, Annales scientifiques de l'École normale supérieure, 1982.
 On a theorem of  Castelnuovo and equations defining space curves, avec Laurent Gruson et Robert Lazarsfeld, Inventiones mathematicae, 1983.
 On the normal bundle of curves on a smooth projective surface,  avec  et Stein Arild Stromme, Inventiones mathematicae, 1985.
 Sur les surfaces lisses de P^4, avec Geir Ellingsrud,  Inventiones mathematicae, 1989.
 An Algebraic Introduction to Complex Projective Geometry 1. Commutative Algebra, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics,  Cambridge University Press, 1996.
 On the smooth locus of aligned Hilbert Schemes. The k-secant lemma and the general projection theorem, avec Laurent Gruson, Duke Mathematical Journal, 2013.

Voir aussi
 Maurice Auslander (1926-1994), avec Idun Reiten, Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Volume 42, 1995.
 Un institut de mathématiques fondamentales : l'exemple de Jussieu, La Lettre de SPM, CNRS, 1997.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1943
Mathématicien français du XXe siècle
Mathématicien français du XXIe siècle
Professeur à l'université de Strasbourg
Professeur à l'université d'Oslo
Professeur à l'université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie
Docteur de l'université Paris-Sud

Christian Peskine


Oxalis suksdorfii er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er upprunnin frá vesturhluta N-Ameríku.

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Oxalis suksdorfii


La fosse mandibulaire (ou cavité glénoïde du temporal) est une profonde dépression de la partie basilaire de l'écaille de l'os temporal.

Structure
La fosse mandibulaire est délimitée en avant par le tubercule articulaire et en arrière par la partie tympanique de l'os temporal, qui la sépare du méat acoustique externe.

La fosse est divisée en deux parties par une fente étroite, la fissure pétro-tympanique.

La partie antérieure de la fosse est formée par la partie squameuse de l'os temporal.Elle est recouverte de cartilage et s'articule avec le condyle de la mandibule.

La partie postérieure de la fosse mandibulaire, formée par la partie tympanique de l'os, est non articulaire, et loge parfois une partie de la glande parotide.

Elle est de forme concave.

Rôle
La fosse reçoit le processus condylien de la mandibule pour y former l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire.

Embryologie
La fosse mandibulaire se développe à partir du cartilage condylien. Ce développement peut être stimulé par SOX9 ou ACVR1, comme cela a été observé dans des modèles murins.

Aspect clinique
Des problèmes de morphogenèse au cours du développement embryonnaire peuvent empêcher la formation correcte de la fosse mandibulaire. Cela peut être causé par des mutations des gènes SOX9 ou ACVR1.

Si la fosse mandibulaire est très peu profonde, cela peut entraîner des problèmes de résistance de l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire. Cela peut entraîner une subluxation facile de l'articulation et du trismus.

La déformation de la fosse mandibulaire, qui fait souvent partie de la dysplasie temporo-mandibulaire, provoque des problèmes similaires chez le chien .Cela peut se résoudre spontanément ou nécessiter une intervention chirurgicale.

Anatomie comparée
La fosse mandibulaire est une caractéristique des crânes de divers autres animaux, comme les chiens.

Voir aussi

 Articulation temporo-mandibulaire

Notes et références

Crâne

Fosse mandibulaire


Johannes "Hans" Bouwens (born 8 December 1944), known as George Baker, is a Dutch singer and songwriter who, with his band George Baker Selection, scored two international hits in the 1970s, "Paloma Blanca" and "Little Green Bag". Baker also recorded as a solo artist for a number of years.

Childhood
Bouwens was born near the end of World War II on 8 December 1944 as the son of a single mother on the Gravenstraat in Hoorn, at or near the location where Jan Pieterszoon Coen was born in 1587. Months before Bouwens was born, his father, Peppino Caruso, a former Italian soldier from Calabria put to labor by the Germans in nearby Grosthuizen, had been killed while attempting to escape when he was to be transferred to Germany. Bouwens was raised by his mother and his grandparents, Willemke Woudstra and Johannes Bouwens (1886–1952), first in Hoorn and from 1957 on the Wandelweg in Wormerveer. There, he sang and played guitar in a schoolband (The Jokers) with Bob Ketzer, but at the age of 14 he left school and took jobs unloading ships on the Zaan and eventually as a factory worker at a lemonade factory. In 1961, he took the stage name "Body" and formed the band Body and the Wild Cats, with Bob Ketzer and his brother Ruud as well as Gerrit Bruyn on bass, all from Wormerveer.

George Baker Selection

In 1968, Bouwens joined the band Soul Invention, a soul band which was founded the previous year by Henk Kramer in Assendelft and played covers of songs by Otis Redding and Sam and Dave. The band consisted of Job Netten (guitar), Henk Kramer and Eric Bardoen (saxophone), Jacques Greuter (keyboard and flute), Theo Vermast and later Jan Visser (bass), and Ton Vredenburg (drums). Visser and Bouwens wrote the song "Little Greenback" in the summer of 1969. The band recorded their first album in September 1969, after which, considering this was no soul music, they changed their name to The George Baker Selection, Bouwens naming himself for a character from a detective novel. This first album, Little Green Bag (1970), produced an immediate worldwide hit: their debut single, "Little Green Bag," reached No. 16 on the Cash Box magazine chart and No. 21 on the Billboard Top 100 in the United States. The success came as a surprise for Baker, who remembers hearing it on the radio while he was working in a lemonade factory. The single sold over one million copies globally, and received a gold disc.

A string of singles and albums followed; the second single, "Dear Ann," was such a success that Baker resigned from his job in the lemonade factory and became a full-time musician. Not all band members followed suit, and besides Bouwens, the "Selection" from mid 1970 was formed by Jan Visser, Jan Hop (drums), Jacques Greuter and George Thé (voice, guitar, bass). In March 1971 Jan Visser left the band to be replaced by Cor Veerman. Besides scoring hits with his own Selection, he also wrote songs for others, including BZN, The Shoes, Andy Star, and Next One. In 1974, singer Lida Bond joined the Selection, and combining her voice with Baker's proved highly successful.

The Selection's fifth album, Paloma Blanca, was released in 1975, and the single "Paloma Blanca" reached No. 1 on charts in several countries. By this time Nelleke Brzoskowsky was the singer; she had joined in 1975. "Paloma Blanca" sold more than seven million copies worldwide, making it one of the most successful Dutch singles ever.

In 1978, Baker disbanded the Selection because "the pressure had become too much." The band has sold over 20 million records worldwide. However, Baker formed a new George Baker Selection in 1985, which stayed together till 1989. The second version of the Selection has released twelve albums and several compilation albums.

Baker was one of the artists who recorded the song Shalom from Holland (written by Simon Hammelburg and Ron Klipstein) as a token of solidarity to the Israeli people, threatened by missiles from Iraq, during the first Gulf War in 1991.

The Selection experienced a brief return to the international charts in 1992 when the song "Little Green Bag" was used in the title sequence of the film Reservoir Dogs.

In 2015, "Little Green Bag" was used in the fadeout of some episodes of series two of the Australian drama LOVE CHILD. In 2017, 2018 and 2019 Baker recorded new versions for commercials by Lidl supermarket chainstore.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhvZE5KgJOI

Solo career
After he disbanded the Selection in 1978, Baker performed as a solo artist till 1985, when he briefly returned with a new roster of the Selection. In 1989, he returned to solo work. In 2005, he released a remix of the song "Paloma Blanca" for the film Too Fat Too Furious. As a solo artist, he had released nine albums as of early September 2017. He was managed by Jaap Buijs, who died in 2015.

Discography

George Baker Selection

Solo albums

Solo singles

Notes

References

External links
George Baker

1944 births
Living people
Dutch male singer-songwriters
Dutch singer-songwriters
English-language singers from the Netherlands
Dutch people of Italian descent
People from Hoorn
People from Zaanstad

George Baker (Dutch singer)


Krsto Papić () a fost un regizor de film și scenarist croat de origine muntenegreană. Cariera sa cinematografică s-a întins pe mai multe decenii (1965–2012). A primit premiul Arena de Aur pentru cel mai bun regizor de trei ori, în 1970 în  competiția iugoslavă și în 1992 și 1998 în competiția croată.

Filmografie
 Ključ (1965, segment)
 Iluzija (1967)
 Lisice (1969)
 Predstava Hamleta u Mrduši Donjoj (1973)
 Mântuitorul (1976)
 Tajna Nikole Tesle (1980)
 Život sa stricem (1988)
 Priča iz Hrvatske (1991)
 Kad mrtvi zapjevaju (1999)
 Infekcija (2003)

Viață personală
A fost căsătorit cu dr. Jadranka Stefanac-Papic din 1983 până la moartea lui. Are mai mulți copii: Branka Papić, Tara Papić, Ela Papić, Boris Papić.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1933
Decese în 2013
Regizori croați
Regizori de film croați
Scenariști croați
Regizori iugoslavi
Scenariști iugoslavi

Krsto Papić


Klasične skulpture u zbirci Farnese, jedan aspekt ove velike umjetničke zbirke, jedna su od prvih zbirki umjetničkih predmeta iz grčko-rimske antike. Uključuje neke od najutjecajnijih klasičnih djela, uključujući skulpture koje su bile dio Farneseovih mramora, njihovu zbirku statua, koja uključuje svjetski poznata djela kao što su Farneški Herkul, Farneška zdjela, Farneški bik i Farneški Atlas. Ti su kipovi sada izloženi u Napuljskom nacionalnom arheološkom muzeju u Italiji. s nekima u Britanskom muzeju u Londonu.

Povijest

Predmete u zbirci nabavio je ili rekvirirao kardinal Alessandro Farnese, koji je postao papa Pavao III. (1534. - 1549.). Klasična umjetnička djela rutinski su otkrivana u rimskim zemljama, a tijekom talijanske renesanse postala su vrlo tražena. Mnogi su bili obiteljsko nasljeđe uglednih obitelji u Rimu. Alessandro je kupio zbirke Sassi i Bernardino Fabio, zaplijenio zbirku Colonna, a kao donaciju dobio zbirku kardinala Federica Cesija. Ostala djela kupljena su na tržištu antikviteta, uključujući djela koja su se pojavljivala u sklopu iskapanja i gradnje po cijelom gradu. Michelangelo je dizajnirao unutarnje niše za izlaganje kipova u masivnoj Palazzo Farnese (1546.) u Rimu.

Mnoga od najpoznatijih djela u zbirci Farnese, poput Farneškog Herkula i Farneškog bika, Flore, Gladijatora, Atene i drugih, svi su pronađeni u Karakalinim termama.

Zbirku Farnese dodatno je povećao Papin nećak, drugi kardinal Alessandro, kupnjom zbirki Del Bufalo i Cesarini. Također je uključivalo nasljedstvo koje je 1587. ostavila Margareta od Parme, udovica najprije Alessandra de Medicija, a zatim Ottavija Farnesea. Također je posjedovala zbirku poznatih ugraviranih dragulja, koji su prije pripadali Lorenzu dei Medici, uključujući Farnešku zdjelu, i važne mramorne skulpture kao što su kipovi iz Pergama.

Farneseov kolekcionar i antikvar od povjerenja Fulvio Orsini pomogao je u kupnji drugih djela, a nakon njegove smrti ostavio je svoju zbirku dragulja, kovanica i bista Odoardu Farneseu . Među djelima su bila dva kipa Herkula i dva kipa Flore; dva su gladijatora postavljena ispod lukova dvorišta Palazza; dok je Farneški bik bio smješten u posebnom ograđenom prostoru u drugom dvorištu.

Prikaz
Antički kipovi unutar palače Farnese bili su raspoređeni prema temama. U Gran Salone, Sala degli Imperatori, Sala dei Filosofi i Galleria dei Carracci bili su vrijedni mramori. Stropne freske Annibale Carracci koje prikazuju Ljubavi bogova naslikane su ne samo za proslavu vjenčanja, već su također komentirale kipove u nišama ispod freski.

Seoba u Napulj

Obitelj Farnese, koja je postala vojvoda od Parme, izgubila je posljednjeg muškog nasljednika nakon smrti Antonija Farnesea od Parme, pa je kolekcija prešla preko Elisabette Farnese, koja se udala za španjolskog kralja Filipa V., njihovom sinu Charlesu od Bourbona, koji je postao kralj Napulja i obiju Sicilija 1734. Zatim je odlučio preseliti zbirke iz Parme u Napulj. Njegov sin Ferdinand IV. Napuljski donio je rimske zbirke u Napulj 1787. godine, unatoč snažnom protivljenju papinstva. Mnoge mramorne skulpture restaurirao je Carlo Albacini (1735.-1813.).

Klasične skulpture zbirki Farnese još su uvijek zajedno izložene u Nacionalnom arheološkom muzeju u Napulju. Većina slika, s druge strane, premještena je u Museo di Capodimonte, također u Napulju, dok su neka druga djela iz zbirki premještena u museo civico i Collegio Alberoni u Piacenzi, Galleria Nazionale u Parmi i britanski Muzej.

Poznati predmeti iz zbirke Farnese

Zbirka sadrži mnoge kopije starogrčkih izvornika i pruža opsežan pregled klasične rimske skulpture. Među nagradama zbirke su:

 Farneški Herkul (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Farneška zdjela (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Farneški bik  (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Farneška Flora (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Farneški gladijator (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Venera Kalipigijska (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Farneški Atlas (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Farneška Atena (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Farneški Antinoj (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Farneška Hera (Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju)
 Farneški Hermes (Britanski muzej)
 Farneški Dijadumen (Britanski muzej)

Povezani članci
 Kolekcija Townley

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Web stranica Nacionalnog arheološkog muzeja u Napulju

Izlošci u Nacionalnom arheološkom muzej u Napulju
Skulpture

Zbirka Farnese


(d. 13 Kasım 1896 – ö. 7 Ağustos 1987; Takma adı: Shōwa no Yōkai (昭和の妖怪 / Şova canavarı) Japonya'nın 56 ve 57. başbakanı olmuş Japon siyasetçi.

II. Dünya Savaşı sırasındaki hükûmetteki bakanlık görevleri dolayısıyla savaş sonrası kurulan Uzak Doğu Uluslararası Askerî Ceza Mahkemesi'nce A Sınıf Savaş Suçlusu olarak hüküm giydi. Fakat arkadaşlarının idamının ardından, ABD'nin SSCB tehdidine karşı milliyetçi siyaset strajesi doğrultusunda serbest bırakıldı. 1960 yılında ABD ile yapılmış olan Güvenlik İşbirliği Anlaşması'nın yenilenmesi konusundaki ısrarcı tutumu ülkede büyük çapta protesto gösterilerine ve hükûmet krizine yol açtı. Başbakanlıktan istifa etmek zorunda kaldığı gün göstericiler tarafından fena biçimde darbedildi.

Torunu Shinzō Abe 2006 yılında Japonya başbakanı oldu.

Kaynakça

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Japonya başbakanları
1896 doğumlular
1987 yılında ölenler
Yamaguchi ili doğumlular
Tokyo'da ölenler
Shinzō Abe

Nobusuke Kishi


سايتو هاجيمي 斎藤 一 (ولد وتوفي في 18 فبراير 1844 - 28 سبتمبر 1915) كان ساموراي ياباني في نهاية حقبة إيدو، واشتهر بخدمته كقائد الوحدة الثالثة من فرقة شينسنغومي، يعد واحدا من قلائل الأفراد الرئيسيين الذين نجوا من الحروب المتعددة بنهاية نظام شوغون.

السنوات الأولى
سايتو ولد في إيدو، مقاطعة موساشي (والتي تعرف الآن بطوكيو)، هناك معلومات قليلة عن بدايات حياته، انتقل من إيدو عام 1862 إلى كيوتو وتدرب في دوجو رجل يدعى يوشيدا الذي اعتمد على والد سايتو في الماضي. أسلوب قتاله قريب من أسلوب إيتو أو أسلوب موغاي.

مع شينسنغومي
عمل سايتو في فرقة شينسنغومي، لم تتوفر معلومات مؤكده عن دوره فيها، قيل أنه عمل جاسوسا على المنظمات الأخرى، كما قيل أنه قام بإعدام الأفراد الفاسدين في الفرقة نفسها.

عندما أعيد ترتيب الفرقة في 1864، عين سايتو قائدا للوحدة الرابعة، وفي 1865 عين قائدا للوحدة الثالثة، يعد سايتو بنفس المستوى الذي كان عليه قائد الوحدة الأولى أوكيتا سوجي وقائد الوحدة الثانية ناكاغورا شينباتشي. شارك سايتو بمعارك كثيرة مع شينسنغومي، كمعركة توبا-فوشيمي ومعركة كوشو-كاتاسنوما، قبل أن ينسحب ومعه من نجا من شينسنغومي إلى مقاطعة أيزو.

بعد ثورة ميجي
عرف سايتو وقتها باسم فوجيتا غورو 藤田 五郎، ارتحل إلى تونامي الإقليم الجديد لجماعة ماتسودايرا من أيزو. وهناك سكن مع كوراسوا هيجيمون الصديق القديم من كيوتو، قابل شينودا ياسو ليتزوجا في 25 أغسطس 1871، وحوالي تلك الفترة ارتبط سايتو بمكتب الشرطة. انتقل سايتو إلى طوكيو عام 1876 ليعمل ضابط شرطة في مركز شرطة مدينة طوكيو، بينما انتقلت ياسو مع كوراسوا وعائلته.

في 1874، تزوج سايتو من تاكاغي توكيو، لينجبا ثلاثة أبناء هم تسوتومو (1876-1956)، تسويوشي (1879-1946)، تاتسو (1886-1945)، ومنهم لا تزال سلالة سايتو مستمرة إلى اليوم.

قاتل سايتو بجانب حكومة ميجي في ثورة ساتسوما كفرد في فريق الشرطة الذي أرسل لدعم الجيش الإمبراطوري الياباني.

في فنون القصص
نمت المعرفة بشخص سايتو في أوسطا متابعي المانغا والأنمي، كما في سلسلة روروني كنشين التي ضمنته في بطولة فصل من القصة، حيث يظهر كشخص شرير سبق أن تواجه ضد سفاح الإمبراطوريين السابق هيمورا كنشين، ليصبح حليفا له بتطور القصة لمقاتلة العدو المشترك شيشيو ماكوتو. صور سايتو كشخص طويل هادئ كالصورة التي تناقلت عن الشخصية التاريخية. كان سايتو محبا للقتل، حظي بصلاحية خاصة في حمل كاتانا، إلا أنه كان يقاتل بأسلوب خيالي يسمى غاتوتسو ولكن مقارب للطريقة التي كان سايتو يقاتل بها.

اقرأ أيضا
 باكوماتسو
 استعراش ميجي
 سايتو هاجيمي، شخصية مبنية من مانغا وأنمي روروني كنشين

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 هاجيمي نو كيزو موقع مهدى إلى سايتو هاجيمي وفرقة شينسنغومي.
 سايتو هاجيمي.
 قاعدة بيانات شينسنغومي موقع يصنف المعلومات عن شينسنغومي.

نبلاء من طوكيو
أشخاص من طوكيو
إصلاح ميجي
ساموراي
شينسنغومي
ضباط شرطة يابانيون
مواليد 1844
مواليد في إيدو
وفيات 1915
وفيات في طوكيو
أشخاص في حرب بوشين

سايتو هاجيمي


La línea N2 (Nocturna 2) del Transporte Urbano Comarcal de Pamplona cubre la ruta Paseo de Sarasate con Barañáin pasando en su recorrido por Iturrama (avenidas Pio XII y Sancho el Fuerte) y Ermitagaña-Mendebaldea. Tiene servicio todas las noches aunque su horario es más amplio los sábados y vísperas de festivos donde se cubre casi toda la franja horaria donde no hay servicio diurno y los viernes en que el servicio finaliza a las 4h. La línea dispone de servicios para personas con discapacidad.

Paradas

Véase también
 Transporte Urbano Comarcal de Pamplona
 Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona - TUC

Transporte Urbano Comarcal de Pamplona

Línea N2 (TUC Pamplona)


كليومينس الأول ملك إسبرطة وهو ابن أناكساندريداس الثاني الذي خلفه عام 520 ق م وكان أهم ما حدث في عهده هو انتصاره الساحق على جيوش أرغوس قرب تيرينس، وروى هيرودوت أنه أحرق ستة آلاف منهم حتى الموت في حرشة مقدسة كانوا يختبئون فيها بعد هزيمتهم، فحققت لإسبرطة السيطرة الكاملة على البيلوبونيز

لم تكن تدخلات كليومينس في سياسة وسط اليونان بذات النجاح، وفي عام 510 ق م تقدم إلى أثينا بقوة إسبرطية للمساعدة في طرد البيسيستراتيديين، وعاد لاحقا إليها ليساعد الحزب الأوليغاركي الذي يقوده إيساغوراس ضد كليسثينيس، وطرد 700 عائلة ونقل الحكومة من المجلس إلى 300 من الأوليغاركي، ولكنه حوصر في الأكروبوليس أجبر على الاستسلام، وفي طريق عودته جمع قوة كبيرة وكان نيته جعل إيساغوراس طاغية على أثينا ولكن معارضة حلفائه الكورنثيين وزميله ديماراتوس سببت انتهاء الحملة بعد وصوله إلى إليوسيس.

في عام 491 ق م هاجم أيجينا ليعاقبها على استسلامها لدارا الأول، على أن مؤامرات زميله أحبطت المهمة، وانتقم بأن اتهم ديماراتوس بعدم شرعيته ونحى به لمصلحة ليوتيخيدس، ولكن اكتشف أن كليومنيس رشى كاهنة دلفي لكي تقيم له حجته واضطر للهرب، وذهب أولا إلى ثيساليا ثم أركاديا حيث حاول أن يحض على تمرد ضد إسبرطة. وحوالي العام 488 ق م تم استدعاؤه ولكن بعدها أصيب بالجنون. وخلفه ليونيداس الأول بطل معركة ثيرموبيلاي عام 480 ق م.

لم يذكر كليومينس باستحسان من هيرودوتس ومن مخبريه وزاد باوسانياس عن تلخيصات هيرودوتس قليلا، وعلى الرغم من فشله، والذي رجع في الأغلب بسبب غيرة ديماتاروس، فقد قوى إسبرطة وقوى موقفه كبطل وقائد للعرق اليوناني، واتجهت إليه المدن الأيونية في آسيا الصغرى عندما ثارت على الإمبراطورية الفارسية، ويرى ج. ويلز أن حملة أرغوس كانت في بدايات عهده بينما أغلب المؤرخين يرون أنها كانت سنة 495 ق م.

مصادر

أشخاص أقدموا على الانتحار في السجن
حكام القرن 6 ق م
حكام في القرن 5 ق م
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
ملكيون في القرن 5 ق م
ملكيون في القرن 6 ق م
منتحرون بأداة حادة في اليونان
منتحرون ومنتحرات
مواليد في أسبرطة
وفيات 489 ق م
وفيات عقد 480 ق م
وفيات في أسبرطة
منتحرون في اليونان القديمة

كليومينس الأول


EW, Ew, or ew may refer to:

In arts and entertainment
 "Ew!", a 2014 song by Jimmy Fallon and will.i.am
 "Ew", a 2020 song by Joji
 eBaum's World, an entertainment website
 Electric Wizard, a metal band from Dorset, England
 Eggplant Wizard, a character in the Kid Icarus video games
 Entertainment Weekly, an American magazine, published by Meredith
 Eugene Weekly, an alternative weekly newspaper published in Eugene, Oregon
 Extreme Warfare, a series of computer games
 Eddsworld, a British animated web series

In science and technology
 Electronic warfare, the use of electromagnetic energy in warfare
 Electroweak interaction, in physics
 Electrowinning, an electro-chemical process
 Entomological warfare, a type of biological warfare that uses insects to attack the enemy
 Equivalent weight, in chemistry
 Exawatt, an SI unit of power
 Extinct in the wild, a conservation status level

Transport

 NZR EW Class Electric Locomotive, Electric locomotive used in the Wellington region of New Zealand

Other uses
 Eww (disambiguation)
 Ew (digraph), in the English language
 Each-way (bet), a wager consisting of a win bet and a place bet
 East West (disambiguation), comparable to "NS" for North-South or "UD" for Up-Down
 Emergency ward, a medical treatment facility specializing in emergency medicine
 Eurowings (IATA airline designator), a German airline
 Disgust

EW


This is a list of football clubs in Romania that play in the main leagues for the 2022–2023 season.

SuperLiga

 FC Argeș Pitești
 FC Botoșani
 CFR Cluj
 Chindia Târgoviște
 Farul Constanța
 FCSB
 FC Hermannstadt
 CS Mioveni
 Petrolul Ploiești
 Rapid București
 Sepsi Sfântu Gheorghe
 FC U Craiova 1948
 Universitatea Craiova
 "U" Cluj
 UTA Arad
 FC Voluntari

Liga II
CSC 1599 Șelimbăr
 FC Brașov
Concordia Chiajna
 Csikszereda Miercurea Ciuc
 Dinamo 1948
CSC Dumbrăvița
 Gloria Buzău
 Metaloglobus
Minaur Baia Mare
Oțelul Galați
 Poli Iași
 Poli Timișoara
Progresul Spartac
 Ripensia Timișoara
 CSM Slatina
 CSA Steaua București
Unirea Constanța
Unirea Dej
Unirea Slobozia
 Viitorul Pandurii Tg. Jiu

Liga III

Seria I
 CSM Bacău
Bucovina Rădăuți
Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț
 Csikszereda II
Dante Botoșani
Foresta Suceava
 Rapid Brodoc
Șomuz Fălticeni
 Știința Miroslava
 Viitorul Darabani

Seria II
Aerostar Bacău
Dacia Unirea Brăila
Dinamo Bacău
CSM Focșani
Metalul Buzău
CSM Râmnicu Sărat
Sporting Liești
Viitorul Ianca
Voința Limpeziș
Unirea Braniștea

Seria III
CS Afumați
Agricola Borcea
CS Amara
Dunărea Călărași
 Farul Constanța II
Gloria Albești
Gloria Băneasa
Înainte Modelu
Recolta Gheorghe Doja
FC Voluntari II

Seria IV
Astra Giurgiu
CS Dinamo București
 FCSB II
Flacăra Moreni
Muscelul Câmpulung Elite
SC Popești-Leordeni
FC Pucioasa
Real Bradu
Unirea Bascov
CS Tunari

Seria V
Kids Tâmpa Brașov
KSE Târgu Secuiesc
Odorheiu Secuiesc
Olimpic Cetate Râșnov
Olimpic Zărnești
CS Păulești
CSO Plopeni
 Sepsi OSK II
SR Brașov

Seria VI
CSM Alexandria
 Cetatea Turnu Măgurele
Cozia Călimănești
Flacăra Horezu
Minerul Costești
Petrolul Potcoava
Sporting Roșiori
 CS U Craiova II
Vedița Colonești
 Viitorul Dăești

Seria VII
Aurul Brad
CSM Deva
ACSO Filiași
Gilortul Târgu Cărbunești
Jiul Petroșani
Progresul Ezeriș
Retezatul Hațeg
 Viitorul Pandurii II
Viitorul Șimian
Voința Lupac

Seria VIII
ACB Ineu
Avântul Periam
Crișul Chișineu Criș
Gloria Lunca-Teuz Cermei
CSM Ghiroda și Giarmata Vii
Phoenix Buziaș
Pobeda Star Bisnov
Progresul Pecica
CSM Reșița
Șoimii Lipova

Seria IX
Avântul Reghin
Corvinul Hunedoara
Metalurgistul Cugir
CS Ogna Mureș
Sănătatea Cluj
ACS Târgu Mureș 1898
Unirea Alba Iulia
Unirea Ungheni
Universitatea Alba Iulia
Viitorul Cluj

Seria X
FC Bihor Oradea
 CFR Cluj II
 Gloria Bistrița-Năsăud
Lotus Băile Felix
Minerul Ocna Dej
CSM Satu Mare
CSM Sighetu Marmației
Sportul Șimleu Silvaniei
Victoria Carei
SCM Zalău

Liga IV

Liga IV - București
ACP 3 Kids Sport
Asalt București
 Daco-Getica
ACS FC Dinamo
Metaloglobus II
Pro Team
Progresul 2005
Rapid Frumoșii Nebuni ai Giuleștiului
Romprim București
Sportivii București
Sportul D&A
Știința București
Turistul București
Venus București

Liga IV - Argeș
 ARO Muscelul Câmpulung
ACS Bălilești
ACS Costești
DLR Pitești
CS Domnești
Energia Stolnici
International Valea Iașului
Juventus Bascov
 CS Mioveni II
Muscelul Câmpulung Elite II
Muscelul Lerești
ACS Poiana Lacului
Sola Gratia Dragoslavele
Speed Academy Pitești
CSC Sușeni
Victoria Buzoiești
Viitorul Birla
Viitorul Rucăr

Liga IV - Bacău
AS Barsanesti
Bradul Mănăstirea Cașin
CS Dofteana
CS Faraoani
AS Filipești
Flamura Roșie Sascut
Gauss Bacău
Măgura Cașin
Măgura Târgu Ocna
CSM Moinești
AS Negri
ASV Oituz
Rapid Bacău
Siretu Săucești
Sportul Onești
Unirea Bacău
UZU Darmanesti
Voința Brătești
Viitorul Berești-Tazlău
Viitorul Caiuți
Viitorul Curita
Viitorul Nicolae Bălcescu

Liga IV - Bihor
FC Bihor II
Bihorul Beiuș
Crișul Aleșd
Crișul Sântandrei
Diosig Bihardioszeg
Foresta Tileagd
Izvorul Cociuba Mare
CA Oradea
CS Oșorhei
 Lotus II
Luceafărul Oradea
Olimpia Salonta
Slovan Valea Cerului
Unirea Roșia
Unirea Valea lui Mihai
Universitatea Oradea
Vadu Crișului
Victoria Avram Iancu
Viitorul Borș
Viitorul Dobrești
Vulturii din Săcueni

Liga IV - Bistrița-Năsăud
AS Archiud
Atletico Monor
Dinamo Uriu
ACS Dumitra
Eciro Forest Telciu
Hebe Sîngeorz Băi
Heniu Lesu
Minerul Rodna
Progresul Năsăud
Real Teaca
Săgeata Dumbrăvița
Silvicultorul Maieru
Someșul Feldru
Someșul Reteag
Sportul Beclean
CS Valea Bârgăului
Viitorul Budești
Voința Marișelu
Voința Matei

Liga IV - Cluj
Arieșul Turda

Liga IV - Constanța
Axiopolis Cernavodă
CS Agigea
Farul Tuzla
CS Lumina
CS Medgidia
CS Năvodari
CSC Mihail Kogălniceanu
CSO Murfatlar
CSO Ovidiu
Portul Constanța
Poseidon Limanu
Sparta Techirghiol
Șoimii Topraisar
Știința Poarta Albă
Victoria Cumpăna
Viitorul Cobadin
Viitorul Hârșova
Viitorul Pecineaga

Liga IV - Giurgiu
Dunărea Giurgiu

Liga IV - Hunedoara
 Corvinul II
Dacia Orăștie
 CSM Deva II
Gloria Geoagiu
Inter Petrila
Mihai Viteazu Vulcan
Minerul Lupeni
Minerul Uricani
Șoimul Băița
Victoria Călan
Viitorul Șoimuș

Liga IV - Ialomița
 FC Urziceni
Viitorul Axintele

Liga IV - Ilfov
FC 1 Decembrie
ARD Snagov
CS Balotești
CS Brănești
CSO Bragadiru
CS Ciorogârla
Juniors Berceni
CS Glina
 LPS HD Clinceni
CS Măgurele
Olimpic Snagov
Stejarul Gruiu
CSL Ștefăneștii de Jos
 CS Tunari II
Viitorul Domnești
Viitorul Dragomirești Vale
Viitorul Pantelimon
Viitorul Petrăchioaia
Viitorul Vidra
Voința Buftea
Voința Domnești

Liga IV - Olt
FC Olt Scornicești

Liga IV - Sibiu
Petrolul 95
Tricolorul Breaza

Liga IV - Sibiu
 ACS Mediaș
LSS Voința Sibiu

Liga IV - Satu Mare
Olimpia Satu Mare

Liga IV - Timiș
CSM Lugoj
Unirea Sânnicolau Mare
Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara

See also
List of football clubs in Romania by county
 List of football stadiums in Romania
 Sport in Romania

External links
Liga I clubs at lpf.ro
Liga II at frf.ro
Liga III at frf.ro

Romania
clubs
Lists of organizations based in Romania

List of football clubs in Romania


{{Filmski umjetnik
|ime             = Antoneta Alamat Kusijanović
|slika           = AntonetaAK.jpg
|veličina        =
|opis slike      =
|rodno ime       =
|pseudonim       =
|rođenje         = 27. rujna 1985.
|mjesto rođenja  = Dubrovnik
|smrt            =
|mjesto smrti    =
|zanimanje       = redateljica  scenaristica
|godine rada     =
|web             =
|supruga         =
|suprug          =
|važnije uloge   =
|važniji filmovi =
|oscar           =
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|zlatni globus   =
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|goya            =
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|ostale_nagrade  = Caméra d'Or za najbolji debitantski film u Cannesu2021. MurinaNagrada Breza za najboljeg debitanta2021. Murina Zlatna Arena za najbolju sporednu žensku ulogu za Danicu Ćurčić2021. MurinaZlatna Vrata Pule2021. MurinaPosebno priznanje Međunarodnog filmskog festivala u Berlinu2017. U plavetniloFilmski festival u Oberhausenu – Nagrada Mladog žirija2017. U plavetniloSarajevo Film Festival – Srce Sarajeva za najbolji kratkometražni film2017. U plavetnilo
}}Antoneta Alamat Kusijanović''' (Dubrovnik, 27. rujna 1985.) hrvatska je filmska redateljica i scenaristica.

 Životopis

Redateljica i scenaristica Antoneta Alamat Kusijanović rođena je u Dubrovniku. Njezin diplomski film U plavetnilo nominiran je za studentskog Oscara, a među brojnim priznanjima ističu se nagrade na Međunarodnom filmskom festivalu u Berlinu, Sarajevskom filmskom festivalu, Filmskom festivalu u Oberhausenu i Festival de Premier Plans - Angers.

Murina je njen prvi dugometražni film, nagrađen Zlatnom kamerom (Camera d'Or) u Cannesu gdje je premijerno prikazan 2021. Murina je razvijana uz podršku Résidence du Festival Cannes, Cinéfondation, First Films First (Goethe Institut) te Jeruzalem Film Laba.

Na Akademiji dramske umjetnosti u Zagrebu završila je studij produkcije, a zatim režiju na Sveučilištu Columbia u New Yorku. Polazila je Berlinale Talent Lab, Sarajevo Talent Campus, La Femis Producing Atelier, Marcie Bloom Fellowship. Članica je Američke Akademije znanosti i umjetnosti – Oscars.

 Filmografija
 Dugometražni film
 Murina (2021.)

 Kratkometražni film
 Nonina (2013.)
 Christmas Tree (2015.)
 The Real American (2015.)
 If We Must Die (2016.)
 U plavetnilo'' (2017.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hrvatski filmski redatelji

Antoneta Alamat Kusijanović


هنري سايفيت  (26 أكتوبر 1990 في دكار) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي الجنسية سنغالي المولد يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى بوردو الفرنسي في مركز المهاجم . البعض يعقد المقارنات بينه وبين نجم الكرة الفرنسية تييري هنري . في سنة 2007 وقع على أول عقد احترافي في مسيرته الرياضية مع نادي بوردو وبالتالي أصبح أصغر لاعب محترف في تاريخ النادي . في موسم 2008/2009 استطاع أن يساهم في تحقيق النادي 3 بطولات وهي كأس الأبطال الفرنسي ثم كأس الدوري الفرنسي ثم بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى .

الإنجازات
 دوري الدرجة الأولى : 2008/2009
 كأس الدوري الفرنسي : 2008/2009
 كأس الأبطال الفرنسي : 2008/2009

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سنغاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون سنغاليون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون سنغاليون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون فرنسيون من أصل سنغالي
رياضيون من داكار
سنغاليون مهاجرون إلى فرنسا
فرنسيون متجنسون
فرنسيون من أصل سنغالي
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الرابعة
لاعبو أنجيه
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو بورصة سبور
لاعبو سانت إتيان
لاعبو سيواس سبور
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2015
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2017
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2019
لاعبو كرة قدم سنغاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم سنغاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من بوردو
لاعبو كرة قدم من دكار
لاعبو منتخب السنغال لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي باو
لاعبو نيوكاسل يونايتد
مواليد 1411 هـ
مواليد 1990
مواليد في داكار

هنري سايفيت


Cyclotropus est un sous-genre d'insectes coléoptères de la famille des Lucanidae, de la sous-famille des Lucaninae et du genre Prosopocoilus.

Systématique
Le sous-genre Cyclotropus a été créé en 1913 par les entomologistes français Charles Oberthür (1845-1924) et Constant Houlbert (1857-1947).

Liste des espèces
Selon  :
Prosopocoilus erici Bomans, 1992
Prosopocoilus faber Thomson, 1862
Prosopocoilus henryi (Arrow, 1935)
Prosopocoilus inquinatus Westwood, 1848
Prosopocoilus katanganus Bomans, 1967
Prosopocoilus leonardi Bouyer, 2017
Prosopocoilus modestus Parry, 1864
Prosopocoilus occipitalis Hope & Westwood, 1845
Prosopocoilus oweni (Hope & Westwood, 1845)
Prosopocoilus politus (Parry, 1862)
Prosopocoilus rubens Didier, 1927
Prosopocoilus sericeus (Westwood, 1844)
Prosopocoilus specularis Boileau, 1904
Prosopocoilus sylvicapra Kriesche, 1932
Prosopocoilus wimberleyi Parry, 1875

Liens externes

Notes et références

Genre de Coléoptères (nom scientifique)
Lucanidae

Cyclotropus


An Scleria porphyrocarpa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni E.A.Rob.. An Scleria porphyrocarpa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria porphyrocarpa


Enckevort (vormals auch van Enckenvoirt (niederländisch) und von Enkevort) ist der Name eines ursprünglich aus der Grafschaft Brabant in den Niederlanden stammenden alten freiherrlichen und gräflichen Adelsgeschlechts, das sich nachfolgend in Österreich, Brandenburg und Pommern ausbreitete; die freiherrlich brandenburg-pommersche Linie besteht bis heute fort.

Geschichte

Das Adelsgeschlecht wird urkundlich erstmals Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts in der Grafschaft Brabant in den Niederlanden erwähnt. Der Kardinal Wilhelm III. von Enckenvoirt war ein Vertrauter von Papst Hadrian VI. Mit seinem Tod im Jahre 1534 starb das Geschlecht im Mannesstamm aus, der Name ging aber auf die Nachfahren von dessen Schwester, der Äbtissin Elisabeth Michiels von Enckenvoirt, über.

Die neue Hauptlinie des Geschlechts wurde fortan durch ihren Sohn Gottfried (I.) begründet, die sich mit dessen Sohn Gottfried (II.) zum Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts in eine österreichische und brandenburgische Linie verzweigte. Die Linie in den Niederlanden bestand bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts fort.

Adrian von Enkevort war im Dreißigjährigen Krieg ein Heerführer der Katholischen Liga sowohl in kaiserlichen wie in bayerischen Diensten. Er war mit einer Tochter des kaiserlichen Hofkanzlers Johann Baptist Verda von Verdenberg verheiratet. 1651 wurde er zum Reichsgrafen erhoben. Das Verdenberg'sche Schloss Namiest in Böhmen kam so 1688 an die Grafen Enckevort, ebenso die niederösterreichischen Herrschaften Bierbaum, Gedersdorf, Schloss Grafenegg, Mollands, Neuaigen, Schloss Seebarn, Grafenwörth, Schönberg, Schloss Thürnthal und Schloss Walkersdorf. Mit dem Tod des Geheimrats Adrian Graf von Enckevort am 20. August 1738 starb dieser gräfliche Familienzweig im Mannesstamm aus. Anthonie Graf Breuner (1698–1757) nahm als Erbe den Namen Breuner von Enkevoirt an.

Generalproviantmeister Daniel Enckevort erhielt am 16. Februar 1663 von Kaiser Leopold I. die Aufnahme in den Reichsadelsstand; dieser wurde durch Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg am 18. Januar 1665 bestätigt. Vertreter seiner Familie erwarben nachfolgend die Dörfer Vogelsang, Warsin, Bellin, Albrechtsdorf, Mönkenberg und Christianenberg; die Familie Enckevort besaß diese Güter bis zum Kriegsende im Jahr 1945. Die Nachkommen des Regierungspräsidenten Gustav Heinrich von Enckevort waren Gutsherren zu Gartz und Rosenfelde im Landkreis Pyritz. Auf ihrem Gut Vogelsang(-Warsin) ließ Bernd Friedrich von Enckefort im Jahr 1711 auf den Grundmauern einer ehemaligen Burg ein zweigeschossiges Gutshaus bauen; dieses wurde durch Eduard Friedrich von Enckevort im frühen 19. Jahrhundert durch das repräsentative Schloss Vogelsang ersetzt. Eduard Friedrich ließ zudem auf diesem Stammgut im Jahr 1828 eine Erbbegräbnisstätte der Familie anlegen.

1904 wurde eine Familienverband gegründet.

Standeserhöhungen
 Adrian von Enkevort: Erhebung des k.k. Feldmarschalls Adrian Freiherr von Enkevort in den Reichsgrafenstand im Jahr 1651.

Wappenbeschreibung

Im kaiserlichen Diplom vom 16. Februar 1663 ist das Wappen auf folgende Weise bestimmt:

Bedeutende Vertreter des Geschlechts

 Wilhelm III. von Enckenvoirt (1464–1534), Kardinal und Bischof von Tortosa (1523–34) und Utrecht (1529–1534)
 Adrian von Enkevort (1603–1663), k.k. Feldmarschall, Burgherr auf Ledeč nad Sázavou
 Gustav Heinrich von Enckevort (1726–1807), preußischer Justizjurist, Vizepräsident der Pommerschen Regierung
 Eduard Friedrich von Enckevort (1808–1883), preußischer Politiker sowie Guts- und Schlossherr auf Vogelsang in Pommern
 Adrian von Enckevort (1840–1898), preußischer Offizier und Politiker sowie Guts- und Schlossherr auf Vogelsang in Pommern
 Gerhard von Enckevort (1868–1945), deutscher Generalmajor, 2. Stellvertreter des Adelsmarschalls der Deutschen Adelsgenossenschaft

Trivia
 In Berlin-Lichtenberg wurde der Enckevortweg nach einem Mitglied der Adelsfamilie benannt.
 Frau von Enckevort aus Albrechtsdorf nahm bis 1945 das Patronat über die St. Marienkirche in Neuwarp wahr.
 Wenzel Adrian von Enkevoirt gründete 1737 das Dorf Enkenfurt.

Literatur
 Handbuch des Preußischen Adels, Band 1, Hrsg. Marcelli Janecki, Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, Berlin 1892, S. 136–132
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Briefadeligen Häuser 1907, Justus Perthes, 1. Jg., Gotha 1906, S. 157–164 (Stammreihe); 1920, S. 219; 1922, S. 219; 1925, S. 211; 1928, S. 133 (Fortsetzungen)
 Rudolf von Enckevort: Geschichtliche Nachrichten über die Familie v. Enckevort. C. A. Starke, Görlitz 1908.
 Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels: Hans Friedrich v. Ehrenkrook, Genealogisches Handbuch der Adeligen Häuser B 1954, Hrsg. Deutsches Adelsarchiv, GHdA, B Band I, Nr. 9, C. A. Starke, Glücksburg (Ostsee) 1954 ISSN 0435-2408, S. 85–94
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Handbuch, Adelige Häuser, Band 3, Verlag des Deutschen Adelsarchivs, Marburg 2017. ISBN 978-3-9817243-5-6

Weblinks

 Familie von Enckevort. rambow.de

Einzelnachweise

Ersterwähnung im 13. Jahrhundert
Deutsches Adelsgeschlecht
Pommersches Adelsgeschlecht
Österreichisches Adelsgeschlecht
Niederländisches Adelsgeschlecht

Enckevort (Adelsgeschlecht)


En haveby er en planlagt byform bestående af boliger med masser af lys, luft og grønne omgivelser tæt på en større by. Eksempler er Den Engelske Haveby af 1922 i Brønshøj  og Rosenvænget ved Aarhus. Med sine lave, ensartede boliger, rekreative muligheder og forsamlingshuse fremstår havebyen ofte som en slags by i byen. Jorden er hyppigt i offentligt (fx lokalsamfundets) eje.

Historie
Idéen spredte sig i Danmark som i andre lande på grundlag af tanker formuleret af byplanlæggeren Ebenezer Howard, der i bogen "Garden Cities of Tomorrow" fra 1898 argumenterede imod den engelsk slumbebyggelse i de den gang stærkt voksende industribyer. I stedet foreslog Howard at oprette havebyer i nogen afstand fra storbyen, men med hurtig forbindelse til denne for derved at give befolkningen mulighed for at bo i sunde omgivelser med frisk luft og åbent land – i modsætning til storbyernes tætte bebyggelse og røgforurenede miljø.

I henhold til Howards principper skulle et privat, almennyttigt selskab købe et landområde op ude på landet, hvor jordpriserne var lave. Her skulle en kompakt by anlægges, omgivet af et bælte af jordbrugsland. Det samlede byanleæg skulle rumme både boliger, handel, industri og landbrug efter en generalplan. Både areal og befolkning skulle være begrænset, så byen ikke spiste det omgivende grøntbælte op. Hele grunden og grøntbeltet skulle forblive ejerselskabets ejendom. Enkeltgrundene skulle fæstes, ikke sælges, så værdistigningen tilfaldt ejerselskabet, og skulle bruges til indkøb af offentlige goder for fæsterne. Med "haveby" mente Howard en by omgivet af et grøntbælte af opdyrket bondeland; ikke en by med parcelhuse, der har individuelle haver. Hans diagram viser en "moderby" på 50.000 indbyggere omgivet af seks drabantbyer med 30.000 indbyggere hver. Med landbefolkningen ville dette udgøre en "byklynge" med 250.000 indbyggere, knyttet sammen med jernbane. Howard ville sanere storbyernes slum, bringe naturen til byen og kulturgoder ud til landområderne, og dermed få vendt flugten fra landsbyen. Med bygrunden forvaltet rationelt, ville folks boligudgifter også sænkes.

I 1903 begyndte byggingen av den første havebyen i overensstemmelse med Howards principper, Letchworth ca. 50 km nord for London. Den britiske arkitekt Raymond Unwin (1863-1940) ledede arbeidet. Letchworth havde på det meste 14 000 indbyggere. Senere fulgte Welvyn Garden City, påbegyndt i 1920 og færdig i 1926. Begge blev nationaliseret i efterkrigstiden - Welwyn i 1946 og Letchworth i 1963. Den britiske byplanbevægelse blev opslugt af det offentlige, som efter anden verdenskrig iværksatte en storstilet genrejsning af de udbombede byer i planøkonomisk ånd. Howard var nok blevet bestyrtet over det, men døde lykkelig uvidende i 1928 i en af sine egne havebyer.

I Danmark blev etableringen af havebyområder fremmet af haveboligforeninger, i begyndelsen ofte i Bedre Byggeskik-stilen såsom havebyen Præstevangen  i Brønshøj eller Grøndalsvænge i Vanløse.

Noter

Bebyggelsestyper
Bebyggelsesgeografi
Byplanlægning i Danmark

Haveby


هال (بالفلامانية: Halle, بالفرنسية: Hal) , مدينة في بلجيكا, تقع وسط البلاد في مقاطعة «باربان فلامان» , اللغة الرسمية هي الهولندية, عدد سكانها 34,882 نسمة (عام 2006).

أعلام

 باتريك جاكوبس
 فيليب الجريء
 والتر باسيجيو
 إدوارد جاكوبس

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

أماكن مأهولة في برابانت فلاماند
أماكن مأهولة في بلجيكا
بلديات برابانت فلاماند
مدن بلجيكا

هاله (بلجيكا)


Dirk van der Ven (født 1. marts 1970) er en tidligere tysk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Tyskland

Dirk van der Ven


Andrew Keen (Hampstead (London, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo), oko 1960.) je britansko-američki pisac i kritičar moderne digitalne tehnologije. Najpoznatije djelo mu je "Kult amatera - kako internet ubija kulturu",(engl. The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet Is Killing Our Culture, 2007.) koja je prevedena na 17 različitih jezika i uvrštena je za nagradu Higham's Business Technology Book of the Year. Izvršni je direktor inovativne tvrtke salonFutureCast u Silicijskoj dolini, domaćin popularnog internetske emisije "Keen on", stariji član CALinnovates,kolumnist za CNN i javni govornik diljem svijeta. U 2015. godini GQ magazin ga je uvrstio u listu "100 najpovezanijih muškaraca".
Najnovija knjiga "Internet nije rješenje" (Internet is Not the Answer, 2015.), istražuje negativne efekte interneta na našu psihologiju, ekonomiju i kulturu. Njegove kritike interneta i Silicijske doline dovele su do toga da ga opisuju kao kulturnu savjest interneta, pa čak i antikristom Silicijske doline.

Život
Andrew Keen je odrastao u sjevernom Londonu, u kvartu Golders Green, u obitelji židovskih trgovaca. Srednjoškolsko obrazovanje stekao je u North London High School, koju je završio 1978. godine. Potom je pohađao University of London, te je paralelno išao i u Školu za slavenske studije. Naime, on je rodom istočni Europljanin, koji se specijalizirao za balkansku povijest.
Nakon diplome Škole slavenskih studija (1982.) postao je British Council Scholar, što je ekvivalent Fulbright scholarship, u Sarajevu u nekadašnjoj Jugoslaviji, a sada u Bosni i Hercegovini, gdje je djelovao 1982. i 1983. godine
Nakon boravka u Sarajevu odlazi u Kaliforniju gdje je na prestižnom sveučilištu Berkeleyju počeo studirati političke znanosti. Tamo je, kako sam kaže, pao pod čari političkog antropologa Kena Jowitta.
Poslije Berkeleya seli na drugu obalu Sjedinjenih država gdje studira modernu povijest i politiku na Tuftu, Sveučilište u Massachusettsu. Parlelno uz akademsko učenje razvija i karijeru kao kritičar popularne kulture. A kao novinar je u ranim devedesetima otkrio internet.
Pri povratku u Silicijsku dolinu otvorio je web stranicu Audiocafe.com (1995.), internetsku glazbenu kompaniju. U Kaliforniji živi i sada s obitelji.

Posao
Nakon povratka u Kaliforniju, 1995. godine, osniva Audiocafe.com, prvu internetsku glazbenu tvrtku što ga čini jednim od pionira Silicijske doline. Tvrtka je dobila investicije od Intela i SAPa, te je dio ranog pogona on-line revolucije.
Međutim, u travnju 2000. godine tvrtka Audiocafe doživjela je slom, kao i Silicijska dolina i Wall Street, a Keen je, kako sam kaže, doživio buđenje.

U rujnu 2000. godine organizirao je MB5: The Festival for New Media Visionaries, (Festival vizionara novih medija) na kojem su prisustvovali vodeći ljudi tadašnjeg interneta. Od tada je radio u raznim tehnološkim tvrtka uključujući Pulse 3D, Santa Cruz Networks, Jazziz Digital i Pure Depth, gdje je trenutno direktor za globalnu prodaju.

Kritičar interneta

Nakon krize 2000. godine, koja se osjetila i u Silicijskoj dolini, Keen uviđa kako internet nije samo utopijska slika onoga što su zamišljali u devedesetima, već da se digitalna zajednica, komercijala i sadržaj prodaju pod nazivom "Web 2.0". Nove demokratizacijske tehnologije su blogovi, Wikipedia, društvene mreže. Međutim, on je izašao iz tog sustava i otkriva veliku zavjeru i upozorava na velike kulturne posljedice.
U svojoj knjizi "Kult amatera" uglavnom se ne slaže i ne podržava demokratičnost digitalnih medija jer smatra da se time gubi na kvatliteti i vjerodostojnosoti sadržaja i informacija. Prema njemu novinari trebaju biti obrazovani stručnjaci jer amateri ne mogu isporučiti kvalitetne informacije kao novinari. Također kritizira Wikipediju zbog toga što, prema njegovom mišljenju, uglavnom nitko ne provjerava autore te se izjednačuju se amateri i sturčnjaci.

"Amatersko novinarstvo trivijalizira i kvari ozbiljnu raspravu.(...) Ono što dobivamo od weba 2.0 je beskonačno rascjepkana kultura u kojoj smo bespomoćno izgubljeni u pogledu toga kamo usredotočiti svoju pozornost i kako provesti svoje ograničeno vrijeme. Duboko je uznemiravajuće da, u našem svijetu weba 2.0 bez filtera, glasine i laži koje su "skuhali" izvjestitelji anonimci (koji su, bez sumnje, i amateri) dobivaju legitimitet i šire se mainstream kanalima". .

Kritizirajući internet kaže da "ljudi tragaju informacijama koje su odraz naših vlastitih pristranosti i stavova te su u sladuu s našim iskrivljenim verzijama stvarnosti. Izgubili smo onu zajedničku raspravu ili znalačku debatu oko dogovaranja obostrano priznatih činjenica. Radije neprestano obnavljamo predrasude koje gajimo jedni prema drugima."

"Današnji je internet anoniman, netočan, kaotičan i svemoćan. On je mjesto gdje nema konkretne stvarnosti, točnog i netočnog, nema vladajućeg moralnog koda."

"Teoretski web 2.0 daje amaterima pravo glasa. No u stvarnosti su oni koji se čuju često oni s najglasnijom, najuvjerljivijom porukom i s najviše novca za njeno širenje"

Kritizira Kevina Kellyja koji je 2006. u časopisu Wired napisao "manifest o piratizaciji i o tome kako će tehnologije kojom se omogućuju digitalizacija i beskonačno umnožavanje u konačnici uništiti zakon o zaštiti autorskih prava. Prema njemu više ne možemo štititi intelektualno vlasništvo pa svi tekstovi trebaju biti za badava. Prava vrijednost ne leži u autorovom stručnom postignuću da stvori nešto pravo ni iz čega i praznog papira, nego u bezbroj načina na koji kult amateramože prizvati, komentirati, označti, povezati, "personalizirati, urediti, potvrditi, prikazati, obilježiti, prenijeti i ponuditi djelo". Prema Kellyju "Prava će čarolija tek doći...kad se sve stranice knjiga budu mogle međusobno povezati, udruživati, navoditi, izvlačiti, indeksirati, analizirati, komentirati, remiksati, reorganizirati i utkati u kulturu dublje nego ikad prije".

Također kritizira i Long tail Chrisa Andersona i tvrdi da se malo pojedinaca na taj način može uopće probiti i zaraditi išta.

Bibliografija
 Kult amatera- kako blogovi, MySpace, YouTube i ostali suvremeni mediji koje stvaraju korisnici uništavaju našu ekonomiju, kulturu i vrijednosti, 2010,
 Digital Vertigo, hoe today's online social revolution is dividing, diminishing and is disorienting us, 2012,
 Internet is Not the Answer, 2015,
 ''Kako popraviti budućnost, 2018,

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Andrew Keen's blog
  AJKeen.com
  Techcrunch.com
 Bigthink.com
  Techcrunch.com
 Andrew Keen's blog

Američki novinari

Andrew Keen


A Shropshire Lad is a collection of sixty-three poems by the English poet Alfred Edward Housman, published in 1896. Selling slowly at first, it then rapidly grew in popularity, particularly among young readers. Composers began setting the poems to music less than ten years after their first appearance, and many parodists have satirised Housman's themes and poetic style.

A Shropshire Rhapsody

Housman is said originally to have titled his book The Poems of Terence Hearsay, referring to a character there, but changed the title to A Shropshire Lad at the suggestion of a colleague in the British Museum. A friend of his remembered otherwise, however, and claimed that Housman's choice of title was always the latter. He had more than a year to think about it, since most of the poems he chose to include in his collection were written in 1895, while he was living at Byron Cottage in Highgate. The book was published the following year, partly at the author's expense, after it had already been rejected by one publisher.

At first the book sold slowly; the initial printing of 500 copies, some 160 of which were sent to the United States, did not clear until 1898. Sales revived during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), due in part to the prominence of military themes and of dying young. Its popularity increased thereafter, especially during World War I, when the book accompanied many young men into the trenches but it also benefited from the accessibility that Housman encouraged himself. Initially he declined royalty payments, so as to keep the price down, and also encouraged small, cheap pocket (and even waistcoat pocket) editions. By 1911 sales were at an annual average of 13,500 copies, and by its fiftieth anniversary there had been approaching a hundred UK and US editions.

Housman later repeated the claim made in the final poem of the sequence (LXIII) to have had a young male readership in mind. For W. H. Auden and his generation "no other poet seemed so perfectly to express the sensibility of a male adolescent"; and George Orwell remembered that, among his generation at Eton College in the wake of World War I, "these were the poems which I and my contemporaries used to recite to ourselves, over and over, in a kind of ecstasy". They responded to Housman's lament for the transience of love, idealism and youth in what was in essence a half-imaginary pastoral countryside in a county only visited by him after he had begun writing the poems. "I was born in Worcestershire, not Shropshire, where I have never spent much time," he admitted later in a letter to Maurice Pollet dated 5 February 1933. "I had a sentimental feeling for Shropshire because its hills were on our Western horizon." Thus the "blue remembered hills" of his "land of lost content" in Poem XL are mostly a literary construct. Though the names there can be found on the map, their topographical details are admittedly not factual.

Indeed, Housman confessed in his letter to Pollett that "I know Ludlow and Wenlock, but my topographical details – Hughley, Abdon under Clee – are sometimes quite wrong". He did, however, have one source to guide him, echoes from which are to be found in the poems. This was Murray's Handbook for Shropshire, Cheshire and Lancashire (originally published in 1870), in which is to be found the jingle with which poem L opens,

Shrewsbury is described in the book as "encircled by the Severn on all sides but the North, and locally termed 'the Island'", which Housman condenses to "Islanded in Severn stream" in his poem XXVIII.  Murray also mentions that the last fair of the year at Church Stretton is called 'Dead Man's Fair', the event with which "In midnights of November" begins. Written about the same time as the others, this poem was held over until it was incorporated in Last Poems (1922).

In the letter to Pollet already mentioned, Housman pointed out that there was a discontinuity between the Classical scholar who wrote the poems and the "imaginary" Shropshire Lad they portrayed. "No doubt I have been unconsciously influenced by the Greeks and Latins, but [the] chief sources of which I am conscious are Shakespeare's songs, the Scottish Border ballads, and Heine." Yet while it is true that "very little in the book is biographical", he could not entirely escape his literary formation, as he had already speculated in a letter written three decades previously. "I suppose my classical training has been of some use to me in furnishing good models, and making me fastidious, and telling me what to leave out." Nevertheless, some have found a sign in the oversimplification that results, not of Terence's but of Housman's own emotional immaturity.

Thematic summary

A Shropshire Lad contains several repeated themes. It is not a connected narrative; though the "I" of the poems is in two cases named as Terence (VIII, LXII), the "Shropshire Lad" of the title, he is not to be identified with Housman himself. Not all the poems are in the same voice and there are various kinds of dialogue between the speaker and others, including conversations beyond the grave.

The collection begins with an imperial theme by paying tribute to the Shropshire lads who have died as soldiers in the service of The Queen Empress, as her golden jubilee (1887) is celebrated with a beacon bonfire on Clee Hill (I). There is little time for a lad to live and enjoy the spring (II). Death awaits the soldier (III–IV). Maids are not always kind (V–VI) and the farmer also comes to the grave (VII). Some lads murder their brothers and are hanged (VIII–IX). The spring's promise of love and renewal may be false (X). The ghost of a lad dead of grief begs the consolation of a last embrace (XI). Unattainable love leaves the lad helpless and lost (XIII–XVI). The playing of a game of cricket or football consoles a broken heart (XVII). But on this dubious sentiment Edith Sitwell commented acidly, "If he means to say that cricket, and cricket alone, has prevented men from committing suicide, then their continuation on this earth seems hardly worthwhile."

Continuing this theme, the athlete who died young was lucky, for he did not outlive his renown (XIX). The poet exchanges a glance with a marching soldier and wishes him well, thinking they will never cross paths again (XXII). He envies the country lads who die young and do not grow old (XXIII). Seize the day, then, to cultivate friendship (XXIV). A lover may die, and his girl will walk out with another (XXV–XXVII). The hostility of the ancient Saxon and Briton are in his blood, and he owes his life to violence and rape (XXVIII). The storm on Wenlock Edge symbolizes the same turmoil in his soul as the Romans knew at Wroxeter (XXXI). Man is a chance combination of elements – make the most of him while there is time! (XXXII) If he is of no use to those he loves, he will leave, perhaps to enlist as a soldier (XXXIV, XXXV).

One may live in distant exile in London, but without forgetting home and friends (XXXVII, XXXVIII). The wind sighs across England to him from Shropshire, but he will not see the broom flowering gold on Wenlock Edge (XXXVIII–XL). London is full of cold-hearted men who fear and hate one another, but he will make the best of life while he has a living will (XLIII). The suicide is wise, for he prefers to die cleanly rather than harm others and live in shame (XLIV–XLV). These two poems were suggested by a report on the death of a naval cadet in August 1895 who had left behind him a letter mentioning these reasons for taking his own life. Bring no living branches to the grave of such a one, but only what will never flower again (XLVI). A carpenter's son once died on the gallows so that other lads might live (XLVII). He was happy before he was born, but he will endure life for a while: the cure for all sorrows will come in time (XLVIII). If crowded and noisy London has its troubles, so do quiet Clun and Knighton, and the only cure for any of them is the grave (L).

Though he is in London, his spirit wanders about his home fields (LII). From the grave the suicide's ghost visits the beloved (LIII), a theme apparently derived from a traditional ballad of the unquiet grave type.  Those he loved are dead, and other youths eternally re-live his own experiences (LV). Like the lad that becomes a soldier, one can choose to face death young rather than put it off out of cowardice (LVI). Dick is in the graveyard, and Ned is long in jail, when he returns by himself to Ludlow (LVIII). Take your pack and go: death will be a journey into eternal night (LX). It matters not if he sleeps among the suicides, or among those who died well – they were all his friends (LXI). Some mock his melancholy thoughts but he has used them like the poisons sampled by Mithridates and will survive to die old (LXII). Perhaps these poems are not fashionable, but they survive the poet to please other lads like him (LXIII).

Interpretations

Song settings
The strong combination of emotional feeling, lyricism and folk qualities contributed to the popularity of A Shropshire Lad with composers. All but eight poems in the collection have been set to music, and eleven of them in ten or more settings. Among the latter, "Loveliest of trees, the cherry now" (II) has 47 settings and "When I Was One-and-Twenty" (XIII) has 44.

Several composers wrote song cycles in which the poems, taken out of their sequence in the collection, contrast with each other or combine in a narrative dialogue. In a few cases they wrote more than one work using this material. The earliest, performed in 1904, less than ten years after the collection's first appearance, was Arthur Somervell's Song Cycle from A Shropshire Lad in which ten were set for baritone and piano. There are six songs in Ralph Vaughan Williams' On Wenlock Edge (1909) in settings which include piano and string quartet; there was also an orchestral version in 1924. Later he returned to Housman again for another cycle, a first version of which was performed in 1927 with solo violin accompaniment, but in this only four were taken from A Shropshire Lad, along with three from Last Poems (1922). The revised work was eventually published in 1954 as Along the Field: 8 Housman songs; in the meantime, "The Soldier" (XXII) was dropped and two more added from Last Poems.

Among other cycles composed during the period before World War 1 were the four Songs of A Shropshire Lad  by Graham Peel and the six for voice and piano in A Shropshire Lad: A Song Cycle (Op. 22, 1911) by Charles Fonteyn Manney (1872–1951). George Butterworth was particularly drawn to Housman's poems, composing within a short period the Six Songs from A Shropshire Lad (1911) and Bredon Hill and Other Songs (1912) as well as his emotive Rhapsody, A Shropshire Lad, first performed in 1913. Butterworth was killed during the war, but towards the end of it Ivor Gurney was working on the songs in his cycle, Ludlow and Teme (1919), and later went on to compose the eight poems in The Western Playland (1921). Ernest John Moeran was another combatant in the war and afterwards set the four songs in his Ludlow Town (1920).

During the immediate postwar period, two other composers made extensive use of the poems in A Shropshire Lad. John Ireland included six poems for piano and tenor in The Land of Lost Content (1921).  His We'll to the woods no more (1928) includes two poems for voice and piano taken from Last Poems and a purely instrumental epilogue titled "Spring will not wait", which is based on "'Tis time, I think, by Wenlock town" from A Shropshire Lad (XXXIX). Charles Wilfred Orr, who made 24 Housman settings, united some in cycles of two (1921–1922), seven (1934) and three songs (1940). Lennox Berkeley's 5 Housman Songs (Op.14/3, 1940) also dates from the start of World War II. Another cycle composed since then has been the five in Mervyn Horder's A Shropshire Lad (1980).

Composers outside the UK have also set individual poems by Housman. Several were from the US, including Samuel Barber, who set "With rue my heart is laden" (as the second of his "3 Songs", Op.2, 1928), David Van Vactor, Ned Rorem, and John Woods Duke. Other Americans composed song cycles: Alan Leichtling in 11 songs from A Shropshire Lad, set for baritone and chamber orchestra (Op. 50, 1969); Robert F. Baksa (b.1938) who set eleven in his Housman Songs (1981); and the Canadian Nick Peros who set seven. Outside America, the Polish Henryk Górecki set four songs and Mayme Chanwai (born Hong Kong, 1939) set two. One of the most recent is the Argentinian Juan María Solare's arrangement of poem XL for voice and drum, titled "Lost Content" (2004).

Illustrations

The first illustrated edition of A Shropshire Lad was published in 1908, with eight county landscapes by William Hyde. Those did not meet with Housman's approval, however: "They were in colour, which always looks vulgar," he reported. The poet was dead by the time of the 1940 Harrap edition, which carried monochrome woodcuts by Agnes Miller Parker. It proved so popular that frequent reprintings followed and latterly other presses have recycled the illustrations as well. The example of rather traditional woodcuts was also taken up in the US in the Peter Pauper Press edition (Mount Vernon, NY, 1942) with its 'scenic decorations' by Aldren Watson (1917–2013); that too saw later reprintings. Other American editions have included the Illustrated Editions issue (New York, 1932) with drawings by Elinore Blaisdell (1900–94) and the Heritage Press edition (New York, 1935) with coloured woodcuts by Edward A. Wilson (1886–1970). Single poems from the collection have also been illustrated in a distinctive style by the lithographer Richard Vicary.

Translations
Translations of poems from all of Housman's collections into Classical Greek and Latin have been made since he first appeared as an author. The earliest was of poem XV in Greek elegiacs, published in the Classical Review for 1897. Some thirty more appeared between then and 1969. Included among these were Cyril Asquith's 12 Poems from A Shropshire Lad (Oxford 1929) and those by L. W. de Silva in his Latin Elegiac Versions (London 1966).

Parodies
The repeated mannerisms, lilting style and generally black humour of Housman's collection have made it an easy target for parody. The first to set the fashion was Housman himself in "Terence, this is stupid stuff" (LXII) with its humorously voiced criticism of the effect of his writing and the wry justification of his stance in the tale of Mithridates. He was followed early in the new century by Ezra Pound, whose "Mr Housman's Message" appeared in his collection Canzoni (1911). A poem of three stanzas, it begins with a glum acknowledgement of mortality:

In the same year Rupert Brooke sent a parody of twelve quatrains to The Westminster Gazette (13 May 1911), written on learning of Housman's appointment as Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge University. These began, in imitation of the opening of poem L,

Max Beerbohm joined in the fun a decade later with six lines beginning

written into the 1920 edition of A Shropshire Lad. They were followed by Hugh Kingsmill's "Two poems after A. E. Housman". The first of these, beginning

is frequently quoted still and was described by Housman in a letter dated 19 September 1925 as "the best [parody] I have seen, and indeed the only good one." The second by Kingsmill keeps equally closely to Housman's themes and vocabulary and has the same mix of macabre humour:

Humbert Wolfe's "A. E. Housman and a few friends" is almost as often quoted as Kingsmill's first parody. Written in 1939, its humour is equally black and critical of Housman's typical themes:

"Loveliest of trees, the cherry now" (II) has twice come in for parody. Dorothy Parker returned it to the context of suicide so prevalent in A Shropshire Lad, and included it under the title "Cherry White" in her collected poems, Not So Deep as a Well (1936):

A new context is also found for Housman's celebratory tone as "Loveliest of cheese, the Cheddar now" by Terence Beersay, a pseudonym claimed to conceal "a literary figure of some note" in the preface to an 8-page booklet titled The Shropshire Lag (1936).

Kingsley Amis too acknowledges that there is more to Housman's writing than the monotonously macabre. His later "A.E.H." is more of "an admiring imitation, not a parody," and reproduces the effect of Housman's mellifluous rejoicing in nature and skilful versifying:

Another parodic approach is to deal with the subject of one poem in the style of another. This will only work when both are equally well known, as is the case with Louis Untermeyer's subversion of heterosexual relations between Shropshire youth in "Georgie, Porgie, pudding and pie fashioned after A.E. Housman".

Legacy

There have been numerous literary references to A Shropshire Lad, often with characters in novels or dramas quoting a few lines or even whole poems.

Since Housman's ashes were interred at St Laurence Church, Ludlow, it was visited in 1996 by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra to celebrate the centenary of A Shropshire Lad. A wall hanging named after the book is now displayed near the south door there. The book's centenary was also celebrated by Wood's Shropshire Brewery, when they named their bitter after it. In the same year, a pink climbing rose with a strong fragrance, bred by David Austin, was also named after the book.

Later, the collection was commemorated by the short-lived Wrexham & Shropshire railway company (2008–11), which named one of its Class 67 engines A Shropshire Lad. After closure, the nameplate was auctioned in 2015.

References

Bibliography
Peter Edgerly Firchow, Reluctant Modernists, LIT Verlag Münster 2002, pp. 7–26
Trevor Hold,  Parry to Finzi: Twenty English Song-composers, Woodbridge 2002
Lieder Net Archive (LNA)
George Orwell, Inside the Whale, 1940; University of Adelaide e-book, section 2
Peter Parker, Housman Country, London 2016
Donna Richardson, "The Can of Ail: A. E. Housman's Moral Irony," Victorian Poetry, Volume 48, Number 2, Summer 2010 (267–285)
Richard Stokes, The Penguin Book of English Song, 2016
Gilmore Warner, "The 50th anniversary of A Shropshire Lad", Colby Quarterly 1/14, March 1946, pp. 217–232

External links

A Shropshire Lad e-text at University of Virginia
A Shropshire Lad e-text at Gutenberg

1896 poetry books
Poetry by A. E. Housman
English poetry collections
British poems
Shropshire in fiction

A Shropshire Lad


Dover este un oraș portuar în Kent, în sud-estul Angliei.

Dover se mai poate referi și la:

Locuri

Australia
 Dover, Tasmania
 Dover Island,
 Dover Heights,

Canada
 Dover, Calgary,
 Dover,
 Dover,
 Port Dover,
 Little Dover,

Regatul Unit
 Dover (district)
 Dover, Kent
 Straits of Dover
 White Cliffs of Dover
 Port of Dover, un port în sud-estul Angliei

Singapore
 Dover, Singapore
 Dover MRT Station

Statele Unite
 Dover, Arkansas
 Dover, Delaware, capitala statului
 Dover Air Force Base
 Dover Downs, un traseu ecvestru
 Dover International Speedway, cursă NASCAR, localizată în Dover Downs
 Dover, Florida
 Dover, Idaho
 Dover, Illinois
 Dover, Indiana
 Dover, Kansas
 Dover, Kentucky
 Dover, Maine, localitate care a fuzionat cu Foxcroft din 1922 formând un singur oraș
 Dover, Massachusetts
 Dover, Minnesota
 Dover, Missouri
 Dover, New Hampshire
 Dover, New Jersey
 Dover, New York
 Dover, North Carolina
 Dover, Ohio
 Dover, Oklahoma
 Dover, Pennsylvania, localitate implicată în Afacerea Dover
 Dover, Tennessee
 Dover, Utah, localitate dispărută
 Dover, Vermont
 Dover, Virginia
 Dover, comitatul Buffalo, Wisconsin, orășel
 Dover, comitatul Prince, Wisconsin, comunitate neîncorporată
 Dover, Racine County, Wisconsin, orășel
 Dover Plains, New York
 Dover Township (dezambiguizare) (unul din multele township-uri)

Oameni
 Ben Dover (n. 1955), actor pornografic și director
 Connie Dover, cantautoare americană
 Den Dover (n. 1938), politician britanic
 Eric Dover (n. 1967), muzician american
 Gabriel Dover, genetician britanic
 Kenneth Dover (1920–2010), cadru universitar britanic; fost rector al Universității Saint Andrews (University of Saint Andrews)
 Kieran Dover (n. 1996), fotbalist australian
 Mildred Dover (n. 1941), fost politician canadian
 Robert Dover (Cotswold Games) (1575–1641), avocat și căpitan englez
 Robert Dover (călăreț) (n. 1958), călăreț olimpic american

Clădiri
 Dover Castle, Kent, England
 Dover House, clădire de categoria Grade I, listată în Whitehall, London

Companii
 Dover Corporation, companie manufacturieră diversificată
 Dover Publications, companie americană publicitară, fostă casă de discuri
 Dover Records, companie engleză, casă de discuri foarte cunoscută

Govern și legi
 Dover (UK Parliament constituency), zonă electorală care include și orașul Dover, Anglia
 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (caz judiciar)

Media

În film
 Dover (film), un film documentar scurt din 1943 despre cel de-al doilea război mondial

În muzică
 Dover (formație), formație rock din Spania
 The Dovers,  formație rock americană

Transporturi și vehicule
 Dover (camion), tip de camion, realizat la Hudson Motor Car Company, Detroit
 HMS Dover, denumirea mai multor nave militare britanice (ale Royal Navy)
 Dover (MBTA station), stație de metro, actualmente închisă, pe linia MBTA Orange Line

Alte utilizăti
 Baron Dover, linie nobiliară ereditară britanică
 Dover sole, două specii de pești plați

Altele
 White Cliffs of Dover (dezambiguizare)
 Dovre

Nume proprii

Dover (dezambiguizare)


Grayson est un village de la paroisse de Caldwell, dans l'État de Louisiane, aux États-Unis. En 2020, elle compte une population de .

Démographie
Lors du recensement de 2010, le village comptait une population de , tandis qu'en 2020, elle s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Louisiane
Paroisse de Caldwell

Grayson (Louisiane)


Crulic - Drumul spre dincolo este un film românesc din 2011 regizat de Anca Damian.

Este primul film din "Trilogia morții (și a vieții)", urmat de Muntele magic (2015).

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:
 Jamie Sives – Povestitorul
 Vlad Ivanov – voce Crulic
 Sandrine Bonnaire – voce

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme documentare
 2011 în film

Filme din 2011
Filme regizate de Anca Damian
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme de animație
Filme de animație românești

Crulic - Drumul spre dincolo


මුද්‍රණ ශිල්පක‍්‍රමයන් පහත දැක්වෙන මූලික ප‍්‍රවර්ගයන්ට බෙදිය හැක.
x	උන්නත මුද්‍රණය : මෙහිදී අච්චුවේ මතුපිට ඔස්සේ තීන්ත යොදනු ලැබේ. උන්නත ශිල්ක‍්‍රමයන්ට ලී අච්චු මුද්‍රණ ක‍්‍රම ඇතුලත් වෙයි.
x	ඉන්ටාලියෝ : මෙහිදී තීන්ත අච්චුව තුලට ගමන් කරයි. මෙම ශිල්පක‍්‍රමයට තහඩු මුද්‍රණය, නිරේඛනය, මෙද්සොටින්ට් විධික‍්‍රමය, ඇක්වාන්ටින්ට් සහ ලෝහිඳ ක‍්‍රමය අයත් වේ.
x	තලග‍්‍රාපිත මුද්‍රණය : මෙහිදී රූපය නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා අච්චුව සමහර කොටස් වෙත තීන්ත යොදනු ලබයි. මෙම ශිල්පක‍්‍රමයන්ට ලිතෝග‍්‍රපි, ඒකදර්ශී මුද්‍රණය සහ ඩිජිටල් ශිල්පක‍්‍රම අයත් වේ.
x	ස්ටෙන්සිල් : ස්කී‍්‍රන් මුද්‍රණය මෙයට අයත් වේ.
x	දුස්ස‍්‍රාවී මුද්‍රණය
මෙම කාණ්ඩයන්ගෙන් බැහැර වෙනත් මුද්‍රණ ශිල්පක‍්‍රමයන්ට කොලෝෆ‍්‍රැෆි සහ ලෝපත් මුද්‍රණය අයත් වේ. නූතන මුද්‍රණ ශිල්පක‍්‍රමයන්ට ඩිජිටල් මුද්‍රණ යන්ත‍්‍ර සහ ඡායාරූපකරණ මාධ්‍ය සහ ඩිජිටල් හා සාම්ප‍්‍රදායික ක‍්‍රමවේදයන්ගේ සංයෝගයක් සහිත ක‍්‍රමවේදයන්ද අයත් වෙයි.
එකම කාණ්ඩයට අයත්වන ශිල්පක‍්‍රම දෙකක් හෝ ඊට වැඩි ගණනක සංයෝගයක් ලෙසින්ද යොදාගත හැක.

දළ විශ්ලේෂණය-මුද්‍රණ ශිල්ප


Paraty (or Parati, ) is a preserved Portuguese colonial (1500–1822) and Brazilian Imperial (1822–1889) municipality with a population of about 43,000. The name "Paraty" originates from the local Guaianá Indians' indigenous Tupi language, named for an abundant local fish native to the region. Paraty is located on the Costa Verde (Green Coast), a lush green corridor that runs along the coastline of the state of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. Paraty has become a tourist destination, known for its historic town center and the coast and mountains in the region. The historic center of the city, as well as four areas of the Atlantic Forest, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019 under the title "Paraty and Ilha Grande".

Geography
The town is located on the Bay of Ilha Grande, which is dotted with many tropical islands. Rising as high as 1,300 meters behind the town are tropical forests, mountains, and waterfalls. It is the southernmost and westernmost city in Rio de Janeiro state.

Paraty is listed by IPHAN as a National Historic Landmark.
More than 80% of its territory is protected by conservation units:
Cairuçu Environmental Protection Area, where the village of Trindade is located
Tamoios Ecological Station
Serra da Bocaina National Park
Baia de Paraty, Paraty Mirim and Saco do Mamanguá Environmental Protection Area
Juatinga Ecological Reserve
Nearby is the Serra do Mar State Park of São Paulo.
The municipality also includes an indigenous village and an Afro-Brazilian quilombo settlement.

Climate
The temperature in Paraty ranges from . Its wettest month is February. However, sea breezes temper the heat and afternoon rains are common in the summer.

Municipal symbols

Flag
The flag of Paraty was adopted on August 12, 1967. The overall colors of the flag represent the following traits: gold signifies strength, silver represents innocence, red is bravery, blue serenity, and green is the color of abundance.

Red, white, and blue are the three colors that have traditionally been used to decorate the historic houses of the city. The colors are displayed in three vertical stripes, with a coat of arms on the center. The large white star on the red stripe symbolizes the first district, and on the blue stripe two small stars represent the second and third districts. The three stars are placed in a triangular form, in homage to the strong presence of Freemasonry in the architecture of the city. The crown represents the royal traditions that discovered the country and founded the independent country. The real reason for green is the Portuguese house of Bragança and yellow for the Austrian house of Habsburg (Dom Pedro I and Dona Leopoldina).

Coat of arms
The coat of arms shown on the flag was adopted on November 30, 1960. The four quarters of the coat of arms symbolize the following:

 The first green-colored quarter on the upper left-hand side with a feathered headdress above two crossed arrows, represents the original inhabitants of the region, the Guaianás tribe.
 The second quarter in red with a white oval seal with the royal Portuguese coat of arms surrounded by the word "Remédios," a seal which was used in colonial times to authenticate official documents; Our Lady of Remedies has been patron saint of the town since 1646.
 The third quarter, which is white, blue and yellow is an outline of the city and the bay with a superimposed silver fish that is perhaps a reference to Tupi language  origin of the city name.
 Finally the fourth quarter of blue shows the corner of a colonial house and a wrought-iron rail which is representative of the colonial-style houses that exemplify Paraty.

The flora which supports the red scroll are a branch of coffee tree and a stalk of sugarcane. The scroll itself bears the inscription "1660 Paraty 1844" These are the dates that Paraty initially achieved status as a town and then later city status. Above the shield is a crown consisting of five towers, with the center tower emblazoned with a red shield bearing a gold fleur-de-lis, which symbolizes Our Lady of Remedies, the patron saint of the city.

History
The village of Paraty was founded in 1597.  It was established formally as a town by Portuguese colonists in 1667, in a region populated by the Guaianás Indians.

The Guaianás people who lived where the city now stands called the entire area "Paraty". In the Tupi language "Paraty" means "river of fish". Even today the Brazilian Mullet (Mugil brasiliensis) still come back to spawn in the rivers that spill into the Bay of Paraty. When the region was colonized by the Portuguese, they adopted the Guaianás name for their new town.

The Gold Trail
After the discovery of the world's richest gold mines in 1696 in the mountains of Minas Gerais, Paraty became an export port for gold to Rio de Janeiro and from there on to Portugal. The ensuing gold rush led to the construction of the "Caminho do Ouro" or "Gold Trail", a 1200 kilometer road, paved in steep areas with large stones, which connected Paraty to Diamantina via Ouro Preto and Tiradentes. Not only was it used to transport gold to Paraty, but it was also used to convey supplies, miners and African slaves by mule train over the mountains to and from the gold mining areas. Two sections of the Caminho do Ouro have been excavated near Paraty and are now a tourist destination for hiking.

The Gold Trail fell into disuse because of attacks on the gold laden ships bound for Rio de Janeiro by pirates who frequented the islands and coves of the Bay of Angra dos Reis. Eventually a safer overland route from Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro was created because of these pirate raids. Finally, the gold itself began to run out in the late 18th century, and Paraty declined.

The Gold Trail was submitted for inclusion on the World Heritage List in August 2004.

Economic revival
The city's economic activity revived as a port for a new boom, the coffee trade of the Paraiba do Sul River Valley in the early 19th century, until a railway along the valley created cheaper transport to the port of Rio de Janeiro. Another smaller revival came late in the 19th century with the production of cachaça, which is a sugarcane-derived spirit best known today as the basis for Brazil's most famous cocktail, the caipirinha. The name "Paraty" in that period became synonymous with cachaça.
Since then, Paraty has been out of the mainstream, which is why it did not change for centuries, until a paved road was built from Rio de Janeiro to Santos, near São Paulo, in the 1970s. The city then began a new cycle of activity, which transformed a small, almost abandoned town living on very limited economic activity, mainly fishing and agriculture (bananas, manioc, sugarcane) into a tourism destination.

Architecture
Paraty is known for the cobblestone-paved streets throughout the Historic Center District. No cars or trucks are allowed in this part of town, only foot traffic or bicycles. Motor vehicles are only allowed in the Historic District on Wednesdays for deliveries. Horses and carts are a very common sight in Paraty and are frequently used all around the city.

Paraty has been able to maintain many of its historic buildings. Much of the architecture of the city has not changed for 250 years or more.

Churches
There are four important historic baroque churches in Paraty:

Chapel of Saint Rita
Capela de Santa Rita is the oldest church in Paraty. It was completed in 1722. This was the church of the freed slaves and freeman, former slaves. It is currently home to the Museum of Sacred Art.

Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário e São Benedito
This church was built and used by Paraty's African slaves. It dates back to the year 1725. The church has a much simpler, more rustic style than the other three churches in Paraty. Every year in the first week of December the festivities of São Benedito are held in this church.

Chapel of Nossa Senhora das Dores
This chapel dates back to 1800. It was used mostly by the rich women of society. Construction was overseen by the presiding priest, Father Antonio Xavier da Silva Braga. The building was later renovated in 1901. The image of Nossa Senhora da Piedade was stolen from this chapel. It was finally recovered in the 1990s, and now can be seen at the Museum of Sacred Art in the Capela de Santa Rita.

Church of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios
Igreja Matriz Nossa Senhora dos Remédios is the largest church in Paraty. It takes up over an entire city block. Its construction began in 1646 when a woman named Maria Jácome de Melo donated the land for the construction of the village of Paraty, however she demanded two conditions: The first was the building of a chapel dedicated to Nossa Senhora dos Remédios and the second was that no one would harm the Indians that lived in the area at that time. The church was completed in 1873.

Chapel of the Generosa

Additionally, there is a very small chapel called Capela da Generosa which according to legend, was constructed in 1901 by the order of a generous female patron, in memory of Teodoro. Teodoro supposedly drowned in the river Perequê-Açu when he tried to fish on Good Friday, a day on which according to tradition it was not recommended to fish.

Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição

There are also historical churches in two nearby small villages, Paraty Mirim and Penha.

Paraty-Mirim (Little Paraty) is the site of first chapel built by settlers in the region around Paraty (1686). At the time of its construction Paraty-Mirim an important commercial center and thriving village. Today however, all that remains there are the church itself and a scattering private homes. Although in recent years the tourist trade has grown there due to the pristine beaches in the area and Paraty-Mirim now has a few small inns, a couple of restaurant/bars and offers boat tours.

Church of Nossa Senhora da Penha

This church is unique in that it was built on top of a huge boulder in the small hamlet of Penha, just outside Paraty. The church is located directly across from the Tourist Information Center at the trail-head of the Caminho do Ouro.

Forts
There are two colonial forts in Paraty: Forte Defensor and Forte Patitiba.

Forte Defensor
Forte Defensor was built in 1703 and outfitted with six cannons for the protection of the city's important commercial warehouses. With the aforementioned economic decline of the region, it was in ruins until 1822, when it was reconstructed and dedicated to Emperor Dom Pedro I. Some historians believe that it was at the fort that the first nucleus of the town began, in that the area around the fort is still referred to as the "Old Village."

Ruins of the old defensive stone walls together with the cannons can still be seen today. It is also home to a powder house for storing explosives – one of the few still existing in Brazil. Forte Defensor is one of seven fortifications that were built around the harbor of Paraty, two of them being in the city. All of the others that were constructed outside the city are now only ruins.

Forte Patitiba [Cadeia Antiga]

What is left of this fort, also known as Cadeia Antiga (the Old Jail), is a smallish structure which for a while was also used as a prison. It is found in the plaza of Santa Rita, next to the church of same name. Constructed in the beginning of the 18th century, the building was part of a larger Forte Patitiba, the other blockhouse built in the city for defense of the harbor. In the 19th century it was decommissioned and today it houses the local public library.

There are also many colorful colonial houses (refurbished in most cases), many of which have been transformed into shops, pousadas (Brazilian bed-and-breakfasts), restaurants and bars.

Flooded Streets
Once a month when there is a full moon and the tide is high, seawater rises above its normal levels and pours into the Historic Center District through special openings in the seawalls that separate the city from the harbor. The streets are only flooded for a short time until the tide recedes. The water is usually only  deep, and a few merchants near the seawall put out small bridges to span the flooded streets for the benefit of pedestrians.

Neighborhoods

Paraty is divided into 12 neighborhoods. They are as follows:

 Caboré
 Centro Historico
 Fátima
 Ilha das Cobras
 Jabaquara
 Mangueira
 Parque Imperial
 Parque Ypê
 Patitiba
 Portal de Paraty
 Saudade
 Vila Colonial

The municipality contains the Paraty-Mirim State Park, created in 1972.
It contains part of the Tamoios Ecological Station.

Culture and tourism
There are many musical and cultural events, the most prominent of which is the FLIP – Festa Literaria Internacional de Paraty (International Literary Festival of Paraty). The town is also known for its local festivals on Catholic holy dates, such as the Feast of the Holy Ghost.

The annual Paraty Bourbon Jazz Festival has occurred every May since 2009. The traditional music event has already brought names like Stanley Jordan, Gary Brown, Ed Motta, Leo Gandelman, Eumir Deodato, Joshua Redman, Pau Brasil Group, Dianne Reaves, Mike Stern, Naná Vasconcellos, Nuno Mindelis, Jacques Morelenbaum, Stanley Clarke, and many other leading names in jazz, blues, soul and R & B from Brazil and the world.

The event usually has two stages, located in the Plaza de Matriz and the Santa Rita Church in the historic center of the city, as well as buskers (street performers) and Orleans Street Jazz Band circling the streets of the Historic Center and DJ Crizz that opens and closes programming every day.

The Casa da Cultura Paraty (Paraty House of Culture) occupies an historic house originally built in 1754 which opened to the public in 2004 and holds a permanent exhibition on local history and culture. In the Salon of Indigenous Culture, visitors can see the "carpets" made of colored sawdust and flower petals used during the festival of Corpus Christi in June. The largest is almost . The "carpet" is protected by glass so that visitors walk on it as they enter.

Paraty played the part of the Bahian town of Ilhéus in the 1983 Bruno Barreto film Gabriela, Cravo e Canela, starring Sônia Braga and Marcello Mastroianni.

Paraty was also the set for Isle Esme (the place of Edward and Bella's honeymoon) in the movie The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn.

Transportation

Paraty airport can be reached from Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo by chartered helicopter or small commercial and private aircraft because presently it has no scheduled flights.

Another possibility of transport is to arrive by sea by way of a sailboat or cruise ship from Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis and Ilha Grande.

Paraty is connected by road to Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo (via road BR-101). Air-conditioned buses leave to go back and forth from Rio to Paraty and Paraty to Rio.

Distance from other Brazilian cities
Angra dos Reis – 95 km
Belo Horizonte – 572 km
Caraguatatuba – 126 km
Rio de Janeiro – 236 km
São Paulo – 330 km
Ubatuba – 74 km

Other images

References

External links

http://www.paraty.tur.br
Caminho do Ouro – Official government operated facility

Populated coastal places in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Populated places established in 1597
Municipalities in Rio de Janeiro (state)
World Heritage Sites in Brazil

Paraty