The Stars My Destination is a science fiction novel by American writer Alfred Bester. Its first publication was in book form in June 1956 in the United Kingdom, where it was titled Tiger! Tiger!, named after William Blake's 1794 poem "The Tyger", the first verse of which is printed as the first page of the novel. The book remains widely known under that title in the markets in which this edition was circulated. It was subsequently serialized in the American Galaxy Science Fiction magazine in four parts, beginning in October 1956. A working title was Hell's My Destination; the book was also associated with the name The Burning Spear. It would prove to be Bester's last novel for 19 years.

The novel was both widely criticized and praised when it first appeared, but now is appreciated as a classic work in its own right, and as a prescient forerunner of the cyberpunk literary genre.

Premise
In the 24th or 25th century (depending on the edition of the book), humans have colonized the Solar System and also learned to teleport (although not through outer space itself). It tells the story of Gulliver ("Gully") Foyle, driven by, and transformed by, a thirst for vengeance.

Plot

At the time when the book is set, "jaunting"—personal teleportation—has so upset the social and economic balance that the Inner Planets are at war with the Outer Satellites. Gully Foyle of the Presteign-owned merchant spaceship Nomad—an uneducated, unskilled, unambitious man whose life is at a dead end—is marooned in space when the ship is attacked and he alone survives. After six months of his waiting for rescue, a passing spaceship, the Vorga, also owned by the powerful Presteign industrial clan, ignores his signal and abandons him. Foyle is enraged and is transformed into a man consumed by revenge, the first of many transformations.

Foyle repairs the ship and barely survives, but is found and adopted by a cargo cult in the Asteroid Belt who tattoo a hideous mask of a tiger on his face. He recovers his health, escapes, and is returned to Terra. His attempt to blow up the Vorga fails, and he is captured by Presteign. Unknown to Foyle, the Nomad was carrying "PyrE", a new material which could make the difference between victory and defeat in the war. Presteign hires security agent Saul Dagenham to interrogate Foyle and to find the ship and PyrE.

Protected by his own revenge fixation, Foyle cannot be broken, and he is put into a -proof prison. There he meets Jisbella McQueen, who teaches him to think clearly, and tells him he should find out who gave the order not to rescue him. Together they escape and get his tattoos removed—but not with total success: the subcutaneous scars become visible again whenever Foyle becomes too emotional. The pair travel to the Nomad, where they salvage not only PyrE, but also a fortune in platinum metal. Jisbella is captured by Dagenham, but Foyle escapes.

Some time later, Foyle re-emerges as "Geoffrey Fourmyle", a nouveau riche dandy. Foyle has rigorously educated himself and had his body altered to become a killing machine. Through yoga, he has achieved the emotional self-control necessary to prevent his tattooed stigmata from showing. He seeks out Robin Wednesbury, a one-way telepath, whom he had raped earlier in the novel, and persuades her to help him charm his way through high society.

Foyle tracks down the crew of the Vorga to learn the identity of the ship's captain, but each person he finds has been implanted with a death-reflex and dies when questioned. Each time, Foyle is tormented by the reappearance of "The Burning Man", a vision of himself on fire.

At a society party, Foyle is smitten with Presteign's daughter Olivia. He also meets Jisbella again—now Dagenham's lover—who chooses not to reveal Foyle's identity, although Dagenham has realized it anyway (Foyle's alias was implanted in his subconscious mind during Dagenham's interrogation). During a nuclear attack by the Outer Satellites, Foyle goes to Olivia to save her. She tells him that to have her, he must be as cruel and ruthless as she is.

Robin, traumatized by the attacks, tries to buy her way out of her arrangement with Foyle by revealing the name of another Vorga crew member. Foyle agrees, but immediately reneges. In response, Robin goes to Central Intelligence to betray him.

Foyle learns that the captain of the Vorga has joined a cult on Mars and has had all her sensory nerves disabled, making her immune to conventional torture. Foyle kidnaps a telepath to interrogate the captain, and learns that the ship did not rescue him because it was picking up refugees, taking their belongings, and ejecting them into space. He also learns that the person in charge of the ship was Olivia Presteign. But now she rescues him from Martian commandos, as she sees in Foyle someone who can match her hatred and need to destroy.

Driven by a guilty conscience, Foyle tries to give himself up to Presteign's lawyer, Regis Sheffield, who is known as a Terran patriot. Sheffield turns out to be a spy for the Outer Satellites, and he captures Foyle. Sheffield tells Foyle that when the Nomad was attacked, Foyle was taken off the ship, transported 600,000 miles away, and set adrift in a spacesuit to be a decoy to attract ships to be ambushed. Instead, Foyle had space-jaunted—teleporting a cosmic distance, very much further than had been previously believed possible—back to the Nomad. Now, the Outer Satellites not only want PyrE, they want Foyle as well, to learn the secret of space-jaunting.

Meanwhile, Presteign reveals that PyrE is activated by telepathy, and Robin is enlisted to trigger it to flush out Foyle. Bits of PyrE left exposed by Foyle's tests to determine its purpose cause destruction worldwide, but primarily at Foyle's abandoned encampment in St. Patrick's Cathedral, where Sheffield has brought him. The church partially collapses, killing Sheffield and trapping Foyle, unconscious but alive, over a pit of flame. Suffering from synesthesia brought on by the explosion affecting his neurological implants, Foyle  through space and time as "The Burning Man". Finally he lands in the future, where Robin telepathically tells him how to escape from the collapsing cathedral.

Back in the present, Foyle is pressured by Presteign, Y'ang-Yeovil, and Dagenham to surrender the rest of his cache of PyrE, which had been protected from exploding by its Inert Lead Isotope container, and to teach mankind how to space-. He leads them to where the rest of the PyrE is hidden, but makes off with it and  across the globe, throwing slugs of PyrE into the crowd at each stop. He asks humanity to choose: either destroy itself or follow him into space.

Foyle now realizes the key to space-jaunting is faith: not the certainty of an answer, but the conviction that somewhere an answer exists. He  from one nearby star to another, finding new worlds suitable for colonization, but reachable only if he shares the secret of space-jaunting. He comes to rest back with the cargo cult, where the people see him as a holy man and await his revelation.

The novel

Composition
The novel was outlined by Bester while he was living in Britain, and actually written mainly when he was living in Rome. The project had its origins in a newspaper clipping (or possibly a National Geographic article) that Bester read about Poon Lim, a shipwrecked World War II sailor on a raft, stranded in the South Pacific. He had drifted un-rescued in the Pacific for a world record 133 days, because passing ships thought he was a lure to bring them within torpedo range of a hidden submarine. From there grew the story of the antihero Gully Foyle, seeking revenge for his abandonment and causing havoc all about him: a future-set retelling of Alexandre Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo.

Like Edmond Dantès in The Count of Monte Cristo, Foyle is thrown into prison, in this case the supposedly -proof Gouffre Martel located in caverns. He establishes a clandestine connection to another prisoner, Jisbella McQueen, and through her he is educated to the point where he can conceive a plan to escape and exact his revenge. Escaping with her and locating the wreck of the Nomad, he uses its treasure, as Dantès did, to reinvent himself as Geoffrey Fourmyle.

Bester once wrote that he used playful narration at one point to grab the reader's attention.

Publication and reception
First published in book form in the UK in June 1956 as Tiger! Tiger!, The Stars My Destination was subsequently serialized in Galaxy, where The Demolished Man had also appeared. It ran in four parts (October 1956 through January 1957), then was published in the US later in 1957.

The novel has often featured in lists of the best science fiction novels of all time.

Influence on cyberpunk
The novel has been described as proto-cyberpunk, predating the literary movement by over two decades. Specifically, the novel features megacorporations as powerful as governments, a dark overall vision of the future, and the cybernetic enhancement of the body.

Allusions
The name of Charles Fort Jaunte, who discovers teleportation, derives from Charles Fort, a writer principally of nonfiction, who coined the term "teleportation".

The title "The Stars My Destination" appears in a quatrain quoted by Foyle twice during the book. The first time, while he is trapped in outer space, he states:
Gully Foyle is my name
And Terra is my nation.
Deep space is my dwelling place,
And death's my destination.

Toward the end of the novel, after he has returned to human life and become something of a hero, he states:
Gully Foyle is my name
And Terra is my nation.
Deep space is my dwelling place,
The stars my destination.

Both quatrains are based on a poetic form that was popular in England and the United States during the 18th-to-mid-20th centuries, in which a person stated their name, country, city or town, and a religious homily (often, "Heaven's my destination") within the rhyming four-line structure (see book rhyme). This literary device had been previously used by James Joyce in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.

Bester may have come across his title expression in the writings of John Whiteside Parsons, one of the fathers of modern rocketry, who was also a science fiction fan and occultist. In 1943, Parsons wrote: "Rocketry may not be my True Will, but it's one hell of a powerful drive. With Thelema as my goal and the stars my destination and my home, I have set my eyes on high".

Bester's initial work on the book began in England, and he took the names for his characters from a UK telephone directory. As a result, many of the characters are named after British or Irish towns or other features: Gulliver Foyle (and his pseudonym, Fourmyle of Ceres), Robin Wednesbury, the Presteign clan, Regis Sheffield, Y'ang-Yeovil, Saul Dagenham, Sam Quatt, Rodger Kempsey, the Bo'ness and Uig ship underwriters.

Characters
 Gulliver ("Gully") Foyle: Last remaining survivor of the merchant spaceship Nomad. Captured by the "Scientific People" on an asteroid, only his face is tattooed according to their customs. The tattoos are later painfully removed, but the scarred patterns left under his skin become visible whenever his emotions flare out of control.
 Presteign: Head of the wealthy Presteign clan, whose interests include a chain of luxury department stores, each managed by an identical "Mr. Presto". Wealthy people like Presteign demonstrate their status by using outmoded methods of transportation and never jaunting if they can avoid it. Presteign holds court in his Star Chamber, an elaborate, old-fashioned office equipped with a bar and staffed by robots. It is designed to disorient visitors and give him the psychological edge.
 Robin Wednesbury: A Black woman, a Telesend, a one-way telepath who can send thoughts but not receive them. Foyle meets her in " rehab" while pretending to be someone who has lost the ability to . She discovers his deception, but he kidnaps her and rapes her to intimidate her into silence. Later, as Fourmyle, he recruits her to help him navigate the upper echelons of society. After she discovers who he really is, he offers her the prospect of finding her family, who were refugees aboard the Vorga.
 Jisbella ("Jiz") McQueen: A rebellious woman, serving five years of "cure" in Gouffre Martel for larceny, she turned to crime to rebel against the limitations imposed on women to "protect" them in a world where everyone can teleport. She escapes with Foyle and takes him to a criminal doctor who is able to bleach out his facial tattoos by applying a chemical with a tattoo needle. The process is agony for Foyle, but Jisbella makes him endure it out of her disgust for him.
 Saul Dagenham: The head of a private "special services" agency contracted by Presteign to interrogate Gully Foyle and force him to reveal the location of the derelict Nomad. Dagenham was a nuclear scientist who became radioactive in an accident. He cannot remain in a room with other people for more than a short time.
 The agents of "Dagenham Couriers Inc.": A bizarre collection of freaks who specialize in "FFCC", or "Fun, Fantasy, Confusion, and Catastrophe" to carry out their missions of theft, kidnapping, and espionage.
 Peter Y'ang-Yeovil: Head of a government Central Intelligence agency based on ancient Chinese principles who is also trying to find Nomad. He is "a member of the dreaded Society of Paper Men, and an adept of the Tsientsin Image Makers". Although of Chinese descent and able to speak fluent Mandarin, he does not look Chinese.
 Olivia Presteign: Daughter of Presteign, she is an albino who is blind to visible light, but can see in the infrared spectrum and some radio waves. Like Jisbella, she too is in revolt against her treatment as a woman, and also as a genetic anomaly. Her rebellion takes the form of interplanetary smuggling of refugees. It was on one such mission that she ordered her ship Vorga to ignore the distress calls from Nomad.
 Regis Sheffield: A high-priced lawyer working for Presteign, he is actually an agent of the Outer Satellites coalition.
 "Bunny": Sheffield's personal secretary, apparently Chinese, he speaks Mandarin with difficulty and is said to resemble a frightened rabbit, hence his nickname.

Speculative science
The novel included some early descriptions of proto-science and fictional technology, among them Bester's portrayal of psionics, including the phenomenon of "jaunting", named after the scientist (Charles Fort Jaunte) who discovered it. Jaunting is the instantaneous teleportation of one's body (and anything one is wearing or carrying). One is able to move up to a thousand miles by just thinking.

Jaunting has other effects on the social fabric of the novel's world, and these are examined in true science-fictional fashion. Women of the upper classes are locked away in -proof rooms "for their protection", the treatment of criminals of necessity goes back to the Victorian "separate system", and freaks and monsters abound.

The second significant technology in the novel is the rare substance known as "PyrE", an extremely powerful explosive which is activated by telepathy. Possession of PyrE and knowledge of the means to detonate it is believed by both sides to be key to winning the interplanetary war.

Bester's description of synesthesia is the first popular account published in the English language and is also quite accurate.

Reception and influence
Initially, reviews of The Stars My Destination were mixed. The well-regarded science fiction writer and critic Damon Knight, in In Search of Wonder (1956), wrote of the novel's "bad taste, inconsistency, irrationality, and downright factual errors", but called the ending of the book "grotesquely moving". In a profile of Bester for Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature (2005), critic Steven H. Gale cited the novel as a reflection of the author's maturation, addressing as it does "the continued evolution of humankind as a species", a grander theme than those treated with in his earlier work. Gale declared the novel to be Bester's most stylistically ambitious work, citing the use of disparate fonts to evoke synesthesia, the progressively intelligent language accorded to the maturing protagonist, and the framing of the narrative between the variations on Blake's quatrain.

The book has received high praise from many fellow science fiction writers. After generally criticizing unrealistic science fiction, Carl Sagan in 1978 listed The Stars My Destination as among stories "that are so tautly constructed, so rich in the accommodating details of an unfamiliar society that they sweep me along before I have even a chance to be critical". By 1987, when the author died, "it was apparent that the 1980s genre  owed an enormous debt to Bester and to this book in particular". Neil Gaiman wrote in the introduction to a 1999 edition of the book: "The Stars My Destination is, after all, the perfect cyberpunk novel: it contains such cheerfully protocyber elements as multinational corporate intrigue; a dangerous, mysterious, hyperscientific MacGuffin (PyrE); an amoral hero; a supercool thief-woman..." James Lovegrove called it "the very best of Bester", and Thomas M. Disch identified it as "one of the great sf novels of the 1950s". Joe Haldeman wrote: "Our field has produced only a few works of actual genius, and this is one of them", who also added that he reads the novel "every two or three years and it still evokes a sense of wonder".

According to Samuel R. Delany, the book is "considered by many to be the greatest single SF novel". while Robert Silverberg wrote that it is "on everybody's list of the ten greatest SF novels". Fantasy writer Michael Moorcock praised it as "a wonderful adventure story" that embodies truly libertarian principles. Ty Franck, co-author of The Expanse series, said: "I don't remember any of the other stories in [A Treasury of Great Science Fiction, Volume Two; an anthology of science fiction stories], and I read that book a dozen times. The only story that sticks out in my mind is The Stars My Destination".

In a 2011 survey asking leading science fiction writers to name their favorite work of the genre, The Stars My Destination was the choice of William Gibson and Moorcock. Gibson remarked that the book was "perfectly surefooted, elegantly pulpy", and "dizzying in its pace and sweep", and a "talisman" for him when undertaking his first novel. Moorcock hailed Bester's novel as a reminder of "why the best science fiction still contains, as in Ballard, vivid imagery and powerful prose coupled to a strong moral vision".

In 2012, the novel was included in the Library of America two-volume boxed set American Science Fiction: Nine Classic Novels of the 1950s, edited by Gary K. Wolfe.

Adaptations

Comics
In 1963, Australian comics illustrator Stanley Pitt and his brother Reginald worked on a proposed comic strip adaptation entitled Gully Foyle. Bester looked over the strips and gave his approval. A film company, which held the rights to the novel, apparently put a stop to this. Small circulation publications containing the strips appeared in 1967 and 2001.

A graphic novel adaptation drawn by Howard Chaykin, which utilized the complete text of the original novel was first published, in part, in 1979 by Baronet Publishing. The release of the conclusion was delayed due to Baronet's bankruptcy. The second half was released by Marvel Entertainment's Epic imprint in 1992.

Radio
A dramatisation titled Tiger! Tiger! was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on September 14, 1991 and repeated on August 16, 1993. It was scripted by Ivan Benbrook and directed by Andy Jordan. Alun Armstrong played Gully Foyle, Miranda Richardson was Olivia, Siobhan Redmond was Robin Wednesbury and Lesley Manville was Jisbella McQueen.

Anime
A 2004 anime series, Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo, was originally intended as an adaptation of The Stars My Destination, the copyright holders' refusal to allow an adaptation led the director, Mahiro Maeda, to instead use The Count of Monte Cristo, which had inspired Bester's story.

Planned feature film adaptations
As mentioned above, one production company had apparently secured the rights to the novel as early as the 1960s. A number of adaptations of the book have been scripted. So far, none have yet made it to the screen. While the novel has long been considered an "unfilmable" work, the screen rights were acquired by Universal Pictures in 2006 and by Paramount Pictures in 2015.

Film adaptations of The Stars My Destination have been frequently rumored. According to David Hughes' Greatest Sci-Fi Movies Never Made, Richard Gere owned the rights to, and wanted to star in, the adaptation following the success Pretty Woman. At a later point, NeverEnding Story producer Bernd Eichinger had the rights and hired notable comic book artist Neal Adams to produce concept art. Still later, Paul W. S. Anderson was set to direct it, but wound up doing Event Horizon instead. Since then, a number of scripts have been written, but nothing more has happened.

In popular culture
 The Stars My Degradation, an early comic strip by Alan Moore (later with writing assistance from Steve) parodies the "Gully Foyle is my name" rhyme in the first installment.
 In Stephen King's Lisey's Story (2006), the title character recalls it as her deceased husband's favorite novel. The short story "The Jaunt" (1981) takes its title from the book, which it names and references it at several points.
 Gully Foyle makes a cameo appearance as an agent for the Jurisfiction organisation in the BookWorld of author Jasper Fforde's Thursday Next series. Another novel in the series, The Well of Lost Plots, uses Stars My Destination as the title of a tabloid newspaper in the fictional universe of Emperor Zhark.
 The Tomorrow People, a British children's TV series, uses "jaunting" to refer to teleportation.
 In the 2000 video game Deus Ex, Gully Foyle is listed as a current resident of the 'Ton Hotel.
 Enzo Paulo Gugino, a character from the John Scalzi novel Zoe's Tale wrote a poem entitled "The Stars My Destination" based on "the title from an obscure fantasy adventure book that he'd never read but whose title stayed with him".
 In Crooked Little Vein by Warren Ellis, the element PyrE is referenced by Zack Pickles when explaining to protagonist Michael McGill the impact of rebel journalism on society and the power structure of society.
 In Death's End by Cixin Liu, the Planetary Defense Council adopts Resolution 479, initiating the Stars Our Destination Project.
 Stars My Destination was the title of a year-long story arc in Starman comics.
 In the mobile game Tokyo Afterschool Summoners, the lore of the character Nomad is based on the contents of the book, as well as the poem "The Tyger".
 Many musical groups, including Stereolab, roadside picnic, NASA Space Universe and Slough Feg reference Gully Foyle and/or the title of the novel. Foyle appears on the cover of Sough Feg's Hardworlder album, along with a song entitled "Tiger! Tiger!".

References
Notes

Sources

External links

 The Stars My Destination parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 at the Internet Archive
 John Baxter reviews The Stars My Destination at US National Public Radio
 The Stars My Destination at Encyclopedia Astronautica

1956 American novels
1956 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Fiction set on Ceres (dwarf planet)
Fiction about the Solar System
Fiction about main-belt asteroids
Novels set on Mars
Novels by Alfred Bester
Novels first published in serial form
Novels about rape
Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction
Novels republished in the Library of America
Works based on The Count of Monte Cristo
Novels adapted into radio programs
Sidgwick & Jackson books
Novels based on works by Alexandre Dumas
Teleportation in fiction

The Stars My Destination


Sporni  es un jútor del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla derecha del río Zelenchuk Treti, 24 km al suroeste de Gulkévichi y 117 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai.  Tenía 88 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Skobelevskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Спорный (Краснодарский край).
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar

Sporni (Krasnodar)


Vlada narodnog spasa bila je središnji organ marionetske vlasti koje su njemačke okupacijske vlasti u Drugome svjetskom ratu postavile u okupiranoj Srbiji. Stvorena je 29. kolovoza 1941. godine i zamijenila je prijašnju namjesničku upravu u Srbiji poznatu kao Komesarska vlada Milana Aćimovića. Rasformirana je 4. listopada 1944. godine.

Vlada je tijekom okupacija de facto bila podređena njemačkoj vojnoj administraciji poznatoj kao Vojna uprava u Srbiji (nje. Militärverwaltung in Serbien). Vojna uprava Trećeg Reicha stvorena je 1941. godine, nakon invazije na Kraljevinu Jugoslaviju. Pored vlade narodnog spasa, na području okupirane Srbije djelovale su i druge domaće kolaboracionističke snage, kao što su ZBOR i Srpski dobrovoljački korpus Dimitrija Ljotića, četnici Koste Pećanca i legalizirani četnici Draže Mihailovića.

Prema kraju rata zbog sve veće opasnosti od ulaska sovjetskih i partizanskih snaga u Srbiju, Milan Nedić je sazvao izvanrednu sjednicu Vlade, u ponoć 4. listopada 1944. Na sednici je odlučeno raspustiti Vladu te da se radi novih akcija prebaci u Austriju, u grad Kitzbühel gdje će nastaviti svoje djelovanje. Milan Nedić se zahvalio svima i tako zaključio posljednju sjednicu Vlade narodnog spasa. Nedić je sutra se zaputio automobilom ka Austriji. Ostali ministri su sklanjali izvješća i arhive. Dimitrije Ljotić je zadnji napustio Beograd.

Vidi još
 Nedićeva Srbija
 Fritz Klingenberg
 Beogradska operacija

Izvori

Literatura

Srbija u Drugom svjetskom ratu

Vlada narodnog spasa


Çarpma, temel aritmetik işlemlerden biridir. Sayılarda çarpma, çarpılan sayının çarpan sayı kadar adedinin toplamının alınması işlemidir.

Örneğin 5 ile 4 sayılarının çarpılması demek 4 adet 5 sayısının toplanması, veya değişme özelliği uyarınca (aşağıda anlatıldığı üzere) 5 adet 4 sayısının toplanması anlamına gelir. Matematiksel olarak ifade etmek gerekirse: "5 * 4 = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5" ya da "5 * 4 = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4".

Sayılarla değil, örneğin matrislerle ilgilenirken çarpma işleminin tanımı ve uygulaması farklılık gösterir.

Cebirsel ifadelerde x harfi değişken olarak kullanıldığından, cebirsel ifade sorularında ''x'' yerine ''.'' kullanılabilir.

Sayılarda çarpmanın özellikleri

tamsayılar kümesi, birim elemanlı, değişmeli bir halkadır. Çarpma, bu halkanın ikinci işlemidir. Kesirli sayılar kümesi ise bir cisimdir ve çarpma bu cismin ikinci işlemidir. Tanım gereği bazı matematiksel özelliklere sahiptir.

Kapalılık özelliği
İki tam/kesirli sayının çarpımı yine bir tam/kesirli sayıdır.

Birleşme özelliği
Üç tam/kesirli sayının çarpımında, işlemin yan yana hangi ikiliden başladığı sonucu değiştirmez, yani herhangi x, y, z tam/kesirli sayıları için:

Etkisiz eleman
1 (bir) sayısı, tam/kesirli sayılar kümesinde çarpma işlemine göre etkisiz elemandır.

Ters elemanlar
Tam sayılar kümesinde 1 ve -1 hariç hiçbir elemanın çarpmaya göre tersi yoktur. Kesirli sayılar kümesinde çarpma işlemine göre, 0 hariç her elemanın tersi vardır.

Her x için,

Değişme özelliği
İki tam/kesirli sayının çarpımında, elemanların yerleri değiştirildiğinde sonuç değişmez.

Dağılma özelliği
Çarpma işleminin toplama işlemi üzerine dağılma özelliği vardır.

Yutan Eleman
Yutan eleman herhangi bir matematiksel işlemde, işlemin sonucunu kendisine dönüştüren elemandır. Çarpma işleminde sıfır (0) sayısı yutan elemandır zira sıfırın herhangi bir sayıyla çarpımı sıfıra eşittir:

Yutan eleman, yalnızca tam ve kesirli sayılarda değil, herhangi bir halkada sıfırdan başka bir eleman olamaz. Bu nedenle sıfır elemanla örtüşür.

Kaynakça

İkili işlemler
Matematik terimleri

Çarpma


U.S. Route 183 (US 183) is a north–south United States highway. The highway's northern terminus is in Presho, South Dakota, at an intersection with Interstate 90. Its southern terminus is in Refugio, Texas, at the southern intersection of U.S. Highway 77 and Alternate US 77 (US 183 and Alt US 77 run concurrently for their final  between Cuero and Refugio).

US 183 was the last U.S. Route to be completely paved. The  segment in Loup County, Nebraska, north of Taylor, was unpaved until 1967.

Route description

Texas

US-183 begins in Refugio, sharing a concurrency (road) with US-77A. The two highways continue north through Goliad County until they split in DeWitt County. US-183 crosses I-10 south of the town of Luling.

The largest city that US-183 passes through is Austin, Texas, where it is mostly a limited access highway. Northwest of Austin, US-183 passes through the suburbs of Cedar Park and Leander, where the 183A toll road runs parallel to it. In Lampasas County, US-183 overlaps US-190 between the towns of Lampasas and Lometa.

US-183 overlaps US-84 from Goldthwaite in Mills County to Early in Brown County. It crosses I-20 in Cisco, Texas. US-183 overlaps US-283 in Throckmorton County, and both highways overlaps US-277 and US-82 in Baylor County from Seymour to Mabelle. In Wilbarger County, US-183 exits the concurrency with US-283 and turns east with US-70 to overlap US-287 between the towns of Vernon and Oklaunion.  US-183 continues north overlapping US-70 until it leaves the state of Texas.

Oklahoma

US 183/US 70 enters Oklahoma by crossing the Red River  south of Davidson, OK. In Davidson, US 70 splits from US 183, leaving US 183 on its own.
This continues as US 183 passes US 62 and BUS 62 in Snyder, OK. About  north of Snyder, US 183 crosses Interstate 40 at Interstate 40's exit 66.
Another  later, US 183 co-signs with US 270 near Seiling, OK. US 183/US 270 continue in a northwesterly direction for  before picking up US 412 in Woodward, OK.
US 183/US 270/US 412 then leave Woodward in a due west fashion for a short time, until heading northwest again for , at which time US 270 and US 412 leave US 183 near Fort Supply, OK to form their own duplex through the panhandle of Oklahoma as US 270/US 412.
US 183 then continues north from the southern Harper County line to the Oklahoma/Kansas state line for a total of about  before leaving the state.

Kansas

US-183 enters Kansas in Clark County and turns east at Sitka, where it begins a concurrency with US-160, entering Comanche County, where it passes through Protection. The highways stay paired as it turns north to pass through the Comanche County seat, Coldwater. At Coldwater, US-160 turns back to the east, and US-183 continues its northerly track.

Entering Kiowa County, US-183 reaches a junction with the overlapped east–west route, US-54 and US-400, where it passes through Greensburg. In southern Edwards County, the highway makes a brief turn to the west before meeting up with US-56 in Kinsley, the Edwards County seat. US-56 and US-183 turn northeast before the highways split after entering Pawnee County. US-56 continues northeast toward Larned, and US-183 straightens out to pass through largely unpopulated areas in Edwards County.

In Rush County, US-183 intersects two primary east–west Kansas state highways, K-96 in Rush Center and K-4 in LaCrosse.

US-183 reaches the largest city along its route in Kansas, Hays, where a western bypass of the highway provides direct access to Gross Memorial Coliseum and Fort Hays State University. US-183 is known as Vine Street in Hays and contains numerous businesses. US-183 runs through town for three miles (5 km) before crossing Interstate 70, which is heavily traveled in Hays with traffic between Denver and Kansas City. The interchange of US-183 and I-70 has been designated as the CW2 Bryan J. Nichols Fallen Veterans Memorial Interchange.

North of Hays, the highway has been resurfaced and realigned for  to Plainville, one of two towns in Rooks County US-183 serves. At Plainville, US-183 has a junction with K-18. US-183 continues  north to Stockton, the Rooks County seat, where US-24 crosses.

The highway enters Phillips County approximately  north of Stockton. US-183 meets US-36 west, and the highways join for a concurrency through the city of Phillipsburg. The highways split in downtown Phillipsburg, and US-183 has one last junction with K-383 before exiting the state south of Alma, Nebraska.

US-183 is two-laned throughout Kansas, except for the portion which runs through Hays.

Nebraska
U.S. Highway 183 enters Nebraska south of Alma.  It enters Alma after crossing Harlan County Lake and the Republican River and then runs concurrent with U.S. Highway 136 north out of Alma.  After separating from US 136, US 183 continues north to Holdrege, where it intersects U.S. Highway 6 and U.S. Highway 34.  US 183 continues north from Holdrege and intersects Interstate 80 south of Elm Creek shortly after crossing the Platte River.  It then proceeds north into Elm Creek and meets U.S. Highway 30.  US 183 continues north through Miller and intersects Nebraska Highway 2 at Ansley.  It continues north from Ansley through Sargent, Taylor, and Rose before meeting U.S. Highway 20 in Bassett.  At Bassett, US 183 turns west with US 20 before turning north again near Long Pine.  US 183 continues north through Springview before entering South Dakota.

South Dakota
U.S. Highway 183 enters South Dakota just south of Wewela. It goes north to Colome, where it intersects U.S. Route 18. US 183 and US 18 pass concurrently northwest through Winner, then US 183 turns north, west of Winner. Route 183 goes north to Presho, where it intersects Interstate 90 and ends.

Legally, the South Dakota section of U.S. 183, with the exception of a concurrency with U.S. 18, is defined at South Dakota Codified Laws § 31-4-202.

History

When the route was first commissioned in 1930, it traveled from near Selden, Kansas to North Platte, Nebraska.  This route is now part of US 83.

From 1932 until I-90 was built in the 1960s, US 183's northern terminus was  further west, in Vivian, South Dakota at an intersection with its parent, US 83. In 1940, the southern terminus was extended south to Junction, Texas. It was extended to its present endpoint in 1951. In 1952, it was rerouted between Throckmorton and Cisco, Texas, replacing part of SH 6 and SH 187.

Major intersections
Texas
  in Refugio
  in Goliad
  southwest of Cuero. The highways travel concurrently to Cuero.
  in Luling
  in Luling. The highways travel concurrently through Luling.
  in Austin
  in Austin
  in Lampasas. The highways travel concurrently to south of Lometa.
  in Lampasas. The highways travel concurrently through Lampasas.
  north of Goldthwaite. The highways travel concurrently to Early.
  in Early. The highways travel concurrently through Early.
  in Cisco
  in Breckenridge
  south of Throckmorton. The highways travel concurrently to Vernon.
  in Throckmorton
  south-southwest of Seymour. The highways travel concurrently to Mabelle.
  north-northeast of Seymour. The highways travel concurrently to Mabelle.
  in Vernon. US 70/US 183 travels concurrently to Davidson, Oklahoma. US 183/US 287 travels concurrently to Oklaunion.
Oklahoma
  south-southwest of Snyder
  in Clinton
  west-southwest of Seiling
  northwest of Seiling. The highways travel concurrently to west-northwest of Fort Supply.
  in Woodward. The highways travel concurrently to west-northwest of Fort Supply.
  in Buffalo. The highways travel concurrently to north-northeast of Buffalo.
Kansas
  north-northwest of Sitka. The highways travel concurrently to north of Coldwater.
  west of Greensburg
  in Kinsley
  in Kinsley. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Lewis.
  in Hays
  in Stockton
  in Phillipsburg. The highways travel concurrently through Phillipsburg.
Nebraska
  in Alma. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Alma.
  in Holdrege
  south of Elm Creek
  in Elm Creek
  in Bassett. The highways travel concurrently to west-northwest of Long Pine.
South Dakota
  in Colome. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Witten.
  southeast of Presho

See also

Related routes
 U.S. Route 83
 U.S. Route 283
 U.S. Route 383

References

External links

Endpoints of US highway 183

United States Numbered Highway System
U.S. Highways in Nebraska
U.S. Highways in South Dakota
U.S. Highways in Oklahoma

U.S. Route 183


Cette liste, chronologique, non exhaustive, des écrivains recensés en Australie, comprend de nombreux anglophones originaires d'autres pays (binationaux, résidents, exilés, expatriés, réfugiés, etc.) et d'Australiens expatriés, revendiquant (pour partie) leur appartenance à l'Australie.
Les femmes sont très présentes dans cette liste, à toute période.

La liste est scindée en deux par commodité : voir Liste chronologique d'écrivains australiens (nés avant 1950).

1950
  (1950 ?), poétesse
  (1950-), poète, auteur (enfance)
  (1950-1972), poète
  (1950 ?), historienne d'art, romancière (jeunes adultes)
  (1950-1998), poète
 Kate Grenville (1950-), nouvelliste, romancière
 Ian Irvine (1950-), romancier
 John Marsden (1950-), romancier
  (1950-), universitaire, essayiste
  (1950-), artiste, auteure (enfance), illustratrice
  (1950-2001), cheffe, auteure (cuisine)
 Daniel O'Malley (1950-), aborigène, romancière, nouvelliste, activiste (droits aborigènes)
  (1950-), poète, romancier
  (1950-), poète, essayiste
  (1950-), poétesse, romancière
 Alexis Wright (1950-), romancier
  (1950-), poète, performeur, enseignant
  (1951-2005), poétesse, dramaturge, éditrice
 Peter Doyle (1951-) poète, traducteur
  (1951-), journaliste, éditrice, auteure
  (1951-), poète, éditeur
 ) (1951-), médecin, poète, romancier, nouvelliste
 Jane R. Goodall (1951-), romancière (roman policier)
  (1951-1993), poète
  (1951-), auteure, poétesse, commentatrice politique, éditrice
 Terry Hayes (1951-), romancier
 Mark Henshaw (1951-), romancier
  (1951-), poétesse
  (1951-), scénariste
 Marcia Langton (1951-), universitaire, aborigène, anthropologue, géographe
  (1951-), poétesse
 Sally Morgan (artiste) (1951-), dramaturge, auteure (enfance, jeunesse), autobiographe
  (1951-), poète
  (1951-2007), poète
  (1951-), auteure (enfance)
  (1951-2020), artiste visuelle, poétesse, dramaturge, performeure
  (1952-), auteure, biographe, essayiste
  (1952-), poète, enseignant
 Gregory David Roberts (1952-), romancier
  -1952-), homme politique des Solomon, essayiste
  (1953-), nouvelliste, romancier, poète, essayiste
  (1953-), poète
 John Dale (1953-), romancier
  (1953-), auteure, journaliste, biographe, romancière
  (1953-), poète
 Shane Maloney (1953-), romancier
  (1953-), poétesse, éditrice
 Chris Nyst (1953-), romancier
  (1953-), poète
 Dave Warner (1953-), romancier
  (1954-), poète
 Kerry Greenwood (1954-), romancier
  (1954-), théologien, philosophe, poète
 Adrian Hyland (1954-), romancier
  (1954-2008), poétesse
  (1954-), artiste, critique d'art, curatrice d'expositions
  (1954-), journaliste, reporter, éditrice
 Geraldine Brooks (1955-), romancière
  (1955-), poète, romancier, essayiste
  (1955-), romancière
  (1955-), poétesse
  (1955-), traductrice, essayiste, romancière
 Gail Jones (1955-), romancière, nouvelliste, essayiste
  (1955 ?), historienne
  (1955-), poète, mémorialiste, critique, romancier, éditeur
  (1955-), universitaire, traducteur, poète
  (1955-2016), romancière, scénariste
  (1955-), mémorialiste, auteure (enfance, adultes)
  (1955-), poète, éditeur
  (1955-), historienne
  (1956-), universitaire, poétesse, éditrice
  (1956-), journaliste, activiste sociale, essayiste
  (1956-), journaliste, essayiste, nouvelliste
  (1956-2019), poétesse, éducatrice, éditrice, activiste (droits aborigènes)
  (1956-), poète, éducateur
  (1956-), poète
  (1956-), poétesse
  (1956-), universitaire, essayiste, media manager, éditrice
 Nick Cave (1957-), musicien, acteur, romancier
  (1957-), poétesse
 Liam Davison (1957-2014), romancier
  (1957-), romancière
 Sara Douglass (1957-), romancière
  (1957-), poète, auteur (enfance)
  (1957-), poète
  (1958-), romancière, nouvelliste
  (1958-), poétesse, enseignante
  (1958-), universitaire
  (1958-), aborigène, poète, activiste politique
  (1958-), poète, auteur (enfance, jeunesse)
  (1958-), poète, universitaire
  (1958-), poète, universitaire, romancier
  (1958-), romancière (horreur)
  (1958-), poétesse, nouvelliste, romancière
  (1958-), auteure (jeunesse)
  (1959-), romancier (horreur), occultiste, poète, musicien, critique, éditeur
  (1959-), universitaire, poétesse, nouvelliste, romancière
 Marianne Curley (1959-), romancière
  (1959-1995), poète
  (1959-), poète, présentateur radio
  (1959-2018), poétesse, éditrice
 Katherine Scholes (1959-), romancière
  (1959-), poétesse, performeure

1960

  (1960-), poète
  (1960-), poète, danseur, acteur, cinéaste
 , écrivaine, romancière, nouvelliste
 Shane Dix (1960-), romancier
 Michel Faber (1960-), romancier
 Frieda Hughes (1960-), peintre, poétesse
 Glenda Larke (1960 ?), romancière (fantasy)
 Margo Lanagan (1960-), romancière
 Glenda Larke 1960 ?-), romancière
  (1960-), poétesse, universitaire
 Fiona McIntosh (1960-), romancière
  (1960 ?), journaliste, auteure
  (1960-2016), artiste, illustratrice (enfance)
 Michael Robotham (1960-), romancier
  (1960-), poétesse, universitaire
 Tim Winton (1960-), romancier
  (1961-), poétesse
  (1961-), romancière
  (1961-2006), aborigène, poétesse, comédienne, photographe, porte-parole, activiste
  (1961-), romancière (enfance, adolescence), dramaturge
 Greg Egan (1961-), romancier
 Richard Flanagan (1961-), romancier
  (1961-), romancière
 Andrew Masterson (1961-), romancier
 Karen Miller (1961-), romancière
 DBC Pierre (1961-), romancier
  (1961-), romancière (histoire), nouvelliste, éditrice
 Bunty Avieson (1962-), universitaire, journaliste, romancière (roman policier)
  (1962-), poétesse, dramaturge, romancière (fantasy), librettiste
  (1962-), artiste visuelle, poétesse, aborigène
  (1962-), poétesse
  (1962-), essayiste, dramaturge
  (1962-), romancière (SF), nouvelliste
  (1962-), scénariste, dramaturge, romancière, librettiste, éditorialiste
  (1962-), poète, peintre, musicien-chanteur
  (1962-), enseignant, poète, essayiste
  (1963-), poétesse
  (1963-), romancière, poétesse
  (1963-), poète
 Emmelene Landon (1963-), romancière
 Garth Nix (1963-), romancier
  (1963-), auteure, défenseure des droits parentaux
  (1963-), poète
 Donna Williams (1963-2017), autiste, autobiographe
  (1964-2016), journaliste, biographe, romancière
  (1964-), poète
  (1964-2016), nouvelliste, romancière
 Tony Park (1964-), romancier
 Elliot Perlman (1964-), romancier
  (1964-), comédienne, activiste LGBT, autobiographe
  (1964-), romancière
  (1964-), poétesse, romancière
  (1964-), romancière, poétesse, chercheure
  (1964-), poétesse, éditrice
  (1964-), poétesse, romancière, universitaire
 J. C. Burke (1965-), romancière (roman policier)
  (1965-, Georg Forrester), poète, performeur, musicien
  (1965-), poète
 Yang Hengjun (1965-), romancier
  (1965-), artiste, photographe, poétesse, medium, autiste
  (1965-), performeuse, romancière
  (1965-), enseignante, romancière (jeunesse)
  (1965-), poète, romancier, critique, éditeur
 Noel Pearson (1965-), avocat, militant des droits des aborigènes
 Christos Tsiolkas (1965-), romancier
  (1966-), scénariste, dramaturge
  (1966-), poétesse
 Anna Funder (1966-), romancière
 Nikki Gemmell (1966-), romancier
 Alison Goodman (1966-), romancière (roman policier), nouvelliste
 Wendy James (1966-), romancier
 Malcolm Knox (1966-), romancier
  (1966), auteure (enfance)
  (1966-), romancière
 Andrew McGahan (1966-2019), romancier
 Liane Moriarty (1966-), romancière (adulte, jeunesse)
  (1966-), romancière (jeunesse, adultes)
 Keri Arthur (1967-), romancière
 James Bradley (1967-), romancier, nouvelliste, poète
  (poétesse)
  (1967-), romancière (jeunes adultes), essayiste
  (1967-), romancière, essayiste
  (1967-), poète, musicien, universitaire, critique
  (1967-), poète
  (1967-), blogueuse
 Sean Williams (1967-), romancier
  (1968-), comédienne de stand-up, journaliste, dramaturge
 Sonya Hartnett (1968-), romancière
  (1968-), auteure, aborigène, poétesse, activiste culturelle, journaliste
  (1968-), poète, performeur, nouvelliste
  (1968-), romancière (jeunesse)
  (1968-), romancière (SF), nouvelliste
 Chris Womersley (1968-), romancier
  (1969-), juriste, réalisatrice, défenseure des droits des aborigènes
 Trudi Canavan (1969-), romancière
  (1969-), universitaire, philosophe, psychanalyste, poète
  (1969-), poète, romancier, porte-plume
  (1969-), poète, éditeur, éducateur
  (1969-), romancière
  (1969-, Emma Tom), journaliste, musicienne, chanteuse, romancière
  (1969-), romancière
  (1969-), poétesse, universitaire, éditrice

1970
  (1970 ?), universitaire, romancière
  (1970 ?, alias Geoff Forrester), poète, performeur, musicien
  (1970-), romancière (jeunes adultes)
  (1970-), poétesse, performeure
 Julia Leigh (1970-), romancière, scénariste, réalisatrice
  (1970 ?), universitaire, journaliste, essayiste
  (1970 ?), universitaire, activiste (alimentation)
  (1970 ?), poète, universitaire
  (1970-), journaliste, essayiste, romancière
  (1970 ?), romancière (enfance), nouvelliste
  (1970 ?), graphiste, directrice artistique, écrivaine
  (1970-), universitaire, romancière
  (1970-), romancière (jeunesse)
  (1970 ?), dramaturge, scénariste
  (1971-), travailleuse sociale, féministe, athée, activiste, essayiste
  (1971-), poète
  (1971-), journaliste, reporter, éditrice, commentatrice
  (1972-), poète, romancier expérimental, essayiste
  (1972-), auteur (jeunesse), poète
 Steve Toltz (1972-), romancier
  (1972-), biographe
  (1972-), poète, aborigène
  (1973-), romancière
 Max Barry (1973-), romancier
  (1973-), poète
 Jay Kristoff (1973-), romancière
  (1973-), poétesse, nouvelliste, essayiste
  (1974-), auteur jeunes adultes
  (1974-), activiste, dramaturge, romancière
  (1974-), pianiste, enseignante, essayiste
  (1974-), actrice, poétesse
  (1975-), poète
  (1976-), poète, porte-plume
 Kate Morton (1976-), romancière
  (1977-), poète
 Leigh Redhead (1977-), romancier
  (1978-), romancière, nouvelliste
  (1978-), poète
 Holly Throsby (1978-), auteure-compositeur-interprète, romancière
  (1979-), nouvelliste, poétesse, auteure
  (1979-2007), poète
 James Clancy Phelan (1979-), romancier

1980
  (1980 ?), poétesse
  (1980 ?), poétesse, éditrice, critique
  (1980 ?), artiste, activiste, marionnettiste, écrivaine
  (1980 ?), poétesse
  (1980 ?), poète expérimental, critique littéraire
  (1980-), poétesse
  (1980 ?), performeuse, auteure
 Ceridwen Dovey (1980-), romancière
 Sulari Gentill ( ?1980), romancière (roman policier)
 Jane Harper (1980-), romancière
  (1980 ?), poétesse, critique littéraire
  (1980 ?), juriste, essayiste
  (1980 ?), auteure (enfance)
  (1980 ?), universitaire, conférencière, journaliste, auteure, critique
  (1980 ?), romancière, journaliste
  (1980 ?), universitaire, romancière, journaliste indépendante, vidéaste, blogueuse
 Emma Viskic (1980 ?- ), romancière
  (1980 ?), écrivaine de scripts pour la télévision
 Evie Wyld (1980-), romancier
  (1981-), romancière (jeunesse)
 Sarah Bailey (1982-), romancière
  (1982-), poétesse, critique littéraire, universitaire
 Tara June Winch (1983-), romancière, essayiste, reporter
  (1983-), poétesse
 Candice Fox (1985-), romancier
  (1985-), romancière
 Jessica Townsend (1985-), romancière (low fantasy)
 Jack Heath (1986-), romancier
  (1986-), poétesse, critique, éditrice
  (1988-2017), poétesse, aborigène, slameuse, enseignante, environnementaliste
  (1988-), reporteure, présentatrice de télévision
  (1989-), slameuse, poétesse, activiste (environnement)

1990
  (1990 ?), poétesse
  (1992-), psychologue, romancière (jeunes adultes)
  (1994-), poète, nouvelliste

Articles connexes
 Littérature australienne
 Liste de romanciers australiens par ordre alphabétique
 Liste de poètes australiens,

 Philosophes australiens, Sociologues australiens, Historiens australiens

 Femmes de lettres australiennes

Littérature australienne
Littérature de langue anglaise
Culture australienne
Littérature en Océanie

Liste chronologique d'écrivains australiens nés à partir de 1950


Anders Fønss (født 20. juni 1988) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for BK Marienlyst.

Han var tidligere i karrieren en overgang på kontrakt i SønderjyskeE.

Klubkarriere
I slutningen af decemer 2018 blev det offentliggjort, at Fønss skiftede til BK Marienlyst.

Landsholdskarriere
Den 4. september 2018 blev han af DBU udtaget til Danmarks midlertidige herrelandshold op til en testkamp mod Slovakiet den 5. september. Landsholdet blev primært sammensat af spillere fra 2. division og Danmarksserien som følge af en igangværende konflikt mellem Spillerforeningen og DBU.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Tarup-Paarup Idrætsforening

Anders Fønss


جامعة جونز هوبكينز تأسست سنة 1876، هي جامعة خاصة بحثية، مقرها في بالتيمور بولاية ماريلاند بالولايات المتحدة.
سميت بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى جونز هوبكينز عندما ترك في وصيته 7.000.000 دولار للجامعة ومستشفى جونز هوبكينز أيضا كتبرع خيري، وفي هذا الوقت كان هذا المبلغ هو أكبر وصية تترك للأعمال الخيرية في هذا الوقت في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة والتي تساوي في الوقت الحالي حوالي 131.000.000 دولار أمريكي لسنة 2006.
افتتحت الجامعة في 22 فبراير 1876 بهدف أساسي وهو تنمية الأبحاث وتشجيع التلاميذ الذين عن طريق اجتهادهم سيقوموا بتطوير العلوم المرجوة وكان أول رئيس لها هو دانييل جيت جيلمان.

تعتبر هذه الجامعة من أوائل الجامعات في التصنيف العالمي لجودة التعليم وحصلت الجامعة على الاعتراف الدولي منذ نشأتها وتعتبر أحد أهم منابر العلم في العالم.

تتوزع الجامعة علي العديد من المواقع في الولايات المتحدة في ماريلاند وواشنطن دي سي ولديها مراكز أيضا في دول مثل إيطاليا والصين وسنغافورا.
جونز هوبكنز هي من الجامعات العالمية الرائدة في مفهوم الجامعة البحثية الحديثة في الولايات المتحدة، وتحتل المرتبة الأعلى بين هذه الجامعات في العالم طوال تاريخها. مؤسسة العلوم الوطنية (NSF) صنفت جونز هوبكنز رقم 1 بين المؤسسات الأكاديمية في الولايات المتحدة في مجال العلوم الطبية والابحاث الهندسية لمدة 31 عاما متتالية. ثمانيه وثلاثين من الحائزين على جائزة نوبل من الدارسين أو العاملين في جامعه جونز هوبكنز، والبحوث بالجامعة هو من بين الأكثر ذكرا في العالم.

تاريخ الجامعة

إنشاء الجامعة

بدأت نشأة الجامعة في العام 1873 بعد أن ترك الرجل العصامي جونز هوبكنز ثروة تقدر ب 7 ملايين دولار وهي ما تعادل 140 مليون دولار بحسابات 2011 كوصية لإنشاء مستشفى في مدينة بالتيمور ماريلاند. مصدر ثروته من شركات السكة الحديدة في أوهايو وبالتيمور.

كليات الجامعة

حرم هوموود بجامعة جونز هوبكنز، كان أول حرم جامعي يقع في شارع هوارد. في النهاية، انتقلوا إلى هوموود، في شمال بالتيمور، ملكية تشارلز كارول، نجل أقدم موقع على إعلان الاستقلال على قيد الحياة. يعتبر منزل كارول هوموود أحد أفضل الأمثلة على العمارة السكنية الفيدرالية. ثم انتقلت الحوزة إلى عائلة وايمان التي شاركت في جعلها الحرم الجامعي الرئيسي لمدارس الفنون والعلوم والهندسة في بداية القرن العشرين. تم تصميم معظم هندسته المعمارية على غرار الطراز الفيدرالي لـ Homewood House. تم الحفاظ على Homewood House كمتحف. معظم برامج البكالوريوس موجودة في هذا الحرم الجامعي
 مدرسة Zanvyl Krieger للفنون والعلوم: تقدم مدرسة Krieger أكثر من 60 تخصصًا جامعيًا وقاصرًا وأكثر من 40 برنامجًا للدراسات العليا.
 جي دبليو سي مدرسة وايتنج للهندسة: تحتوي مدرسة وايتنج على 14 برنامجًا للهندسة الجامعية والدراسات العليا و12 مجالًا إضافيًا للدراسة.
 كلية التربية: تأسست في الأصل عام 1909 باسم مدرسة الدراسات المهنية في الأعمال والتعليم، وأصبحت أقسام التعليم والأعمال مدرستين منفصلتين في عام 2007.

الدراسة والقبول

قبول البكالوريوس

في العام 2010 إن 87% من الكلية الذين تم قبولهم كانوا في العشرة الأوائل في مدارسهم ومن الحائزين علي درجات كبيره في امتحان ال س ا ت. 84 % من الطلبة الذين تم قبولهم تخرجوا في 4 سنين و92 % تخرجوا في 6 سنين. معدل دخول الطلبة المتوسط لدراسة البكالوريس من الثانوي كان 3.74 وهو يوضح مدى التنافس في الدخول لهذه الجامعة العريقة ومعدل الطلبات للدخول للجامعه الذي تزايد بصورة واضحة وكبيرة وكنتيجة لهذا فإن الجامعة تدقق في القبول وتختار الطلبة بصورة خاصة.

التصنيف العالمي والمحلي

بالنسبة للدراسات الجامعية البكالوريوس جامعة جونز هوبكنز تم تصنيفها في المرتبة 13 بين الجامعات الإمريكية على حسب تصنيف ال يو اس نيوس في الأعوام الأخيرة. وترتيب سمعة الجامعة بين طلبة الثانويات ومستشاريهم في المرتبة 1 على مستوى الولايات المتحدة.في العام 2012 التصنيف العالمي لجامعات العالم صنف جامعة جونز هوبكنز في المرتبة 17 عالميا وال 15 محليا على مستوى الولايات المتحدة وال 3 في علوم الصيدلة والطب على مستوى العالم.

الحائزين علي جائزة نوبل

حتى العام 2011 يوجد 38 من الحائزين علي جائزة نوبل في مجالات الطب والفيزياء والعلوم والهندسة من الذين درسوا البكالوريوس في المرحلة الجامعية أو الدراسات العليا أو كانوا من أعضاء هيئه التدريس بالجامعة
كان وودرو ويلسون، الذي حصل على درجة الدكتوراه من جامعة جونز هوبكنز في عام 1886 أول من فاز بالجائزة في السلام في العام 1919.

وقد فاز ثمانية عشر جونز هوبكنز الحائزين على جائزة نوبل في الفسيولوجيا أو الطب وقد تم تبادل أربعة جوائز نوبل من قبل الحائزين على جائزة جونز هوبكنز: فاز جورج مينوت وجورج ويبل على جائزة نوبل 1934 في الفسيولوجيا أو الطب، جوزيف إيرلانغر وهربرت سبنسر فاز جاسر على جائزة نوبل في الفسيولوجيا أو الطب عام 1944، دانيال ناتان وهاملتون سميث. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الفسيولوجيا أو الطب عام

الرياضة والمناشط الرياضية

في الرياضة يسمي الفريق بال بلو جي وألوان الفرق الرياضية هي الأزرق الفاتح والأسود.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع الجامعة
 موقع الرياضي للجامعه

جامعات وكليات أسست في 1876
تأسيسات سنة 1876 في ماريلند
جامعات وكليات في بالتيمور
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1876

جامعة جونز هوبكينز


Aotr - Artists on the road er en dokumentarfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Tine Louise Kortermand Hansen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
I 2002 tog seks unge danske og udenlandske performancekunstnere på en busturné igennem Europa. Turnéen startede i Danmark og fortsatte derefter til Sverige, Finland, Tyskland og Schweiz. Kunstnerne udviklede hver deres projekter under indflydelse af de mennesker de mødte på rejsen. Filmen giver et kort indblik i performanceturnéen og kunstnernes arbejdsproces og de tanker de gør sig undervejs.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2003

Performancekunstnere
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Aotr - Artists on the road


فولك الخامس أنجو أو فولك ملك بيت المقدس (1131 - 1143 م) والاسم يعني حارس الشعب ، كونت أنجو و ملك مملكة بيت المقدس الإفرنجية بعد بلدوين الثاني الذي كان قد أمر بتتويجه ملكًا بعده في 14 سبتمبر عام 1131 م.

اشتهر ببناء القلاع والحصون، من بينها ثلاثة حصون لصد غارات الفاطميين وهي حصن يبنا في الجنوب الغربي من الرملة، وحصن تل الصافي جنوب يبنا وحصن بيت جيبريل. حيث أصبحت هذه الحصون مراكز للإدارات المحلية. كما بنى حصن أرنأوط لتأمين المؤون والحجاج بين يافا و بيت المقدس. ثم بنى قلعة الصفد للسيطرة على طريق دمشق عكا. كما أقام قلعة في أسدود لمراقبة الأسطول المصري في عسقلان. كما أمّن جنوب المملكة، حيث أضاف إلى حصن الشوبك وقلاع العقبة ومعان والقويرة، قلعة جديدة هي قلعة الكرك، ومكّنه ذلك من بسط سيطرته على حقول القمح في الكرك وطرق التجارة والقوافل.

في خريف عام 1143م وبينما كان فولك يطارد فريسة، كبا به الحصان، ووقع السرج على رأسه، حيث لم يلبث أن توفي بعدها بقليل. أثناء نزاعه مع الموت أعلن أن ابنه الأكبر بلدوين الثالث-والذي كان في الثالثة عشر من عمره-هو الملك من بعده على بيت المقدس تحت وصاية أمه ميليسنده (ابنة بالدوين الثاني الأرمني).

عرف عهده بالثراء، حيث كانت القوافل التجارية تحضر الفرو من سيبريا والخيل من سوريا وقبرص والعبيد من روسيا والحرير من الصين واللؤلؤ من الخليج العربي والزجاج من الخليل وريش النعام من الصحارى والأجر والخزف الثمين المطلي بالمينا من دمشق وأنطاكية وطرابلس.

مراجع

أشخاص فرنسيون في القرن 12
أشخاص من أنجيه
حملات صليبية
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
كونتات أنجو
ملوك كاثوليك
ملوك مملكة بيت المقدس
مواليد القرن 11
مواليد في أنجيه
وفيات 1143
وفيات بسبب حادث السقوط عن الحصان
وفيات في عكا
ملوك القدس القرن 12

فولك ملك بيت المقدس


Little Willie var en prototype under udviklingen af den britiske Mark I kampvogn. Den blev konstrueret i efteråret 1915 på foranledning af Landships Committee, det var historiens første færdige kampvognsprototype. Little Willie er den ældste overlevende kampvogn, og er bevaret som et af de mest berømte elementer i samlingen på The Tank Museum, Bovington, England.

Number 1 Lincoln Machine

Arbejdet på Little Willies forgænger blev begyndt i juli 1915 af Landships Committee for at imødekomme Storbritanniens behov under 1. Verdenskrig for en pansret kampvogn, som kunne krydse 1,5 m brede skyttegrave. Efter adskillige andre projekter med enkelt og tripel kæder var slået fejl fik William Ashbee Tritton, direktør for landbrugsmaskinfabrikanten William Foster & Company i Lincoln den 22. juli en kontrakt på udvikling af en "Tritton Machine" med to kæder. Det skulle anvende kædetrækket - forlængede kæder og affjedringsdele (syv vejhjul i stedet for fire) - som var købt som hele enheder fra Bullock Creeping Grip Tractor Company i Chicago.

Den 11. august begyndte den egentlige konstruktion. Den 16. august besluttede Tritton at tilføje en hale med hjul for at hjælpe styringen. Den 9. september foretog Number 1 Lincoln Machine, som protypen dengang hed, sin første prøvetur i gården på Wellington Foundry. Det stod snart klart, at kædeprofilen var så flad, at overflademodstanden under en svingning var for stor. For at løse dette, blev affjedringen ændret så den nederste profil var mere buet. Så dukkede det næste problem op: Når man krydsede en skyttegrav kom kæderne til at hænge ned, og ville herefter ikke passe sammen med hjulene og satte sig fast. Kæderne kunne heller ikke bære vægten af køretøjet (omkring 16 ton). Tritton og løjtnant Walter Gordon Wilson afprøvede adskillige andre typer kædeudformning, herunder balatá bælter og flade stålwirer. Den 22. september udtænkte Tritton et robust, men tilsyneladende primitivt system, som anvendte stålplader, som var nittet til støbte forbindelsesstykker og havde skinner til at gribe på indersiden af kæderammen. Kæderammen som helhed var forbundet til skroget med store spindler. Dette system var uden affjedring, da kæderne blev holdt fast på plads og kun kunne bevæge sig i en retning. Dette var et vellykket design og blev brugt på alle britiske kampvogne indtil Mark VIII, selv om det begrænsede farten.

Beskrivelsen
Køretøjets 13 liters 105 hk Daimler-Knight motor, hvor benzintilførslen fra to tanke blev styret af tyngdekraften. Den var i bag, hvilket efterlod lige tilstrækkelig plads under tårnet. Prototypen var udstyret med et ikke-roterende dummy tårn med et maskingevær. En Vickers 2-punds 40 mm kanon skulle have været installeret, med op til seks Madsen maskingeværer som supplement. Hovedbevæbningen skulle have et stort magasin med plads til 800 granater. Stern foreslog Tritton at kanonen kunne laves, så den kunne glide fremad på hjul, hvilket gav et bedre skudfelt, men i enden blev tanken om et tårn opgivet og udkigssprækken for besætningen dækket til. Foran i køretøjet sad to mand på en smal bænk, en betjente rattet, den primære gearkasse og speederen, den anden styrede bremserne. Den samlede længde af den endelige udgave, med de forlængede kæder og bagerste styrehjul på plads var 8,08 m. Længden af køretøjet uden de bagerste styrehjul monteret var 5,87 m.

De fleste mekaniske komponenter inklusiv køleren var tilpasset fra dem til en Foster-Daimler tung artilleritraktor. Da mindst fire mand ville være nødvendige til at betjene våbnene skulle besætningen have været på mindst 6. Den højeste hastighed blev angivet af Tritton som højest 3 km/t. Køretøjet var ikke lavet af rigtig panserstål, kun blikplader. Det var tanken, at der skulle bruges 10 mm plader i en produktionsudgave.

Little Willie og Big Willie

Wilson var utilfreds med det grundlæggende koncept bag Number 1 Lincoln Machine, og den 17. august foreslog han Tritton tanken om at bruge kæder, som løb hele vejen rundt om køretøjet. Med d'Eyncourts accept begyndte konstrukrionen af en forbedret prototype den 17. september. Til denne anden prototype (senere kendt som "HMLS [His Majesty's Land Ship] Centipede", og, senere endnu, "Mother"), blev der lavet en rombeformet kæderamme, med kæder op over toppen af køretøjet. Styrehjulet bag køretøjet blev beholdt i en forbedret form, men tanken om et tårn blev opgivet og hovedbevæbningen placeret i affutager på siderne.

Number 1 Lincoln Machine blev ombygget med forlængede (90 cm længere) kæder frem til 6. december 1915, men kun for at afprøve de nye kæder i Burton Park, nær Lincoln. Den anden prototype blev betragtet som langt mere lovende. Den første blev omdøbt til Little Willie, det ufine navn, som dengang ofte blev brugt af den britiske boulevardpresse om den tyske kronprins Wilhelm; Mother var i en periode kendt som Big Willie, efter hans far kejser Wilhelm 2. af Tyskland. Samme år havde karikaturtegneren William Kerridge Haselden lavet en populær komisk anti-tysk propagandafilm: The Adventures of Big and Little Willie. Selv om Little Willie blev fremvist sammen med Mother i januar 1916, var den på det tidspunkt perifer i forhold til udviklingen af britiske kampvogne.

Selv om den aldrig kom i kamp, var Little Willie et stort skridt fremad i militær teknologi, da den var den første prototype, som blev færdig. Under resten af 1. verdenskrig fortsatte nogle kampvognsbesætninger med uformelt at omtale deres køretøjer som "Willies" eller "buses". I 1922 valgte Royal Tank Regiment den folkelige sang My Boy Willie som sin regimentsmarch.

I dag
Little Willie blev bevaret for eftertiden efter krigen, reddet fra at blive skrottet i 1940, og er i dag udstillet på The Tank Museum i Bovington. Den er grundlæggende et tomt skrog uden en motor, men stadig med noget udstyr monteret. De bagerste styrehjul er ikke monteret og der er skader på skrogets plader omkring udkigssprækken i højre side, formeltlig forårsaget ved et forsøg på at trække bugsere køretøjet ved at føre et tov gennem sprækken. Dette ville have flænset i kampvognens forholdsvis tynde stålplader..

Noter

Henvisninger

Eksterne kilder
Little Willie (E1949.322)  Museum record for Little Willie]
Little Willie Honoured with Heritage Engineering Award

Kampvogne
Våben fra Storbritannien

Little Willie


[[Fil:Ernesto Rossi.jpg|thumb|Ernesto Rossi]]
Ernesto Rossi (født 27. marts 1827, død 4. juni 1896), var en italiensk skuespiller og dramatiker.

Han blev født i Livorno i en middelklasse familie og havde til hensigt at studere ved universitetet der, da han indtrådte som erstatning for en skuespiller i Calloud teaterselskabet, der var blevet syg. Efter sin succesfulde optræden fortsatte han med selskabet, indtil det blev opløst i 1848. I 1852 sluttede han sig til Reale Sarda teaterselskabet og blev den førende skuespiller. I et øjeblik turede han Italien og Paris med Adelaide Ristori, indtil personlige forskelle førte til afslutningen af deres teatralske partnerskab. Rossi fortsatte med at rejse i hele Europa, herunder London, Wien, Lissabon og Moskva. Han var især beundret for sine Shakespeare-roller som Macbeth, King Lear, Romeo og Hamlet. Rossi skrev også flere skuespil, hvoraf det første, "Adele", havde premiere med Adelaide Ristori i titelrollen.

I maj 1896 spillede han King Lear i Odessa, da han blev syg og blev bragt tilbage til Italien, hvor han døde et par uger senere i Pescara.

Skuespillere fra Italien

Ernesto Rossi


Édouard Balladur (; ) este un om politic francez de origine armeană. A fost ministerul Economiei și Finanțelor din 20 martie 1986 până în 10 mai 1988, apoi prim-ministrul Franței din 29 martie 1993 până în 16 mai 1995 în cadrul președinției lui François Mitterrand.

Legături externe
  Pagina pe site-ul al Adunării Naționale (arhivă)

Nașteri în 1929
Prim-miniștri ai Franței

Édouard Balladur


Karl Ludvig af Slesvig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Beck (18. september 1690 – 22. september 1774) var den syvende titulære hertug af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Beck fra 1757 til 1774. Han gjorde karriere i det preussiske militær, hvor han blev generalløjtnant og trådte siden i Russisk tjeneste, hvor han blev guvernør i Reval (Tallinn) i Guvernementet Estland.

Han var søn af hertug Frederik Ludvig af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Beck og Louise Charlotte af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Augustenborg. I 1723 konverterede han til katolicismen. Han blev hertug, da hans nevø, Hertug Frederik Vilhelm 3. faldt i Slaget ved Prag i 1757. I 1763 blev han udnævnt til feltmarskal i den russiske hær af kejser Peter 3. af Rusland men afslog på grund af sin høje alder. Han døde i 1774 i Königsberg i Østpreussen. Da han døde uden arvinger, blev han efterfulgt som hertug af sin lillebror, Peter August.

Frederik Ludvig giftede sig i 1730 i Dresden med Anna Karolina Orzelska (1707-1769). Hun var en illegitim datter af kong August 2. af Polen og hans franske elskerinde, Henriette Rénard-Duval. De blev skilt efter tre års ægteskab. I ægteskabet blev der født en søn:

 Karl Frederik (5. januar 1732 i Dresden – 21. februar 1772 i Strassbourg).

Eksterne links
 Hans den Yngres efterkommere

Sønderborgske fyrstelige
Hertuger af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Beck
Huset Oldenburg
Tyskere i 1700-tallet
Officerer fra Preussen
Personer fra Königsberg
Personer fra Tallinn

Karl Ludvig af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Beck


Cea de-a 5-a gală de decernare a Premiilor Oscar organizată de Academia Americană de Film (Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, AMPAS) a avut loc la The Ambassador Hotel în Los Angeles, California la 18 noiembrie 1932. Au fost premiate filmele finalizate și lansate între 1 august 1931 și 31 iulie 1932.

Cu această ocazie, Walt Disney a creat un scurt film animat, Parada Nominalizaților la Oscar.

Grand Hotel a fost singurul film care a câștigat premiul pentru cel mai bun film, fiind nominalizat doar la această categorie. A fost ultimul film care a câștigat premiul pentru cel mai bun film fără a fi nominalizat pentru cel mai bun regizor până la Șoferul Doamnei Daisy din 1989 și al treilea din cele șapte care a câștigat premiul pentru cel mai bun film fără a fi nominalizat și pentru scenariu.

Acesta a fost prima din cele trei ediții de Oscar în care două filme care nu au fost nominalizate pentru cel mai bun film au primit mai multe nominalizări decât câștigătorul (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde și The Guardsman). Acest lucru s-a întâmplat din nou la cea de-a 25-a ediție și la cea de-a 79-a ediție a Oscarurilor.

La această ediție s-a introdus categoria de scurt metraj de animație, Flowers and Trees fiind primul câștigător de film color și de scurt metraj de animație.

Și a fost prima și, până în acest moment, singura ediție în care doi actori s-au aflat la egalitate și au primit premiul pentru cel mai bun actor

Premiile
Câștigătorii sunt afișați primii și evidențiați cu font îngroșat.
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" | Cel mai bun film
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" | Cel mai bun regizor
|-
| valign="top" |
Grand Hotel – Irving Thalberg pentru Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
 Arrowsmith – Samuel Goldwyn pentru Samuel Goldwyn Prod
 Bad Girl – Winfield Sheehan pentru Fox Film Corp
 Five Star Final – Hal B. Wallis pentru First National
 One Hour with You – Ernst Lubitsch pentru Paramount Publix
 Shanghai Express – Adolph Zukor pentru Paramount Publix
 The Smiling Lieutenant – Ernst Lubitsch pentru Paramount Publix
| valign="top" width="50%"|
Frank Borzage – Bad Girl
 King Vidor – The Champ
 Josef von Sternberg – Shanghai Express
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82" | Cel mai bun actor
! style="background:#EEDD82" | Cea mai bună actriță
|-
| valign="top" |
Fredric March – Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde în rolul Dr. Jekyll / Mr. Hide
 Wallace Beery – The Champ în rolul Champ
 Alfred Lunt – The Guardsman în rolul Actorului
| valign="top" width="50%"|
Helen Hayes – The Sin of Madelon Claudet în rolul Madelon Claudet
 Marie Dressler – Emma în rolul Emma Thatcher Smith
 Lynne Fontanne – The Guardsman în rolul Actritei
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82" | Cea mai bună poveste originală
! style="background:#EEDD82" | Cel mai bun scenariu adaptat
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|
 ''The Champ – Frances Marion Lady and Gent – Grover Jones și William Slavens McNutt
 The Star Witness – Lucien Hubbard
 What price Hollywood?– Adela Rogers St. Johns și Jane Murfin
| valign="top" width="50%"|Bad Girl – Edwin J. Burke, bazat pe romanul scris de Vina Delmar Arrowsmith – Sydney Howard, bazat pe romanul lui Sinclair Lewis
 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – Percy Heath si Samuel Hoffenstein, bazat pe Curiosul caz al dr. Jekyll și Mr. Hyde de Robert Louis Stevenson
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82" | Cele mai bune decoruri
! style="background:#EEDD82" | Cea mai bună imagine
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|Transatlantic – Gordon Wiles À nous la liberté – Lazare Meerson
 Arrowsmith – Richard Day
| valign="top" width="50%"|Shanghai Express – Lee Garmes Arrowsmith – Ray June
 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – Karl Strauss
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82" | Cel mai bun mixaj sonor
! style="background:#EEDD82" | Cel mai bun scurt metraj de animație
|-
| valign="top" width="50%"|Paramount Publix Studio Sound Department MGM Studio Sound Department
 RKO Radio Studio Sound Department
 Walt Disney Productions
 Warner Bros First National Studio Sound Department
| valign="top" width="50%"|Flowers and Trees – Walt Disney, Walt Disney Production, United Artists
 It's got me again! – Leon Schlesinger, Leon Schlesinger Production, Warner Bros
 Mickey's Orphans - Walt Disney, Walt Disney Production, Columbia Pictures''
 |}
 Premiul onorific al Academiei Walt Disney – pentru crearea lui Mickey Mouse
 Multiple nominalizări și premii

Următoarele șapte filme au primit mai multe nominalizări:
 4 nominalizări: Arrowsmith și The Champ
 3 nominalizări: Shanghai Express, Bad Girl și Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
 2 nominalizări: The Guardsman

Următoarele două filme au primit mai multe premii:
 2 premii''': Bad Girl și The Champ

Note

1932 în film
1932 în Statele Unite ale Americii
! 1932

Oscar 1932


In der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Rothensee sind alle Kulturdenkmale des zur Stadt Magdeburg gehörenden Stadtteils Rothensee aufgelistet. Grundlage ist das Denkmalverzeichnis des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt, das auf Basis des Denkmalschutzgesetzes vom 21. Oktober 1991 erstellt und seither laufend ergänzt wurde (Stand: 31. Dezember 2020).

Kulturdenkmale

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Legende

Literatur
 Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt, Band 14, Landeshauptstadt Magdeburg, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie, Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-86568-531-5

Weblinks

 Digitales Denkmalverzeichnis der Stadt Magdeburg
 Kleine Anfrage und Antwort Olaf Meister (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), Prof. Dr. Claudia Dalbert (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), Kultusministerium 19.03.2015 Drucksache 6/3905 (KA 6/8670) Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt
 Denkmalinformationssystem Sachsen-Anhalt

Einzelnachweise

Rothensee

Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Rothensee


Jean Amédée Hoerni (September 26, 1924 – January 12, 1997) was a Swiss-born American engineer. He was a silicon transistor pioneer, and a member of the "traitorous eight". He developed the planar process, an important technology for reliably fabricating and manufacturing semiconductor devices, such as transistors and integrated circuits.

Biography
Hoerni was born on September 26, 1924, in Geneva, Switzerland. He received his B.S. in Mathematics from the University of Geneva and two Ph.D.s in physics; one from the University of Geneva and the other from the University of Cambridge.

In 1952, he moved to the United States to work at the California Institute of Technology, where he became acquainted with William Shockley, a physicist at Bell Labs who was intimately involved with the creation of the transistor.

A few years later, Shockley recruited Hoerni to work with him at the newly founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory division of Beckman Instruments in Mountain View, California. But Shockley's strange behavior compelled the so-called "traitorous eight" (Hoerni, Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce and Sheldon Roberts) to leave his laboratory and create the Fairchild Semiconductor corporation.

In 1958, Hoerni attended an Electrochemical Society meeting, where Bell Labs engineer Mohamed Atalla presented a paper about the passivation of p–n junctions by oxide, and demonstrated silicon dioxide's passivating effect on a silicon surface. Hoerni was intrigued, and came up with the concept of planar technology one morning while thinking about Atalla's device. Taking advantage of silicon dioxide's passivating effect on the silicon surface, Hoerni proposed to make transistors that were protected by a layer of silicon dioxide.

The planar process was invented by Jean Hoerni, with his first patent filed in May 1959. The planar process was critical in the invention of Silicon Integrated circuit by Robert Noyce. Noyce built on Hoerni's work with his conception of an integrated circuit, which added a layer of metal to the top of Hoerni's basic structure to connect different components, such as transistors, capacitors, or resistors, located on the same piece of silicon. The planar process provided a powerful way of implementing an integrated circuit that was superior to earlier conceptions of the device. With Noyce, Jack Kilby from Texas Instruments is usually credited with the invention of the integrated circuit, but Kilby's IC was based on Germanium. As it turns out, Silicon ICs have numerous advantages over germanium. The name "Silicon Valley" refers to this silicon.

Along with the "traitorous eight" alumni Jay Last and Sheldon Roberts, Hoerni founded Amelco (known now as Teledyne) in 1961.

In 1964, he founded Union Carbide Electronics, and in 1967, he founded Intersil, where he became a pioneer of low-voltage CMOS-Integrated Circuits.

He was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1969 and the McDowell Award in 1972.

Hoerni died of myelofibrosis on January 12, 1997, in Seattle, Washington. He was 72.

Personal life
He was married to Anne Marie Hoerni and had three children: Annie Blackwell, Susan Killham, and Michael Hoerni. He had one brother, Marc Hoerni.   His second marriage to Ruth Carmona also ended in divorce. Hoerni married Jennifer Wilson in 1993.

Philanthropy
An avid mountain climber, Hoerni often visited the Karakoram Mountains in Pakistan and was moved by the poverty of the Balti mountain people who lived there. He contributed the lion's share, $30,000, to Greg Mortenson's project to build a school in the remote village of Korphe, and later founded the Central Asia Institute with an endowment of $1 million to continue providing services for them after his death. Hoerni named Greg Mortenson as the first Executive Director of the organization, which continues to build schools in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

In December 2007, an article was published by Michael Riordan on Hoerni and his planar process in IEEE Spectrum. The author claimed that Jay Last pointed out that Hoerni had incredible stamina and could hike for hours on little food or water.

Patents

 1962, U.S. Patent 3,025,589 A (Espanet) «Method of manufacturing semiconductor devices», assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
 1962, U.S. Patent 3,064,167 A (Espanet) «Semiconductor device», assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
 1963, U.S. Patent 3,108,914 A (Espanet), «Transistor manufacturing process», assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.

References

1924 births
1997 deaths
Swiss emigrants to the United States
Silicon Valley people
American computer businesspeople
American mountain climbers
20th-century American businesspeople
Swiss expatriates in the United Kingdom
Scientists at Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory

Jean Hoerni


Dânişmendnâme; Anadolu'nun fethini ve bu mücadelenin kahramanlarını anlatan, 12. yüzyılda sözlü olarak şekillenen 13. yüzyılda yazıya geçirilen İslâmî Türk destanlarındandır.  XI. Yüzyılda yaşamış Türk devlet adamı Melik Dânişmend Gazi'nin hayatını, savaşlarını, Anadolu'daki bazı şehirlerin fethini ve çeşitli kerametlerini anlatmaktadır. Danişmendnâme'de hikâye edilen olayların tarihi gerçeklere uygunluğu, kahramanlarının yaşamış Türk beyleri olmalarından, Anadolu coğrafyasının gerçek isimleriyle anılmasından dolayı uzun süre tarih kitabı olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Köroğlu metni destan adıyla anılmakla ve bazı destanî niteliklere de sahip olmakla birlikte XX. yüzyılda Anadolu'dan derlenen örnekleri daha çok halk hikâyesi geleneğine yakındır. Anadolu'da hikâyeci âşıklar tarafından 24 kol halinde anlatılır.

Dânişmendnâme'nin Anlamı
Dânişmend Gazi Destanı'nın yazılışını üç aşamada incelemek gerekmektedir. Eser, üç ayrı müellif tarafından farklı yüzyıllarda kaleme alınmıştır. İlk olarak, Mevlânâ İbn-i Ala tarafından II. İzzeddin Keykavus zamanında, yine onun emriyle H.642/M.1244-45 tarihinde te'lif edildiği tahmin edilmektedir. Bugün elimizde bulunan Dânişmend Gazi Destanı nüshaları, Tokat Kalesi dizdarı  Arif Ali tarafından, Mevlânâ İbn-i Alâ'nın te'lif ettiği eser yeniden kaleme alınarak vücut bulmuştur. İkinci konusunda da kesin bir tarih yoktur. Ancak birçok araştırmacı H.762/M.1360-61 tarihinde, yani I. Murat devrinde kaleme alındığı konusunda birleşir. Eserin üçüncü safhası ise XVI. yüzyıl tarihçilerinden Gelibolu'lu Mustafa Alî'nin Mirkatü'l-cihâd'ı dır. Gelibolulu, adı geçen eserini, Arif Ali'nin kaleme aldığı Dânişmend Gazi Destanı'nın nüshalarından birini esas alarak yazmıştır.

Hem tarihi olayların hem de metinlerin yazıya geçirilişi açısından Dânişmend Gazi Destanı, Battal Gazi Destanı ve Saltık Gazi Destanı zincirinin ikinci halkasını oluşturur. Dânişmend Gazi Destanı, Battal Gazi Destanı'nın tamam olduğunu, Battal Gazi ve gaza arkadaşlarının ebediyete intikal ettiğini bildiren cümlelerle başlar.

Eserin şimdiye kadar on dokuz nüshası tespit edilmiştir. Arif Ali'nin kaleme aldığı Dânişmend Gazi Destanı Oğuzcanın Anadolu'da hakim duruma geçtiği yıllarda yazılmıştır ve oldukça sadedir.

Dânişmend Gazi Destanı, on yedi meclisten oluşan büyük bir eserdir. Eserde bulunan meclisler müstakil olmakla beraber birbirinin devamı niteliğindedir. Yani konular hep birbirini takip etmektedir ve meclislerin tamamı bir bütünü oluşturmaktadır. Baştan sona kadar nazım-nesir iç içe olan eser, bu yönüyle incelendiğinde türünün diğer örnekleri olan Battal Gazi Destanı ve Saltık Gazi Destanı'ndan farklılık gösterir.

Başta Paris olmak üzere, eserin bazı nüshaları Dânişmend Gazi'nin Malatya'dan fetihler yapmak için çıkış tarihini, hicrî 360 yılı, Recep ayının bir Cuma günü olarak gösterir. Bu, miladi takvimde 971 yılına rastlar. Bu tarihte Malatya'dan Türklerin sefere ordu çıkaracak kadar nüfusa sahip olmadığı aşikârdır. Bu yanlışlık Muallim Cevdet ve diğer bazı nüshalarda gün ve ay aynı olmakla beraber hicrî 460 olarak düzeltilmiştir. Bu tarih ise Miladi takvimde 1068 yılına rastlamaktadır. Bu, İbn-i Ala ve Arif Ali'nin yazdığı eserlerde de 460 geçtiğini düşündürmektedir. 1068 tarihi gerçeklere de uymaktadır. Bundan sonra destanda hiç tarih geçmez. Ancak eserde zaman, vak'a ve mekân ilişkileri müellif tarafından ustalıkla gösterilmiştir. Bu ilişkiler iyi bir incelemeye tâbi tutulduğunda zaman ve tarihlerin gerçeğe uyup uymadığı konusunda araştırma yapılabilir.

Eserin sonunda, Selçuklu Hanedanı'nın tahtında Sultan Rükneddin'in bulunduğu kaydedilmiştir. Bu da tarih olarak 1262 ile 1266 yılları arasına rastlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla destan yaklaşık 200 yıllık bir dönemi içermektedir.

Dânişmend Gazi Destanı'nda olayların geçtiği rivayet edilen mekânların tamamının gerçek olduğu söylenebilir. Diğer Anadolu destanları Battal Gazi Destanı ve Saltık Gazi Destanı'nda olduğu gibi efsane ve masal ülkelerine ya da mekânlarına rastlanmaz. Yer isimleri incelendiğinde olayların tamamının Anadolu'da geçtiği görülür ve büyük bir kısmı da tarihi olaylarla uyumludur. Malatya'dan fetihler yapmak için harekete geçen Türk ordusu; Kayseri, Ankara ve Kastamonu çizgisinin  kuzeyinde kalan ve Karadeniz'e kadar olan kısmı fetheder. Destanda bu bölge içerisinde bulunan şehirleri ve diğer bazı yerleri eski ve yeni ismimlerle kaydetmekle ve günümüze ulaştırmıştır. Bu coğrafya içinde kalan Sivas, Tokat (Dükiyye), Kayseri (Kayseriyye), Kastamonu (Kastamonuyye vaya İsneboliyye),  Bolu (Boliyye), Çorum (Yankoniyye), Gömenek (Sisiyye), Amasya (Amasiyye ve Haraşna), Canik, Osmancık (Eflanus), Ankara (Engüriyye veya Ma'muriyye), Gümüşhacıköy (Gümüş şehri), Niksar (Harsanosiyye),  Karahisar, Zile (Karkariyye), Turhal (Kaşan), Malatya (Malatiyye), Çankırı(Mankuriyye), Sinop (Sinobiyye), Samsun (Samiyye), Anadolu (Rum) bizzat hâdiselerin geçtikleri yer veya yerler olarak defalarca zikredilir. Bu coğrafya dışında kalan İstanbul (Kostantiniyye)'un zaman zaman zikredilmesi, buranın Türkler tarafından fethedilmesi hayalinin tarihi seyrinin bir parçasıdır.

Zaman zaman daha da ayrıntıya inilerek bu şehirler içinde bulunan ve olayların  geçtiği yerlerdeki kale, ve köylerin isimlerini verir. Özellikle Tokat ve Tokat'a yakın olan yerlerde olan olaylar anlatılırken çok ayrıntıya inilir ve mekânların tasvirlerini yapılar. Yalnızca Tokat'a mahsus bu ayrıntıyı müellifin bu bölgeden olmasına veya buraları iyi tanımasına bağlamaktayız. Ayrıca bu bölgede bulunan akarsuları, dolayısıyla Kızılırmak ve Yeşilırmak'ı eski ve yeni isimleriyle zikreder. Horasan, Bağdat, Halep ve Şam ise Türklerin ilişki içerisinde bulunduğu mekânlardır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Danişmend Gazi
 Danişmendliler

Kitaplar
 Necati Demir, Dânişmend-name, Part One, (Critical Edition), Published at The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Harvard University, Harvard 2002, 215 s.
 Necati Demir, Dânişmend-name, Part Two, (Turkish Translation), Published at The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Harvard University, Harvard 2002, 216 s.
 Necati Demir, Dânişmend-name, Part Three, (Linguistic Analysis and Glossary), Published at The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Harvard University, Harvard 2001, 229 s.
 Necati Demir, Dânişmend-name, Part Four, (Facsimile), Published at The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Harvard University, Harvard 2002, 263 s.
 Necati Demir, Dânişmend Gazi Destanı, Hece Yayınevi, Ankara 2006.

Türk destanları
Danişmendliler

Dânişmendnâme


كلاوس شولتسه (4 أغسطس 1947 - 26 أبريل 2022)، (Klaus Schulze) هو مؤلف ألماني للموسيقى الإلكترونية. وقد استعمل أيضا في السابق لقب ريتشارد فاهنفريت. وقد كان في فترة وجيزة عضوا في فرقة تانجرين دريم ثم أش را تمبل قبل أن يستقل بذاته في مشوار منفرد اشتمل على أكثر من 40 ألبوما على مدى ثلاثة عقود.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

فرق موسيقية من برلين
فنانو آيلاندز ريكوردز
كراوتروك
مواليد 1947
مواليد في برلين
موسيقيو إلكترونية ألمان
موسيقيو ترانس ألمان
موسيقيون ألمان في القرن 20
موسيقيون ألمان في القرن 21
موسيقيون من برلين

كلاوس شولتسه


More Music er en serie af opsamlingsalbum udgivet af Universal Music, Sony Music, og disco:wax.

More Summer

Christmas-serie

Serien hed tidligere Absolute Christmas (1996–2001, 2006) og NOW Christmas (2002–05, 2007–12).
I årene 2010, 2011, og 2012 udkom både More Christmas og NOW Christmas, dog var det kun NOW Christmas der havde det karakteristiske blå snelandskab på coveret.

Andre
More Fitness (2013)

Kilder

Opsamlingsalbum

More Music


Beşikdüzü Kültür, Sanat ve Deniz Festivali, Trabzon'un Beşikdüzü ilçesinde 2001 yılından itibaren her yıl düzenlenen bir festivaldir.

Tarihçe
Trabzon'un batı sahillerinden Giresun'a kadar uzanan sahil şeridinde, kökeni Orta Asya'ya dayanan ve Anadolu'nun fethi sırasında yöreye yerleşen Çepni Türkleri'nin günümüze taşıdığı mayıs yedisi şenlikleri yaklaşık 4000 yıldır geleneksel olarak kutlanmaktadır.
Mayıs Yedisi şenlikleri, ilkbahar sonunda yaylalara çıkma zamanının geldiğini bildiren bir gelenektir. Yaylalara çıkacak olanlar bu günde sahile iner, büyükbaş hayvanlarını denizde yıkar, bahara veda eğlenceleri yapar ve temizlenen hayvanlarıyla birlikte yaylalara çıkarlardı. Yaylalara çıkmayanlar için de bir eğlence kültürü yaşatılırdı.

20 Mayıs 2000 tarihinde, mayıs yedisi şenlikleri kapsamında, kapasitelerin çok üzerinde yolcu alan iki balıkçı teknesinin alabora olması sonucunda 38 kişinin hayatını kaybettiği deniz kazasının ardından, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçişleri Bakanlığı bu gibi şenliklerde ne gibi tedbirler alınması gerektiği yönünde bir genelge yayınladı ve dönemin ilçe kaymakamı Yaşar Karadeniz'in genelgenin hayata geçirilmesine yönelik olarak yürüttüğü çalışmalarda, bu tür bir olayın yeniden yaşanmaması için şenliklerin organize bir biçimde yapılması gerektiği düşüncesi öne çıktı. Bu düşünceden hareketle 20 Mayıs tarihini de içine alacak şekilde 18-19-20 Mayıs tarihlerinde ilçede Beşikdüzü Kültür Sanat ve Deniz Festivali düzenlenmesi ve mayıs yedisi geleneğinin festival etkinlikleri kapsamında yaşatılması kararlaştırıldı.

Deniz Kazasında Hayatını Kaybedenler
 Kamil KAYA (1977)
 Sefer ALIŞKAN (1983)
 Cengiz AYGÜN (1973)
 Muhammet YAYLI (1971)
 Osman ALKURT (1968)
 Mehmet GÖREN (1993)
 Gülüzar YAYLI (1977)
 Murat PARLAK (1972)
 Behice KIRAN (1964)
 Burcu KAHYA (1986)
 Okan KAHYA (1980)
 Çiğdem GÜNEŞ (1977)
 Ergün ÇOBAN (1964)
 Kaan Nadir GÜNEŞ (1997)
 Hava YAVUZ (1961)
 Nuray DEMİRTAŞ (1983)
 Şahsenem GÜNDOĞDU (1982)
 Emine AL (1949)
 Yılmaz AL (1976)
 Melda KIRAN (1989)
 Seyhan DURMUŞ (1973)
 Sevil ÇELİK (1958)
 Fatma ÖZTÜRKOĞLU (1935)
 Ayten YILMAZ (1964)
 Meryem YAYLI (1934)
 Emine YILMAZ (1970)
 Bilal YANIK (1965)
 Fatma BAHADIR (1983)
 Hanife YANIK (1972)
 Şükran BAHADIR (1961)
 Sevim GÖREN (1959)
 Gülüzar KAHYA (1952)
 Havva ÖZKAN (1949)
 Gönül YANIK (1979)
 Gamze YAYLI (1995)
 Zekiye YAYLI (1975)
 Mehmet ALKURT (1978)
 Ali ÇOBAN (1971)

Dış bağlantılar
 Beşikdüzü Belediyesi resmi sitesi
 Şalpazarı sitesi "Mayıs Yedisi Şenlikleri"
 Espiye Belediyesi resmi sitesi "Mayıs Yedisi Şenlikleri"
 Geyikli Belediyesi resmi sitesi "Mayıs Yedisi Şenlikleri" üzerine bir makale

Trabzon ilinde kültür
Beşikdüzü
Türkiye'deki kültür festivalleri

Beşikdüzü Şenliği