is a 1994 platform game developed and published by Sega. Players control Sonic the Hedgehog and Knuckles the Echidna in their quests to save Angel Island; Sonic tries to stop Doctor Robotnik from re-launching his orbital weapon, the Death Egg, while Knuckles scuffles with Robotnik's minion, EggRobo. Like previous Sonic games, players traverse side-scrolling levels at high speeds while collecting rings and defeating enemies.

Sega Technical Institute developed Sonic & Knuckles simultaneously alongside its predecessor, Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (1994); they were planned as a single game until time constraints and cartridge costs forced the developers to split it. The Sonic & Knuckles cartridge features an adapter that allows players to connect the Sonic the Hedgehog 3 cartridge, creating a combined game, Sonic 3 & Knuckles. Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (1992) can also be attached, allowing players to control Knuckles in Sonic 2 stages. Attaching the original Sonic the Hedgehog or any other Genesis game released prior to this will unlock the "Blue Sphere" minigame.

Sonic & Knuckles was released for the Sega Genesis on October 18, 1994. It received positive reviews; critics were impressed with the replay value and lock-on technology, despite its similarity to Sonic 3. The games sold a combined four million copies worldwide, placing them among the best-selling Sega Genesis games. They have since been rereleased in various Sega and Sonic compilations.

Gameplay

Since Sonic & Knuckles and Sonic the Hedgehog 3 were initially developed as one game, their gameplay is similar: both are 2D side-scrolling platformers with similar level design, graphics, and game mechanics. However, in Sonic & Knuckles, unlike in Sonic 3, the player chooses either Sonic or Knuckles at the title screen, Miles "Tails" Prower is not available to select, and the player cannot control two characters together. There is also no multiplayer mode or save feature.

The player character moves through six levels, each divided into two acts. The first act of each level ends with a miniboss fight with one of Dr. Robotnik's robots, while the second ends with a regular boss fight with Robotnik (or EggRobo in Knuckles' campaign). Sonic and Knuckles traverse levels differently; Sonic can jump higher and has access to unique shield abilities, whereas Knuckles can glide and climb most walls. The levels also include cutscenes that differ based on the character selected, as Sonic and Knuckles are opponents for most of the game.

The game contains two types of bonus stages accessed by passing a checkpoint with at least 20 rings. The first type has Sonic or Knuckles orbit floating, glowing spheres, jetting off each one when a button is pressed, while a fence of light approaches from the bottom and will remove the player from the stage if touched. Collecting 50 rings in this stage earns the player a continue. The second type involves bouncing around a room with a slot machine in its center with the intention of winning extra lives and power-ups.

Special Stages are entered by finding giant rings hidden in secret passageways: the player is placed in a 3D environment and must turn all of a number of blue spheres red by running through them, but must avoid all red spheres, including formerly blue ones. Yellow spheres bounce the player long distances, and white spheres with red stars on them make the player walk backwards in the opposite direction. Completing a Special Stage earns the player a Chaos Emerald; collecting all seven Emeralds allows the player to turn into Super Sonic or Super Knuckles, more powerful versions of the characters.

Lock-on technology

Sonic & Knuckles features "lock-on technology" that allows players to open the hatch on the cartridge and insert a second cartridge. When Sonic 3 is inserted, the player can play through both games as one, Sonic 3 & Knuckles. This features several changes to the games, such as slightly altered level layouts, the ability to play through Sonic 3 levels as Knuckles or Sonic & Knuckles levels as Tails, and the ability to save progress in Sonic & Knuckles levels. Additionally, combining the cartridges is the only way to collect "Super Emeralds", earned by accessing Special Stages in the Sonic & Knuckles levels after collecting all seven Chaos Emeralds from Sonic 3. When all Super Emeralds have been collected, Sonic, Knuckles, and Tails can transform into Hyper Sonic, Hyper Knuckles, and Super Tails respectively, each with unique abilities.

Inserting Sonic 2 unlocks Knuckles the Echidna in Sonic the Hedgehog 2, wherein the player can play Sonic 2 using Knuckles' abilities.

If the player attaches any other Genesis game released prior to Sonic & Knuckles, a screen with Sonic, Tails, Knuckles, and Robotnik stating "No Way!" is displayed. From here, the player can also access a minigame based on Sonic 3 and Sonic & Knuckles Chaos Emerald Special Stages. The attached cartridge determines the Special Stage layout. If the player attaches the original Sonic the Hedgehog, they are able to access all of the possible variations of the special stages, each with a unique level number and corresponding password. This game is named Blue Sphere in Sonic Mega Collection and in Sonic Origins.

Plot
After the events of Sonic 3, Dr. Robotnik's orbital weapon, the Death Egg, crash-lands on Angel Island. Sonic travels to Angel Island to retrieve the Chaos Emeralds to defeat Robotnik, and once again comes into conflict with Knuckles, who believes Sonic is trying to steal the Emeralds for himself. In Hidden Palace Zone, Sonic fights and defeats Knuckles, only to discover Robotnik stealing the Master Emerald, the secret to the island's levitation powers. Knuckles attacks Robotnik, but Robotnik shocks him with electricity. Knuckles shows Sonic a portal that leads them to Sky Sanctuary, where the Death Egg is relaunching. Sonic infiltrates the Death Egg and defeats Robotnik as Super Sonic, retrieving the Master Emerald and returning it to Angel Island as it rises back into the sky.

In Knuckles' story, taking place after Sonic's, Knuckles is attacked by EggRobo, one of Robotnik's robots. He chases him to the damaged remains of Sky Sanctuary, where Mecha Sonic attacks Knuckles, but accidentally destroys EggRobo instead. Mecha Sonic uses the power of the Master Emerald to achieve a Super form similar to Sonic's and fights Knuckles until the latter eventually defeats the mecha. Sonic flies in piloting the biplane Tornado, and takes Knuckles and the Master Emerald back to Angel Island. If all the Chaos Emeralds are collected, Angel Island rises upwards, into the sky. However, if the player has not collected all the Chaos Emeralds, Angel Island plummets into the ocean.

Development

Sonic & Knuckles was developed in California by the Japanese members of Sega Technical Institute (STI). Sonic 3 and Sonic & Knuckles were originally planned as a single game; according to designer Takashi Iizuka, the team "really wanted to hit a home run", with larger stages that took longer to develop. As ROM cartridges were too small to contain the game and Sega wanted it released in time for a promotional deal with McDonald's in the US, Sonic 3 was split in two, with Sonic & Knuckles as the second part.

Despite the split, the developers wanted the games to feel like a single experience. According to Roger Hector, vice president and general manager of STI, the lock-on technology was conceived between the releases of Sonic the Hedgehog (1991) and Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (1992). The team explained their situation to Sega's hardware division, which gave them the lock-on adapter. The team knew that players would likely use the adapter to insert games beside Sonic 3, so they implemented the Blue Sphere minigame for most games. They made Knuckles playable in Sonic 2 if that game was inserted because the team found his play style suited its levels. They considered including the same functionality for the original Sonic the Hedgehog, but the developers felt Knuckles' abilities did not work with its level design.

Release
Sonic & Knuckles was released on October 18, 1994. It was released around the same time as Nintendo's Donkey Kong Country for the Genesis's competitor, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Industry figures called the coinciding releases a "battle" as both advertised "revolutionary" technological advances: lock-on technology for Sonic & Knuckles and 3D-rendered graphics for Donkey Kong.

Sonic & Knuckles was backed by a $45 million marketing campaign; at the time, video games typically had a marketing budget of $5 million. Blockbuster Video and MTV co-sponsored a tournament in which children were allowed to play Sonic & Knuckles. The final tournament was held at Alcatraz Island in San Francisco, California, with a prize of $25,000 and the title "The World's Most Hardcore Gamer". Two finalists were also awarded a copy of every Sega product released for the next year. MTV broadcast the tournament finale along with footage of the game as "MTV's Rock the Rock".

Rereleases

Sonic & Knuckles has been released as part of numerous compilations of Sega games including Sonic Jam (1997) for the Sega Saturn; Sonic & Knuckles Collection (1997) and Sonic & Garfield Pack (1999) for the PC, Sonic Mega Collection (2002) for the GameCube; Sonic Mega Collection Plus (2004) for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and PC; Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection (2009) for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3; and Sonic Classic Collection (2010) for the Nintendo DS.

Sonic Jam, in addition to featuring the original release, included some new "remix" options to modify the game: "Normal" mode alters the layout of rings and hazards and "Easy" mode removes certain acts entirely from the game. The version in Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection does not retain the lock-on feature included in other versions of the game, because of "tight development times".

The game has been re-released through the Wii's Virtual Console and Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade. Both releases are programmed such that, if any of the "Lock-on" games are also downloaded on the same account, the "connected" versions of the game are also available. For example, if one downloads Sonic & Knuckles and Sonic 2, they have the option to play the corresponding Knuckles in Sonic 2 game. When the PC version was released via the Steam software, the games were released together as Sonic 3 & Knuckles as originally intended, with the player (even if playing as Tails) simply continuing at the beginning of Sonic & Knuckles after finishing Sonic 3.

Sonic & Knuckles is included in the retro console Sega Genesis Flashback released in 2017 by AtGames, a compilation of 45 Genesis games that does not have Sonic 3.

Sonic 3 & Knuckles was re-released for the first time since 2011 as part of the Sonic Origins compilation in 2022. All versions of the games included in Origins are remasters running on the Retro Engine, with Sonic 1, 2 and CD being new ports of existing remasters. This version of the title was developed by Simon Thomley of Headcannon, who previously worked on both Sonic Mania and the other titles included. The Origins version features the original "Blue Sphere" minigame as a bonus mode, as well as new iteration of the mode called "New Blue Spheres" which includes the additional sphere colors introduced in Sonic Mania.

Reception

The Genesis version sold at least 1.24 million copies in the United States. Sonic 3 and Sonic & Knuckles sold a combined  cartridges worldwide.

Critics praised Sonic & Knuckles, despite its similarity to its predecessor. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly named it their "Game of the Month". They lauded the lock-on technology and remarked that despite that being "more of the same, it still is an exceptional game". GamePro commented that the ability to play as Knuckles makes it essentially two games on a single cartridge, the game is more challenging than Sonic 3, and the ability to hook the cartridge up to Sonic 2 and 3 makes those games "worth playing again". They gave it a perfect 5.0 out of 5 in all four categories (graphics, sound, control, and funfactor). Next Generation remarked, "Basically, this is the same Sonic game that Sega has sold for the last three years, just wrapped up better and with a prettier ribbon."

Critics praised the lock-on technology the game offered. Lucas Thomas of IGN said it was "a great game on its own", but the lock-on feature completely revamped the overall experience. Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer preferred Sonic & Knuckles to Sonic 3, stating that he could not fully appreciate its predecessor without its "companion piece". Sega Power review praised the game's harder difficulty in comparison to its predecessor and the new expansion of levels, admitting that the expansion would not have been possible had Sonic 3 been a single game. Sega Magazine review similarly praised the lock-on technology and the new innovation the unique cartridge offered, adding that Sonic & Knuckles hidden stages and bosses would strongly add to the replay value of the combined game.

Reviewing the Virtual Console release, Nintendo Life writer James Newton praised its support for the old lock-on feature of the original release, claiming that the game does not truly shine without having purchased Sonic the Hedgehog 2 and 3 to activate this feature. Thomas praised the game for "impressive visuals that pushed the Genesis to its limits" and for the value added in the content unlocked with the lock-on technology.

Legacy
For the series' twentieth anniversary in 2011, Sega released Sonic Generations, a game that remade aspects of various past games from the franchise. A remake of the Sky Sanctuary stage was made for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC versions of the game, while the Mushroom Hill level was remade for the Nintendo 3DS version of the game. Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing features a track inspired by the Death Egg as downloadable content along with the Metal Sonic character. The sequel, Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed, featured the same race course, and an additional new one inspired by the Sky Sanctuary stage. Re-imagined versions of the Flying Battery and Lava Reef stages, along with the Blue Sphere bonus game, appear in the 2017 game Sonic Mania.

Notes

References

Works cited

External links
Official Virtual Console website

1994 video games
Sega Genesis games
Sega Technical Institute games
Side-scrolling platform games
Single-player video games
Sonic Team games
Sonic the Hedgehog video games
Video game expansion packs
Video games developed in the United States
Video games produced by Yuji Naka
Video games scored by Howard Drossin
Video games scored by Tatsuyuki Maeda
Video games scored by Jun Senoue
Video games set on fictional islands
Video games set in outer space
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games

Sonic & Knuckles


Artemisia () is a large, diverse genus of plants belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae, with between 200 and 400 species. Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush.

Artemisia comprises hardy herbaceous plants and shrubs, which are known for the powerful chemical constituents in their essential oils. Artemisia species grow in temperate climates of both hemispheres, usually in dry or semiarid habitats. Notable species include A. vulgaris (common mugwort), A. tridentata (big sagebrush), A. annua (sagewort), A. absinthium (wormwood), A. dracunculus (tarragon), and A. abrotanum (southernwood). The leaves of many species are covered with white hairs.

Most species have strong aromas and bitter tastes from terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones, which discourage herbivory, and may have had a selective advantage. The small flowers are wind-pollinated. Artemisia species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species.

Some botanists split the genus into several genera, but DNA analysis does not support the maintenance of the genera Crossostephium, Filifolium, Neopallasia, Seriphidium, and Sphaeromeria; three other segregate genera — Stilnolepis, Elachanthemum, and Kaschgaria — are maintained by this evidence. Occasionally, some of the species are called sages, causing confusion with the Salvia sages in the family Lamiaceae.

Taxonomy
The genus was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The name Artemisia derives from the Greek goddess Artemis (Roman Diana), the namesake of Greek Queens Artemisia I and II. A more specific reference may be to Artemisia II of Caria, a botanist and medical researcher (also a queen and naval commander), who died in 350 BC.

Selected species
, Plants of the World Online accepted almost 470 species, including:

Artemisia abrotanum L. – southernwood, southern wormwood, slovenwood, abrotanum, old-man, lad's love
Artemisia absinthium L. – grand wormwood, absinthium
Artemisia adamsii Besser
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. – African wormwood, African sagebrush
Artemisia alaskana Rydb. – Alaska wormwood; synonym of Artemisia kruhsiana subsp. alaskana
Artemisia alba Turra – camphor southernwood
Artemisia aleutica Hultén – Aleutian wormwood
Artemisia amoena Poljakov
Artemisia annua L. – annual wormwood, sweet sagewort, sweet Annie
Artemisia araxina Takht.
Artemisia arborescens L. – tree wormwood
Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. – little sagebrush, low Sagebrush, black sage
Artemisia arctisibirica Korobkov
Artemisia arenaria DC.
Artemisia arenicola Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia argentea L'Hér. – Madeira wormwood
Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot – Chinese mugwort
Artemisia argyrophylla Ledeb.
Artemisia armeniaca Lam.
Artemisia australis Less. – Āhinahina, Oahu wormwood
Artemisia austriaca Jacq.
Artemisia avarica Minat.
Artemisia balchanorum Krasch.
Artemisia baldshuanica Krasch. & Zaprjag.
Artemisia bargusinensis Spreng.
Artemisia bejdemaniae Leonova
Artemisia bhutanica Grierson & Spring.
Artemisia biennis Willd. – biennial sagewort, biennial wormwood
Artemisia bigelovii A.Gray – Bigelow sage, Bigelow sagebrush
Artemisia borealis Pall.
Artemisia borotalensis Poljakov
Artemisia caerulescens L.
Artemisia caespitosa Ledeb.
Artemisia californica Less. – coastal sagebrush, California sagebrush
Artemisia campestris L. – field wormwood, sand wormwood
Artemisia cana Pursh – silver sagebrush
Artemisia capillaris Thunb. – capillary wormwood, yin-chen wormwood
Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth. – Carruth sagewort, Carruth's sagebrush
Artemisia chamaemelifolia Vill.
Artemisia cina O.Berg & C.F.Schmidt – santonica, Levant wormseed
Artemisia ciniformis Krasch. & Popov ex Poljakov
Artemisia compacta Fisch. ex DC.
Artemisia cuspidata Krasch.
Artemisia czukavinae Filatova
Artemisia daghestanica Krasch. & Poretzky
Artemisia demissa Krasch.
Artemisia deserti Krasch.
Artemisia desertorum Spreng.
Artemisia diffusa Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia dimoana Popov
Artemisia dolosa Krasch.
Artemisia douglasiana Bess. – Douglas' mugwort, Douglas' sagewort, northwest mugwort
Artemisia dracunculus L. – tarragon, silky wormwood
Artemisia dubia Wall.
Artemisia dubjanskyana Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia dumosa Poljakov
Artemisia elongata Filatova & Ladygina
Artemisia eremophila Krasch. & Butkov ex Poljakov
Artemisia fedtschenkoana Krasch.
Artemisia ferganensis Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia filifolia Torr. – sand sagebrush, sand-sage, silvery wormwood
Artemisia franserioides Greene – ragweed sagebrush
Artemisia freyniana (Pamp.) Krasch.
Artemisia frigida Willd. – fringed sagebrush, fringed-sage, prairie sagewort, estafiata
Artemisia fulvella Filatova & Ladygina
Artemisia furcata Bieb. – forked wormwood
Artemisia galinae Ikonn.
Artemisia genipi Weber ex Stechm.
Artemisia glacialis L. – glacier wormwood, alpine mugwort
Artemisia glanduligera Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia glauca Pall. ex Willd.
Artemisia glaucina Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia globosa Krasch.
Artemisia globularia Cham. ex Bess. – purple wormwood
Artemisia glomerata Ledeb. – cudweed sagewort, Pacific alpine wormwood
Artemisia gmelinii Webb ex Stechmann – Gmelin's wormwood, Russian wormwood
Artemisia gorgonum Webb
Artemisia gracilescens Krasch. & Iljin
Artemisia granatensis Boiss. ex DC.
Artemisia gurganica (Krasch.) Filatova
Artemisia gypsacea Krasch., Popov & Lincz. ex Poljakov
Artemisia halodendron Turcz. ex Besser
Artemisia heptapotamica Poljakov
Artemisia herba-alba Asso – white wormwood
Artemisia hippolyti Butkov
Artemisia hololeuca M.Bieb. ex Besser
Artemisia incana (L.) Druce
Artemisia indica Willd. – Indian wormwood
Artemisia insularis Kitam.
Artemisia integrifolia L.
Artemisia issykkulensis Poljakov
Artemisia jacutica Drobow
Artemisia japonica Thunb. – otoko yomogi
Artemisia judaica L.
Artemisia juncea Kar. & Kir.
Artemisia karatavica Krasch. & Abolin ex Poljakov
Artemisia karavajevii Leonova
Artemisia kaschgarica Krasch.
Artemisia kauaiensis (Skottsberg) Skottsberg – Āhinahina, Kauai wormwood
Artemisia keiskeana Miq.
Artemisia knorringiana Krasch.
Artemisia kochiiformis Krasch. & Lincz. ex Poljakov
Artemisia koidzumii Nakai
Artemisia kopetdaghensis Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia korovinii Poljakov
Artemisia korshinskyi Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia kuschakewiczii C.G.A.Winkl.
Artemisia laciniata Willd. – Siberian wormwood
Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC. – white mugwort
Artemisia lagocephala (Besser) DC.
Artemisia lagopus Fisch. ex Besser
Artemisia latifolia Ledeb.
Artemisia ledebouriana Besser
Artemisia lehmanniana Bunge
Artemisia lessingiana Besser
Artemisia leucodes Schrenk
Artemisia leucophylla (Turcz. ex Besser) Pamp.
Artemisia leucotricha Krasch. ex Ladygina
Artemisia lipskyi Poljakov
Artemisia littoricola Kitam.
Artemisia longifolia Nutt. – longleaf sagebrush, longleaf wormwood
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. – gray sagewort, prairie sage, white sagebrush, Louisiana-sage, western-sage
Artemisia macilenta (Maxim.) Krasch.
Artemisia macrantha Ledeb.
Artemisia macrocephala Jacq. ex Besser
Artemisia macrorhiza Turcz.
Artemisia maritima L. – sea wormwood, absinthe de mer
Artemisia marschalliana Spreng.
Artemisia mauiensis (A.Gray) Skottsberg – Āhinahina, Maui wormwood
Artemisia maximovicziana Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia medioxima Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia michauxiana Bess. – Michaux sagebrush, Michaux's wormwood, lemon sagewort
Artemisia minor Jacq. ex Besser
Artemisia mogoltavica Poljakov
Artemisia mongolica (Besser) Fisch. ex Nakai
Artemisia mongolorum Krasch.
Artemisia montana (Nakai) Pamp.
Artemisia mucronulata Poljakov
Artemisia nakaii Pamp.
Artemisia namanganica Poljakov
Artemisia negrei Ouyahya
Artemisia nesiotica Raven – island sagebrush
Artemisia nigricans Filatova & Ladygina
Artemisia niitakayamensis Hayata
Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp.
Artemisia nitida Bertol.
Artemisia nortonii Pamp.
Artemisia norvegica Fr. – Norwegian mugwort, alpine sagewort
Artemisia nova A.Nels. – black sagebrush, small sagebrush
Artemisia obtusiloba Ledeb.
Artemisia occidentalisichuanensis Y.R.Ling & S.Y.Zhao
Artemisia occidentalisinensis Y.R.Ling
Artemisia oelandica (Besser) Krasch.
Artemisia olchonensis Leonova
Artemisia oliveriana J.Gay ex Besser
Artemisia ordosica Krasch.
Artemisia orientalixizangensis Y.R.Ling & Humphries
Artemisia orientaliyunnanensis Y.R.Ling
Artemisia packardiae J.Grimes & Ertter – Packard's wormwood, Succor Creek sagebrush
Artemisia palmeri A.Gray – San Diego sagewort
Artemisia palustris L.
Artemisia pallens Wall
Artemisia pannosa Krasch.
Artemisia papposa S.F.Blake & Cronq. – Owyhee sage, Owyhee sagebrush
Artemisia pattersonii A.Gray – Patterson's wormwood
Artemisia pedatifida Nutt. – birdfoot sagebrush, matted sagewort
Artemisia pedemontana Balb.
Artemisia persica Boiss.
Artemisia phaeolepis Krasch.
Artemisia pontica L. – Roman wormwood, green-ginger
Artemisia porrecta Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia porteri Cronq. – Porter's wormwood, Porter mugwort
Artemisia princeps Pamp. – Japanese mugwort, yomogi
Artemisia prolixa Krasch. ex Poljak.
Artemisia punctigera Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia pycnocephala (Less.) DC. – beach wormwood, coastal sagewort
Artemisia pygmaea A.Gray – pygmy sagebrush
Artemisia quinqueloba Trautv.
Artemisia remotiloba Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia rhodantha Rupr.
Artemisia rigida (Nutt.) A.Gray – scabland sagebrush
Artemisia rothrockii A.Gray – timberline sagebrush
Artemisia roxburghiana Wall. ex Besser
Artemisia rubripes Nakai
Artemisia rupestris L. – rock wormwood
Artemisia rutifolia Stephan ex Spreng.
Artemisia saissanica (Krasch.) Filatova
Artemisia saitoana Kitam.
Artemisia salsoloides Willd.
Artemisia samoiedorum Pamp.
Artemisia saposhnikovii Krasch. ex Poljak.
Artemisia schmidtiana Maxim. – angel's hair
Artemisia schrenkiana Ledeb.
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. – redstem wormwood, yin-chen wormwood
Artemisia scopiformis Ledeb.
Artemisia scopulorum A.Gray – alpine sagebrush, dwarf sagebrush
Artemisia scotina Nevski
Artemisia semiarida (Krasch. & Lavrenko) Filatova
Artemisia senjavinensis Bess. – arctic wormwood
Artemisia sericea Weber ex Stechm.
Artemisia serrata Nutt. – sawtooth wormwood
Artemisia sieberi Besser
Artemisia sieversiana Willd. – sieversian wormwood
Artemisia spiciformis K.Koch
Artemisia spicigera K.Koch
Artemisia spinescens D.C.Eaton – budsage [syn. Picrothamnus desertorum]
Artemisia splendens Willd.
Artemisia stelleriana Bess. – hoary mugwort, oldwoman, Dusty Miller, beach wormwood
Artemisia stenocephala Krasch. ex Poljak.
Artemisia subarctica Krasch.
Artemisia subchrysolepis Filatova
Artemisia sublessingiana Krasch. ex Poljakov
Artemisia subsalsa Filatova
Artemisia succulenta Ledeb.
Artemisia suksdorfii Piper – coastal wormwood, Suksdorf sagewort
Artemisia sylvatica Maxim.
Artemisia tanacetifolia L.
Artemisia taurica Willd. – Tauric wormwood
Artemisia tenuisecta Nevski
Artemisia terrae-albae Krasch.
Artemisia thuscula Cav.
Artemisia tianschanica Krasch. ex Poljak.
Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. – Tilesius' wormwood, Aleutian mugwort
Artemisia tomentella Trautv.
Artemisia transbaicalensis Leonova
Artemisia transiliensis Poljakov
Artemisia trautvetteriana Besser
Artemisia tridentata Nutt. – big sagebrush, blue sage, black sage, basin sagebrush, common sagebrush
Artemisia tripartita Rydb. – threetip sagebrush
Artemisia turanica Krasch.
Artemisia turcomanica Gand.
Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. – Alps wormwood, alpine wormwood
Artemisia vachanica Krasch. ex Poljak.
Artemisia valida Krasch. ex Poljak.
Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte – Chinese wormwood
Artemisia vulgaris L. – mugwort, felonherb, green-ginger, common wormwood
Artemisia waltonii J.R.Drumm. ex Pamp.
Artemisia wudanica Liou & W.Wang
Artemisia xerophytica Krasch.
Artemisia yadongensis Ling & Y.R.Ling
Artemisia yongii Y.R.Ling
Artemisia younghusbandii J.R.Drumm. ex Pamp.
Artemisia zayuensis Y.R.Ling
Artemisia zhongdianensis Y.R.Ling

Formerly placed here

Centipeda minima (L.) A.Braun & Asch. (as A. minima L.)
Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small (as A. capillifolia Lam.)
Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam. (as A. sibirica (L.) Maxim.)
Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. (as A. maderaspatana L.)
Matricaria discoidea DC. (as A. matricarioides auct.)

Classification
Classification of Artemisia is difficult. Divisions of Artemisia prior to 2000 into subgenera or sections have not been backed up by molecular data, but much of the molecular data, as of 2006, are not especially strong. The following identified groups do not include all the species in the genus.

Subgenera Artemisia and Absinthium

Subgenera Artemisia and Absinthium are sometimes, but not always, considered the same. Subgenus Artemisia (originally Abrotanum Besser) is characterized by a heterogamous flower head with female outer florets and hermaphrodite central florets, and a fertile, glabrous receptacle. Absinthium DC, though sometimes merged with subgenus Artemisia is characterized by heterogamous flower head with female outer florets and hermaphrodite central florets, and a fertile, hairy receptacle. Generally, previously proposed monotypic and non-monophyletic subgenera have been merged with the subgenus Artemesia due to molecular evidence. For example, in 2011 using ribosomal DNA analysis of their own and a review of molecular data (such as ITS sequence analysis) of others, S. Garcia and colleagues argued that it was logical to rename several Sphaeromeria and Picrothamnus (formerly designated sister genera to Artemisia) species as Artemisia, as well as to revert some Sphaeromeria species back to Artemisia, where they had been categorized previously. Part of this was due to research by Watson and colleagues, who found that the four subgenera were not monophyletic except for Dracunculus, after analyzing and matching the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA from many Seriphidium and Artemisia species, and the related genera Arctanthemum and Dendranthema. The authors concluded that inflorescence morphology is not alone reliable for categorizing the genus or some subgenera, as qualities that previously demarcated them (such as homogamous, discoid, ray-less inflorescences) seemed to have undergone paralleled evolution up to seven times. Picrothamnus Nutt. ("bud sage"), now considered Artemisia spinescens and Sphaeromeria Nutt. ("chicken sage") are some examples, both endemic to North America.

Tridentatae
Section Tridentatae consists of eleven to thirteen species of coarse shrubs often known colloquially as "sagebrushes", which are very prominent parts of the flora in western North America. In some classifications, they have previously been considered part of the genus or subgenus Seriphidium, although recent studies have contested this lineage to Old World species. Tridentatae was first articulated as a section by Rydberg in 1916, and it was not until McArthur et al. in 1981 that Tridentatae was elevated to a separate subgenus from Seriphidium. The principal motive for their separation was geographical distribution, chemical makeup, and karyotype. Much of the debate surrounding Tridentatae is phytogeographic, thus habitat and geography are frequently cited when understanding the evolution of this endemic North American subgenus. Evolutionary cycles of wet and dry climates encouraged "diploid and polyploid races which are morphologically similar if not indistinguishable" (McArthur 598).

Autopolyploidy among plants is not uncommon, however Tridentatae exhibits a remarkable amount of chromosomal differences at the population level, rather than the taxon level. This contributes to the difficulty in determining Tridentatae's phylogeny. The subgenus' relative homogeneity within ploidies has enabled it to habitually hybridize and backcross, resulting in a high degree of genetic variation at the population level rather than the taxon level. For instance, some articles suggest that to be monophyletic, section Tridentatae should exclude Artemisia bigelovii and Artemisia palmeri. and include Artemisia pygmaea and Artemisia rigida. These results were supported by extensive chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nrDNA sequencing which departed from prior morphological, anatomical, and behavioral data.

Traditional lineages within Tridentatae were proposed on the basis of leaf morphology, habitat preference, and the ability to leaf-sprout, among other morphological and behavioral characteristics. For instance, sagebrush in the Artemisia tridentata lineage have tridentate leaves, live in especially arid habitats, and are unable to root-sprout. This method of delimitation is problematic for species that do not fully adhere to the characteristics of a given lineage. The dry habitat and the presence of interxylary cork has often made the case for Tridentatae as a subgenus of its own, and there is some ribosomal molecular evidence of a "Tridentatae core" group for the subgenus. In 2011, Garcia and colleagues proposed enlarging Tridentatae and organized it into the sections Tridentatae, Nebulosae, and Filifoliae based on previous research establishing relationships via ribosomal and nuclear DNA.

Intergrading forms are particularly common in recently radiated subgenera such as Tridentatae, given their frequent reversals and convergent evolution. Global reviews of Artemisia using ITS analysis support the hypothesis that Tridentatae has independent origins from Old World Seriphidium These findings were compared with capitula morphology, challenging past assumptions based on floral characteristics. To better understand the rapid diversification and radiation relative to Old World Artemisia, a closer study of Beriginian or Arctic species may provide missing links.

Artemisia tridentata
Artemisia cana
Artemisia nova
Artemisia rigida
Artemisia arbuscula
Artemisia longiloba
Artemisia tripartita
Artemisia pygmaea
Artemisia rothrockii

Section Tridentatae includes above species with exception of Artemisia longiloba, which is treated as a subspecies of Artemisia arbuscula. Section Nebulae includes Artemisia californica, Artemisia nesiotica, and Artemisia filifolia.

Seriphidium
The Old World species which different classifications put into the genus or subgenus Seriphidium consist of about 125 species native to Europe and temperate Asia, with the largest number of species in Central Asia. Some classifications, such as that of the Flora of North America, exclude any New World plants from Seriphidium. They are herbaceous plants or small shrubs.

Seriphidium Besser was morphologically categorized by a homogamous flower head with all hermaphrodite florets and fertile and glabrous receptacle. Tridentatae was originally categorized as within Seriphidium due to floral, inflorescence, and leaf morphological similarities, until McArthur et al.'s analysis in 1981, which explained these similarities as convergent evolution. Old World Seriphidium, with 125 species native to Europe and temperate Asia, was a previous classification of Seriphidium. North American or "New World" Seriphidium and Old World Seriphidium. North American Seriphidium were later placed into Tridentatae Rydb due to geographical distribution, growth habit, and karyotypic and chemotaxonomic similarities (such as presence of certain terpenols).

Subgenus Dracunculus
One group which is well-supported by molecular data is subgenus Dracunculus. It consists of 80 species found in both North America and Eurasia, of which the best-known is perhaps Artemisia dracunculus, the spice tarragon.

Dracunculus Besser. has historically been characterized morphologically by a heterogamous flower head with female outer florets and hermaphrodite central florets, but with a female-sterile, glabrous receptacle. Dracunculus is the most supported and resolved subgenus of Artemisia, which includes Artemisia dracunculus L., known as the cooking spice tarragon. Chloroplast and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis in 2011 supported monophyly with two clades, one of which includes some North American endemic species as well as most species of Europe and Asia, while the second clade includes just A. salsoloides and A. Tanaitica, found in Eastern Europe and Siberia to the Western Himalayas. This study places Dracunculus as one of the more recent subgenera within Artemisia, situating A. Salisoides more basally on the tree, with North American endemic groups such as the sagebrushes having derived on the other end of a split from a common ancestor with Dracunculus. Formerly proposed genera Mausolea, Neopallasia and Turaniphytum are now argued to be within the subgenus Dracunculus due to ribosomal and chloroplast DNA evidence, with further species resolved as sister groups to Dracunculus due to phytochemical relationships.

Cultivation and uses
The aromatic leaves of some species are used for flavouring. Most species have an extremely bitter taste. A. dracunculus (tarragon) is widely used as a culinary herb, particularly important in French cuisine.

Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) was used to repel midges (mug > midge), fleas and moths, intestinal worms, and in brewing (mugwort beer, mugwort wine) as a remedy against hangovers and nightmares.

Artemisia absinthium is used to make the highly potent spirit absinthe. Malört also contains wormwood. The aperitif vermouth (derived from the German word Wermut, "wormwood") is a wine flavored with aromatic herbs, but originally with wormwood.

Artemisia arborescens (tree wormwood, or sheeba in Arabic) is an aromatic herb indigenous to the Middle East used in tea, usually with mint.

A few species are grown as ornamental plants, the fine-textured ones used for clipped bordering. All grow best in free-draining sandy soil, unfertilized, and in full sun.

Artemisia stelleriana is known as Dusty Miller, but several other species bear that name, including Jacobaea maritima (syn. Senecio cineraria), Silene coronaria (syn. Lychnis coronaria), and Centaurea cineraria.

The largest collection of living Artemisia species, subspecies and cultivars is held in the National Collection of Artemisia in Sidmouth, Devon, UK , which holds about 400 taxa. The National Collection scheme is administered by Plant Heritage (formerly National Council for Conservation of Plants and Gardens, NCCPG) in the British Isles.

Medicinal
Artemisinin (from Artemisia annua) and derivatives are a group of compounds used to treat malaria. Treatments containing an artemisinin derivative (artemisinin-combination therapies) are now standard treatment worldwide for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Administering Artemisia annua as dried whole leaves may cause resistance to develop more slowly than if it is administered as pure artemisenin.

Tu Youyou received the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of the semisynthetic derivatives. She conducted research on traditional Chinese medicine and potential contributions to cures for malaria, on the basis of folk medicine and ancient Chinese texts. Before Tu and her team discovered artemisinin, 240,000 compounds had already been tested for use in potential antimalaria drugs, none of which had worked. From reviewing ancient Chinese texts, they found that the compound artemisinin was optimally extracted at lower temperatures, as high temperature water poured over sweet wormwood leaves destroyed essential treatment properties.

The World Health Organization does not support the promotion or use of Artemisia plant material in any form for the prevention or treatment of malaria. They note that the plant form of medication has several problems. These include a lack of consistent Artemisia content, the content being low enough that recurrence of malaria often occurs, that the use of the plant may contribute to widespread artemisinin resistance, and that the plant form is not effective in malaria prevention.

As of June 2020, there is no evidence that Artemisia can treat or prevent COVID-19.

Culture
Artemisia has been mentioned and used in popular culture for centuries. A few examples are:
Artemisia herba-alba is thought to be the plant translated as "wormwood" in English language versions of the Bible (apsinthos in the Greek text). Wormwood is mentioned seven times in the Jewish Bible, always with the implication of bitterness. It is mentioned once in the New Testament. Wormwood is the "name of the star" in the Book of  (kai to onoma tou asteros legetai ho Apsinthos) that John of Patmos envisions as cast by the angel and falling into the waters, making them undrinkably bitter. Further references in the Bible show wormwood was a common herb known for its bitter taste. (, , , , , )
In Shakespeare's play Hamlet, the titular character says "Wormwood, wormwood" to comment on the bitter implications of what the Player Queen has just said.

Ecology
Artemisia species are found on every continent except Antarctica, and have become part of many ecosystems around the world as a result. Below is currently a partial view of the importance of Artemisia species in ecosystems around the world.

North American ecology of Artemisia

In North America, several species of Artemisia have become important parts of local environments, with wide adaptability. Artemisia papposa described by S.F.Blake & Arthur Cronquist can grow in the harsh, dry expanses of alkali flats, but also adapts to meadowlands.

Sagebrushes like A. papposa (of the Tridenteae subgenus) in general are found in the north and southwest areas of the North American continent. In the Intermountain West, in a habitat known as Sagebrush Steppe, A. tridentata, A. tripartite, and A. arbuscula grow alongside various grasses and species of bitter bush, creating an important environment for mule deer, pygmy rabbits, antelopes, and the sage grouse. Understanding the phylogenetic relationships among the sagebrushes has been helpful in understanding the relationships among these plants and their environments, as well as learning more about how these plants formed these communities over long stretches of time. Sagebrushes, which include A. ludoviciana and A. Tridentata among others, can often also be found growing near junipers, particularly in the Elkhorn Mountain region, where the Juniper Woodlands form an ecosystem which provide cover for many animal species in both summer and winter months and storms. Because the habitat should burn only every 400–600 years, with sagebrush shrubs living as long as 200 years (though potentially typically 88), this particular combination of Artemisia with other flora form an enduring habitat. As it often goes, however, governments and farming businesses have often cleared sagebrush-juniper communities to create land for cow and domestic animal feedcrops, and Artemisia species may be declining due to this and invasive species such as cheatgrass. Destabilization of the vegetation creates higher risk of fires, causing concern among the local conservation and wildlife groups.

Due to their often extensive rhizome systems and other potential characteristics, however, some Artemisia species are often resilient to mowing or pulling, giving some species of Artemisia the ability to easily become invasive if introduced to comfortable, though non-native habitats.
A. annua (native to Eurasia) is found in wetland habitats, and though it has been naturalized in much of North America it is considered weedy or invasive by some localities, such as Kentucky.
This is particularly true of Artemisia vulgaris, known as "common mugwort," in North America, where it was introduced by European colonists and settlers in the 1600s, when Jesuit priests and other colonizers may have first brought the herb for ointments and teas and likely also let into port cities via ballast dumping. Artemisia vulgaris will grow in dense groups and out-compete other plants in an area, in part due to its ability to grow on poorly enriched soils. Disturbed habitats, cities and roadsides or parking lots can easily become a field of A. vulgaris, which is the Artemisia species designated as invasive by New York State.

References

Further reading

External links

Flora Europaea: Artemisia
Chinese Plant Names: Artemisia species list and Seriphidium species list
Flora of Pakistan: Artemisia and Seriphidium species list

Medicinal plants
Asteraceae genera

Artemisia (plant)


Angry Birds Action! este un joc video dezvoltat de Tag Games și publicat de Rovio Entertainment ca al treisprezecelea joc din seria Angry Birds.

Gameplay

Episoade

Referințe

Legături externe

Jocuri pentru Android
Angry Birds
Jocuri pentru iOS
Jocuri video de puzzle

Angry Birds Action!


Den grimme Ælling er en dansk animationsfilm fra 1928, der er instrueret af Karl Wieghorst. Filmen er baseret på H.C. Andersens eventyr af samme navn fra 1843.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1928

Den grimme Ælling (film fra 1928)


Olaylar
 1787 - Mozart'ın Don Giovanni operası ilk kez olarak Prag Ulusal Tiyatro'da sahnelendi.
 1859 - İspanya, Fas'a savaş ilan etti.
 1863 - Cenevre'de toplanan 16 ülke, Uluslararası Kızılhaç'ın kurulmasına karar verdi.
 1888 - Britanya İmparatorluğu, Alman İmparatorluğu, Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu, İspanyol İmparatorluğu, Fransa, İtalya, Hollanda, Rus İmparatorluğu ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasında, İstanbul Antlaşması'nın (Convention of Constantinople) nihai metni imzalandı. Buna göre, ilgili devletlerin gemileri hem savaş hem de barış zamanında Süveyş Kanalından geçebilecekler.
 1901 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı William McKinley'in suikastçısı Leon Czolgosz elektrikli sandalyede idam edildi.
 1913 - Batı Trakya Bağımsız Hükûmeti yıkıldı.
 1914 - Amiral Souchon liderliğindeki Goeben (Yavuz), Breslau (Midilli) ve dokuz Osmanlı savaş gemisinden oluşan bir donanma Rus liman ve gemilerini bombalayarak Osmanlı'nın I. Dünya Savaşı'na girmesine neden oldu.
 1919 - Britanya birlikleri Antep'i Fransızlara teslim edilerek geri çekildi.
 1923 - Türkiye'de cumhuriyetin ilanı: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ilk Türkiye cumhurbaşkanı seçildi.
 1924 - Milletler Cemiyeti Konseyinde, Türkiye-Irak sınırı, Musul'u Irak'ta bırakacak biçimde saptandı.
 1927 - Irak'ta yapılan kazılarda, Ur kenti yakınlarında 5 bin yıl öncesine ait olduğu belirlenen bir molekül takımı bulundu.
 1929 - New York Menkul Kıymetler Borsası çöktü; Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde ekonomik depresyonun başlangıcı.
 1930 - Ankara'daki Cumhuriyet Bayramı törenlerine Yunanistan başbakanı Venizelos da katıldı.
 1933 - Türkiye cumhurbaşkanı Mustafa Kemal, Cumhuriyet'in ilanının 10. yılı münasebetiyle nutkunu okudu.
 1954 - Dr. Hikmet Kıvılcımlı, Vatan Partisi'ni kurdu.
 1956 - İsrail Ordusu, Mısır sınırını geçerek Sina Yarımadasını işgal etti.
 1960 - Cassius Clay (daha sonra Muhammet Ali) Louisville, Kentucky'de ilk profesyonel maçını kazandı.
 1960 - Millî Birlik Komitesi'nin 147 öğretim üyesini görevden almasına tepkiler sürüyor. Ankara Üniversitesi rektörü Suut Kemal Yetkin istifa etti.
 1961 - Suriye, Birleşik Arap Cumhuriyeti'nden ayrıldı.
 1961 - İlk Türk yapımı otomobil Devrim, Cumhurbaşkanı Cemal Gürsel'e armağan edildi.
 1967 - Montreal'deki Expo 67 Dünya Fuarı kapandı. Fuarı 50 milyonun üzerinde insan ziyaret etmişti.
 1969 - İki bilgisayar arasındaki ilk bağlantı gerçekleştirildi. Bu bağlantı İnternet'in öncüsü olan ARPANET üzerinden yapıldı.
 1992 - Türkiye ile Irak'ın kuzeyi arasında stratejik öneme sahip Sinhat Boğazı, TSK'nın eline geçti. Çatışmalarda 90 silahlı militan öldürüldü.
 1992 - Kazakistan ve Türkmenistan, ilk Büyük Elçiliklerini Ankara'da açtılar.
 1998 - THY'nin Adana-Ankara seferini yapan Boeing 737 tipi uçağı, 33 yolcu ve 6 kişilik mürettebatıyla kaçırıldı. Uçağı kaçıran Erdal Aksu, öldürüldü. Aksu'nun Diyarbakır'da 4 öğretmeni katletmekten arandığı belirlendi.
 1998 - Azerbaycan, Gürcistan, Kazakistan, Özbekistan ve Türkiye, Hazar ve Orta Asya petrollerinin Batı pazarlarına Bakü Tiflis Ceyhan Petrol Boru Hattı'yla ulaştırılmasına ilişkin Ankara Deklarasyonu'nu imzaladılar.
 1998 - Amerikalı astronot John Glenn 36 yıl aradan sonra 77 yaşında, Discovery mekiğiyle yeniden uzaya gitti.
 2006 - Nijerya'nın başkenti Abuja'da Boeing 737 tipi bir yolcu uçağı kalkıştan hemen sonra 104 yolcusuyla düştü: 6 kişi kurtuldu.
 2013 - Marmaray açıldı ve ilk sefer Üsküdar'dan Yenikapı'ya düzenlendi.
 2016 - Ankara Yüksek Hızlı Tren Garı hizmete açıldı.
 2018 - İstanbul Havalimanı açıldı.
 2018 - Endonezya'da Cakarta'dan Sumatra Adası'ndaki Pangkal Pinang şehrine gitmek üzere olan Boeing 737 tipi yolcu uçağı havalandıktan kısa bir süre sonra denize düştü. 189 kişi öldü.

Doğumlar
 1017 - III. Heinrich, Kutsal Roma İmparatoru (ö. 1056)
 1504 - Shin Saimdang, Koreli filozof, sanatçı, ressam, yazar ve şair (ö. 1551)
 1562 - George Abbot, Canterbury başpiskoposu (ö. 1633)
 1875 - Rebeca Matte Bello, Şilili heykeltıraş (ö. 1929)
 1875 - Marie, Kral I. Ferdinand'ın eşi olarak son Romanya konsort kraliçesi (ö. 1938)
 1879 - Franz von Papen, Alman siyasetçi ve diplomat (ö. 1969)
 1880 - Abram İoffe, Sovyet Rus fizikçi (ö. 1960)
 1891 - Fanny Brice, Amerikalı oyuncu ve model (ö. 1951)
 1897 - Joseph Goebbels, Alman siyasetçi (ö. 1945)
 1897 - Billy Walker, İngiliz futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 1964)
 1899 - Akim Tamiroff, Rus asıllı sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1972)
 1900 - Andrej Bagar, Slovak sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1966)
 1910 - Alfred Jules Ayer, İngiliz filozof (ö. 1989)
 1918 - Diana Serra Cary, Amerikalı sessiz film oyuncusu, yazar ve tarihçi (ö. 2020)
 1920 - Baruj Benacerraf, Venezuela doğumlu Amerikalı immünolog (ö. 2011)
 1922 - Neal Hefti, Amerikalı caz trompetçisi, besteci ve aranjör (ö. 2008)
 1923 - Nazan İpşiroğlu, Türkiye'nin ilk sanat tarihi ve felsefe öğretmenlerinden biri (ö. 2015)
 1923 - Carl Djerassi, Avusturya doğumlu Bulgar-Amerikalı kimyger, yazar ve senarist. Oral doğum kontrol hapının icadına katkısıyla tanınır (ö. 2015)
 1925 - Robert Hardy, İngiliz oyuncu (ö. 2017)
 1926 - Necmettin Erbakan, Türk siyasetçi, mühendis, akademisyen ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı (ö. 2011)
 1929 - Yevgeni Primakov, Rus politikacı ve diplomat (ö. 2015)
 1930 - Niki de Saint Phalle, Fransız ressam, görsel sanatçı ve heykeltıraş (ö. 2002)
 1932 - Füruzan, Türk yazar
 1933 - Muzaffer İzgü, Türk yazar ve öğretmen (ö. 2017)
 1937 - Ayla Algan, Türk tiyatro sanatçısı, sinema oyuncusu ve şarkıcı
 1938 - Ralph Bakshi, Amerikalı film yönetmeni
 1938 - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Liberya Cumhurbaşkanı ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi
 1938 - Sezen Cumhur Önal, Türk şarkı sözü yazarı, radyo-TV programcısı ve sunucusu
 1942 - Bob Ross, Amerikalı ressam ve televizyoncu
 1943 - Müjdat Gezen, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu, şair ve eğitmen
 1944 - Mehmet Haberal, Türk tıp profesörü ve Başkent Üniversitesi Rektörü
 1947 - Richard Dreyfuss, Amerikalı oyuncu ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1948 - Kate Jackson, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1948 - Frans de Waal, Hollandalı-Amerikalı etolog ve primatolog
 1950 - Abdullah Gül, Türk siyasetçi ve Türkiye'nin 11. Cumhurbaşkanı
 1955 - Kevin DuBrow, Amerikalı müzisyen (ö. 2007)
 1955 - Etsuko Shihomi, Japon oyuncu
 1957 - Dan Castellaneta, Amerikalı seslendirmeci, oyuncu ve komedyen
 1959 - John Magufuli, Tanzanyalı öğretim görevlisi ve siyasetçi (ö. 2021)
 1960 - Mustafa Koç, Türk iş insanı (ö. 2016)
 1961 - Randy Jackson, Michael Jackson'ın kardeşi, şarkıcı ve müzisyen
 1967 - Joely Fisher, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1967 - Rufus Sewell, İngiliz oyuncu
 1968 - Johann Olav Koss, Norveçli eski sürat patencisi
 1970 - Phillip Cocu, Hollandalı eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1970 - Edwin van der Sar, Hollandalı futbolcu
 1970 - Toby Smith, İngiliz müzisyen ve söz yazarı (ö. 2017)
 1971 - Aistė Smilgevičiūtė, Litvan şarkıcı
 1971 - Winona Ryder, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1972 - Tracee Ellis Ross, Amerikalı aktris, şarkıcı, televizyon sunucusu, yapımcı ve yönetmen
 1972 - Gabrielle Union, Amerikalı oyuncu, şarkıcı, aktivist ve yazar
 1973 - Robert Pirès, Portekiz ve İspanya kökenli eski Fransız futbolcu
 1973 - Mahsa Vahdet, İranlı sanatçı
 1980 - Ben Foster, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1981 - Yorgo Fotakis, Yunan eski millî futbolcu
 1982 - Nicolas Gob, Belçikalı oyuncu
 1983 - Malik Fathi, Alman futbolcu
 1983 - Jérémy Mathieu, Fransız eski futbolcu
 1983 - Nurcan Taylan, Türk kadın halterci (Avrupa, Dünya ve Olimpiyat Şampiyonu)
 1985 - Janet Montgomery, İngiliz televizyon ve film oyuncusu
 1986 - Italia Ricci, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1987 - Jessica Dubé, Kanadalı buz patenci
 1987 - Tove Lo, İsveçli şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1988 - Florin Gardoș, Romanya vatandaşı futbolcu
 1989 - Primož Roglič, Sloven yol bisikleti yarışçısı
 1989 - Leyla Lydia Tuğutlu, Türk oyuncu ve model
 1990 - Vanessa Crone, Kanadalı buz patenci
 1990 - Eric Saade, İsveçli pop şarkıcısı
 1991
Hüseyin Atalay, Türk futbolcu
Simon Deli, Fildişi Sahilli millî futbolcu
 1993 - India Eisley, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1994 - Åke Ödmark, İsveçli yüksek atlayıcı

Ölümler
 1321 - II. Stefan Uroš Milutin, 1282 yılından 1321 yılına kadar Sırbistan Kralı (d. 1253)
 1618 - Sir Walter Raleigh, İngiliz kâşif (idam edildi) (d. 1554)
 1783 - Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Fransız matematikçi (d. 1717)
 1784 - Giuseppe Zais, İtalyan Peyzaj ressamı (d. 1709)
 1799 - Domenico Cirillo, İtalyan doktor, böcek bilimci, botanikçi (d. 1739)
 1829 - Maria Anna Mozart, Avusturyalı piyanist (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart'ın ablası) (d. 1751)
 1877 - Nathan Bedford Forrest, Amerikan İç Savaşı'nda Konfederasyon Ordusu generali ve 1867'den 1869'a kadar Ku Klux Klan'ın ilk Büyücüsü (d. 1821)
 1880 - Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger, Avusturyalı ressam (d. 1805)
 1884 - Ohannes Çamiç Efendi, Ermeni asıllı Osmanlı Ticaret ve Ziraat nâzırı (d. bilinmiyor)
 1901 - Leon Czolgosz, Amerikalı çelik işçisi ve anarşist (William McKinley'e suikast düzenleyen) (d. 1873)
 1911 - Joseph Pulitzer, Macaristan doğumlu Amerikalı gazeteci (d. 1847)
 1924 - Frances Hodgson Burnett, İngiliz yazar (d. 1849)
 1932 - Joseph Babinski, Polonyalı nörolog (d. 1857)
 1933 - Albert Calmette, Fransız bakteriyolog (d. 1863)
 1933 - Paul Painlevé, Fransız siyasetçi ve matematikçi (d. 1863)
 1934 - Lou Tellegen, Amerikalı sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (d. 1883)
 1935 - Thomas McIntosh, İngiliz futbolcu (d. 1879)
 1949 - İbrahim Alaettin Gövsa, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1889)
 1949 - Georgi Gürciyev, Rus öǧretmen, guru ve yazar (d. 1866
 1950 - V. Gustav, İsveç Kralı (d. 1858)
 1951 - Robert Grant Aitken, Amerikalı gök bilimci (d. 1864)
 1957 - Louis B. Mayer, Amerikalı film yapımcısı (d. 1884)
 1971 - Arne Tiselius, İsveçli kimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1902)
 1981 - Georges Brassens, Fransız şarkıcı (d. 1921)
 1981 - Rıza Kuas, Türk sendikacı, siyasetçi ve DİSK'in kurucusu (d. 1926)
 1986 - Abel Meeropol, Amerikalı öğretmen (d. 1903)
 1997 - Anton Szandor LaVey, Amerikan okültist yazar (günümüz Satanizm'inin başbuğu ve Şeytan Kilisesini kuran) (d. 1930)
 1998 - Paul Misraki, İstanbul doğumlu Fransız film müzikleri bestecisi (d. 1908)
 2004 - Alice, Kral V. George ve Kraliçe Mary'nin üçüncü oğlu Gloucester Dükü Prens Henry'nin karısı (d. 1901)
 2004 - Ordal Demokan, Türk bilim insanı (d. 1946)
 2004 - Edward Oliver LeBlanc, Dominikalı siyasetçi (d. 1923)
 2009 - Jürgen Rieger, Alman avukat ve neo-Nazi siyasetçi (d. 1946)
 2013 - Graham Stark, İngiliz komedyen, oyuncu yazar ve yönetmen (d. 1922)
 2014 - Klas Ingesson, İsveçli eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1968)
 2016 - Pen Sovan, Kamboçyalı siyaset adamı (d. 1936)
 2017 - Muhal Richard Abrams, Amerikalı klarnetçi, grup lideri, besteci ve caz piyanisti (d. 1930)
 2017 - Dennis J. Banks, Kızılderili lider, öğretmen, konuşmacı, aktivist ve yazar (d. 1937)
 2017 - Metin Ersoy, Türk müzisyen ve şarkıcı (d. 1934)
 2017 - Władysław Kowalski, Polonyalı oyuncu (d. 1936)
 2017 - Tony Madigan, Eski Avustralyalı ragbi oyuncusu ve boksör (d. 1930)
 2017 - Manfredi Nicoletti, İtalyan mimar (d. 1930)
 2017 - Linda Nochlin, Amerikalı sanat tarihçisi, küratör, yazar ve kadın hakları savunucusu (d. 1931)
 2017 - Ninian Stephen, Avustralyalı hukukçu, devlet memuru ve siyasetçi (d. 1923)
 2018 - Gérald Bloncourt, Haitili ressam ve fotoğrafçısı (d. 1926)
 2019 - John Witherspoon, Amerikalı komedyen ve oyuncu (d. 1942)
 2020 - Karim Akbari Mobarakeh, İranlı film yönetmeni ve aktör (d. 1953)
 2020 - Angelika Amon, Avusturyalı-Amerikalı moleküler hücre biyoloğu (d. 1967)
 2020 - Amir Ishemgulov, Rus biyolog ve siyasetçi (d. 1960)
 2020 - Yuri Ponomaryov, Rus siyasetçi ve ekonomist (d. 1946)
 2020 - Arturo Rivera, Meksikalı ressam (d. 1945)
 2023 - Jeyan Mahfi Tözüm, Türk seslendirme sanatçısı ve oyuncu (d. 1928)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Türkiye'de Cumhuriyet Bayramı
Kızılay Haftası (29 Ekim - 4 Kasım)

1029
29

29 Ekim


الهندسة المتقطعة هو فرع الهندسة الرياضية الذي يدرس الأجسام وخصائصها في الفضاء المتقطع. وهي دراسة لا تعتمد على افتراض استمرارية الأجسام.

تطبيقات الهندسة المتقطعة
للهندسة المتقطعة تطبيقات عديدة في الهندسة الرياضية الرقمية، الهندسة الرياضية الحاسوبية، الهندسة المنتهية وغيرها.

مواضيع الهندسة المتقطعة
 بوليتوب
 تثليث
 مبرهنة بيك
 قضية شبرينر
 هندسة تفاضلية متقطعة

انظر أيضاً
 رياضيات متقطعة
 بول إيردوس

مراجع

هندسة متقطعة


هذه قائمة بجميع مواسم الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز منذ أن بدأ الدوري في عام 1992–93. حتى الآن, أكمل الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز 16 موسماً. حقق لقبها أربعة أندية مختلفة هي—مانتشستر يونايتد (10 مرات), آرسنال (3 مرات), تشيلسي (مرتين) وبلاكبيرن روفرز (مرة).

مانتشستر يونايتد فاز بأول لقب في موسم 1992–93, ولم ينهي أي موسم من مواسم الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز خارج قائمة الثلاثة الأوائل حتى موسم 2013-14. وهو النادي الوحيد الذي تمكن من تحقيق اللقب 3 مرات متتالية, وحرم نادي تشيلسي من تكرار هذا الإنجاز في موسم 2006–07. آرسنال هو النادي الوحيد الذي تمكن من أنهاء موسم من مواسم الدروي الإنجليزي الممتاز دون أن يتعرض لأي خسارة.

النادي الذي تمكن من جمع أكبر عدد من النقاط خلال أحد مواسم الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز الموسم هو تشيلسي, الذي تمكن من جمع 95 نقطة خلال موسم 2004–05، قبل أن يتم كسر هذا الرقم على يد نادي مانشستر سيتي في موسم 2017-18 عندما حقق 100 نقطة . بينما, ديربي كاونتي هو النادي الذي جمع أقل عدد من النقاط (11 نقطة) في موسم 2007–08, محطماً الرقم السابق المسجل لسندرلاند وهو 15 نقطة. ديربي كاونتي أيضا سجل أقل عدد من الأهداف خلال الموسم, حيث لم يسحل سوى 20هدف في موسم 2007–08, بينما تشيلسي سجل أكبر عدد من الأهداف (103 هدف) خلال موسم 2009-2010 وليكسر نادي مانشستر سيتي الرقم في موسم 2017-18 بتسجيله 106 أهداف.

المواسم

مراجع

مواسم الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز

قائمة مواسم الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز


As eleições estaduais de Berlim em 2023 foram realizadas em 14 de fevereiro de 2023, para eleger a 20ª legislatura da Câmara dos Deputados de Berlim.

Em 16 de novembro de 2022, a Corte Constitucional de Berlim declarou os resultados das últimas eleições estaduais, em 2021, inválida, devido a um grande número de irregularidades. Além disso, a corte determinou que um novo pleito seja realizado em 90 dias.

Eleições em Berlim
Berlim
2023 na Alemanha

Eleições estaduais de Berlim em 2023


Donavon Frankenreiter (born December 10, 1972) is an American musician and surfer. His debut self-titled album was released in 2004 on Brushfire Records through Universal Music.

Career
Frankenreiter was born in Downey, California, United States. In November 2007, he toured throughout Brazil on the Mostra Alma Surf Festival with bands, Animal Liberation Orchestra, G. Love and Matt Costa, along with Surf Artists Jay Alders, Nathan Gibbs, Céline Chat, Surf Photographer Sean Davey, and Surf Film Maker Sunny Abberton.

An acoustic EP of cover songs called Recycled Recipes landed in 2007, with the polished full-length Pass It Around following in 2008. For the Pass It Around Tour, Donavon teamed up with surf artist and friend, Jay Alders to design a Limited Edition Tour Poster.

In 2010 Frankenreiter left Lost Highway Records, and formed his own label, Liquid Tambourine Records. He subsequently recorded and released his fourth studio album of original material entitled Glow, which was produced by Mark Weinberg.

Discography
With Sunchild
 Mr Jesus (1994)
 Barefoot & Live (1997)
 California Honey (2000)
 The Galaxy Session (2009)

Extended plays

Video game appearances
Frankenreiter is a playable character in the video game Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer.

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Singer-songwriters from California
American surfers
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
Musicians from Downey, California
Surf musicians
Wrasse Records artists
Lost Highway Records artists
Guitarists from California
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American guitarists
American male singer-songwriters

Donavon Frankenreiter


Tarhunah Municipality () is one of the former municipality (baladiyat) of Libya from 1983 to 1995.  It is in the north of the country, in the position later (2001-2007) occupied by Tarhuna Wa Msalata District.

Tarhunah was brought to international attention in the 1990s, when it was believed that an underground chemical weapons facility was being built there, following the discovery of a previous smaller above-ground facility at Rabta (Algeria?).

See also
 Tarhuna Wa Msalata District

External links
Reassessing Libya: an analysis from Jane's Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence
U.S. Department of Defense news photo - artist's concept of the construction of the chemical weapons facility

Municipalities of Libya (1983–1995)

Tarhuna Municipality


Hanna Newcombe (February 5, 1922 – April 10, 2011) was the co-founder of Peace Research Abstracts and Peace Research Reviews, was the recipient of the 1997 Pearson Medal of Peace and was elected a member of the Order of Canada in 2007 for her work in peace research and international relations.

Early life
Newcombe was born Hanna Hammerschlag in Prague, Czechoslovakia. She was the only surviving child of Arthur and Paula Hammerschlag (née Seger); an older brother, Georg, was killed in a tragic kitchen accident when he was a toddler. Her childhood and early adolescence were in Prague. When she was 17, the Nazis marched into Prague, prompting her Jewish parents to emigrate with her to Canada in 1939. Her father was able to obtain a visa through contacts made in the course of his business as an importer of grain. As a Canadian requirement of their immigration, the family managed a fruit farm near Grimsby, Ontario, for several years, moving to Toronto after the Second World War. Newcombe earned a B.Sc from McMaster University in 1945. She met her husband Alan George Newcombe at McMaster, and they then both went on to earn doctorates in chemistry from the University of Toronto.

Career
After receiving her PhD in 1950, Newcombe never worked full-time as a chemist, due in large part to the fact that, at that time, married women with children were not expected to work. Daughter Nora was born in 1951 and son George in 1953, both in Toronto, where Alan was working at the Ontario Research Foundation. In 1955, the Newcombes moved to Hamilton,  Ontario, where Alan took a job as Director of Research and Development for Porritts & Spencer, a manufacturer of felts for paper making. Son Ian was born in 1956. While raising her three children, Newcombe worked occasionally as an instructor in chemistry. She also took advantage of her knowledge of several languages, including Czech, German and English, to translate scientific articles. In 1962, she briefly tried teaching high school chemistry, but was dismayed by her students' lack of interest in her subject.

After meeting Norman Alcock, a physicist who had founded the Canadian Peace Research Institute, Newcombe realized that she had found her calling: the use of science to better understand the path to peace. Alan joined her in working for CPRI shortly thereafter. The Newcombes founded the Peace Research Institute in Dundas, Ontario in the late 1970s. The Canadian Peace Research and Education Association was also their initiative. They founded and published for many years two scholarly journals: Peace Research Abstracts and Peace Research Reviews. They also organized summer institutes on peace research at Grindstone Island, located in the Rideau Lakes, which was a center for peace education managed by the Canadian Friends Service Committee. Hanna was prominent for many decades in the World Federalist Movement, the Canadian Voice of Women, and the Canadian Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). She was also an advocate of mundialization and of twinning. Her writing ranged over many topics, including ruminations on philosophy, religion and the history of science.

Death
Hanna Newcombe died in Hamilton in the early morning of April 10, 2011, after a short illness, with her son Ian at her bedside. She was very proud of her three children and of her seven grandchildren: Felice, Claire, Talia, Paul, Andrew, Connor and Eric. Before she died, she knew that she had a great-grandchild on the way, and was thrilled to know that Felice's son (Mason, born in August 2011) would continue the great chain of being. Family and friends have endowed the Newcombe Prize in Peace Studies at McMaster University, which is given annually to an outstanding undergraduate in Peace Studies. McMaster is also the home of an electronic record of her writing available at *"

External links
Article about Newcombe, Hamilton Spectator
, Hamilton Spectator
Pearson Medal of Peace - Dr. Hanna Newcombe
How Things Come Together -- large archive of short essays by Newcombe
--interview with Metta Spencer
 -- Hanna Newcombe Life-Time Achievement Award (World Federalist Movement-Canada)
 Article in Hamilton Arts and Letters by Joanna Santa Barbara

Reference

1922 births
2011 deaths
McMaster University alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
People from Prague
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian women activists

Hanna Newcombe


القلعة الشهابية، أو السرايا الشهابية، هي قلعة أثرية في قلب منطقة حاصبيا، عاصمة وادي التيم.

تاريخها

لا يوجد أي دلائل عن من بنى القلعة. تاريخها المعلوم يبدأ مع الصليبيين، ولكنه قد يعود إلى زمن أبعد ليكون حصناً بناه العرب أو مبنى للرومان. أما ما نعرفه أنها ملك للأمراء الشهابيين الذين استولوا عليها إثر الانتصار الكبير على الصليبيين في العام 1170م. والحاكم الصليبي للقلعة كان يدعى الكونت «أورا دوبربون». ويروي الأمير عصام الشهابي أن بناء القلعة يعود «إلى ما بين عامي 1100 و1171 ميلادية، حيث بنى الصليبيون في تلك الحقبة قلاعاً عدة لحماية مملكتهم والدفاع عنها. فكانت قلعة الشقيف مثلاً موقعاً حربياً، أما قلعة حاصبيا فكانت حربية وسكنية في الوقت نفسه. وقد يكون موقعها سبباً لذلك، فهي تقع بالقرب من ينابيع نهر الحاصباني على السفح الغربي لجبل حرمون، وتجاور سوق الخان التي كانت المحطة الرئيسة لقوافل التجار إلى الداخل السوري».

لقد شهدت القلعة على مر السنين الكثير من الانتصارات ومن النكسات حيث تعرضت عدّة مرات للحريق، منها في سنة 1284م، حين دخلت جيوش المغول إلى سوريا وفلسطين عن طريق وادي التيم، وفي 1612م إثر خلاف بين أحمد باشا والأمير علي الشهابي أمير حاصبيا. وفي سنة 1617م عندما أوفد الوزير العثماني محمد باشا جركس، قوّة عسكرية بقيادة حسين اليازجي، دخلت حاصبيا وهدمت قسماً من القلعة. وفي سنة 1633م أحرقها العثمانيون ونهبوا البلدة أثر توجه جيش بقيادة أحمد كجك باشا لمحاربة الأمير فخر الدين المعني الثاني الكبير. وفي سنة 1660م أحرقها والي الشام أحمد باشا. وكان الشهابيون يعيدون ترميمها كل مرة.

معالمها
يتراوح ارتفاع الجدران الخارجية للسرايا بين 15 و20 متراً ومحيطها نحو 220 متراً. نصب على المدخل أسدان متقابلان مربوطان بسلاسل وأمامهما أرنبان طليقان في إشارة إلى العدالة الاجتماعية. إذ أن الأسد القوي مكبل اليدين والأرنب الضعيف حر وطليق. والمدخل عبارة عن عقد صليبي يبلغ ارتفاعه 32 متراً، وهو يُعدّ أعلى عقد في الشرق المتوسط، ويعلو مدخلها لوحة كتب عليها «مما عمل برسم سيدي ومولاي الأمير علي الشهابي وذلك سنة 1009 هجرية». وتتألف القلعة من أربعة أقسام، ثلاثة فوق الأرض وقسم تحته. وفي الداخل غرف سكنية وأقبية. كانت تستعمل الطبقة السفلية تحت الأرض لتخزين المؤن والذخيرة. وكي تصل إلى الطابق العلوي الثاني عليك المرور بدرج ضيق يكشف نقوشاً وزخارف وألواناً ولوحة كتب عليها أبيات من الشعر تمجيدا بالشهابيين وتخليداً لهم.

وفي داخل غرفة الاستقبال قطعة من الرخام الأصفر لهيكل رجل مصغّر. أما الطبقة الثالثة فهي من إنشاء الأمراء الشهابيين، لذا تكثر فيها النوافذ والقناطر ذات الطراز العربي الإسلامي. وأمام الديوان زخارف صليبية تمثّل أزهاراً وهي شعار آلبربون، العائلة المالكة في فرنسا.

صنفت مديرية الآثار القلعة الشهابية على أنها قلعة أثرية منذ أيام فؤاد شهاب، إلاّ أن ذلك لم يمنع من إهمالها كونها تعد أملاكاً خاصة، فلا تزال عائلات من آل شهاب تسكن فيهاو تملكها كاملا.

المراجع

السياحة في لبنان
جبل عامل
قلاع صليبية
قلاع في لبنان
معالم لبنانية

قلعة الشهابية


Ildikó Wermescher, née le  dans le pays sicule, est une coureuse d'ultra-trail hongroise. Elle a notamment remporté deux fois le Zugspitz Ultratrail et le trail Verbier Saint-Bernard 2019.

Biographie
En 1996, Ildikó Wermescher rencontre son futur mari, Otto Wermescher, qui pratique le pentathlon moderne avec qui elle se marie en 2000. Son mari l'initie à la course à pied qu'elle pratique d'abord comme loisir. En 2003, elle s'essaye à la compétition en prenant part au marathon de Budapest qu'elle termine en . Cette expérience la convainc de se lancer en compétition en course à pied et elle ne tarde pas à prendre goût à l'ultra-marathon, puis à l'ultra-trail.

Le , elle prend part à son premier ultra-trail de 100 kilomètres, le Terep Százas, et mène la course en tête au coude-à-coude avec Tímea Bontovics. Ne parvenant pas à se départager, les deux femmes franchissent la ligne d'arrivée ex-aequo en , signant un nouveau record du parcours. Elle est sélectionnée pour les championnats du monde du 100 kilomètres à Winschoten où elle se classe  en .

Le , elle s'élance sur les  de l'Ultrabalaton. Sous une chaleur écrasante, elle s'impose en , améliorant de plus d'une heure le record de l'épreuve.

Elle prend part aux championnats du monde de trail 2009 courus dans le cadre de la Merrell Sky Race à Serre Chevalier. Peu habituée à affronter des forts dénivelés étant habituée aux trails plus plats de Hongrie, elle s'y classe dixième.

En 2010, elle déménage en Allemagne en Bavière afin de s'installer avec son mari. Elle y découvre les Alpes et fait des Alpes bavaroises son nouveau terrain de jeu. Elle se fait remarquer par ses résultats en ultra-trail et avec l'aide de l'équipementier sportif Mammut, rejoint le programme élite de l'Ultra-Trail World Tour.

Le , elle court aux avant-postes sur le Zugspitz Ultratrail. Elle est victime de crampes lors de passages dans des névés et se retrouve derrière Andrea Calmbach. Dans la dernière descente, elle accélère pour repasser en tête et s'impose en . L'année suivante, elle défend avec succès son titre en dominant l'épreuve. Elle franchit la ligne d'arrivée avec plus d'une heure d'avance sur la Française Laëtitia Pibis.

Elle signe plusieurs podiums en Ultra-Trail World Tour, terminant troisième de la TDS en 2017 et deuxième du trail Oman by UTMB en 2018.

En 2019, à 54 ans, elle démontre toujours de bonnes performances. Elle domine l'Ultra-Race du Lac d'Annecy, s'imposant avec près de quarante minutes d'avance sur la Suissesse Denise Zimmermann. Le , elle se retrouve à nouveau face à Denise Zimmermann qui mène la course en tête sur l'X-Alpine du trail Verbier Saint-Bernard. Ildikó Wermescher fait parler son expérience en fin de course pour reprendre l'avantage et s'offrir la victoire. Le , elle devient la première étrangère à remporter la Südtirol Ultra Skyrace de .

Le , elle se classe à nouveau troisième de la TDS.

Palmarès

Records

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 1965
Naissance en Transylvanie
Coureuse de fond hongroise
Coureuse d'ultra-trail

Ildikó Wermescher


Mauricio Hernán Dinamarca Hidalgo (Rancagua, Chile, 9 de febrero de 1976) es un exfutbolista chileno. Obtuvo tres títulos de la Primera División de Chile con Cobreloa y uno con Unión Española.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Nacidos en Rancagua
Futbolistas de Chile
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo O'Higgins en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo O'Higgins en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Cobreloa en los años 2000
Futbolistas de Unión Española en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Deportivo Pasto
Futbolistas del Club de Deportes Antofagasta en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Ñublense en los años 2000
Futbolistas de San Luis de Quillota en los años 2000
Futbolistas de las inferiores del Club Deportivo O'Higgins

Mauricio Dinamarca


İzmirspor, dernek yapısındaki İzmir merkezli Türk spor kulübü.

Tarihçe
1923 yılında Eşrefpaşa semtinin ileri gelenleri tarafından, turuncu-siyah renklerle "Altınay" adıyla kuruldu. Altınay'ın, Sakarya Kulübü ile girdiği rekabet, bir süre sonra sertleşince camianın ileri gelenleri, bu iki kulübü tek çatı altında birleştirmeye karar verdi. 28 Kasım 1930'da Altınay ile Sakarya, İzmirspor adıyla birleşti.

Kulübün resmî renkleri ise "mavi-beyaz" olarak tescil edildi. Ancak bu renkler, Fahrettin Altay Paşa'nın isteği üzerine daha sonra "lacivert-beyaz" olarak değiştirilmiştir.

İzmirspor adıyla yapılan ilk resmî maç, 23 Ocak 1931'de Alsancak Stadı'nda Türkspor ile oynandı ve İzmirspor bu maçı 5-0 kazandı. 1937 yılında diğer İzmir kulüpleri arasında güçlenen "birleşme" fikrine razı olan İzmirspor, Göztepe ile "Doğanspor" adı altında birleşti. Ancak bu rüzgâr kısa sürdü ve sezon sonunda takımlar ayrıldı. İzmirspor, kısa bir bir süre "Ateşspor" adıyla faaliyetlerini devam ettirip eski adına geri döndü. İzmirspor, Türkiye Birinci Ligi'nde resmî maç oynayan ilk kulüptür. Lacivert-beyazlılar, 21 Şubat 1959 tarihinde oynanan bu maçı 2-1 kazanırken, Özcan Altuğ, ligin ilk resmî golünü atan futbolcu olarak da tarih sayfalarındaki yerini almıştır. 1. Lig'de 9 sezon mücadele eden İzmirspor'da Metin Oktay, Tarık Gencay, Seyfi Talay, Sami Özok ve B.Mustafa gibi unutulmaz oyuncular yetişmiştir. Metin Oktay, İzmirspor ve Galatasaray formalarıyla ligde tam 217 gol atarak kırılması güç bir rekora ulaşmıştır.

18 Kasım 1932 tarihinde Altınordu'yu 3-1 mağlup ederek Kraliçe kupasının sahibi olmuştur.

1975 yılında İnciraltı'ndaki araziyi satın alan İzmirspor, inşa ettiği tesislerde bugün binlerce sporcu yetiştirmektedir. İzmirspor'un, 1978'de kurulan spor okullarında ise iki binin üzerinde genç eğitim görmektedir. Tüm bunlar, İzmirspor'un Türk futbolunda üstlendiği "yetiştiricilik" misyonunun bir ürünüdür. Bugün Türkiye liglerinde İzmirspor alt yapısından yetişmiş yüzlerce futbolcu vardır ve her transfer döneminde İzmirspor, Türk futbolunun en büyük vitrini olmaktadır.

Uzun yıllar 1. Lig'de oynadıktan sonra destek bulamayan takım, önce 2. Lig'e daha sonra 3. Lig'e ve tarihinde ilk kez amatör lige düştü.

2015-2016 Sezonunda Bölgesel Amatör Lig 10. Grupta mücadele eden İzmirspor, diğer 2 İzmir takımları olan Ödemişspor ve Bornova 1881'in gerisinde kaldığı, ayrıca grubu 12. yani sondan 2. bitirdiği için statü gereği İzmir Süper Amatör Lige düştü.

2016-2017 sezonunu İzmir Süper Amatör Lig Kırmızı Grup'ta mücadele eden izmirspor ligi 51 puanla 2. Bitirmesine rağmen Bölgesel Amatör Lige yükselmek için play off turunda oynanan 5 maçta 6 puan toplayarak 4. Sırada tamamladı ve Bölgesel Amatör Ligine yükselme fırsatını kaçırdı.

2017-2018 sezonunu İzmir Süper Amatör Lig Beyaz grubunda mücadele eden izmirspor sezona şirinyerspor karşısında aldığı 3-0lık galibiyetle başladı. Sezonu son maçında 5-0lık güzelbahçe belediyespor galibiyetiyle tamamlayan izmirspor ligi 54 puanla 3. sırada bitirerek play-off turunu 10 puanla 3. tamamladı. Bölgesel Amatör Lig'e yükselmek için Bayındırspor ile play-out maçı oynayan İzmirspor maçı kazanarak 2 sezon aradan sonra Bölgesel Amatör Lig'e yükseldi.

2018-2019 sezonunu Bölgesel Amatör Lig 8. Grupta geçiren İzmirspor ligi 45 puanla 4. Sonraki sezon ise Bölgesel Amatör Lig 10. Grubu Covid-19 sebebiyle yarım kalan sezonu 34 puanla 5. Sırada tamamlamıştır. 2021-22 sezonunda takımın teknik direktörlük görevine Levent Eriş getirildi.

Başarıları
 1. Lig:
Şampiyonluk (1): 1967-1968
 3. Lig:
Şampiyonluk (3): 1979-1980, 1988-1989, 1997-1998
 İzmir Futbol Ligi:
Şampiyonluk (1): 1929-1930
 Profesyonel liglerdeki en iyi derecesi Süper Lig'de 4.'lüktür.
 Süper Lig'in ilk golünü atan takımdır.
 Süper Lig'de galibiyet alan ilk takımdır.
 1997-98 sezonunda 12 maçta 32 puan toplayarak profesyonel liglerdeki galibiyet rekorunu kırmıştır.
 10 sezon Süper Lig'de mücadele etmiştir.
 Genç takımı iki yıl üst üste Dünya Şampiyonu olmuştur.
 Türkiye Futbol Şampiyonası
 İkincilik (1) : 1933

Lig mücadeleleri

 Süper Lig: 10 Sezon
1959-1967, 1968-1969

 1. Lig: 22 Sezon
1967-1968, 1969-1972, 1980-1988, 1989-1993, 1998-2004

 2. Lig: 4 Sezon
2004-2008

 3. Lig: 16 Sezon
1972-1980, 1988-1989, 1993-1998, 2008-2010

 Bölgesel Amatör Lig: 10 Sezon
2010-2016, 2018-2022, 2023-

 Amatör Lig: 3 Sezon
2016-2018, 2022-2023

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî site
 Altyapı sitesi

İzmir'deki spor kulüpleri
1923'te kurulan futbol kulüpleri

İzmirspor


Pohjanpää ist der Familienname von:

 Arvi Pohjanpää (1887–1959), finnischer Turner
 Elina Pohjanpää (1933–1996), finnische Schauspielerin

Pohjanpää


الحروب الروسية العثمانية هي سلسة من الحروب التي نشبت بين الإمبراطورية الروسية والدولة العثمانية ما بين القرنين السادس عشر والعشرين. انتصر الروس في معظمها حتى نهاية القرن السابع عشر، وقدأنهكت هذه الحروب وغيرها السلطنة العثمانية حتى بداية القرن العشرين. كانت هذه الحروب في الأساس لوقف الأطماع الروسية في غزو أراضي خانية القرم العثمانية ولاحقاً لرغبة الروس في السيطرة على البحر الأسود وممراته (البوسفور والدردنيل) نحو مياه المتوسط الدافئة . انتهت أغلب المعارك بانتصار روسيا مما أدى في معظم الأحيان بمعاهدات قاسية على الدولة العثمانية تخلّت فيها عن خانية القرم ولاحقا سمحت بمرور السفن الروسية من البوسفور دون قيود . الحروب العثمانية مع روسيا كانت أحد أسباب انهيار الدولة بالإضافة لحربها مع النمسا .

بداية الصراع (1568-1827)
بعد الاستيلاء على إقليم بودوليا في سياق الحرب البولندية العثمانية (1672-1676)، جاهدت الحكومة العثمانية لبسط حكمها على كامل الضفة اليمنى لأوكرانيا بدعم من مقطعها، بيترو دوروشينكو (1665-1672). تسببت سياسة الأخير المؤيدة للعثمانيين في استياء بين العديد من القوزاق الأوكرانيين الذين سينتخبون لاحقًا إيفان سامويلوفيتش ليكون الهيتمان الوحيد على كامل أوكرانيا في عام 1674. في عام 1679-1680، صد الروس هجمات تتار القرم ووقعوا معاهدة باختشيساراي في 13 يناير 1681، التي أنشأت الحدود الروسية التركية على نهر دنيبر.

قبل كاثرين العظيمة
انضمت روسيا إلى الجماعة المقدسة الأوروبية (النمسا بولندا فينيسيا) في عام 1686. خلال الحرب، نظم الجيش الروسي الحملات القرمية لعامي 1687 و1689 وحملات أزوف (1695-1696). شيد التدخل الروسي بداية الحروب الروسية التركية. في ضوء استعدادات روسيا للحرب مع السويد والدول الأخرى التي وقعت معاهدة كارلوفجة مع تركيا عام 1699، وقعت الحكومة الروسية معاهدة القسطنطينية مع الدولة العثمانية عام 1700.

بعد هزيمة الروس للسويديين والقوزاق الأوكرانيين الموالين للإمبراطورية السويدية بقيادة إيفان مازيبا في معركة بولتافا في عام 1709، تمكن كارل الثاني عشر ملك السويد من إقناع السلطان العثماني أحمد الثالث من إعلان الحرب على روسيا في 20 نوفمبر 1710.

بحلول أواخر القرن السابع عشر، كانت السلالة الصفوية الإيرانية، التي كانت جارة لكلتا الإمبراطوريتين وكانت إحدى أعظم منافسي تركيا لقرون (منذ القرن السادس عشر حتى القرن التاسع عشر)، قد دخلت في حالة أفول. استغلت روسيا والدولة العثمانية الوضع وغزتا مساحاتٍ من أراضيها تألفت من ما هو في يومنا الحالي داغستان وأذربيجان وشمالي إيران، التي كان بطرس الأول قد استولى عليها في الحرب الروسية الفارسية (1722-1723)، استولى العثمانيون على الأراضي باتجاه الغرب، التي تألفت من أرمينيا يومنا هذا وأجزاءًا من شرق الأناضول وكذلك غرب إيران. تأكدت مكاسب كلا الطرفين في معاهدة القسطنطينية (1724). لبضع سنوات، تاخمت الدولتان بعضهما بعضًا على طول مساحة كبيرة في القوقاز، الأمر الذي تسبب بالمزيد من المناوشات.

تمكنت روسيا من تأمين وضع دولي موات من خلال توقيع معاهدات مع بلاد فارس في عامي 1732 و1735. أعادت هذه المعاهدات جميع الأراضي الإيرانية المكتسبة منذ عام 1722 في شمال وجنوب القوقاز وشمال إيران، وجنبت الحرب مع زعيم بلاد فارس الصاعد، نادر شاه. كان للمعاهدات جوانب أخرى مواتية دبلوماسيًا لأنها أسست تحالفًا روسيًا إيرانيًا ضد تركيا، إذ كانت بلاد فارس في حالة حرب مع الدولة العثمانية. في غضون ذلك، كانت روسيا تدعم أيضًا الانضمام إلى العرش البولندي لأغسطس الثالث ملك بولندا في حرب الخلافة البولندية (1733-1735)، على مرشح الفرنسيين ستانيسلاف ليزينسكي. كانت النمسا حليفة لروسيا منذ عام 1726.

دخلت روسيا حربًا أخرى مع الدولة العثمانية في عام 1736، إذ دفعتها إلى ذلك غارات تتار القرم على أوكرانيا والحملة العسكرية لخان القرم في القوقاز. في مايو من عام 1736، شن الجيش الروسي غزوًا لشبه جزيرة القرم. في 19 يونيو، استولى جيش الدون الروسي (28 ألف رجل) بقيادة الجنرال بيتر لاسي على قلعة أزوف بدعم من أسطول الدون بقيادة نائب الأدميرال بيتر بريدال. في يوليو من عام 1637، اجتاح جيش ميونيخ الحصن العثماني في أوتشاكيف. سار جيش لاسي (الذي بلغ قوامه عندئذ 40 ألف جندي) إلى شبه جزيرة القرم في الشهر نفسه، وألحق عددًا من الهزائم بجيش خان القرم واستولى على بيلوهيرسك. إلا أنه ترتب على لاسي وجنوده الجلاء عن القرم بسبب نقص الإمدادات.

دخلت النمسا الحرب ضد تركيا في يوليو من عام 1737 إلا أنها منيت بهزائم عديدة.

وهذه الحروب هي

انظر أيضًا

 العلاقات الروسية التركية

مراجع

الحروب العثمانية الروسية
الحقبة الحديثة المبكرة لجورجيا
العلاقات الروسية التركية
تاريخ أوكرانيا العسكري
تاريخ الأفلاق
تاريخ بلغاريا الحديث
تاريخ مولدافيا
تاريخ مولدوفا
تنافس جيوسياسي
حروب الإمبراطورية الروسية
حروب روسيا
عمليات خانية القرم العسكرية
غزوات في أوروبا
محافظة بيسارابيا
مملكة رومانيا
حروب تشمل روسيا القيصرية

الحروب الروسية العثمانية


ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් (L.P.L./ලං.ප්‍රි.ලී) () () යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වෘත්තීය විස්සයි විස්ස ක්‍රිකට් ලීගයකි 2020 සිට ශ්‍රී ලංකා නගර නියෝජනය කරන කණ්ඩායම් විසින් සෑම වසරකම තරඟ කිරීමට නියමිතය.  මෙම ලීගය 2018 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් ආයතනය (SLC) විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී.
2020 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් ආයතනයේ උප සභාපති රවින් වික්‍රමරත්න මහතා නිල වශයෙන් තරගාවලියේ අධ්‍යක්ෂක ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී.

කණ්ඩායම්

Current teams

Defunct teams

කණ්ඩායම්

ඉතිහාසය
පළමු වාරය 2018 අගෝස්තු 18 සිට සැප්තැම්බර් 10 දක්වා පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව තිබු නමුත් ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් ආයතනය තුළ ඇති පරිපාලන ගැටලු හේතුවෙන් කිහිප වතාවක් කල් දමන ලදී. 2020 ජූනි මාසයේදී, COVID-19 වසංගතය මධ්‍යයේ, SLC තරඟාවලිය 2020 අගෝස්තු 28 දින ආරම්භ වන බව නිවේදනය කළේය. වසංගතය සඳහා ඇති සීමාවන් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ වාරයක් නැවත සැලසුම් කිරීමෙන් පසුව, පළමු වාරය 2020 නොවැම්බර් 26 දින ආරම්භ විය.

තරගාවලි වාර්තා
▪සාර්ථකම කණ්ඩායම - Jaffna Kings (අවස්ථාව 3කදී ශූරතාව දිනා ගත්තේය.)

▪වැඩිම ලකුණු ලාභියා -  Aviska Fernando (Jaffna Kings,Dambulla Aura)

▪වැඩිම කඩුලු ලාභියා -  Wanindu Hasaranga de Silva (Jaffna Kings,B-Love Kandy)

▪පළමු ශූරතාවය - Jaffna Stalians

▪හොදම සබඳතාවය -  Shevon Daniel සහ  Jordan Cox (ලකුණු 163ක් පළමු කඩුල්ලට Dambulla කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන්)

▪පළමු Hat-Trick අවස්ථාව -  Wanindu Hasaranga de Silva (Kandy කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් Dambulla කණ්ඩායමට එරෙහිව)

▪පළමු ශතකය - Lurie Evans (Colombo කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් Jaffna කණ්ඩායමට එරෙහිව)

▪හොදම පන්දු යැවීම - Wanindu Hasaranga de Silva ( ලකුණු 9කට කඩුලු 6ක් Jaffna කණ්ඩායමට එරෙහිව Kandy කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් )

▪වැඩිම ලකුණු සංඛ්‍යාව -  Lurie Evans ( ලකුණු 108ක් නොදැවී Jaffna කණ්ඩායමට එරෙහිව Colombo කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් )

තරගාවලි දත්ත

කණ්ඩායම් වාර්තා

Notes:
 Tie & W and Tie & L indicates the matches tied and then won by or lost by Super over respectively.
 The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win.

Team's performance

= තරගාවලි වාර්තා

කණ්ඩායම් වාර්තා

ඉනිමක වැඩිම ලකුණු

Fewest runs in an innings

Highest match aggregates

Lowest match aggregates

Greatest win margins (by runs)

Narrowest win margins (by runs)

Individual Records (Batting)

Most Career Runs

Highest individual score

Highest career average

Most 50+ Scores

Most centuries

Most Sixes

Most Sixes in an inning

Most fours

Most fours in an inning

Highest Strike Rates

Highest strike rates in an innings

Most Runs in a Series

Individual Records (Bowling)

Most Wickets

Best Figures in an Inning

Best Figures in an Inning against each team

Best Career Average

Best Career Economy Rate

Best Career Strike Rate

Most Maidens

Most four-wickets (& over) hauls in an innings

Best economy rates in an innings

Best Strike Rates in an innings

Most runs conceded in a match

Most wickets in a season

Hat-trick

Individual Records (Wicket-keeping)

Most career dismissals

Most dismissals in an innings

Most Dismissals in a Series

Individual Records (Fielding)

Most Career Catches

Most Catches in an Inning

Most Catches in a Series

Individual Records (Other)

Most Matches

Most Matches as Captain

Most Runs as Captain

Partnership Records

Highest Partnership by wicket

Highest Partnership by Runs

References

ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග්
Cricket leagues in Sri Lanka

ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග්


Condado or El Condado may refer to:

Places
Brazil
 Condado, Pernambuco
 Condado, Paraíba

Spain
 El Condado (Laviana), Asturias
 Condado de Treviño, Castile and León
 O Condado, Galicia

United States
 Condado (Santurce), Puerto Rico
 Condado Lagoon
 Condado Vanderbilt Hotel

People

Cuitlahuac Condado Escamilla (born 1978), Mexican politician
Jeudiel Condado (born 1990), Venezuelan business administrator

Other uses
 Condado (horse), a racehorse

Condado


İbrahim Paşa Camii ile aşağıdaki yapılardan biri kastedilebilir:
 Atik İbrahim Paşa Camii - Çandarlı İbrahim Paşa tarafından 1478'de yaptırılan, Mercan, Fatih'te yer alan cami.
 İbrahim Paşa Camii - 1530 yılında Pargalı İbrahim Paşa tarafından Kavala'da yaptırılan cami. Şu an kiliseye döndürülmüş durumdadır.
 Makbul İbrahim Paşa Camii - 1536 yılında Pargalı İbrahim Paşa tarafından yaptırılan cami. İbadete açık olan cami, Karaköy'de bulunuyor.
 İbrahim Paşa Camii - 1530-1535 yılları arasında Pargalı İbrahim Paşa tarafından Razgrad'da yaptırılan cami.
 İbrahim Paşa Camii - Rodos'ta bulunan ibadete açık tek Osmanlı camisi.
 Hadım İbrahim Paşa Camii - 1551 tarihinde Hadım İbrahim Paşa'nın yaptırdığı cami.
 Defterdar İbrahim Paşa Camii - Ortaköy'de bulunan cami.
 İbrahim Paşa Camii - 1720'de Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Paşa tarafından inşa ettirilen cami.

Kaynakça

İbrahim Paşa Camii


An Jejewoodia jiewhoei in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jeffrey James Wood ngan Phyau Soon Shim, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko. An Jejewoodia jiewhoei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Jejewoodia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Jejewoodia

Jejewoodia jiewhoei


An Liparis fissilabris in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tang ngan Fa Tsuan Wang. An Liparis fissilabris in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis fissilabris


Le premier district congressionnel d'Alabama est un district congressionnel de l'Alabama, aux États-Unis, qui élit un représentant à la Chambre des Représentants. Il inclut la totalité des Comtés de Washington, Mobile, Baldwin, Monroe et Escambia, et inclut également une partie du Comté de Clarke. La plus grande ville du district est Mobile.

Il est représenté par le Républicain Jerry Carl depuis 2020.

Histoire
Mobile, Alabama est le cœur de ce district, qui s'étend au nord le long des rivières Tombigbee et Alabama. La charpenterie reste la plus grosse source de contribution à l'économie locale, bien que récemment, les développements de copropriétés de la côte dans le Comté de Baldwin représentent de nouvelles possibilités économiques.

Politiquement, cette zone de l'Alabama a été une des premières à se débarrasser de ses racines Démocrates. Elle a été un des cinq districts à passer du côté Républicain en 1964, quand Barry Goldwater a fait basculer l'État. Le Parti Républicain a tenu le district pendant chaque élection de la Chambre depuis lors, généralement avec une grande marge ; en effet, un seul Démocrate a réussi à obtenir 40% des votes depuis que le Parti Républicain tient le district. Cependant, les Démocrates conservateurs ont continué de tenir la majorité des postes au niveau de l'État et au niveau locale jusque dans les années 1990.

Il a supporté George W. Bush avec 60% de vote en 2000, et 64 % en 2004. En 2008, John McCain a reçu 61.01 % de vote dans le district alors que 38.38 % ont voté pour Barack Obama.

Le 1er district donne généralement un long mandat très long à son Représentant à Washington D.C. Seulement neufs hommes ont représenté le district au Congrès depuis 1897, avec seulement deux pendant moins de dix ans.

Historique des votes

Liste des Représentants du district

Résultats des récentes élections
Voici les résultats des dix précédents cycles électoraux du  district congressionnel de l'Alabama.

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2013 (Spéciale)

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022
La Primaire qui devait se tenir le 24 mai 2022 n'a pas eu lieu. En effet, Peter Alcorn s'est retiré avant la Primaire, Jerry Carl, qui est le sortant, est donc qualifié pour l'Élection Générale qui aura lieu le 8 novembre 2022.

Références

1

Premier district congressionnel de l'Alabama


Duisburg-Mitte, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Duisburg kentine bağlı semt. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla 106.709'dur. Yüzölçümü 34,98 km²'dir.

Duisburg'un semtleri

Duisburg-Mitte


The year 1609 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 July 26 – English scientist Thomas Harriot becomes the first to draw an astronomical object after viewing it through a telescope: he draws a map of the Moon, preceding Galileo by several months.
 Johannes Kepler publishes Astronomia nova, containing his first two laws of planetary motion.

Biology
 Charles Butler publishes The Feminine Monarchie, or, A Treatise Concerning Bees.

Exploration
 April 4 – Henry Hudson sets out from Amsterdam in the Halve Maen.
 August 28 – Hudson finds Delaware Bay.
 September 11–12 – Hudson sails into Upper New York Bay and begins a journey up the Hudson River.

Medicine
 Louise Bourgeois Boursier publishes Diverse Observations on Sterility; Loss of the Ovum after Fecundation, Fecundity and Childbirth; Diseases of Women and of Newborn Infants in Paris, the first book on obstetrics written by a woman.
 Jacques Guillemeau publishes De l'heureux accouchement des femmes in which he describes a method of assisted breech delivery.

Technology
 Cornelius Drebbel invents the thermostat.

Births
 June 29 – Pierre Paul Riquet, French engineer and canal builder (died 1680)
 October 8 – John Clarke, English physician (died 1676)

Deaths
 March 26 – John Dee, English alchemist, astrologer and mathematician (born 1527)
 April 4 – Carolus Clusius, Flemish botanist (born 1525)
 August 4 - Joseph Duchesne, French physician and alchemist (born c.1544).
 August 16 : André du Laurens, French physician and gerontologist (born 1558).
 December – Oswald Croll, German iatrochemist (born c. 1563)

References

17th century in science
1600s in science

1609 in science


Si Phan Don (en laosiano: ສີ່ພັນດອນ que significa «4.000 islas») es un archipiélago fluvial ubicado en el río Mekong, en el sur de la provincia de Champasak en el país asiático de Laos. Si Phan Don se caracteriza por poseer numerosas islas, la mitad de las cuales quedan sumergidos cuando el río Mekong se inunda. Las islas principales del Archipiélago de Si Phan Don son Don Khong (la más grande), y Don Det y Don Kho.

Las características principales del archipiélago Si Phan Don incluyen:
Los restos del primer ferrocarril en Laos, el ferrocarril de vía estrecha Don Det - Don Kho, construido por los franceses para permitir a los buques, transportar mercancías y pasajeros a lo largo del río Mekong.
Los delfines de agua dulce del Irrawaddy (Pakha) que se pueden ver en barco fuera de la isla Don Kho y que se consideran en peligro de extinción.
Las Cataratas Khone Phapheng, una sucesión de rápidos infranqueables y furiosos que dieron lugar a la construcción del ferrocarril.

Referencias

Véase también
Geografía de Laos
Geografía de Asia

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización de las Islas

Archipiélagos e islas de Laos

Si Phan Don


90138 Diehl este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
90138 Diehl este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Desert Moon de Berton L. Stevens. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,29 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 0,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 90001-91000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

90138 Diehl


Crna bunika (lat. Hyoscyamus niger) otrovna je jednogodišnja ili dvogodišnja biljka iz porodice Solanaceae. Raste širom Europe, u sjevernoj Africi te Aziji. Sadrži otrovne alkaloide hioscijamin, atropin i skopolamin, najviše u korijenu.

Povijest
Crna je bunika kroz povijest korištena za dobivanje anestetika, te u magijske svrhe, najčešće u kombinaciji s velebiljem, kužnjakom i mandragorom. Korištenje je biljke zabilježeno već kod Plinija i Dioskurida. Prije hmelja korištena je za aromatiziranje piva.

Dodatna literatura
wilfort,R. Ljekovito bilje i njegova upotreba,Zagreb 1974.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Solanoideae
Otrovne biljke

Crna bunika


A Toei Animation Inc. (abreviada como TAI, ou às vezes apenas Toei Animation USA ou Toei LATAM, dependendo do território) é uma distribuidora e licenciadora americana com sede em Los Angeles. É a empresa irmã americana da Toei Animation. Possui parcerias com canais de TV, distribuidores de DVD e sites de streaming.

História
Devido à decisão da Toei Animation de começar a distribuir séries diretamente desde 2003 com o estabelecimento da Toei Animation Europe com sede em Paris, a Toei Animation Inc. com sede em Los Angeles foi fundada em 2004.

Em 2005, as licenças da Toei Animation que foram distribuídas pela Cloverway Inc. foram transferidas para a Toei Animation Inc. por exigência, deixando a Cloverway sozinha com as licenças dos outros produtores japoneses com os quais intermediou. Como consequência disso, houve uma cadeia de irregularidades, como a perda de fitas master de muitas séries, sendo as versões latino-americanas as mais afetadas por essa mudança na distribuição.

Anime

Distribuidor
 Air Gear (sub-distribuído pela Funimation para os EUA)
 Franquia Dragon Ball (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005 e subdistribuído pela Funimation para os EUA)
 Franquia Digimon (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005 e distribuído diretamente para os EUA desde 2017 originalmente distribuído por Saban Entertainment, BVS Entertainment e Saban Brands. A primeira temporada da franquia é atualmente subdistribuída pela Discotek Media nos EUA.)
 Dr. Slump (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005)
 Franquia GeGeGe no Kitarou
 Série de 1996 (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005)
 Série de 2018
 Franquia Magical Doremi (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005)
 Mazinger Z (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2012)
 Ghost Sweeper Mikami (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005)
 Hell Teacher Nūbē (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005)
 Ashita no Nadja (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005)
 One Piece (versão 4Kids, distribuído diretamente para a América Latina e subdistribuído pela Funimation para os EUA)
 Franquia Pretty Cure
 Futari wa Pretty Cure (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2008)
 Glitter Force (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina e EUA desde 2017)
 Glitter Force Doki Doki (subdistribuído por Saban Brands (mais tarde Allspark Animation) para os EUA e América Latina)
 Franquia Cavaleiros do Zodíaco (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005)
 Franquia Sailor Moon (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005 e subdistribuído pela Viz Media para os EUA desde 2014)
 Sailor Moon Crystal (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2017 e subdistribuído pela Viz Media para os EUA.)
 Slam Dunk (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2005)
 Toriko (distribuído diretamente para a América Latina desde 2012 e subdistribuído pela Funimation para os EUA)
 World Trigger

Produções originais
 Knights of the Zodiac: Saint Seiya (2019)

Referências

Ligações externas

 Canal oficial do YouTube da Toei Animation Inc.
 Antigo site oficial da Toei Animation Inc. (arquivo)

Toei Animation
Empresas de anime
Dublagem
Fundações nos Estados Unidos em 2004
Empresas fundadas em 2004
Empresas de entretenimento dos Estados Unidos
Empresas da Califórnia

Toei Animation Inc.


Stian Aarstad je norveški klavijaturist i glazbenik. Najpoznatiji je kao bivši klavijaturist norveškog black metal-sastava Dimmu Borgir.

Kad je bio u Dimmu Borgiru, izazvao je kontroverzu jer je bio odjeven poput Jack Trbosjek. Bio je član sastava od 1993. no u 1996. je pozvan u vojsku. Godine 1997. je izbačen iz sastava zbog nepojavljivanja tijekom snimanja. Više nije metal glazbenik, već klasični.

Diskografija

Dimmu Borgir

 Inn i evighetens mørke (1994.)
 For all tid (1995.)
 Stormblåst (1996.)
 Enthrone Darkness Triumphant (1997.)
 Godless Savage Garden (1998.)
 True Kings of Norway (2000.)

Enthral

 The Mirror's Opposite End (1998.)

Izvori

Norveški klavijaturisti heavy metala
Dimmu Borgir

Stian Aarstad


Les Sœurs missionnaires oblates du Sacré-Cœur et de Marie Immaculée forment une congrégation religieuse féminine enseignante de droit pontifical. C'est la première congrégation fondée dans l'Ouest canadien.

Histoire

La congrégation est fondée en 1902 par Adélard Langevin (1855-1915), archevêque de Saint-Boniface, pour faire face à la lutte menée depuis 1890 par les autorités civiles du Manitoba contre les écoles catholiques. Les premières religieuses sont recrutées parmi celles qui ont quitté la France à la suite de l'expulsion des congrégations.

L'institut est érigé le 24 mars 1904 en congrégation religieuse de droit diocésain ; il reçoit le décret de louange le 22 juillet 1948 et l'approbation définitive le 6 juin 1960.

Activité et diffusion
Les sœurs se consacrent à l'enseignement.

La maison-mère est à Winnipeg au Canada.

En 2017, la congrégation comptait 21 sœurs dans 16 maisons.

Notes et références

Congrégation catholique féminine
Congrégation enseignante catholique
Fondation en 1902

Sœurs missionnaires oblates du Sacré Cœur et de Marie Immaculée


Conceição Portekiz'de Tavira belediyesine bağlı olan, 61,18 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.446 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Tavira'nın bucakları

Conceição (Tavira)