Francesco Hayez (10 Şubat 1791, Venedik - 21 Aralık 1882, Milano), 19. yüzyıldaki Romantizm döneminin en önemli sanatçılarından biriydi. Büyük ve tarihi resimleri ile, politikaya dokundurmalarıyla ve oldukça detaylı ve düzgün portreleriyle tanınırdı.

Hayez oldukça fakir bir aileden geliyordu. Babası Fransız kökenli iken; annesi Chiara Torcella ise Morano'dandı. Francisco, beş kardeşin en küçüğüydü ve zengin armatör ve sanat koleksiyoncusu Giovanni Binasco ile evlenen annesinin kardeşi tarafından büyütüldü. Çocukluğundan beri çizmeye hevesliydi, ve amcası ona eski eserleri nasıl restore edebileceğini öğretti. Daha sonra, Francisco Magiotto'nun öğrencisi oldu ve O'na 3 yıl boyunca çıraklık etti. 1806'da Güzel Sanatlar Yeni Akademisi'ne kabul oldu ve orada Teodoro Matteini'den dersler aldı. 1809'da Venedik Akademisi'nin yarışmasını kazanarak Roma'daki Accademia di San Lucia'da bir yıl eğitim hakkı kazandı. 1814'e kadar Roma'da kaldı ve buradan Napoli'ye taşındı. Burada Joachim Murat'a çalıştı. 1850'de Brera Akademi'sinin başına atandı.

Hayez'in kariyerini tanımlamak çoğu zaman zordur, lakin eserlerine genelde imza ve tarih atmazdı. Çoğu zaman eserin ne zaman yapıldığı, satıldığı veyahut da elde edildiği güne değindi; çizildiği güne değin değil. Birçok kez de, aynı eseri birkaç kez küçük değişikliklerle çizdi, bazılarında da hiçbir fark olmadan. İlk eserleri İngres ve Nazarene hareketinden ilham alırken, son eserleri de Klasik canlanma üzerinedir.

Tanınmış Eserleri

 Scaglieri Mahkûmu Petro Rosso (1820)
 Sicilyalı Akşam Duaları (1822)
 Kudüs Tapınağı'nın Yıkılışı (1867)
 Marin Faliero Portresi (1867)
 Harem Penceresinde Çiçek Vazosu (1881)
 Öpücük (1859)

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar

 Daha fazla bilgi
 The Kiss Zoomable digital reproduction of the masterpiece of Hayez

Akademik sanat
1791 doğumlular
1882 yılında ölenler
Venedik doğumlular
Klasik ressamlar
18. yüzyıl İtalyan ressamları
19. yüzyıl İtalyan ressamları
İtalyan portre ressamları
Brera Akademisi öğretim üyeleri
Fransız asıllı İtalyanlar
İtalyan romantik ressamlar

Francesco Hayez


Evrencik, Kırklareli ilinin Vize ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski adı 1901 yılı kayıtlarında bugünkü adını, 1905 yılı kayıtlarında ise bugünkü adının yanı sıra Sofidos olup, Yunanca'da "sofides",  "sofiler" anlamına gelmektedir.

1924 mübadelesine kadar bir Rum köyü olan Evrencik mübadele sonrasında Selanik Drama'dan gelen Pomak asıllı göçmenlerin yerleştiği bir köy olmuştur. Yerleşimcilerin çoğunluğu Drama'nın Ilıca (Halıköy) ve Hıdırköy köylerinden gelenlerdir. Daha sonra Yunanistan, Bulgaristan, Yugoslavya ve Arnavutluk'tan gelen göçmenler de olmuştur.

Köy 1960'lı yıllarda göç vermeye başlamış ve nüfusu azalmıştır. İstanbul, Çerkezköy ve Kapaklı bölgelerine göçen köylüler, ekonomik gelirlerinin artması sonucunda köyde yazları kalabilecekleri evler yapmaya başlamıştır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Kırklareli il merkezine 63 km, Vize ilçe merkezine 17 km uzaklıktadır. Köy Vize'nin kuzeybatısında,  numaralı Vize-Sergen il yolu üzerindedir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Vize belde ve köyleri

Evrencik, Vize


Floriography (language of flowers) is a means of cryptological communication through the use or arrangement of flowers. Meaning has been attributed to flowers for thousands of years, and some form of floriography has been practiced in traditional cultures throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. Plants and flowers are used as symbols in the Hebrew Bible, particularly of love and lovers in the Song of Songs, as an emblem for the Israelite people, and for the coming Messiah.

Interest in floriography soared in Victorian England and in the United States during the 19th century. Gifts of blooms, plants, and specific floral arrangements were used to send a coded message to the recipient, allowing the sender to express feelings which could not be spoken aloud in Victorian society. Armed with floral dictionaries, Victorians often exchanged small "talking bouquets", called nosegays or tussie-mussies, which could be worn or carried as a fashion accessory.

History

According to Jayne Alcock, grounds and gardens supervisor at the Walled Gardens of Cannington, the renewed Victorian era interest in the language of flowers finds its roots in Ottoman Turkey, specifically the court in Constantinople and an obsession it held with tulips during the first half of the 18th century. During the Victorian age, the use of flowers as a means of covert communication coincided with a growing interest in botany. The floriography craze was introduced to Europe by the Englishwoman Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762), who brought it to England in 1717, and Aubry de La Mottraye (1674–1743), who introduced it to the Swedish court in 1727. Joseph Hammer-Purgstall's  (1809) appears to be the first published list associating flowers with symbolic definitions, while the first dictionary of floriography appears in 1819 when Louise Cortambert, writing under pen name Madame Charlotte de la Tour, wrote .

Robert Tyas was a popular British flower writer, publisher, and clergyman, who lived from 1811 to 1879; his book, The Sentiment of Flowers; or, Language of Flora, first published in 1836 and reprinted by various publishing houses at least through 1880, was billed as an English version of Charlotte de la Tour's book.

In the United States the first appearance of the language of flowers in print was in the writings of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, a French-American naturalist, who wrote on-going features under the title "The School of Flora", from 1827 through 1828, in the weekly Saturday Evening Post and monthly Casket; or Flowers of Literature, Wit, and Sentiment. These pieces contained the botanic, English and French names of the plant, a description of the plant, an explanation of its Latin names, and the flower's emblematic meaning. However, the first books on floriography were Elizabeth Wirt's Flora's Dictionary and Dorothea Dix's The Garland of Flora, both of which were published in 1829, though Wirt's book had been issued in an unauthorized edition in 1828.

During its peak in the United States, the language of flowers attracted the attention of popular writers and editors. Sarah Josepha Hale, longtime editor of the Ladies' Magazine and co-editor of Godey's Lady's Book, edited Flora's Interpreter in 1832; it continued in print through the 1860s. Catharine H. Waterman Esling wrote a long poem titled "The Language of Flowers", which first appeared in 1839 in her own language of flowers book, Flora's Lexicon; it continued in print through the 1860s. Lucy Hooper, an editor, novelist, poet, and playwright, included several of her flower poems in The Lady's Book of Flowers and Poetry, first published in 1841. Frances Sargent Osgood, a poet and friend of Edgar Allan Poe, first published The Poetry of Flowers and Flowers of Poetry in 1841, and it continued in print through the 1860s.

Meanings
The significance assigned to specific flowers in Western culture varied – nearly every flower had multiple associations, listed in the hundreds of floral dictionaries – but a consensus of meaning for common blooms has emerged. Often, definitions derive from the appearance or behavior of the plant itself. For example, the mimosa, or sensitive plant, represents chastity. This is because the leaves of the mimosa close at night, or when touched. Likewise, the deep red rose and its thorns have been used to symbolize both the blood of Christ and the intensity of romantic love, while the rose's five petals are thought to illustrate the five crucifixion wounds of Christ. Pink roses imply a lesser affection, white roses suggest virtue and chastity, and yellow roses stand for friendship or devotion. The black rose (in nature, a very dark shade of red, purple, or maroon, or may be dyed) may be associated with death and darkness due to the traditional (Western) connotations of the shade.

"A woman also had to be pretty precise about where she wore flowers. Say, for instance, a suitor had sent her a tussie-mussie ( nosegay). If she pinned it to the 'cleavage of bosom', that would be bad news for him, since that signified friendship. Ah, but if she pinned it over her heart, 'That was an unambiguous declaration of love'."

Later authors inspired by this tradition created lists that associate a birthday flower with each day of the year.

In literature
William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, and children's novelist Frances Hodgson Burnett, among others, used the language of flowers in their writings.
Shakespeare used the word "flower" more than 100 times in his plays and sonnets. In Hamlet, Ophelia mentions the symbolic meanings of flowers and herbs as she hands them to other characters in Act 4, Scene 5: pansies, rosemary, fennel, lilies, columbine, rue and daisy. She regrets she has no violets, she says, "... but they wither'd all when my father died". In The Winter's Tale, the princess Perdita wishes that she had violets, daffodils, and primroses to make garlands for her friends. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, Oberon talks to his messenger Puck amidst a scene of wild flowers.

In J. K. Rowling's 1997 novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Professor Severus Snape uses the language of flowers to express regret and mourning for the death of Lily Potter, his childhood friend and Harry Potter's mother, according to Pottermore.

Flowers are often used as a symbol of femininity. John Steinbeck's short story "The Chrysanthemums" centers around the yellow florets, which are often associated with optimism and lost love. When the protagonist, Elisa, finds her beloved chrysanthemums tossed on the ground, her hobby and womanhood have been ruined; this suffices the themes of lost appreciation and femininity in Steinbeck's work.

In art
Several Anglican churches in England have paintings, sculpture, or stained glass windows of the lily crucifix, depicting Christ crucified on or holding a lily. One example is a window at The Clopton Chantry Chapel Church in Long Melford, Suffolk, England, UK.

The Victorian Pre-Raphaelites, a group of 19th-century painters and poets who aimed to revive the purer art of the late medieval period, captured classic notions of beauty romantically. These artists are known for their idealistic portrayal of women, emphasis on nature and morality, and use of literature and mythology. Flowers laden with symbolism figure prominently in much of their work. John Everett Millais, a founder of the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood, used oils to create pieces filled with naturalistic elements and rich in floriography. His painting Ophelia (1852) depicts Shakespeare's drowned stargazer floating amid the flowers she describes in Act IV, Scene V of Hamlet.
The Edwardian artist John Singer Sargent spent much time painting outdoors in the English countryside, frequently utilizing floral symbolism. Sargent's first major success came in 1887, with Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, a large piece painted on site in the plein air manner, of two young girls lighting lanterns in an English garden.

Contemporary artist Whitney Lynn created a site-specific project for the San Diego International Airport employing floriography, utilizing flowers' ability to communicate messages that otherwise would be restricted or difficult to speak aloud. Lynn previously created a work, Memorial Bouquet, utilizing floral symbolism for the San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery. Based on Dutch Golden Age still-life painting, the flowers in the arrangement represent countries that have been sites of US military operations and conflicts.

See also
  – Japanese flower language
 Plant symbolism
 Floral emblem
 Sub rosa

Notes and references

Further reading

History of the Language of Flowers, a chapter excerpted from the book Flowers, the Angels' Alphabet by Susan Loy, 2001.
The Victorian Language of Flowers - Occasional Papers volume 10, Occasional Papers of the RHS Lindley Library, volume 10, April 2013. Gives a full overview of the topic and a comparison of the meanings of flowers from a selection of language of flowers books in the RHS Lindley Libraries.
Scans of 19th-century books on the language of flowers:
Charlotte de La Tour (in French), Le langage des fleurs, 7e éd., Paris : Garnier Frères, 1858. At Google books.
Kate Greenaway (illustration), Language of Flowers, n.d. Via the Internet Archive.
Nehemiah Cleaveland, The Flowers Personified, New York: R Martin, 1849. Via the Internet Archive

Victorian culture

Language of flowers


Margarida Maria Pompéia Gioielli ( – ) foi uma psicóloga e escritora brasileira.

Vida
Era conhecida e assinava seus livros como Magui.

Nasceu em 1944, filha do professor emérito do Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Paulus Aulus Pompeia, e da a assistente social Wanda Mattos Pimenta Pompéia. Magui foi a terceira entre doze irmãos, e brincava de ensinar aos mais novos. Trabalhou pela educação de crianças, na ONG Aldeias Infantis SOS e na Associação Labor Educacional, desde a fundação dessas entidades. Mãe de quatro filhos, também foi autora de diversos livros infantis e de educação.

Magui formou-se em psicologia na Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Participou do projeto Aldeia SOS em Rio Bonito desde a formação, em 1982, do projeto até perto de 2007[1]. Esse projeto faz parte de uma organização austríaca, iniciada em 1949 por Hermann Gmeiner. Segundo Helena Cruz,"(...) nos primeiros anos de funcionamento a Aldeia do Rio Bonito desenvolveu seu projeto inspirada na proposta de Herman Gmeiner, porém não pertencia à organização internacional das Aldeias e os pilares da instituição foram sendo construídos, principalmente, com as práticas dos primeiros responsáveis, notadamente Karin Essler e Margarida Gioielli, as tias Karin e Magui, quase sempre presentes nos relatos de adultos que foram lá criados, nessa época."Sua participação é lembrada por uma das atendidas da Aldeia, como:"(...) tia Magui era bacana. Ela conversava muito com a gente, ela tentava, ela era atacadinha, ela era uma super mãe assim, ela dava bronca, colocava de castigo, mas ela brigava muito por causa da gente, isso era muito legal..".Em 1991 é fundada a Associação Educacional Labor, uma instituição sem fins lucrativos, que propõe uma proposta pedagógica diferenciada visando evitar a evasão escolar de crianças com histórico de fracasso escolar. Magui participa dessa iniciativa, formando professores e participando da Proposta Pedagógica Labor. A Labor também atuava na Aldeia SOS em Rio Bonito e a Labor Escola de Primeiro Grau Hermann Gmeiner.

Como autora, Magui escreveu livros diversos livros infantis, com finalidade educativa e de transmissão de valores. Iniciou com histórias para crianças em 1970, na antiga Revista Recreio, da Editora Abril. Segundo o site da Associação Educacional Labor,"As histórias de Magui podem ser usadas por pais e educadores para contribuir na formação de valores importantes e de habilidades sócio-emocionais de crianças e adolescentes."Em 2008 foi co-signatária da Carta de Princípios Nacional da Rede Românticos Conspiradores, que prega uma educação baseada nos princípios de Integralidade, Solidariedade, Diversidade, Realidade, Democracia e Dignidade.

Morte
Desde 2019, Magui desenvolveu uma doença nos nervos motores e piorou gradativamente. Ela morreu em 5 de janeiro  de 2022, aos 77 anos.

Livros da autora

 2021 - Luiz Gama, a saga de um libertador
 2021 - Educação - Fascínio e Responsabilidade
 2019 - Contos e historias quase verdadeiras
 2019 - Contos Diversos
 2019 - Itiro
 2019 - Sessões ou secções de psicanálise
 2019 - Jesse Owens
 2018 - O valor do homem
 2017 - Karin: Uma história verdadeira
 2016 - Contação de Estórias para Ouvidores de Causos
 2016 - De Letra em Letra
 2016 - A Maior Coragem
 2016 - No jardim de Margarida
 2014 - Contos de Natal
 2014 - A Vida de José de Anchieta para Crianças

Referências
Pedagogos do Brasil

Escritoras do Brasil

Margarida Maria Pompéia Gioielli


Sarah Siddons kao tragična muza (engleski: Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse) je slavno ulje na platnu koje je 1784. godine naslikao tada najutjecajniji engleski slikar, Joshua Reynolds.

Ova slika ima dvostruko tumačenje. Prvo je da je umjetniku kao inspiracija za sliku bila glumica Sarah Siddons koja je glumila u Shakespeareovim dramama u 18. stoljeću, a najpoznatija joj je uloga bila Lady Macbeth. Drugo tumačenje je da je umjetnik bio motiviran grčkom i rimskom mitologijom, te je za portret uzeo jednu od devet muza. Melpomena je u grčkoj mitologiji bila Zeusova kćer i muza pjesme, a negdje se navodi i kao muza tragedije.
Reynolds je naslikao Sarah koja se očito nalazi u konfliktu, ali s velikom dozom elegancije i gracioznosti. Njezina haljina je mješavina žute, svijetle i tamne smeđe boje što daje dojam realnosti. Reynoldsova tehnika za ovu kompoziciju snažno se oslanjala na njegove efekte rasvjete te podebljane obrise koji pojačavali prirodni sklad. Muza je u punom svjetlu i njezina se prisutnost hrabro navodi pomoću ove tehnike. Reynolds je koristio elemente crne i svijetle narančaste kroz cijelu sliku time naglašavajući dvije sjedeće figure iza Sarah; metafore "tuge" i "straha". Ove figure naslikane su u "glatkim mekim linijama" što ih čini da izgledaju kao skulpture u klasicističkoj odjeći, koje kao da se uklapaju sa smeđom, olujnom pozadinom.

Izvori

 Gill Perry: Spectacular Flirtations; Viewing the Actress in British Art and Theatre 1768-1820. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007.

Slike iz 18. stoljeća

Sarah Siddons kao tragična muza


Sparda-Bank (tysk forkortelse for Spar- und Darlehnskasse) har flere betydninger:

Tyskland
 Sparda-Bank (Tyskland)
 Sparda-Bank Augsburg
 Sparda-Bank Baden-Württemberg
 Sparda-Bank Berlin
 Sparda-Bank Hamburg
 Sparda-Bank Hannover
 Sparda-Bank Hessen
 Sparda-Bank München
 Sparda-Bank Münster
 Sparda-Bank Nürnberg
 Sparda-Bank Ostbayern
 Sparda-Bank Südwest
 Sparda-Bank West

Østrig
 Sparda-Bank Austria

Sparda-Bank


Stranger Things je američka znanstveno-fantastična televizijska serija čiji su kreatori braća Duffer, a koja se emitira na Netflixu. Braća su također i izvršni producenti serije skupa sa Shawnom Levyjem i Danom Cohenom. Serija je svoju premijeru imala na Netflixu dana 15. srpnja 2016. godine kada je emitirana kompletna prva sezona. Radnjom smještena u izmišljeni gradić Hawkins u državi Indiana tijekom 80-ih godina 20-og stoljeća, prva sezona serije fokusirana je na istragu oko nestanka mladog dječaka te nadnaravnih događaja koji se događaju u i oko gradića kao i na djevojčicu psihokinetičkih sposobnosti. U seriji nastupa veliki glumački ansambl predvođen Winonom Ryder, Davidom Harbourom, Finnom Wolfhardom, Millie Bobby Brown, Gateom Matarazzom, Calebom McLaughlinom, Noahom Schnappom, Natalijom Dyer, Charliejem Heatonom, Joem Keeryjem i Carom Buono.

Braća Duffer razvila su seriju kao mješavinu drame i nadnaravnih elemenata s posebnim naglaskom na senzibilitet djetinjstva, a postavili su je u prvu polovicu 80-ih godina 20. stoljeća na taj način stvorivši svojevrsnu posvetu pop-kulturi tog vremena. Određene teme i redateljski aspekti inspirirani su, između ostalih, radovima Stevena Spielberga, Johna Carpentera i Stephena Kinga kao i animeom te videoigrama. Svoju inspiraciju su također crpili i iz čudnih eksperimenata koji su se odvijali tijekom hladnog rata te stvarnim teorijama urote koje su uključivale tajne vladine eksperimente.

Serija Stranger Things privukla je rekordan broj gledatelja na Netflixu, a također ima i široku, iznimno aktivnu i međunarodnu bazu obožavatelja. Serija je pobrala kritičarske hvalospjeve za karakterizaciju likova, ritam, atmosferu, glumu, soundtrack, režiju, scenarij te posvetu filmovima iz 80-ih. Serija je osvojila niz priznanja i nominacija uključujući 31 nominaciju za prestižnu televizijsku nagradu Emmy, četiri nominacije za Zlatni globus, nominaciju za nagradu Britanske televizijske akademije, dvije nominacije Udruženja redatelja Amerike, tri nominacije Udruženja scenarista Amerike te tri nominacije za glazbenu nagradu Grammy. Serija je, između ostalih, osvojila nagradu Udruženja glumaca Amerike za najbolji glumački ansambl u dramskoj televizijskoj seriji, dvije nagrade Američkog filmskog instituta, nagradu Udruženja kritičara Amerike i tri nagrade Po izboru gledatelja (People's Choice Awards).

U rujnu 2019. godine serija je službeno obnovljena za četvrtu sezonu, koja se podijelila na dva sveska, Svezak 1. će izaći 27. svibnja, dok će Svezak 2. izaći 1. srpnja 2022.  U veljači 2022. serija je obnovljena za petu i finalnu sezonu, uz to braća Duffer su najavili mogući spinoff.

Premisa serije
Serija Stranger Things radnjom je smještena u izmišljeni ruralni gradić Hawkins u državi Indiana u prvoj polovici 80-ih godina 20. stoljeća. Obližnji laboratorij naziva Hawkins National Laboratory prividno se bavi znanstvenim istraživanjem na području energetike, ali u tajnosti izvodi eksperimente povezane s paranormalnim i nadnaravnim pojavama uključujući i testove koje provodi nad ljudima. Nenamjerno, znanstvenici laboratorija stvorili su portal koji vodi u alternativnu dimenziju naziva Upside Down, a koji uskoro započinje utjecati na nesvjesne stanovnike gradića s poražavajućim posljedicama.

Radnja prve sezone započinje u studenom 1983. godine kada stvorenje iz alternativne dimenzije otme 12-godišnjeg Willa Byersa. Njegova majka, Joyce, i gradski šerif Jim Hopper kreću u potragu za Willom. U isto vrijeme mlada djevojka psiho-kinetičkih sposobnosti imena Eleven bježi iz laboratorija i pomaže Willovim prijateljima (Mikeu, Dustinu i Lucasu) u njihovoj potrazi za Willom.

Druga sezona radnjom je smještena godinu dana kasnije, a započinje u listopadu 1984. godine. Will je spašen, ali malo ljudi zna detalje o onome što se dogodilo tijekom njegove otmice. Nakon što se sazna da se Will i dalje nalazi pod utjecajem entiteta iz paralelnog univerzuma, njegovi prijatelji i obitelj otkrivaju da njihovom svijetu prijeti još veća opasnost koja dolazi iz otvorenog portala.<ref name="STDuffer">{{cite web |url=http://nagamedigital.com/2016/09/01/stranger-things-season-2/ |title=Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed, Duffer Brothers Reveal Details |last=Hime |first=Nelly |date=2016-09-01 |work=Nagame Digital |accessdate=2016-10-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103185757/http://nagamedigital.com/2016/09/01/stranger-things-season-2/ |archivedate=3. studenoga 2016.}}</ref>

Radnja treće sezone smještena je nakoliko mjeseci nakon druge, točnije u vrijeme slavlja američkog Dana nezavisnosti 1985. godine. Novi šoping centar Starcourt Mall postao je središte okupljanja i kupnje stanovnika Hawkinsa čime su mnogi drugi manji dućani ostali bez posla i samim time zatvoreni. Hopper se brine zbog toga što Eleven i Mike provode cijelo vrijeme zajedno, a u isto vrijeme razvija osjećaje prema Joyce. Bez da to itko u gradu zna, tajni sovjetski laboratorij smješten ispod Starcourta nastoji nanovo otvoriti portal. Uskoro bića iz svijeta Upside Down zaposjednu ljude u Hawkinsu te stvaraju novi horor s kojim se suočavaju glavni likovi serije.

Četvrta sezona smještena je nekoliko mjeseci kasnije, tijekom travnja 1986. Joyce, Will, Eleven (sada Jane Hopper) i Jonathan preselili su se u Lenoru u Kaliforniji, no Eleven se teško prilagođava i u školi je maltretiraju. U međuvremenu, u Hawkinsu, novo čudovište iz Upside Down ubija više srednjoškolaca.

 Glumačka postava i likovi
Winona Ryder kao Joyce Byers - majka Willa i Jonathana Byersa. Bivša supruga Lonnieja Byersa.
David Harbour kao Jim Hopper - šerif policijske postaje gradića Hawkins. Nakon što je izgubio kćerku od smrtonosne bolesti, Hopper se razveo i odao alkoholizmu.
Finn Wolfhard kao Mike Wheeler - sin Karen i Teda, mlađi brat Nancy i jedan od trojice prijatelja Willa Byersa. Inteligentan i savjestan dečko, odan svojim prijateljima. Zaljubljuje se u Eleven.
Millie Bobby Brown kao Eleven (skraćeno "El") - mlada djevojka psihokinetičkih sposobnosti, neobičnog izgleda i ograničenog rječnika. Njezino pravo ime je Jane Ives, kćerka je Terry Ives. Nakon bijega iz laboratorija Hawkins gdje su se nad njom vršili eksperimenti, ona se sprijateljuje s Mikeom, Dustinom i Lucasom. Zaljubljuje se u Mikea.
Gaten Matarazzo kao Dustin Henderson - jedan od Willovih prijatelja. Zbog svog zdravstvenog stanja ima problema s govorom. U drugoj sezoni ponosan je na nove prednje zube, a privlači ga mlada djevojka Max.
Caleb McLaughlin kao Lucas Sinclair - jedan od Willovih prijatelja. U početku je oprezan s Eleven, ali kasnije se s njom sprijateljuje. U drugoj sezoni on je jedan od dječaka koji se sviđaju mladoj djevojci Max.
Natalia Dyer kao Nancy Wheeler - kćerka Karen i Teda i starija sestra Mikea. U prvoj sezoni ona je djevojka Stevea Harringtona. U drugoj sezoni postaje djevojkom Jonathana Byersa.
Charlie Heaton kao Jonathan Byers - stariji brat Willa Byersa i sin Joyce Byers. Povučeni tinejdžer i outsider u školi koji želi postati fotograf. Blizak je sa svojom majkom i bratom, a uskoro postaje i službeni dečko Nancy Wheeler.
Cara Buono kao Karen Wheeler - majka tinejdžerice Nancy, osnovnoškolca Mikea i male djevojčice Holly.
Matthew Modine kao Martin Brenner - znanstvenik koji je ujedno i voditelj laboratorija Hawkins. Manipulator i jedan od glavnih negativaca serije. On i njegov tim znanstvenika tragaju za Eleven.
Noah Schnapp kao Will Byers - mlađi brat Jonathana Byersa i sin Joyce Byers. Čudovište iz druge dimenzije čiji su portal slučajno otvorili znanstvenici laboratorija Hawkins otima ga na početku serije. Schnapp je promoviran u glavnu glumačku postavu u drugoj sezoni nakon što se u prvoj nalazio u sporednoj.
Sadie Sink kao Maxine "Max" Mayfield ("Madmax") - Billyjeva mlađa polusestra na koju oko bacaju Lucas i Dustin.
Joe Keery kao Steve Harrington - popularni srednjoškolac i dečko Nancy Wheeler. Prezire Jonathana Byersa. U prvoj sezoni on je službeni dečko Nancy Wheeler, ali u drugoj njih dvoje prekidaju. Keery je u drugoj sezoni promoviran u glavnu glumačku postavu nakon što je u prvoj bio sporedni lik.
Dacre Montgomery kao Billy Hargrove - nasilni i nepredvidljivi stariji polubrat mlade Max koji od Stevea želi uzeti titulu najpopularnijeg dečka u školi.
Sean Astin kao Bob Newby - bivši školski kolega Joyce i Hoppera. U drugoj sezoni vodi dućan RadioShack i ulazi u vezu s Joyce.
Paul Reiser kao Sam Owens - izvršni voditelj odjela energetike u Hawkins laboratorijima. On zamjenjuje Brennera na radnom mjestu glavnog voditelja laboratorija. Tvrdoglav je i posvećen znanstvenom istraživanju, ali ipak ima empatiju za stanovnike gradića.
Maya Hawke kao Robin Buckley (sezona 3 – danas), "alternativna" djevojka koja prvo radi zajedno sa Steveom u prodavaonici sladoleda u trgovačkom centru.
Priah Ferguson kao Erica Sinclair (sezona 3 – danas; ponavljajuća sezona 2), Lucasova 11-godišnja sestra.
Brett Gelman kao Murray Bauman (sezona 4, ponavljajuće sezone 2–3), teoretičar zavjere, privatni istražitelj i Hopperov prijatelj.
Jamie Campbell Bower kao Peter Ballard / Henry Creel / One / Vecna (sezona 4.), redar i bivši ispitanik u Hawkins Labu koji je postao čarobnjak ubojica u Upside Down i glavni antagonist u 4. sezoni.
Joseph Quinn kao Eddie Munson (sezona 4.), izopćenik u Hawkins High koji je vođa kluba Hellfire, gdje se sprijatelji s Dustinom, Mikeom i Lucasom.

 Popis epizoda

 Sezona 1.

*Sve epizode 1. sezone su emitirane istodobno na mreži Netflix

 Sezona 2.

*Sve epizode 2. sezone su emitirane istodobno na mreži Netflix

 Sezona 3.

*Sve epizode 3. sezone su emitirane istodobno na mreži Netflix

 Sezona 4.

*4. sezona je podijeljena u dva dijela.

 Produkcija
 Razvoj projekta
Autori serije Stranger Things su Matt i Ross Duffer, u profesionalnom svijetu poznati kao braća Duffer. Njih dvojica zajedno su napisala i producirala film Hidden iz 2015. godine u kojem su pokušali emulirati redateljski stil M. Nighta Shyamalana. Međutim, zbog promjena u kompaniji Warner Bros., službenog distributera uratka, film Hidden na kraju nije išao u široku kino distribuciju pa je budućnost braće Duffer u filmskoj industriji postala neizvjesnom. Na njihovo iznenađenje kontaktirao ih je televizijski producent Donald De Line koji je ostao impresioniran sa scenarijem filma Hidden te im ponudio priliku za rad na epizodama serije Wayward Pines čiji je autor bio upravo Shyamalan. On je postao službeni mentor dvojici braće tijekom produkcije epizoda navedene serije, a nakon što su završili s poslom, obojica su osjećala da su spremna producirati vlastitu televizijsku seriju.

Braća Duffer pripremila su scenarij koji će u konačnici biti sličan pilot epizodi serije Stranger Things skupa s knjižicom na dvadesetak stranica s crtežima koja bi im pomogla u ponudi serije raznim televizijskim mrežama. Nudili su seriju na petnaestak kabelskih televizija, ali sve su odbile scenarij uz objašnjenje da radnja serije koja se vrti oko djece ne bi funkcionirala te uz prijedloge izmjena da se radi ili o seriji za djecu ili da se djeca u potpunosti maknu iz radnje te da se sama radnja fokusira na Hopperovu istragu u paranormalnom svijetu. U prvoj polovici 2015. godine, potpredsjednik kompanije 21 Laps Entertainment Dan Cohen dao je scenarij svom kolegi Shawnu Levyju. Njih dvojica su kasnije pozvala braću Duffer u svoj ured te otkupila prava za seriju, dajući braći puno autorsko pravo na istu. Nakon što je pročitala scenarij za pilot epizodu, kompanija Netflix je otkupila prava na kompletnu prvu sezonu za nikad objavljenu cifru; serija je u prvoj polovici travnja 2015. godine najavljena za emitiranje tijekom 2016. godine. Braća Duffer u jednom od mnogobrojnih intervjua izjavila su da je u vrijeme kada su seriju nudili Netflixu ta kabelska mreža već bila poznata po svojoj originalnoj produkciji poput serija Kuća od karata i Orange is the New Black, uz ugledne i priznate producente koji su stajali iza njih, a koji su bili spremni producentima u usponu dati priliku za rad. Braća su tako započela pisati scenarij epizoda prve sezone te doveli Levyja i Cohena kao izvršne producente čiji je zadatak bio podjela uloga i traženje lokacija za snimanje.

Inicijalni naslov serije bio je Montauk. Radnja se odvijala u gradiću Montauk (država New York) u blizini Long Islanda. Montauk se dobro uklapao u nekoliko teorija urota iz stvarnog svijeta, uključujući i tajne vladine eksperimente. Braća su izabrala Montauk budući je sam gradić imao povezanost i sa Spielbergovim filmom Ralje u kojem se upravo Montauk upotrijebio kao izmišljeni Amity Island. Nakon što su ipak odlučili premjestiti mjesto radnje u izmišljeni gradić Hawkins, braća su uvidjela da s njim mogu raditi puno više stvari, poput stavljanja grada u karantenu, a što nikako nisu mogli sa stvarnom lokacijom. Promjenom lokacije morali su osmisliti i novi naslov serije pod patronatom Teda Sarandosa iz Netflixa, a kako bi je čim prije mogli početi oglašavati budućoj potencijalnoj publici. U tom trenutku braća su započela koristiti izgled naslovnice knjige Firestarter autora Stephena Kinga kako bi dobili ideju za izgled naslova serije dok su u isto vrijeme osmislili i niz drugih naslova. Na kraju su se odlučili za naslov Stranger Things koji je zvučao slično kao jedan drugi roman Stephena Kinga - Potrebne stvari (Needful Things''), premda je Matt izjavio da su do samog kraja njih dvojica "imali žestoke rasprave" u vezi konačnog naslova serije.

U vrijeme dok su još nudili seriju, braća Duffer su pokazivala fotografije, snimke i glazbu filmskih klasika iz 70-ih i 80-ih poput ET-ja, Bliskih susreta treće vrste, Poltergeista, Hellraisera, Ostani uz mene, Firestartera, Strave u Ulici Brijestova i Ralja, a sve kako bi na što kvalitetniji način prezentirali sam ton serije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Stranger Things u internetskoj bazi filmova IMDb-a
 Stranger Things na Rotten Tomatoes

 Stranger Things recenzija

Američke serije
Dramske serije
Znanstvena fantastika
Znanstvenofantastične serije
Televizijske serije u Netflixovoj produkciji

Stranger Things


George Eric Lamming CHB (* 8. Juni 1927 in Carrington Village, Saint Michael; † 4. Juni 2022 in Bridgetown, Barbados) war ein barbadischer Schriftsteller, der in seinen Romanen insbesondere die Begegnung von Schwarzen mit Europa thematisierte.

Leben
Nach dem Schulbesuch absolvierte Lamming ein Studium und war danach als Lehrer in Barbados sowie anschließend in Venezuela tätig, ehe er 1950 nach Großbritannien ging. Dort war er als Arbeiter in einer Fabrik tätig und Moderator eines Literaturprogramms im Radioprogramm der BBC für die Westindischen Inseln.

Beginnend mit seinem Debütroman In the Castle of My Skin (1953) erkundete er die Erfahrungen von Einwanderern aus den Westindischen Inseln in einer komplexen und stark strukturierten Art und Weise und setzte dies in The Emigrants (1954) fort, der 1956 unter dem Titel Mit dem Golfstrom in der deutschen Übersetzung von Janheinz Jahn erschien. Allerdings führte die Unkenntnis der meisten Leser über den Hintergrund und die sondersprachlichen Soziolekte seiner ersten Romane dazu, dass diese nur wenig Beachtung fanden. Zur finanziellen Unterstützung seiner literarischen Arbeit erhielt er 1955 ein Guggenheim-Stipendium und gehörte zu einer Reihe junger aus der Karibik stammender Autoren, die nach Großbritannien einwanderten wie C. L. R. James, V. S. Naipaul und Samuel Selvon.

In Season of Adventures (1960), der 1962 als Zeit der Abenteuer in deutscher Übersetzung veröffentlicht wurde, stellte er somit sein eigenes Dilemma als Künstler dar. 1967 wurde er zum Writer in Residence und Lektor an der University of the West Indies (UWI) ernannt und unterrichtete am dortigen Creative Arts Centre der Pädagogischen Fakultät. Des Weiteren war er zeitweise Gastprofessor an der University of Texas at Austin, University of Pennsylvania und Brown University sowie Universitätslektor in Australien, Dänemark und Tansania. 1972 erschien Natives of My Person, ein Roman mit archaischem Vokabular und mythischen Wurzeln.

Für seine Verdienste um die Literatur und Kultur seines Heimatlandes und der Karibik wurde er 1987 zum Companion of Honour des Order of Barbados ernannt sowie 1998 mit dem Orden der Karibischen Gemeinschaft geehrt. 2011 ehrte ihn der kubanische Künstlerverband Unión Nacional de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba (UNEAC) mit dem erstmals verliehenen Hibiskus-Preis der Karibik für sein Lebenswerk.

George Lamming starb im Juni 2022 im Alter von 94 Jahren.

Veröffentlichungen
 In the Castle of My Skin. 1953
 The Emigrants. 1954
 Mit dem Golfstrom. Roman. Aus dem Englischen von Janheinz Jahn. Hanser, München 1956
 Of Age and Innocence. 1958
 Season of Adventure. 1960
 Zeit der Abenteuer. Roman. Aus dem Englischen übertragen von Waltraud Neuhäuser. Blanvalet, Berlin 1962
 The Pleasures of Exile. 1960
 Water with Berries. 1971
 Natives of my Person. 1972
 Cannon shot and glass beads: modern black writing. 1974
 George Lamming in Suriname. 1980
 Conversations: Essays, Addresses and Interviews 1953–1990. 1992
 Coming, Coming Home: Conversations II – Western Education and the Caribbean Intellectual. 1995; Neuauflage 2000
 Sovereignty of the Imagination: Conversations III – Language and the Politics of Ethnicity. 2004; Neuauflage 2009

Literatur
 Sandra Pouchet Paquet: The Novels of George Lamming. Heinemann, 1982, ISBN 0435918311
 Chambers Biographical Dictionary. Edinburgh 2002, ISBN 0550-10051-2, S. 884
 Bertelsmann Universal Lexikon. Band 10. Gütersloh 1990, S. 255

Weblinks und Quellen

 Literaturnachweis in der Open Library

Fußnoten

Autor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)
Roman, Epik
Essay
Träger des Order of Barbados
Barbadier
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 2022
Mann
Schullehrer

George Lamming


دنبرو (الأوكرانية: Дніпро وبالروسية:Днепр) هي ثالث أكبر مدن أوكرانيا وأجملها يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.5 مليون نسمة وهي عاصمة الإقليم الذي يحمل اسمها والمركز الثقافي والإداري الأكبر للمنطقة الجنوبية الوسطى من البلاد. يعتمد اقتصاد المدينة على الصناعة وكانت إبان فترة انضمام أوكرانيا للاتحاد السوفييتي واحدة من أهم المدن السوفيتية في صناعات الفضاء والأسلحة. يعتمد نظام النقل بالمدينة على مترو دنبروبتروفسك الذي يتكوّن من خط واحد للمترو يشمل ستة محطات رئيسية والمدينة تطل على نهر الدنبير. تأسست المدينة عام 1776 .

التاريخ

يعود أول ظهور لبشر بالمنطقة إلى أكثر من 150000 عام. بعد انتهاء العصر الجليدي منذ 10000 عام تقريبا ظهر السكان بالمنطقة من جديد وقاموا ببناء حضارة زراعية في الأغلب ما بين عامي 3500 إلى 2700 قبل الميلاد ويطلق على تلك الحضارة الحضارة التربيلية. قدمت على المنطقة بعد ذلك عدة قبائل كان أكثرها من الشمال والشرق والتي صارعت الحضارة التربيلية طويلا وبعدها لم تستقر المنطقة إلٌا حتى عام 200 قبل الميلاد وعرفت القبائل التي سيطرت على المنطقة بالسرماتيين. بعد ذلك بقرنين تقربيا وبعد ميلاد المسيح بدات القبائل السفلية هجرتها للمنطقة ونجحت في السيطرة عليها لفترة ليست بالقصيرة إلى أن استولت الإمبراطورية البيزنطية على المنطقة ككل في أوائل القرن الرابع وظل الحكم البيزنطي مستمرا إلى عام 1240 حينما غزا التتار المنطقة وبعد ذلك وفي القرن الخامس عشر ظهرت دولة جديدة عرفت بدولة الكوساكس واستطاعت السيطرة على المنطقة.

في القرن السادس عشر قامت بولندا بغزو المنطقة وقامت بإنشاء حصن عسكري في موقع المدينة عام 1635 وعرف بحصن كوداك وتمكنت القوات البولندية والروسية في الحد من النشاط العسكري لدولة الكوساكس عن طريق هذا الحصن. وفي أغسطس عام 1635 استطاع جيوش الكوساكس السيطرة على الحصن وهدمه ولكن بولندا أعادت بنائه عام 1638 وأعادت السيطرة على المنطقة وفي عام 1648 نجحت دولة الكوساكس من إعادة احتلال الحصن والسيطرة على المنطقة وفي عام 1711 وطبقا لاتفاقية سلام عقدت ما بين روسيا وتركيا تم هدم الحصن بعد طرد الكوساكس منه. وفي عام 1768 بدأت محاولات لإعادة استيطان المنطقة وأنشئت عدد من القرى بجانب موقع المدينة الحالي.

في عام 1774 قاتل الروس إلى جانب الكوساكس ضد تركيا خلال الحروب الروسية التركية 1768 إلى 1747 والتي انتهت بعقد معاهدة انتهت بخضوع المنطقة لروسيا. وفي مايو 1775 قام الروس بتدمير حصن زابوريزيهان سيش والذي تدميره تعد نهاية لدولة الكوساكس وبعدها تم إنشاء المدينة إلى الشمال من موقعها الحالي ولكن بسبب سوء هذا الموقع ووعورة أراضيه تم نقل المدينة وسكانها الذين بلغ تعدادهم في ذاك الوقت 2194 إلى موقعها الحالي وتم تهجير سكان مدينة زابوريزيهان سيش إلى المدينة الجديدة التي أطلق عليها اسم ياكاتورونوسلاف وأنشئت بها عدة قصور وكاتدرائيات وحدائق عامة. نمت المدينة بسرعة وأصبحت ثالث مدن الإمبراطورية الروسية التي يتم إمدادها بالكهرباء وافتتحت بها مدرسة للتعدين في 1898 ووصلت بخطوط القطارات عام 1900 واشتهرت بالفحم والحديد والذين أُنتجا فيها وصنعا على نطاق واسع. وفي عام 1905 ونتيجة لهزيمة الروس ضد اليابان قامت بروسيا عدة ثورات مناهضة للقيصر وكان بعضها بالمدينة وتصدى الجيش لها مما أدى لجرح وقتل المئات.

بعد الثورة البلشفية عام 1917 ظهرت الحكومة الأوكرانية وأصبحت أوكرانيا دولة مستقلة بقيادة تسنترنلا رادا ولكن في يوليو 1918 قامت القوات النمساوية المعادية لأوكرانيا باحتلال المدينة إلى أن نجح الجيش الأحمر في الوصول إلى المدينة عام 1919 وضمها إلى الاتحاد السوفيتي.

تحت الحكم السوفييتي ظلت المدينة حتى 12 أكتوبر عام 1942 حيث احتلتها قوات ألمانيا النازية. وقبل الاحتلال كانت مركزا هاما لليهود في الاتحاد السوفيتي وكان بها ما يزيد عن 80000 يهودي.
بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية عادت للمدينة أهميتها الاقتصادية والسياسية ونشئت بها مؤسسة يازيهماش لصناعة الصواريخ البلاستية وأصبحت مركزا هاما للصناعات المتعلقة بالفضاء في الاتحاد السوفييتي وقد أطلق من مدينة دنيبروبتروفسك أول صاروخ فضاء في العالم من منطقة (الغاغارينا) حيث سميت بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى رائد الفضاء السوفييتي الأول (يوري غاغارينا)

عام 1991 أصبحت المدينة جزءا من أوكرانيا بعد استقلالها عن الاتحاد السوفيتي.

النقل والمواصلات

يعتمد النقل في المدينة أساسا على المترو ويوجد بالمدينة مطار دولي يُدعى مطار دنيبروبتروفسك الدولي (Dnipropetrovsk International Airport) والنقل النهري لا يستخدم إلا لأغراض سياحية.

السكان
يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1046922 نسمة.
تُعتبر مدينة دنيبروبتروفسك الذي يقطن فيها ما يفوق عن مليون نسمةٍ ثالثَ أكبر مدينة من حيث تعداد السكان بعد مدينتَيْ كييف العاصمة وخاركوف. وهي واحدةٌ من أجمل المدن الأوكرانية. في بدايات القرن 20 كانت دنيبروبتروفسك أهمّ مركزٍ لصناعة المعادن وصناعة الآلات، وصناعة الطيران وإنتاج الصواريخ .

تمتزج الأبنية الشاهقة الجديدة في هذه المدينة الصناعية مع الأبنية القديمة. واحدٌ من الأبنية القديمة الذي أُعيد بناؤه وهو قصر بوتمكينسك المشيّد منذ العام 1790، وكذلك ثلاثة حصونٍ قديمةٍ عائدةٌ للقرن 17: حصن كوداك سكايا، وحصن نوفوبوغوروديزكايا، وحصن كايدالي الجديد. خلال عصر الإمبراطورية الروسية تم إنشاء كاتدرائية تجلّي المسيح عام 1786 حسب خطة بناء إيكاترينا الثانية. وخطة بناء تلك الكاتدرائية قد تجاوز أبعاد كاتدرائية بطرس وباول الرومانية، حيث يفوق طولها 150 متراً وبارتفاع 139 متراً. ولقد شُيِّد الآن أكبر كنيسٍ يهوديٍّ في العالم وهو مزودٌ بمتحفٍ للمحرقة اليهودية

تشتهر مدينة دنيبروبتروفسك بناطحات السحاب أيضاً، ولذلك تمّ بناء المُعَقَّدِ «براما» الذي يبلغ ارتفاعه 200 متراً، والذي يتضمن 50 متجراً تجارياً. يبلغ طول أطول بناء سكني 830 متراً، ولكي يصل القاطن فيه من إحدى نهايتيه إلى الأخرى يجب أن يجتاز مسافةً تُقدَّر بموقفين للحافلة الكهربائية

في مدينة دنيبروبتروفسك وعلى طول جانب نهر دنيبر الأيمن يمتد أطول سدٍّ في أوروبا والذي يبغ طوله 23 كيلومتراً . وقد ُنصِّبَ ينبوع البجع عليه عام 2005، يتميز ذلك الينبوع بإمكانية تغيير طريقة عمله وتغيير اتجاه الأمواج؛ وذلك بالأجنحة التي تستدير بشكلٍ دائريٍّ. ويصل عمق النهر في وسطه إلى 50 متراً، وذلك عندما يعمل الينبوع بكامل طاقته. وتتواجد خمسة جسورٍ فوق نهر دينيبر في مدينة دنيبروبتروفسك، وأطول هذه الجسور جسر كايدال سكايا البالغ طوله 1732 متراً .

وبسبب الأبنية الضخمة في دنيبروبتروفسك فإن قطار الأنفاق فيها يعتبر الأقصر في العالم: 6 محطات وطول السكة 7,8 كيلومتراً

تنجذب مجموعة من السياح إلى دنيبروبتروفسك لوجود الجزيرة الرهبانيّة فيها والتي تُعتبر مكاناً تاريخياً أسطورياً في دنيبروبتروفسك. ومن بين المعالم التاريخية في المدينة هناك اهتمام خاص بنساء سيثيان ـ يتواجد أكبر عددٍ منهنّ في أوكرانيا

لقد عاشت العديد من الشخصيات التاريخية والمعاصرة المشهورة في دنيبروبتروفسك على مرّ العصور. فالشاعر الروسيّ المعروف عالمياً إليكساندر بوشكين نُفِيَ هنا، وكذلك الممثلة الأمريكية المشهورة ميلا لوفوفيتش كانت قد أمضت جزءاً من طفولتها في روضة الأطفال ذات الرقم 27 عام 1978 .

طالع أيضاً

 مجانين دنيبروبتروفسك

مصادر

 أهلا بكم إلى دنبرو (بالأنكليزية والروسية)

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1776
تأسيسات سنة 1776 في روسيا
ترويس (استيعاب ثقافي)
دنيبروبتروفسك
مدن أوكرانيا
مدن تغيرت أسمائها في أوكرانيا
مدن مقاطعة دنيبروبتروفسك
مدن ذات أهمية إقليمية في أوكرانيا
مدن وبلدات بنيت في حقبة الإمبراطورية الروسية
مدن وبلدات في أوكرانيا شيدت إبان الإمبراطورية الروسية

دنبرو


Roberto Bolaño (født 28. april 1953, død 15. juli 2003) var en chilensk forfatter.

Af hans værker er på dansk udkommet

 Fjern stjerne (2014) (Estrella distante (1996))
 De vilde detektiver (2010) (Los detectives salvajes (1998))
 Nocturne fra Chile (Nocturno de Chile (2000))
 2666 (2012) (2666 (2004))

Digtere fra Chile

Roberto Bolaño


116446 McDermid este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
116446 McDermid este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Wrightwood de James Whitney Young. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,77 ua, o excentricitate de 0,01 și o înclinație de 1,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 116001-117000
 Centura de asteroizi

Note

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2004
Centura de asteroizi

116446 McDermid


Die Präsidentschaftswahl in Litauen 2014 fand am 11. Mai 2014 (1. Wahlgang) und am 25. Mai 2014 (2. Wahlgang) statt. In der Stichwahl konnte sich die bisherige Präsidentin Dalia Grybauskaitė gegen Zigmantas Balčytis durchsetzen.

Der Präsident der Republik Litauen wird in direkten Wahlen von Wählern mit litauischer Staatsangehörigkeit jeweils für 5 Jahre in den Wahlkreisen gewählt.

Kandidaten
Die Wahlkommission registriert nur solche Kandidaten, die die nötigen 20.000 Unterstützerunterschriften erreichen werden.

Prätendenten
 Zigmantas Balčytis (* 1953), Politiker, Mitglied des Europaparlaments, ehemaliger Ministerpräsident (LSDP)
 Linas Balsys (* 1961), Journalist und Politiker, Mitglied des Seimas (LŽP)
 Kristina Brazauskienė (* 1949),  Unternehmerin, Witwe des früheren litauischen Präsidenten Algirdas Brazauskas
 Dalia Grybauskaitė (* 1956), amtierende Präsidentin; sie war bei der Präsidentschaftswahl in Litauen 2009 im ersten Wahlgang gewählt worden
 Vladas Lašas (* 1956), Unternehmer und Manager
 Jonas Lašinis (* 1942), Grader-Fahrer
 Artūras Paulauskas (* 1953), Mitglied des Seimas (DP)
 Rolandas Paulauskas (* 1954),  Journalist und Politiker
 Naglis Puteikis (* 1964), Politiker, Vizeminister, Mitglied des Seimas
 Bronis Ropė (* 1955), Politiker, Bürgermeister von Ignalina (LVŽS)
 Waldemar Tomaszewski (* 1965), Politiker polnischer Minderheit, Mitglied des Europaparlaments (LLRA)
 Artūras Zuokas (*  1968),  Bürgermeister der litauischen Hauptstadt Vilnius (TAIP)

Kandidaten
Aus 12 Prätendenten wurden nur 7 als Kandidaten registriert: Dalia Grybauskaitė, Zigmantas Balčytis, Artūras Zuokas, Bronis Ropė, Naglis Puteikis, Artūras Paulauskas und Valdemaras Tomaševskis.

Umfragen

Wahlergebnis

Weblinks
 Offizielle Internetseite der Zentralen Wahlkommission (litauisch, englisch)
 Offizielle Internetseite des Präsidenten der Republik Litauen (litauisch, englisch, französisch, russisch)

Einzelnachweise

Litauen
2014
Litauische Geschichte (21. Jahrhundert)

Präsidentschaftswahl in Litauen 2014


هجمات الشمال القسنطيني هي هجمات عسكرية شنها جيش التحرير الوطني الجزائري (الجناح العسكري لجبهة التحرير الوطني الجزائرية أثناء الثورة التحريرية) على المستعمر الفرنسي في 20 أغسطس 1955. وجاءت هذه الهجمات ردًا على محاولة الجيش الفرنسي لتطويق وإخماد الثورة الجزائرية التي اندلعت في الفاتح من نوفمبر 1954 من جهة، ودعمًا لجهود جبهة التحرير في نضالها السياسي، وكانت تهدف إلى تخفيف الضغط على الأوراس وتعزيز مبدأ وحدة المغرب العربي من خلال إحياء الذكرى الثانية لنفي محمد الخامس.

الخلفية
عندما حل صيف عام 1955، كانت الثورة الجزائرية قد خطت المرحلة الأولى في مسيرتها ضد الاحتلال الفرنسي. فعلى الصعيد الداخلي عملت جبهة التحرير الوطني على توعية الجماهير وتنظيمها ضمن هيئات مختلفة مثل تأسيس فيدرالية جبهة التحرير الوطني بفرنسا في ديسمبر 1954، وإنشاء الاتحاد العام للطلبة المسلمين الجزائريين في يوليو 1955.

وبعد مضي عشرة أشهر على اندلاعها، تزايد اتساع رقعة المشاركة الجماهيرية على الرغم من استشهاد العديد من مفجري الثورة كالشهيد ديدوش مراد (18 يناير 1955)، قائد المنطقة الثانية، أو اعتقال بعضهم من أمثال مصطفى بن بولعيد (11 فبراير 1955) ورابح بيطاط (23 مارس 1955)  وغيرهم.

أما على الصعيد الخارجي، فإن القضية الجزائرية سجلت حضورها رسميا ولأول مرة في المحافل الدولية في مؤتمر باندونغ في أبريل 1955. وكان ذلك أول انتصار لديبلوماسية الثورة الجزائرية الفتية ضد فرنسا العظمى.

وفي ظل هذه الأوضاع، خططت قيادة الثورة لشن هجومات واسعة في الشمال القسنطيني، دام التحضير لها حوالي ثلاثة أشهر في سرية تامة . وقد وجّه زيغود يوسف، القائد الذي خلف ديدوش مراد على رأس المنطقة الثانية، نداء إلى كلّ الجزائريين، أعضاء المجالس الفرنسية، يدعوهم فيه للانسحاب منها والالتحاق بمسيرة الثورة.

و كانت هجومات 20 أغسطس في الشمال القسنطيني تهدف إلى :
 إعطاء الثورة دفعا قويا من خلال نقلها إلى قلب المناطق المستعمرة في الشمال القسنطيني.
 اختراق الحصار الحربي المضروب على المنطقة الأولى - الأوراس - باستهداف أهم القواعد العسكرية بالمنطقة.
 رفع معنويات جنود جيش التحرير بتحطيم أسطورة الجيش الفرنسي الذي لا يقهر.
 تحطيم ادعاءات السلطات الاستعمارية بأن ما كان يحدث هو مجرد أعمال تخريبية يرتكبها متمردون خارجون عن القانون وقطاع طرق.
 تجسيد التضامن مع الشعب المغربي الشقيق حيث تزامنت الهجومات مع ذكرى نفي السلطان محمد الخامس (20 أوت ).

بداية الهجومات
بدأت الهجومات في صبيحة نهار 20 أغسطس 1955 ( الموافق لأول محرم 1375 هجرية)، بقيادة زيغود يوسف، وشملت أكثر من 26 مدينة وقرية بالشمال القسنطيني. استهدفت العمليات المسلحة كافة المنشآت والمراكز الحيوية الاستعمارية، ومراكز الشرطة والدرك في المدن؛ ومزارع المعمرين في القرى والأرياف. وقد تمكن المجاهدون من احتلال عدة مدن وقرى في هذا اليوم مما سمح للجماهير الشعبية بالتعبير عن رفضها للاستعمار ومساندتها لجبهة وجيش التحرير الوطني .

نتائج هجومات 20 أوت 1955
 انضمام الأحزاب والأفراد للثورة.
 ظهور الثورة في المدن.
 توسيع رقعة الثورة وانضمام الشعب لها.
 إدراج الملف الجزائري في الأمم المتحدة 30/08/1955.

القمع الفرنسي علي اثر هجومات 20 أوت 1955
وقد ردّت السلطات الفرنسية بوحشية لا نظير لها على الهجومات الجريئة لجيش التحرير الوطني، إذ شنت حملة توقيف وقمع واسعة استهدفت الآلاف من المدنيين الجزائريين وأحرقت المشاتي وقصفت القرى جوا وبرا. وقامت الإدارة الفرنسية بتسليح الأوربيين، فشكلوا ميليشيات فاشية وعمدوا على الانتقام من المدنيين الجزائريين العزل . وارتكبت قوات الاحتلال مجزرة كبيرة في ملعب فيليب فيل (PHILLIPEVILLE) سكيكدة (ملعب 20 أوت حاليا) أين حشرت الآلاف من الرجال والنساء والأطفال والشيوخ ، وأعدمت العديد منهم .
وقد ذهب ضحية الحملة الانتقامية للسلطات الاستعمارية، العسكرية والمدنية والمليشيات الفاشية ، ما يقارب الـ12000 جزائري

المراجع

الثورة الجزائرية

هجمات الشمال القسنطيني


Cumberland sausage is a pork sausage that originated in the historic county of Cumberland, England, now part of Cumbria. It is traditionally very long, up to , and sold rolled in a flat, circular coil, but within western Cumbria, it is more often served in long, curved lengths.

The meat is chopped, not ground or minced, giving the sausage a chunky texture. Seasonings are prepared from a variety of spices and herbs, though the flavour is commonly dominated by pepper, both black and white, in contrast to more herb-dominated varieties such as Lincolnshire sausage. Traditionally no colourings or preservatives are added.

In March 2011, the European Union granted "Traditional Cumberland sausage" Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status.

History
The Cumberland sausage has been a local speciality in the area for around 500 years. How the Cumberland sausage came to acquire its special shape and taste is not known. Historically, the sausage was more highly seasoned than it is today, reflecting a strong influx of spices into Whitehaven during the 18th century. During this time, Cumbria was introduced to ginger, black pepper, and nutmeg, as well as other foodstuffs such as molasses, sugar, and rum. Many of these ingredients have been incorporated into some of Cumbria's local specialities, such as the spicy Cumberland sausage.

Ingredients
Cumberland sausage is typically filled with chopped or coarsely minced pork, to which is added pepper, thyme, sage, nutmeg and cayenne, and some rusk as a binder. The meat content is usually 85–98%. However, the popularity of the Cumberland sausage has become so widespread in recent years that many large food producers started to mass-produce it and sacrificed its original quality with a meat content as low as 45%, containing emulsified rather than coarse-cut meat and being sold in thin links rather than thick, continuous lengths.

Until the 1950s, most local farms and many households kept a pig as part of their regular husbandry and means of self-sufficiency. Over time, a local variety of pig was bred that was suited to the cooler and wetter climate in Cumberland, known as the Cumberland pig. The Cumberland pig was a heavy pig with an upturned snout and ears that flopped forwards. Heavy boned, slow to mature, and extremely hardy, the creature became a symbol of the region, but was allowed to die out in the early 1960s at Bothel. As an alternative, Large Black, Gloucestershire Old Spots, and Welsh breeds can be used. The Cumberland pig breed has now been revived, although not officially recognised by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust.

Protected Geographical Status

A campaign was made by some Cumbrian butchers and meat manufacturers to have Cumberland sausage placed under a Protected Geographical Status classification under European Commission rules. This would provide the same protection as is afforded to Parma ham and Feta cheese. The association suggested that the criteria for the sausages should include a high meat content of more than 80%; the sausage to be coiled, not linked; a wider diameter than conventional sausages; and a rough-cut texture. The association asserts the sausage should be prepared in Cumbria. While individual butchers have their own recipes, they are generally more highly seasoned than traditional sausages, possibly due to the historical import of spices at Whitehaven.

However, opposition arose to the campaign in its present form, which essentially calls for the modification of the proposition to reduce the region of the proposed protection from the post-1974 'administrative' County of Cumbria – which incorporates Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire 'north of the Sands' but without abolishing the original counties – to the Traditional County of Cumberland, on native grounds, with provisions including the native right for natives to continue to manufacture the sausage elsewhere.

In March 2011, PGI status was granted to the name "Traditional Cumberland sausage". To display the PGI mark, the sausage must be produced, processed, and prepared in Cumbria and have a meat content of at least 80%. It must include seasoning and be sold in a long coil. However, sausages not meeting these criteria are sold as Cumberland sausages (without claiming PGI).

References

External links
Cumberland sausage recipes
The English Breakfast Society Guide to the British Sausage

English sausages
Cumberland
British products with protected designation of origin
Cumbrian cuisine

Cumberland sausage


Ekonomski institut, Zagreb je javna znanstvena ustanova čiji je osnivač Republika Hrvatska, a njegova osnovna djelatnost su znanstvena i razvojna istraživanja u polju ekonomije.

Povijest

Osnovan je posebnim Pravilnikom kao "Ekonomski institut Savske banovine" 23. ožujka 1939. godine, a uvijek je imao status javne ustanove financirane iz državnog proračuna. Nakon II. svjetskog rata neko je vrijeme prestao s radom, a njegovi su istraživači preseljeni u Republičku plansku komisiju. Rad Instituta ponovno je pokrenut 1952. pod nazivom Ekonomski institut NR Hrvatske, a od 1963. nosi sadašnje ime.

Područja istraživanja
 gospodarski rast, ekonomska politika i konvergencija
 tekuća gospodarska kretanja, kratkoročne prognoze i fiskalna politika
 regionalna ekonomika, održivost i razvojno upravljanje
 industrijska ekonomika, inovacije i poduzetništvo
 tržište rada, ljudski potencijali i socijalna pitanja.

Naručena istraživanja i usluge
Istraživanja naručuju različiti domaći i inozemni javni i poslovni subjekti: ministarstva, vladine agencije, državni uredi, jedinice lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave, javna i privatna poduzeća, Hrvatska narodna banka, Svjetska banka, Europska komisija, druge međunarodne organizacije i ostali naručitelji. Usluge EIZ-a uključuju analizu tekućih ekonomskih kretanja, makroekonomske prognoze, razvoj i primjenu metodologija, izradu strateških dokumenata, pripremu podloga nositeljima ekonomske politike i konzultantske usluge.
U skladu s potrebama vremena, EIZ je trenutno usmjeren na sljedeće teme:
 ekonomski aspekti pristupanja Europskoj uniji
 inovacije i tehnološki razvitak
 ulaganje u ljudski kapital
 demografske promjene, siromaštvo, nezaposlenost i socijalna isključenost
 korupcija i fiskalna decentralizacija
 održivi razvitak i regionalna politika
 restrukturiranje i konkurentnost poduzeća

Ekonomski institut, Zagreb ima iskustvo i tim znanstvenika koji mogu odgovoriti na složene projektne zadatke od nacionalnog obuhvata i interesa. Najveći dio dosadašnjih istraživanja ima nacionalni značaj jer služe kao podloge za izradu strateških i razvojnih dokumenata te donošenje mjera ekonomske politike. Između ostalog, Institut je svojim istraživanjima utjecao na provedbu niza reformi, restrukturiranje trgovačkih društava, antiinflacijski program, antirecesijske mjere i mjere gospodarskog oporavka i sl.

Izvori

Ustanove

Ekonomski institut Zagreb


عدنان الشواشي (1951)، ملحن ومطرب تونسي، يُعد من أبرز فناني تونس منذ أوائل السبعينات، ولد في مدينة باجة بتونس، ,عرف بغنائه مع الأطفال رفقة سنية مبارك وأنيس الصيادي.

أغانيه
من أشهر أغانيه:
 أحكي لي عليها يا بابا، وقد أداها مع سنية مبارك.
 يا بابا الله يخليك
 يا ام العيون السود.
 ابكي يا عين لا لوم عليا

ريحان
ما دايمة لحد
أنا حاطط ايدي على خدي.

مراجع

أشخاص من مدينة باجة
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
مغنون ومغنيات تونسيون
ملحنون تونسيون
مواليد في باجة

عدنان الشواشي


Parveen Haque Sikder, conhecida como Sikder (nascida a 3 de janeiro de 1963) é uma política da Liga Popular de Bangladesh e um membro do Jatiya Sangsad no Assento Reservado Feminino 39.

Biografia
Sikder nasceu no dia 3 de janeiro de 1963 na vila de Kartikpur, Bhedarganj, filha do industrial Zainul Haque Sikder (1930-2021), presidente fundador do Sikder Group of Companies. Ela tem dois irmãos, Rick Haque Sikder e Ron Haque Sikder.

Carreira
Sikder foi eleita para o parlamento no assento reservado às mulheres como candidata da Liga Popular (Awami) de Bangladesh em 2019. Ela é diretora do National Bank Limited.

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1963
Mulheres de Bangladesh na política
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Parveen Haque Sikder


Die Krönung eines Marienbildes ist ein liturgischer Akt der katholischen Marienverehrung. Er bringt den Glauben zum Ausdruck, dass Maria als Mutter des davidischen Messiaskönigs in der neuen Ordnung des Gottesreichs selbst königliche Würde besitzt. Zugleich ist er das Bekenntnis zu ihrer wirksamen Präsenz in einem Gnadenbild. Bei Abbildungen Marias zusammen mit ihrem göttlichen Sohn wird immer, und zwar zuerst, auch das Kind gekrönt.

Der Brauch, Marienstatuen kostbare Kronen aufzusetzen, stammt aus der Volksfrömmigkeit und verbreitete sich verstärkt seit dem ausgehenden 16. Jahrhundert. Er ist verwandt mit der Darbringung von Votivgaben. Seit dem 17. Jahrhundert kennt die Römische Liturgie einen offiziellen Ritus servandus in coronatione imaginis Beatae Mariae Virginis, der wiederholt überarbeitet wurde. Für den deutschen Sprachraum erschien 1990 das Rituale Die Feier der Krönung eines Marienbildes.

Ob ein Gnadenbild feierlich gekrönt werden soll, entscheidet der Diözesanbischof im Einvernehmen mit der Ortsgemeinde. Die Krönung besonders altverehrter Bilder von überregionaler Bedeutung ist Sache des Papstes. Er selbst oder ein von ihm Beauftragter vollzieht den Ritus, gewöhnlich im Rahmen einer heiligen Messe oder einer Marienvesper. Die Krönung kann, etwa anlässlich eines Jubiläums, erneuert werden.

Literatur
 Institutum Liturgicum (Salzburg): Die Feier der Krönung eines Marienbildes. Studienausgabe 1990 (Pastorale Einführung)

Weblinks
 Die (erneuerte) Krönung des Gnadenbildes von Telgte 2004
 Kirchen mit kanonisch gekrönten Marienbildern

Veranstaltung (Marienverehrung)
Liturgische Handlung (römischer Ritus)
Krönung

Krönung eines Marienbildes


Başparmak ya da badem parmak sağ el baz alındığında, soldan birinci parmaktır. Elin diğer parmaklarından daha kısa ve kalın olan başparmağın bilim dünyasında birçok zaman diğer parmaklar ile aynı mı olduğu yoksa farklı bir organ mı olduğu tartışılmıştır. Bu olasılığın tartışma başparmağın birçok dilde diğer parmaklardan ayrı, özel bir ad ile anılmasından doğmuştur. Fakat görünüm olarak ufak değişiklikler dışında gerçekte başparmak da diğer parmaklar ile aynı kemik yapısındadır.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Parmak güreşi

Parmaklar

Başparmak


The Apprentice is a reality talent game show franchise originally aired in 2004 in the United States.

Created by U.S.-based British producer Mark Burnett, the show depicts contestants from around the country with various professional backgrounds in an elimination-style competition to become an apprentice to a businessman. The show was originally hosted by real estate magnate Donald Trump, who was also one of the producers. Burnett developed the show after previous success in bringing Survivor to the U.S. Since its premiere, The Apprentice has spawned several licensed international versions as well as unlicensed imitations.

Original series

The U.S. version of The Apprentice is the first version of the reality game show franchise. It was broadcast on NBC and billed as "The Ultimate Job Interview". The show depicted a group of 15–18 businessmen and -women competing in an elimination competition for a one-year, US$250,000 contract to run one of real estate magnate Donald Trump's companies.

The first season aired during the winter and spring of 2004, executive-produced by Mark Burnett, Jay Bienstock, and Trump, who also hosts the show. The show led Trump to become known for his fateful catch phrase "You're Fired!". The theme song for the show is "For the Love of Money" by The O'Jays, and other themes and underscore are written by composers Mark T. Williams and Jeff Lippencott of Ah2 Music.

During Donald Trump's reign over the show, the contestants lived communally in a suite at Trump Tower in New York City and the boardroom showdown was with Trump and two of his associates (usually Carolyn Kepcher, former chief operating officer (COO) and general manager for the Trump National Golf Club, and George H. Ross, Executive Vice President and Senior Counsel, The Trump Organization). Season 6 saw the show move to Los Angeles. On May 14, 2007, NBC announced the show was not on its fall 2007 schedule, but that a decision to cancel or renew it had not yet been made. On May 19, 2007, Trump announced that he was "moving on from The Apprentice", effectively ending the series. However, on May 22, NBC responded by saying Trump still had a year left on his contract. On July 16, 2007, NBC renewed the show with a sequel series, Celebrity Apprentice, The sequel debuted with season seven on January 3, 2008. The eighth season of The Apprentice premiered on NBC on March 1, 2009. Similar to the previous season, all contestants were celebrities playing for charity. The ninth season of The Apprentice  began in Spring 2010, also featuring a celebrity cast.

In June of 2015, Trump announced his campaign to run for President of the United States of America. He made several racially-charged remarks during his speech and was subsequently fired by NBC.  Actor and former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger replaced Trump, beginning in Season 15.

International versions
There are currently over 70 winners of the format, the first being Bill Rancic of the United States.

Overview

Africa

Pan-African
An African version, The Apprentice Africa, is hosted by advertising magnate and co-founder of Insight Communications, Biodun Shobanjo. The Apprentice Africa is based in Lagos, Nigeria. It is aired in Nigeria on (Nigerian Television Authority), Silverbird TV, Super Screen, and MBI Television; Ghana on (TV3); Kenya on (KTN); Uganda on (WBS); and Tanzania (TBC1). It premiered in February 2008. Eighteen contestants on the show come from Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Ghana, Cameroon, and Republic of Guinea. Owner Patrick E. Isibor and Jajaebu Kamarou.

The maiden edition of The Apprentice Africa was won by Isaac Dankyi-Koranteng, a 31-year-old Sales Manager from Ghana. Isaac beat Eunice Omole, a Nigerian American in a final show that saw most of the evicted contestants supporting the winner. Isaac was hired for Bank PHB Plc and will be assigned special responsibilities, by the Managing Director and CEO of the bank, which include research and development of products, and roll-out strategy for the bank in new markets, with supervision by the Apprentice Africa "CEO", Mr. Biodun Shobanjo.

South Africa
The South African version that aired on SABC3 is hosted by Tokyo Sexwale, a mining magnate. During the live finale 22 September, Sexwale hired the final two—Zanele Batyashe, 24, and Khomotso Choma, 34, which not only elicited anger from viewers, but also resulted in complaints across the country after the announcement was made. Later, US Series 4 winner Randal Pinkett recommended Trump not do so in the finale (See US Series 4) after he pondered hiring the runner-up, something which may have been inspired by this incident. The catch phrase Tokyo Sexwale used was "You're dismissed!"

Asia

Pan-Asian

The Asian version of The Apprentice was aired on AXN Asia. Tony Fernandes, the entrepreneur behind the successful AirAsia airline carrier, was the host for this version. It was revived in 2021 as The Apprentice: ONE Championship Edition, with Chatri Sityodtong, CEO of ONE Championship as the new host of the series.

Indonesia
Media mogul Peter F. Gontha is the host. The show, the first Apprentice spin-off in Asia, started on 3 October 2005, and aired every Monday on 21.30 Western Indonesian Time (GMT +7) on the television station Indosiar. According to the show's official website, the apprentice winner, a 29-year-old male whose name is Fendi Gunawan Liem, will be earning a salary of 600 million rupiahs, equivalent to about US$66,000.

Malaysia
The Apprentice Malaysian version spin-off in Asia started on October 3, 2005, and aired every Monday on 22.30 Malaysia time (GMT+8) on the television station TV3.  The catchphrase is "", or "you are fired".

Cross-continent

Pan-Arab
Real estate tycoon Mohamed Ali Alabbar hosts the Arabic version from Dubai called  (). The show has not started yet on LBC Lebanon.

Russia
In Russia the show is called Candidate () and is broadcast on the TNT channel. The first season in 2005 was hosted by restaurant tycoon Arkady Novikov, and the winner, Tatyana Burdelova, was hired as the CEO for one of Novikov's companies. The second season in late summer of 2006 was hosted by the mining, metals, banking and property tycoon Vladimir Potanin. As of January 2007, Potanin's personal wealth is estimated to be $14.2 billion (roughly 369 billion rubles) , which makes him the richest host of any version of the show so far. The catchphrase is , or "You are fired".

Candidate failed to attract a Russian audience. British TV producer Peter Pomerantsev credited Russian culture with its failure, writing, "The usual way to get a job in Russia is not by impressing at an interview, but by what is known as blat – 'connections'. Russian society isn't much interested in the hard-working, brilliant young business mind."

Turkey
Turkey's version is hosted by one of that country's most successful businessmen, Tuncay Özilhan the CEO of Anadolu Group. The show is titled  (The Apprentice), and the catchphrase is  ("I do not want to work with you"). Ahmet Isik was the winner of the first season.

Europe

Belgium
In Belgium, VT4 broadcast  on 1 March 2006. Rob Heyvaert from Capco hired Claudia Schiepers from 16 candidates. Claudia Schiepers worked for Capco for almost 4 years, in both the UK and New York. Taping of the show happened in 2005 from May through July, mostly in the city of Antwerp.

Denmark
Hosted by Klaus Riskaer Pedersen in the Danish version. Pedersen's catchphrase is  ("you're fired"). Louise Holm was hired at the end of the first season.

Estonia
The Estonian version called  was hosted by Armin Karu, the owner of the Olympic Entertainment Group (casinos and hotel chains). It was shown on TV3 at the fall of 2007.

Finland
Former talk show host and current consulting firm owner Jari Sarasvuo hosted the Finnish version on MTV3, called  (slang term for "deal"). Olli Rikala was the winner of the first season, although his competitor in the final was also hired, as well three of the other competitors. The show was aired in spring 2005.

The second season was shown in Autumn 2009. It was hosted by well-known business entrepreneur and TV personality Harry Harkimo, whose catchphrase was  or  ("You are fired"). The winner of the second season was Antti Seppinen. He was hired as the marketing manager of urban area project in Sipoo (Sipoonranta). The third season was shown in Autumn 2010 and Harry Harkimo continued as a host. The winner of the third season was former Olympic track cycler Mira Kasslin. She was hired as the manager of hotel project in Hanko.

Germany
In September 2004, German TV station ProSieben aired an adaptation of The Apprentice called Hire or Fire, produced by and starring John de Mol. The show was cancelled after the first episode due to low ratings.

From October 2004 to January 2005, German TV station RTL aired an adaptation of The Apprentice called Big Boss. The show was hosted by former soccer manager Reiner Calmund, and the winner received a prize of €250,000 ($300,000 at the time) for starting her or his own business. One candidate was eliminated at the end of each episode with the phrase  (you are excused). The show scored fair to poor ratings and was not renewed for another season.

Ireland

An Irish version began in September 2008 on Irish broadcaster TV3. It is hosted by business mogul Bill Cullen, who has made his fortune from the motor industry, and is the owner of Renault Ireland; his company makes over €350 million annually. At the time of the announcement that Cullen would front the show, many were skeptical, saying that Cullen would not be scary or tough enough on the contestants, but many have praised his handling of the show since then. The show is based in Dublin, and the winner receives a 12-month contract working alongside Cullen with a package worth €100,000. Although TV3 have made home-produced versions of international programmes before such as The Weakest Link, The Apprentice is without doubt proving to be the most successful for the broadcaster, attracting large viewing figures, and receiving much attention from the media in Ireland. The show's catchphrase is You are fired!

The show's first scandal involved Joanna Murphy, one of the contestants. She had been in contact with her family between takes, even though it is forbidden according to the rules of the show. She used the project manager laptop to communicate with her husband, and received his help in the hope of winning a task. Her team had to collect electrical equipment, and this would be recycled. The team with the most equipment won the task. It was exposed that Joanna's family and friends were actually raiding a recycling centre near Naas Racecourse, and bringing it to her teams 'special recycling centre' down the road. Each vehicle was driven by her friends and family, but viewers and cameramen were unaware of this. Some vehicles even came in more than once, but changed number registration plates, so as not to be caught by the cameras. This stunt was exposed while in the boardroom; Cullen fired her as a result. The story was in nearly all of the national newspapers in Ireland, and was the first major scandal to hit the show. RTÉ, TV3's biggest rivals, have considered the show's success, and produced their own version of Dragon's Den as a result, in the hope of also attracting Irish viewers. The Irish Apprentice ended on , with Brenda Shanahan winning in the end, after collecting the most money for her charity, and winning 10 out of 11 tasks in the series. Brenda then started working for Bill, as his apprentice.

The success of the first series has led to a second series being produced, which aired on TV3 in 2009. The winner of the 2009 series was Steve Rayner. He won the show despite admitting on the show that he is a recovering alcoholic and gambler.

Italy
In 2012 and 2013, Sky Italia aired first on Cielo and then on Sky Uno, two seasons of The Apprentice, with Flavio Briatore as main host.

The Netherlands
In 2005, high-profile lawyer Bram Moszkowicz offered a highly paid position ("the new Moszkowicz") in his law firm in AVRO's show . The show focused much on the character of Moszkowicz, a flamboyant man known for defending a number of very unpopular figures, most notably Desi Bouterse. Eventually Nienke Hoogervorst won out.

In 2011, a new Dutch adaptation of The Apprentice aired, called , closely following the BBC format. This time, the series centered around Dutch entrepreneur Aad Ouborg, known mostly for creating and managing the Princess Household Appliances brand. The phrase used by Ouborg to fire contestants is , which translates as "I'm not going into business with you". Key scenes were filmed in Rotterdam, although the Boardroom scenes take place in a theatre in the city of Breda, which is the city where Ouborg's HQ.

Norway
Produced for network TVNORGE, this was notable for being the first Apprentice spinoff in Europe. It is also notable for having the first female host—hairdressing mogul Inger Ellen Nicolaisen hosted the first season of the Norwegian version. The show is titled  (The Candidate), and the catchphrase is  ("you're fired").

Spain
The Spanish version of the show, called , premiered in September 2009 on La Sexta. It was hosted by advertising mogul Lluís Bassat.

Switzerland
Swiss publishing mogul Jürg Marquard hosts the show, which first aired in April 2005 on SF1. The show is titled  (Dream Job), and the catchphrase is  ("You are out"). Martin was ultimately hired at the end of the first season.

United Kingdom

Alan Sugar, founder of electronics company Amstrad, is the boss on The Apprentice in the United Kingdom. He ranks 84th on The Sunday Times Rich List 2007 with an estimated worth of around £973m. His catchphrase is "You're fired". Like the US version, the show also has a narrator, Mark Halliley. It has a very different visual and musical style to the US series, and in keeping with BBC guidelines, features no product placement. In later series, Lord Sugar offers the winner an investment, rather than direct employment.

The show started on 16 February 2005 on BBC Two, with the final episode of the first series shown on 4 May 2005. Tim Campbell, a former transport manager for the London Underground, was ultimately hired and as a result, landed a position at Amstrad with an introductory contract of 1 year with a salary exceeding £100,000. Saira Khan was fired on the series finale but has used the show to help launch a media career, including a regular column on the BBC Apprentice website and presenter of the enterprise show Beat the Boss on CBBC. James Max, a semi-finalist of the show, presents the daily Business Update on TalkSPORT alongside Ian Wright and Adrian Durham he also covers for non-sports presenters on a regular basis. He presents two weekly shows on LBC 97.3 Radio on Saturday and Sunday evenings.

A second series of The Apprentice UK began on Wednesday 22 February 2006, with the winner being Michelle Dewberry, chosen over Ruth Badger.

Series three of The Apprentice UK began on Wednesday 28 March 2007, 'promoted' to the more mainstream BBC One channel because of the series' increasing popularity. The winner was Simon Ambrose who was chosen over Kristina Grimes.

Series four of The Apprentice UK began on Wednesday 26 March 2008 on BBC One and ran for twelve weekly episodes. A record 20,000 applications were received. The winner of the 2008 series was Lee McQueen, having beaten Claire Young, Helene Speight and Alex Wotherspoon in the final, which featured four candidates instead of the usual two. The series peaked at 9.7 million viewers during the last episode, an unprecedented figure for the series.

A spin-off show, The Apprentice: You're Fired!, is shown on BBC Two straight after the BBC One broadcast. The 30-minute programme has a studio audience and interview with the fired apprentice, and Lord Sugar usually appears in the final episode of each series.

The RTL Group holds international licence rights for the show worldwide, and the show is produced by RTL's Talkback Thames. The UK opening theme is "Dance of the Knights" from Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet, with the boardroom music provided by UK artist Dru Masters.

The BBC has also screened series 1–5 of the US version (as of winter 2010), being broadcast some considerable time after the original US airing, and in the graveyard slot (11:00 pm onwards).

The television show inspired recreation of the show in form of competitions amongst student enterprise community and in 2013 has launched as a joint event called National Student Apprentice. A number of university societies organised local 'Apprentice Competitions'.

In 2011, the 7th series was broadcast, with one major difference: the candidates would be competing for a £250,000 investment into their business for a 50% equity stake from Lord Sugar. In previous years, the prize was a six-figure job at one of Lord Sugar's companies. It is widely viewed as the reason that the show has continued to air whilst all other international versions have fallen away.

Oceania

Australia

The Australian version of The Apprentice began airing on 28 September 2009 on the Nine Network. The host is Mark Bouris, the founder and chairman of Wizard Home Loans. The series is produced by the production company FremantleMedia. Sales consultant Andrew Morello won the series and was employed as a sales director to Bouris. Morello is currently head of business development at Bouris' wealth management company, Yellow Brick Road.

The Celebrity Apprentice Australia began screening on the Nine Network in October 2011, with comedian Julia Morris winning the first season. Two more seasons followed. The show did not air in 2014, but returned in 2015 for a fourth season, with singer and model Sophie Monk winning.

New Zealand

The Apprentice New Zealand, initially aired in 2010, was hosted by Terry Serepisos. The show had 14 contestants each vying for the prize of getting a six-figure salary at one of Serepisos' companies. The show began screening on 16 February 2010 on TV2.

The series relaunched in 2021 under the title The Apprentice Aotearoa, hosted by Mike Pero. The relaunched series began screening on 10 May 2021 on TVNZ 1.

South America

Brazil
, a Brazilian version of The Apprentice hosted by marketing businessman Roberto Justus, premiered on 4 November 2004. People+Arts (a cable channel that broadcasts The Apprentice in Latin America) and Rede Record (a Brazilian broadcasting network) teamed up with Fremantle Media to create the show. Justus' catchphrase is  ("you're fired"). For 2009 and 2010, the show had businessman João Doria, Jr. as the host.

Justus returned in 2013 to host the ninth season with a cast of candidates from previous seasons. In late 2013, Rede Record confirmed the first season of , a Brazilian version of Celebrity Apprentice, which premiered in April 2014. The show was broadcast on Tuesdays and Thursdays with a total of 22 episodes. Fifteen Brazilian celebrities battled for a prize of R$1.000,000,00.

After almost five years, the reality show returned again, featuring 18 digital influencers competing for a R$1.000,000,00 cash. It was broadcast by Band and Canal Sony.

Colombia
The Colombian version is called  (literal translation from the original show's name). It was hosted by Jean-Claude Bessudo, a French-born tourism entrepreneur. The show first aired in May 2005 on Canal Caracol. The show's catchphrase is  (You're fired!).

Similar programs
The Apprentice: Martha Stewart, a spin-off with Martha Stewart
 The Cut, with Tommy Hilfiger
 Project Runway, with Heidi Klum
The Assistant, with Andy Dick, an MTV-produced parody.
The Benefactor, with Mark Cuban of the NBA Dallas Mavericks
Fire Me...Please/The Sack Race, where contestants try to get fired from their job
The Law Firm with Roy Black
My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss, a parody and hoax
The Rebel Billionaire, with Richard Branson of the Virgin Group
Ultimate Hustler, with Damon Dash
I Want to Work for Diddy, with "P'Diddy" Sean Combs
Tycoon, with Peter Jones
Dragons' Den
The Next Internet Millionaire, by Internet entrepreneur Joel Comm
50 Cent: The Money and the Power, by 50 Cent
The Grand Hustle, by T.I.
The Apprentice: ONE Championship Edition, with Chatri Sityodtong

References

External links

 Trump not over just yet
 The Apprentice Los Angeles computer game
 The Armchair Apprentice Podcast and Blog
 The Apprentice Official Site on Yahoo!
 NBC.com: The Apprentice season 1, season 2, season 3, season 4, season 5, season 6
 NBC.com: The Apprentice: Martha Stewart
 The site for the UK version on the BBC
 The Apprentice UK Blog at Blogger
 The site for the Asia version on the AXN Asia
 The site for the South African version on SABC3
 The site for the German version on RTL
 The site for the Colombian version on Canal Caracol
 O Aprendiz – The Brazilian version of The Apprentice (Portuguese language)
 The site for the Finnish version on MTV3
 The site for the Indonesian version
 The site for the Spanish version on La Sexta
 NBCUniversalStore.com  – NBC's The Apprentice Store
 "Who's the Boss," a theory on how Donald Trump and Martha Stewart were picked to host the two Apprentice shows

Reality television series franchises
Television series by MGM Television
Television series created by Mark Burnett

The Apprentice


Le gouvernement Matas  () est le gouvernement des îles Baléares du  au , sous la  du Parlement.

Historique
Ce gouvernement est dirigé par le nouveau président des îles Baléares conservateur Jaume Matas. Il est constitué du seul Parti populaire (PP) et dispose de  sur 59, soit 50,8 % des sièges du Parlement.

Il est formé à la suite de la démission du président sortant Cristòfol Soler, désavoué par sa propre majorité.

Formation
Le , Jaume Matas remporte le vote d'investiture au Parlement par  favorables et . Nommé président le  suivant, le nouveau gouvernement de Jaume Matas entre en fonctions le . Un remaniement est opéré le .

Composition

Initiale

Remaniement du
 Les nouveaux conseillers sont indiqués en gras, ceux ayant changé d'attributions en italique.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Élections au Parlement des îles Baléares de 1995
 Président des îles Baléares

Liens externes
 .

Matas I

Gouvernement Matas I