Fantasy Island is an American fantasy drama television series created by Gene Levitt. It aired on ABC from 1977 to 1984. The series starred Ricardo Montalbán as the mysterious Mr. Roarke and Hervé Villechaize as his assistant, Tattoo. Guests were granted so-called "fantasies" on the island for a price.

A one-season revival of the series aired 14 years later in 1998 while a horror-themed film was released on February 14, 2020. That same year, it was announced that a sequel of the series was being produced at Fox; it premiered on August 10, 2021.

Background
Before it became a television series, Fantasy Island was introduced to viewers in 1977 and 1978 through two made-for-television films. Airing from 1978 to 1984, the original series starred Ricardo Montalbán as Mr. Roarke, the enigmatic overseer of a mysterious island somewhere near Devil's Island, French Guiana in the Atlantic Ocean, where people from all walks of life could come and live out their fantasies, albeit for a price.

Roarke was known for his white suit and cultured demeanor, and he was initially accompanied by an energetic sidekick, Tattoo, played by Hervé Villechaize. Tattoo would run up the main bell tower to ring the bell and shout "De plane! De plane!" to announce the arrival of a new set of guests at the beginning of each episode. This line, shown at the beginning of the series' credits, became an unlikely catchphrase because of Villechaize's spirited delivery and French accent. In later seasons, he would arrive in his personal go-kart, sized for him, and recklessly drive to join Roarke for the visitor reception while the staff scrambled to get out of his way. From 1981 to 1982, Wendy Schaal joined the cast as a beautiful brown-eyed blonde assistant named Julie; in the season five story "The Case Against Mr. Roarke", Roarke stated that Julie was his god-daughter. The producers dismissed Villechaize from the series before the 1983–1984 season, which ended up being its last, and Tattoo was replaced by a more sedate butler type named Lawrence, played by Christopher Hewett, who pressed an electronic button to ring the bell rather than climb the tower.

A Grumman Widgeon aircraft was used for the series. Just prior to the guests alighting from the plane, Mr. Roarke would address his assembling employees with the phrase "Smiles, everyone! Smiles!" As each visitor disembarked, Roarke would describe to Tattoo (or another assistant) the nature of their fantasy, usually with a cryptic comment, suggesting the person's fantasy will not turn out as they expected. Roarke would then welcome his guests by lifting his glass and saying: "My dear guests, I am Mr. Roarke, your host. Welcome to Fantasy Island." This toast was usually followed with a warm smile, but sometimes — depending on the nature of a guest or their fantasy — his eyes would show concern or worry for a guest's safety.

Mr. Roarke's actual age is never made clear. In the pilot film, he comments how the guests who come to his island are "so mortal" and there are hints throughout the series that suggest Roarke may be immortal. In "Elizabeth", a woman from Roarke's past appears, but it is revealed that she died over 300 years ago. Other episodes suggest that he was friends with Helen of Troy and Cleopatra. Roarke is also shown to know many seemingly immortal beings over his time on Earth, including ghosts ("The Ghost's Story"), a genie ("A Genie Named Joe"), the mermaid Princess Nyah ("The Mermaid", "The Mermaid Returns", "The Mermaid and the Matchmaker"), the goddess Aphrodite ("Aphrodite"), and Uriel the Angel of Death ("The Angel's Triangle"). In "The Devil and Mandy Breem" and "The Devil and Mr. Roarke", Roarke even faces the devil (played by Roddy McDowall) who has come to the island to challenge him for either a guest's immortal soul or his. It is mentioned this is not the first time that they have confronted each other and Mr. Roarke has always been the winner. In the second story, the devil was one of the island's guests, claiming that he was only there to relax and had no interest in Roarke's soul at the time. However, this turned out to be yet another ruse.

Roarke had a strong moral code, and he was always merciful. He usually tried to teach his guests important life lessons through the medium of their fantasies, frequently in a manner that exposes the errors of their ways, and on occasions when the island hosted terminally ill guests he would allow them to live out one last wish. Roarke's fantasies were not without peril, but the greatest danger usually came from the guests themselves. In some cases, people were killed due to their own negligence, aggression or arrogance. When necessary, Roarke would directly intervene when the fantasy became dangerous to the guest:

 In one episode when Tattoo was given his own fantasy as a birthday gift, which ended up with him being chased by hostile natives in canoes, Mr. Roarke suddenly appeared in a motorboat, snared Tattoo's canoe with a grappling hook and towed it away at high speed to help him escape.
 In the 1979 episode "The Mermaid; The Victim", a female guest seeking to fall in love with her dream man ends up as one of his sex slaves. When she and her fellow slaves manage to get free, they are saved by Mr. Roarke and Tattoo who have arrived with the police who then arrest the two men responsible.
 In the 1980 episode "With Affection, Jack the Ripper; Gigolo", a female guest intent on researching Jack the Ripper's crimes was sent back in time to 1888 London, and would have become one of the Ripper's victims had Mr. Roarke not physically intervened.

With only a few exceptions, Roarke always made it quite clear that he was powerless to stop a fantasy once it had begun and that the guests must play them out to their conclusion.

In later seasons, there were often supernatural overtones. Roarke also seemed to have his own supernatural powers of some sort (called the "Gift of the McNabs" in "Delphine"), although it was never explained how this came to be. In the episodes "Reprisal" and "The Power" he temporarily gave the guest psychokinetic abilities and in "Terrors of the Mind" the power to see into the future. In one episode, when a guest says "Thank God things worked out well", Roarke and Tattoo share an odd look and Roarke says in a cryptic way "Thank God, indeed." In the same episode, Roarke uses some mysterious powers to help Tattoo with his magic act. Ricardo Montalbán would claim in interviews that he had a definite opinion in mind regarding the mystery of Mr. Roarke, and how he accomplished his fantasies, but he would never publicly state what it was. Years after the series was off the air, in an interview with the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Montalbán finally revealed that his motivation was imagining Roarke as a fallen angel whose sin was pride and that Fantasy Island was Purgatory.

Each episode would alternate between two or three independent storylines as the guests experienced their fantasies and interacted with Roarke. When reruns of the series went into syndication, a half-hour version was offered, in which each hour-long original show was split to two separate half-hour shows in which only one guest's story was told in each half-hour episode. This made it obvious that the original episodes had been planned in such a way that each guest or family got off the plane separately, did not interact with the other guest or family, and was given almost exactly half the time of the original episode.

Often the fantasies would turn out to be morality lessons for the guests, sometimes to the point of (apparently) putting their lives at risk, only to have Roarke step in at the last minute and reveal the deception. For example, one episode featured a couple who clamored for the "good old days" being taken back to the Salem witch trials. It is mentioned a few times that a condition of visiting Fantasy Island is that guests never reveal what goes on there. A small number of guests decided to make the irrevocable choice to stay permanently, living out their fantasy until death; one such person was an actor who had been in a Tarzan-type television series called "Jungle Man" in the 1960s. Aside from a clip show ("Remember...When?") the only episode with a single storyline was "The Wedding", in which terminally ill Helena Marsh (Samantha Eggar) returned to Fantasy Island to spend her last days as Roarke's wife.

Another episode, season seven's "The Nurses," was the only episode where all of the fantasies, while separate, were linked by one thread. In this case, a mysterious and wealthy guest (Peter Graves) inviting three nurses to live out each of their fantasies on the island.

The fantasy

Cost
In the first film, Fantasy Island (1977), it was noted that each guest had paid $50,000 (about $ in  dollars) in advance for the fulfillment of their fantasies and that Fantasy Island was a business. In the second film, Return to Fantasy Island (1978), Roarke told Tattoo that he sometimes dropped the price when a guest could not afford the usual fee because he believed that everyone should be given a chance to have their fantasies fulfilled. Afterwards, it became clear that the price a guest paid was substantial to him or her, and for one little girl whose father was one of Roarke's guests, she had emptied her piggy bank (which contained less than $10) to have her fantasy with her father fulfilled. On numerous occasions, a guest had not paid for the trip at all, but instead won it as a result of a contest. Those who came by winning contests were usually the unknowing beneficiaries of rigged contests in order to disguise to them and others the real reason for their coming as part of someone else's fantasy.

Nature
The nature of a fantasy varied from story to story and was typically very personal to each guest on some level. They could be as harmless as wanting to be reunited with a lost love to something more dangerous like tracking down a cold-blooded killer who murdered someone close to the guest. Usually, the fantasy would take an unexpected turn and proceed down a quite different path than the guest expected. Some resolve in "The Monkey's Paw" style. He or she would then leave with some new revelation or renewed interest about themselves or someone close to them. Many times, Roarke would reveal in the end that someone they met during the course of their fantasy was another guest living a fantasy of their own. Both guests often left the island together. However, in one episode, one guest had no particular fantasy and was simply there to relax and enjoy himself. In another episode, the fantasy of one guest (played by Don Knotts) was to play the part of a private investigator. At the end of the episode, he discovers that his "suspects" were actually a company of actors who had asked Mr. Roarke to act out their whodunnit play in a realistic setting.

Although some fantasies were rooted in the real world, many others involved supernatural (such as ghosts, demons, or witchcraft) or mythological (mermaids, genies, goddesses) elements. Time travel was often a required element, if not a specific request, to fulfill one's fantasy.

Risk
Roarke often preceded particularly risky fantasies with a stern warning, a word of caution, or even a suggestion that the guest select another fantasy, instead. He would then inform his guests that he was powerless to stop a fantasy once it had begun and that they must allow the fantasy to play out until its ultimate conclusion. Despite this, on rare occasions, Roarke would appear halfway through a fantasy to offer a guest one more opportunity to terminate his/her fantasy, warning that continuing the current fantasy might lead to serious consequences, possibly even death. However, at that point, the guest would decide on their own to see the fantasy to its end, either for selfless reasons (regarding someone he/she had met during the fantasy) or naivety of what is in store for them. In the most serious cases, however, Roarke would invariably intervene and ensure his guests' safety.

Occasionally, some of the fantasies would take place on adjoining islands, or on parts of Fantasy Island that, according to Roarke, he had no jurisdiction over, thereby heightening the risk factor for the guests. Even then, when Roarke intervened in these cases, he often revealed that he had close connections with the local officials or prominent figures on those islands, who would grant him permission to rescue his guests.

Episodes

Production notes

Executive producer Aaron Spelling admitted the original pitch was a joke. Spelling said he and production partner Leonard Goldberg were pitching ideas to ABC executive Brandon Stoddard. After the executive rejected all of their plans, at least six in all, Spelling blurted out: "What do you want? An island that people can go to and all of their sexual fantasies will be realized?" Stoddard loved the idea.

The network wanted Orson Welles for Mr. Roarke, but Spelling rejected him, knowing of his irritable nature on sets. He also rejected the idea of a sexy female sidekick to join Roarke and Tattoo.

The show was broadcast every Saturday night on ABC at 10:00 p.m., after The Love Boat, which was also produced by Aaron Spelling. Like several other series of the era, such as The Love Boat and Murder, She Wrote, Fantasy Island employed many celebrity guest stars, often bringing them back repeatedly for different roles.

Filming locations
The series was filmed primarily in Burbank, California, with the opening scenes of the enchanting island coastline being that of Kauai, Hawaii (both the Na Pali coast as well as Wailua Falls). The house with the bell tower, where Tattoo rings the bell, is the Queen Anne Cottage, located in the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden in Arcadia. The plane, "arriving" with the guests, was filmed in the lagoon behind the Queen Anne Cottage. Sometimes, outdoor scenes were filmed at the Arboretum.

Interior sets were filmed on Stages 26 and 17 at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California. At some point, the production of exterior scenes moved to the Warner Ranch a short distance away from Warner's main lot. B-roll was taken from the Coco Palms resort in Kauai.

Music
The Fantasy Island theme music was composed by Laurence Rosenthal.

Other projects

1998 revival series

In 1998, ABC revived the series in a Saturday time slot. The role of Mr. Roarke was played by Malcolm McDowell in the revival, and in contrast to the first series the supernatural aspect of his character and of Fantasy Island itself was emphasized from the start, along with a dose of dark humor. Director Barry Sonnenfeld, known for his work on The Addams Family movies, was a chief creative force on the new series. Another difference was that the new series was filmed in Hawaii instead of California. The remake followed the fantasies of at least two of Roarke's guests with an additional subplot involving members of his staff — usually Cal and Harry. Whereas the original series featured a separate writer and title for each subplot, the new series was written as several stories, but featuring a unified theme and title.

2020 horror film adaptation

A horror-themed film adaptation of the television series was released. Sony Pictures released the film and produced by Blumhouse Productions. Director and screenwriter Jeff Wadlow directed the adaptation from a script by Wadlow, Chris Roach, and Jillian Jacobs. The film was released on February 14, 2020, to overwhelmingly negative reviews.

2021 Fox sequel series

A series was greenlit in December 2020 as a sequel to and maintains continuity with the original 1977 series, slated for a mid 2021 release on Fox. The series was a co-production between Sony Pictures Television and Fox Entertainment. In April 2021, it was announced that Kiara Barnes and John Gabriel Rodriguez were cast, as part of the main cast of the series. That same month, it was announced that Roselyn Sánchez joined the cast of the series as Elena Roarke, a descendant of Mr. Roarke. The series premiered on August 10, 2021 and ran for two seasons.

Syndication
Selected episodes from the first, second and third seasons are available free at Hulu. Selected Minisodes from seasons one, three, four, five, and six are available free at Sony Crackle, along with complete episodes from seasons one, two, and three.

Digital multicast television network Cozi TV announced the series would be airing on the network beginning fall 2013. Episodes of the original series were seen on Fridays on sister cable network Universal HD, until July 2017, when the network changed to the Olympic Channel.

In Canada, the entire series with all seven seasons is available for streaming on the CTV App, with the first five seasons remastered in High Definition, the first three seasons have been enhanced to 1.78:1 aspect ratio.

In May 2021, it was added to the streaming service Tubi, with all seven seasons.

In August 2021, it started airing on digital multicast television network getTV on Saturday and Sunday nights (4:00 AM ET).

Home media
In 1988, Star Classics released the pilot episode of the series on VHS in the United States and Canada.

In 2005, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released season one of the original series on DVD in regions 1, 2 & 4. The release included the 1977 pilot Fantasy Island and 1978's Return to Fantasy Island. However, due to poor sales, no further seasons were released.

In February 2012, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1; they subsequently released the second season on DVD on May 8, 2012. Season 3 was released on October 23, 2012.

In 2013, Mill Creek Entertainment announced they had obtained the rights to re-release the previous season sets of Fantasy Island on DVD.

References

External links

1970s American anthology television series
1970s American drama television series
1977 American television series debuts
1980s American anthology television series
1980s American drama television series
1984 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American fantasy drama television series
American television series revived after cancellation
English-language television shows
Fiction about immortality
Fictional islands
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television series by Spelling Television
Television series set on fictional islands
Television shows adapted into films

Fantasy Island


Romain Collaud, né le , est une personnalité politique fribourgeoise, membre du Parti libéral-radical et conseiller d'État depuis 2022.

Biographie
Romain Collaud naît à Fribourg dans une fratrie de quatre enfants. Il grandit à Grolley. Son père, Jean-Jacques Collaud, avocat de profession, a été syndic de Grolley et député libéral-radical au Grand Conseil du canton de Fribourg ; sa mère, née Eliane Messerli, est secrétaire de direction de formation.

Il suit sa scolarité à Grolley, puis à Fribourg. Après trois ans au Collège Sainte-Croix (Fribourg), il fait un apprentissage chez UBS. Il obtient par la suite un diplôme d'économiste bancaire ES en 2011 et un diplôme fédéral d'expert en finance et investissement en 2013.

Il déménage à Genève en 2006, où il travaille pour UBS. Il revient s'installer dans le canton de Fribourg en 2011, où il travaille pour la banque privée Wegelin, puis pour Credit Suisse. De 2017 à décembre 2021, il est directeur d'une société de conseils financiers.

En couple, il est père de deux enfants et habite à Cottens.

Parcours politique
Romain Collaud rejoint les jeunes radicaux fribourgeois à 16 ans. Sa première campagne politique est celle du Grand Conseil en 2011 ; il n'est pas élu, mais accède au parlement en cours de législature en 2014 à la suite d'une démission. Réélu en 2016, il devient chef du groupe PLR au Grand Conseil. Également candidat en 2021, il ne siège toutefois pas à la suite de son élection à l'exécutif et est remplacé par Pauline Robatel.

Candidat pour le Conseil national lors des élections de 2019, il obtient le deuxième meilleur score des candidats non élus de sa liste.

Il est élu conseiller d'État du canton de Fribourg le , en troisième position des sept élus, après être arrivé en septième position au premier tour. Il prend la tête de la Direction de la sécurité, de la justice et du sport le .

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Profil Smartvote 2021

Naissance dans le canton de Fribourg
Personnalité politique fribourgeoise
Personnalité du Parti libéral-radical

Romain Collaud


Solanum dulcamara is a species of vine in the genus Solanum (which also includes the potato and the tomato) of the family Solanaceae. Common names include  bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, bitter nightshade, blue bindweed, Amara Dulcis, climbing nightshade, felonwort, fellenwort, felonwood, poisonberry, poisonflower, scarlet berry, snakeberry, trailing bittersweet, trailing nightshade, violet bloom, and woody nightshade.

It is native to Europe and Asia, and widely naturalised elsewhere, including North America.

Overview
It occurs in a very wide range of habitats, from woodlands to scrubland, hedges and marshes.

Solanum dulcamara is a very woody herbaceous perennial vine, which scrambles over other plants, capable of reaching a height of 4 m where suitable support is available, but more often 1–2 m high. The leaves are 4–12 cm long, roughly arrowhead-shaped, and often lobed at the base. The flowers are in loose clusters of 3–20, 1–1.5 cm across, star-shaped, with five purple petals and yellow stamens and style pointing forward. The fruit is an ovoid red berry about 1 cm long, soft and juicy, with the aspect and odour of a tiny tomato, and edible for some birds, which disperse the seeds widely. However, the berry is poisonous to humans and livestock, and the berry's attractive and familiar look make it dangerous for children.

It is native to northern Africa, Europe, and Asia, but has spread throughout the world. The plant is relatively important in the diet of some species of birds such as European thrushes, which feed on its fruits, being immune to its poisons, and scatter the seeds abroad. It grows in all types of terrain with a preference for wetlands and the understory of riparian forests. Along with other climbers, it creates a dark and impenetrable shelter for varied animals. The plant grows well in dark areas in places where it can receive the light of morning or afternoon. An area receiving bright light for many hours reduces its development. It grows more easily in rich wet soils with plenty of nitrogen. When grown for medicinal purposes, it is best grown in a dry, exposed environment.

It is a nonnative species in the United States.

History

Solanum dulcamara has been valued by herbalists since ancient Greek times. In the Middle Ages the plant was thought to be effective against witchcraft, and was sometimes hung around the neck of cattle to protect them from the "evil eye". It has been suggested that the plant was used both medicinally and to induce altered states of mind in Anglo-Saxon England.

John Gerard's Herball (1597) states that "the juice is good for those that have fallen from high places, and have been thereby bruised or beaten, for it is thought to dissolve blood congealed or cluttered anywhere in the intrals and to heale the hurt places."

Biological activity
This plant is one of the less poisonous members of the Solanaceae. Instances of poisoning in humans are very rare on account of the fruit's intensely bitter taste. Incidentally, the fruit has been reported to have a sweet aftertaste, hence the vernacular name bittersweet.

The poison in this species is believed to be solanine. The alkaloids, solanine (from unripe fruits), solasodine (from flowers) and beta-solamarine (from roots) have been found to inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus.
Solanine and solasodine  extracted from Solanum dulcamara showed antidermatophytic activity against Chrysosporium indicum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. simil, thus it may cure ringworm.

The stems are approved by the German Commission E for external use as supportive therapy in chronic eczema.

Medicinal use
Solanum dulcamara has a variety of documented medicinal uses, all of which are advised to be approached with proper caution as the entirety of the plant is considered to be poisonous. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally. There have only been records of medicinal use for adults (not children) and it is possible to be allergic to Solanum dulcamara; medicinal use is not advised in these cases.

Use of stem
The stem of Solanum dulcamara is believed to be considerably less poisonous than the rest of the plant, and it has mostly been used in treatment for conditions of the skin. There are records of it being used to treat mild recurrent eczema, psoriasis, scabies, and dermatomycosis. Stems are harvested when they do not yet have leaves (or the leaves have already fallen) and are shredded into small pieces. They are mostly known to be applied in the form of liquid onto the skin, but infusing it into a drink is also possible, though not recommended. The stem has also been used in treatment for bronchitis, asthma, and pneumonia.

Use of leaves, fruit, and root
The leaves of Solanum dulcamara have been known to treat warts and tumors, while the fruit can treat conditions of the respiratory tract and joints. It has been documented that Indigenous people of North America used the roots for relief of fever and nausea.

Symbolism
Solanum dulcamara has been used as a symbol of fidelity. This is in reference to its curious property of combining extreme bitterness with surprising sweetness - hence its common name "bittersweet." This symbolism is seen in Christian art from the Middle Ages as well as in bridal wreaths.

Gallery

References

dulcamara
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Europe
Flora of Asia
Garden plants of Europe

Solanum dulcamara


Constam a seguir os administradores eleitos no município de Pau d'Arco do Piauí, criado pela Lei Estadual n.º 4.904 de 29 de janeiro de 1997 sancionada pelo governador Mão Santa e que foi instalado em 1º de janeiro de 2001.

Prefeitos de Pau d'Arco do Piauí

Vice-prefeitos de Pau d'Arco do Piauí

Vereadores de Pau d'Arco do Piauí
Relação ordenada conforme o número de mandatos exercidos por cada vereador a partir do ano de sua primeira eleição, observado sempre que possível a ordem alfabética.

Pau d'Arco do Piauí

Lista de prefeitos de Pau d'Arco do Piauí


Julia Faure, née en 1988, est une entrepreneuse française de fabrication de vêtements éthiques et durables.

Biographie
Julia Faure est ingénieure en agronomie, diplôme qu'elle obtient à AgroParisTech. Elle travaille pendant deux ans chez Amazon, en Espagne. Elle suit des études de genre à l'université autonome de Madrid.

En 2018, elle fonde avec Guillaume Declair l'entreprise de vêtement durable et éthique Loom. L'entreprise veille à produire des vêtements durables à faible impact sur la planète et les humains. Les vêtements sont fabriqués dans de petites usines en France ou au Portugal. L'entreprise Loom contrôle ses fournisseurs afin qu'il n'y ait pas d'exploitation d'enfants, de femmes sous-payées, d'usines en Asie, de pesticides dans les textiles utilisés ou d'animaux maltraités.

En 2020, elle fait partie des 47 personnes présentes sur la photo du siècle de Yann Arthus-Bertrand, pour symboliser la nouvelle génération qui s'engage.

Julia Faure est à l'origine de la tribune Nous, marques textiles, demandons à être plus régulées, signée par 150 entreprises françaises textiles, publiée le , dans Le Monde. Cette tribune demande que l'écocontribution, instaurée en 2009 pour financer la fin de vie de leurs produits, soit indexée sur les émissions de gaz à effet produites par l'entreprise, afin d'être incitative.

En 2023,  elle est classée seconde dans le classement du "TOP 35 des leaders positifs" par Les Echos

elle prend avec Pascal Demurger la coprésidence du Mouvement Impact France.

Notes et références

Étudiant de l'université autonome de Madrid
Naissance en 1988
Femme d'affaires française
Entrepreneur social

Julia Faure (entrepreneuse)


La Clase Rochefortais, o Clase Pertuisane, fue la tercera clase de  contratorpederos construida para la Marina Nacional Francesa, entre 1900 y 1903.

Las unidades y su concepción
Los cuatro buques que componían la clase fueron construidos en los astilleros de Rochefort, Francia, y recibieron nombres de armas históricas de infantería:
 Pertuisane (Partesana).
 Escopette (arma semejanta al Trabuco que portaba la caballería francesa en los siglos XVI y XVII).
 Rapière (Espada ropera).
 Flamberge (arma semejante al Zweihänder, pero con ondulaciones en sus dos filos).

Concebida por Augustin Normand, la Clase Rochefortais era una versión mejorada de la Clase Durandal.

Historia operacional
Los cuatro contratorpederos participaron en la Primera Guerra Mundial.

El Pertuisane fue destinado al Mediterráneo de 1902 a 1912, después fue puesto en la reserva, en Tolón, de 1912 a 1913. En 1914, al estallar la Primera Guerra Mundial, fue puesto en activo y destinado a Cherburgo, sirviendo en el Canal de la Mancha. Fue dado de baja del servicio activo en 1923 y destinado a buque de pruebas de extinción de incendios.
En 1928, fue vendido en Brest para su desguace.

El Escopette sirvió de escolta al Presidente de la República Francesa en su viaje oficial a Inglaterra del 2 al 11 de julio de 1903. Después, tuvo su base, sucesivamente, en Brest, en Dunkerque y en Calais. Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, entre 1915 y 1918, tuvo su base en Cherburgo y Dunkerque, donde sufrió daños producidos por la explosión de un torpedo dentro de uno de los tubos lanzadores. Dado de baja en 1921, fue desguazado en Cherburgo en 1922.

El Flamberge sirvió, primeramente, en la Flota del Norte, entre 1903 y 1908, y después pasó a formar parte de la Flotilla de Torpederos del Canal de la Mancha con base en Cherburgo (1908-1910). En 1914, se le dio base en Brest donde fue puesto en la reserva para proceder a cambiar sus calderas. Ya en la Gran Guerra, en 1915 fue enviado al Mediterráneo y, en 1918, servía en la 10ª Flotilla de Contratorpederos, en Salónica. Se le dio de baja en 1920 y fue desguazado en Tolón en 1921.

El Rapière fue destinado a la Flota del Mediterráneo, de 1903 a 1904. Puesto en la reserva en Tolón durante unos meses, fue destinado a la Flota de Oriente medio de 1905 a 1907, con base en Saigón. Más tarde, fue asignado al teatro de operaciones del Canal de la Mancha y del Mar del Norte con base en Cherburgo, sustituyendo al contratorpedero Yatagan. En 1915, en plena Guerra Mundial, se le destinó nuevamente a acciones en el Mediterráneo con base en Bizerta. Fue dado de baja en 1921 y desguazado en 1923.

Los buques

Véase también

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) classe Pertuisane (site battleships.cruisers.co.uk)
 (en inglés) Pertuisane - site navypedia.org
 (en francés) Classe Pertuisane - site page 14-18

Rochefortais

Clase Rochefortais


Permeabilnost (prema kasnolat. permeabilis: koji propušta, od lat. permeare: prolaziti kroz) znači propusnost, propustljivost (na primjer membrana). U fizici postoje izrazi:
 magnetska permeabilnost – je elektromagnetska osobina materijala koja pokazuje intenzitet magnetizacije tijela kada su ona izložena vanjskom magnetskom polju. Magnetska permeabilnost se označava grčkim slovom mi (μ).
 permeabilnost vakuuma, magnetska permeabilnost vakuuma ili magnetska konstanta (oznaka μ0) je prirodna ili fizikalna konstanta magnetske permeabilnosti za vakuum, koja iznosi:

u SI sustavu, osnosno tesla · metar po amperu (T · m/A).
 relativna magnetska permeabilnost (oznaka μr)) je fizikalna veličina koja opisuje magnetsku propusnost tvari u odnosu na magnetsku permeabilnost vakuuma; količnik je magnetske permeabilnosti μ i magnetske permeabilnosti vakuuma μ0, to jest:

Mjerna je jedinica relativne magnetske permeabilnosti broj jedan (1).
 semipermeabilnost ili polupropusnost je svojstvo nekih prirodnih ili umjetnih tvari da u obliku membrana propuštaju otapalo iz otopine, ali ne i otopljenu tvar (na primjer osmoza).

Izvori

Permeabilnost


Le Andfjorden est un fjord situé à la frontière des comtés de Nordland et de Troms et Finnmark en Norvège. Il coule principalement entre les grandes îles d'Andøya et Senja. Grytøya et les petites îles Bjarkøya et Krøttøya sont situées dans le fjord. La traversée principale se fait par le ferry Andenes-Gryllefjord entre les municipalités d'Andøy et de Senja. Les autres municipalités à travers lesquelles le fjord coule sont Harstad et Kvæfjord.

Le fjord mesure environ 60 kilomètres de long, il a une largeur maximale de 30 kilomètres et une profondeur maximale de 517 mètres, ce qui en fait un riche lieu d'alimentation pour les cachalots et les épaulards. Les safaris aux baleines sont organisés depuis Andenes et depuis Krøttøya. Plusieurs autres fjords bifurquent de l'Andfjorden, notamment le Kvæfjorden, le Godfjorden et le Vågsfjorden.

Sur les minuscules îles Steinavær dans l'Andfjorden, il y a un grand récif corallien.

Voir aussi
 Liste des fjords de Norvège

Notes et références

Liens externes
 .
 .

 .
 .
  : vidéo d'une plongée dans le Andfjorden réalisée en janvier 2015.
 .
 .

Fjord en Norvège

Andfjorden


Sredni Vashtar est une nouvelle écrite par Saki (Hector Hugh Munro) entre 1900 et 1911 et publiée pour la première fois dans son livre de 1912 Les Chroniques de Clovis. Elle a été adaptée pour l'opéra, le cinéma, la radio et la télévision.

Synopsis
Conradin, un garçon maladif de 10 ans, vit sous la garde de sa cousine autoritaire et despotique, , qu'il méprise. Il s'appuie sur sa vive imagination non seulement pour survivre aux brimades de sa cousine, mais également comme moyen d'évasion. Rétif aux soins oppressants de , Conradin garde secrètement deux animaux dans un cabanon désaffecté au fond du jardin : une poule de Houdan, qu'il adore, et un furet qu'il craint et garde enfermé dans un clapier. Peu à peu, Conradin nomme le furet Sredni Vashtar, et commence à le vénérer comme un dieu. Chaque semaine, il lui apporte des offrandes de fleurs et de baies, et à certaines occasions spéciales, de la noix de muscade volée.

 finit par s'inquiéter des visites longues et répétées de Conradin au cabanon. Elle découvre la poule et la vend, puis annonce cette vente à Conradin, s'attendant à une protestation. À sa grande surprise, le garçon demeure silencieux, mais en secret, il change ses rituels d'adoration et demande à son dieu une faveur sans la définir : « Fais une chose pour moi, Sredni Vashtar. »

Comme les visites de Conradin dans l'abri ne cessent pas,  poursuit son enquête et découvre le clapier verrouillé. Soupçonnant des cobayes, elle fouille la chambre de l'enfant, trouve la clé, et descend jusqu'au cabanon, interdisant à Conradin de sortir de la maison. Pendant son absence, Conradin sachant parfaitement que son dieu n'est qu'un furet, attend le retour de sa cousine, qu'il anticipe triomphal, et reconnaît lentement la défaite de son imagination. Mais, alors que le temps passe et que  ne réapparaît pas, Conradin commence à chanter un chant de victoire. Finalement, il voit le furet sortir du hangar, avec des taches sombres et humides autour de ses mâchoires et de sa gorge, puis s'échapper du jardin.

Une femme de chambre annonce le thé et demande . Tout en beurrant une tartine, Conradin lui répond qu'elle est allée au cabanon. Alors qu'il savoure sa tartine, il entend les hurlements de la femme de chambre suivis des appels à l'aide du personnel de cuisine et plus tard le bruit de quelque chose de lourd transporté dans la maison. Alors que des voix discutent nerveusement de qui devrait annoncer la nouvelle au garçon, Conradin se prépare calmement une autre tartine.

Adaptations
Le 15 septembre 1941, le premier épisode de la série radiophonique de CBS The Orson Welles Show consistait en l'adaptation de Sredni Vashtar. Blanche Yurka interprétait , Conrad Binyon jouait le rôle de Conradin et Brenda Forbes interprétait Matilda.

Sredni Vashtar a été adapté trois fois en opéra de chambre. En 1988, le compositeur Robert Steadman et l'auteur Richard Adams ont écrit un Sredni Vashtar d'une durée de 75 minutes. En 1996, le compositeur d'origine cubaine Jorge Martin et le librettiste Andrew Joffe avec l'American Chamber Orchestra ont produit Beast and Superbeast, une série de quatre opéras de chambre basés sur des histoires de Saki, dont Sredni Vashtar. Martin a également composé le morceau Fantaisie au piano sur Sredni Vashtar. En 2010, l'histoire a de nouveau été adaptée par Nicholas Pavkovic et Jim Coughenour et jouée au Conservatoire de musique de San Francisco.

Cette histoire a été adaptée pour la télévision américaine et diffusée dans une série d'anthologies de fantômes intitulée Great Ghost Tales, le 24 août 1961. L'histoire de Sredni Vashtar était à la base du film d'horreur de 1979 The Orphan, également connu sous le nom de Friday the : The Orphan (sans rapport avec la série de films éponymes), du réalisateur John Ballard. En 1980, il a été adapté pour Spine Chillers. En 1981, le court métrage Sredni Vashtar du réalisateur britannique Andrew Birkin a remporté un prix BAFTA et a été nominé aux Oscars. En 2003, Angela M. Murray a produit une version de l'histoire dans la série Tartan Shorts pour la BBC, se déroulant en Écosse et comprenant des marionnettes d'ombres. "Sredni Vashtar" a ensuite été adapté, avec deux autres histoires de Saki, dans le cadre d'une émission de 2007 sur BBC4 intitulée Who Killed Mrs De Ropp?

Tom Baker a lu l'histoire dans le cadre de la série 1978 de la BBC Late Night Story.

L'histoire a également inspiré à trois reprises des réalisateurs tchèques. Vaclav Bedrich en a fait un film d'animation en 1980. Le film de fin d'études de 1981 de Martin Faltyn de l'Institut cinématographique Gerasimov est une adaptation de Sredni Vashtar. En 1995, Pavel Marek a adapté l'histoire dans son film de fin d'études à la FAMU.

Dans la culture populaire
Dans le manga Parasite: reversi de Moare Ohta, publié aux éditions Glénat, l'antagoniste principal vénère le parasite implanté dans son bras comme un dieu, qu'il a appelé "Sredni Vashtar".

Notes et références

Liens externes

Nouvelle adaptée au cinéma
Nouvelle parue en 1912
Nouvelle d'horreur

Sredni Vashtar


ලන්තෑරුමක් යනු තැනින් තැන ගෙන යා හැකි ආලෝකකරණ උපකරණයක් හෝ පුළුල් ප්‍රදේශයක් ප්‍රදීපනය කිරීමට සවි කොට ඇති ආලෝකකරණ සවිකුරුවකි.

ලන්තෑරුම


Jürgen Bubendey (* 23. Mai 1948 in Bielefeld) ist ein deutscher Diplomat im Ruhestand. Zuletzt war er von 2009 bis 2013 Generalkonsul in Mailand.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur am Aloisiuskolleg in Bonn absolvierte Bubendey zwischen 1967 und 1972 ein Studium der Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften an der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, in dessen Verlauf er längere Studien- und Erfahrungsaufenthalte in verschiedenen afrikanischen Ländern unternahm. 1972 legte er sein Erstes Juristisches Staatsexamen ab und befand sich während der darauf folgenden Referendarzeit bis 1975 in Aachen, Köln und Bonn, wo er zeitweise beim Deutschen Bundestag zusätzlich Wissenschaftlicher Assistent war.

Nach der Ablegung des Zweiten Juristischen Staatsexamens wurde er 1976 Mitarbeiter im Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, wo er bis 1983 Redenschreiber sowie persönlicher Referent des Staatssekretärs war. Während dieser Zeit war er 1978 für eine Tätigkeit bei einer Fraktion des Deutschen Bundestages beurlaubt.

1983 wechselte Bubendey in den Auswärtigen Dienst und fand bis 1987 zunächst Verwendung an der Botschaft in Italien sowie danach bis 1989 an der Botschaft im Irak. Während dieser Zeit wurde ihm das Bundesverdienstkreuz verliehen.

Nach seiner Rückkehr wurde er 1989 Referent im Auswärtigen Amt im Referat für Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsrecht und danach 1992 Leiter der Rechts- und Konsularabteilung des Generalkonsulats in New York City, ehe er zwischen 1996 und 2000 stellvertretender Leiter des Referats für Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsrecht im Auswärtigen Amt war.

Zwischen 2000 und 2004 war Bubendey Generalkonsul in Neapel und danach Ständiger Vertreter des Botschafters im Irak sowie von 2006 bis 2009 Leiter eines Referats in der Abteilung für Vereinte Nationen und Globale Fragen und dann Leiter des Referats für Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsrecht im Auswärtigen Amt.

Ab dem 20. Juli 2009 war er, als Nachfolger von Axel Hartmann, der Botschafter in der Slowakei wurde, Generalkonsul in Mailand. Dieses Amt hatte er bis zu seinem Eintritt in den Ruhestand im Juni 2013 inne.

Ehrenamtlich war Bubendey unter anderem in der Deutschen Stiftung für Internationale Rechtliche Zusammenarbeit (IRZ-Stiftung) tätig. Im Jahr 2018 war er unter anderem Mitglied des Beirats des Nah- und Mittelost Vereins

Weblinks

 Weiterführende Informationen zur Familie Bubendey

Einzelnachweise

Jurist im auswärtigen Dienst
Konsul von Deutschland
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Deutscher
Geboren 1948
Mann

Jürgen Bubendey


Krudtmagasin er fællesbetegnelse for magasiner, bestemte til opbevaring af de egentlige sprængstoffer med deres tændmidler, hvad enten det drejer sig om krudt eller brisante sprængstoffer. Fredskrudtmagasiner lægges på øde og afsides steder, gives en meget let konstruktion og forsynes med lynafledere, sprængvolde, for at begrænse virkningen af en sprængning, og indhegning samt i mange tilfælde med en stadig bevogtning. Krigs-krudtmagasiner findes i fæstningsværker i bombesikre rum, men indeholder i almindelighed ikke større beholdninger. I ældre tid opbevaredes krudtet ofte i krudttårne, der var murede bygninger af ret svær konstruktion.

Eksterne henvisninger og kilder
 bind 14 side 765, skrevet af Kaptajn Knud Schat-Petersen

Fæstningsanlæg

Krudtmagasin


The GC-45 (Gun, Canada, 45-calibre) is a 155 mm howitzer designed by Gerald Bull's Space Research Corporation (SRC) in the 1970s. Versions were produced by a number of companies during the 1980s, notably in Austria and South Africa.

The most publicized use of the design was in Iraq, where the GHN-45 variant used by some Iraqi artillery units had a longer range than any coalition cannon systems. This initially caused considerable worry on the part of the allied forces in the Persian Gulf War.

Design history
The GC-45's general design followed several decades of work by Bull with fin-stabilized artillery shells, starting at the Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment (CARDE) and later at Project HARP. In these efforts accuracy was not a huge concern, the objective was muzzle velocity, and the test articles were finned darts representing missiles, a low-cost alternative to wind tunnels. Yet with the removal of the rifling and the soft-metal driving band on the shell itself, the shell could be designed purely for ballistics, as opposed to having the external constraint of the driving band. A system combining some sort of rifling for accuracy without a driving band would result in a longer-range weapon.  However, such a design was never achieved.

After years of research at his Quebec firing range, Bull could never settle on to a solution. The resulting Extended Range, Full Bore (ERFB) ammunition was key to SRC's designs: a "pointy" looking shell with much lower drag at supersonic speeds.  For longer range applications he added a base bleed system (invented in Sweden) that could be screwed onto the standard shell, as well as an even longer-ranged system with a rocket booster.

The gun designed to fire it had a  chamber, a 45-calibre rifled barrel with 1/20 right hand twist fitted with a conventional muzzle brake.  Its breech was a conventional screw with interrupted thread.

Key performance data, from the Firing Table are:
 ERFB-BB shell, weight , M11 Zone 10 muzzle velocity , QE 898 mils, time of flight 112 s, range . Probable error in range , in line .
 ERFB shell, weight , M11 Zone 10 muzzle velocity , QE 881 mils, time of flight 99 s, range . Probable error in range , in line .
 HE M107 shell, weight , M119 Zone 8 muzzle velocity , QE 764 mils, time of flight 65 s, range . Probable error in range , in line .

The dispersion of the EFRB shell is more than three times that of the FH-70 field howitzer at its maximum range of only 5 km less, and is twice as great as FH-70s at . Its maximum range with the M107 projectile is the same as any 39 calibre 155-mm gun and its dispersion about the same. (The "dispersion" figure means that 50% of shells will fall up to the stated distance either side of the mean point of impact, but 100% will fall within 4 times the probable error either side.)  Dispersion of this magnitude significantly reduces the tactical value of the equipment.

In 1977, Bull's work put him in touch with (what is today) the Denel SOC Ltd company of South Africa. Denel designed a new mobile mounting that was able to handle the increased recoil.  It used a sole-plate to lift the carriage to take the four wheels off the ground. The chassis had the option of being powered by a small diesel engine acting as an auxiliary power unit, driving hydraulics that could set up the gun in two minutes, and move it short distances. This feature had previously been included in the 1960s design FH-70 carriage by Vickers. Bull, meanwhile, started production of $30 million worth of rounds, shipping them via Spain to avoid the international arms embargo against South Africa.

At first, the U.S. chose to overlook Bull's actions and, according to him, the Central Intelligence Agency actively mediated the deal between Space Research and the South Africans. However, when the Carter administration joined the international efforts to sanction South Africa's apartheid government, Bull was arrested by U.S. Customs agents in 1980. The investigation did not go far, and active work on the case was ended by direct intervention of the White House. Bull pleaded guilty and was sentenced to a year in prison, serving six months. Having expected some sort of "slap on the wrist", he was embittered and made statements to different newspapers that he would never set foot in North America again. He left Canada and moved to Brussels where he continued his work.

Production

Armscor continued work on their version of the gun, and these were put into service in South Africa in 1982 as the G5. They started replacing a variety of older guns, such as locally-built World War II-era Ordnance QF 25 pounders. The G5s saw service against Cuban and People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola forces in the Angolan conflict, where they were used very effectively.

Noricum, the arms division of the Austrian steel company Voest-Alpine, purchased the design rights to the GC-45 after SRC moved to Europe. They made a number of detail changes to improve mass production, resulting in the GHN-45 (Gun, Howitzer, Noricum), which was offered in a variety of options like the APU and fire control systems. The first foreign sale was an order for eighteen guns with ammunition to the Royal Thai Navy for use by their Marine Corps. Other "aboveboard" customers included China, Singapore and Israel. All of these companies worked on local production under a variety of names, the Soltam 845P in Israel, ODE FH-88 from Singapore, and PLL01/WA021 in China.

Once out of prison, Bull was soon contacted by China. The Chinese People's Liberation Army also used the Noricum version, producing it as the PLL01, which entered service in 1987. They also mounted it on a locally designed tracked chassis to produce the PLZ-45 (also known as the Type 88), along with an ammo-carrier based on the same chassis.The PLZ-45 did not enter service with the PLA primarily because their existing artillery was all based on Soviet-standard 152 mm ammunition. However, two major batches of PLZ-45s were sold to the Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

Also Bull was contacted by Iraq, which was constantly being attacked by Iranian artillery during the Iran–Iraq War. Iraq placed a US$300 million contract for 110 guns from Noricum in Austria and 41,000 rounds subcontracted by SRC to PRB in Belgium. Deliveries were made in 1984 and 1985. The number of guns was eventually raised to 200. Iran and Iraq were under arms embargo at the time, so the guns were shipped to Jordan, and from there to Iraq. These sales led to the "Noricum affair" in 1990, when eighteen of Noricum's managers were placed on trial for illegal arms sales. A further 100 guns were manufactured in South Africa.

In Iraq the guns had a similar effect on the ongoing Iran–Iraq War as the G5 had in Angola, stopping any push by the Iranians deeper into Iraq. They became desperate to get more of these guns into the field as soon as possible, and requested that Bull improve deliveries any way he could. Bull then arranged a deal to deliver the G5, which fired the same ammunition as the GHN-45, from South Africa. By the time of the Gulf War, about 124 of these weapons had been added to the Iraqi long-range artillery, supplanting their older 130 mm M-46s and chaotic mix of other weapons. Bull and Saddam Hussein became partners in a number of future ventures. These ventures are generally believed to be the cause of Bull's assassination, for which the Israeli Mossad or Iranian agencies are the prime suspects.

During the Gulf War, however, the GHN-45s proved less effective than anticipated by either side. Air strikes had disrupted the Iraqi command and control facilities, and because most of their gun tractors had been withdrawn to serve with logistics units in an attempt to re-supply the front line troops, they were unable to withdraw when under fire.   Immobile and unsupported, the majority of the guns were destroyed at their positions either by air strikes or Multiple Launch Rocket Systems (MLRS) counter-battery fire.

Subsequent development
Bull continued work on the GC-45, producing a much more practical version known as the FGH-155. In addition to a number of detail changes and deeper rifling, the FGH-155 allowed standard M107 ammunition to be fired using a plastic adaptor ring. Bull also felt that the FGH-155's carriage was suitable for a larger gun, and worked on the FGH-203, an 8" (203 mm) gun adapted from U.S. standards in a fashion similar to the original GC-45 work. The increase in projectile weight gave the new weapon a range of over 50,000 meters with normal ERFB-BB ammunition, making it one of the longest-range artillery pieces in the world. The gun was also purchased by the Iraqis, who mounted it in a self-propelled form to create the Al-Fao.

The Denel G5 version has also seen continued development. The gun has been placed on an OMC 6x6 chassis as the G6 howitzer, and won major export sales to the United Arab Emirates and Oman. In response to an Indian requirement, the G5 was mounted on a 4x4 truck, resulting in the T5, though  none had been ordered. It is also fitted into a turret that can fit on any suitable vehicle. The turret is marketed as the T6 which has already been fitted on the T-72. Denel also used the basic ERFB ammunition concept to develop a 105 mm gun, the G7 howitzer, which allows artillery to be downsized to improve mobility.

Bharat Forge, an Indian firm of Kalyani Group, has recently purchased Noricum and brought the entire manufacturing workshop to India. It has made Bharat-52, a 52 caliber variant of the 155mm howitzer to meet the Indian Army's long delayed field artillery requirement.

Operators

Current operators

See also
 List of artillery
 G5 howitzer

References

External links
Jane's Defence info on GC-45
A general survey of recent artillery developments

155 mm artillery
Field artillery of the Cold War
Artillery of Austria
Artillery of Canada
Artillery of the People's Republic of China
Artillery of Iraq
Artillery of Iran
Howitzers
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s

GC-45 howitzer


භූවේදය (ඉංග්‍රීසි:  Geology), ස්වභාවිකවේදයේ ශාඛාවක් වෙයි.

වැදගත් සිද්ධාන්ත

භූවේදයෙහි වැදගත් සිද්ධාන්ත රාශියකි. ඒ අතරින් බොහොමයක්ම භූ ස්ථරවල සාපේක්ෂ වයස් පැවසීමේ හෝ ඒවා සකස් වූ ආකාරය පැවසීමේ හැකියාව අන්තර්ගත වේ.

ආක්රාෂන්තික සම්බන්ධතා සිද්ධාන්තයේ දී ආක්රාෂාන්තික හරස් කැපුම් සැලකිල්ලට ගැනේ. භූ විද්‍යාවේදී අවසාදිත පාෂාණයක් සකස් වීම නිසා ආග්නේය ආක්රාන්තිකයක් විච්ඡේදනය වූ විට අවසාදිත පාෂාණයක් ආග්නේය ආක්රාඅන්තිකයට වඩා වයසින් අඩු බව නිගමනය කළ හැකිය.

විශාල ආක්රාන්තිකයන්, නිතල ආක්රාන්තිකයන්, ආස්තරයන්, වේලි ඇතුළුව ආක්රාන්තිකයන් රාශියකි.

හරස් විච්ඡේදන සම්බන්ධතා පිළිබඳ සිද්ධාන්තය, විභේදිතයන් සකස් වීම හා ඒවා විච්ඡේදනය කළ අනුක්‍රමික වයස් වකවානුවලට අදාළ වේ. විභේදනයන් ඒවා විච්ඡේදිත වු පාෂාණවලට වඩා වයසින් අඩුය. විභේදිතයන් මුදුනේ හැර ඇතැම් සකස් වීම් නම් විච්ඡේදිත සකස් වීම් විභේදිතයනට වඩා වයස්ගතය. විච්ඡේදනය නොවූ ඒවා විභේදිතයට වඩා වයසින් අඩු විය යුතුය. විභේදිතයන් සාමාන්‍ය විභේදිතයක් ද විය යුතුය. විභේදතයන් සාමාන්‍ය විභේදිතයක් ද තෙරපුම් විභේදිකයක් ද යන්න අපෝහනය කිරීමේ දී මෙම අවස්ථාවල යාන්ත්‍රණ හඳුනා ගැනීම වැදගත් වේ.

අන්තර්ගයන් හා සංඝටකයක් පිළිබඳ සිද්ධාන්තයේ දී කියැවෙන්නේ අවසාදිත පාෂාණයන්ට අදාළව සකස්වීමක දී අන්තර්ගතයන් හමුවේ නම් අඩංගු වන සකස් වීමට වඩා අන්තර්ගතයන් වයස්ගත විය යුතුය යන්නයි. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් පැරණි සකස්වීමක ඇති බොරළු පැලීගොස් නව ස්ථරයක අඩංගු වීම පොදු දෙයකි. ආග්නේය පාෂාණ සමඟ සමාන තත්ත්වයක් ඇති වන්නේ අගම් සලයන් හමු වු විට දීය. මෙම ආගන්තුක දේහ මැග්මා හා ලාවා ධාරා තුළ හමුවේ. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස අගම් සල ඇති වේ. ඒවා අඩංගු වන පාෂාණවලට වඩා වයස්ගතය.

ඒක අවයවීකරණ සිද්ධාන්තයේ දී විස්තර කෙරෙනුයේ පෘථිවි කබල විකරණය කෙරෙන නූතන ක්‍රියාදාමයේ දී නිරීක්ෂිත භූ විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රියාවන් මින් පෙර භූ වකවානුවල දී ද එලෙසට ක්‍රියාකාරී වී ඇති බවයි. ස්කොට් ජාතික භෞතික හා භු විද්‍යාඥයෙකු වූ ජේම්ස් හටන් විස්තර කරන පරිදි "වර්තමානය අතීතයේ යතුරයි" යන්න 18 වැනි ශත වර්ෂයේ දී උසස් කෙරුණු සිද්ධාන්තයයි. හටන්ගේ වචනවලට අනුව "අපගේ ගෝලයේ අතීතය අද සිදු වන ලෙස පෙනෙන දෙයින් විස්තර කළ යුතුය"

ප්‍රභවය තිරස්තාව පිළිබඳ සිද්ධාන්තයේ දී විස්තර කෙරෙනුයේ අවසාදිත තැන්පත් වීම තිරස් පලස් ලෙස සිදු වන බවයි. නූතන ජලීය හා නිර්ජලීය අවසාදිතයන්ගේ විවිධ පාරිසරික නිරීක්ෂණයන් මෙම සාමාන්‍යකරණය ඇති කරයි. (හරස් පලස් අවනතීන් වුව ද හරස් පලස්මය ඒකකයනගේ සමස්ත දිශානතිය තිරස්ය)

අධිස්ථාපනයේ සිද්ධාන්තය මඟින් විස්තර කෙරෙනුයේ භෞමිකව හායනය නොවූ අනුක්‍රමණයක අවසාදිත පාෂාණ ස්ථරයක් ඊට පහළ ස්ථරයට වඩා වයසින් අඩු අතර ඉහළ ස්ථරයට වඩා වයස්ගතය. තාර්කිකව වයසින් අඩු ස්ථරයක් පෙර තැන්පන් වූ ස්ථරයකට යමින් රූටා වැටිය නොහැකිය. මෙම සිද්ධාන්තයට අනුව අවසාදිත ස්ථර සිරස් කාල රේඛාවකට අනුව දැක ගැනීමට ඉඩ සලසයි. ඊට අඩංගු වන්නේ පහළම ස්ථරයේ සිට ඉහළම ස්ථරය තෙක් තැන්පත් වීම දක්වා අර්ධ හෝ සම්පූර්ණ කල් ගතවීමේ වාර්තාවකි.

සත්ව අනුක්‍රමණයේ සිද්ධාන්තයේ පදනම් වන්නේ අවසාදිත පාෂාණ තුළ පොසිල හමු වීම මතය. එකම කාලයේ දී ජීවීන් පෘථිවිය පුරා වාසය කළ බැවින් ඔවුන්ගේ හමු වීම හෝ ඇතැම් විට හමු නොවීම ඒවා හමුවන සැකැස්මට සාපේක්ෂ වයස සපයයි. චාල්ස් ඩාවින්ගේ පරිණාම වාදය ප්‍රකාශයට පත් වීමට වසර සිය ගණනකට පෙරාතුව විලියම් ස්මිත් විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද සිද්ධාන්ත මත එය පදනම් වී ඇත. එබැවින් පරිණාම වීම පිළිබඳව වූ මතයට ස්වාධීනව අනුක්‍රමණ සිද්ධාන්තය වර්ධනය වී ඇත. මෙය වඩාත් සංකීර්ණ සිද්ධාන්තයකි. කෙසේ වුව ද පොසිලකරණයේ අවිනිෂ්චිතතා ජනාවාසවල පසුකාලීන වෙනස්වීම් නිසා පොසිලවර්ගවල ප්‍රදේශකරණය (අවසාදිත ස්ථරවල මුහුණුවර වෙනස් වීම්) හා සියලු පොසිල ගෝලීයව එකම කාලයේ දී හමු නොවීම ඊට හේතුවයි.

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 Chronostratigraphy benchmarks

භූවේදය


FDF ist eine christliche Kinder- und Jugendorganisation in Dänemark und im angrenzenden Südschleswig mit ca. 24.000 Mitgliedern. Die Abkürzung FDF steht für Frivilligt Drenge- og Pige-Forbund, was übersetzt "Freiwilliger Jungen- und Mädchenverband" bedeutet.

Struktur
Altersklassen

In FDF gibt es für die Kinder unterschiedliche Altersklassen. Ab 18 Jahren kann man Gruppenleiter werden.

Geschichte
FDF wurde am 27. Oktober 1902 in Frederiksberg von Holger Tornøe und Ludvig Valentiner gegründet und ist damit Dänemarks ältester uniformierter Kinder- und Jugendverband. Zunächst war FDF als "Frivilligt Drenge Forbund" ein reiner Jungenverband. Am 5. Juni 1952 wurde der Mädchenverband FPF, der "Frivilligt Pige Forbund", als Gegenstück zu FDF von Signe Larsen und Willy Gravesen gegründet. 1974 schlossen sich beide Verbände zum FDF/FPF zusammen. 1994 vereinfachte man den Namen zur heutigen Form FDF.

Internationale Partnerschaften
FDF ist Mitglied in der fimcap und der European Fellowship. Schwesterorganisationen im deutschsprachigen Raum sind damit die Katholische junge Gemeinde (KjG) in Deutschland, Jungwacht Blauring (Jubla) in der Schweiz und die Katholische Jungschar Österreichs (KJSÖ).

Weblinks
 Homepage von FDF (dänisch)

Organisation (Kopenhagen)
Mitgliedsverband der fimcap
Gegründet 1902
Römisch-katholische Kirche in Dänemark

Frivilligt Drenge- og Pige-Forbund


Marija Komnena (grčki Μαρία Κομνηνή, Maria Komnēnē) bila je bizantska princeza Porphyrogennete. Rođena je u Konstantinopolu kao najstarija kći cara Manuela I. Komnena i njegove prve supruge, Berte od Sulzbacha, koja je bila kći njemačkoga grofa.

Godine 1163., Marija je zaručena za ugarskog kraljevića Belu (budući Bela III.), ali zaruke su poništene 1169. te je Marija zatim zaručena za kralja Vilima II. od Sicilije, no i te su zaruke poništene. Manuel je na kraju udao Mariju za Ranierija od Monferrata, koji je nazvan Ivan.

Nakon smrti Manuela I., Marija i njen suprug pokušali su svrgnuti Marijinu maćehu, caricu Mariju Antiohijsku, koja je vladala kao regentica. Nisu uspjeli te je Marija umrla u srpnju 1182.

Izvori
Garland, Lynda i Stone, Andrew. "Maria Porphyrogenita, daughter of Manuel I Comnenus".
Komneni
Bizantske princeze

Marija Komnena, kći Manuela I. Komnena


L'édifice La Baie de Winnipeg est l'ancien magasin phare de la chaine grand magasin de La Baie d'Hudson au centre-ville de Winnipeg.

Le magasin ouvre ses portes en 1926 et reçoit une désignation patrimoniale de la ville de Winnipeg en 2019.

Conçu par Barott et Blackader dans le style Beaux-Arts, à l'époque c'est le plus grand bâtiment en béton armé coulé du pays. Le bâtiment est fabriqué avec du  un calcaire local qui lui donne son apparence distinctive.

Le 22 avril 2022, en reconnaissance de ses racines dans la traite des fourrures et de l'implication historique de la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson auprès des peuples autochtones, l'entreprise fait don de cet édifice emblématique de Winnipeg à un groupe des Premières Nations en guise d'acte de réconciliation.

Le bâtiment de 655 000 pieds carrés est donné à la Southern Chiefs Organization, une organisation politique tribale Anichinabés qui représente 34 communautés des .

L'entreprise est également très motivée pour se débarrasser du bâtiment pour ses propres raisons. Si La Baie restait propriétaire, elle serait responsable de son entretien. De plus, les trois paliers de gouvernement ne sont pas prêts à laisser le monolithe de six étages vide à perpétuité, comme d'autres édifices patrimoniaux à Winnipeg.

Transformation
Le titre de travail du projet est Wehwehneh Bahgahkinahgohn, qui signifie « c'est visible » en anishinaabemowin (ojibwé). L'immeuble de six étages sera transformé pour inclure près de 300 logements, une garderie, un musée, une galerie d'art et des restaurants. Il existe également des projets pour un centre de santé qui englobera à la fois les pratiques médicales occidentales et traditionnelles ainsi que pour un jardin sur le toit. La façade historique du bâtiment patrimonial sera préservée.

Le coût projeté du projet de redéveloppement est de 130 millions de dollars, avec 100 millions de dollars accordés par les trois paliers de gouvernement.

En mars 2023, le bâtiment est officiellement transféré à la Southern Chiefs Organization, avec pour objectif une ouverture en 2026.

Références

Articles connexes
Liste des lieux patrimoniaux de Winnipeg

Grand magasin disparu au Canada
Bâtiment de Barott et Blackader
Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson
Première nation au Manitoba
Édifice construit en 1926
Architecture Beaux-Arts au Canada
Projet architectural
Ressource historique inscrite de Winnipeg
Architecture amérindienne
Bâtiment à Winnipeg

Édifice La Baie de Winnipeg


The constitution of the Republic of Nauru was adopted following national independence on 31 January 1968.

In 2007 there were political debates in progress with a view to amend aspects of the Constitution, owing to the challenge of widely acknowledged political instability. One notable issue being discussed was the possibility of making the office of President of Nauru directly elected by the population, instead of the office being indirectly elected by the Parliament of Nauru. Owing to frequent recourse to the votes of no confidence, changes of President have been frequent (i.e.: Bernard Dowiyogo was appointed President of Nauru a total of seven times, prior to his death in 2003). Supporters of making the office of President independent of a Parliamentary vote hope that increased stability will ensure from the adoption of such a measure. Skeptics are concerned that attempts may arise to set aside the elected President through the courts; bearing in mind also that under the Nauruan court system some appeals are actually heard in Australia.

Arrangement of Parts
The Constitution of Nauru is divided into 11 parts and 6 schedules:

Part I (Articles 1 and 2) - The Republic of Nauru and the Supreme Law of Nauru
Part II (Articles 3-15) - Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
Part III (Articles 16-25) - The President and the Executive
Part IV (Articles 26-47) - The Legislature
Part V (Articles 48-57) - The Judicature
Part VI (Articles 58-67) - Finance
Part VII (Articles 68-70) - The Public Service
Part VIII (Articles 71-76) - Citizenship
Part IX (Articles 77-79) - Emergency Powers
Part X (Articles 80-84) - General Provisions
Part XI (Articles 85-100) - Transitional Provisions

External links
Text of Constitution of Nauru

Government of Nauru
1968 in law
Nauru
1968 establishments in Nauru

Constitution of Nauru


John James "Jack" McGrath (Los Angeles, Kalifornija, SAD, 8. listopada 1919. – Phoenix, Arizona, 6. studenog 1955.) bio je bivši američki vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Indianapolis 500

Izvori

Jack McGrath  History Racing

Vanjske poveznice
Jack McGrath na racing-reference.info

Američki vozači IndyCar serije
Američki vozači Formule 1

Jack McGrath


An Steudnera kerrii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni François Gagnepain. An Steudnera kerrii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Steudnera, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Steudnera

Steudnera kerrii


Pikolo flüt, büyük flütün hemen hemen yarısı kadar uzunluktadır. Büyük flütteki kuyruk bölümü pikolo flütte yoktur. Bu nedenle de büyük flütün en kalın sesleri olan Do ve Do diyez sesleri küçük flütte bulunmaz. Bunun dışında ses genişliği, mekanizması ve çalınış yöntemi büyük flütle aynıdır. Tek farkı yazılan notaları bir oktav inceden çalar. En ince sesleri çok parlak ve rahatsız edicidir. Bu sesler orkestranın bütün olarak çaldığı gür kısımlarda kullanılır. En kalın seslerinin tınısı ise soluk ve zayıf olduğundan, ancak özel bir tını istenildiği takdirde kullanılır ve orkestrasyon buna göre sağlanır.

Flütün çalabileceği her türlü pasajı rahatlıkla çalar. Orkestrada ayrı bir pikolo flüt çalıcısı bulunmaz, çalınış tekniği aynı olduğu için ikinci ya da üçüncü flüt partisini çalan kişi pikolo partisini de gerekli yerlerde çalabilir. Orkestrada genellikle orta ses bölgesinden yararlanılır. Çoğunlukla da normal flütün en ince oktavındaki sesleri unison olarak katlar. (Büyük flüt ve pikolo flütün unison çalabilmesi için, pikolo flütün partisi bir oktav aşağıdan yazılır.) Zaman zaman, tahta nefesli çalgılardan herhangi birinde (Flüt, Obua, Kor angle, Klarinet, Fagot) bulunan bir ezgiyi, oktav veya bazen iki oktav inceden çalarak kendine özgü parlak sesleri ile orkestra tınısını zenginleştirir. Tutti içinde ise, en üstte duyulan yırtıcı sesleri ile orkestranın doruk noktasını oluşturur, bu durumlarda genellikle birinci kemanlarla unison olarak ya da onları bir oktav inceden katlayarak çalar.

Tahta nefesli çalgılar
Flütler

Pikolo flüt


Le Helicopter Training Squadron 8 (HT-8) ou HELTRARON EIGHT  est un escadron d'entraînement d'hélicoptères du Naval Air Training Command de l'US Navy. Créé en 1950, il est basé actuellement à la Naval Air Station Whiting Field, en Floride. Il est l'un des trois escadrons d'hélicoptères du Training Air Wing Five (TRAWING FIVE).

Mission
La mission de l'escadron est la formation des pilotes d'hélicoptère pour les étudiants aviateurs navals de l'US Navy, du US Marine Corps et de la garde côtière américaine et pour certains étudiants militaires étrangers, de la formation de base au vol d'hélicoptère. Les étudiants aviateurs de la marine se présentent au HT-8 pour la formation en hélicoptère à la fin de la formation en vol primaire menée dans le T-6B Texan II. Le HT-8 pilote à la fois le TH-57B Sea Ranger et le TH-57C Sea Ranger. L'unité utilise généralement l'indicatif d'appel "Eight Ball" sur la radio et a la lettre E en code de queue.

Historique
Le HT-8 actuel est le plus ancien escadron d'hélicoptères de l'US Navy. En avril 1948, la marine américaine créa deux escadrons d'hélicoptères et les désigna Helicopter Utility Squadron ONE (HU-1) et Helicopter Utility Squadron TWO (HU-2). En 1950, le HU-2 a été déplacé de la Naval Air Station Lakehurst dans le New Jersey à la  près de Pensacola en Floride.

Le ,le HU-1 est devenu le Helicopter Training Unit ONE (HTU-1). HTU-1 a employé un certain nombre d'hélicoptères du moment pour former des aviateurs à voilure fixe au pilotage d'hélicoptères, comme le Piasecki HUP Retriever, le Sikorsky HO3S-1 Horse et diverses versions de l'hélicoptère Bell H-13 Sioux. En mars 1957, le HTU-1 a été renommé Helicopter Training Group ONE (HTG-1), continuant à utiliser les anciens hélicoptères et a ajouté les hélicoptères Chickasaw. En juillet 1960, le HTG-1 a été renommé Helicopter Training Squadron EIGHT du Naval Air Basic Training Command.

En 1962, le HT-8 utilisait le HSS-1 Seabat avec les hélicoptères Chickasaw et Sioux. Les hélicoptères utilisés dans la décennie de 1962 à 1972 étaient les UH-34J Seahorse, un certain nombre d'UH-1D Iroquois empruntés à l'armée américaine et à partir de 1968, un nouvel hélicoptère désigné le TH-57A Sea Ranger qui était une variante du populaire commercial Bell 206.

En mars 1974, le HT-8 a déménagé d'Ellyson Field pour la Naval Air Station Whiting Field où un nouvel escadron d'entraînement d'hélicoptères était créé et désigné HT-18. Le HT-8 a assumé la responsabilité de la phase de formation de base de l'instruction de vol en hélicoptère à l'aide du TH-57A Sea Ranger et le HT-18 a assumé le rôle de la formation avancée en hélicoptère à l'aide du TH-1L Iroquois.

Au début des années 80, les TH-1L du HT-18 ont été remplacés par une version instrumentée du TH-57 désignée TH-57C Sea Ranger pour une formation avancée. En octobre 1985, HT-8 et HT-18 sont devenus des escadrons «miroirs», chacun enseignant le programme complet de la formation de base sur hélicoptère à la formation avancée et à l'attribution d'ailes avec les deux escadrons utilisant à la fois les TH-57A et TH-57C Sea Rangers. À la fin des années 80, les TH-57A ont été remplacés par un Bell 206B-3 désigné TH-57B Sea Ranger. Depuis lors, le HT-8 a formé et piloté des aviateurs navals en utilisant le TH-57B pour la formation primaire sur hélicoptère et le TH-57C pour la formation avancée sur hélicoptère.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Naval Air Training Command
 Histoire de l'United States Navy

Liens externes
 NAS Whiting Field Community
 HT-8 Eightballers - Site cnatra.navy.mil
  Naval Air Training Command - Site jetwashaviationphotos.com

Training squadron de l'United States Navy

HT-8


Kırca şu anlamlara gelebilir:
Yerleşim yerleri
 Kırca, Sultandağı – Afyonkarahisar ili Sultandağı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kırca, Gümüşhacıköy – Amasya ili Gümüşhacıköy ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kırca, Bigadiç – Balıkesir ili Bigadiç ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kırca, Ayvacık – Çanakkale ili Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kırca, Acıpayam – Denizli ili Acıpayam ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kırca, İdil – Şırnak ili İdil ilçesine bağlı köy
Soyadı
 Abdülkerim Kırca (1956–2009), Türk asker
 Ali Kırca (d. 1948), Türk haber sunucusu ve yazar
 Coşkun Kırca (1927–2005), Türk diplomat ve siyasetçi
 Levent Kırca (1950–2015), Türk komedyen, tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu

Türkçe soyadları

Kırca


Lacul Sevan este cea mai mare întindere de apă din Armenia și regiunea Caucazului, și unul dintre cele mai mari lacuri de apă dulce de mare altitudine din Eurasia. Lacul este situat în provincia Gegharkunik la o altitudine de 1.900 m deasupra nivelului mării. Suprafața totală a bazinului constituie 5.000 km², sau 1/6 din teritoriul Armeniei. Lacul propriu-zis are 1.242 km² și un volum de 32,8 km³. El este alimentat de 28 de râuri și pâraie. Numai 10% din afluxul de apă se scurge în râul Hrazdan, restul de 90% se evaporează.

Sevan furnizează 90% din captura de pește și 80% din cea de raci a Armeniei și are o importanță economică, culturală și recreațională deosebită. Pe unica insulă a lacului (în prezent peninsulă) se află o mănăstire medievală.

Lacul a fost folosit masiv pentru irigarea câmpiei Ararat și producerea energiei hidroelectrice pe timpurile sovietice. Prin urmare nivelul apei a scăzut cu aproximativ 20 m, iar volumul său s-a redus cu 40%. Mai târziu s-au construit două tuneluri subterane pentru a devia apa râurilor de munte spre lac, ceea ce a oprit declinul său, nivelul apei începând să crească din nou. Înainte ca intervenția umană să schimbe ecosistemul lacului acesta avea o adâncime de 95 m, un volum de 58,5 km³ și acoperea o suprafață de 1.416 km² (5% din tot teritoriul Armeniei istorice). Oglinda apei se afla la 1.916 m deasupra nivelului mării.

Etimologie

Potrivit majorității lingviștilor numele "Sevan" provine de la cuvântul urartic su(i)n(i)a, ceea ce înseamnă "lac". Termenul a fost descoperit pe o inscripție cuneiformă a regelui Urartului Rusa I datată din sec. VIII a. Chr. Aceasta a fost găsită la Odzaberd, pe malul sudic al lacului. Conform etimologiei populare Sevan este fie o combinație dintre sev ("negru") și Van (adică lacul Van) sau sev ("negru") și vank ("mănăstire"). Sursele europene și ruse din sec. XIX și începutul sec. XX numesc uneori lacul Sevanga sau Sevang. Probabil este versiunea rusificată a expresiei armene sev vank' (trad: mănăstire neagră). Etnograful rus A. A. Ivanovski a scris la începutul sec. XX că potrivit unei alte teorii cuvântul Sevang provine de la expresia armeană է վանքը (trad: aceasta este mănăstirea).

Sevan era considerată o mare din antichitate până în evul mediu și în armeană avea numele de Marea Gegham (armeana clasică: ծով Գեղամայ, tsov Geghamay). În latină era cunoscut drept Lychnitis, iar în greaca veche Λυχνῖτις. Denumirea istorică georgiană a acestuia era გელაქუნი, Gelakuni. Uneori mai era numită Gokcea (din turcă Gökçe și azeră Göyçə, ceea ce se traduce ca "apă albastră") în unele surse ruse și europene din sec. XIX.

Importanță

Culturală

Sevan este una dintre cele trei mări ale Armeniei istorice împreună cu Lacul Van și Lacul Urmia și este unica situată pe teritoriul actual al Armeniei, celelalte două fiind în Turcia și Iran. El este de asemenea considerat "bijuteria" Armeniei și "comoara națională" a țării. Legea din 2001 cu privire la lacul Sevan definește lacul drept "un ecosistem strategic important datorită valorii sale ecologice, economice, științifice, sociale, culturale, estetice, medicale, climaterice, recreaționale și spirituale". Naturalistul și călătorul german Friedrich Parrot, care împreună cu renumitul scriitor armean Haceatur Abovian a cucerit pentru prima dată în istorie vârful muntelui Ararat în 1829, a scris că "printre armenii de pretutindeni marea se bucură de o faimă considerabilă pentru sanctitatea sa, datorită multor clădiri religioase vechi, acum parțial abandonate, așezate pe malurile sale; iar pentru ceilalți băștinași este importantă datorită abundenței de pești, păstrăvul fiind deosebit de prețuit, care apoi sunt uscați și duși la distanțe mari pentru vânzare".

Economică

Lacul este important pentru economia armeană, fiind principala sursă de apă pentru irigații, de electricitate ieftină, de pești, dar și cea mai importantă zonă turistică și de agrement.

Origine

Sevan a apărut în Cuaternarul timpuriu, când în urma unor mișcări tectonice s-a format un lac de zece ori mai mare decât suprafața actuală a acestuia. Lacul în forma sa actuală s-a conturat cu 25.000-30.000 de ani în urmă.

Factorul antropic

Exploatare și diminuare

Premise

În sec. XIX s-a constatat că Sevan poate fi o resursă majoră de apă. Amplasarea sa la înălțime mare în comparație cu fertila câmpie Ararat și sursele limitate de energie i-au stimulat pe ingineri să caute metode de a folosi apa lacului. Inginerul armean Sukias Manasserian a propus în cartea sa din 1910 utilizarea apei pentru irigație și producerea de energie hidroelectrică. Planul său prevedea drenarea parțială a lacului, așa încât acesta urma să piardă 50 m din adâncimea sa. Marele Sevan ar fi dispărut complet, iar Micul Sevan urma să aibă o suprafață de 240 km².

Implementare

Proiectul lui Manasserian a fost adoptat de autoritățile sovietice în anii 1930, când țara a cunoscut o industrializare rapidă sub Iosif Stalin. Lucrările au început în 1933. Albia râului Hrazdan a fost adâncită, iar la adâncimea de 40 m a început săparea unui tunel. Acesta a fost terminat în 1949 și de atunci nivelul apei în lac a scăzut cu mai mult de un metru pe an. Apa evacuată a fost folosită pentru irigații și la Cascada Seva-Hrazdan (șase centrale hidroelectrice) pe râul Hrazdan.

Consecințe

În a doua jumătate a sec. XX starea ecologică a lacului Sevan a degradat considerabil din cauza nivelului redus al apei, eutrofizării crescânde și a impactului negativ al activității umane asupra diversității biologice. Potrivit lui Babaian et al. nivelul apei a scăzut cu 19,88 m până în anul 2002, în timp ce volumul s-a micșorat cu 43,8% (de la 58,5 km3 la 32,9 km³). Aceste transformări au dus la deteriorarea calității apei și mai multe habitate naturale au fost astfel distruse. Vardanian a susținut că în urma exploatării economice a lacului și coborârii nivelului apei s-a schimbat și regimul hidrochimic; turbiditatea a crescut. Circulația internă a componentelor apei și a substanțelor biologice a fost de asemenea denaturată.

Restabilire

Potrivit lui Babaian et al. "până în anii 1950 a devenit clar că efectele economice și ecologice ale exploatării extensive a apei din lacul Sevan erau indezirabile și că lucrurile nu mai puteau continua în aceeași direcție".

Tunelul Arpa-Sevan

În 1964 s-a dat startul unui proiect prin care râul Arpa (dintr-un rezervor în apropiere de Keciut) este deviat cu ajutorul unui tunel de 49 km spre lacul din preajma localității Arțvanist. Tunelul, denumit Arpa-Sevan, a fost terminat în 1981. El transportă în jur de 200 milioane m³ de apă spre Sevan în fiecare an.

Tunelul Vorotan-Arpa

La 20 aprilie 1981 Consiliul de Miniștri al URSS a luat decizia de a construi un tunel adițional, Vorotan-Arpa, deoarece nivelul apei nu creștea îndeajuns de rapid și de mult. Acest tunel de 21,6 km lungime se începe de la rezervorul Spandarian, pe râul Vorotan, puțin mai la sud de Keciut. Construcția tunelului a cunoscut un hiatus de lungă durată din cauza Conflictului din Nagorno-Karabah și a cutremurului din 1988 (din nord-vestul Armeniei). Tunelul a fost inaugurat la 26 aprilie 2004. Acesta aduce lacului un plus de 165 milioane m³ de apă anual.

Creșterea nivelului apei

După construcția celor două tuneluri nivelul apei a crescut semnificativ. În 2007 s-a raportat că acesta s-a ridicat cu 2,44 m în cei șase ani precedenți. El a ajuns la 1900,04 m deasupra nivelului mării în octombrie 2010. Comisia guvernamentală pentru Sevan a estimat că nivelul va atinge 1903,5 m până în anul 2029.

Demografie

Provincia Gegharkunik, care corespunde în mare parte cu bazinul lacului, a avut o populație de 211.828 locuitori conform recensământului din 2011. Cele mai mari localități din provincie sunt: Gavar (20,765), Sevan (19,229), Martuni (12,894), Vardenis (12,685), Vardenik (9,880), Yeranos (6,119), Ceambarak (5,660), Lceașen (5,054), Țovagyugh (4,189).

Turism

Plaje

Singurele plaje din Armenia se află pe malul lacului Sevan. Ele reprezintă o destinație populară pentru armeni, oferind o experiență unică într-o țară fără ieșire la mare. Plajele din preajma hotelurilor sunt de obicei privatizate.

Cea mai populară plajă este o fâșie de 2,5 km pe litoralul nordic, care se extinde dinspre peninsulă spre nord-vest. Printre stațiunile turistice de acolo se numără Harsnaqar Hotel, Best Western Bohemian Resort și alte complexe mai mici, iar activițile cele mai populare includ: înotul, băile de soare, jet schi-ul, windsurfing-ul și navigația pe lac. Zona mai dispune și de terenuri de campare și picnic în timpul zilei. O altă regiune cu plaje, mai puțin dezvoltată, se întinde pe țărmul estic, de la Țovagyugh până la Șorja. Hotelul Avan Marak Tsapatagh este o stațiune de lux pe malul sud-estic al lacului, mai puțin dezvoltat, lângă Țapatagh.

Guvernul Armeniei a promis că "va reduce exploatarea economică a restului lacului Sevan" în urma căreia majoritatea cetățenilor nu și-ar fi permis (din punct de vedere financiar) să se odihnească la alte plaje în timpul verii. În 2011 statul a deschis plaje publice în zona de odihnă a Parcului Național Sevan. Primele două plaje publice au fost inaugurate în iulie. În jur de 100.000 de oameni s-au odihnit acolo pe parcursul anului 2011. Plajele dispun de locuri gratuite de parcare, terenuri de sport și de joacă pentru copii, WC-uri, puncte medicale, serviciu salvamar și șezlonguri. În 2014 numărul plajelor publice a ajuns la 11, iar numărul de vizitatori în anul respectiv s-a ridicat la 200.000.

Atracții turistice

Cel mai renumit monument cultural este mănăstirea Sevanavank situată pe peninsula care până la mijlocul sec. XX era o insulă. Pe malul vestic se află o altă mănăstire remarcabilă, Hairavank, iar mai la sud, în satul Noratus, un câmp de hacikar-uri care conține circa 900 de astfel de monumente funerare în diferite stiluri. Alte hacikar-uri se găsesc țărmul sudic, la Nerkin Ghetașen.

Insula

Fauna

Pești

Păstrăvul de Sevan (Salmo ischchan) este o specie endemică lacului, dar este amenințată din cauza unor specii rivale introduse ulterior, inclusiv Coregonus lavaretus din lacul Ladoga, carasul auriu (Carrasius auratus) și racul de râu (Astacus leptodactylus). Chiar dacă păstrăvul de Sevan este amenințat cu dispariția în propriul său lac, se pare că va supraviețui în lacul Issîk-Kul (Kârgâzstan), unde a fost introdus în anii 1970.

Din cauza impactului uman s-au petrecut schimbări în toate componentele biologice ale lacului, inclusiv bacteriile, bentosul și desigur peștii. Masa bentică a crescut de zece ori în anii 1940 din cauza oligochetelor și chironomidelor. Primele prevalează în prezent, ceea ce duce la multiplicarea reziduurilor bogate în oxigen de pe fundul lacului.

Variațiile bojak și bakhtak de iarnă ale păstrăvului de Sevan au dispărut deja, bakhtak de vară apare foarte rar, iar gegharkuni este în continuare capabilă să se reproducă natural. În anii 1980 numărul peștilor din specia Capoeta capoeta sevangi a scăzut semnificativ.

Au fost depistate mai multe cauze ale dispariției acestor pești:

 Nivelul apei a scăzut și albiile râurilor au fost schimbate. Astfel, păstrăvul (tipurile gegharkuni și aestivalis) și-a pierdut locurile naturale de reproducere. Schimbările din preajma malurilor (răspândirea mușchilor, dispariția plantelor macrofite) au avut de asemenea un impact negativ asupra reproducerii acestuia. Păstrăvul își depune icrele în anumite zone cu apă subterană bogată în oxigen la adâncimea de 25-30 m.
 Dezoxidarea fundului lacului are un efect negativ asupra salmonidelor, care sunt obișnuite cu cantități mai mari de 4 mg/l de O2.
 Braconajul s-a intensificat în ultimii 10 ani, ceea ce a redus semnificativ numărul peștilor în lac.

Alte specii

Lacul este un loc important de reproducere pentru pescărușul armean (Larus armenicus) care este prezent acolo în număr de 4.000-5.000 de perechi. Alte păsări care vizitează lacul Sevan sunt lebăda de tundră (Cygnus columbianus), Anser erythropus, rața cu ciuf (Netta rufina), rața roșie (Aythya nyroca) și Larus ichthyaetus. Numărul muflonilor se află în declin din cauza braconajului și pierderii habitatului. Un alt vizitator al lacului, leopardul armean (Panthera pardus tullianus), este și el pe cale de dispariție.

Note

Referințe

Bibliografie

Sevan

Lacul Sevan


Köprübaşı, Türkiye'nin Ege Bölgesi'nde bulunan Manisa ilinin en az nüfuslu ilçesi.

Tarihçe
İlçe civarında bulunan mağaralardaki insan yaşantısı belirtilerinden ilçe çevresinin bakır ve tunç devirlerini de yaşadıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Bölgede bulunan "Sidas Harabeleri" Frig, Lidya ve Pers İmparatorluklarına ait medeniyetlerin varlığına işaret etmektedir.
Bazı tarihçilere göre Köprübaşı çevresinde Etiler'in hüküm sürdüğü kabul edilmektedir. Sonradan yöre Lidya, Pers, Bergama Krallığı ve Saruhanoğullarının egemenliğinde kalmıştır.
M.Ö. 333 yılından itibaren Makedon Kralı Büyük İskender, M.Ö. 190 yılından sonra ise; Bizans (Doğu Roma) dönemlerini gören yöremiz, 1071 Malazgirt Zaferi'nden sonra 1074 yılından itibaren Türklerin egemenliğine girmiştir. 1310 yılından sonra Anadolu Beylikleri'nin egemenliğine girmiştir. Saruhanoğlu Çuha Bey, onun ölümünden sonra oğlu Devlethan, onun ölümünden sonra da Yakup Çelebi yörenin hakimi olmuştur.
Saruhanoğulları'nın hakimiyeti 1412 yılında son bulmasıyla 1920 yılına kadar Osmanlı egemenliğinde kalmıştır. Gediz Nehri üzerinde kurulan Demirköprü Barajının su tutmaya başlaması ve suyun hızla doğu istikametine ilerleyerek Borlu Nahiyesi topraklarını su altında bırakması sonucu, Borlu halkının bir kısmı 1958'den itibaren şu anki Köprübaşı İlçesinin kurulduğu yere yerleşmişlerdir. Esas yerleşim ise 1959 yılında olmuştur. O yıllarda şu anki demir köprünün yerinde iki gözlü beton bir köprü olduğu ve İlçenin adının buradan geldiği bilinmektedir. 1967 yılında Belediyelik olan Köprübaşı 20 Mayıs 1990 tarih ve 20523 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 3644 sayılı 130 ilçe kurulması hakkındaki kanun ile ilçe olarak 25 Ağustos 1991 tarihinden itibaren fiilen ilçe faaliyetlerine başlamıştır. Kaynak: Köprübaşı Tanıtım Kitabı - Armağan Ünlü

Coğrafi konumu ve Yeryüzü Şekilleri
Köprübaşı ilçesi Manisa ilinin kuzeydoğusunda, Salihli - Demirci karayolu üzerinde yer alır. Kuzey batısında Gördes, kuzeydoğusunda Demirci, batısında Gölmarmara, güneydoğusunda Demirköprü Baraj Gölü, güneybatısında Salihli, güneyinde Kula ve Alaşehir, doğusunda da Selendi ilçesi ile çevrilidir. İlçe topraklarını Dibek ve Çomak Dağlarının güney uzantıları, doğusunda Toprak tepe, batısını da Tülüce ve Kayran dağları engebelendirir. Kayran Dağlarının eteklerinde kurulan ilçenin büyük bir bölümü Demirköprü Barajı'nın içerisindedir. Gediz ve Demirci Çayı vadisi ilçenin belli başlı düzlükleridir. İl merkezine 120 km,Salihli ilçesine 53 km, Demirci ilçesine 50 km uzaklıktadır. İlçenin yüzölçümü 25.200 ha. olup, Köprübaşı ilçesinin merkezi 14 paftadan oluşan 225 hektarlık imar planı mevcuttur. Köprübaşı'nın mücavir alanı 900 hektar olup, bunun 150 hektarı yerleşim alanıdır. İlçenin rakımı 250 metredir. Köprübaşı İlçesi Gediz çöküntü havzası üzerinde yer alır. İlçenin güney batısında Dibek Dağları, kuzeydoğusunda Çanak Dağları ve kuzeyinde Kayran Dağları yer alır.
Baraj sahası içerisinde kalan ve halk tarafından ova olarak bilinen Gediz ve Demirci çayı vadisi en düz ve en verimli arazisidir.

İklim ve Bitki Örtüsü

İlçede, Akdeniz iklimi hüküm sürmekte olup, Akdeniz iklimi ile kara ikliminin etkisi altındadır. Bu nedenle yazları sıcak ve kurak, kışları ılık ve yağışlı geçer. Hava sıcaklığı –1 ile +35 derece arasında değişir.
İlçe tipik Akdeniz iklimi özelliklerini taşır. En çok görülen ağaç türü palamut ağacı da denilen meşe cinsidir.

İdarî durum
İlçenin 7 mahallesi (Atatürk, Namık Kemal, Temrek, Çamyurdu, Avşar, Karabük, Mehmet Âkif Ersoy) ve 29 mahallesi bulunmaktadır. İlçenin merkez nüfusu 5100, köylerin nüfusu 7043'tür.
Son yapılan 2019 belediye seçimlerini Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi kazanmış olup belediye başkanı Regaip Topuz'dur. Ayrıca 2010 yılında yapılan halk oylaması sonucu Demirci ilçesinin Çavullar, Dikilitaş ve Rağıllar köyleri de mahalle statüsü ile ilçeye bağlanmıştır.

Nüfus

Ekonomik durum
İlçe halkının geçim kaynağı tarıma dayanmaktadır. Genel olarak susuz tarım yapılır. Yetiştirilen ürünler arasında çilek, buğday, arpa, zeytin,haşhaş, üzüm ve tütün yetiştiriciliğide yer almaktadır. Özellikle son 5 yılda ilçenin kaderi çilek sayesinde değişti. Ekonomi yüzde 80 canlandı, göç önlendi. Hatta göç edenlerin bir kısmı da döndü. 10 yıl önce 2 serada başlayan üretim, 2 bin dekar araziye yayıldı. Üretimin gelecek yıllarda daha da yaygınlaşacağı ümit edilmektedir. Ayrıca son yıllarda tavukçuluk da yaygın olarak yapılmaktadır. İlçenin baraj gölü kıyısında bulunması sebebiyle tatlı su balıkçılığı da ilçe ekonomisine büyük katkı yapmaktadır. İlçede kurulan su ürünleri kooperatifi, baraj gölünden elde edilen bu balıkların üretim fazlasını ilçe dışına pazarlayarak ilçe ekonomisine katkı yapmaktadır.

Eğitim
İlçede 4 İlköğretim Okulu (Atatürk, Yavuz Selim, Şehit Şenol Uçtu, V. Muzaffer Ecemiş), 1 Çok programlı Lise ,1 Anadolu Lisesi ve Celal Bayar Üniversitesi'ne bağlı 1 Meslek Yüksek Okulu bulunmaktadır. anadolu lisesi  2005 yılında açılmış durumdadır.Ayrıca 2010 Yılında Yapılan 1 Kapalı Spor Salonu mevcuttur.

Sağlık
İlçede 1 adet Devlet Hastanesi bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 YerelNET

Köprübaşı, Manisa


René Antonius Maria Eijkelkamp (født 6. april 1964 i Dalfsen, Holland) er en hollandsk tidligere fodboldspiller (angriber).

Eijkelkamp spillede seks kampe for Hollands landshold. Han debuterede for holdet i november 1988 i en venskabskamp mod Italien, og spillede sin sidste landskamp i september 1995 i en EM-kvalifikationskamp mod Hviderusland.

På klubplan spillede Eijkelkamp de første mange år af sin karriere i hjemlandet, hvor han repræsenterede henholdsvis Go Ahead Eagles i Deventer samt FC Groningen. Han havde senere ophold i både Tyskland og Belgien, inden han stoppede sin karriere i 1999.

Titler
Æresdivisionen
 1997 med PSV Eindhoven

Johan Cruijff Schaal
 1996 og 1997 med PSV Eindhoven

Belgisk pokal
 1995 med Club Brugge

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Holland
Fodboldspillere fra KV Mechelen
Fodboldspillere fra FC Schalke 04
Fodboldspillere fra Club Brugge
Fodboldspillere fra PSV Eindhoven
Fodboldspillere fra Go Ahead Eagles

René Eijkelkamp


Krukowo (deutsch Kruckenbeck) ist ein Dorf in der Woiwodschaft Westpommern in Polen. Das Dorf gehört zur Gmina Karlino (Stadt- und Landgemeinde Körlin) im Powiat Białogardzki (Belgarder Kreis).

Geographische Lage
Das Dorf liegt in Hinterpommern etwa 20 Kilometer südöstlich von Kołobrzeg (Kolberg) und etwa 6 Kilometer westlich von Karlino (Körlin).

Nachbarorte sind im Nordwesten Pobłocie Wielkie (Groß Pobloth), im Nordosten Chotyń (Neu Kowanz) und im Süden etwa 2 Kilometer entfernt Malonowo (Mallnow), durch das in West-Ost-Richtung die Staatsstraße 6 führt, die hier der ehemaligen Reichsstraße 2 entspricht.

Nördlich des Dorfes fließt die gleichnamige Kruckenbeck, die weiter östlich in den Mühlgraben mündet.

Geschichte

Das Dorf wurde im Mittelalter als Zeilendorf angelegt und hatte sich seit dem 16. Jahrhundert zum Gutsdorf entwickelt, also zu einem Dorf, das wirtschaftlich auf den Gutshof ausgerichtet war. Aus dem Mittelalter ist keine Nennung des Dorfes überliefert. Erstmals belegt ist der Ortsname für 1494, als ein Henning von Manteuffel auf Kruckenbeck sich eine Geldsumme lieh, und erneut 1497, als derselbe als Vertreter des Kolberger Domkapitels auftrat. Im Jahre 1595 errichtete Hans von Manteuffel in Kruckenbeck eine evangelische Kapelle, woraus geschlossen werden kann, dass Kruckenbeck damals noch ein Wohnsitz seiner Familie ("Rittersitz") war. Kruckenbeck gehörte als Tochtergemeinde zum Kirchspiel Kerstin.

Die nächste Erwähnung Kruckenbecks stammt von 1666. Damals war Kruckenbeck im Besitz der Manteuffels auf Kerstin. Als 1764 die Familie von Gaudecker Kerstin erwarb, wurde Kruckenbeck mit erworben. Zu einer Trennung im Besitz kam es erst um 1890, als der damalige Besitzer seinem einen Sohn Kerstin vererbte, Kruckenbeck aber seinem anderen Sohn Deuthold von Gaudecker.

Um 1930 kaufte die Pommersche Landgesellschaft 101 Hektar Gutsland und richtete darauf 1934 sechs Bauernstellen ein.

Kruckenbeck bildete seit dem 19. Jahrhundert einen eigenen Gutsbezirk mit einer Fläche von 824 Hektar. Im Rahmen der Auflösung der Gutsbezirke in Preußen wurde Kruckenbeck 1928 in die Gemeinde Mallnow eingemeindet, ebenso wie gleichzeitig das weiter südöstlich gelegene Dorf Koseeger. Als Teil der Gemeinde Mallnow gehörte Kruckenbeck bis 1945 zum Landkreis Kolberg-Körlin der preußischen Provinz Pommern.

Nach 1945 kam das Dorf, wie ganz Hinterpommern, an Polen und erhielt den polnischen Namen Krukowo. Die Bevölkerung wurde 1945 nach der Übernahme durch Polen vertrieben.

Das Dorf gehört heute zur Gmina Karlino (Stadt- und Landgemeinde Körlin), in der es ein eigenes Schulzenamt bildet. auf der Website der Gemeinde.

Entwicklung der Einwohnerzahlen
 1816: 189Manfred Vollack: Das Kolberger Land. Seine Städte und Dörfer. Ein pommersches Heimatbuch. Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum 1999, ISBN 3-88042-784-4, S. 402.
 1855: 222
 1867: 201
 1871: 198
 1895: 161
 1910: 225
 1925: 209
 2012: 242Krukowo auf der Webseite der Gmina Karlino.

Literatur
 Manfred Vollack: Das Kolberger Land. Seine Städte und Dörfer. Ein pommersches Heimatbuch. Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum 1999, ISBN 3-88042-784-4, S. 408–409.

Weblinks
 Krukowo auf der Website der Gmina Karlino (polnisch)

Fußnoten

Ort in Pommern
Ort der Woiwodschaft Westpommern
Gmina Karlino
Ersterwähnung 1494

Krukowo (Karlino)


البعاج، بلدة صغيرة في قضاء البعاج في محافظة نينوى، العراق. تقع البلدة جنوب غرب محافظة نينوى إلى الجنوب من جبل سنجار. تتبعها قريتي رمبوسي وناحية القحطانية. أغلب سكان المدينة هم من المسلمون السنة.

كانت المدينة تحت سيطرة الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام حتى يونيو 2017، عندما حررتها  قوات الحشد الشعبي.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة نينوى
محافظة نينوى
مراكز أقضية العراق

البعاج


Filme românești din 2010 — Filme românești din 2011 — Filme românești din 2012
Aceasta este o listă de filme românești din 2011:

2011

Filme din 2011
Filme românești
românești
Liste de filme românești

Listă de filme românești din 2011


Agrilus klugianus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1933.

Referências

klugianus

Agrilus klugianus


Nedward "Ned" Flanders, Amerikan animasyon televizyon dizisi Simpsonlardaki kurgusal karakterdir. Harry Shearer tarafından seslendirilmektedir ve ilk kez "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" bölümünde görünmüştür. Çocukları ile birlikte 744 Evergreen Terrace evinde oturmaktadır ve Simpson ailesi'nin kapı komşusudur. Kendisi dindar bir kişidir ve çocuklarını da o şekilde eğitmektedir. Homer Simpson genellikle Ned'den nefret eder.

Kaynakça

Simpsonlar karakterleri
Kurgusal İngiliz asıllı Amerikalılar
Kurgusal din adamları
1989'da tanıtılan kurgusal karakterler
Kurgusal erkek karakterler
Kurgusal dükkâncılar
Komedi filmi karakterleri

Ned Flanders


L'épreuve masculine de sprint du ski de fond aux Jeux olympiques de 2022 a eu lieu le  au Centre de ski nordique et de biathlon de Guyangshu.

Médaillés

Résultats

Qualifications

Quarts de finale

Quart de finale 1

 Légende : LL - Repêché (Lucky Loser)

Quart de finale 2

Quart de finale 3

Légende : PF - Photo finish

Quart de finale 4

Légende : RAL - Déclassé (Ranked as last)

Quart de finale 5

Demi-finales

Demi-finale 1

Légende : PF - Photo Finish

Demi-finale 2

Légende : LL - Repêché (Lucky Loser)

Finale

Notes et références

Sprint individuel hommes

Sprint masculin de ski de fond aux Jeux olympiques de 2022


Trilogia Sabia lui Shannara (engleză The Sword of Shannara Trilogy) este formată de trei romane Shannara (The Sword of Shannara, The Elfstones of Shannara și The Wishsong of Shannara) de Terry Brooks. Deși nu au fost scrise inițial ca părți ale unei trilogii, romanele au fost publicate ca Trilogia Sabia lui Shannara de Del Rey Books.

Cărți

Sabia lui Shannara
Primul roman prezintă aventurile fraților Shea și Flick Ohmsford în misiunea lor de a găsi Sabia lui Shannara pentru a o folosi împotriva Lordului Warlock care amenință Cele Patru Ținuturi (The Four Lands).

The Elfstones of Shannara
Al doilea roman prezintă aventurile nepotului lui Shea, Wil Ohmsford, în timp ce ajută poporul elfilor aflat pe cale de dispariție: aceștia trebuie să supraviețuiască unei hoarde de  demoni care ies dintr-o dimensiune sigilată aflată în Ținutul Interzis.

The Wishsong of Shannara
Ultimul roman al trilogiei originale detaliază aventurile lui Jair și Brin Ohmsford, copiii lui Wil, pentru a salva Cele Patru Ținuturi de magia malefică dintr-o carte denumită Ildatch.

Personaje care apar în două sau trei romane
Câteva personaje apar în cel puțin două romane ale trilogiei:
Allanon (Toate trei)
Eventine Elessedil (Sword și Elfstones)
Flick Ohmsford (Sword și Elfstones)
Wil Ohmsford (Elfstones și Wishsong)
Eretria (Elfstones și Wishsong)
Cogline (Wishsong și Druid of Shannara)
 King of the Silver River (Toate trei)

Ecranizări
Trilogia a fost adaptată într-un serial TV, The Shannara Chronicles, primul și al doilea episod având premiera la 5 ianuarie 2016 pe MTV.

Primul sezon, format din 10 episoade, este bazat pe al doilea roman al trilogiei, The Elfstones of Shannara.

Shannara
Romane de Terry Brooks
Serii de romane fantastice
Del Rey Books
Trilogii
Romane post-apocaliptice

Trilogia Sabia lui Shannara


Dígocho eu é um programa de televisão espanhol de cunho educativo sobre a língua galega apresentado pela jornalista Esther Estévez.

Inicialmente idealizado para a Internet, o programa fez sucesso na Twitch e no TikTok, impactando principalmente um público mais jovem. O Dígocho eu é escrito pela apresentadora Esther Estévez e pelo criador do programa, Carlos Amado, e conta com a consultoria linguística de Rocío Pérez.

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações Externas

 Página oficial
 Playlist no YouTube

CRTVG
Programas de televisão da Espanha que estrearam em 2020
Programas de televisão da Galiza
Programas de televisão em língua galega

Dígocho eu


PS Puppis abrégé en PS Pup, autrement nommé HD 60168, est un système d'étoiles contenant une étoile variable ellipsoïdale de la séquence principale et une géante bleue de la séquence principale de la constellation de la Poupe (Puppis). Selon la mesure de sa parallaxe annuelle par le satellite Gaia, elle se situe à 758,50 années-lumière. Elle a été découverte en 1918 lors de la classification des étoiles lumineuses du ciel dans le catalogue Henry Drayer.

Caractéristiques de PS Puppis
Le système PS Puppis contient PS Puppis A et PS Puppis B.

PS Puppis A
PS Puppis A est une géante bleue ellipsoïdale de la séquence principale. Son rayon 2 à 1.70 celui du soleil. Les deux étoiles possèdent une température de surface d'environ  et un type spectral B8V. Le rayon de la deuxième étoile (PS Puppis B) n'a pas encore été déterminé.

PS Puppis B
PS Puppis B est une géante bleue de la séquence principale, sa température est d'environ . Cette étoile attire PS Puppis A et PS Puppis B est attirée par PS Puppis dans la forme d'une valse. Cette valse déplacerait les gaz présents dans ces deux étoiles, ces gaz sont attirés par les deux étoiles en même temps ce qui crée une grande variabilité de la magnitude des deux étoiles.

Articles connexes
Géante bleue
Séquence principale

Notes et références

Étoile binaire
Objet du catalogue Henry Draper
Objet du catalogue Hipparcos
Objet du catalogue HR
Objet du catalogue SAO
Objet du catalogue Tycho
Objet du catalogue 2MASS

PS Puppis