Tuzla (, ) is the third-largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the administrative center of Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 110,979 inhabitants.

Tuzla is the economic, cultural, educational, health and tourist centre of northeast Bosnia. It is an educational center and is home to two universities. It is also the main industrial machine and one of the leading economic strongholds of the country with a wide and varied industrial sector including an expanding service sector thanks to its salt lake tourism.

The city of Tuzla is home to Europe's only salt lake as part of its central park and has more than 350,000 people visiting its shores every year. The history of the city goes back to the 9th century; modern Tuzla dates back to 1510 when it became an important garrison town in the Ottoman Empire.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tuzla is also regarded as one of the most multicultural cities in the country and has managed to keep the pluralist character of the city throughout the Bosnian War and after, with Bosniaks, Serbs, Croats and a small minority of Bosnian Jews residing in Tuzla.

Etymology
The name Tuzla is the Ottoman Turkish  word for salt mine, tuzla, and refers to the extensive salt deposits found underneath the city. Leveraging on their shared name, the city is twinned with Tuzla, a suburb of Istanbul, Turkey.

History

Early history
Archaeological evidence suggests that Tuzla was a rich Neolithic settlement. Being inhabited continuously for more than 6,000 years, Tuzla is one of the oldest European sustained settlements. During the period of the Roman Republic (before the area was conquered by Rome), Tuzla (or Salines as it was called at the time) was ruled by the Illyrian tribe Breuci.

Middle Ages to 20th century

The city was first mentioned in 950 by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his De Administrando Imperio as a fort named Salines (). The name Soli was used in the Middle Ages. It means "salts" in Bosnian and the city's present name means "place of salt" in Ottoman Turkish.
During the Middle Ages it belonged mostly to the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia.

After the fall of the kingdom to the Ottoman Empire in 1463, the region was controlled by the House of Berislavić before the Ottomans occupied the villages of "Gornje Soli" and "Donje Soli" around 1512, and took control of the entire Usora in the 1530s.

It remained under Ottoman rule for nearly 400 years, where it was administered as part of the Sanjak of Zvornik. In 1878 it was occupied by Austria-Hungary. After the dissolution of the monarchy it became the part of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Husino uprising took place in 1920.

During the Second World War, Tuzla was included in the puppet Independent State of Croatia and controlled by the mainly Muslim Hadžiefendić Legion of the Croatian Home Guard.
Tuzla was among the first areas in Europe to be liberated, when Tito's Yugoslav Partisans freed it from the German occupiers on 2 October 1943. Many members of the Legion deserted to the Partisans at this time.
In December 1944, the city was unsuccessfully attacked by Chetnik forces of Draža Mihailović along with the Serbian State Guard.

After the war it developed into a major industrial and cultural centre during the Communist period in the former Yugoslavia.

Bosnian War

In the 1990 elections the Reformists won control of the municipality being the only municipality in Bosnia where non-nationalists won. During the Bosnian War of Independence between 1992 and 1995 the town was the only municipality not governed by the SDA party-led authorities. After Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence and was recognized by the United Nations the city was besieged by Serbian forces. A few days later Serbian forces attacked Tuzla. The town was not spared the atrocities of the Bosnian War.

Early in the war, troops of the 92nd Motorised Brigade of the Yugoslav People's Army were ambushed by units of Bosnia's Territorial Defence Force, while attempting to withdraw from the city. During the incident, an estimated 92-200 Yugoslav troops were killed, and 33 wounded. It was regarded as a war crime.

On 25 May 1995, an attack on Tuzla killed 71 people and injured 200 persons in what is referred to as the Tuzla massacre, when a shell fired from Serb's positions on the Ozren mountain (130 mm towed field gun M-46) hit the central street and its promenade. The youngest civilian who died in that massacre was only two years old.

Following the Dayton Peace Accords, Tuzla was the headquarters of the U.S. forces for the Multinational Division (MND) during Operation Joint Endeavour IFOR and subsequent SFOR.

Post-war independence

In February 2014, the city was the scene of the beginning of the 2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which quickly spread to dozens of cities and towns throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina. After a couple of days of calm protests, people lost patience and started burning cars in front of the canton government building, and later the building itself.

Recent years have seen economic growth as well as increases in tourism.

Geography

Tuzla is located in the northeastern part of Bosnia, settled just underneath the Majevica mountain range, on the Jala River. The central zone lies in an east–west oriented plain, with residential areas in the north and south of the city located on the Ilinčica, Kicelj and Gradina Hills. It is  above sea level.  The climate is moderate continental. There are abundant coal deposits in the region around Tuzla. 6 coal mines continue to operate around the city.  Much of the coal mined in the area is used to power the Tuzla Thermal Power Plant, which is the largest power plant in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Salt deposits
Extractions of the city's salt deposits, particularly in the 20th century, have caused sections of the city center to sink. Structures in the "sinking area" either collapsed or were demolished, and there are few structures in the city that predate the 20th century, despite the fact that the city was founded over 1000 years ago. In the northeastern part of the town is an area known as Solina, named after the salt deposits.

Pannonian Lakes

Tuzla is the only city in Europe that has a salt lake in its centre. The ancient Pannonian Sea dried up around 10 million years ago, but work by researchers and scientists has now enabled a level of saline water to be kept stable at the surface, and in 2003 the Pannonian Lake was opened.

A second lake that includes artificial waterfalls was inaugurated in 2008. An archaeological park and replica Neolithic lake dwellings were also incorporated into the scheme, providing information about the different cultures which left their material and spiritual mark here. The site has become an international tourist destination.

A third lake was completed in August 2012. Construction expenses for this were nearly 2 million Bosnian marks (ca. 1 million euros). This third lake also contains 2 water slides which are an attraction for the younger population.

The summer season of 2013 recorded approximately 5,000 visitors per day (c. 450,000 for 3 months).

Climate
Tuzla has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) with hot summers with cool nights and cool winters with chilly nights.

Administration
Tuzla is the seat of the Tuzla Canton, which is a canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of Tuzla Municipality, which is one of the 13 municipalities that together constitute the Tuzla Canton. Administratively, Tuzla is divided into 39 mjesne zajednice (local districts).

Apart from Tuzla, the municipality incorporates several other adjacent settlements, including the town of Gornja Tuzla (Upper Tuzla), as well as the villages of Husino, Par Selo, Simin Han, Obodnica, Kamenjaši, Plane, Šići and others.

The current mayor of Tuzla is Zijad Lugavić, of the Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH). He succeeded long-time mayor Jasmin Imamović in 2022.

The City council of Tuzla has 30 members, of the following parties:
Independent – 12 members
Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) – 8 members
Platform for Progress (PzP) – 2 members
Tuzla alternative – 2 members
Party of Democratic Action (SDA) – 1 member
Social Democrats (SD BiH) – 1 member
Our Party (NS) – 1 member
Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ BiH) – 1 member
Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SBiH) – 1 member
Movement of Democratic Action (PDA) – 1 member

Demographics
Demographics in Tuzla municipality:

1971 census
Total: 107,293
53,271 (49.65%) – Bosniaks
27,735 (25.84%) – Croats
21,089 (19.65%) – Serbs
2,540 (2.36%) – Yugoslavs
2,658 (2.47%) – others and unknown

1981 census
Total: 121,717
52,400 (43.05%) – Bosniaks
24,811 (20.38%) – Croats
20,261 (16.64%) – Serbs
19,059 (15.65%) – Yugoslavs
5,186 (4.26%) – others and unknown

1991 census
Total: 131,618

62,669 (47.61%) – Bosniaks
21,995 (16.71%) – Yugoslavs
20,398 (15.49%) – Croats
20,271 (15.40%) – Serbs
6,285 (4.77%) – others and unknown

2013 census
Total: 110,979
80,774 (72.78%) – Bosniaks
15,396 (13.87%) – Croats
3,378 (3.04%) – Serbs
11,431 (10.30%) – others and unknown
Source:

Culture

Arts,other

One of the most influential writers in the Balkans, Meša Selimović hails from Tuzla, and Tuzla hosts the annual Meša Selimović book festival in July, where an award for the best novel written in the languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro is presented.

The first professional theatre in Tuzla, the Tuzla National Theatre, was founded by the brothers Mihajlo and Živko Crnogorčević in 1898 during Austro-Hungarian rule, and is the oldest theatre in the country. The theatre is working continuously since 1944.

The Portrait Gallery has continuous exhibitions of work by local and international artists. The Ismet Mujezinović Gallery is mainly dedicated to Ismet Mujezinović, a painter from Tuzla. The Eastern Bosnia Museum exhibits archaeological, ethnological, historical and artistic pieces and artifacts from the whole region. An open-air museum at Solni Trg, opened in 2004, tells the story of salt production in Tuzla.
The cultural tradition of Tuzla and its surroundings was influenced by numerous authors, painters, musicians, theater workers, and historians. Among the writers, one of the greatest writers of the Balkans, Meša Selimović, Derviš Sušić, Muhamed Hevai Uskufi, Stjepan Matijević and Matija Divković stand out.
Ismet Mujezinović, the greatest Bosnian painter of the 20th century, was born and spent almost his entire working and living life in Tuzla.Tuzla is where the first educated Bosnian painters Đorđe Mihajlović and Adela Ber came from, as well as James Haim Pinto, one of the leading American-Mexican muralists, and Kristijan Kreković, a famous Peruvian painter. During the last century, Đorđe Mihajlović, Franjo Leder and Dragiša Trifković, as well as Mensur Dervišević, who art historians point out as one of the most significant phenomena of Tuzla's artistic life, became involved in the artistic life.

Religion
Apart from Tuzla's many mosques, there is also an Orthodox church that went untouched throughout the war.
The Franciscan monastery of "St. Peter and Paul" in town is still very active as there is a sizable Catholic community in Tuzla. The church of St.Francis (sv. Franjo) which had been demolished after being hit by a landslide in 1987 is being rebuilt since 2011 and should open by 2019. Just outside the town, in the nearby village of Breska, is a 200-year-old Catholic church. Tuzla is also home to an old Jewish cemetery which recently underwent renovations, organized by the OPEN Organization of Tuzla and the Jewish Municipality of Tuzla.

According to the 2013 census, most of the citizens living in Tuzla are Muslims, to be precise 75.4%, with Catholics accounting for 13.7%, while 3.3% of the population being Orthodox, 3.6% of people belong to other religions, and 3.9% of people are not religious.

Music
Bosnian roots music came from Middle Bosnia, Posavina, the Drina valley and Kalesija. It is usually performed by singers with two violinists and a šargija player. These bands first appeared around World War I and became popular in the 1960s. This is the third oldest music following after the sevdalinka and ilahija. Self-taught people, mostly in two or three members of the different choices of old instruments, mostly in the violin, sacking, saz, drums, flutes () or wooden flute, as others have already called, the original performers of Bosnian music that can not be written notes, transmitted by ear from generation to generation, family is usually hereditary. It is thought to be brought from Persia-Kalesi tribe that settled in the area of present Sprecanski valleys and hence probably the name Kalesija. In this part of Bosnia it is the most common. Again, it became the leader of First World War onwards, as well as 60 years in the field Sprecanski doline. This kind of music was enjoyed by all three peoples in Bosnia, Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs, and it contributed a lot to reconcile people socializing, entertainment and other organizations through festivala. In Kalesija it's maintained each year with the Bosnian Festival Original music.

Studio Kemix firm Dzemal Dzihanovic from Živinice together with his artists brought this kind of music to perfection at the end 20th century. With its entirely new form of modernity, it is most common in the Tuzla Canton and the cradle of this music city Živinice was named Bosnian town of original music. Songs are performed preferably in a diphthong, the first and second voice which is a special secret performance of this music and some performers sing in troglasju as they do Kalesijski triple that was recorded in 1968, as the first written record of the tone on the album, along with Higurashi no naku.

Sports

Founded in 1927, the Workers Sports Society Sloboda became the first sporting organization in Tuzla. It has 14 member clubs. The city is home to two football clubs, FK Sloboda and FK Tuzla City. Both teams play their home games at the Tušanj City Stadium.

OKK Sloboda basketball club and RK Sloboda handball club play their home games in the Mejdan Sports Arena which has a seating capacity of 4,900.

Jedinstvo Tuzla is the female counterpart to Sloboda. The women's basketball team Jedinstvo Aida won the FIBA Women's European Champions Cup, with the most famous sportswoman from Tuzla, Razija Mujanović. She was inducted to the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2017.

Miscellaneous
On 1 September 2007, 6,980 couples kissed for 10 seconds in Tuzla, erasing the previous Guinness World kissing Records of the Philippines and Hungary (for synchronised osculation in 2004 with 5,327 Filipino couples, overtaken by Hungary in 2005 with 5,875 couples; Filipinos came back in February 2010 with 6,124 couples but the Hungarians responded in June 2010 with 6,613 couples). The record now awaits official certification.

On 26 September 2008, Tuzla began offering free wireless internet access in the city center.

On 7 May 2010, Tuzla tried to break the World Record for the world's largest mass waltz dance. It is estimated that over 1,521 couples danced together on the main city square.

Transport

Tuzla has an international airport located at Dubrave (IATA code: TZL), and an effective and well-developed public bus network. There are plans to introduce a trolleybus network in the city soon.

The airport was opened and obtained ICAO certificate for civilian Air traffic in 2008. The airport had comprised a portion of "Eagle Base", an American military base that has been home to NATO troops serving in SFOR, Bosnia's stabilization force. Nowadays former Eagle Base become home of Bosnian Military Forces. In 2013. the airport became a base for Wizz Air. Tuzla International Airport nowadays has connection to 17+ European cities and expanding. More than 300000 passengers have been traveled via Tuzla International Airport in 2016.In 2017 Tuzla International Airport broke its own record for most passengers in one year with 535.596 passengers. While in 2018 that number again rose up to 584.471.

Tuzla has a railway station that has passenger services to Doboj, from where trains run to Sarajevo, Zagreb, and Belgrade. The services to Brčko were discontinued in 2012.

Tuzla is well connected with other major cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and even with some European cities via its bus connections. Bus and taxi traffic is very well organised in Tuzla and is affordable to its citizens. Bus stations were built in 1970 and completely renovated and modernized in 2017.

Education

Tuzla is home to the University of Tuzla, with 16,500 students, and also the American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina, FINra University, Kallos University, IPI Academy and Empirica faculty.

Universities
University of Tuzla
American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Schools
Association Citizens Educational Center
Behram-Begova Medresa Tuzla
Secondary Music School in Tuzla
Gimnazija Meša Selimović
Građevinsko-Geodetska Škola Tuzla
Katolički Školski Centar "Sv.Franjo" Tuzla
Ekonomsko-Trgovinska Škola Tuzla
Elektrotehnička Škola Tuzla
Medicinska Škola Tuzla
Mješovita Mašinska-Saobraćajna Škola Tuzla

Notable people
Alma Zadić, Austrian politician
Amer Delić, professional tennis player
Andrea Petković, German professional tennis player
Andreja Pejić, Australian model
Damir Mulaomerović, Croatian basketball player
Denis Azabagić, guitarist
Emir Hadžihafizbegović, actor
Emir Vildić, musician
Franjo Herljević
Lepa Brena, singer
Maya Sar, singer
Meša Selimović, writer
Milan Đurić, footballer
Mirza Delibašić, basketball player, Olympic, World and European champion, FIBA Hall of Fame member
Miralem Pjanić, footballer
Miroslav Tadić, musician
Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi Bosnevi, writer, poet
Muhamed Hadžiefendić, commander of Hadžiefendić Legion
Muhamed Konjić, retired football player
Nesim Tahirović, painter
Jusuf Nurkić, basketball player for Portland Trail Blazers
Sanja Maletić, singer
Siniša Martinović, professional ice hockey player
Svetlana Dašić-Kitić, retired handball player, Voted World Player of the Year 1988 by the International Handball Federation
Zlatan Saračević, retired Olympic athlete, European Indoor Championships 1980 Sindelfingen gold winner – shot put.

Twin towns – sister cities

Tuzla is twinned with:

 Beşiktaş, Turkey
 Bologna, Italy
 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
 Linz, Austria
 Osijek, Croatia
 Pécs, Hungary
 Saint-Denis, France
 Tuzla, Turkey

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

Tuzlanski Info Portal  local news website

Populated places in Tuzla
Cities and towns in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Tuzla


John Paul McQueen es un personaje ficticio de la serie de televisión británica Hollyoaks, interpretado por el actor James Sutton desde agosto del 6 de septiembre del 2006, hasta el 20 de octubre del 2008. El 18 de diciembre del 2012 James regresó a la serie y su última aparición fue el 9 de marzo del 2017.

Antecedentes
John Paul es muy buen amigo de Katy Fox y de Summer Shaw.

En enero del 2014 John Paul es agredido sexualmente por Finn O'Connor, aunque al inicio John Paul cree que es su culpa que haya sucedido pero finalmente le cuenta a la oficial Sam Lomax que había sido abusado y ella lo lleva al hospital donde John Paul es atendido.

Biografía

Notas
 Entre sus historias más importantes están: haber aceptado que es gay, haber sido blanco de violencias debido a su orientación sexual, haber comenzado una relación con un padre y por haber sido secuestrado por su medio hermano Niall Rafferty.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Hollyoaks :: Official Website :: Character :: John Paul McQueen
 John Paul McQueen Family and Relationships
 BBC America > Hollyoaks > John Paul McQueen

McQueen John Paul
Hombres gay ficticios

John Paul McQueen


Franjo Babić (Babina Greda, 19. prosinca 1908. – Bleiburg, 15. svibnja 1945.), hrvatski književnik i novinar.

Radio je kao novinar Hrvatskog lista u Osijeku, na funkciji odgovornog urednika od 1941. do 1944. godine.
U književnosti se javio crticama i pjesmama sredinom 20-ih godina.

Popularnost je stekao opšrinim romanom Čaruga s više od 2000 stranica, koji je izlazio u nastavcima od 1938. do 1940. u Zanimljivoj knjižici, posebnom prilogu Hrvatskog lista. Roman Vjerna zemlja iz 1943. nastavlja smjer ruralne proze izrazito regionalističkih obilježja. Autor je i drama (Graničareva ljubav ili Ivka, Obćinski načelnik) te novela iz slavonskog života.

Životopis
Rođen je u Babinoj Gredi i podrijetlom je iz starosjedilačke babogredske obitelji. Osnovnu školu pohađao je u Zemunu (1915. – 1919.), a šest razreda gimnazije, u Vukovaru i Vinkovcima (1920. – 1926.). U osječkom dnevniku Hrvatski list od 1929. bio je sudski i športski izvjestitelj, urednik gradske rubrike i odgovorni urednik (1941. – 1944.). Za osječka amaterska kulturno-umjetnička društva pisao je pučke igrokaze, aktovke i skečeve.

Od 1935. članom je zagrebačke sekcije Jugoslavenskog novinarskog udruženja, zatim Matice hrvatskih kazališnih dobrovoljaca i Društva hrvatskih književnika.

Pjesme, humoreske, novele, pripovijetke, crtice, putne zapise iz seoskog života Slavonije i gornjeg Srijema, književne i kazališne prikaze, kao i kulturno-povijesne folklorističke članke, objavio je u novinama i časopisima: Novi čovjek (1926., 1927.), Hrvatski list (Osijek, 1927. – 1944.), Novo doba (Split, 1933.), Hrvatski Zagorac (1936.), Pravda (1938.), Spremnost (1942., 1945.), Nedjeljne viesti (1943.), Hrvatski sjever (1944.), Hrvatski narod (1944., 1945.), Novine (Zagreb, 1944., 1945.).

Popularnost je stekao humorističkim Pismima čiče Grge Grgina iz Grginca (1928. – 1943.) i pučkim godišnjacima Narodni kalendar čiče Grge Grgina iz Grginca (1935. – 1943.). Roman Čaruga objavljivao je u nastavcima Hrvatski list.

Komedija Općinski činovnik prikazana je u Osijeku 1937., a pučka gluma Graničarska ljubav ili Ivka u Osijeku 1944. godine. U rukopisu su ostali igrokazi Šokačka krv (1931.) i Novo pokoljenje (1942.).

Književni kritičari Babića su smatrali sljedbenikom slavonske Okrugić-Jurkovićeve dramske tradicije, nastavljačem Joze Ivakića (Pravda, 1938.) i pučkim dramatičarem koji zna pisati za narod.

Od 1944. radio je kao novinar u Zagrebu.

Djela
Općinski načelnik (komedija u dva čina, 1937.)
Čaruga (roman, 1938. – 1940.)
Vjerna zemlja (roman, 1943.)
Graničarska ljubav ili Ivka (drama, 1944.)

Izvori

Hrvatski književnici
Hrvatski novinari
Žrtve partizanskih progona katoličkih svećenika u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraću

Franjo Babić


Cortazzo ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Oreste Cortazzo (1830/1836–um 1910), italienischer Maler
 Uruguay Cortazzo (* 1952), uruguayischer Essayist und Dozent
 Víctor Cortazzo, uruguayischer Politiker

Cortazzo


Johannes 9. (død januar 900) var pave fra januar 898 til sin død i 900.

Der vides ganske lidt om Johannes 9. før han blev pave. Han blev født i Tivoli i et ukendt år, og blev ordineret præst i Benediktinerordenen af Pave Formosus. Med støtte fra en magtfulde familie fra Spoleto blev han valgt til pave i begyndelsen af 898, efter Pave Teodor 2.s tidlige død.

Referencer

Paver i middelalderen

Pave Johannes 9.


Ildar Abdulowitsch Ibragimow (, englische Transkription Ildar Ibragimov; * 15. Juli 1932 in Leningrad) ist ein russischer Mathematiker, der sich mit Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und mathematischer Statistik beschäftigt.

Leben
Ibragimow ist der Sohn eines Professors für Forstwissenschaft mit baschkirischer Herkunft und einer Ärztin mit tatarischen Ursprüngen in Kasan. Er studierte an der Staatlichen Universität Leningrad, wo er 1956 seinen Abschluss in Mathematik machte, 1960 bei Juri Linnik promoviert wurde (Einige Grenzwertsätze für strikt stationäre stochastische Prozesse) und sich 1967 habilitierte (russischer Doktortitel). 1969 wurde er Professor für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie an der Staatlichen Universität in Leningrad.

Er ist leitender Wissenschaftler und Direktor des Labors für statistische Methoden am Steklow-Institut in Sankt Petersburg, eine Position die er dort seit 1972 als Nachfolger seines Lehrers Juri Linnik innehat. Er ist Mitglied der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (korrespondierendes Mitglied seit 1990, volles Mitglied seit 1997). 1970 erhielt er den Leninpreis. 1989 war er Wald Lecturer des Institute of Mathematical Statistics. 1966 war er Invited Speaker auf dem Internationalen Mathematikerkongress in Moskau (Einige Aspekte der Spektraltheorie stationärer Prozesse).

Literatur
Peter J. Bickel, Lucien Le Cam A conversation with Ildar Ibragimov, Statistical Science, Band 5, 1990, S. 347–355

Schriften
mit Linnik Independent and stationary sequences of random variables, Groningen, Wolters-Noordhoff 1971
mit Y. A. Rosanov Gaussian Random Processes, Springer Verlag 1978
mit R. Z. Hasminskii Statistical estimation- asymptotic theory, Springer Verlag 1981
Herausgeber mit A. Yu. Zaitzev Probability theory and mathematical statistics, Gordon and Breach 1996
Herausgeber mit N. Balakrishnan, V. B. Nevzorov Asymptotic methods in probability and statistics with applications, Birkhäuser 2001

Weblinks
Russische Biografie
 Ибрагимов, Ильдар Абдуллович Eintrag bei der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (russisch)

Einzelnachweise

Mathematiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Statistiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Staatliche Universität Sankt Petersburg)
Mitglied der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Träger des Leninpreises
Absolvent der Universität Sankt Petersburg
Russe
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1932
Mann

Ildar Abdulowitsch Ibragimow


Lozno-Oleksandrivka (, ) est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Louhansk, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Louhansk

Lozno-Oleksandrivka


Happy Together is the first greatest hits album released by Twins.  It was first released in November 2002 and consisted of 3 CDs (4 new songs and 20 selection hits) and 1 VCD, along with 10 different covers.

A second version of this album was released in 2003.  This version consisted of 2 CDs and 1 VCD, and was similar to the first version. However, since the Chinese New Year was coming, a celebration song, "Ni Zui Hong" (你最紅), was included in the album. The star, Leslie Cheung, took part in the song's music video. Some collectible New Year gifts such as Twins x Marie Red Packets, Jelly Belly candy with creative menu, poster, four different "Fai Chun" and coupons were also included in this edition.

There is a third version of this greatest hits with added new music videos and 2 brand-new covers released later, and it breaks their album record which have total 13 covers for an album to date.

CD Content

First Version

Disc 1
"Feng Zheng Yu Feng" (風箏與風) (the theme song of the advertisement for Matsunichi )
"Bai Shi Bu Yan" (百試不厭) (the theme song of Marie's 2003)
"'Ming Ai An Lian Bu Xi She"  (明愛暗戀補習社) (Assembly Mix)
"Nu Xiao Nan Sheng" (女校男生)
"Xue Sheng Shou Ce" (學生手冊)
"Huan Ji" (換季)
"Wo Men Di Ji Nian Ce" (我們的紀念冊)
"Feng Zheng Yu Feng" (風箏與風) Remix (Lost And Found Version)

Disc 2
"No.1"
"Ai Qing Dang Ru Xun" (愛情當入樽)
"Er Ren Shi Jie Bei" (二人世界盃)
"ICHIBAN Xing Fen" (ICHIBAN興奮)
"Ni Shi Wo De UFO" (你是我的UFO)
"Da Hong Da Zi" (大紅大紫)
"Guo Shou Kan Zhao" (高手看招)

Disc 3
"Xing Xing Yue Liang Tai Yang" (星星月亮太陽) (the theme song of Shunde Jiaxin Citi Plaza Cardinal Heights advertisement)
"Yan Hong Hong - Hou Zhuan" (眼紅紅 - 後傳) (Narrator:Dicky Cheung)
"Lian Ai Da Guo Tian" (戀愛大過天)
"Peng You Zi" (朋友仔)
"Li Wo Qian Xiao" (梨渦淺笑)
"Fa Meng Jian Guo Ni" (發夢見過你)
"Ren Bi Ren" (人比人)
"Kuai Shu Shi Dai" (快熟時代)
"Da Lang Man Zhu Yi" (大浪漫主義)

Disc 4 (VCD)
"Feng Zheng Yu Feng" (風箏與風) (the theme song of Matsunichi advertisement) Music Video
"Twins Ichiban Amazing Show" (Twins Ichiban興奮演唱會) production highlights
Twins 2002 advertisement: Shunde Jiaxin
Twins 2002 advertisement: G.Sushi
Twins 2002 advertisement: Nissin Cup Noodle
Twins 2002 advertisement: New World Telecom
Twins 2002 advertisement: Gulong Online
Twins 2002 advertisement: Clean & Clear
Twins 2002 advertisement: Saint Honore

Second Version
Disc 1
"Ni Zui Hong" (你最紅) (New song)
"Feng Zheng Yu Feng" (風箏與風) (the theme song Matsunichi advertisement)
"Xing Xing Yue Liang Tai Yang" (星星月亮太陽) (the theme song of Shunde Jiaxin Citi Plaza Cardinal Heights)
"No.1"
"Bai Shi Bu Yan" (百試不厭) (the theme song of Marie's 2003)
"Feng Zheng Yu Feng" (風箏與風) Remix (Lost And Found Version)
"Ming Ai An Lain Bu Xi She"  (明愛暗戀補習社) (Assembly Mix)
"Nu Xiao Nan Sheng" (女校男生)
"Xue Sheng Shou Ce" (學生手冊)
"Huan Ji" (換季)
"Wo Men Di Ji Nian Ce" (我們的紀念冊)
"Ai Qing Dang Ru Xun" (愛情當入樽)

Disc 2
"Er Ren Shi Jie Bei" (二人世界盃)
"ICHIBAN Xing Fen" (ICHIBAN興奮)
"Ni Shi Wo De UFO" (你是我的UFO)
"Da Hong Da Zi" (大紅大紫)
"Guo Shou Kan Zhao" (高手看招)
"Yan Hong Hong - Hou Zhuan" (眼紅紅 - 後傳) (Narrator:Dicky Chueng)
"Lian Ai Da Guo Tian" (戀愛大過天)
"Peng YOu Zi" (朋友仔)
"Li Wo Qian Xiao" (梨渦淺笑)
"Fa Meng Jian Guo Ni" (發夢見過你)
"Ren Bi Ren" (人比人)
"Kuai Shu Shi Dai" (快熟時代)
"Da Lang Man Zhu Yi" (大浪漫主義)

Disc 3 (VCD)
Ni Zui Hong (你最紅) (Special Guest: Leslie Cheung) (music video)
"Feng Zheng Yu Feng" (風箏與風) (the theme song of Matsunichi advertisement) music video
"Xing Xing Yue Liang Tai Yang" (星星月亮太陽) (music video)
"Bai Shi Bu Yan" (百試不厭) (music video)
"Twins Ichiban Amazing Show" (Twins Ichiban興奮演唱會) production highlights
Twins 2002 advertisement: Shunde Jiaxin
Twins 2002 advertisement: G.Sushi
Twins 2002 advertisement: Nissin Cup Noodle
Twins 2002 advertisement: New World Telecom Twins Mobile
Twins 2002 advertisement: Gulong Online
Twins 2002 advertisement: Clean & Clear
Twins 2002 advertisement: Saint Honore

2002 compilation albums
2002 video albums
Twins (group) compilation albums
Twins (group) video albums

Happy Together (Twins album)


Dansani A/S er en dansk leverandør af baderumsmøbler og tilbehør til badeværelset, som har hovedsæde i Haderslev.

Dansani blev etableret som en enkeltmandsvirksomhed af Thomas Bjerrum i 1983, men udvidede i 1984 produktionskapaciteten.

Dansani udvidede markedet til de skandinaviske lande og der blev oprettet datterselskaber i Norge og Sverige. I 1997 byggedes nye produktions- og administrationsfaciliteter i Haderslev, hvor virksomheden har til stede i dag.
Al produktion er outsourcet til udlandet og virksomhedens danske medarbejdere beskæftiger sin udelukkende med montage, udvikling og distribution. Der eksporterer i dag til hele Europa.

Administrerende direktør siden 2008 er Carsten Friis.

Kilder

Interiørproducenter i Danmark
Etableret i 1983

Dansani


Sundhedsdatastyrelsen er en styrelse under Sundheds- og Ældreministeriet. Den er oprettet 1. november 2015 og har til opgave at skabe sammenhængende sundhedsdata og digitale løsninger til sundhedsvæsenet.

Eksterne henvisninger

Ministeriet for Sundhed og Forebyggelse
Sundheds- og Ældreministeriet
Etableret i 2015
Sundhedsvæsen i Danmark
Danske styrelser

Sundhedsdatastyrelsen


Cricetulus kamensis je vrsta je glodavaca iz obitelji Cricetidae. Nalazi se samo u planinama zapadne Kine gdje naseljava travnjake, grmovne močvare i stepe. Iako ima ograničeni domet, Međunarodna unija za zaštitu prirode procijenila je njezin status zaštite kao "Najmanja zabrinutost".

Opis
Hrčak ima duljinu glave i tijela između 88 i 112 mm, a rep mu je dugačak od 51 to 64 mm. Krzno na leđima mu je tamno sivosmeđe, ponekad pjegasto ili prošarano crnom bojom, donji dio je sivkasto bijel, a postoji valovit prijelaz na mjestu gdje se dvije boje susreću. Rep je gust i dobro pokriven zaštitnim dlakama, na vrhu ima tamnu prugu, inače bijelu, s potpuno bijelim vrhom.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hrčci

Cricetulus kamensis


සමුද්‍රදේවී කුමරිය කොට්ටේ රජකළ හත්වන බුවනෙකබාහු රජගේ දියණියයි.ඉතා රූමත් රජ කුමරියක වූ ඇයට විවාහවන වයසට පත්වන විට රජකුමාරවරුන් ගෙන් නිතර විවාහ යොජනා ගලා ආහ.කෙසේ වෙතත් පිය රජුගේ අභිප්‍රාය වූයේ කුමරිය ජයෝබණ්ඩාර කුමරුට විවාහ කර දීමටයි.එහෙත් දේවි කුමරියගේ සිත දිනාගෙන තිබුනේ ඇගේ ඇවැස්ස මස්සිනා කෙනකු වූ වීදිය බණ්ඩාර කුමරුටය.මෙම හේතුව නිසා ජයෝබණ්ඩාර කුමරු හා වීදිය බණ්ඩාර කුමරු අතර සටනක්ද ඇතිවිය.එයින් වීදිය බණ්ඩාර කුමරු ජයගත් අතර පසුව වීදිය බණ්ඩාර කුමරු පියරජුගේ සිත දිනාගෙන සමූද්‍රදේවි කුමරිය ආවාහ කරගැනීමට හැකිවිය.මොවුන් දෙදෙනාට.මොවුන් දෙදෙනාට ධර්මපාල නමින් පුතෙකු ද ලැබිනි.පසු කලෙක ලංකාවේ ප්‍රතම කතොලික රජු ලෙස රජ්‍යත්වයට පත්වන්නේ මෙම කුමරුය.ඒ දොන් ජුවන් ධර්මපාල රජ යන නමිනි.

වීදිය බණ්ඩාර කුමරු භුවනෙකභාහු රජුගේ මහසෙනෙවි ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය.වරක් කැරැල්ලක් මැඩපැවැත් වීමට දුර බැහැර ගිය වීදිය බණ්ඩාරට සමූද්‍රෙද්වි කුමරිය හා පෘතුගීසි හේවායකු වූ දියෝගෝද අරවුජෝ සමග අනියම් සම්බන්ධයක් ඇතිවූ බව කටකතා ඇසුරින් දැනගන්නට ලැබිණ.මෙම නිසා වීදිය බණ්ඩාර කුමරු තුල සමූද්‍රෙද්වී කුමරිය පිළිබද සැකයක් ඇතිවිය.මෙම සැකය පැතිරී ගිය කටකතා නිසා තවන් වර්ධනය විය.දිනක් තම දේවිය දියවන්නා ඔය අසළට රැගෙන විත් ඇයව දියවන්නා ඔයට තල්ලු කර මරා දැමූබව සදහන් වේ.මෙම සදුවීම වීදිය බණ්ඩාර කුමරු තුල ඇතිවූ අහේතුක සැකයක් නිසා සිදුවූබව කියැවේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර
 මිහිර(2006)එක්සත් ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍ර සමාගම (44 කාණ්ඩය)ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉතිහාසයේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම කාන්තාවෝ ඒ.ඩී ප්‍රියංගිකා

ඉතිහාසය
චරිත කතා

සමුද්‍රදේවි කුමරිය


El Bell YOH-4 , también conocido como Bell YHO-4, fue un helicóptero desarrollado y fabricado por la compañía estadounidense Bell Helicopter, para el programa Light Observation Helicopter del Ejército de los Estados Unidos. A pesar de que el YOH-4A no tuvo éxito en el programa, Bell lo empleó como base para el desarrollo del helicóptero civil Bell 206A JetRanger. En el año 1967, el Ejército estadounidense reabrió el programa, siendo seleccionado el modelo OH-58 Kiowa, un derivado del Bell 206.

Desarrollo

El 14 de octubre de 1960, el Departamento de Defensa de los Estados Unidos hizo una petición formal a 25 fabricantes aeronáuticos para desarrollar el programa Light Observation Helicopter (LOH). Bell accedió a la petición, junto a otros 12 fabricantes, entre los que se encontraban Hiller Aircraft y Hughes Tool Co., Aircraft Division. En enero de 1961, Bell presentó el proyecto Design 250 (D-250), que se pasaría a denominar YHO-4.  El 19 de mayo de 1961, Bell, Hughes y Hiller fueron proclamados como los ganadores del concurso de diseño.

Bell fabricó cinco prototipos del D-250, como Model 206, en 1962, realizando el primero de los prototipos su primer vuelo el 8 de diciembre de 1962. Durante el mismo año, todas las aeronaves comenzaron a ser designadas de acuerdo al Sistema de Designación conjunta, por lo que los prototipos pasaron a denominarse como YOH-4A. A pesar de que el programa de vuelo fue exitoso, los cinco prototipos del YOH-4A fueron apodados con el mote de patito feo, en comparación con las otras aeronaves contendientes.  Después de numerosas pruebas de los prototipos de Bell, Hughes y Fairchild Hiller, el Hughes OH-6 acabó siendo proclamado vencedor del programa LOH en mayo de 1965.

Después de la derrota en la licitación del contrato militar, Bell intentó comercializar el YOH-4, aunque no tuvo éxito en el mercado. Tras una investigación de mercado, Bell descubrió que los clientes pensaban que el diseño del fuselaje era desagradable. Bell acabó rediseñando el fuselaje, cambiando la estructura original por un diseño más elegante y estético y reintroduciéndolo como el Bell 206A JetRanger.

Variantes

 D-250
 Designación interna de la compañía para el diseño.
 Model 206
 Designación interna de la compañía para el YHO-4.
 YHO-4
 Variante equipada con un motor T63-A-5 de 250 shp, 5 unidades fabricadas y posteriormente redesignadas como YOH-4A.
 YOH-4A
 Redesignación del YHO-4.

Operadores

 Ejército de los Estados Unidos: Cinco prototipos para su evaluación.

Véase también

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Spenser, Jay P. "Bell Helicopter". Whirlybirds, A History of the U.S. Helicopter Pioneers. University of Washington Press, 1998. ISBN 0-295-98058-3.

Enlaces externos

 HO-4/OH-4 page on GlobalSecurity.org

206 YOH-4
Helicópteros monoturbina
Helicópteros militares de reconocimiento de Estados Unidos de los años 1960

Bell YOH-4


Cezayir millî futbol takımı, Cezayir'i uluslararası arenada temsil eden futbol takımıdır.

1930-1962 yılları arasında düzenlenen kupalara katılmayan Cezayir, 1966'daki kupaya katılmak istedi. Buna karşın FIFA'nın o dönem Afrika şampiyonu olan ülkenin Asya ya da Okyanusya şampiyonlarından biri ile eleme oynamaları gerektiğini belirten kuraldan ötürü Afrika ülkeleri şampiyonaya katılmama kararı aldı. Sonraki şampiyonalar olan 1970, 1974 ve 1978′de elemeleri geçemeyen Cezayir, Dünya Kupası'na ilk kez katıldığı 1982'de Batı Almanya karşısında elde ettiği 2-1'lik galibiyetle büyük yankı uyandıran Cezayir, grubunda elde ettiği 2 galibiyet ve 1 mağlubiyete rağmen Gijón Saldırmazlık Paktı olarak adlandırılan maçtan ötürü elenmekten kurtulamadı. 1986 FIFA Dünya Kupası'na da katılan Cezayir, Brezilya, İspanya ve Kuzey İrlanda ile aynı grupta mücadele etti. Ancak bu sefer sadece Kuzey İrlanda karşısında 1 beraberlik elde ederek elendi. 1990 FIFA Dünya Kupası'na gitme fırsatını Mısır'a karşı alınan 1-0'lık yenilgiyle kaçıran Cezayir, 1990'da kazanılan Afrika Uluslar Kupası'nın ardından düşüşe geçti.

2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemelerinde grubunda ilk 5 maçında 13 puan toplayan Cezayir, son maçında Mısır ile karşılaştı. İlk maçta 3-1 mağlup ettiği Mısır'a bu kez 2-0 yenilen Cezayir, bu sonucun ardından play-off maçı oynamak durumunda kaldı. Mısır'ın 90+5'te bulduğu 2. gol grupta iki takım arasındaki bütün hesapları dengelemişti. Sudan'da oynanan baraj maçında ezeli rakibi Mısır'ı 40. dakikada Antar Yahia'nın attığı golle 1-0 yenen Cezayir, 24 yıl aradan sonra tekrar Dünya Kupası'na katılma hakkını elde etti. 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda Slovenya ile ABD'ye kaybeden Cezayir, tek beraberliğini İngiltere karşısında alarak bir kez daha ilk turda elendi.

Cezayir en iyi Dünya Kupası derecesini 2014 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda elde etti. 1 galibiyet, 1 beraberlik ve 1 mağlubiyet ile grubunda 2. oldu ve son 16 turuna kaldı. Son 16 turunda Almanya'ya uzatma dakikalarında (92. ve 119.) yediği gollerle yenildi ve elendi.

Turnuva tarihi

FIFA Dünya Kupası tarihi

Afrika Uluslar Kupası başarıları
 1957 - 1965 arası - Katılmadı
 1968 - 1. Tur
 1970 - 1978 arası - Elemeleri geçemedi
 1980 - İkinci
 1982 - Dördüncü
 1984 - Üçüncü
 1986 - 1. Tur
 1988 - Üçüncü
 1990 - Şampiyon
 1992 - 1. Tur
 1994 - Katılma hakkı olmayan oyuncuları oynattığı için yarış dışı bırakıldı
 1996 - Çeyrek final
 1998 - 1. Tur
 2000 - Çeyrek final
 2002 - 1. Tur
 2004 - Çeyrek final
 2006 - Elemeleri geçemedi
 2006 - 2008 arası - Elemeleri geçemedi
 2010 - Dördüncü
 2012 - Elemeleri geçemedi
 2019 - Şampiyon

Takım Kadrosu
Aşağıdaki oyuncular, Uganda'ya karşı 2023 Afrika Uluslar Kupası ön eleme maçına ve Tunus'a karşı hazırlık maçına çağrıldı.

Kaynakça

Cezayir millî futbol takımı


Luigj Gurakuqi (also called Louis Gurakuchi; 19 February 1879 – 2 March 1925) was an Albanian writer and politician. He was an important figure of the Albanian National Awakening and was honoured with the People's Hero of Albania medal.

Biography

Early life
Gurakuqi was born to a Catholic family in Shkodër, a vilayet center of the Ottoman Empire at the time, on February 19, 1879. He studied at the Jesuit-run St. Xavier College (currently known as Pjetër Meshkalla High School), where he was encouraged by teachers like Anton Xanoni and Gaspër Jakova Mërturi. As a student, he wrote poetry in Italian, Latin, and Albanian. In 1897, he left for Italy to study at the Italo–Albanian college of San Demetrio Corone (Collegio of Sant'Adriano) under Girolamo De Rada, who would exercise a strong influence on him. Gurakuqi also studied medicine in Naples for three years, but his interests were focused more on science and the humanities. In Naples, he came into contact with Arbëresh literary and political figures and published Albanian school texts and a book on prosody. He was also a poet and published under the pen name Jakin Shkodra and Lekë Gruda. He published articles in Albania, Drita, Kalendari-kombëtar, Liria e Shqipërisë, and La Nazione Albanese.

Albanian independence
In 1908, after the revolution of the Young Turks, Gurakuqi returned definitively to Albania and soon became a leading figure in the nationalist movement, which led to the country's independence in 1912. Together with Gjergj Fishta, he represented the Bashkimi (Unity) literary society of Shkodër at the Congress of Monastir in 1908, and, in September 1909, he attended the Congress of Elbasan, which was held to organize Albanian-language teaching and education. When Albania's first teacher-training college, Shkolla Normale (currently known as Aleksandër Xhuvani University), was set up in Elbasan on 1 December 1909, Luigj Gurakuqi was appointed its director. Gurakuqi took part in the uprising in the Malësori uprising in 1911, the uprising in southern Albania in 1912, and in March of that year traveled to Skopje and Gjakova to stir up support for open resistance to Turkish rule and the inclusion of Kosovo in a new Albanian state. By September 1912, Gurakuqi and Ismail Qemal bey Vlora traveled to Bucharest to consult with the large Albanian diaspora regarding Albanian geopolitical issues. Gurakuqi took part in the declaration of Albanian independence in Vlora on 28 November 1912 and served as minister of education in the first Albanian government, headed by Ismail Qemal.

Austro–Hungarian occupation
In 1915, when his native Shkodër was occupied by Montenegrin troops, Gurakuqi was taken prisoner and jailed in Montenegro until after the invasion of Austro–Hungarian forces. In 1916, he played a role in the Albanian Literary Commission on Albanian orthography, which also served to encourage the publication of Albanian language school texts. During the Austro–Hungarian occupation of Shkodër, he served as director general of education and assisted in establishing about 200 elementary schools.

Principality of Albania and Noli's Government
In 1918, Gurakuqi was again appointed minister of education in the newly formed Durrës government. The following year he attended the Paris Peace Conference. In 1921, he was appointed minister of the interior in the government of Hasan bey Prishtina. In 1924 Gurakuqi was one of the leaders of the revolution that overthrew the regime of Ahmet Zogu and established a democratic government. Fan S. Noli became the new Prime Minister, while Luigj Gurakuqi was part of the new cabinet as Minister of Economy and Finance. in the short-lived government. In August 1924, Gurakuqi traveled to Geneva to defend Albanian interests at the League of Nations, but with the overthrow of Fan Noli's democratic administration by the more authoritarian Zogu forces, he was forced to flee to Italy.

Exile and death
After the restoration of the Zogist regime, Gurakuqi lived in Bari, Italy, where he was murdered in a café by Baltjon Stambolla.

Legacy

Luigj Gurakuqi served the national cause not only by playing an active role in public life, but also by contributing informative articles to a good number of Albanian periodicals. He was, in addition, the author of both didactic and educational works and of poetry, much of which he published under the pseudonyms Lek Gruda and Jakin Shkodra. A collection of his verse, imbued with the strong patriotic emotion and sentimentality of romantic nationalism, was published posthumously in the 94-page Vjersha (Verse; Bari: Gjikam, 1940), by Gjon Kamsi.

Honors
Luigj Gurakuqi was awarded the titles Hero i Popullit (Hero of the People) and Mësues i Popullit (Teacher of the People). The town of Shkodra has always been proud of Luigj Gurakuqi, and on 29 May 1991, it named the newly founded university there after him. A statue of him stands in the center of Shkodër.

See also
 Albanian National Awakening
 History of Albania
 Politics of Albania

References

1879 births
1925 deaths
Politicians from Shkodër
Writers from Shkodër
People from Scutari vilayet
Albanian Roman Catholics
Albanian revolutionaries
Heroes of Albania
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Government ministers of Albania
Finance ministers of Albania
Members of the Parliament of Albania
Academic staff of the University of Elbasan
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Government of Durrës
Congress of Durrës delegates
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening

Luigj Gurakuqi


Dnevni prorok su čarobnjačke novine prema serijalu romana o Harry Potteru koji je napisala J.K. Rowling.

Mnogu čarobnjaci i vještice su pretplaćeni na Dnevni prorok pa im sove svaki dan donose novi broj, a oni sovi daju novac. Poznata novinarka Dnevnog proroka je Rita Skeeter.

U četvrtom romanu o Harry Potteru razotkrije se da je Rita prisluškivačica privatnih razgovora u Hogwartsu te to pisala u Dnevni prorok pa joj je zabranjeno više pisati za Dnevni prorok. Rita Sketeer se za pisanje u Dnevni prorok koristi brzocitatnim perom koje zapisuje sve važne informacije koje ona kaže.

U petom romanu o Harry Potteru Dnevni prorok po zapovijedi Corneliusa Fudgea krene pisati da je Harry luđak i da on i Albus Dumbledore lažu da se Lord Voldemort vratio pa zato mnogi koji vjeruju Harryju više ne čitaju dnevni prorok.

Prvi put spominje u prvom romanu o Harry Potteru kada Hagridu sova donese Dnevni prorok dok on sa Harryjem i obitelji Dursley spava u kamenoj kolibi u koju je obitelj Dursley sa Harryjem otišla da im više ne dolaze pisma preko sova.

Dnevni prorok


قائمة بأسماء رؤساء بلدية عمان زمن العثمانيين

أول بلدية أنشئت في عمان عام 1909م .

 أول رئيس بلدية هو إسماعيل بيوق
 أحمد الخطيب ، عام ( 1911م)
 خليل أسعد ،عام ( 1915م )
 أيوب فاخر ،عام ( 1919م )
 سعيد خير ،عام ( 1920م )

وبعد أن أصبحت عمان عاصمت لإمارة الأردن

 استلم رئاسة البلدية يوسف عصفور ،عام ( 1925م )
 طاهر الجقة ،عام ( 1931م )
 علاء الدين طوقان ،عام ( 1933م )
 سامح حجازي ،عام ( 1937م )
 السيد سعيد المفتي ،عام ( 1938م )
 هاشم خير ،عام ( 1939م )
 عمر حكمت ،عام ( 1942م )
 صبحي كحالة ،عام ( 1942م )
 عمر الأفيوني ،عام ( 1943م )
 رأفت الدجالي ،عام ( 1944م )
 كمال الجيوسي ،عام ( 1945م )
 عبد المجيد العدوان ،عام ( 1948م )
 هزاع المجالي ،عام ( 1948م )

ثم صدرت الأدارة الملكية باستبدال لقب رئيس بلدية العاصمة إلى لقب أمين العاصمة عام1950م .

تاريخ الأردن
سياسة الأردن
قوائم متعلقة بالأردن
التقسيم الإداري في الأردن

قائمة رؤساء بلدية عمان زمن العثمانيين


فيد بيليتش (بالسلوفينية: Vid Belec) (مواليد 6 يونيو 1990 في ماريبور - سلوفينيا) لاعب كرة قدم سلوفيني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى إنتر ميلان الإيطالي منذ 2007 في مركز حارس مرمى.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سلوفينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سلوفينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البرتغال
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في البرتغال
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في قبرص
رياضيون من ماريبور
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري القبرصي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو إنتر ميلان
لاعبو ساليرنيتانا
لاعبو سامبدوريا
لاعبو قونية سبور
لاعبو كروتوني
لاعبو كرة قدم سلوفينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم سلوفينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو منتخب سلوفينيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب سلوفينيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي أبويل
لاعبو نادي أولهانينسي
لاعبو نادي بينيفينتو
لاعبو نادي كاربي
مواليد 1990
مواليد في ماريبور
لاعبو كرة قدم من ماريبور

فيد بيليتش


Le château de Villeneuve est un château moderne situé à Essey (Côte-d'Or) en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté .

Localisation
Le château est implanté à la sortie nord-est du village, en rive nord de la RD 115.

Historique

Pendant tout le Moyen Âge la "maison fort de Villa Nova avec fossés" change souvent de propriétaire. Dès 1278, Girard de Chastains la reprend d'Etienne de Mont-Saint-Jean. En 1366, Girard de la Tour, seigneur de Mont-Saint-Jean, la tient à nouveau. Elle passe ensuite à Huot de Pontailler qui la revend à Renault de Turcenay avant qu'elle ne revienne à Gui de Pontailler.

En 1591, lors du rassemblement de troupes royalistes pour essayer de prendre Autun, le régiment du sieur de Cruzille stationne à Essey et au château de Villeneuve.  En 1635, celui-ci se compose de deux corps de logis, pont-levis, bâtiments, parc et le tout clos de murailles. En 1691, "Villeneuve consiste en maison forte et château, composé de trois grands corps de logis attenant les uns aux autres, fossoyés, avec pont levis". Pour l'abbé Courtépée en 1748 : le comte de Blet a embelli le château de Villeneuve, flanqué de six tours, au milieu de deux belles pièces d'eau. A partie de 1855, la famille de Champeaux entreprend une restauration générale de l'édifice

Architecture

Entouré d'un large fossé franchi au sud par un pont dormant, le logis se compose de trois corps de bâtiment : un corps central au nord, une aile en retour d'équerre à l'ouest et une aile à 45° à l'est. Il est flanqué sur les angles extérieurs de quatre tours hexagonales et d'une autre tour hexagonale demi-hors-œuvre un peu plus haute au centre de la façade nord du corps central. De part et d'autre du portail qui donne accès à la cour, trois bâtiments de plan allongé constituent les communs.

Dans la partie orientale du sous-sol du bâtiment central se trouve une salle couverte de voûtes d'ogives reposant au centre sur deux piliers de section octogonale et du côté des murs sur des culots sculptés de têtes d'homme et d'animal. Le grand salon du rez-de-chaussée du corps central est pourvu d'une cheminée monumentale à décor sculpté et peint.

Valorisation du patrimoine
Le château accueille l'Institut médico éducatif du château de Villeneuve.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or

Liens externes

Villeneuve

Château de Villeneuve (Essey)


80008 Danielarhodes este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
80008 Danielarhodes este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la San Marcello Pistoiese de Luciano Tesi și Andrea Boattini. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,03 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 9,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 80001-81000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

80008 Danielarhodes


මෙම දුර ප්‍රමාණය අනුව ආරෝහණ අනුපිළිවෙලින් සකස්කරන ලද සෞරග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලය කේන්ද්‍ර කොටගත් මෙගාපාර්සෙක් 3.59 (ආලෝක වර්ෂ මිලියන 11.7 ක්) අරයක් තුල ඇති දැනට සොයාගෙන ඇති මන්දාකිණි ලැයිස්තුවකි.

මෙම ලැයිස්තුවේ අරමුණ වන්නේ වත්මන් දැනුම පිළිබිඹු කිරීමයි:
 මෙම 3.59 Mpc අරය තුළ ඇති සියලුම මන්දාකිණි තවමත් සොයා ගෙනනැත. ආසන්නතම වාමන මන්දාකිණි තවමත් සොයාගනිමින් පවතී, ක්ෂීරපථය මධ්‍යම තලයට පිටුපස පිහිටි මන්දාකිණි අවබෝධ කිරීම අතිශයින් දුෂ්කර වේ. ඕනෑම මන්දාකිණියකට එයට පිටුපසින් පිහිටා තවත් මන්දාකිණියක් වසං කිරීම කළ හැකි වේ.

ලැයිස්තුව

ආශ්‍රිත

ආසන්නතම මන්දාකිණි ලැයිස්තුව


Le raïon de Chostka (en ) est un raïon situé dans l'oblast de Soumy en Ukraine. Son chef-lieu est Chostka.

Histoire
Avec la réforme administrative du 18 juillet 2020, le raïon a absorbé les raïons de Hloukhiv, Seredyna-Bouda et Yampil.

Lieux d'intérêt

Références

Chostka

Raïon de Chostka


جسر تراجانوس بنى القيصر تراجانوس الجسر المعروف باسمه"جسر تراجانوس" فوق نهر الدانوب وجعل له عقوداً مجوفة من الخشب وأعمدة يقال إن ارتفاعها تجاوز الخمسين متراً وذلك عام 100 بعد الميلاد. وبنى الرومان عدداً من الجسور ومجاري المياه المتخذة فوق القناطر منها ما لا يزال موجوداً إلى يومنا هذا.

انظر أيضًا
 طرق في صربيا
 الحروب التراجانية الداقية

مراجع

103
أوروبا في 103
105
تراجان
جسور اكتملت في القرن 2
جسور فوق الدانوب
جسور في رومانيا
جسور في صربيا
داسيا الرومانية
دروبيتا تورنو سيفيرين
مبان ومنشآت في مقاطعة ميهيدينتي
مبان ومنشآت مهدمة في رومانيا
مبان ومنشآت مهدمة في صربيا
معالم مدمرة في رومانيا
معالم مدمرة في صربيا
تيموشكا كرايينا

جسر تراجانوس


Sören Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 6,5 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla yaklaşık 179 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Manfred Christiansen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.bordesholm.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Sören (Holstein)


حرف Ẽ أو ẽ هو حرف يشبه حرف E بطريقة الكتابة بإضافة بإضافة فتحة لاتينية متموجة إلى الأعلى منه (~)، وينتج هذا الحرف بطريقة لينة، ويستعمل في الأبجدية الغورانية.

حروف لاتينية
رموز نسخ صوتية
مجموعات علامات تشكيل الحروف

Ẽ


The Majority Report with Sam Seder is a left-wing internet talk radio program and podcast hosted by Sam Seder. The program focuses on the discussion of current events and political affairs from a social democratic, democratic socialist and a progressive standpoint; to this end, comedy and satire are used from time to time to make key points. Originally airing on the Air America radio network, from March 2004 until July 2006 the show was co-hosted by Janeane Garofalo; Garofalo was reportedly originally asked by Air America to host the program and suggested Seder as a co-host.

The Majority Report was associated with the TYT Network, with which the show partnered, from the 2010 relaunch until 2020, which generally followed its original format but was rebooted as a viewer-funded production. Following those structural affiliation and funding-production changes, the show has won a string of international People's Choice Podcast Awards, in five of the next seven annual competitions (2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2017), for the "News and Politics" award.

History

The inspiration for The Majority Report radio program occurred on election night 2000, when Sam Seder witnessed via the television media what he perceived to be the theft of the presidency by George W. Bush. The name "The Majority Report" refers to Al Gore being "first past the post", a plurality, on the popular vote (beating President Bush) in the election as well as a play on the popular 1956 story The Minority Report by Philip K. Dick. In February 2003, Janeane Garofalo (a longtime friend of Seder and fellow comedian) appeared as a guest with Seder on The Best Show on WFMU with Tom Scharpling, a comedy/talk radio program on the New Jersey station WFMU. In the summer of 2003, Garofalo was approached by representatives of Air America Radio to be a radio personality for their programming. She insisted that they hire Seder and that he share the hosting responsibilities. Less than one year later, on March 31, 2004, The Majority Report with Janeane Garofalo was born, and aired from 8 - 11 PM ET initially, and later in the year the time slot moved up 1 hour to 7 - 10 PM ET. Regular guests included bloggers Atrios of Eschaton and Bill Scher of LiberalOasis. Journalist Bill Crowley read the hourly news and engaged in a brief discussion at the beginning of each program's third hour, introduced by Ozzy Osbourne's "Mr. Crowley."

Garofalo once said getting on the radio was an early career goal of hers. One early program advertisement read: "The battle to reclaim America from the forces of darkness continues with hosts Janeane Garofalo and Sam Seder." The early days of Air America Radio are chronicled in the documentary Left of the Dial, which includes a debate between Janeane and her conservative father Carmine, who was initially a regular guest on The Majority Report.
Garofalo came under fire from her listeners for her comments on her April 28, 2006 show supporting Scientology-linked "New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project", a questioned treatment for workers now suffering ailments from 9/11 clean-up efforts in New York City.

July 2006: Departure of Janeane Garofalo
After months of speculation, Garofalo announced on the broadcast of Friday, July 14, 2006 that she would be leaving her co-host position on The Majority Report; on the Wednesday, July 19 broadcast (while Seder and Garofalo were interviewing Jason Bateman), Garofalo cited her reason for leaving the show as precipitated by several "unrecoverable" on-air arguments with Seder; she also said that she regards Seder as a better radio broadcaster than she, and therefore a better choice to continue The Majority Report.

Although several reasons for her departure were cited (including her outside acting responsibilities, which made her largely absent from The Majority Report for several weeks prior), the relationship between Garofalo and co-host Sam Seder had become increasingly strained, owing largely to Garofalo's promotion of the above-mentioned Scientology-linked treatment program for firefighters and rescue workers in New York City. On June 2, Garofalo responded to Seder's opposition, suggesting that he would not have a problem with the program if it were linked to Jews rather than Scientologists. Seder, who is Jewish, and his producer walked off the set in angry protest.

Garofalo's long stint on the final season of the NBC drama The West Wing (as Louise Thornton, media strategist for Jimmy Smits' character, presidential candidate Matt Santos) did not allow her to be in New York to co-host The Majority Report for several weeks; this allowed Sam to make the program his own, and she acknowledged that this had a part to play in her decision to leave. She mentioned that Seder was her favorite available choice for co-host when she was approached by Air America for the radio show; her first choice (as she said in obvious jest) was her favorite actor, Steve McQueen, who has been deceased for many years. Her last broadcast as co-host of The Majority Report aired on July 21, 2006.

Garofalo returned to the show occasionally, performing as Senator Katherine Harris, a comedic/satirical impersonation of Katherine Harris, former (Republican) Florida Secretary of State and Representative for FL-13.

September 2006: The Sam Seder Show
In September 2006, the original radio show ended its run. Seder, hosting by himself, then began a new mid-morning program on Air America Radio, The Sam Seder Show, in the time slot previously occupied by Jerry Springer (which was also the lead-in to The Al Franken Show). The show retained many of the elements of the original Majority Report. Seder aired The Sam Seder Shows final broadcast on Friday, April 13, 2007.

 November 2010: Reboot and distribution model
In November 2010, Seder re-launched the show as The Majority Report with Sam Seder''', a self-produced independent online podcast. The format closely matches the previous Air America program (even using some of the same recorded intro announcements and bumper music), with politically oriented commentary by Seder and interviews with various guests; Garofalo participates occasionally as a guest, and Cliff Schecter, co-author of The Real McCain with Marcia Mitchell, is often a guest as well, usually on Fridays. The Majority Report also streams live, Monday - Friday at 12 PM ET on their website and various other platforms. Seder offers premium subscriptions to listeners (via the show's re-launched website) to help with production expenses (following the business model of Mike Malloy when his program became self-syndicated, and also that of Cenk Uygur of The Young Turks); this allows subscribers access to expanded commentary not on the basic podcast. On the re-launched website, Seder also offers DVDs of the 2004 TV series Pilot Season, produced and directed by Seder, starring Sarah Silverman and originally broadcast on the now-defunct Trio cable channel. Producer/Contributors Michael J Brooks and Matt Binder began co-hosting M&M Mondays in 2013. Producer Matt Binder left the show in October 2015 to work for the new Internet startup, CAFE. Later that month, Matt Lech and Kelly Carey were added as producers. In September 2017, Kelly Carey departed to work for TYT Politics, and Jamie Peck along with Brendan Finn were hired as producers later in October.Bill Scher on The Young Turks.

 July 2020: Death of Michael Brooks
On July 20, 2020, co-host Michael Brooks died at the age of 36 due to a "sudden medical condition," later revealed to be an undetected thrombosis in his neck. Following Brooks' death, an extended Majority Report episode was held allowing for previous guests, Majority Report contributors, and callers to mourn and remember Brooks. Seder announced that The Majority Report would be off the air for one week following Brooks' passing.

 Fall 2020-2021: Personnel changes and other developments
In October 2020, it was announced that Emma Vigeland, formerly a contributor for The Young Turks'', would assume Brooks' position as co-host and producer. Her first appearance took place on November 3, 2020, the date of the 2020 presidential election.

In November 2020, a one-hour version of the show began airing on the NBCUniversal streaming service Peacock, however, the show's contract with Peacock ended in November 2021 and it was not renewed.

In March 2021, Jamie Peck announced that she would be leaving the show.

In June 2021, Brandon Sutton announced that he would be co-hosting the Majority Report on Thursdays going forward.

In July 2021, it was announced that producer Brendan Finn would be leaving the show to return to school to study health policy.

References

External links

American talk radio programs
Air America (radio network)
Radio programs on XM Satellite Radio
The Young Turks (talk show)
2010 podcast debuts
Talk show podcasts

The Majority Report with Sam Seder


NGC 7768 je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7768
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7768 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7768 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7750 - 7799

7768

NGC 7768


Minas Novas es un municipio brasileño del estado de Minas Gerais. De acuerdo con el censo realizado por el IBGE en 2010, su población es de 30.803 habitantes.

Forma parte de la región del Valle del Jequitinhonha.

Carreteras
 MG-114

Administración
 Prefecto: José Enrique Gomes Xavier (2005/2011)
 Viceprefecto: Adão Carlos Evangelista
 Presidente de la cámara: Blanco de piu (2008/2011)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Minas Gerais

Minas Novas


Cette page présente les 'meilleurs résultats des pilotes français au championnat du monde de karting.

Les tableaux qui suivent listent les pilotes français ayant terminé au moins une fois dans les dix premiers du classement du championnat du monde dans l'une des différentes catégories appartenant aux 3 disciplines du kart. La période indiquée correspond aux années de leur premier et dernier top-10.

Les résultats de certaines coupes du monde ont été ajoutés à cette liste, lorsque l'épreuve disputée était l'unique épreuve mondiale, et avait valeur de Championnat du monde. C'est le cas notamment de la Coupe du monde de 125 à boîte de vitesse organisée de 2003 à 2012.

Karts sans boîte de vitesse
Catégorie reine
Ce championnat du monde, le plus ancien du karting, est organisé depuis 1964. Les appellations de la catégorie-reine ont été :
 de 1964 à 1980 : Kart
 de 1981 à 1992 : Formule K
 de 1993 à 2002 : Formule Super A
 de 2003 à 2006 : Formule A
 de 2007 à 2008 : KF1
 2009 : Super KF
 2010 : KF2
 de 2011 à 2012 : KF1
 de 2013 à 2015 : KF
 depuis 2016 : OK

Seconde catégorie

Entre 1988 et 2000, la CIK a attribué un titre de champion du monde dans une seconde catégorie dont l'appellation était  :
 de 1988 à 1989 : Supercent
 de 1990 à 2000 : Formule A.

Juniors

Entre 1970 et 1996, la CIK a organisé chaque année une Coupe du monde Juniors réservée aux pilotes âgés de moins de 18 ans. Cette compétition étant l'unique compétition mondiale Juniors de cette période, on peut l'assimiler à un Championnat du monde.
À partir de 2010, la CIK attribue un titre de Champion du monde Juniors dans la catégorie dont l'appellation est :
 de 2010 à 2012 : U18
 de 2013 à 2015 : KF Junior
 depuis 2016 : OK JuniorLes données correspondant aux places hors podium pour les années 1971 à 1996, sont à compléter"

Karts 125 avec boîte de vitesse
Dans cette discipline, le titre mondial n'a été décerné chaque année que dans une seule catégorie. Entre 1983 et 2000, il s'agissait d'un championnat du monde. Puis il a été remplacé entre 2003 et 2012 par une Coupe du monde avant de retrouver l'appellation Championnat du monde à partir de 2013. La catégorie dans laquelle il se dispute a pour appellation :
 de 1983 à 2000 : Formule C
 de 2001 à 2002 : non organisé
 de 2003 à 2006 : Super ICC
 de 2007 à 2012 : KZ1
 depuis 2013 : KZ

Karts 250 avec boîte de vitesse

La CIK a attribué un titre de Champion du monde dans cette discipline entre 1983 et 1995.

Les données correspondant aux places hors podium sont à compléter

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Championnat du monde de karting
 Liste des champions du monde français de karting

Compétition de karting
Pilote de karting

Meilleurs pilotes français au championnat du monde karting


Çalkara, Tokat ilinin Erbaa ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Taşova ilçesine bağlıyken, 7 Ağustos 1951'de Erbaa ilçesine bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Tokat il merkezine 95 km, Erbaa ilçe merkezine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Erbaa belde ve köyleri

Çalkara, Erbaa


Western Macedonia (, ) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece, consisting of the western part of Macedonia. Located in north-western Greece, it is divided into the regional units of Florina, Grevena, Kastoria, and Kozani. With a population of approximately 255,000 people, as of 2021, the region had one of the highest unemployment rates in the European Union.

Geography
The region of Western Macedonia is situated in north-western Greece, bordering with the regions of Central Macedonia (east), Thessaly (south), Epirus (west), and bounded to the north at the international borders of Greece with the Republic of North Macedonia (Bitola, Resen and Novaci municipalities) and Albania (Korçë County).

Although it covers a total surface of  (7.2% of country's total), it has a total population of 283,689 inhabitants (2.6% of the country's total), thus it is a low-density populated region (30 per km2, as compared to the country's 81.96 per km2 average). This is mainly due to the mountainous nature of the region, as 82% of the total surface are mountainous and semi-mountainous areas. This is also reflected in the population distribution, as a majority of the population (56%) lives in rural areas. The capital of the region is Kozani with 53,880 inhabitants. Other main towns are Ptolemaida (37,289), Grevena (17,610), Florina (19,985) and Kastoria (16,958).

Economy

The region has one operational Industrial Area in Florina and another one under construction in Kozani.  The secondary sector is very important for the Regional economy, mainly due to the mining activities, the production of electric power (70% of country's total power is produced in the Region) and the fur-leather sector.  However, "soft" structures have not followed the general improvement of heavy infrastructures, a situation that has to be remedied, in order to achieve an overall higher economic development of the Region. The R&D services are at a rather low level: only 3,5% of the country's total research foundations are situated in the Region. Among them, the University of Western Macedonia plays an important role in supporting the regional research and educational efforts. However, an enhanced interaction with SME's will be a crucial factor, in order to improve the productivity and the added value of products and services generated in the Region of Western Macedonia. Some of its more famous products are marbles, Saffron (krokos Kozanis), fruits, Florina peppers, local wines (Kozani, Amyntaio), furs (Kastoria, Siatista) and specialized arts and crafts industry.

The Egnatia motorway via Egnatia (Trans – European Network) that crosses the region, along with its two vertical National Roads, form a network that dramatically improves the transport conditions in the Region and alter its traditional "isolation" image, mainly due to its mountainous landscape. On the other hand, the railroad network is insufficient and the two airports (Kozani and Kastoria) can only serve small passenger planes.  The telecommunication network has dramatically improved over the last decade, providing the regional population with adequate services and modern facilities.

The last years the region is being developed in tourism mainly on winter. It is the only Greek region without sea coast, but there are a lot of lakes, mountains, villages and two big ski centers in Florina (Vigla) and Grevena (Vasilitsa) and one other under construction in Kozani (Velvendos).

The administrative building of Western Macedonia region is located in Zone of Alternate Urban Planning (ZEP) in the city of Kozani.

The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 4.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 2.1% of Greek economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 17,700 € or 59% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 79% of the EU average.

The unemployment rate stood at 19.7% in 2021, one of the highest regional unemployment rates in the European Union.

Administration

As one of thirteen administrative regions, the Western Macedonia Region (, Periféria Dytikís Makedonías) was established in 1987, comprising the prefectures of Kastoria, Grevena, Kozani and Florina. In the absence of a working budget the administrative regions however remained unable to fulfill even their limited responsibilities, until in 1994 they assumed the prefectures' competences in regard to tax collection, European structural funding and treasury.

Resulting from the 2010 Kallikratis Programme, prefectures were abolished and instead, the regions became self-governing bodies in their own right with powers and authority being redefined and largely extended. Starting with the 2010 local elections, both the regional governor and the regional council have been popularly elected. From 2014 on, the elections are held together with the European Parliament elections for a five-year period.

The region is based at Kozani and is divided into four regional units (the pre-Kallikratis prefectures). It comprises 12 municipalities (down from 61 pre-Kallikratis local administrative units). Along with the neighboring Epirus region it is supervised by the Ioannina-based Decentralized Administration of Epirus and Western Macedonia.

History

The modern region of Western Macedonia roughly corresponds to the ancient Greek regions of Orestis, Elimiotis, Eordaea, Tymphaea, part of Lynkestis, of Upper Macedonia. Miltiades Hatzopoulos and other scholars suggest that the Argead Macedonians wandered from Orestis to Lower Macedonia where they founded the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. Three of the most important Hellenistic dynasties originated from Upper Macedonia: the Lagids from Eordaea, the Seleucids from Orestis and the Antigonids from Elimiotis.

Demographics

The population of Western Macedonia was 283,689 according to the 2011 Greek census. Today, the region is predominantly ethnic Greek with Slavophone Greeks being a minority. The former are mainly concentrated in the towns Florina, Kastoria and Ptolemaida. There are also around 1,400 Slavophones—approximately 0.5% of the local population—who profess a Slavic Macedonian identity. Other smaller communities include Aromanians and Arvanites.

The region has shrunk by 28,633 people between 2011 and 2021, experiencing a highest percentage population loss in Greece of 10.1%.

The biggest towns in each regional unit, according to the census of 2011 (only communities with population more than 2,000 recorded):

Major cities and towns

Amyntaeo
Argos Orestiko
Deskati
Florina
Grevena
Kastoria
Kozani
Ptolemaida
Siatista
Velvendos

Education
The University of Western Macedonia provides technical education to stimulate growth throughout the region, and is located in Kozani, Florina and Kastoria. Programs at the university in Florina include courses of study in the Pedagogic Department and the Department of Balkan studies.

The Technological Educational Institute of Western Macedonia (TEIWM) provides undergraduate degrees in Engineering, Business and Finance, Agriculture, Health and Welfare. Based in Kozani, it operates satellite campuses in Kastoria, Florina, Grevena and Ptolemaida.

Media

Television channels
 West Channel - Kozani
 Top Channel - Kozani
 Kanali 28 - Grevena
 TRM - Grevena
 Flash TV - Kastoria/Kozani
 Dyktio1 - Kastoria

Gallery

References

External links

 Official site
 University of Western Macedonia

NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
States and territories established in 1987
Administrative regions of Greece
1987 establishments in Greece

Western Macedonia


The Mission District (Spanish: Distrito de la Misión), commonly known as The Mission (Spanish: La Misión), is a neighborhood in San Francisco, California. One of the oldest neighborhoods in San Francisco, the Mission District's name is derived from Mission San Francisco de Asís, built in 1776 by the Spanish. The Mission is historically one of the most notable centers of the city's Chicano/Mexican-American community.

Location and climate

The Mission District is located in east-central San Francisco. It is bordered to the east by U.S. Route 101, which forms the boundary between the eastern portion of the district, known as "Inner Mission", and its eastern neighbor, Potrero Hill. Sanchez Street separates the neighborhood from Eureka Valley (containing the sub-district known as "the Castro") to the north west and Noe Valley to the south west. The part of the neighborhood from Valencia Street to Sanchez Street, north of 20th Street, is known as the "Mission Dolores" neighborhood. South of 20th Street towards 22nd Street, and between Valencia and Dolores Streets is a distinct neighborhood known as Liberty Hill. Cesar Chavez Street (formerly Army Street) is the southern border; across Cesar Chavez Street is the Bernal Heights neighborhood. North of the Mission District is the South of Market neighborhood, bordered roughly by Duboce Avenue and the elevated highway of the Central Freeway which runs above 13th Street.

The principal thoroughfare of the Mission District is Mission Street. South of the Mission District, along Mission Street, are the Excelsior and Crocker-Amazon neighborhoods, sometimes referred to as the "Outer Mission" (not to be confused with the actual Outer Mission neighborhood). The Mission District is part of San Francisco's supervisorial districts 6, 9 and 10.

The Mission is often warmer and sunnier than other parts of San Francisco. The microclimates of San Francisco create a system by which each neighborhood can have different weather at any given time, although this phenomenon tends to be less pronounced during the winter months. The Mission's geographical location insulates it from the fog and wind from the west. This climatic phenomenon becomes apparent to visitors who walk downhill from 24th Street in the west from Noe Valley (where clouds from Twin Peaks in the west tend to accumulate on foggy days) towards Mission Street in the east, partly because Noe Valley is on higher ground whereas the Inner Mission is at a lower elevation.

The Mission includes four recognized sub-districts. The northeastern quadrant, adjacent to Potrero Hill is known as a center for high tech startup businesses including some chic bars and restaurants. The northwest quadrant along Dolores Street is famous for Victorian mansions and the popular Dolores Park at 18th Street. Two main commercial zones, known as the Valencia corridor (Valencia St, from about 15th to 22nd) and the 24th Street corridor known as Calle 24 in the south central part of the Mission District are both very popular destinations for their restaurants, bars, galleries and street life.

History

Native Peoples and Spanish Colonization
Prior to the arrival of Spanish missionaries, the area which now includes the Mission District was inhabited by the Ohlone people who populated much of the San Francisco bay area. The Yelamu Indians inhabited the region for over 2,000 years. Spanish missionaries arrived in the area during the late 18th century. They found these people living in two villages on Mission Creek. It was here that a Spanish priest named Father Francisco Palóu founded Mission San Francisco de Asis on June 29, 1776. The Mission was moved from the shore of Laguna Dolores to its current location in 1783. Franciscan friars are reported to have used Ohlone slave labor to complete the Mission in 1791. This period marked the beginning of the end of the Yelamu culture. The Indian population at Mission Dolores dropped from 400 to 50 between 1833 and 1841.

San Francisco's southern expansion

Ranchos owned by Spanish-Mexican families such as the Valenciano, Guerrero, Dolores, Bernal, Noé and De Haro continued in the area, separated from the town of Yerba Buena, later renamed San Francisco (centered around Portsmouth Square) by a two-mile wooden plank road (later paved and renamed Mission Street).

The lands around the nearly abandoned mission church became a focal point of raffish attractions including bull and bear fighting, horse racing, baseball and dueling. A famous beer parlor resort known as The Willows was located along Mission Creek just south of 18th Street between Mission Street and San Carlos Street. From 1865 to 1891, a large conservatory and zoo known as Woodward's Gardens covered two city blocks bounded by Mission Street, Valencia Street, 13th Street, and 15th Street. In the decades after the Gold Rush, the town of San Francisco quickly expanded, and the Mission lands were developed and subdivided into housing plots for working-class immigrants, largely German, Irish, and Italian, and also for industrial uses.

As the city grew in the decades following the Gold Rush, the Mission District became home to the first professional baseball stadium in California, opened in 1868 and known as Recreation Grounds seating 17,000 people which was located at Folsom and 25th Streets; a portion of the grounds remain as present day Garfield Square. Also, in the 20th century, the Mission District was home to two other baseball stadiums, Recreation Park located at 14th and Valencia and Seals Stadium located at 16th and Bryant with both these stadiums being used by the baseball team named after the Mission District known as the Mission Reds and the San Francisco Seals.

Irish immigrants moved into the Mission in the late 19th century.  The Irish made their mark not only by working for the city government but by helping build the Catholic Schools in the Mission District.

Earthquake and population shifts

During California's early statehood period, in the 19th and 20th century, large numbers of Irish and German immigrant workers moved into the area. Around 1900, the Mission District was still one of San Francisco's least densely populated areas, with most of the inhabitants being white families from the working class and lower middle class who lived in single-family houses and two-family flats. Development and settlement intensified after the 1906 earthquake, as many displaced businesses and residents moved into the area, making Mission Street a major commercial thoroughfare.

In 1901, the city of San Francisco changed laws and forbade burials in the city, which helped form the nearby city of Colma. During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, a single working water hydrant (the so-called 'Golden Fire Hydrant') saved the Mission District from being burned down by massive fires sparked by the earthquake. In the 1910s, the roads into Colma were not well maintained and it was a common practice to use the street cars to move bodies. Valencia Street became a location of many mortuaries and funeral homes during this time due to the quick access to Colma by street car.

In 1926, the Polish community of San Francisco converted a church on 22nd Street and Shotwell Street and opened its doors as the Polish Club of San Francisco; it is referred to today as the "Dom Polski", or Polish Home. The Irish American community made its mark on the area during this time, with notable residents such as etymologist Peter Tamony calling the Mission home.

During the 1940 to 1960s, a large number of Mexican immigrants moved into the area—displaced from an earlier "Mexican Barrio" located on Rincon Hill in order to create the western landing of the Bay Bridge—initiating white flight, giving the Mission a heavily Chicano/Latino character for which it continues to be known today. Starting in the 1960s, Central American immigration has contributed to a Central American presence that outnumbers Mexicans since the 1960s.

1970s–1990s

In the 1960s and 1970s, the Chicano/Latino population in the western part of the Mission (including the Valencia Corridor) declined somewhat and more middle-class young people moved in, including gay and lesbian people (alongside the existing LGBTQ Latino population). One Political movement during the early 70s emerged in the community as 7 young Latino men known as Los Siete de la Raza from the mission district were being charged for the 1969 murder of a San Francisco Police officer. The community got together as these young men were standing up to what was being said about them and were determined to be heard. The people around the Mission District knew these 7 young individuals as change-makers, they were actively trying to get more people from the Mission District to go to college, they also worked with organizations that helped make the community better for latinx people which included a free bilingual services through Centro de Salud, which ultimately led other local hospitals to do the same. They were also involved in a free breakfast program, a community newspaper, and its main program, the "Los Siete" Defense Committee.

From the mid-1970s through the 1980s, the Valencia Street corridor included one of the most concentrated and visible lesbian neighborhoods in the United States. The Women's Building, Osento Bathhouse, Old Wives Tales bookstore, Artemis Cafe, Amelia's and The Lexington Club were part of that community.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s the Valencia Street corridor had a lively punk nightlife featuring the bands The Offs, The Avengers, the Dead Kennedys, Flipper, and several clubs including The Offensive, The Deaf Club, Valencia Tool & Die and The Farm. The former fire station on 16th Street, called the Compound, sported what was commonly referred to as "the punk mall", an establishment that catered to punk style and culture. On South Van Ness, Target Video and Damage magazine were located in a three-story warehouse. The former Hamms brewery was converted to a punk living/rehearsal building, popularly known as The Vats. The neighborhood was dubbed "the New Bohemia" by the San Francisco Chronicle in 1995.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the neighborhood received a higher influx of immigrants and refugees from Central America, South America, the Middle East and even the Philippines and former Yugoslavia, fleeing civil wars and political instability at the time. These immigrants brought in many Central American banks and companies which would set up branches, offices, and regional headquarters on Mission Street.

1990s–present
From the late 1990s through the 2010s, and especially during the dot-com boom, young urban professionals moved into the area. It is widely believed that their movement initiated gentrification, raising rent and housing prices. A number of Latino American middle-class families as well as artists moved to the Outer Mission area, or out of the city entirely to the suburbs of East Bay and South Bay area. Despite rising rent and housing prices, many Mexican and Central American immigrants continue to reside in the Mission, although the neighborhood's high rents and home prices have led to the Latino population dropping by 20% over the decade until 2011. However, in 2008 the Mission still had a reputation of being artist-friendly.

In 2000, the Mission District's Latino population was at 60 percent.  By 2015 it had dropped to 48%; a city-funded research study that year predicted a decline to 31 percent by 2025.  However, the Mission remains the cultural nexus and epicenter of San Francisco's Mexican/Chicano, and to a lesser extent, the Bay Area's Nicaraguan, Salvadoran and Guatemalan community. While Mexican, Salvadoran, and other Latin American businesses are pervasive throughout the neighborhood, residences are not evenly distributed. Of the neighborhood's Chicano/Latino residents, most live on the eastern and southern sides. The western and northern sides of the neighborhood are more affluent and white. As of 2017, the northern part of the Mission, together with the nearby Tenderloin, is home to a Mayan-speaking community, consisting of immigrants who have been arriving since the 1990s from Mexico's Yucatán region. Their presence is reflected in the Mayan-language name of In Chan Kaajal Park, opened in 2017 north of 17th Street between Folsom and Shotwell Street.

Landmarks and features

Mission Dolores, the eponymous former mission located the far western border of the neighborhood on Dolores Street, continues to operate as a museum and as a California Historical Landmark, while the newer basilica built and opened next to it in 1918 continues to have an active congregation.

Dolores Park (Mission Dolores Park) is the largest park in the neighborhood, and one of the most popular parks in the city. Dolores Park is near Mission Dolores. Across from Dolores Park is Mission High School, built in 1927 in the Mediterranean Revival style.

The San Francisco Armory is a castle-like building located at 14th and Mission that was built as an armory for the U.S. Army and California National Guard. It served as the Headquarters of the 250th Coast Artillery from 1923 through 1944, and the 49th Infantry, also known as the 49ers, in the Cold War. From 2006 to 2018, it was the headquarters of BDSM porn production company Kink.com.

Food
The Mission district is also famous and influential for its restaurants. Dozens of taquerías are located throughout the neighborhood, showcasing a localized styling of Mexican food. San Francisco is the original home of the Mission burrito. There is also a high concentration of Salvadoran, Guatemalan, and Nicaraguan restaurants there as well as a large number of street food vendors. In the last couple decades a number of Mission restaurants have gained national attention, most notably the five restaurants who have received Michelin stars for 2017: Commonwealth, Lazy Bear, Aster, Californios, and Al's Place. A large number of other restaurants are also popular, including: Mission Chinese Food, Western Donut, Bar Tartine, La Taqueria, Papalote, Foreign Cinema on Mission Street, and Delfina on 18th.

Art scene

Numerous Latino artistic and cultural institutions are based in the Mission. These organizations were founded during the social and cultural renaissance of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Latino community artists and activists of the time organized to create community-based arts organizations that were reflective of the Latino aesthetic and cultural traditions. The Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts, established by Latino artists and activists, is an art space that was founded in 1976 in a space that was formerly a furniture store. The local bilingual newspaper El Tecolote was founded in 1970. The Mission's Galería de la Raza, founded by local artists active in el Movimiento (the Chicano civil rights movement), is a nationally recognized arts organization, also founded during this time of cultural and social renaissance in the Mission, in 1971. Late May, the city's annual Carnaval festival and parade marches down Mission Street. Inspired by the festival in Rio de Janeiro, it is held in late May instead of the traditional late February to take advantage of better weather. The first Carnaval in San Francisco happened in 1978, with less than 100 people dancing in a parade that went around Precita Park. Alejandro Murguía (born 1949) is an American poet, short story writer, editor and filmmaker who was named San Francisco Poet Laureate in 2012. He is known for his writings about the Mission District where he has been a long-time resident.

Due to the existing cultural attractions, formerly less expensive housing and commercial space, and the high density of restaurants and drinking establishments, the Mission is a magnet for young people. An independent arts community also arose and, since the 1990s, the area has been home to the Mission School art movement. Many studios, galleries, performance spaces, and public art projects are located in the Mission, including 1890 Bryant St Studios, Southern Exposure, Art Explosion Studios, City Art Collective Gallery, Artists' Television Access, Savernack Street, and the oldest, alternative, not-for-profit art space in the city of San Francisco, Intersection for the Arts. There are more than 500 Mission artists listed on Mission Artists United site put together by Mission artists. The Roxie Theater, the oldest continuously operating movie theater in San Francisco, is host to repertory and independent films as well as local film festivals. Poets, musicians, emcees, and other artists sometimes gather on the southwest corner of the 16th and Mission intersection to perform. Dance Mission Theater is a nonprofit performance venue and dance school in the neighborhood as well.

Murals
Throughout the Mission walls and fences are decorated with murals initiated by the Chicano Art Mural Movement of the 1970s and inspired by the traditional Mexican paintings. Some of the more significant mural installations are located on Balmy Alley and Clarion Alley. Many of these murals have been painted or supported by the Precita Eyes muralist organization.

Music scene

The Mission is rich in musical groups and performances. Mariachi bands play in restaurants throughout the district, especially in the restaurants congregated around Valencia and Mission in the northeast portion of the district. Carlos Santana spent his teenage years in the Mission, graduating from Mission High School in 1965. He often returned to the neighborhood, including for a live concert with his band Santana that was recorded in 1969, and for the KQED documentary "The Mission" filmed in 1994.

The locally inspired song "Mission in the Rain" by Robert Hunter and Jerry Garcia appeared on Garcia's solo album Reflections, and was played by the Grateful Dead five times in concert in 1976.

Classical music is heard in the concert hall of the Community Music Center on Capp Street.

Elbo Room, a bar/live music venue on Valencia Street, is home to Afrolicious, and Dub Mission, a formerly weekly reggae/dub party started in 1996 by DJ Sep and over the years has brought many reggae and dub musicians to perform there.

The Mission District also has a Hip-Hop/Rap music scene. Record labels like Black N Brown/Thizz Latin, and Latin Ghetto Ent. help put Mission District rappers, like Goldtoes, Mousie, Gangsta Flea, The Goodfelonz, Mr. Kee, 10sion, and Don Louis & Colicious, get exposure through various compilations such as 17 Reasons, 18 Wit A Bullet, Organized Crime, Filthy Livin' In The Mission, The Daily Grind's Fillmoe 2 Da Mission, and many others. There is a new generation of young and upcoming rappers who are emerging from this neighborhood such as G-One (R.I.P.), Los Da Rockstar, Gabz La Nueva Melodia, DJ Blaze, Loco C, Young Mix, Yung Dunn, Monk, and up-and-coming artist Skuchi to name a few. Other prominent musicians and musical personalities include alternative rock bands and musicians Luscious Jackson, Faith No More, The Looters, Primus, Chuck Prophet & The Mission Express, Beck, Jawbreaker, and El Metate. Salsa music performers Los Mocosos and Cesar Ascarrunz.

Visual artists
Some well-known artists associated with the Mission District include:

Arts organizations

Festivals, parades and fairs

Media
The Mission District is covered by three free bilingual newspapers. El Tecolote is biweekly and has online articles. Mission Local is predominantly an online news site but does publish a semiannual printed paper. And El Reportero is a weekly newspaper that also has an online site.

Transit
The neighborhood is served by the BART rail system with stations on Mission Street at 16th Street and 24th Street, by Muni bus numbers 9, 9R, 12, 14, 14R, 22, 27, 33, 48, 49, 67, and along the western edge by the J Church Muni Metro line, which runs down Church Street and San Jose Avenue.

Gentrification
The Mission District in the San Francisco Bay Area is a historic transit hub for the Chicano and the Latino community, especially on the 16th Street BART Plaza. An atmosphere like a public market with live music and food trucks, it is also a commuting point for public transportation, which primarily serves low-income working-class people. The majority of the residents that live in Mission District are of minorities and low-income families and uses this useful and open hub for gatherings and doing local businesses like food trucks. However, because of the Dot-Com Boom that occurred in the 1990s and the rise of technology and social media, major technology companies like Google and Facebook have moved up their offices to places like Silicon Valley, south of the bay, that have now become the hot spot for tech companies. The Mission has felt the downstream effects of this demographic shift acutely. The intense surge in demand for housing and low supply of available housing has placed upward pressure on rents in transit hubs like the Mission, leading to gentrification and the displacement of families and small businesses. However, many residents protested and engaged in activism. They created a group called the "Plaza 16 Coalition" in response to the gentrification and the new zoning law, the "Eastern Neighborhoods Plan". They advocate for affordable housing, opposing market-rate developments and the luxury developments.

Education

San Francisco Unified School District operates public schools. Schools in the Mission District include:
 John O'Connell High School
 Buena Vista Horace Mann K-8 Community School
 Bryant Elementary School
 César Chávez Elementary School
 Leonard R. Flynn Elementary School
 Marshall Elementary School
 George R. Moscone Elementary School -  it had 350 students.
 Zaida T. Rodriguez Early Education School
 Hilltop Special Service Center (special school for grades 7–12)

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco operates the St. Peter's Catholic School, which opened in 1878. Previously its students were Irish or Italian American, but by 2014 95% of the student body was Latino and about two thirds were categorized as economically disadvantaged. Enrollment was once around 600 but by 2014 was around 300 due to gentrification. Its yearly per-student cost was $5,800 while yearly tuition, the lowest in the archdiocese, was $3,800.

See also

 826 Valencia
 Intersection for the Arts
 The Lexington Club
 Tartine – local bakery
 The Redstone Building

Further reading
Hooper, Bernadette (2006). San Francisco's Mission District. Arcadia Publishing. .
 Mirabal, Nancy Raquel, "Geographies of Displacement: Latinas/os, Oral History, and the Politics of Gentrification in San Francisco's Mission District," Public Historian, 31 (May 2009), 7–31.
 Heins, Marjorie "Strictly Ghetto Property: The Story of Los Siete de La Raza" Ramparts Press; first edition (1972)

References

External links

 The Mission – Neighborhoods: The Hidden Cities of San Francisco (KQED, 1994)
 Mission Dolores Neighborhood Association
 North Mission Neighborhood Association
 San Francisco Chronicle, November 26, 1995: 'Neo-Hipsters Keep the Beat in the Mission'
 New York Times, September 14, 2008: '36 Hours in San Francisco's Mission District'
 New York Times, November 20, 2005: 'San Francisco's Mission District: Eclectic, Eccentric, Electric'
 New York Times, November 5, 2000: "Mission District Fights Dot-Com Fever'
 New York Times, January 16, 1999: 'In Old Mission District: Changing Grit to Gold'
 What Its Like To Get Kicked Out of Your Neighborhood

Chicano and Mexican neighborhoods in California
Neighborhoods in San Francisco

Mission District, San Francisco


Le nom Irani peut désigner :

Patronyme

 Ardeshir Irani (1886-1969), scénariste, réalisateur, producteur, directeur de la photographie et distributeur de l'ère silencieuse et sonore du cinéma indien ;
 Aruna Irani (1946-), actrice du cinéma indien ;
 Boman Irani (1959-), acteur indien ;
 Honey Irani, scénariste, actrice et réalisatrice indienne de Bollywood.
 Hushang Irani (1925-1973), poète, traducteur, journaliste et peintre iranien ;
 Sanaya Irani, actrice indienne de télévision.
 Shahram Irani (), amiral en chef de la marine iranienne ;
 Smriti Irani (1976-), femme politique indien, ancienne mannequin, actrice de télévision et productrice.

Toponyme

 Irani, ville brésilienne de l'ouest de l'État de Santa Catarina

Autres

 Iranis, communauté ethno-religieuse de zoroastriens ;
 (18987) Irani, astéroïde de la ceinture principale d'astéroïdes.

Irani (homonymie)


Aglomeracija (lat. agglomerare - okupiti) u urbanoj geografiji označava gusto naseljeno urbano područje nastalo okupljanjem okolnih naselja s pripadnim gradom u veću cjelinu ili, jednostavnije, grad s urbaniziranom okolicom. To se obično odnosi na spajanje predgrađa i okolnih naselja s gradovima koje okružuju, čime se stupanj središnjosti i stupanj urbanizacije tog grada proširuju i na pridružena područja što za posljedicu ima okupljanje sve većeg broja stanovništva unutar aglomeracije. To za posljedicu može imati odlijev stanovništva iz šire okolice u područje aglomeracije, čime se pojačava proces centralizacije, a time i jačanje utjecaja aglomeracijskog središta (»jezgre aglomeracije«). Priljev pučanstva tako sraslom urbanom području za sobom donosi i rastuću potražnju dobara, usluga, stambene, sanitarne i prometne infrastrukture, pri čemu dolazi do očitovanja svih neželjenih posljedica urbanizacije, a što se napose odnosi na slabije razvijena područjia.

Okupljanjem više aglomeracija ili velikih urbanih cjelina nastaju konurbacije i metropolitanska područja.

Aglomeracija (urbanizam)


Ducatul Salzburg (în  în perioada 1849–1918; în perioada 1803–1806 era Principatul / Kurfürstentum Salzburg al Sfântului Imperiu Roman) își are originea în Principatul arhiepiscopal Slazburg (Fürsterzbistum Salzburg). În 1810 teritoriul făcea parte din Regierungsbezirk Salzachkreis al Regatului Bavariei, din 1816 a intrat ca district cu numele de Salzburgkreis în țara Coroanei Arhiducatul Austriei de peste Enns a Imperiului Austriac până când, în 1849, a fost ridicat la statutul de ducat și a devenit o țară a Coroanei autonomă. Din Ducatul Salzburg a fost constituit în 1918 statul federat Salzburg.

Ducate
Salzburg
Salzburg
Salzburg
Salzburg
Salzburg
Landul Salzburg

Ducatul Salzburg


وزارة التعليم العالي هي مؤسسة حكومية مختصة في جميع متطلبات الدراسات العليا والتي تبدأ من الشهادة الجامعية إلى أعلى أنواع الشهادات المكتسبة، كما أنها تقوم بتصديق الشهادات و المنح الدراسية والجامعات الموصى بها من قبلهم.

وزارات
وزارات تربية

وزارة التعليم العالي (توضيح)