Sven Clausen (født Sven Christen Clausen 30. oktober 1893 i Holsted, Ribe Amt, død 19. november 1961 i Charlottenlund) var en dansk forfatter, jurist og sprogrøgter. Søn af herredsfuldmægtig og justitsråd Christen Hansen Clausen og Meta Augusta Clausen f. Smith. Ægtefælle til hans død: Ingeborg Marie f. Jensen (1900-1990). Parret adopterede i 1924 et spædbarn som fik navnet Bente Meta Marie Clausen (1923-1985), datteren blev cand.jur. Familien boede fra 1930 i en villa på adressen Vilvordevej 35 i Charlottenlund. (Gentofte Kommune).

Virke

Jura og statslære
Sven Clausen blev cand.jur. fra Københavns Universitet i 1917 og arbejdede i de følgende år som fuldmægtig og kasserer. I 1930 vandt han Det Anders Sandøe Ørstedske Prismedaille-Legats guldmedalje for prisopgaven Om negotiable Papirer, og i 1934 blev han dr.jur. på afhandlingen Om Kreditforeningsforhold. I 1950 udnævntes han til professor i retsvidenskab ved Københavns Universitet, og 1954-55 var han Fulbright-gæsteforelæser ved de amerikanske universiteter i North Carolina og Denver. I 1956 udgav han lærebogen Omrids af statskundskab.

Clausens forsvar for common sense og hans bidende ironiske angreb på alle former for diktatur, systembyggeri og fordomsfuldhed kom både til udtryk i hans essayistik, i dramaerne og i værkerne om statslære; samme tanke ses i hans hyldest til parlamentarismen:
"Derfra stammer de gode ting i samfundet: friheden og trygheden, den rolige nattesøvn, menneskeværdigheden og børnenes gode latter."

Dramatik og litteratur
Sammenhængen imellem Sven Clausens retspolitiske synspunkter om ret og retfærdighed og dele af hans dramatik kom bl.a. til udtryk i dramaernes medfølelse med ofrene for "systemet", og i flere af dramaerne udstilles og latterliggøres opportunisme, bureaukrati og pamperi.

Sven Clausens dramaer stammer overvejende fra 1920'erne og blev i første omgang mest opført på mindre scener som Arbejdernes Teater, Det Sociale Teater, Dagmarteatret, Det Ny Teater, Odense Teater, Det Intime Teater og Folketeatret. Først langt senere fik nogle af Clausens værker større udbredelse og blev opført på Det Kongelige Teater; som eksempler kan nævnes Bureauslaven, der i 1922 fik premiere på Aarhus Teater og i 1952 blev spillet på Det Kongelige Teater, og Paladsrevolution om Struensee fra 1923, der blev spillet med stor succes på Det Kongelige i 1948.

I 1949 udsendte han en håndbog i dramaturgi under titlen Skuespillets teknik.

I forbindelse med sit (skøn)litterære virke bestred Clausen en række tillidsposter, herunder som bestyrelsesmedlem for Dansk Forfatterforening 1937-39 og Dansk PEN 1946-48, hvor han også var formand i 1956. Desuden var han ledende senior i Studenterforeningen 1948-49 og formand for Dansk Kulturfilm 1949-50.

Han fik en række priser m.m. for sit litterære arbejde:
 1934: Otto Benzons Forfatterlegat
 1935: Holberg-medaljen
 1946: Statens livsvarige ydelse (finansloven)
 1953: Studenternes æreskunstner
 1954: Harry Søibergs mindelegat
 1961: Den kulturelle Fonds hæderspris

Sprogrøgt
Sven Clausens aktivitet vedrørende sprogrøgt (dvs. bestræbelsen på at røgte (værne) sproget) havde som mål at bevare eller genskabe de nordiske sprogs indbyrdes forståelighed, først og fremmest med hensyn til ordforråd, men også vedrørende retskrivning, udtale og grammatik. Svækkelsen af den gensidige sprogforståelse imellem dansk, norsk og svensk kaldte Clausen med sit eget udtryk for sprogforbistring, og kampen for at fremme forståeligheden blev omvendt betegnet nordisk målstræv. Hans bestræbelser for sprogrøgt kom til udtryk i værket Imod sprogforbistringen fra 1937. I 1938 fulgtes det op af Nordisk målstræv, som derefter udkom som årbog igennem besættelsestiden og frem til 1948, fra 1944 yderligere suppleret af bladet Språgfronten. I årbøgerne optog Clausen efterhånden bidrag fra andre sprogrøgtere, særligt fra årgang 3 (1940), hvor han indførte dateringen "År 101 efter Grundtvigs krav om et samnordisk universitet". Blandt de dansksprogede bidragydere og debattører i årbøgerne findes f.eks. Frederik Vinding Kruse, Gudmund Schütte, Karl Hårbøl, Knudåge Riisager, Laust Moltesen, Louis Hjelmslev, Otto Jespersen, Paul Diderichsen, Sven Tito Achen og Aage Hansen; dertil kommer mange norsk- og svensksprogede.

I modsætning til en egentlig sproglig purisme var det ikke Clausens mål at udrydde alle fremmedord fra det danske eller de andre nordiske sprog, men derimod at undgå, at påvirkning fra engelsk og særligt tysk skulle trække det danske sprog væk fra de øvrige skandinaviske sprog; derfor kunne Clausen i udgangspunktet godt acceptere germanismer (tyskpåvirkede ord), hvis bare de var fælles for de nordiske sprog og dermed ikke hæmmede forståeligheden:
"Det er ikke i sig selv menligt at vi låner et tysk ord (Gemüse) eller at svenskerne låner et fransk (legymer). Men det er tåbeligt at vi låner, når vi har et godt fællesnordisk ord (grøntsager). Og det er navnlig tåbeligt at vi låner ulige ord. Lad os optage de fremmedord som vi har brug for; men det bør være de samme over hele Norden. Det er farligt at hver får sit" (Språgfronten, november 1946).
Baggrunden for Clausens sprogrøgt var hans opfattelse af, at Danmark geopolitisk i stigende grad blev knyttet til Tyskland på bekostning af Norden; sprogkampen opfattede han således som en politisk kamp om, hvorvidt Danmark skulle orientere sig i retning af Nazi-Tyskland eller mod Norden. Clausen mente ligefrem, at det tyske sprog havde en iboende tilbøjelighed til at fremme totalitær systemtænkning (se også Sapir-Whorf-hypotesen), og der var således efter hans egen opfattelse en sammenhæng imellem hans sprogpolitiske synspunkter, hans forkærlighed for frihed og parlamentarisme og hans stadigt mere markante antityskhed.

Sven Clausen og de øvrige sprogrøgtere (der ikke alle delte hans antityskhed) praktiserede selv ønskerne om nordisk tilpasning af stavemåder, ordvalg osv.; som eksempel kan anføres Clausens udfald mod tysk sprog og tænkning fra 1946, gengivet med hans egen stavemåde:
"Et vakkert vesteuropæisk ord, lånt fra selve vår kulturs moderspråg, græsken, er: demokratisk, ordegrant lig folkelig (demos = folk). Tyskerne har oversat ordet til völkisch og fået det til at betyde det modsatte av demokratisk, aldeles som med gloserne »sand«, »ret« og »frihed«. Det gik så vidt, at adskellen mellem demokratisk og völkisch blev den store skillelinje som skiftede kloden i to hælfter."

Enkelte af de sproglige reformer, som Clausen og andre sprogrøgtere havde kæmpet for og selv længe havde praktiseret, blev gennemført ved retskrivningsreformen i 1948; det gjaldt særligt indførelsen af Å på dansk, der allerede blev brugt på norsk og svensk, og afskaffelsen af de "tyske" store begyndelsesbogstaver i navneord. Der er ikke enighed om, hvorvidt hans opfattelse af behovet for samordning af de nordiske sprog stadig er relevant, eller om hans bekymring for sprogets udvikling har vist sig ubegrundet.

Clausen påpegede, hvordan romantikkens pangermanske præg havde ændret dansk, så sproget var ved at glemme sine egne ord. Den tyske forstavelse be- havde omgjort det gamle "høve" til "be-høve"; ligeledes havde man fået "be-fale", "be-drive", "be-våge", "be-nytte", "be-famle"... Det ærgrede ham, at folk sagde "vaske" (af tysk waschen), når dansk har ordet "tvætte"; at man sagde "stille" (også fra tysk), når dansk har "tyst"; at folk sagde "leje" (af tysk leihen) når dansk har "hyre"; at der blev sagt "forkert", når dansk har "vrang". Han fremholdt også, hvor omstændeligt det var at lære korrekt brug af store forbogstaver i navneord; således hed det "et Gode", men "det gode"; "den rejsende", men "den Handelsrejsende"; "det grønne", men "ud i det Blå"; "de fromme", men "de Franske"; "til Fods", men "til fals"; "for mit Vedkommende", men "rette vedkommende"; "spille Fallit", men "gå fallit"; "på Kryds", men "på skrå"; "i Ny og Næ", men "på ny". Ikke mindst var det upædagogisk, fordi der ikke fandtes fornuft i det. (Johannes Møllehave mindes dog en lærerinde, der indvendte, at sætningen "Af lette Retter foretrækker jeg Tunge" ikke gav mening, når man skrev "Af lette retter foretrækker jeg tunge.")

Poesi
Clausens digte skrives dikte med k. Det ene hedder Av jord og lyder sådan:
Gud bød en bunke jord ved alfarvejat samles, gå og vide den er mig.
Tit må jeg stirre på den døde muld,hvi blev ej den bevidst og sorrigfuld?
Bevidsthed tænder Gud hvor selv han vil.Hans skabning lærer sig at takke til.
Jeg glædes tit ved karret, Gud lod lave.Men jeg er ræd for denne sære gave. Forfatterskab i udvalg
 Forensiske Skuespil (1920); indholder:
 Vore egne mandariner. Komedie Aftensvalen. Tragedie Bureauslaven. Karakterdrama i 3 Akter (1922)
 Paladsrevolution. Komedie i 4 Akter (1923; genudgivet 1948)
 Augurerne smiler. Komedie (1924)
 De sidste Vikinger. Essays (1926)
 Den gamle Historie. Skuespil i 3 Akter (1927)
 Kulturaben. Komedie (1927)
 Narcissus i Helvede (1927)
 Nævningen. Mysterium og Morale i to Afdelinger (1929; sammen med Peter Grove)
 Skattens Mønt. Bibelsk Drama (1929)
 Menneskets Aldre (1930)
 Digte (1931); ny udgave: Dikte (1941); genudgivet i Gyldendals Spættebøger som Digte (1966)
 Om negotiable Papirer (1931)
 I Rosenlænker og andre Komedier (1933); indeholder:
 I Rosenlænker Et Komplot Uffe hin Spage Last Kivfuglen Pædagogik Kivfuglen II De Snu Profeten og Fædrelandet Fire Forelæsninger Om dramatiske Tricks Om Situationskomik Om Temperamentet Om Valg af Dødsmaade Moralske Børnerim (1933)
 Om Kreditforeningsforhold I-II (1934)
 Essays om almindelig Retslære (1935)
 Imod sprogforbistringen (1937)
 Folkestyre – for eller imod? (1937)
 Nordisk Målstræv (1938)
 Årbog for nordisk målstræv II-X (1939-1948)
 Nordisk språgpolitik (1941)
 Eumeniderne. Hørespil (1943)
 Språgfronten (blad, 1944-1948)
 Nordisk språgfællesskap. Udkast til en språglov (194?)
 Det lille kjøbenhavnske nærsynsapparat (1945)
 Udvalgte Tvangstanker. Fra 10 Aars Journalistik (1945); indeholder 33 kronikker m.m. under fire hovedoverskrifter:
 Parlamentarismen Sprogforbistringen Søren Kierkegaard Det almenmenneskelige I Goethes hus. En mindekrans ved Goethes 200 års fødselsdag (1949)
 Skuespillets teknik. En nordisk håndbog i dramaturgi (1949)
 De vestlige statsteorier (1952)
 Magt (1952)
 De danske statsteorier (1953)
 Essays om naturret (1954)
 Omrids af statskundskab'' (1956)

Desuden er et meget stort antal debatindlæg om sprogrelaterede emner i dagblade og magasiner opregnet i Henrik Galberg Jacobsens bibliografiske fortegnelse.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Sven Clausen i Dansk Forfatterleksikon
 Svend og Ingeborg Clausen på Politiets Registerblade (22. marts 1922)
 Sven Clausen i Kraks Blå Bog 1957
 Sven Clausen på Dansk Forfatterleksikon

Danskere i 1900-tallet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Dramatikere fra Danmark
Digtere fra Danmark
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark
Jurister fra Danmark
Alumni fra Københavns Universitet
Professorer fra Københavns Universitet
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)
Herlovianere
Modtagere af Holbergmedaljen

Sven Clausen (forfatter og jurist)


Michael Hermann, né en  à Huttwil, est un géographe et politologue suisse, développeur de l'infographie Smartvote et créateur de l'institut de sondage et de recherche Sotomo.

Biographie

Michael Hermann naît en 1971 à Huttwil, dans l'arrondissement bernois de Haute-Argovie. Son père y tient une droguerie, comme son grand-père et son arrière-grand père avant lui ; sa mère tient le foyer. Il a un frère, qui met fin à ses jours à l'âge de 21 ans, et une sœur.

Sa maturité en poche (obtenue à Langenthal malgré une dyslexie), il étudie la géographie à l'Université de Zurich (après deux semestres en biologie, puis en philosophie et histoire), jusqu'à décrocher un doctorat en 2006.

Il enseigne à temps partiel la politologie à l'Institut de géographie de l'Université de Zurich à côté des activités de son institut de sondage. Il tient depuis 2009 une chronique dans le Tages-Anzeiger, où il révèle son propre profil politique de centre-gauche.

Il vit avec sa compagne à Zurich, dans le Kreis 10.

Institut de recherche Sotomo
Au terme de ses études, il lance avec Heiri Leuthold le projet Sotomo, mot-valise allemand pour « topologie sociale et modernisation », financé par le Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique. Ce projet débouche en 2003 sur les infographies politiques sous forme de toile d'araignée qui sont utilisées notamment par Smartvote pour visualiser le profil politique d'une personne ou d'un parti.

Il crée ensuite en 2007 à Zurich, toujours avec Heiri Leuthold, l'institut de recherche Sotomo, qui réalise notamment des analyses démographiques et des sondages. L'entreprise est mandatée depuis 2017 par la SSR pour mener les baromètres électoraux et les sondages précédant les votations. Elle compte dix employés en 2022.

Il publie régulièrement avec son institut un classement sur l'échelle gauche-droite des parlementaires, notamment dans la Neue Zürcher Zeitung et Le Temps.

Notes et références

Ouvrages
 .

Articles connexes
 Claude Longchamp

Liens externes

 Site de l'institut Sotomo

Naissance en 1971
Naissance dans le canton de Berne
Étudiant de l'université de Zurich
Politologue suisse

Michael Hermann


Chlorate is the common name of the  anion, whose chlorine atom is in the +5 oxidation state. The term can also refer to chemical compounds containing this anion, with chlorates being the salts of chloric acid. Other oxyanions of chlorine can be named "chlorate" followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses denoting the oxidation state of chlorine: e.g., the  ion commonly called perchlorate can also be called chlorate(VII).

As predicted by valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, chlorate anions have trigonal pyramidal structures.

Chlorates are powerful oxidizers and should be kept away from organics or easily oxidized materials. Mixtures of chlorate salts with virtually any combustible material (sugar, sawdust, charcoal, organic solvents, metals, etc.) will readily deflagrate. Chlorates were once widely used in pyrotechnics for this reason, though their use has fallen due to their instability. Most pyrotechnic applications that formerly used chlorates now use the more stable perchlorates instead.

Structure and bonding
The chlorate ion cannot be satisfactorily represented by just one Lewis structure, since all the Cl–O bonds are the same length (1.49 Å in potassium chlorate), and the chlorine atom is hypervalent. Instead, it is often thought of as a hybrid of multiple resonance structures:

Preparation

Laboratory
Metal chlorates can be prepared by adding chlorine to hot metal hydroxides like KOH:

3 Cl2 + 6 KOH → 5 KCl + KClO3 + 3 H2O

In this reaction, chlorine undergoes disproportionation, both reduction and oxidation. Chlorine, oxidation number 0, forms chloride Cl− (oxidation number −1) and chlorate(V)  (oxidation number +5). The reaction of cold aqueous metal hydroxides with chlorine produces the chloride and hypochlorite (oxidation number +1) instead.

Industrial

The industrial-scale synthesis for sodium chlorate starts from an aqueous sodium chloride solution (brine) rather than chlorine gas. If the electrolysis equipment allows for the mixing of the chlorine and the sodium hydroxide, then the disproportionation reaction described above occurs. The heating of the reactants to 50–70 °C is performed by the electrical power used for electrolysis.

Natural occurrence
A recent study has discovered the presence of natural chlorate deposits around the world, with relatively high concentrations found in arid and hyper-arid regions. The chlorate was also measured in rainfall samples with the amount of chlorate similar to perchlorate. It is suspected that chlorate and perchlorate may share a common natural formation mechanism and could be a part of the chlorine biogeochemistry cycle. From a microbial standpoint, the presence of natural chlorate could also explain why there is a variety of microorganisms capable of reducing chlorate to chloride. Further, the evolution of chlorate reduction may be an ancient phenomenon as all perchlorate reducing bacteria described to date also utilize chlorate as a terminal electron acceptor. It should be clearly stated, that currently no chlorate-dominant minerals are known. This means that the chlorate anion exists only as a substitution in the known mineral species, or – eventually – is present in the pore-filling solutions.

In 2011, a study of the Georgia Institute of Technology unveiled the presence of magnesium chlorate on the planet Mars.

Compounds (salts)

Examples of chlorates include
 potassium chlorate, KClO3
 sodium chlorate, NaClO3
 magnesium chlorate, Mg(ClO3)2

Other oxyanions
If a Roman numeral in brackets follows the word "chlorate", this indicates the oxyanion contains chlorine in the indicated oxidation state, namely:

Using this convention, "chlorate" means any chlorine oxyanion. Usually, "chlorate" refers only to chlorine in the +5 oxidation state.

Toxicity
Chlorates are relatively toxic, though they form generally harmless chlorides on reduction.

References

External links

Chlorine oxides

Chlorate


Son Goku  is a character and the main protagonist of the Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama. He is based on Sun Wukong (known as Son Goku in Japan and Monkey King in the West), a main character of the classic 16th century Chinese novel Journey to the West, combined with influences from the Hong Kong action cinema of Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee. Goku made his debut in the first Dragon Ball chapter, Bulma and Son Goku, originally published in Japan's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on December 3, 1984. Goku is introduced as an eccentric, monkey-tailed boy who practices martial arts and possesses superhuman strength. He meets Bulma and joins her on a journey to find the seven wish-granting Dragon Balls. Along the way, he finds new friends who follow him on his journey to become a stronger fighter. As Goku grows up, he becomes the Earth's mightiest warrior and battles a wide variety of villains with the help of his friends and family, while also gaining new allies in the process.

Born under the name Kakarot, as a member of the Saiyan race on Planet Vegeta, he is sent to Earth as an infant prior to his homeworld's destruction at the hands of Frieza (ordered by Beerus). Upon his arrival on Earth, the infant is discovered by Son Gohan, who becomes the adoptive grandfather of the boy and gives him the name Goku. The boy is initially full of violence and aggression due to his Saiyan nature, until an accidental head injury turns him into a cheerful, carefree person. Grandpa Gohan's kindness and teachings help to further influence Goku, who later on names his first son Gohan in honor of him.

As the protagonist of Dragon Ball, Goku appears in most of the episodes, films, television specials and OVAs of the manga's anime adaptations (Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z) and sequels (Dragon Ball GT, Dragon Ball Super), as well as many of the franchise's video games. Due to the series' international popularity, Goku became one of the most recognizable and iconic manga/anime characters worldwide. Outside the Dragon Ball franchise, Goku has made cameo appearances in Toriyama's self-parody series Neko Majin Z, has been the subject of other parodies, and has appeared in special events. Most Western audiences were introduced to the adult version of Goku featured in the Dragon Ball Z anime, which adapted the final 26 Dragon Ball manga volumes, as opposed to his initial appearance as a child due to the limited success of the first anime series overseas.

Conception and creation

Goku, and Dragon Ball in general, evolved from one of Akira Toriyama's earlier one-shot series called Dragon Boy. In this story, the protagonist looks similar to Goku, but has a pair of wings. The original inspiration were Hong Kong action cinema, including those by Bruce Lee such as Enter the Dragon (1973) and by Jackie Chan such as Drunken Master (1978); Toriyama said he had a young Chan in mind for a live-action Goku, stating that "nobody could play Goku but him." Goku uses a variety and hybrid of East Asian martial arts styles, including Karate and Wing Chun (Kung fu).

Bulma and Goku were the first pair of characters which were introduced in the manga and Toriyama stated that he subsequently introduced other characters in pairs because "that way, I'm able to explain the characters and their relationship to each other through their interactions. In my case, I feel that it isn't good to insert too much narration. I suppose Goku and Bulma are representative of that." He further added that "as a child, Goku doesn't know anything [of the world], so without Bulma, he'd be a character who didn't say anything." Toriyama mentioned Torishima wanted Goku to form a relationship with Bulma, but this was never applied to the series. With the conclusion of the Cell arc, Gohan was intended to replace his father as the protagonist, but Toriyama later decided that Gohan was unsuitable for the role. According to Toriyama, Goku is more of a selfish person than a hero as his main interest in the story is to fight strong opponents rather than protecting the innocent. As a result, Toriyama was angered when the anime adaptations of Dragon Ball started portraying Goku as more heroic than his manga counterpart.

Design
The character Goku is based on Sun Wukong (Son Goku in Japanese), the central character of the Chinese novel Journey to the West. To be creative with the idea of Sun Wukong, Toriyama designed Goku as a human boy with a monkey's tail, rather than a complete simian, because the tail would give the character a distinguishing feature. He later stated that the tail was a pain to draw, hence why he had it get cut off early on. Toriyama did not initially plan to make Goku an alien, it was not until the introduction of fighters from other planets that he established him as a Saiyan. Goku was given the ability to teleport to any planet in seconds, so that Toriyama could increase the pace of the story.

Wanting the series to have a Chinese appearance, Toriyama used the color of the robes worn by Buddhist monks for Goku's dōgi. During the early chapters of the manga, Toriyama's editor Kazuhiko Torishima commented that Goku looked rather plain. Toriyama had given him simple clothes on purpose because it was a fighting manga, so to combat this he added several characters like Master Roshi and Krillin, and created the Tenkaichi Budōkai to focus the storyline on fighting. To defy the assumption that Goku would win the tournaments, Toriyama made him lose the first and second but win the third.

Toriyama's editor was initially against having Goku grow up, saying it was uncommon to have the protagonist drastically change in manga, however, he gave in when Toriyama threatened that he would not be able to continue the series if the character did not. Toriyama later stated he had him grow up as a means to make drawing the fight scenes easier.

When Toriyama thought up the Super Saiyan concept during the Frieza arc, he felt the only way to show Goku's massive power-up was to have him transform. Initially he was concerned that the facial expression looked like that of a villain, but felt it was acceptable since the transformation was brought about by anger. The Super Saiyan form spared the trouble of coloring Goku's hair all the time for the standard black-and-white manga pages. This was the reason for the Super Saiyan form having blonde hair, because it was easier to draw for Toriyama's assistant who spent a lot of time blacking in Goku's hair. Goku's piercing eyes in Super Saiyan form were inspired by Bruce Lee's paralyzing glare. For the Dragon Ball Z anime adaptation, character designer Tadayoshi Yamamuro used Lee as a reference, stating that, when he "first becomes a Super Saiyan, his slanting pose with that scowling look in his eyes is all Bruce Lee."

Dragon Ball GT chief character designer Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru said he agonized over designing Goku's Super Saiyan 4 appearance, which was the idea of the show's producers, questioning whether it was necessary to go further with the transformations. Because Super Saiyan 4 is brought about while in a Saiyan's Ōzaru form, he made the hair more "wild" and covered Goku's body in red fur. There was only a single final draft of the character, although Nakatsuru did consider making the hair blonde, he ended up choosing black as it provides more contrast with the red fur.

During the plans of the final story arc of Dragon Ball Super, it was decided that Goku should have another transformation: The Ultra Instinct. The concept was that the Ultra Instinct would be completely different from Goku's previous Super Saiyan transformations.

Voice actors
In the Japanese version of every Dragon Ball anime series and subsequent related media, Goku has been voiced by Masako Nozawa. Toriyama selected Nozawa upon hearing her audition sample, remarking that only Goku could sound like that. Nozawa stated that she was ecstatic when she got the role because she had always wanted to be in one of Toriyama's works. She said she had to be mindful of the fact that Goku grew up in the mountains and did not know much of the world. Despite having to voice Goku, Gohan, Goten and Bardock, Nozawa says she is able to instantly get into the respective character upon seeing their image.

Nozawa explained that she did not read the manga so that she would not know what was coming in the story until recording, making her reactions the same as Goku's. Nozawa said that she liked young Goku with his tail because he was cute, and stated that the character was still the same even at the end of the series.

In the numerous English versions, Goku has been played by different actors because different companies produced the dubs, by reason of changes of automated dialogue replacement companies and recording studios, or due to actors quitting:

In Harmony Gold's very brief dub of the original Dragon Ball series, Goku was voiced by Barbara Goodson.
In Funimation's initial dub of the anime, Goku was voiced by Saffron Henderson in the first 13 episodes of the original Dragon Ball series (produced in association with BLT Productions), and by Ian James Corlett and  Peter Kelamis in the first 67 episodes of Dragon Ball Z (edited into 53 episodes, produced in association with Saban and Ocean Productions).
In Funimation's in-house dub, Goku was voiced by Stephanie Nadolny as a child in both Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT, and has been consistently voiced by Sean Schemmel as an adult throughout the entire Dragon Ball franchise. Since Dragon Ball Z Kai, Colleen Clinkenbeard has voiced Kid Goku for Funimation.
In AB Groupe's dub of the anime produced for Canadian and European broadcast (initially also in association with Ocean Productions and later with Blue Water Studios), Goku was voiced by Peter Kelamis again and later by Kirby Morrow in episodes 123-291 of Dragon Ball Z, by Zoe Slusar as a child in both Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT, by Jeffrey Watson as an older teen in Dragon Ball, and by Jeremiah Yurk as an adult and Super Saiyan 4 in GT.
In Bang Zoom's dub of the first 27 episodes of Dragon Ball Super produced for Toonami Asia's broadcast, Goku was voiced by Lex Lang.

Appearances

In Dragon Ball

Goku first appears in Dragon Ball as a monkey-tailed child adopted by the hermit martial artist Gohan. Before the series' narrative begins, he accidentally and unknowingly kills Gohan when he temporarily transforms into the mighty Ōzaru after staring at a full moon. Goku loses the ability when his friends cut off his tail.

Living alone with an item known as a Dragon Ball which he keeps as a memento of Gohan, Goku befriends a teenage girl named Bulma. He joins her to find the seven Dragon Balls, which, when gathered, summon the wish-granting dragon Shenron. They encounter the desert bandit Yamcha and two shapeshifters named Oolong and Puar, who join their quest. Goku is later trained by the martial artist Master Roshi, alongside a monk named Krillin, who later becomes his best friend. It is Roshi who gives Goku the magic cloud Kinto'un, as a reward for saving his pet sea turtle, which becomes Goku's primary source of flight travel across the world.

Goku's first shown martial arts attack as a child is Jan ken, three physical blows modeled after the hand signs in rock-paper-scissors. As a child, he wields the Nyoi-bō, a magic staff that extends and retracts on command, given to him by his grandfather.

Goku's signature attack is the Kamehameha (named after King Kamehameha I of Hawai'i), which he learned from Roshi. The Kamehameha is a concentration of energy, released as a concussive beam. Roshi spent about 50 years developing and perfecting the technique, but, as a child, Goku is able to understand and copy the technique immediately after only one demonstration. After training with the Earth's Guardian, Kami, Goku learns to fly by virtue of the technique Bukū-jutsu and uses the Nimbus cloud less frequently for flight travel.

While participating in the World Martial Arts Tournament that attracts the most powerful fighters in the world, Goku battles foes, later turned allies, such as Tien Shinhan and Chiaotzu, as well as the Namekian Piccolo. After becoming the runner-up champion of the 21st and 22nd tournaments, Goku wins in the 23rd with Piccolo's defeat, and marries Chi-Chi soon after to fulfill a promise he made to her years ago despite not knowing what marriage was.

Five years later, Goku meets his evil older brother Raditz and learns about his heritage. Goku comes from a race of nearly extinct extraterrestrials called Saiyans, himself having been sent from their home planet to prepare Earth for sale on the intergalactic market by destroying all its life. While Grandpa Gohan was taking care of him, Goku accidentally fell into a deep ravine and suffered a severe head injury, which caused him to forget his mission and drastically altered his personality.

After Raditz kidnaps Goku's son Gohan, he forms a truce with Piccolo in order to defeat Raditz. After sacrificing his life during the battle, Goku trains with King Kai in the Other World. He teaches Goku the Kaiō-ken, which multiplies his energy and strength but with possible strain to the body. It is from King Kai that Goku learns his most powerful attack: the Genki-Dama, an energy sphere created by gathering energy from surrounding animals, nature and humans.

After being revived by the Dragon Balls, Goku faces off with the Saiyan prince Vegeta, who eventually becomes his greatest rival and another ally. On his journey to Planet Namek in order to aid his friends in gathering the Namekian Dragon Balls to revive those killed by the Saiyans, Goku fights the galactic tyrant Frieza, who destroyed the Saiyans' home planet and nearly the entire race. During his epic battle with Frieza, Goku becomes the first Saiyan in a thousand years to transform into a fabled Super Saiyan.

After defeating Frieza and escaping the destruction of Namek, Goku learns a teleportation skill called Shunkan Idō, taught by the inhabitants of the planet Yardrat. Goku contracts a heart virus whereof the time-traveler Trunks warns him, but recovers after taking medicine provided by Trunks. Goku trains Gohan to be his successor and sacrifices himself again during the battle against the evil bio-android Cell. Goku is temporarily resurrected on Earth seven years later and meets his second son Goten.

Goku battles Vegeta again after Vegeta willingly falls under the control of the wizard Babidi in order to gain power. Shortly after, he is drawn into a battle for the universe against the monster Majin Buu. Despite having mastered two new Super Saiyan transformations, Goku prepares Goten and Trunks to take his place as Earth's defender. After his life is fully restored, Goku attempts to fuse with Gohan in order to defeat Buu, but this fails when the latter is temporarily absorbed by Buu and so he persuades the newly arrived Vegeta to fuse with him, creating Vegito. Goku destroys Buu with a Spirit Bomb attack. Ten years later, during another World Martial Arts Tournament, Goku meets Uub, Buu's human reincarnation, and leaves with him, intending to train him as the new protector of Earth.

In Dragon Ball Super
After defeating Majin Buu, Goku meets a new opponent known as Beerus, the God of Destruction in the film Battle of Gods. An alternative, more innately powerful form known as the Super Saiyan God is reached by Goku during this film. Though the temporary transformation wears off, Goku manages to harness its godly powers. In its sequel film Resurrection 'F', Goku manages to achieve a blue-haired evolution of Super Saiyan God under Whis's tutelage, known as the Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan, or "Super Saiyan Blue" for short, which Goku uses to battle the newly revived Frieza. These forms appear in Dragon Ball Super and its manga tie-in, which expand upon the stories from the two films.

Afterwards, Goku and his friends participate in a fighting tournament set between Beerus and his brother Champa, who is Universe 6's God of Destruction, facing the best warriors from Champa's universe. During this tournament, Goku reveals that he has learned to combine the perfect energy control of his Super Saiyan Blue form with his older technique, the Kaiō-ken. After meeting with the omnipotent being known as Grand Zeno, Goku encounters an evil alternate version of himself called "Goku Black", who is terrorizing Future Trunks' timeline. Black is eventually revealed to be a rogue Supreme Kai in training named Zamasu, who has stolen Goku's body from yet another alternate timeline and teamed up with the Zamasu of Future Trunks' timeline to fulfill their "Zero Mortals Plan". After Zamasu and Black become even more dangerous by undergoing Potara Fusion during the battle in Future Trunks' timeline, Goku ultimately summons the future version of Grand Zeno who erases Zamasu.

Goku causes the Zenos to decide to hold a multi-universal martial arts tournament with the losing universes wiped from existence; the Tournament of Power. Throughout the tournament, Goku faces multiple opponents but finds his toughest in Jiren. It is during his fights with Jiren that Goku acquires a temporary transformed state using a divine technique known as Migatte no Goku'i. Ultimately, Goku and Frieza manage to work together to force Jiren out of bounds in a triple elimination, leaving Android 17 as the winner who uses his wish on the Super Dragon Balls to restore the erased universes.

Goku's origin story from the Dragon Ball Minus manga chapter is retold in the film Dragon Ball Super: Broly. His birth parents are Bardock, a low-class Saiyan mercenary, and Gine, the owner of a butcher shop. Bardock has a strong suspicion that Frieza is up to something when he receives an order on his scouter for all Saiyans to return home, so he convinces Gine to send their infant son in a space pod to Earth. In the present, following the events of the Tournament of Power, Goku and Vegeta encounter another Saiyan survivor named Broly, whom Frieza has recruited to defeat them. When Broly proves to be too powerful for either of them to handle individually, Goku and Vegeta use the Metamoran Fusion Dance, which creates Gogeta. Gogeta almost defeats his opponent, but Broly's allies teleport him back to the barren planet he grew up on. Goku teleports to this planet as well to provide Broly and his two friends with survival supplies, hoping to be able to spar with Broly again someday.

In the manga, directly after the final scene of Broly, Goku and Vegeta meet Galactic Patrol by Jaco and a mysteriously highly skilled agent named Merus in order to help stop an ancient warlock called Moro. With Moro headed to New Namek to use the Namekian Dragon Balls, the two Saiyans travel to the planet to stop him, where they are defeated by him using his magic to drain their life essences until near death. Once recovered, they attempt to go after Moro again, but he escapes from them, Merus and (the also conscripted) Majin Buu with the help of his accomplice Cranberry (who he kills) in order to wish upon the Dragon Balls to free all the Galactic Prison prisoners. After a few days, Goku hears from Merus that Moro has grown even stronger and is unstoppable. This leads to Goku asking Merus to help train him to master the Ultra Instinct state so he can defeat Moro. Goku helps his friends take out Moro's forces before he comes face-to-face with Moro again. When Moro fuses with Seven-Three, he and his allies are soundly defeated and mortally wounded. Goku achieves the full power of Ultra Instinct, which he uses to debilitate Moro to near-death. Even after healing him with a Senzu bean, tanking his ensuing sneak attack, unsuccessfully attempting to convince him to reconsider his ways and go back to prison, and him using a stray severed arm with Merus's copied power to obtain Ultra Instinct for himself, Goku continuously outmatches Moro. Ultimately, with the help of his friends and family, along with a key assist from Buu/Grand Supreme Kai and Uub's divine power, Goku manages to finish off Moro and save the Earth once more. He, Vegeta, Buu and Jaco then reunite with a now-mortal Merus to be honoured as heroes by the Galactic Patrol.

In other media
In the anime-only sequel series Dragon Ball GT, Goku is transformed back into a child by an accidental wish made by his old enemy Pilaf using the Black Star Dragon Balls while Pilaf was about to wish to take over the world. Goku, Trunks and his own granddaughter Pan travel the universe to search for the Black Star Dragon Balls and return them to Earth to prevent its destruction. After acquiring the Super Saiyan 4 transformation, Goku battles the evil Tuffle Baby, Super Android 17, and the evil Shadow Dragons. His final challenge is against Omega Shenron, whom he destroys using the Spirit Bomb. Goku leaves with the original form of Shenron, but not before saying his goodbyes to his friends on Earth. He appears 100 years later at the next World Martial Arts Tournament as an adult, where he watches a battle between Goku Jr., his descendant, and Vegeta Jr., Vegeta's descendant. An elderly Pan sees him, but he quickly departs.

Goku has appeared in various other media including an unofficial Taiwanese live-action film and an unofficial Korean live-action film. He was portrayed by Justin Chatwin in the 2009 20th Century Fox feature Dragonball Evolution. Goku has appeared in almost every Dragon Ball licensed video game, including crossover games such as Jump Super Stars, Jump Ultimate Stars and Battle Stadium D.O.N. In 1992, Goku was featured in the interactive game Dragon Ball Z: Get Together! Goku World, in which Goku and his gang travel back in time to review events in the Dragon Ball timeline and interacts with his younger self. In December 2007, Goku made a guest appearance in avatar form in the MMORPG Second Life for a Jump Festa promotion titled Jumpland@Second Life. Goku appears in the Dr. Slump and Arale-chan video game for the Nintendo DS.

Goku has been the subject of, and is mentioned in, various songs. "Son Goku Song" and "Gokū no Gokigen Jānī" feature Goku as a child singing about himself. During his adult years, the song "Aitsu wa Son Gokū" by Hironobu Kageyama, where Kageyama praises everything about Goku, and the duet "Ore-tachi no Energy" feature words spoken by the character. For the release of the single of the Dragonball Evolution international theme song "Rule", Toriyama supplied CD artwork of singer Ayumi Hamasaki dressed as Goku.

Goku has been used in Japanese public service announcements aimed at children. In June 1988, Goku and other Dragon Ball characters were featured in two PSA short films. The first, in which Goku is taught the importance of obeying traffic safety by others, is entitled Goku's Traffic Safety. The second is called Goku's Fire Fighting Regiment, in which he teaches two children the importance of fire safety.

Goku has made guest appearances in various Japanese television shows and manga. In 2005, Goku appeared in the Toriyama parody manga Neko Majin Z where he is the sensei of the main character Z. On September 15, 2006, in celebration of the 30th anniversary of Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo, the special manga Super Kochikame was released. The chapter entitled This is the Police Station in front of Dragon Park on Planet Namek has Ryotsu Kankichi travel to planet Namek and try to issue Freeza a citation and scold both he and Goku for parking their ships illegally.

Goku and other Dragon Ball characters joined the cast of One Piece in the 2006 crossover manga Cross Epoch. He appears in a single panel of Toriyama's 2013 manga Jaco the Galactic Patrolman, which is set before the events of Dragon Ball. The collected tankōbon volume of Jaco features the bonus story Dragon Ball Minus: The Departure of the Fated Child, depicting how and why Goku's parents sent him to Earth.

Goku has been the subject of various parodies. In the episode "Career Day" of Takeshi's Castle, known in the United States as MXC, the hosts Beat Takeshi and Sonomanma Higashi dressed as popular anime characters, one as Goku as a child, the other as Doraemon. Weekly Shōnen Jumps Gag Special 2005 issue, released on November 12, 2004, featured a Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo one-shot Dragon Ball parody manga, a retelling of the first fight between Goku and Vegeta. In chapter #179 of the Yakitate!! Japan manga, Kawachi executes a Genki-Dama parody called a Shinrai-Dama on the character Katsuo.  In the manga and anime series Blood Lad, the character Staz performs the gestures for Goku's Kamehameha, having learned it from his favorite manga superhero, but it has no actual effect.

Goku regularly appears on Fuji TV. In 2003, Goku appeared in the interactive feature Orb's Panic Adventure!, which was featured at the Fuji TV headquarters in the orb section. In this, Freeza attacks a visiting tourist, blasting the orb section free from the rest of the Fuji TV building. Goku fights Freeza over the real life aqua city of Odaiba. In 2004, a sequel called Orb's Panic Adventure Returns! was produced. On March 25, 2006, Goku and Freeza appeared in an original animated short film in the IQ Mirror Mistake 7 segment of the Japanese game show IQ Supplement.

On April 7, 2007, Goku and Fuji TV announcer Masaharu Miyake were commentators on the anime segment in the Japan Great Man Awards titled Who is the Strongest Hero?. The segment featured a special tournament to decide who was the greatest person in Japanese history. During the intermission, Goku promoted the coming release of R2 Dragon Ball DVDs.

Since the U.S. debut of Dragon Ball Z in 1996, Goku has appeared in American pop culture. He was featured in an issue of Wizard magazine in which he and Superman fought a hypothetical battle and won. In the Codename: Kids Next Door episode "Operation: R.E.P.O.R.T", Numbuh Four's version of the story is a parody of the Goku and Freeza's battle in Dragon Ball Z. Goku appears in Robot Chicken in a sketch entitled A Very Dragon Ball Z Christmas, where Goku and Gohan fight an evil Mrs. Claus with Santa's reindeer, in an attempt to save Christmas.

The Saturday Night Live sketch TV Funhouse titled Kobayashi depicts real-life hot-dog-eating champion Takeru Kobayashi as able to transform into a Super Saiyan as he prepares to eat hot dogs; Goku appears briefly near the end. Goku is referenced in the songs "Goku" and "Anime" by Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, where he brags that he looks and feels like Goku.

Goku appears in a parody of the film Moneyball on an episode of Mad entitled Money Ball Z, in which Billy Beane drafts Goku and a couple of other Dragon Ball characters into the Oakland A's. In 2013, he and Superman fought in a "Death Battle" episode of the Rooster Teeth web series ScrewAttack and lost. The episode "Goku vs. Superman" in the web series Epic Rap Battles of History won a Streamy Award for Best Music Video.

The use of the Kamehameha attack became an Internet meme which started with Japanese schoolgirls photographing themselves apparently using, and being affected by, this attack. It has attracted considerable media attention in France, Germany, as well as in many Spanish-speaking countries in South America.

Cultural impact

A number of notable public figures have commented on their feelings towards Goku or his status in popular culture. For example, Jackie Chan has gone on record stating that Goku is his favorite Dragon Ball character. The German rock band Son Goku takes their name from the Dragon Ball protagonist. The band's lead singer Thomas D chose the name because Goku embodies the band's philosophy, saying he was "fascinated by Goku's naïveté and cheerfulness, yet, at the same time, a great warrior saving the world."

In 2010, a fiberglass statue of Goku was created by Canadian-born Hong Kong artist Edison Chen, with Chen's facial features instead of Goku's, as part of Chen's collection that was displayed at the "Treacherous Treis" exhibition in Singapore's  Museum of Art and Design. CNN released an article explaining how Goku was Spanish professional tennis player Rafael Nadal's childhood inspiration, and called Nadal "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due to his unorthodox style "from another planet."

One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda and Naruto creator Masashi Kishimoto said that Goku inspired their protagonists as well as series structure, with Tekken Lars Alexandersson showing traits of a hero through his design inspired by Goku alongside Marvel Comic's Thor. Commenting on Goku's popularity, Kishimoto stated that when people hear the name "Son Goku", no longer do they think of the Journey to the West character, but instead Dragon Ball'''s protagonist comes to mind. Additionally, for the second half of the series, Kishimoto created an ape named Son Goku in reference to Toriyama's character to the point the ape has four tails just like the four-star Dragon Ball Goku earned from his grandfather.

In his book about Akira Toriyama published in 2004, Julius Weideman said Goku's journey and ever-growing strength resulted in the character winning "the admiration of young boys everywhere." Jason Thompson stated that unlike the "manly" heroes of other popular shōnen manga of the late 1980s and early 1990s, such as City Hunter and Fist of the North Star, Toriyama made his protagonist (Goku) cartoonish and small, thus starting a trend that Thompson says continues to this day. In 2015, the Japan Anniversary Association officially declared May 9 as "Goku Day". Goku is the first manga character to have a balloon at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, with his first appearance at the 2018 parade.

Merchandise
Several pieces of merchandising based on Goku have been released, including action figures, plushes, and keychains.

Reception
Goku has appeared in several "top" character lists. He was ranked number one in IGN's 2009 list of Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time and reappeared on the same list in 2014, however, on this occasion they ranked him third, with Cowboy Bebops Spike Spiegel and Neon Genesis Evangelions Shinji Ikari placed above him, saying that "He was, in many ways, a character that bucked the trends of his time and defined the direction of shonen manga/anime for decades." In Mania Entertainment's 10 Most Iconic Anime Heroes, Thomas Zoth commented that "Goku and Dragon Ball completely revolutionized shōnen manga."

In a Newtype poll from March 2010, Goku was voted the fifth most popular male character from the 1980s. Goku ranked consistently high in the Anime Grand Prix poll in the category of "best male character" in the late 1980s and early 1990s, appearing seventeenth in the 1987 poll, fifteenth in the 1988 poll, second in the 1989 poll, fourth in the 1990 poll, third in the 1991 poll, fourth in the 1992 poll, thirteenth in 1993 poll, and twelfth in 1994 poll.

In a 1993 character popularity poll for the series, Weekly Shōnen Jump readers voted Goku second, after his son Gohan. He came in first in the magazine's 1995 poll, as well as in a 2004 poll amongst fans of the series for the book Dragon Ball Forever. In a 2005 The Daily Reader article entitled "The Greatest Geek Movie Heroes of All Time", Goku is the only animated character listed, and is ranked tenth. In a survey of 1,000 people, conducted by Oricon in 2007, Goku ranked first place as the "Strongest Manga character of all time."

In the survey "Friendship" developed by rankingjapan.com, in which people chose which anime character they would like as a friend, Goku ranked fifth. In 2000, Goku placed third in an Animax poll of favorite anime characters.  In 2011, readers of Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition voted Goku as the 41st-top video game character of all time. NTT customers voted him as their third favorite black haired male anime character in a 2014 poll.

Game designer Hiroshi Matsuyama from CyberConnect2 said that while Goku is an appealing character readers could root for during the manga, he was hard to relate and, thus, instead preferred other characters like Krillin or Bulma. However, during the manga's final story arc, Matsuyama recalls being overjoyed when Goku says that Mr. Satan, a comic relief character with no superextraordinary skills, was the real hero of mankind as the Earthlings found him as the saviour of mankind when Buu was about win the final fight.

Goku's characterization has been well received by publications for manga, anime and other media. Anime News Network noted Goku as a good source of comedy and remarked that after everything he experiences, he still remains a naïve character. Tim Jones from THEM Anime Reviews noted that Goku is not an omnipotent character in the first anime series, unlike Dragon Ball Z, and does not disappear for long periods of time between sagas. Jones also liked the way the series' depict his entire adventures, making him a good main character. Voice actor Mamoru Miyano said that Goku's first Super Saiyan transformation in the manga was his favorite part from the series as Goku not only changed visually but his personality changes into a "classic, prototypical hero".

Rationalmagic.com praised Goku's innocence as one of the funniest parts of the series. In January 2017, Nozawa won two Guinness World Records for her longevity as Goku; she has been the sole voice actor for the role for over 23 years. According to Screen Rant, Goku's origin story has some similarities to that of Superman. On the other hand, Collider was more critical to Goku's actions in the series most notably when Gohan becomes an active character who goes through several character's arcs yet he is constantly overshadowed by his father to the point Akira Toriyama refrained from turning Gohan into his successor following the Cell Games and Goku once again took over Gohan's role in the final arc of Dragon Ball Z.

Despite his predominantly positive reception, Goku has received some negative feedback, in particular for his characterization in Dragon Ball Super due to how his constant desires for fighting stronger enemies resulted in setting up a story where all universes could be destroyed. While Anime Now's Richard Eisenbeis believes Goku is determined to protect his universe, the fact that he does not seemingly care about other loser universes being destroyed has been criticized.

Monique Jones from Syfy panned the character's relationship dynamic with his wife, as well as his perceived incompetency and irresponsibility as a father, drawing attention to the "tons of memes and fan chatter about Piccolo actually being the best dad Gohan's ever had". Sam Leach from Anime News Network agreed that fans of the series tend to joke about Piccolo being a better paternal figure to Gohan than his actual father, Goku, and felt that Dragon Ball Super emphasized this more when Piccolo started training him again.

The same site also criticized Goku often being busy in the narrative, most notably in Frieza's resurrection, as the supporting characters have some extra scenes only to have their spotlight stolen by Goku and Vegeta. His rematch with Frieza was criticized for how overpowered the character has become and how much back up his allies can provide in the battle, ruining the tension the film was supposed to generate. Despite enjoying his rematch with Frieza, DVD Talk expressed similar responses in the handling of these characters.IGN noted that Goku has a tendency to show enemies mercy, including Vegeta, Piccolo, Cell and Moro. His decision to let Cell have a senzu bean without informing his allies in particular was considered to be infamous, which affected Gohan's confidence and led to his defeat. La Tercera went to call Goku irresponsible and immature to the character for helping Moro as a result of this show of mercy and the consequences. Both Goku and Vegeta were criticized for being too overpowered in Super'' to the point they steal the series' spotlight to the supporting cast while their strategies either lack complexity or create a plothole such as the time limit to the fusion Vegetto.

See also
 List of Dragon Ball characters

Explanatory notes

References

Further reading

External links

Adoptee characters in anime and manga
Anime and manga characters who can move at superhuman speeds
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Goku


Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (17. ágúst 1932 – 11. ágúst 2018) var breskur rithöfundur, fæddur í  Trínidad og Tóbagó sem hlaut Nóbelsverðlaunin í bókmenntum árið 2001.

Ævi og störf
Naipaul fæddist á Trínidad og Tóbagó. Afi hans og amma höfðu flust til eyjarinnar sem þjónustufólk frá Indlandi og ólst hann því upp við trú og siði Hindúa. Sex ára gamall fluttist hann með fjölskyldu sinni til höfuðstaðarins Port of Spain þar sem hann gekk í skóla sem tók mið af breska einkaskólakerfinu. Í viðurkenningarskyni fyrir afburðanámsárangur ákvað ríkisstjórnin að veita honum aðgang að háskóla að eigin vali í Breska samveldinu og varð Oxford fyrir valinu.

Að útskrift lokinni hélt Naipaul til Lundúna þar sem hann starfaði m.a. við blaðamennsku. Á sjötta áratugnum sendi hann svo frá sér sínar fyrstu skáldsögur sem einkum fjölluðu um Trínidad æsku hans. Eiga raunar flest verk hans það sameiginlegt að gerast utan Bretlandseyja, ekki hvað síst í fyrrum nýlendum Breta. Naipaul hefur verið gagnrýndur fyrir að fara of mjúkum höndum um nýlendustjórn breska heimsveldisins og bera í bætifláka fyrir kúgunina. Dæmi um þetta er hans kunnasta verk, A Bend in the River frá árinu 1979, sem lýsir ferðalagi ungs manns af indverskum ættum um ónafngreint Afríkuland.

Naipaul hlaut bókmenntaverðlaun Nóbels árið 2001.

Naipaul, V. S.
Handhafar bókmenntaverðlauna Nóbels

V.S. Naipaul


La ligne 510 () est une ligne de bus à haut niveau de service du réseau des bus de la région d'Helsinki en Finlande.
La ligne 551 est devenue la ligne principale 510 le 12 août 2019.

Parcours
La ligne traverse entre-autres Tapiola, Otaniemi, Munkkiniemi, Pasila et Sörnäinen.

Ses arrêts sont: gare routière de Westend, Tuuliniitty, Tapiola (M), Kontiontie, Otsolahdentie, Aalto-yliopisto (M), Otaniemensilta, Lehtisaarentie, Kuusisaarenkuja, Kuusiniementie, Munkkiniemen aukio, Meilahdentie, Hôpital de Meilahti, Palkkatilanportti, gare de Pasila, Jämsänkatu, Pasilan konepaja, Telekatu, Päijänteentie, Junatie, Tynnyrintekijänkatu, Kalasatama (M), Kulosaari, Tupasaari, Kipparlahti et Herttoniemi (M).

Références

Voir aussi

Liens internes
Runkolinja 550

Liens externes
 Trajet de la ligne 510

Bus à haut niveau de service en Finlande
Transport à Helsinki
Transport à Espoo
Ligne de bus

Runkolinja 510


هنا قائمة ببطولات ويمبلدون لسنة 1989:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 بوريس بيكر هزم  ستيفان إدبرغ 6-0 7-6(7-1) 6-4

فردي سيدات

 شتيفي غراف هزم  مارتينا نافراتيلوفا 6-2 6-7(1-7) 6-1

زوجي رجال
 جون فيتزجيرالد و أنديرس جاريد هزم  ريك ليتش و جيم بوغ 3-6 7-6(7-4) 6-4 7-6(7-4)

زوجي سيدات
 يانا نوفوتنا و هيلينا سوكوفا هزم  لاريسا نايلاند و ناتاشا زفيريفا 6-1 6-2

زوجي مختلط
 جيم بوغ و يانا نوفوتنا هزم  مارك كراتزمان و جيني بيرن 6-4 5-7 6-4

الشباب

فردي أولاد
 نيكلاس كولتي هزم  تود وودبريدج 6-4 6-3

فردي بنات
 أندريه سترنادوفا هزم  ميرديث ماكغراث 6-2 6-3

زوجي أولاد
 جيريد بالمر و جونثان ستارك هزم  جون لافني دي جاغر و واين فيريرا 7-6(7-4) 7-6(7-2)

زوجي بنات
 جينيفر كابرياتي و ميرديث ماكغراث هزم  أندريه سترنادوفا و إيفا سليكروفا 6-4 6-2

مراجع

لندن في 1989
أحداث 1989 الرياضية في لندن
أحداث يوليو 1989 الرياضية في المملكة المتحدة
أحداث يونيو 1989 الرياضية في المملكة المتحدة
أحداث يونيو 1989 الرياضية في أوروبا
كرة مضرب إنجليزية في 1989

بطولة ويمبلدون 1989


An Tetraria fourcadei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Bertram Turrill ngan Selmar Schönland. An Tetraria fourcadei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tetraria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tetraria

Tetraria fourcadei


Jumpei Kusukami (født 27. august 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Shimizu S-Pulse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Jumpei Kusukami


Karl Gösta Herbert Löfgren (født 29. august 1923, død 5. september 2006) var en svensk fodboldspiller (angriber) og -træner.

Löfgren spillede på klubplan for henholdsvis Motala AIF i sin fødeby samt for IFK Norrköping. Han vandt tre svenske mesterskaber med sidstnævnte

Löfgren spillede desuden 40 kampe for Sveriges landshold. Han repræsenterede sit land ved OL 1952 i Helsinki, hvor svenskerne vandt bronze, samt ved VM 1958 på hjemmebane, hvor det blev til sølv efter finalenederlag til Brasilien.

Efter sit karrierestop var Löfgren også i en enkelt sæson træner for sin gamle klub som aktiv, IFK Norrköping.

Titler

Allsvenskan
 1960, 1962 og 1963 med IFK Norrköping

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Sverige
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1958
Fodboldspillere fra IFK Norrköping
Fodboldtrænere fra Sverige
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Sverige

Gösta Löfgren


ساروجة أو سوق ساروجة حي قديم في مدينة دمشق، وهو أول منطقة من دمشق بنيت خارج أسوار المدينة القديمة في .

وحسب التقسيم الإداري الحديث لمدينة دمشق فالتسمية أصبحت تطلق على منطقة تدار من قبل بلدية، وهي مقسمة بدورها إلى أحياء ومن ضمنها حي سوق ساروجة التاريخي.

الإنشاء والتسمية
يذكر مؤرخون أن حي سوق ساروجة أنشئ في  في عهد الأمير المملوكي سيف الدين تنكز الذي مكث في دمشق طويلًا، وإليه ترجع الكثير من الآثار المعمارية. واسم الحي منسوب إلى أحد قادته وهو صارم الدين ساروجة المتوفي سنة 743 هـ - 1342 م واحتل الحي مكانة مرموقة فكان مجالًا للتنافس بين الأمراء المملوكيين الذين تسابقوا لبناء المنشآت فيه، فأشادوا المدارس والجوامع والحمامات التي لا يزال الكثير منها قائمًا حتى الآن وكانت المدرسة الشامية البرانية أساسًا لإنشائه حيث أخذ بالاتساع حولها تدريجيًا حتى اكتمل في عهد الأمير «تنكز» وأصبح له سوق خاص. يعتقد آخرون أن التسمية أتت من الكلمة التركية (Sarıca) والتي تعني أصفر اللون كما يذكر بعض الباحثين.

لمحة تاريخية

بعد إنشاء هذا الحي في عهد المماليك تعرض للتخريب نتيجة صراعات الأمراء في الفترة المملوكية، وخاصة في عهد المماليك البرجية، مما أدى إلى دمار المدرسة الشامية البرانية برمتها. ازداد الحال سوءًا بعد احتلال تيمورلنك دمشق عام 803 هـ، فقد أصبح مكان الحي قاعدة لمنجنيقاته التي كانت تقصف قلعة دمشق ولم يقف الأمر عند هذا الحي فقد قام تيمورلنك بإحراق دمشق بما فيها حي ساروجة قبل أن ينسحب منها.

إسطنبول الصغرى
مع انتهاء العصر المملوكي وبدء الحكم العثماني لدمشق أخذت الكثير من ملامح الحي والسوق تتبدل، ونظرًا لوقوع الحي خارج سور المدينة القديمة فقد تميز بسوقه الكبير ومنازله الواسعة وحماماته ومساجده الفخمة، وهذا ما دفع رجال الدولة العثمانية إلى التمركز فيه بعد أن أجلوا العائلات المملوكية منه وأطلقوا على الحي اسم (إسطنبول الصغرى) نسبة إلى الطبقات الأرستقراطية العثمانية التي كانت تقطنه كما يقول الأستاذ (إسماعيل ونوس).

في حي ساروجة مجموعة من المباني الأثرية التي تعطينا صورة حيّة عن تاريخ الحي ومنها المدرسة الشامية البرانية التي اكتسبت شهرة واسعة حيث كان الأمراء والعلماء يقيمون حفلات رسمية عند افتتاحها وإغلاقها وجامع الورد المعروف باسم (برسباي) نسبة للأمير المملوكي برسباي الناصري (نائب حلب وطرابلس في العهد المملوكي)، الذي شيد سنة 830هـ 1426 م ويُعرف أيضًا بجامع الورد والمدرسة المرادية البرانية التي أُقيمت في منزل الشيخ مراد علي البخاري وحمام الورد ويقع خلف جامع برسباي حيث يُعتقد أن الأمير صارم الدين ساروجة هو من بناه. وهناك مسجد الوزير الذي بناه الوزير أبو علي طاهر بن سعد المزدقاني وزير أمير دمشق - ظهير الدين طغتنكين الذي حكم دمشق بين عامي (498-522 هـ) ولم يبقَ من هذا المسجد اليوم إلا كتابة بالخط الكوفي وهذا نصها:

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عمل هذا المسجد المبارك في أيام مولانا الأمير الاسفسهلار الأجَّل السيد الكبير ظهير الدين عضد الإسلام ومعتمد الدولة وشرف الملة وفخر الأمة قوام الملوك عماد الأمراء أمير الجيوش ناصر المجاهدين قتلغ أتابك أبي منصور طغتكين سيف أمير المؤمنين - فرحم الله من صلى فيه ودعا له بالتأييد والنصر، أعز الإسلام وأذل الشرك ورحم الله عبده الوزير الفقير إلى رحمة الله أبا علي طاهر بن سعد بن علي المزدقاني. بناه وفي سبيل الله أنفق عليه من خالص ماله.

إحصائيات

يجدر بالذكر أنه من خلال دراسة الإحصاءات المختلفة التي أجريت عام 1933 م - 1934 م لإعداد المخطط التنظيمي الأول لمدينة دمشق يمكن ملاحظة الكثير من الأمور التي انفرد فيها هذا الحي عن غيره من الأحياء: (أعلى نسبة لتلاميذ المدارس كانت في ساروجة، عدد النساء يشكل تقريبا ثلثي عدد السكان الإجمالي في المنطقة وهذه حالة فريدة وخاصة جدا، وتبين الإحصاءات أنه لم يكن يوجد أي حيوانات في هذا الحي، كما تبين أن نسبة حوادث السير في ساروجة هي الأدنى في دمشق (تقرير مخطط دمشق دانجيه وبانشويه 1936)).

معالم الحي

يتألف حي سوق ساروجة من المحور الرئيسي وهو السوق أو السويقة ويتفرع عن هذا المحور عدد من الحارات التي تنبثق عنها أيضا عدد من الدروب والأزقة الثانوية. لم تكن منطقة ساروجة تاريخيا تحتل مركز المدينة أو وسطها، فهي تقع خارج أسوار المدينة وإلى الشمال الغربي من قلعة دمشق وكان يحدها من الشمال منطقة البساتين الزراعية وعين الكرش أما من الشرق فيحدها العقيبة والعمارة البرانية (سوق الهال القديم) ومن الجنوب البحصة والسنجقدار، ومن الغرب البحصة البرانية والشرف الأعلى.

كان هذا الحي يشكّل مع جواره تكاملا عمرانيا هاما خاصة بالنسبة للتطور العمراني والتاريخي لمدينة دمشق، كما أن الحدود التي كانت تفصل بين منطقة ساروجة والمناطق الأخرى المجاورة لها (العقيبة، العمارة، البحصة) كانت  غير واضحة تماما فيزيائيا وتغلب عليها صفة الحدود الإدارية والاجتماعية.

إن المحور الواصل من باب العمارة في المدينة القديمة إلى العقيبة فسويقة ساروجة ليفضي إلى منطقة الصالحية في جبل قاسيون يعتبر أحد المحاور التاريخية الهامة في دمشق، حيث كانت هذه الأرياض (الأحياء الموجودة خارج الأسوار) تتصل من خلاله مع أسواق المدينة وجامعها الكبير وبقية الفعاليات المركزية الأخرى. قطع هذا المحور قد قطع عند فتح شارع الثورة.

كان الدخول إلى هذه الأحياء محددا ببوابات معينة، فلقد كان لساروجة بوابتان تسمحان بالدخول مباشرة إلى هذا الحي، إحداهما كانت بوابة الصالحية وهي التي كانت تصل بين ساروجة ومحلة الصالحية وبساتينها. أما البوابة الأخرى فكانت من الجهة الشمالية الغربية وهي بوابة عين الكرش التي كانت تصل إلى منطقة البساتين والأراضي الزراعية.

أما دخول حي ساروجة من جهة الجنوب فقد كان يستوجب القدوم من البوابة الواصلة بين بوابة بين النهرين (ساحة المرجة) ومحلة البحصة، أو المرور بجوزة الحدباء إلى حي ساروجة، كذلك كان من الممكن الدخول من البوابة الجنوبية الشرقية والمسماة بباب الآغا في محلة عين علي مرورا في زقاق القرماني للوصول إلى ساروجة.

لم يكن هناك أي منفذ مباشر لساروجة من البساتين المحيطة وكانت كما هو معروف تفتح دوما على أفنيتها كما تفتح أبوابها على أزقة الحي بينما تدير ظهورها للبساتين ومن هنا جاءت تسمية (قفا الدور).

مما تقدم يستدل على أن حي سوق ساروجة كان حيا سكنيا متكاملا فيه السويقة التي تفي بالاحتياجات الأساسية اليومية لسكانه، وقد ضم هذا الحي في  إضافة إلى دكاكين سوقه وإلى البيوت السكنية التقليدية ثلاث حمامات (الورد –الجوزة – الخانجي) إضافة إلى حمام القرماني. كذلك وجدت أربعة أفران وجامع بخطبة (الورد) وخمسة عشر مسجدا أو مصلى وطاحونة وعدد وفير من السبلان والأضرحة أو التُرب، كما أنه كان يوجد مقهى بجانب حمام الجوزة. مع ذلك، كانت علاقة هذا الحي مع المدينة داخل الأسوار علاقة قوية سواء من الناحية الإدارية أو الاقتصادية أو الدينية، إضافة إلى علاقاتها مع الأحياء المجاورة وخاصة العقيبة والبحصة والسنجقدار والشرف الأعلى ولا سيما في نهاية  وبداية .

انظر أيضاً
 أهل الخطوة وقصة تسمية سوق ساروجة.

المراجع
 د.قتيبة الشهابي، دمشق تاريخ وصور
 مجموعة من المشاريع لطلبة كلية الهندسة المعمارية لعام 2007 (جامعة دمشق) في منطقة ساروجة وشمال السور.
 د ناديا خوست، الهجرة من الجنة
 (تقرير مخطط دمشق دانجيه وبانشويه 1936)

أحياء دمشق
دمشق القديمة
معالم دمشق

ساروجة


Flakpanzer IV "Wirbelwind" (Almanca Kasırga demek) Nazi Almanyası ordusu Wehrmacht tarafından II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında kullanılan ve Panzer IV şasesi ile üretilmiş bir tür uçaksavar silahıydı. 1944 yılında üretimine başlandı. Möbelwagen modelindeki uçaksavar silahından daha başarılı oldu.

Savaşın ilk yıllarında Wehrmacht uçaksavar silahları ile pek ilgili değildi. Çünkü bu yıllarda Luftwaffe göklerin tek hakimiydi. Ancak ilerleyen yıllarda Müttefik kuvvetleri hava üstünlüğünü ele geçirdi. Bunun sonucunda Almanlar sabit Flak toplarının yanında uçaksavar silahlarının da üretimine başladı. Bu silahlar en çok hareket halindeki konvoyların korunması için kullanıldı.

Panzer IV ait taret çıkartılarak yerine dokuz kenarlı ve üzeri açık bir üst yapının içerisine 2 mm Flakvierling 38 L/112.5 silahı takıldı. İlk olarak üstü kapalı bir taret tercih edilmiş ancak 4 silahın yarattığı duman yüzünden üstü açık taret kullanılmıştır.

Wirbelwind modelinin silahında kullanılan 2 cm'lik mermiler düşman uçaklarına karşı pek de etkili olamadı. Bu yüzden araç üzerinde 3.7 cm FlaK 43 tek bir top olan Ostwind modeli ile yer değiştirildi.

Bunun yanında Wirbelwind zırhı ve hızlı ateş gücünden dolayı düşman piyadesine karşı çok etkili bir silahtı.

Savaş boyunca toplamda 87 ya da 105 arasında Wirbelwinds üretildi. Tam olarak ne kadar üretildiği kesin bilinmiyor. Savaş sırasında etkisi çok düşük bir seviyede kaldı.

Dış bağlantılar

 Panzerworld Wirbelwind özellikleri
 Achtung Flakpanzer IV
 Günümüze kalan Panzer IV modelleri
Renkli çizimi

Ayrıca bakınız
 II. Dünya Savaşı Zırhlı Araç Listesi

Kundağı motorlu uçaksavar topları

Wirbelwind


Western Kentucky University is a public university in Bowling Green, Kentucky. It was founded by the Commonwealth of Kentucky in 1906, though its roots reach back a quarter-century earlier. It operates regional campuses in Glasgow, Elizabethtown-Fort Knox, and Owensboro. The main campus, which has been undergoing expansion and renovation since the 1990s, sits atop a hill overlooking the Barren River valley.

History

The roots of Western Kentucky University go back to 1876 with the founding by A. W. Mell of the privately owned Glasgow Normal School and Business College in Glasgow, Kentucky. This moved to Bowling Green in 1884 and became the Southern Normal School and Business College. In 1890, Potter College was opened as a private women's college by Pleasant J. Potter. In 1906, Henry Hardin Cherry sold the Southern Normal School and became president of the Western Kentucky State Normal School, which had just been created by an act of the Kentucky General Assembly. Southern's student body and its building became the new school, with classes beginning on January 22, 1907. In 1909 Potter College closed and Western bought the buildings and property of the school. In 1911, Western relocated to its present site on the property that had been Potter College.

In 1922, the school was authorized by the state to grant four-year degrees and was renamed "Western Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College". The first four-year degrees were awarded in 1924. In 1927, the school merged with Ogden College, which occupied an adjacent campus.  The name changed again in 1930 to "Western Kentucky State Teachers College". The school was authorized to offer the Master of Arts degree in 1931. Another name change took place in 1948 when the school became simply "Western Kentucky State College".

WKSC merged with the Bowling Green College of Commerce, which had formerly been the Bowling Green Business University, in 1963. Bowling Green Business University had originally been a part of the Southern Normal School and had been sold off by Henry Hardin Cherry when Southern Normal School was transferred to the state. The structure of the institution changed at this time, divided into separate colleges. Bowling Green College of Commerce maintained its identity in this way. The Graduate School also became a constituent college. In 1965, three additional colleges were created. In 1966, Western Kentucky State College became Western Kentucky University.

For many years, the college was popularly known as "Western," as indicated in its fight song, "Stand Up and Cheer." However, administrators in recent years have preferred to call it "WKU."

On July 1, 2017, Timothy C. Caboni became the university's 10th president.

Presidents of Western Kentucky University

Western Kentucky University officially lists ten presidents since the formation of the Office of the President.

Note: Paul Cook served as interim president from 1985 to 1986

Academics
Western Kentucky University houses five academic colleges, an honors college, and a gradaute school.
 College of Education and Behavioral Sciences
 Ogden College of Science & Engineering
 Potter College of Arts & Letters
 Gordon Ford College of Business
 College of Health and Human Services
 Mahurin Honors College
 The Graduate School

, twenty-seven alumni of WKU's photo and print journalism programs have been awarded thirteen Pulitzer Prizes, including eleven alumni recognized for their coverage of the Carrollton bus crash.  The school publishes a twice-weekly newspaper, the College Heights Herald.

Mahurin Honors College
The WKU Honors College became the first Honors College in the Commonwealth of Kentucky on July 1, 2007. The Honors College serves over 1,300 active Honors students with the 2016 incoming freshman class ACT/SAT average ranking among the top 6% in the nation.

Center for Gifted Studies
WKU's Center for Gifted Studies conducts research and provides opportunities for gifted and talented students, educators, and parents. Founded in 1981, its first events were workshops for gifted education professionals. It partnered with Duke's Talent Identification Program, and began offering academic summer camps: beginning in 1983, the Summer Camp for Academically Talented Middle School Students (SCATS) for students finishing grades 6–8, and beginning in 1984 the Summer Program for Verbally and Mathematically Precocious Youth (VAMPY) for students finishing grades 7–10. In 2011 the Center became the headquarters of the World Council for Gifted and Talented Children.

The Carol Martin Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science in Kentucky
The Carol Martin Gatton Academy of Mathematics and Science in Kentucky opened in the Fall of 2007. The project is based on the University of North Texas's Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science. The school accepts roughly 100 high school juniors each year. As an incoming juniors, students can earn at least 60 college credit hours during their time at the school. The Gatton Academy was named "America's Best High School" by Newsweek in 2012 and 2013. The building, originally designed in 1929, was renovated and expanded by RossTarrant Architects  to transform it into the Gatton Academy.

Athletics

The Western Kentucky (WKU) athletic teams are called the Hilltoppers (men's) and Lady Toppers (women's). Their mascot is known as Big Red. The mascot has become one of the most popular characters in collegiate sports, even appearing in a series of ESPN promotions. The university is a member of the NCAA Division I ranks, primarily competing in the Conference USA (C-USA) since the 2014–15 academic year. The Hilltoppers and Lady Toppers previously competed in the Sun Belt Conference from 1982–83 to 2013–14; and in the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) from 1948–49 to 1981–82.

WKU competes in 16 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field, and volleyball.

Swimming
The WKU swim team, before its suspension after the 2014–15 season, consistently placed in the top 5 in the Mid-Major National Rankings. In 2006 their men were undefeated in dual meets and were Sun Belt Conference Champions. The women won five consecutive championships from 2001 to 2005. In 2005, after 37 years as head coach, coach Bill Powell became an assistant coach, and holds the record for being the second-winningest coach in men's swimming in NCAA dual meet history.

In January 2015, former swimmer Colin Craig told police he had been assaulted and forced to drink alcohol, even though at the time he was too young to buy or drink alcohol. He also reported incidents of hazing at a house near campus. An investigation by police and school officials revealed numerous incidents of drug use and sexually charged hazing dating back to at least 2012. Powell's successor, Bruce Marchionda, was aware of this behavior and did nothing to prevent it, even though it violated university policies on hazing, sexual harassment, and sexual misconduct. One swimmer was charged with possession of marijuana.  On April 14, WKU officials announced the swimming and diving program would be suspended for five years due to what former school president Gary Ransdell called a "pervasive" and "intolerable" environment. The program's return after the suspension was placed in serious doubt after WKU officials canceled all funding for the swimming and diving program in 2018 as part of larger budget cuts to the athletic department. According to the Bowling Green Daily News, the program would likely not return in 2020 without "significant" outside donations.

Baseball
The baseball team has enjoyed some success, winning the Sun Belt Conference tournament championship in 2009.  In April 2010, the WKU baseball team defeated the University of Kentucky 24–8 in a game at Bowling Green Ballpark. The crowd of 6,183 was the largest crowd to ever attend a college baseball game in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

Basketball

The men's basketball program has the 14th most victories in the history of the NCAA. The school has been to the NCAA Tournament 21 times; in addition, it has made one appearance in the NCAA Final Four, in 1971 (later vacated by the NCAA). WKU also made three appearances in the NIT Final Four while it was a premier post-season tournament, equal in stature to the NCAA Tournament. In Street & Smith's publication "100 Greatest Programs", WKU ranked #31. WKU also has the 3rd most conference titles in NCAA history with 41 trailing only Kentucky and Kansas, 6th in NCAA history with 40 20-win seasons, 8th in NCAA history in winning percentage at 67.2%, and recorded the first 30-win season in NCAA history in the 1937–1938 season with a record of 30–3.

The men's basketball team defeated Middle Tennessee in the 2008 Sun Belt Conference tournament championship game to get a bid into the 2008 NCAA Tournament. The Hilltoppers won their first-round contest against Drake on a last-second three-pointer by Ty Rogers, and won their second-round game against San Diego, before losing by 2 points against UCLA in the Sweet 16. It was the Toppers' third appearance in the Sweet 16 but their first since 1993.  In 2009, the men's basketball team defeated Illinois in the first round of the NCAA Tournament to advance to the second-round game against Gonzaga.  Unfortunately, the Toppers were beaten by a last-second shot, failing to advance to their second straight Sweet 16. In the first round of the NCAA Tournament in 2012, the Toppers pulled off a stunning win against Mississippi Valley State, erasing a 16-point deficit with less than five minutes left and pulling off the 59–58 win while President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron looked on.

The women's basketball team is a storied program, with three National Collegiate Athletic Association Final Four appearances. In 1992, coach Paul Sanderford's Lady Toppers advanced to the national championship game before bowing out to Stanford. The Lady Toppers are known for their post-season prowess and returned to the NCAA Tournament in 2014.

Michelle Clark-Heard is the current women's basketball coach at Western Kentucky.  Coach Clark-Heard is a former WKU player who has spent the last five years as an assistant at the University of Louisville under former WKU assistant coach Jeff Walz. Previously, she coached Division II Kentucky State University for two years.  In her five seasons in Louisville, the Cardinals made three regional semifinal appearances and finished as national runner-up in 2009. She helped develop former Louisville forward and current WNBA star Angel McCoughtry and also helped recruit and develop another current WNBA player, former Cardinals guard Shoni Schimmel.

Clark-Heard also worked as an assistant at Cincinnati and Nebraska before her time at Kentucky State. She played four seasons for the Lady Toppers after being named the 1986 girls' high school player of the year in Kentucky.

Clark-Heard replaced Mary Taylor Cowles, who was fired on March 8 after 10 seasons.

Football

The Hilltopper football team belonged to what was then the Gateway Football Conference until 2006. In 2002, WKU won the NCAA Division I FCS National Football championship. In 2006, the school's board of regents voted to move the team to the Division I Bowl Subdivision (formerly I-A). After two years of provisional status, they began to compete in 2009 as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. An extensive rivalry with Eastern Kentucky University, known as the Battle of the Bluegrass, ended in 2008 as WKU moved into FBS football. The Hilltoppers' biggest Sun Belt rivals had been the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders, who are less than two hours away from WKU. The rivalry was temporarily halted in 2013 after Middle Tennessee left the Sun Belt for C-USA but was renewed the following year when WKU moved to C-USA. The Hilltoppers are coached by head coach Tyson Helton

Greek organizations

In 1965 the Western Kentucky University Board of Regents allowed national fraternities and sororities to form local chapters. Currently, there are 33 active organizations with approximately 1,500 active undergraduate members per year.

Active fraternities include:
- Alpha Gamma Rho
- Alpha Phi Alpha
- Alpha Tau Omega
- Delta Tau Delta - FarmHouse
- Iota Phi Theta
- Kappa Sigma
- Kappa Alpha Order
- Kappa Alpha Psi
- Lambda Chi Alpha
- Omega Psi Phi
- Phi Beta Sigma
- Phi Delta Theta
- Phi Gamma Delta
- Pi Kappa Alpha
- Sigma Alpha Epsilon
- Sigma Chi
- Sigma Nu
- Sigma Phi Epsilon

Active sororities include:
- Alpha Delta Pi
- Alpha Gamma Delta
- Alpha Kappa Alpha
- Alpha Omicron Pi
- Alpha Xi Delta
- Chi Omega
- Delta Sigma Theta
- Delta Zeta
- Kappa Delta
- Omega Phi Alpha
- Phi Mu
- Sigma Alpha
- Sigma Gamma Rho
- Sigma Kappa
- Zeta Phi Beta

Predating the national fraternities, local fraternities were reaching back to the 1930s. The two leading men's social organizations were Phi Phi Kappa (also known as the Thirteeners), founded in 1939; and the Barons, founded the same year. When national Greek organizations were admitted to WKU, Phi Phi Kappa became Delta Tau Delta and the Barons became Alpha Tau Omega.

Media and publications

College Heights Herald, WKU's student-run newspaper since 1924
Talisman, WKU's yearbook
Rise Over Run Magazine, WKU's online magazine for independent culture
WKU SPIRIT, WKU's alumni magazine, published three times each year
WWHR, Revolution 91.7 – WKU's college radio station
WKU NewsChannel 12 – Student-run television newscast. On campus cable channel 12 on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. Re-broadcast on university-owned PBS member station WKYU at the end of their broadcasting day.
The Extra Point – Student-run television sportscast. This 30-minute show airs on campus cable channel 12 on Thursdays when school is in session. Airs live at 6 and re-airs at the end of the WKYU broadcast day.

WKU Student Publications (Herald and Talisman) moved into a state-of-the-art new facility, the Adams-Whitaker Student Publications Center, in December 2007. The $1.6 million complex was built through a partnership between alumni, who raised more than $1 million, and the university. The  building, across Normal Drive from the School of Journalism and Broadcasting, is named for Robert Adams and the late David B. Whitaker.

Agreement with the University of Akureyri

In 2015, Western Kentucky University (WKU), the University of Akureyri (UNAK) and the Icelandic Arctic Cooperation Network (IACN) signed an academic and research agreement that solidifies the North Atlantic Climate Change Collaboration (NAC3) project.

The NAC3 project focuses on academic exchange, course development, and collaborative research in climate change, climate literacy, health and wellness, ocean dynamics, sustainability, informal public education, economic development, technology exchange, and water resources, among others.

Notable people

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Official athletics website

Universities and colleges established in 1906
1906 establishments in Kentucky
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Education in Warren County, Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Bowling Green, Kentucky
Tourist attractions in Bowling Green, Kentucky
Public universities and colleges in Kentucky

Western Kentucky University


Carol Elizabeth Heiss Jenkins (born January 20, 1940) is an American former figure skater and actress. Competing in ladies' singles, she became the 1960 Olympic champion, the 1956 Olympic silver medalist, and a five-time World champion (1956–1960).

Career

Competitive
Heiss  started skating as a six-year-old in New York. She was coached by Pierre Brunet. She first came to national prominence in 1951, when she won the U.S. novice ladies' title, at age 11. She won the U.S. junior ladies' title in 1952 and then moved up to the senior level in 1953. From 1953 to 1956, she finished second to Tenley Albright at the national championships. She competed with a slashed Achilles' tendon at the 1954 U.S. Championships.

Heiss was named in the U.S. team to the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. She won the silver medal, while Albright took the gold. However, at the following World Championships, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany, Heiss defeated Albright for the title; it was the first of her five consecutive world titles.

After the 1956 Winter Olympics, Heiss had offers to turn professional and skate in ice shows. But her mother, Marie Heiss, was quite ill with cancer at the time, and before her death in October 1956, she asked Carol to win a gold medal for her. Between 1957 and 1960, Heiss dominated women's figure skating like nobody since Sonja Henie. She was the World and U.S. Champion each year, and at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California, Heiss captured the gold medal, being ranked first by all nine judges. She also took the Olympic Oath as representative of the organizing country to open the 1960 games. By winning the 1960 World Championships held after the Olympics, Heiss became one of three women to have won five consecutive World Championships. She then retired from competitive skating.

In 1953, Heiss became the first female skater to land a double Axel jump. One of her trademarks was performing a series of alternating clockwise and counterclockwise single Axels. She normally rotated her jumps clockwise and spins counterclockwise; it is much more common for skaters to do both in the same direction (usually counterclockwise).

Heiss was inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame and the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame.

Post-competitive

Heiss played the female lead in the 1961 film Snow White and the Three Stooges. In the late 1970s, she began coaching several skaters in Lakewood, Ohio. Her former students include Timothy Goebel, Tonia Kwiatkowski and Miki Ando.

Personal life
Carol Heiss was born on January 20, 1940, in New York City, and grew up in Ozone Park, Queens. Her younger sister and brother, Nancy Heiss and Bruce Heiss, were also elite figure skating competitors. During the 1950s, the three skating Heiss siblings were featured in publications such as Life magazine.

During her run of world titles, Heiss attended New York University, graduating after the 1960 Winter Olympics. In 1961, she married American figure skater Hayes Alan Jenkins, who had won the 1956 Olympic gold medal. They have three children together.

Results

References

External links

  Interview of Carol Heiss Jenkins conducted by Dan Coughlin at Cleveland Public Library on January 29, 2015. (audio only)

1940 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Queens, New York
American female single skaters
American figure skating coaches
Figure skaters at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in figure skating
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in figure skating
Actresses from Akron, Ohio
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Female sports coaches
New York University alumni
Oath takers at the Olympic Games
People from Ozone Park, Queens
21st-century American women

Carol Heiss


Johannes Gutenberg (Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg) (1398 - 3 Şubat 1468), 1447 yılında hareketli parçalar ile yazı baskısını Avrupa'da başlatan Alman kuyumcu, matbaacı ve yayıncıdır.

Johann Gutenberg iletişim tarihinin en önemli gelişmelerinden biri sayılan tipo baskı yöntemini 1438'de Avrupa'ya getirerek uygulamalarını yaygınlaştırmıştır. Bu yöntem, önceleri tahtadan daha sonraları bir kurşun alaşımından yapılan dökme harflerin, baskıdan sonra başka bir yazıda kullanılmak üzere saklandığı bir basım yöntemidir. Bu, yüzyıllardır Çin ve Kore'de kullanılmaktaydı.  Gutenberg, hız ve dayanıklılığı arttıran, karakterlerin metalden yapıldığı ve isteğe göre değiştirilebildiği bir sistem tasarlamıştır. Gutenberg'in buluşu modern dönemin en önemli olayı ve matbaa devriminin başlangıcı, kendisi de modern matbaacılığın babası kabul edilir. Buluşu Avrupa'da metinlerin ve bilgilerin yayılmasında belirleyici bir unsur olmuştur.

Gutenberg, Rönesans döneminin en önemli buluşlarından birini yapmasına rağmen yoksul bir hayat geçirmiştir. Yoksulluktan, kendisine 1465 yılında "sarayın beyefendisi" unvanını ve ömür boyu emekli maaşını veren Nassaulu Adolphe II sayesinde kurtulmuştur. Üç yıl sonra 1468 yılında öldüğü bilinmektedir. Ölüm günüyle ilgili kesin bir bilgi bulunmamakla beraber, ölüm yıldönümü 3 Şubat tarihinde anılmaktadır.

Hayatı
1398 yılında soylu bir ailenin çocuğu olarak  Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu'nda yer alan Mainz Elektörlüğü'nün Mainz şehrinde, Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden ve Else Wirich çiftinin oğlu olarak dünyaya geldi. Doğum tarihi tam olarak bilinmemekle beraber 1394 ve 1404 yılları arasında bir tarihte doğduğu tahmin edilir. Mainz'da 1900 yılında Gutenberg'in beş yüzüncü doğum günü kutlanmış ve 1400 yılı sembolik olarak Gutenberg'in doğum yılı seçilmiştir. Tıpkı hayatının ilk yılları gibi eğitimi hakkında da oldukça az sayıda bilgi mevcuttur. O dönem bireylerin soyadı olarak yaşadıkları evlerin isimlerini kullanması kesin bilgilere ulaşmayı zorlaştırmaktadır. 1411 yılında, Mainz şehrinde esnafların aristokrat sınıfı şehirden ayrılmaya zorlamasıyla ailesiyle birlikte Eltville şehrine yerleştiler. Bu dönemde Gutenberg'in, Johannes Altavilla ismi ile Erfurt Üniversitesi'nde kuyumculuk eğitimi aldığı iddia edilir.   Ailesiyle birlikte Strassburg'a (günümüzde Fransa'da Strazburg) taşındıktan sonra burada ayna yapımı, metaller ve değerli taşlar konularında zanaatkârlık yaptı ve basım teknikleriyle de ilgilenmeye başladı.

O dönemde kitaplar ya doğrudan elle yazılır ya da her sayfa için ayrı ayrı elle oyularak hazırlanan tahta bloklar kullanılarak kitaplar basılırdı. Gutenberg her kalıp için ayrı ayrı kalıplar hazırladı. Bu kalıplara sıcak metal sıvı dolduruluyor ve harflerin metal örnekleri çıkarılıyordu. Basımcı metal harfleri istediği gibi dizebiliyor, basımdan sonra saklayarak yeniden kullanabiliyordu. Aynı dönemde ortaklarıyla aralarında çıkan bir anlaşmazlık yüzünden açılan bir davada Gutenberg'in tipo basım yapabilen bir baskı makinesi yarattığı duyuldu. Ne var ki, o dönemden tipo basım örneği günümüze ulaşmamıştır.

Yaptığı çalışmalar ve basım deneyleri için para bulmak zorunda olan Gutenberg 1450'de, Mainzlı bir zengin olan Johannes Fust ile ortaklık kurdu. 1455'te bastıkları ilk kitap Kutsal Kitap'ın Latince Vulgata versiyonuydu. Bu kitap, Gutenberg Kutsal Kitabı, 42 satırlı Kutsal Kitap veya Mazarin Kutsal Kitabı olarak bilinmektedir.

1457'de Gutenberg borcunu ödeyemediği için Fust'la olan ortaklıkları bozuldu. Fust bütün araç ve gereçlerine el koydu. Daha sonra Konrad Humery adlı bir Alman memurun sağladığı para yardımıyla yeni bir baskı makinesi kuran Gutenberg bir dilbilgisi kitabı, bir sözlük ve başka bazı kitaplar bastı. Başarıyla yürüttüğü bu çalışmaları sırasında büyük zorluklara katlandı ve hiçbir zaman çok fazla para kazanamadı. Mainz Başpiskoposu olan Adolf von Nassau-Wiesbaden, son yıllarda gözleri giderek bozulan ve yoksulluğa düşen Gutenberg'i sarayına aldı ve geçimini üstlendi.

Guttenberg 3 Şubat 1468'de, Mainz'da hayatını kaybetti. Gutenberg, Franciscaine Kilisesi mezarlığına defnedildi. Kilise ve mezarlık İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında yok edildi, dolayısıyla Gutenberg'in mezarı da bu yıkım sonucu kaybolmuştur.

Gutenberg Matbaası
1439 senesinde Almanya'da  İmparator Charlemagne'ye ait antikaların meraklısına sunulmak üzere düzenlenecek olan sergiye yoğun bir katılım bekleniyordu.  Gutenberg sergide satmak üzere çok sayıda cilalı metal ayna (o dönem aynaların dinî kalıntılardan kutsal ışığı toplayabildiğine dair yaygın bir inanç vardı) yaptı. Sergi, yaşanan şiddetli sel felaketinden ötürü bir yıl ertelendi. Yatırımcılar Gutenberg'ten ödedikleri sermayeyi iade etmesini istediler. Ancak Gutenberg aldığı tüm parayı aynaları yaparken harcamıştı. Çalışma hayatında kuyumculukta metal alaşımların yapımı ve dökümü üzerinde uzmanlaşan Gutenberg, metal alaşımı konusundaki ustalığı sayesinde, 1450 yılında kolay kolay yıpranmayan ve birbiriyle çok iyi uyum sağlayan ayrı metal harfler dökmeyi başardı. Bu harflerle hazırlanan baskı kalıbı dönemine göre çok kaliteli ve temiz kitap baskılarının yapılmasını sağladı.

1444'e kadar Strazburg'da yaşayan Gutenberg'in, 1440 yılında gizemli bir şekilde "Aventur und Kunst" (Girişim ve Sanat) adlı araştırmaya dayanarak tipo baskının sırrını geliştirip mükemmelleştirildiği söylenmektedir. Yaptığı çalışmaların ne olduğu kesin olarak bilinemiyor. Ancak modern matbaanın erken dönem çalışmalarını yaptığı söylenmektedir. Hareketli parçalarla yazı baskısı yapabilen modern matbaayı icat ettiği bilinmektedir. 1448 yılında Mainz'e dönerek kayınbiraderi Arnold Gelthus'tan çalışmalarını ilerletmek için borç almıştır. O dönem "tifdruk" adı verilen, matbaacılıkta temel basım tekniği olan çukur baskı tekniğini kullanarak "Master of Play Card" olarak tanınan sanatçının bakır gravürleri üzerinde çalışmıştır.

1450 yılında Gutenberg'in icadıyla "tipo" tipi matbaa tekniği geliştirilerek baskı makinesi faaliyete geçti ve ilk Alman şiiri basıldı. Bu dönem Gutenberg, basımevini kurarak matbaa devrimini başlatmak adına yatırımcı Johann Fust'u krediye ikna etmeye çalıştı. Fust'un damadı olan Peter Schöffer de girişime katıldı. Schöffer Paris'te katip olarak çalıştı. Bununla birlikte ilk yazı tiplerinden bazılarını tasarladığı söylenmektedir.

Gutenberg'in çalışma atölyesi Humbrechthof'ta, uzaktan bir akrabasına ait bir mülkte kuruldu. 1452 yılında Fust'tan bir kez daha ödünç maddi destek alarak icat ettiği "Gutenberg Matbaası" ile basılan ilk kitap olan Kutsal Kitap'ı basma çalışmalarına başladı. Kutsal Kitap'ın haricinde Latince dil bilgisi kitapları da basmaya başladı. Biri Kutsal Kitap'ı, diğeri ise eğitim kitaplarını basmak üzere temelde iki farklı baskı makinesi yapıldığına dair söylentiler vardır. Yeni matbaa ile 1454-1455 yılları arasında kilisede belgelenen binlerce kitap basılmıştır.

Gutenberg 1455 yılında "Gutenberg Kutsal Kitabı" olarak bilinen Kırk İki Satırlık Kutsal Kitap'ın basımını tamamladı. Çoğu kağıt üzerine, bazıları da parşömen üzerine olmak üzere toplamda yüz seksen kopya yazdırıldı.

Etkiler
Gutenberg'in buluşu hızla yayıldı. 15. yüzyılın sonlarına gelmeden Avrupa'da, 1000'den fazla baskı makinesi vardı. Bu basım yöntemiyle daha çok kitabın basılabilmesi kitap fiyatlarının düşmesini sağladı. Böylece daha çok kitap okunmaya başlandı. Kitabın ve kitap okumanın yaygınlaşması, özgür düşüncenin doğmasına, bilimsel çalışmaların gelişmesine ve bilginin daha geniş kesimlere ulaşmasına yardımcı oldu. Tüm bu nedenlerden dolayı Gutenberg'in bulduğu bu baskı yöntemi, özgür düşüncenin yayılmasına ivedilik kazandıran, bilim araştırmalarının gelişmesini sağlayan, reformların yapılmasını hızlandıran önemli olaylardan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Gutenberg hayatı boyunca finansal olarak başarısız olmasına rağmen, baskı teknolojileri hızla yayıldı ve haberler ve kitaplar Avrupa'da eskisinden çok daha hızlı seyahat etmeye başladı. Bu gelişme büyüyen Rönesansı besledi ve bilimsel yayıncılığı büyük ölçüde kolaylaştırdığı için, daha sonraki bilimsel devrim için önemli bir katalizördü.

Basılmış Kitaplar

1450-1455 yılları arasında Gutenberg bazıları tanımlanamayan birkaç metin basmıştır. Ayrıca, bir papalık mektubu ve biri Mainz'da basılmış olan iki endüljans da dahil olmak üzere birçok kilise belgesi basılmıştır. Almus Donatus tarafından yazılan Ars Minor isimli Latince gramer üzerine olan bir okul kitabının bazı baskıları Gutenberg tarafından basılmış olabilir. Bu baskılar ya 1451-52 ya da 1455 tarihlidir.

1455 yılında Gutenberg, her sayfasında 42 satır olan güzelce hazırlanmış bir Kutsal Kitap'ın (Biblia Sacra) kopyalarını tamamlamıştır. Kopyaların her biri 30 florine (Hollanda'nın eski para birimi) satılmıştır ki bu ortalama bir memur için yaklaşık üç yıllık maaşa tekabül etmektedir. Bazı kopyalar basıldıktan sonra aynı Kutsal Kitap el yazmaları gibi elle süslenmiştir.

İngiltere Ulusal Kütüphanesi'nde bulunan ve çevrimiçi incelenip karşılaştırılabilinen iki kopyası da dahil olmak üzere, büyük ölçüde tamamlanmış 48 kopyanın hayatta kaldığı bilinmektedir.

Kutsal Kitap'ın tarihi bilinmeyen 36 satırlık bir baskısı muhtemelen Bamberg'de Gutenberg tarafından 1458-60 yıllarında basılmıştır. Büyük bir bölümünün Gutenberg'in Kutsal Kitap'ının bir kopyasından alındığı görülmüştür.

Diğer Etkiler

Avrupa'daki baskının başkenti, Aldus Manutius gibi vizyoner yazıcıların büyük Yunan ve Latin metinlerinin yaygın olarak kullanılabilirliğini sağladığı Venedik'e taşındı. Hareketli tip için İtalyan kökenli iddialar, hareketli tip baskıda İtalya'nın bu hızlı yükselişine de odaklanmıştır. Bu belki de İtalya'nın kağıt ve baskı ticaretindeki önceki üstünlüğü ile açıklanabilir. Ayrıca, İtalya ekonomisi bu zamanda hızla büyüyordu, bu da okuma-yazmanın yayılmasına yardımcı oldu. Kristof Kolomb'un babası tarafından satın alınan hareketli tipte basılmış bir coğrafya kitabı vardı. Bu kitap Sevilla'daki Biblioteca Colombina adlı bir İspanyol Müzesinde bulunmaktadır. Son olarak, Mainz şehri 1462'de yağmalandı ve birçoğu (bir dizi yazıcı ve zımba kesici dahil) sürgüne gönderildi.

Baskı da Reformasyonda bir faktördü. Martin Luther'in Doksan Beş Tezi basıldı ve yaygın olarak dağıtıldı; daha sonra hoşgörüsüzlük karşıtı konumunu özetleyen geniş sayfalar yayınladı (hoşgörü sertifikaları Gutenberg'in bastığı ilk öğelerden biriydi). Bu sayfalar geniş sayfa gazetenin gelişimine katkıda bulundu.

Gutenberg'den sonraki on yıllarda, birçok muhafazakar patron ucuz basılı kitaplara değersiz gözüyle baktı; elle üretilen kitaplar daha cazip kabul edildi.

Almanya'da, aynı adı taşıyan Johannes Gutenberg Üniversitesi Mainz ve Gutenberg erken Baskı Tarihi Müzesi'ne ev sahipliği yapan Mainz'deki Gutenbergplatz'daki bertel Thorvaldsen'in (1837) ünlü heykeli de dahil olmak üzere birçok Gutenberg heykeli bulunmaktadır. İkincisi, bu alandaki önde gelen periyodik yayın olan Gutenberg-Jahrbuch'u yayınlıyor. En eski dijital kütüphane olan Project Gutenberg, Gutenberg'in adını anıyor. Mainzer Johannisnacht, 1968'den beri memleketinde Johannes Gutenberg'i anıyor.

1952'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri posta servisi, Johannes Gutenberg'in hareketli tip matbaanın icadını anmak için beş yüzüncü yıldönümü damgası yayınladı.

1961'de Kanadalı filozof ve bilim adamı Marshall McLuhan, baskı kültürü, kültürel çalışmalar ve medya ekolojisi, Gutenberg galaksisi: tipografik insanın yapımı alanlarında öncü çalışmasına hak kazandı. İnsanlık tarihinin en etkili insanlarından biri olarak kabul edilen Gutenberg, popüler imajda yükselen bir figür olmaya devam ediyor. Tarihin en etkili 100 Kişisini sıraladığını iddia eden bir tarihçinin 1978 tarihli bir kitabında Gutenberg, T'sai Lun'dan sonra ve Christopher Columbus'tan önce 8 numaraya geliyor. 1999 yılında, A&E ağı Gutenberg'i Hayır olarak sıraladı. "Milenyum biyografileri" geri sayımında ikinci binyılın en etkili 1 kişisi. 1997'de Time-Life Dergisi, Gutenberg'in icadını ikinci binyılın en önemlisi olarak seçti.

Uzayda Gutenberg, asteroit 777 Gutemberga adına anılır.

Gutenberg'e dayanan iki Opera, 2001'den beri Gavin Bryars'ın müziğiyle Gutenberg, eski Strasbourg ve Mainz'in usta yazıcısı olarak da bilinen Johannes Gensfleisch'in itirafı ve son vasiyeti olan G'dir; ve Philippe Manoury'nin müziğiyle La Nuit de Gutenberg, 2011'de Strasbourg'da prömiyeri yapıldı. 2018'de WordPress, yeni düzenleme sistemini Gutenberg olarak adlandırdı.

14 Nisan 2021'de Gutenberg bir Google Doodle'da kutlandı.

Görüntüler

Notlar ve kaynaklar

1398 doğumlular
Mainz doğumlular
1468 yılında ölenler
Alman mucitler

Johannes Gutenberg


Alchemilla glacialis er fjölær jurt af rósaætt (Rosaceae). Hann er frá mið Evrópu.

Heimildir

Maríustakkar

Alchemilla glacialis


Hund & fisk er en dansk animationsfilm for børn fra 2001, der er instrueret af Jannik Hastrup efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En historie om den umulige kærlighed mellem en fisk og en hund. Og om hvordan skuffet kærlighed kan afløses af ny, livsbekræftende kærlighed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Hund & fisk