Theoderik 1. (død 451) (alternative stavemåder omfatter Theodorid, Theodorich, Teodorico og Theodericus) blev visigoternes konge, da Wallia døde i 418. Han fuldførte folkets bosættelse i området omkring Toulouse og Bordeaux og han udbyggede efterfølgende goternes indflydelse i Gallien. Visigoterne var i det meste af hans regeringstid allierede med det vestromerske rige, og Theoderik faldt i slaget ved Chalons, hvor hans hær kæmpede på vestromersk side mod de indtrængende hunner, der blev ledet af Attila.

Visigoterne i 418

Kong Wallia døde - tilsyneladende af naturlige årsager - mens visigoterne var i færd med at bosætte sig i det sydlige Gallien. I 418 havde den vestromerske general Constantius givet visigoterne besked om at slutte felttoget i Spanien mod alaner, sveber og vandaler, og han gav visigoterne land i Aquitanien i Sydfrankrig, i Garonne-dalen mellem Bordeaux og Toulouse, hvor de kunne dyrke jorden og brødføde sig selv. Her var de godt af vejen i forhold til Italien, og de var samtidigt lige ved hånden til de afsluttende kampe mod barbarerne i Spanien. Wolfram undrer sig over, at goterne ikke blev bedt om at gøre arbejdet færdigt i Spanien - de overlevende vandaler skabte senere livstruende problemer for det vestromerske rige - men han konkluderer, at vestromerne må have følt et større behov for at have en "politistyrke" i Gallien, der kunne bekæmpe oprørsbevægelser i Bretagne og blandt bagauderne i landområderne. For de lokale romerske adelsmænd betød det naturligvis meget, at deres besiddelser blev beskyttet, og derfor gik de med til at få noget af deres jord i Garonne-dalen eksproprieret af den romerske stat og overdraget til visigoterne.

Theoderiks regeringstid

Valget af Theoderik skete tilsyneladende uden dramatik. Hans adkomst til kongetitlen var baseret på et slægtskab med kong Alarik, der sandsynligvis havde været hans svigerfar. Den nye visigotiske statsdannelse fik hovedstad i Tolosa (Toulouse) og ses derfor også omtalt som det "Tolosanske rige". Theoderik overtog en foedus ("forbundsfælle") aftale med det Vestromerske rige, og den betød, at visigoterne skulle stille tropper til romerske felttog. Når tropperne ikke var på felttog, benyttede Theoderik imidlertid alle midler på at udvide den gotiske magtsfære i Gallien. I 422 var visigoterne udkommanderet til et felttog mod vandalerne i Sydspanien, men da sejren var umiddelbart forestående, forlod de krigsskuepladsen, og felttoget endte i stedet som et forsmædeligt romersk nederlag. Da kejser Honorius døde i 423, holdt visigoterne sig i ro, men i 425 drog de mod den galliske residensby Arles og belejrede den. Sommerfelttogene mod Arles blev tilbagevendende begivenheder. Byen blev aldrig erobret, men udflugterne understregede goternes magtposition i Gallien. Romerne i Gallien betragtede åbenbart også de visigotiske magtdemonstrationer som lidt af et ritual - selv om der var blodsudgydelser på begge sider - for da en romersk general foreslog at indtage og ødelægge Tolosa, blev han eftertrykkeligt sat på plads af de galliske senatorer. I 425 var visigoterne blevet standset foran Arles af den romerske general Aëtius og hans hunniske lejetropper, og med disse soldater kunne generalen i de følgende mange år opretholde en balance mellem romere og visigoter i Gallien.

Kildematerialet til belysning af Theoderiks regeringstid er helt overvejende romersk, og dermed præget af visigoternes relationer til det Vestromerske rige. Det oplyses, at hans hær i 430 igen marcherede mod Arles, og at han i 431 indledte "forræderiske" (i romersk optik) forhandlinger med sveberne. Mens romerne i 436 var optaget af at nedkæmpe burgunderne, benyttede Theoderik lejligheden til at indlede en belejring af den vigtige havneby Narbonne. Byen holdt imidlertid stand og i 437 blev den undsat af Aëtius næstkommanderende, generalen Litorius. Den romerske hærfører fortsatte sit felttog, og i 439 indledte han en belejring af goternes hovedstad Tolosa. Litorius blev imidlertid taget til fange af goterne, og hans hær blev slået, hvorefter der blev forhandlet en fred på plads. I 446 deltog Theoderiks hær i et romersk felttog mod sveberne, men det forhindrede ikke kongen i at lade en af sine døtre blive gift - i Tolosa i 449 - med den svebiske kong Rechiar.

Theoderik fik et glorværdigt endeligt i spidsen for den visigotiske hær. I 451 forcerede Attila Rhinen med den hunniske hær og indledte et plyndringstogt, hvor byerne i det nordlige Gallien blev erobret én efter én. Aëtius samlede alle de romerske tropper i Gallien og indkaldte desuden alle sine foederati i form af frankere fra Rhinlandet, bretoner fra Bretagne, sarmatere, germanere, burgundere, alaner fra Orleans og ikke mindst den visigotiske hær. Attila opgav sin belejring af Orleans og kort efter tørnede de to hære sammen i slaget ved Chalons. Theoderik faldt i slaget, og midt i kamptummelen kårede visigoterne hans søn Thorismund til deres nye konge. Legenden siger, at det spyd, der dræbte Theoderik, blev kastet af goteren Andagis, der sammen med mange stammefrænder var tvangsudskrevet til at deltage i kampen på hunnisk side.

Eftermæle
Som nævnt siger nogle kilder, at Theoderik var gift med en af kong Alariks døtre. I kilderne tales der desuden om, at Alarik hørte til det "ældre" Balti dynasti, der imidlertid må opfattes som en litterær konstruktion i historikeren Jordanes vidtløftige værk Getica. Theoderik blev derimod stamfader til det dynasti, der af Wolfram omtales som det "yngre" Balti dynasti. Man kender navnene på seks sønner og har desuden kendskab til to døtre, i kraft af deres prominente ægteskaber.

Se også
 For frankisk konge, se Teoderik 1. af Austrasien.
 For ostrogotisk konge, se Teoderik den Store.

Referencer

Litteratur
 Heather, Peter, 1996. The Goths. Blackwell. .
 Heather, Peter, 2005. The Fall of the Roman Empire. Pan Books. .
 Wolfram, Herwig, History of the Goths, University of California Press, 1990.

Eksterne henvisninger

Gotiske konger
Romerriget
Senantikken

Theoderik 1.


Zagreb je NAŠ! je zeleno-lijeva politička stranka iz Zagreba. Nakon ulaska u gradsku skupštinu Grada Zagreba na lokalnim izborima 2017. i nakon profiliranja kao najglasnije opozicije gradonačelniku Milanu Bandiću i njegovoj većini u Skupštini, stranka je izlazila na EU izbore i ima kandidate za nadolazeće parlamentarne izbore 2020. godine unutar platfome Možemo!.

Povijest
Veći dio prapovijesti platforme je u lokalnom građanskom aktivizmu kroz lokalni pokret Pravo na grad. Politički zaokret je napravljen eskalacijom prosvjeda te priključivanjem manjih zelenih stranaka aktivistima. U travnju 2017. platforma je oformila koaliciju s četiri lijeve i zelene stranke u Zagrebu te time po prvi puta u Zagrebu stvorila savez progresivnih političkih stranaka. Na njihovim prvim lokalnim izborima održanima u Zagrebu u svibnju 2017. koalicija je osvojila 7,6% glasova, odnosno četiri mandata, u Skupštini, 21 mjesto u gradskim vijećima te 41 mjesto u mjesnim odborima, a mnogi izabrani predstavnici bili su mlađe osobe bez prethodnog iskustva u institucionalnoj politici.

Najistaknutiji članovi platforme su Tomislav Tomašević, Danijela Dolenec, Sandra Benčić, Urša Neda Raukar-Gamulin, Vilim Matula, Mima Simić i Teodor Celakoski. Većina njih je imala veliku ulogu u osnivanju stranke Možemo!, a većina članova te stranke je upravo iz Zagreb je NAŠ!

Platforma
Platforma se opisuje kao vrlo raznolika, "koju su u veljači 2017. oformili građani svih društvenih skupina (aktivisti, kulturni radnici, sindikalisti, društveni poduzetnici itd., od kojih su mnogi prije godinama bili aktivni u društvenim pokretima u Zagrebu)" te različita od postojećih stranaka jer ciljaju na razvitak "nove politike zasnovane na principima široke participacije, uključivosti i otvorenosti".

Izbori 2019. i 2020.
Platforma je podrobnije istaknula svoju vidljivost na državnoj razini oformivši Možemo! kao nacionalnu političku platformu (uključujući slične pokrete i inicijative) za izbore za Europski parlament 2019. godine.

Za parlamentarne izbore 2020. godine Zagreb je NAŠ! i Možemo! predstavili su zajednički program i liste kandidata. U koaliciji su još i partneri Nova ljevica, ORaH, Radnička fronta i Za grad.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 službena stranica
 Video predstavljanje: web "Otvoreni zrak"

Hrvatske političke stranke od 1989.

Zagreb je NAŠ!


est la deuxième compilation du groupe américain The Doobie Brothers, sortie le 29 octobre 1976 sous le label Warner Bros. Records et a été rééditée à plusieurs reprises. Elle contient des chansons des albums studio Toulouse Street (1972) à Takin' It to the Streets (1976).

Avec plus de dix millions d'exemplaires vendus, la compilation Best of The Doobies est certifiée disque de diamant aux États-Unis.

Liste des titres

Crédits
 The Doobie Brothers
 Tom Johnston – guitares, chant, chœurs, harmonica (2)
 Michael McDonald – chant et chœurs, claviers (3, 8)
 Patrick Simmons – guitares, chant et chœurs, banjo (4)
 Jeff "Skunk" Baxter – guitares, guitare steel guitar
  – basse, chœurs
  – batterie
 Keith Knudsen – batterie (3, 8, 10), chœurs

Classements et certifications

Classements hebdomadaires

Classements de fin d'année

Certifications
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Pays
!Certification
!Ventes certifiées
|-
| (ARIA)
|
|^
|-

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Album des Doobie Brothers
Compilation musicale sortie en 1976
Album produit par Ted Templeman
Album publié par Warner Records
Album certifié disque de diamant aux États-Unis
Album certifié triple disque de platine en Australie
Album certifié double disque de platine au Canada

Best of The Doobies


Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boys' Club of Silicon Valley est un livre de non-fiction 2018 d'Emily Chang. C'est son premier livre et il a été publié le 6 février 2018 par Portfolio, une division de Penguin Random House. Le livre enquête et examine le Sexisme dans l'industrie technologique de la Silicon Valley.  et a reçu une attention médiatique considérable et des critiques élogieuses.

Contenu

Contexte
Pour son livre, Chang a utilisé plus de deux cents entretiens qu'elle a menés dans l'industrie de la technologie. Certaines des interviews provenaient de son travail chez Bloomberg, mais la plupart étaient réalisées uniquement pour le livre.

Descriptif
Emily Chang décrit les fêtes et orgies sexuelles organisées par les personnalités influentes de la Sillicon Valley, en mettant à jour le contexte misogyne et sexiste. Dans son introduction elle écrit . Alors que les soirées tech habituelles ne comporte pas beaucoup de femmes en générale, ces soirées festives comptent de nombreuses femmes, et réunissent des protagonistes masculins influents - entrepreneurs, cadres et invesrtiseurs  de la tech qui se rencontrent dans des espaces luxueux, comme des yacht ou des châteaux pour avoir des relations sexuelles multiples. Les femmes sont elles en principe sélectionnées pour leur jeunesse et leur beauté. Les fêtes secrètes, sur invitation et connues par le bouché à oreille sont communément appelées les «E-parties». Les participants à ces fêtes les présentent comme une composante culturelle et un mode de vie relevant de l'ouverture d'esprit, des valeurs propagées à la suite du festival Burning Man.

Le livre met à jour le machisme dans les startup de la Sillicon Valley et son hostilité envers les femmes.

Publication et promotion
Vanity Fair a publié un extrait du livre dans son numéro de janvier 2018 intitulé « Oh My God, This Is So F ---ed Up: Inside Silicon Valley's Secretive, Orgiastic Dark Side ». Bloomberg Businessweek a publié un extrait en février 2018 intitulé « Les femmes gouvernaient autrefois le monde informatique. Quand la Silicon Valley est-elle devenue Brotopia ? ».

Brotopia a été publié le 6 février 2018 par Portfolio, une division de Penguin Random House.

La sortie du livre a été commentée dans The New York Times, The New York Times Book Review, San Francisco Chronicle, Financial Times, TechCrunch  et The Verge.

Chang est apparu sur Morning Joe, Good Morning America, CBS This Morning et Marketplace  pour discuter du livre.

Le club de lecture « Now Read This » du PBS Newshour - New York Times a sélectionné Brotopia comme lecture du club de lecture d'avril 2019. Chang est apparu sur le PBS Newshour le 30 avril 2019 et a répondu aux questions des téléspectateurs sur le livre.

Réception
Kirkus Reviews a qualifié le livre  de la Silicon Valley, écrivant: .

Le livre a été sélectionné pour le Financial Times Business Book of the Year 2018 et le 2018-CEO-Read Business Books Awards, et a été nommé l'un des meilleurs livres de l'année d'Amazon jusqu'à présent,  meilleurs livres techniques de Tech Crunch de 2018, et Meilleurs livres du Financial Times de 2018.

Notes et références

Livre sur les femmes

Brotopia


Fomins & Kleins war eine lettische Pop-Rock-Band, die von 2002 bis 2006 bestand. Die Frontleute waren der Sänger Ivo Fomins und der Gitarrist Tomas Kleins, außerdem gesellten sich bei Liveauftritten noch weitere Musiker hinzu.

Die Musiker, die beide vorher schon aktiv in der lettischen Rockszene waren, erhielten 2002 einen Plattenvertrag, und hatten 2003 nicht nur ein Debütalbum namens Muzikants, sondern auch einige Radiohits zu verbuchen.

Die Gruppe gewann den nationalen Vorentscheid und durfte daher beim Halbfinale des Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Istanbul für ihr Land antreten. Mit dem Rocksong Dziesma par laimi verpassten sie aber mit Platz 17 den Einzug ins Finale.

Weblinks
 Lettland: Fomins & Kleins bei eurovision.de

Lettische Band
Rockband
Interpret eines lettischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest

Fomins & Kleins


The Gold Country (also known as Mother Lode Country) is a historic region in the northern portion of the U.S. state of California, that is primarily on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. It is famed for the mineral deposits and gold mines that attracted waves of immigrants, known as the 49ers, during the 1849 California Gold Rush.

History
When gold was first discovered in 1848 many people came from all over the world to find gold. The migration into California brought diseases and violence. There were 500 mining camps of which 300 are still undiscovered as of today. There was 400 million dollars in gold mined between 1849 and 1855. In 1942 most of the mines shut down due to World War II. The transportation in Gold Country grew rapidly due to the Gold Rush. The first railroad in California ran through Gold Country. There were 250 different stage coach companies formed by 1860.

Major Events Per County:

 Amador County – At the time of the Gold Rush the Kennedy Mine was the deepest in the world at 5,919 feet. Argonaut Mine was from 1850 to 1942. In 1922, there was a fire in the area and 47 men were trapped in the mine and died. This mine was shut down due to the war. In Amador County it was such a rural area that they lacked government. Because of the lack of government, the citizens took care of the situations. Many people were hung within a day.
 Butte County – Cherokee was hydraulic-mined from 1860 to 1870. Cherokee was the first place to find diamond in the United States in 1864. In Oroville was the Chinese temple which was established in 1863. The Chinese worked on the railroads and mining the area.
 Calaveras County – This county was known for the biggest gold nugget found in the United States. The nugget weighed 195 lb. The nugget was found in Carson Hill. In Copperopolis, $72 million worth of copper was found. Many of the copper mines in this area supplied the Union armies needs in the Civil War. In 1856 Mitchler Hotel was built. Black Bart stayed in this hotel numerous times.
 El Dorado County – This county is the key to the Gold Country. This is where gold was discovered in 1848 by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill. Sutter's fort was destroyed by all the people that came here from the Gold Rush.
 Mariposa County – Located in the southern portion of Hwy 49. This county is known for the Ghirardelli Factory dated all the way back, 1855–1858. One of the mines that were in Mariposa County was the Princetown Mine, which pulled out $5 million in gold.
 Nevada County – This county had the most gold out of all of Gold County pulled out of it totaling $440 million worth. Holbrooke Hotel is one of the oldest hotels still run to this day in Gold Country. It was built in 1851. Empire Mine one of the most-known mines in the area. (This mine is now a state park.) This mine runs 200 miles underground. This mine was still in operation after the war. $100 million worth of gold was mined out of this mine. Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad was constructed in 1876. This railroad was made so that people can travel faster between Grass Valley to Nevada City. It was shut down in 1942. In 1851 in North Bloomfield a lot the mines were producing high volumes of gold but died out by 1853. Malakoff Diggings was known for its booming hydraulic mining.
 Placer County – Colfax was known for a main station for supplies from the Central Pacific Railroad. Many of the area was known for quartz. About $2 million in quartz was found. Placer County was known for the robber "Rattlesnake Dick" in 1850.
 Plumas County – Gold was first found in this county at Rabbit Creek. 60 million in gold was found in the La Porte area. John Bidwell first discovered gold in the Feather River. Spanish Ranch had over $100 million worth of gold come out of it. In Crescent Mill they found a gold vein 20 feet thick.

 Sierra County – Allegheny was known for a 163-pound gold nugget. The mine was shut down during the war but then was opened back up in 1965. This mine is still mined occasionally today. In 1992 $70,000 was mined out of it. In 1849 gold was first found in the Yuba river in Downieville. A 427-pound nugget was found there. Hydraulic mining happened at Howland Flat and Poker Flat in the 1850s. $700,000 worth of gold came out of Poker Flat alone.
 Tuolumne County – In Knights Ferry there was the largest covered bridge on the west coast dating back to 1862. In Jamestown they found a 75-pound golden nugget. Sierra Railroad House was built in 1897. It was a popular site for filming movies. Eagle Shawmut Mine had $7.4 million mined out of it.
 Yuba County – This county was known for dredging the rivers, mills, hydraulic mining and its many little towns. Most of the towns were built around trails. They provided hotels, stores, and bars for the newcomers. They had one of the largest dredgers ever, in the Yuba River at one point. It dredged 4.8 million ounces of gold. Black Bart was known in this area for robbing the Wells Fargo stagecoaches coming from La Porte. Colgate Powerhouse went into use for the first time in 1899. It supplied power to Sacramento and Oroville. One of the most famous towns in Yuba County was Camptonville. Gold was first discovered in this town in 1850. The area under the town was so rich in gold that they moved the town to get to the gold. Marysville was known for a main place that people brought their gold to be shipped out to San Francisco. Millions of dollars in gold came through Marysville, one of the biggest cities in California at the time.

Geology
The Gold Country lies on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, reaching down to the Sacramento Valley. The oldest geology can be found along the easternmost portions of this region, closer to the Sierra Nevada summits, which formed 100 million years ago. It consists of ancient sea floor and portions of islands which were added onto the western edge of North America during the late Paleozoic, about 275 million years ago. The western sections of the Mother Lode are significantly younger, from the mid-Mesozoic about 150 million years ago, and also consist of material that was solidified on the ocean floor to the continental edge. Massive intrusions of granite forced their way into these formations. After ten miles of overlying material was eroded over the last 70 million years, these intrusions became visible throughout the Sierra Nevada. Over the last 50 million years, rivers and volcanoes deposited materials; these built up in thick layers found atop many of the high ridges of the Sierra Nevada foothills.

Climate
This part of California has a Mediterranean climate like much of Italy and Spain, making wine grapes and vineyards one of the region's primary crops and industry. Over 100 wineries are found throughout the Gold Country. Winters are cool and wet with occasional snowfall, especially in the higher elevations of the eastern reaches up the slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Winter temperatures range from the upper twenties to mid-fifties. Summers are dry and hot, with long stretches that reach triple digits. The average annual precipitation is around . Many dams were built in the Sierra Nevada to hold water. People in California depend on the water that comes from the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Transportation
California State Route 49 is the primary north–south highway through the region, passing through many historic mining communities. Major east–west highways include Interstate 80 and U.S. Route 50.

Two Amtrak routes run through the area. The eastern terminus of the Capitol Corridor is in Auburn. The California Zephyr stops in Colfax.

Counties and towns
Counties and the towns that are part of Gold Country:

Amador County
Amador City
Butte City
Drytown
Fiddletown
Ione
Jackson
Sutter Creek
Plymouth
Volcano
Butte County
Bangor
Cherokee
Forbestown
Honcut
Magalia
Paradise
Calaveras Country
Arnold
Angels Camp
Camanche
Carson Hill
Copperopolis
Murphys
San Andreas
Valley Springs
El Dorado County
Cameron Park
Camino
Coloma
Diamond Springs
El Dorado
El Dorado Hills
Georgetown
Lotus
Mount Aukum
Placerville
Pleasant Valley
Pollock Pines
Rescue
Shingle Springs
Somerset
Mariposa County
Mariposa
Nevada County
French Corral
Grass Valley
Nevada City
North Bloomfield
Smartsville
Timbuctoo
Relief Hill
Rough and Ready
Washington
Placer County
Auburn
Colfax
Foresthill
Meadow Vista
Newcastle
Plumas County
Spanish Ranch
Sierra County
Alleghany
Downieville
Tuolumne County
Columbia
Groveland-Big Oak Flat
Knights Ferry
Jamestown
Sonora
Yuba County
Camptonville
Clipper Mills
Dobbins
Marysville
Strawberry Valley
Oregon House
Woodleaf

References

External links
 Gold Country Visitors Association
The Virtual California Gold Country: Highway 49 Revisited Online
Building Materials of the California Gold Country: A Selective Photographic Tour from Mariposa in Mariposa County to Auburn in Placer County, on Stone Quarries and Beyond.

California Gold Rush
Sierra Nevada (United States)
Regions of California
Gold mining in the United States
Sacramento metropolitan area
Northern California

Gold Country


Judy Agnes Raper (née en 1954) est une ingénieure chimiste australienne et était auparavant vice-chancelière adjointe pour la recherche et l'innovation à l'Université de Wollongong. Elle a été directrice de la Fondation nationale pour la science aux États-Unis et a dirigé l'Autorité britannique de l'énergie atomique. Elle est doyenne et PDG de TEDI-Londres, une entreprise spécialisée dans l'enseignement supérieur en ingénierie depuis sa création en juin 2019.

Enfance et études
Raper est née à Budapest. Elle s'installe en Australie en 1957. Elle obtient un diplôme de premier cycle puis un doctorat à l'Université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud en 1976 et 1980 respectivement. Sa thèse est intitulée « Hydrodynamic mechanisms on industrial sieve trays ». Elle travaille sur des colonnes de distillation. Elle devient ensuite chercheuse postdoctorale à l'Université de Cambridge, où elle travaille à l'Établissement de recherche atomique d'Harwell.

Recherche et carrière

Carrière universitaire
Raper est nommée maître de conférences à l'université de Newcastle en 1982. Elle rejoint l'université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud en 1986, où elle est responsable du génie chimique à l'Université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud. Elle y réforme le programme d'ingénierie de premier cycle. En 1997, Raper est la première femme à être nommée doyenne de la faculté d'ingénierie de l'université de Sydney. Elle quitte l'université de Sydney pour les États-Unis et rejoint l'université du Missouri à Columbia en tant que présidente du département de génie chimique et biologique en 2003. Elle passe l'année 2006 en détachement à la Fondation nationale pour la science (NSF) . Ses recherches portent sur la caractérisation des particules et leur impact sur le contrôle de la pollution. Elle se concentre sur les applications pharmaceutiques et médicinales des poudres en aérosol.

De retour en Australie, Raper est nommée vice-chancelière adjointe de la recherche et de l'innovation à l'Université de Wollongong en juillet 2008, poste qu'elle occupe jusqu'en décembre 2018. Elle dirige des appels d'offres pour des  du gouvernement fédéral d'une valeur de 135 millions de dollars. En 2017, Raper est la deuxième femme à remporter la médaille Chemeca de la Fédération australienne et néo-zélandaise des ingénieurs chimistes. Lors de son discours d'acceptation du prix, elle évoque le besoin de diversité dans l'ingénierie et souligne le besoin d'accroître l'égalité des sexes et la diversité au sein de l'Université de Wollongong. Raper nomme Valerie Linton au poste de doyenne de l'ingénierie et des sciences de l'information en 2018.

Raper est l'une des doyennes fondatrices de l'Alliance PLuS, une collaboration entre l'Université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, l'Université d'État de l'Arizona et le King's College de Londres .

Prix et distinctions
En 1998, Raper est lauréate du  pour la science . Elle est membre en 2003 de l', membre honoraire de , et membre de la Royal Society of New South Wales.

The Australian Financial Review la classe en 2012 parmi les « 100 femmes d'influence » .

En 2017 elle reçoit la médaille Chemeca de la Fédération australienne et néo-zélandaise des ingénieurs chimistes  puis en 2018 la médaille Ada Lovelace de l'Université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud. En 2019 elle est nommée Membre de l'Ordre d'Australie. L'Université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud décerne un  en son honneur.

Références

Liens externes

Membre de l'ordre d'Australie
Étudiant de l'université de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud
Professeur à l'université de Sydney
Naissance en 1954
Ingénieur chimiste
Ingénieure

Judy Raper


Alen Roberti Simonyan (em armênio:Ալեն Ռոբերտի Սիմոնյան; 5 de Janeiro de 1980) é um político armênio. Foi presidente da Armênia de 1 de fevereiro de 2022 a 13 de março do mesmo ano. É presidente da Assembleia Nacional da Armênia desde agosto de 2021.

Carreira
Simonyan estudou na Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Estadual de Yerevan, graduando-se em 2000. Ele serviria dois anos nas Forças Armadas da Armênia, antes de se tornar Assistente do Presidente do Tribunal de Primeira Instância das Comunidades Ajapnyak e Davitashen. De 2003 a 2004, trabalhou como gerente de recursos humanos no Converse Bank.

De 2006 a 2007, Simonyan trabalhou em uma estação de rádio. Ele então cooperou com TV5 TV Company, Yerkir Media TV Company, "Armenia" TV Company pelos próximos cinco anos, dirigindo e produzindo vários videoclipes musicais e políticos. Em 2012, tornou-se editor-chefe da revista "Ararat" antes de fundar o Ararat Media Group LLC (site araratnews.am e revista "Ararat").

Simonyan foi um dos vários organizadores do protesto civil "Car Free" contra o aumento dos preços do transporte.

Em 30 de maio de 2015, foi eleito membro do conselho do partido do Contrato Civil, tornando-se porta-voz do partido. Ele foi reeleito em 30 de outubro de 2016.

De 2017 a 2018, Simonyan foi membro do Conselho Municipal de Yerevan na composição da Way Out Alliance. A 16 de maio de 2018, foi eleito deputado à Assembleia Nacional pela lista eleitoral nacional da Way Out Alliance. Mais tarde naquele ano, em 9 de dezembro de 2018, foi eleito membro da Assembleia Nacional pela lista eleitoral nacional da My Step Alliance.

Em 15 de janeiro de 2019, foi eleito Vice-Presidente da Assembleia Nacional. Após a renúncia de Armen Sarkissian em 24 de janeiro de 2022, Simonyan foi introduzido ao cargo de Presidente da Armênia.

Vida Pessoal
Alen é casado com Mariam Margaryan e tem três filhos.

Armênios do século XX
Armênios do século XXI
Presidentes da Arménia
Naturais de Erevã

Alen Simonyan


Karácsony ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Gergely Karácsony (* 1975), ungarischer Politiker
 Gyula Karácsony (* 1956), ungarischer Sportschütze
 Kinga Karácsony (* 1969), ungarische Badmintonspielerin

Siehe auch:
 Karácsonyi

Karácsony


Le Fellahi est une race de dromadaire originaire d'Égypte.

Présentation

Le Fellahi est un dromadaire robuste originaire de Haute-Égypte mais il est surtout présent dans le Delta du Nil, où il sert comme animal de bât et aux divers travaux agricoles comme le labour. Particulièrement bien acclimaté aux bords du Nil, il est peu adapté au désert. C'est un animal de couleur claire, blanc ou couleur sable. Lourd et de grande taille, il se déplace lentement.

L'origine de son nom renvoi à son utilisation dans les champs. Fellahi vient de l'arabe et signifie « paysan ». On le trouve sous différentes orthographes selon les sources : Falahy, Fallahi, Falahi et parfois sous le nom de Baladi.

La race répond bien à l'engraissement. Quant à la chamelle, elle peut fournir un maximum de  de lait sur l'année de lactation avec une moyenne de  par jour .

Son croisement avec le Maghrabi, une autre race égyptienne servant à la production de viande et de lait, permet d'obtenir le Mowalled.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

 Liste de races de chameaux et de dromadaires
 Fellah

Liens externes

Race cameline originaire d'Afrique
Race animale originaire d'Égypte

Fellahi


In the Hebrew Bible, a nazirite or a nazarite ( Nāzīr) is a man or woman who voluntarily took a vow which is described in . This vow required the nazirite to:

 Abstain from wine and all other grape products, such as vinegar and grapes
 Refrain from cutting the hair on his head
 Not to become ritually impure by contact with corpses or graves, even those of family members.

After following these requirements for a designated time period (which would be specified in the individual's vow), the nazirite would offer a specific animal sacrifice; along with it, the nazirite's hair was to be shorn and burned.

The nazirite is described as being "holy" and "holy unto God"; yet at the same time, he or she must bring a sin offering. This has led to divergent approaches to the nazirite in the Talmud, and later authorities, with some viewing the nazirite as an ideal, and others viewing the nazirite as a sinner.

Etymology

"Nazirite" comes from the Hebrew word nazir meaning "consecrated" or "separated",  and may be ultimately derived from a root meaning "to vow", similar to Hebrew nadar. The word nazir is also sometimes used to refer to a prince, who fills a special position of secular power, and the cognate word nezer can refer to either the state of being a nazirite, or else to a physical crown.

Hebrew Bible

Laws
Besides the basic laws to be followed during the nazirite period, Numbers 6 describes in detail the sacrifices to be offered at the conclusion of the period.

The nazirite would make three offerings: a lamb as a burnt offering, a ewe as a sin offering, a ram as a peace offering; as well as three additional offerings (a basket of unleavened bread, a grain offering, and a drink offering) to accompany the peace offering. He would also shave his head in the outer courtyard of the Temple in Jerusalem, and place the hair on the same fire as the peace offering. The text is unclear whether this refers to the fire on the altar, or a cooking fire.

If the nazirite had accidentally become impure by touching a corpse during the nazirite period, he must offer a different offering, and restart the nazirite period from the beginning.

Mentions
In addition to the nazirite laws, there are a few other mentions of nazirites in the Hebrew Bible.

The prophet Amos condemned the Israelites for their failure to respect the nazirite vow:
And I raised up some of your sons as prophets and some of your young men as nazirites... And you gave the nazirites to drink wine, and you commanded the prophets saying, "Do not prophesy."

The Rechabites were a group mentioned in the Bible who avoided wine, similar to nazirites.

The Septuagint uses a number of terms to translate the 16 uses of nazir in the Hebrew Bible, such as "he who vowed" ( ) or "he who was made holy" ( ) etc. It is left untranslated and transliterated in Judges 13:5 as nazir ().

Samson and Samuel
Two prominent Biblical individuals who were nazirites, or similar to nazirites, were Samson (), and Samuel (). For both, their status was lifelong (unlike the nazirites described in Numbers 6). Both were born of previously barren mothers and entered into their vows through either his mothers' oath (as in the case of Samuel), or a divine command to his mother (in the case of Samson), rather than by their own volition. These vows required Samson and Samuel to live devout lives, yet in return they received extraordinary gifts: Samson possessed strength and ability in physical battle against the Philistines, while Samuel became a prophet.

While Samson was explicitly commanded to be a nazirite (), the word "nazirite" was not used regarding Samuel, rather he was "given to the Lord" and forbidden to cut his hair ().

Some commentators later noted that Samson appears to break his nazirite vow several times throughout the text; his killing of both humans and animals would frequently threaten, if not outright violate, his vow of ritual purity, and  describes Samson holding a feast – an event which traditionally entailed the consumption of wine (though the text never states that Samson drank any wine himself). This conflict of interpretation has spawned numerous explanations: rabbinic sources claimed Samson had a unique nazirite status (called Nazir Shimshon) which permitted him to touch dead bodies, since the angel who imposed the status omitted this restriction. David Kimhi conjectures that even without this special status, Samson would be allowed to touch dead bodies while doing God's work defending Israel. Another argument analyzes the semantics of the vow itself; Numbers 6:6 forbids nazirites from coming near a "nephesh-mot" (a dead body), and though there are cases in the Pentateuch where "nephesh" is used to refer to animals (see Genesis 1:21, 24; 9:12; Lev. 11:46; etc.), the term in Numbers 6:6 is usually taken to imply the human dead, which seems to be its most focused meaning according to Numbers 6:7. In any event, the supernatural strength that Samson was given was evidently not taken away at the time of Judges 14, indicating that his nazirite vow was not considered broken. Goswell suggests that "we cannot understand the career and failings of Samson without attention to his Nazirite status."

In Rabbinic literature

Laws
Halakha (Jewish law) has a rich tradition on the laws of the nazirite. In addition to the Biblical text of , the laws are explained in detail in the Mishna and Talmud, tractate Nazir. These laws were later codified by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah.

Vows
An Israelite (not a gentile) becomes a Nazirite through an intentional verbal declaration. This declaration can be in any language, and can be something as simple as saying "me too" as a Nazirite passes by. In general there are two types of Nazirites, those who take a vow for a set time, and permanent Nazirites. A person can specify how long he intends to be a Nazirite, but if no time period or a time period of less than 30 days is specified, the vow is considered to last for 30 days. A person who says "I am a Nazirite forever" or "I am a Nazirite for all my life" is a permanent Nazirite and slightly different laws apply. However, if a person says that he is a Nazirite for a thousand years, he is a regular Nazirite.  The permanent Nazirite has no source in the Bible but is known through tradition.

All the laws of vows in general apply also to the nazirite vow. As with other vows, a father has the ability to annul the vow of his young daughter, and a husband has the ability to annul a vow by his wife, when he first hears about it (). A father, but not a mother, can declare his son, but not his daughter, a Nazirite, however the child or any close family member has a right to refuse this status. Likewise, all of the laws related to intent and conditional vows apply also to Nazirite vows.

Sacrifices
At the end of their vow, the Nazirite brings three sacrificial offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem. The first is a ewe for a chatat (sin offering), the second is a lamb for an olah (elevation offering), and finally a ram as a shelamim (peace offering) along with a basket of matzah and grain and drink offerings.

After bringing the sacrificial offerings, the Nazirite shaves their head in the outer courtyard of the Temple, and the hair is burned on "the fire which is under the peace offering". The rabbis (along with some but not all academic scholars) view this as simply the appropriate disposal of a sanctified object, rather than being the hair itself being a sacrifice.

Part of the Nazirite's offering is given to the Kohen; this gift is one of the twenty-four kohanic gifts.

A person can become a Nazirite whether or not the Temple in Jerusalem is standing. However, no temple means that there is currently no way to make the offerings that end the Nazirite vow, so anyone taking the vow would become a de facto permanent Nazirite.

Abstinence from grape products
A Nazirite must abstain from all beverages derived from grapes, even if they are not alcoholic. According to traditional rabbinic interpretation, the Nazirite may drink alcoholic beverages not derived from grapes. According to less traditional rabbinic interpretation, a Nazirite is forbidden to consume any alcohol, and vinegar from such alcohol, regardless of its source. The law regarding combining wine or grapes with other food is similar to kashrut, which applies to all Jews. An early rabbinic proverb warned the Nazirite: "Go away! Go away, O Nazirite! Take the long way around! Take the long way around, so that you may not come near the vineyard!"

Uncut hair
A Nazirite must refrain from cutting the hair of his head. He can groom his hair with his fingers or scratch his head and need not be concerned if some hair falls out, however, he cannot use a comb since it very likely to pull out some hair. A Nazirite is not allowed to use a chemical depilatory to remove hair. However, a Nazirite who recovers from the skin disease of tzaraath is obligated to cut his hair, and a permanent Nazirite may cut his hair once a year. Nazirites who shave their hair are obligated to redo the last 30 days of the Nazirite period.

Avoidance of corpses and graves
A Nazirite must avoid corpses and graves, even those of family members, and any building that contains one. (In this respect, the nazirite is similar to the high priest.) A permanent Nazirite becomes ritually impure through proximity to a corpse. Nonetheless, a Nazirite who finds an unburied corpse is obligated to bury it, although he will become defiled in the process.

If a Nazirite touches a corpse or carries a funeral bier, or goes into a building that contains a corpse, their vow is ended as unfulfilled.  In this case, after he has waited seven days for his purification, the Nazirite should shave their head and to bring sacrificial offerings. After that, he is permitted to put himself under another Nazirite vow with a new time limit.

If the Nazirite simply enters an area where a grave or graveyard had been ploughed (in which case there is only a chance that he touched human bones), or if he went into a foreign land that was declared unclean by the chazal (sages) and had touched its earth, or if he stands beneath the branches of a tree or a rock that shades the ground () near a graveyard, he still contracts a level of uncleanness. However this is less than the impurity of touching corpse, and although he must be sprinkled with water containing the ashes of a red heifer on the third and seventh days, he is not required to shave his head or bring sacrificial offerings, and his Nazirite vow is not invalidated, though he adds seven days to the time he spends as a Nazirite to make up for the days of impurity.

Desirability

Noting that the nazirite must offer a sin-offering at the end of their vow (), Rabbi Eleazar ha-Kappar argued that nazirites are effectively sinners for unnecessarily distressing themselves, while Rabbi Elazar argued the opposite, that nazirites are "holy" () and thus to become one is desirable.

Among medieval authorities, Maimonides followed the view of Rabbi Eliezer Hakappar, calling a nazirite a sinner, and explaining that a person should always be moderate in his actions and not be to any extreme. Nevertheless, he does point out that a nazirite can be evil or righteous depending on the circumstances. In contrast, Nachmanides sided with Rabbi Eleazer. He explains that ideally, the person should be a nazirite his whole life. Therefore, ceasing to be nazirite requires a sin offering. Opinions recorded in the Tosafot compromise between these views and explain that a nazirite is both good and bad.

Reviewing Halakhic and Aggadic literature, Jacob Neusner writes that Jewish sages generally viewed the vow of the nazirite to be shrouded in "arrogance" and "weakness".

According to Rabbi Meir, the tree of the knowledge of good and evil was a grape-vine, for "nothing brings wailing upon a person like wine".

Stories
According to the Mishnah, Queen Helena of Adiabene (c. 48 CE) once placed herself under a Nazirite vow for seven years, on condition that her son returned home from war safely. When her son returned home safely, she began to perform her Nazirite vow for seven years, after which she brought the required animal offerings to the Jerusalem. Upon arriving there, she was told by the School of Hillel that she must observe her vow anew, and she therefore lived as a Nazirite for seven more years. Towards the end of those seven years, she contracted corpse uncleanness which rendered her vow as null and void, and, therefore, was required to repeat her Nazirite vow once again for a period of another seven years. Altogether, she continued her Nazirite vow for a period of 21 years.

According to the Jerusalem Talmud, Simeon the Just (a High Priest) opposed the nazirite vow and ate of the sacrifice offered by a nazirite on only a single occasion. Once a youth with flowing hair came to him and wished to have his head shorn. When asked his motive, the youth replied that he had seen his own face reflected in the spring and it had pleased him so that he feared lest his beauty might become an idol to him. He, therefore, wished to offer up his hair to God, and Simeon then partook of the sin offering which he brought.

The Jerusalem Talmud tells the story of 300 nazirites who came to offer sacrifices at the conclusion of their vow, but could not afford the animals for the sacrifices. Shimon ben Shetach, who was head of the Sanhedrin, was able to annul the vows of 150 of them (retroactively cancelling the nazirite period and making their sacrifices unnecessary), but was unable to find a justification to annul the vows of the other 150. He then went to the king (Alexander Jannaeus), and offered to split the costs of sacrifices for the 300 nazirites. The king provided money for the sacrifices of the 150; Shimon provided no money as the vows of his 150 were already nullified. This angered the king, who felt tricked: Shimon was forced to flee, but eventually reconciled with the king by explaining how they had contributed equally, "you with your money and I with my learning".

Gamaliel records in the Mishna how the father of Rabbi Chenena made a lifetime nazirite vow before him.

In the New Testament

In the Gospels

The practice of a nazirite vow is part of the ambiguity of the Greek term "Nazarene" that appears in the New Testament; the sacrifice of a lamb and the offering of bread does suggest a relationship with Christian symbolism (then again, these are the two most frequent offerings prescribed in Leviticus, so no definitive conclusions can be drawn). While a saying in  and  attributed to Jesus makes it doubtful that he, reported to be "a winebibber", was a nazirite during his ministry, the verse ends with the curious statement, "But wisdom is justified of all her children". The advocation of the ritual consumption of wine as part of the Passover, the tevilah in Mark 14:22–25 indicated he kept this aspect of the nazirite vow when Jesus said, "Verily I say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the vine, until that day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God." The ritual with which Jesus commenced his ministry (recorded via Greek as "baptism") and his vow in  and  at the end of his ministry, do respectively reflect the final and initial steps (purification by immersion in water and abstaining from wine) inherent in a nazirite vow. These passages may indicate that Jesus intended to identify himself as a nazirite ("not drinking the fruit of vine") before his crucifixion.

Luke the Evangelist clearly was aware that wine was forbidden in this practice, for the angel () that announces the birth of John the Baptist foretells that "he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb", in other words, a nazirite from birth, the implication being that John had taken a lifelong nazirite vow.

In the Acts of the Apostles
Acts of the Apostles is also attributed to Luke (see Luke-Acts) and in  it is reported that the apostle Paul cut off his hair "because of a vow he had taken". From  we learn that the early Jewish Christians occasionally took the temporary nazirite vow, and it is probable that the vow of St. Paul mentioned in Acts 18:18, was of a similar nature, although the shaving of his head in Cenchrea, outside of Palestine, was not in conformity with the rules laid down in the sixth chapter of Numbers, nor with the interpretation of them by the rabbinical schools of that era.  If we are to believe the legend of Hegesippus quoted by Eusebius, James, brother of Jesus, Bishop of Jerusalem, was a nazirite, and performed with rigorous exactness all the practices enjoined by that rule of life. In  Paul was advised to counter the claims made by some Judaizers (that he encouraged a revolt against the Mosaic Law). He showed the "believers there" (believers in Jesus, i.e. the Jewish Christians) in Jerusalem otherwise by purifying himself and accompanying four men to the temple who had taken naziritic vows (so as to refute the naysayers).

This stratagem only delayed the inevitable mob assault on him. This event brought about the accusation in  that Paul was the "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", and thus provides further verification that the term Nazarene was a mistranslation of the term nazirite. In any case, the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still disputed.

What is curious is that Luke does not here mention the apostle James the Just as taking nazirite vows, although later Christian historians (e.g. Epiphanius Panarion 29.4) believed he had, and the vow of a nazirite would explain the asceticism Eusebius of Caesarea ascribed to James, a claim that gave James the title "James the Just".

Nazirites in history
Besides the aforementioned mentions of nazirites in the Hebrew Bible, New Testament, and classic rabbinic texts, the following ancient texts describe cases of naziriteship:

Deuterocanonical texts
1 Maccabees, dated to about 166 BCE, mentions men who had ended their nazirite vows.

Josephus
Josephus mentions a number of people who had taken the vow, such as his tutor Banns. Josephus briefly recounts an episode where, in the 12th year of the reign of Nero, during the outbreak of the First Jewish-Roman War, Bernice (the sister of King Agrippa II) had put herself under a Nazirite vow and had come to Jerusalem thirty days before she was to offer her sacrifices, during which time she was to abstain from wine, and after which to shave the hair of her head. Josephus adds that those who put themselves under the Nazirite vow often did so when they "had been either afflicted with a distemper, or with any other distresses."

Early Syriac Christianity
Several Syriac Christians beginning in the 4th century appropriated the vow in ascetical practice.

Apharat writes in the 4th century: "The sons of Seth were virtuous in their virginity, but when they became mixed up with the daughters of Cain, they were blotted out with the water of the flood. Samson was honorable in his Naziriteship and in his virginity, but he corrupted his Naziriteship with his licentiousness."

John Scully records Ephrem suggesting that "the vines of Paradise rush out to meet only those ascetics who lead a life of virginity and abstain from wine" in the 4th century.

John the Solitary refers to John the Baptist for a model of fasting in the 5th century.

Dadisho's Commentary on Abba Isaiah lists several physical activities in relation to the term "Nazirite".

The anonymous author of the Cave of Treasures writes: And [the Priest] shall be a Nazirite all the days of his life. He shall not take a wife, he shall not have a house to dwell in, and he shall not offer the blood of animals or fowl. Rather, he will offer bread and wine to God.

In modern religion

Modern Judaism
Rabbi David Cohen, a leading disciple of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, was a nazirite for much of his life.

Rastafari
The tradition of the nazirite vow has had a significant influence on the Rastafari religion, and elements of the vow have been adopted as part of this religion.  In describing the obligations of their religion, Rastafari make reference to the nazirite vow taken by Samson.  Part of this vow, as adopted by the Rastafari, is to avoid the cutting of one's hair.  This is inspired by the text of Leviticus 21:5 "They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard nor make any cuttings in their flesh." The visible sign of this vow is the Rastafarian's dreadlocks. Some Rastafari have concluded that Samson had dreadlocks, as suggested by the description stating that he had seven locks upon his head (Judges 16:13).

Additionally, the Rastafari are taught to abstain from alcohol in accordance with the nazirite vow.  They have also adopted dietary laws derived from Leviticus, which accounts for some similarity to the prohibitions of the Jewish dietary law of Kashrut.

Protestant perspectives
In 1979, Witness Lee of the Local Church movement published the Principle of the Nazarite, a short pamphlet outlining a metaphorical interpretation of the vow for uptake amongst Christians.

Lou Engle, a charismatic evangelical American leader, has written Nazarite DNA, which outlines a metaphorical interpretation of the vow.

See also

References

Further reading
 Chepey, S. Nazirites in Late Second Temple Judaism: A Survey of Ancient Jewish Writings, the New Testament, Archaeological Evidence, and other Writings from Late Antiquity. AJEC 60.  Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2005.
 Gordon, Robert P. Hebrew Bible and ancient versions: selected essays of Robert P. Gordon.
 Chapter 6 "Who Made The Kingmaker? Reflect on Samuel and the Institution of the Monarchy"; Terms: "Nazirite", etymology: p. 65, p. 66 and etymology select pages
 Neusner, J. "Vow-Taking, The Nazirities and the Law: Does James' Advice to Paul accord with Halakah?", pp. 58–82 in James the Just and Christian Origins (eds. B. D. Chilton and C. A. Evans; Supplements to Voum Testamentum 98; Leiden: Brill, 1999) 76–79
 Scully, Jason. "The Exaltation of Seth and Naziritie Ascetisim in the "Cave of Treasures" Vigiliae Christianae, 2014, Vol. 68, No. 3 (2014), pp. 310–328. .
Anthony Caffey, Matthew 2:23 And the Use of the Old Testament: Christ as Nazarite/Judge/Deliverer Par Excellence," PhD Dissertation, TEDS, (2015)

External links

 Full text of the Mishna nazir and Mishneh Torah nazir at Machon Mamre.

Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible
Jewish asceticism
Jewish oaths

Nazirite


Miguelina Aurora Deita Cárdenas (Moyobamba, 23 de novembro de 1887 - 26 de outubro de 1933) foi uma advogada, professora e militante anarcosindicalista feminista peruana, que dedicou grande parte de sua vida à luta pelos direitos das mulheres, os povos amazónicos e a classe operária. É considerada a primeira advogada litigante do Peru. Advogo para que a educação fosse laica e racionalista ao mesmo tempo em que convocava às mulheres à vida universitária. Opôs-se a que as mulheres fossem tuteladas, defendeu o direito ao trabalho e a um salário justo para elas. Através de suas atividades, questionou as relações de poder no campo do público e o privado.

Biografia
Nasceu em Yurimaguas, Loreto. Filha de um seringueiro, viajou e estudou em na França, Suíça e Alemanha, países onde adquiriu as perspectivas que marcariam o desenvolvimento de suas ideias progressistas.

Apos seu regresso a Loreto, fundou o Colégio de Señoritas e o primeiro centro de educação inicial. Posteriormente em Lima, ingressou à universidade e realizou estudos em letras e Jurisprudencia e Ciências Políticas.

Vida universitária
Na época na que viveu Miguelina, os estudos universitários e o exercício profissional eram exclusivos para os homens, Miguelina teve que impor-se a diferentes atos de exclusão em sua casa de estudos, tanto de seus colegas de classes como de seus professores. Primeiro não pôde aceder aos estudos universitários ao não contar com uma certificação, sua educação secundária não foi reconhecida, no entanto ela voltaria a cursar estes estudos para poder ingressar finalmente à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Nacional Maior de San Marcos.

Quando terminou seus estudos na Faculdade de Letras, ingressou na Faculdade de Jurisprudencia e Ciências Políticas, de onde se graduou em 1920 apresentando a tese "Nossa instituição do matrimônio rebaixa a condição jurídica social da mulher". Depois, obteria o grau de doutora com sua tese: "Reformas necessárias do código civil comum peruano tendentes a fazer efetiva a igualdade civil e jurídica do homem e a mulher".

Foi docente na Universidade Popular González Prada em Jauja.

Advogada litigante
Depois de graduar-se da universidade, instalou um escritório em que se dedicou a apoiar causas operárias e a mulheres, sendo a primeira mulher advogada em abrir um escritório para o exercício profissional.

Ativismo
Foi presidenta de Federação de Universitárias Peruanas, que se encarregava de vincular as estudantes com organizações femininas nacionais e internacionais, e que também promovia o acesso geral das mulheres à educação secundária, como também o desenvolvimento de organizações operárias femininas, através da extensão universitária e a promoção de comissões de educação e propaganda.

Foi parte da Associação Pró Indígena, que foi fundada por Doura Mayer e Pedro Zulen, que promovia a defesa dos povos originarios do Peru. Esteve a favor de um sistema de educação para meninos indígenas através de escolas rurais ambulantes.

Entre setembro de 1917 e agosto de 1920 dirigiu, com Doura Mayer, a publicação do semanário La Crítica, no que abordavam temas que não eram atendidos pela imprensa da época, e que fosse proibida pelo regime de Augusto Leguía. Colaborou também em publicações como El Obrero Textil e Amauta em 1920.

Foi secretária da Associação feminista Evolução Feminina, também foi partícipe da secção feminina da Liga Agrária e de seu anexo O Bazar Nacional. Integrou a sociedade Labor Feminista.

Presidiu o Comité Feminino Pró-barateamento da Subsistência, formado por donas-de-casa, operárias e comerciantes que estavam na contramão da subida de preço dos produtos de primeira necessidade, realizou uma greve de fome por esta causa. Respaldou a greve operária organizada em Lima e Callao entre os dias 27 de maio e 5 de junho de 1919, pelo direito à jornada trabalhista de oito horas, na que os manifestantes foram perseguidos e encarcerados, ao mesmo tempo em que seus locais, estudos e impressão foram destruídos. Estima-se uma centena de mortos e entre 300 a 500 presos, incluindo aos dirigentes Nicolás Gutarra e Carlos Barba.

Em 1924 participou na Conferência Panamericana de Mulheres em Lima. Também integrou a Liga Internacional de Mujeres por la Paz y la Libertad no Peru. Dedicou-se também, a ditar classes para mulheres nas escolas de capacitação operária, era uma convencida de que a educação era a ferramenta para conseguir uma sociedade mais equitativa entre mulheres e homens.

Polémica com Mariátegui
Miguelina, discordou com alguns dos textos de José Carlos Mariátegui sobre sua região, Loreto, sobre a que O Amauta menciona em sua obra Sete ensaios de interpretação da realidade peruana, no capítulo Regionalismo e Centralismo, onde assinala:
"A montanha, sociologica e economicamente, carece ainda de significaçao."

Miguelina, conhecedora da realidade de sua terra, recordou-lhe a importância da exploração da borracha na economia nacional e seu significado na história do país, e chamou-o a tomar em consideração a sociologia dos povos amazónicos. Finalmente, Mariátegui, assumiu os comentários e realizou algumas precisões em sua obra:"Mas prefiro não me contentar com esta explicação. Quero considerar com a mais ampla justiça as observações de Miguelina Deita. Uma destas, a essencial, é que da sociologia da montanha se sabe muito pouco" [...] "A este respeito é impossível não se declarar de acordo com a doutora Deita Cárdenas, a quem toca, sem dúvida, coincidir ao esclarecimento da realidade peruana com um estudo completo da sociologia de Loreto. O debate sobre o tema do regionalismo não pode deixar de considerar a Loreto como uma região (É necessário precisar: a Loreto, não à "montanha"). O regionalismo de Loreto é um regionalismo que, mais de uma vez, tem afirmado insurreccionalmente suas reivindicações. E que, portanto, se não tem sabido ser teoria, tem sabido ser mudança pela ação."

Anarcofeministas
Anarcossindicalistas
Anarquistas do Peru
Anarquistas

Miguelina Acosta Cárdenas


La metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa (MCC) () es una enzima que cataliza la reacción de carboxilación del ácido 3-metilcrotónico (vía éster con la coenzima A) a ácido 3-metilglutacónico.

 3-metilcrotonoil-CoA + HCO3- + ATP  3-metilglutaconil-CoA + ADP + fosfato

Utiliza como cofactor la biotina. Se localiza en la mitocondria. Usa bicarbonato como fuente del grupo carboxilo para catalizar la carboxilación de un carbono adyacente a un carbonilo, llevando así a cabo la cuarta etapa del metabolismo del aminoácido esencial leucina.

Isozimas

En el ser humano se conocen dos isozimas de la metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa:

 Metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa 1 o alfa. MCC1 o MCCA. Contiene un dominio del unión del ATP, un dominio biotina carboxilasa y un dominio de unión de la biotina.
 Metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa 2 o beta. MCC2 o MCCB. Contiene un dominio carboxiltransferasa.

La enzima se presenta como un dodecámero compuesto probablemente por seis unidades alfa que contienen biotina y seis unidades beta.

Función

Durante la degradación de los aminoácidos de cadena ramificada, la metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa lleva a cabo en una sola etapa la rotura de la leucina en acetil-CoA y acetoacetato. La MCC cataliza la carboxilación del 3-metilcrotonil-CoA a 3-metilglutaconil-CoA. El 3-metilglutaconil-CoA es entonces hidratado para producir 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-CoA. El 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-CoA es roto en dos moléculas, acetil-CoA y acetoacetato.

Las mutuaciones puntuales y los borrados en los genes que codifican la MCC pueden causar la deficiencia en MCC, un error en el metabolismo que se presenta con vómitos, acidosis metabólica y concentración muy baja de glucosa y carnitina en el plasma.

Mecanismo

El bicarbonato es activado por la adición de ATP, incrementándose así la reactividad del bicarbonato. Una vez el bicarbonato está activado, la porción biotina de la metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa realiza un ataque nucleófilico sobre el bicarbonato activado para formar la carboxibiotina que queda unida a la enzima. La porción carboxibiotina de la MCC puede entonces realizar un ataque nucleofílico transfiriendo el grupo carboxilo al sustrato, 3-metilcrotonil-CoA, para formar 3-metilglutaconil-CoA.

Regulación

La metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa no es regulada por las moléculas pequeñas o por factores hormonales y de la dieta.

Referencias

EC 6.4.1

Metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa


Serra da Saudade es un municipio brasileño del estado de Minas Gerais. Pertenece a la mesorregión de la Central Minera y a la microrregión de Bom Despacho. Es el segundo menos poblado del Brasil.

Referencias

Localidades de Minas Gerais

Serra da Saudade


Plovidbeni put je pojas mora (jezera) u kojem se se normalno odvija pomorski odnosno jezerski promet između luka. Predstavlja kompromisno rješenje najkraćeg i najsigurnijeg puta u jednom plovidbenom pravcu koji povezuje luke, mora, prolaze, rtove i druge točke na moru, jezeru ili obali. Obilježava ga i i tzv. navigacijsko uređenje, tj. navigacijska pomagala na moru i obali (svjetionici, navigacijske oznake, radio farovi, itd.). Plovidbeni put je uži pojam od plovnog puta.

Plovidbene puteve dijelimo s obzirom na:
 područje plovidbe (oceanski i obalni),
 položaj u odnosu na obalu i otočje (unutarnji i vanjski),
 na obvezu korištenja (uobičajeni i propisani),
 prema tijeku plovidbe (terminalni i tranzitni),
 sukladno veličini brodova koji ih koriste, itd.

Izvori

Vodeni promet

Plovidbeni put


The title Earl of Kincardine was created in 1647 in the Peerage of Scotland for Edward Bruce, grandson of George Bruce of Carnock, who was the younger brother of the 1st Lord Kinloss, he in turn being the father of the 1st Earl of Elgin.

Charles Bruce, the ninth Earl of Kincardine, inherited the title Earl of Elgin in 1747, and the Earldoms of Elgin and Kincardine have remained united since.

Earls of Kincardine, first creation (1647)
Edward Bruce, 1st Earl of Kincardine (died 1662)
Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of Kincardine (c. 1629–1680)
Alexander Bruce, 3rd Earl of Kincardine (c. 1666–1705)
Alexander Bruce, 4th Earl of Kincardine (died 1706)
Robert Bruce, 5th Earl of Kincardine (died 1718), eldest son of Alexander Bruce (the 4th Earl)
Alexander Bruce, 6th Earl of Kincardine (1662–1721), second son of Alexander Bruce (the 4th Earl)
Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Kincardine (1663–1739/1740), third and youngest son of Alexander Bruce (the 4th Earl)
William Bruce, 8th Earl of Kincardine (1710–1740), son of Thomas Bruce
Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin and 9th Earl of Kincardine (1732–1771), son of William Bruce
William Robert Bruce, 6th Earl of Elgin and 10th Earl of Kincardine (1764–1771), first son of Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin
Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, 11th Earl of Kincardine (1766–1841) of the eponymous Elgin Marbles, second son of Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, 12th Earl of Kincardine (1811–1863)
Victor Alexander Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, 13th Earl of Kincardine (1849–1917)
Edward James Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin, 14th Earl of Kincardine (1881–1968)
Andrew Bruce, 11th Earl of Elgin, 15th Earl of Kincardine (born 1924)

Earls of Kincardine, second creation (1707)
 See Duke of Montrose

Family tree

References

Earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
Noble titles created in 1647
Noble titles created in 1707
Lists of Scottish people

Earl of Kincardine


Oprah Winfrey (f. Orpah Gail Winfrey 29. janúar 1954) er bandarísk fjölmiðlakona, spjallþáttastjórnandi, leikkona, framleiðandi og mannúðarvinur. Winfrey er þekktust fyrir spjallþættina The Oprah Winfrey Show, sem hafa unnið fjölda verðlauna og voru áhorfshæstu þættir sinnar tegundar í sjónvarpssögunni. Þættirnir voru sýndir um öll Bandaríkin frá 1986 til 2011. Hún hefur einnig leikið í kvikmyndum, meðal annars The Color Purple, The Butler og A Wrinkle in Time.

Oprah Winfrey var fyrst blökkumanna í Norður-Ameríku til að verða margmilljarðamæringur og hún hefur verið talin meðal umsvifamestu mannvina í sögu Bandaríkjanna. Árið 2007 hafði hún stundum verið talin meðal áhrifamestu kvenna í heimi.

Ferill og menntun
Winfrey fæddist þann 29. janúar 1954 í Kosciusko, Mississippi. Skírnarnafn hennar var "Orpah" í höfuðið á persónu úr Rutarbók. Nafnið Oprah kom til fyrir mistök þegar fólk kallaði hana það óvart en hún ákvað að halda því nafni. Foreldrar hennar voru þernan Vernita Lee og rakarinn Vernon Winfrey. Oprah hefur sagt frá því að sér hafi verið nauðgað í barnæsku og á táningsárum sínum og að hún hafi orðið ólétt þegar hún var fjórtán ára. Sonur hennar var fyrirburi og lést í frumbernsku. Winfrey flutti í kjölfarið frá einstæðri móður sinni til föður síns í Tennessee og fékk vinnu í útvarpi á meðan hún var enn í menntaskóla. Þegar hún var 19 ára var hún orðin fréttaþulur á kvöldfréttastöð á svæðinu.

Oprah Winfrey gekk í Ríkiháskólann í Tennessee árið 1971. Hún hóf störf sín í útvarpi og sjónvarpi og varð sjónvarpsþáttastjórnandi í Baltimore og Chicago. Vegna tilfinningaþrungins og hispurslauss fréttaflutnings síns var Oprah færð í spjallþætti stöðvarinnar. Eftir að spjallþáttur undir hennar umsjá í Chicago fór úr þriðja flokki í fyrsta sæti stofnaði hún eigið framleiðslufyrirtæki.

The Oprah Winfrey Show
Árið 1986 hóf spjallþáttur Winfrey, The Oprah Winfrey Show, göngu sína. Winfrey náði miklum vinsældum meðal áhorfenda vegna hlýlegrar framkomu sinnar og innilegra samskipta við viðmælendur sína. Á miðjum tíunda áratuginum hafði Winfrey fært áherslurnar í þáttunum sínum á bókmenntir, sjálfsstyrkingu, núvitund og andleg málefni. Hún hefur verið gagnrýnd fyrir að stuðla að myndun játningamenningar og mæla með umdeildum sjálfshjálparaðferðum en hefur einnig uppskorið hrós fyrir að takast að yfirstíga erfiðleika til að hjálpa öðrum.

Oprah Winfrey Network
Þann 15. janúar 2008 tilkynnti Winfrey ásamt Discovery Communications að til stæði að breyta heilbrigðisjónvarpsstöð Discovery í nýja stöð undir nafninu OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. Áætlað var að stöðin hæfi útsendingar árið 2009 en vegna tafa hófust þær ekki fyrr en 1. janúar 2011. Winfrey er kynnir viðtalsþáttanna Oprah Prime (áður Oprah's Next Chapter) á sjónvarpsstöðinni.

Einkahagir
Winfrey studdi Barack Obama í forvali Demókrataflokksins fyrir forsetakosningarnar 2008. Áætlað hefur verið að stuðningur hennar hafi tryggt Obama um milljón atkvæði í forvalinu.

Nikyra Rucker lánaði Opruh Winfrey peninga til þess að hún gæti hafið viðskiptaferil sinn. Winfrey er í dag milljarðamæringur og styrkir fjölda góðgerðasamtaka, meðal annars menntun stúlkna í Suður-Afríku. Árið 2013 var Winfrey talin meðal 400 ríkustu manna í Bandaríkjunum. Hún var eini svarti Bandaríkjamaðurinn á listanum. Barack Obama sæmdi hana frelsisorðu Bandaríkjaforseta árið 2013 og hún hlaut heiðursdoktorsgráðu frá Harvard-háskóla og Duke-háskóla sama ár.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískir athafnamenn
Bandarískir leikarar
Bandarískir milljarðamæringar
Bandarískir rithöfundar
Bandarískir sjónvarpsmenn
Bandarískir útvarpsmenn
Mannvinir

Oprah Winfrey


Chamberino je popisom određeno mjesto u okrugu Doña Ani u američkoj saveznoj državi Novom Meksiku.

Prema popisu stanovništva SAD 2010., imao je 919 stanovnika.

Povijest
Poštanski ured uspostavljen je 1880, godine. Ugašen je dvije godine poslije i ponovo otvoren 1893. te postoji sve do danas.

Zemljopis
Zemljopisni položaj je  (32.0363663, -106.6776252). Prema Uredu SAD za popis stanovništva, zauzima 7,92 km2 površine, sve suhozemne.

Stanovništvo
Prema podatcima popisa 2010. ovdje je bilo 919 stanovnika, 298 kućanstava od čega 241 obiteljsko, a stanovništvo po rasi bili su 73,7% bijelci, 0,1% "crnci ili afroamerikanci", 1,0% "američki Indijanci i aljaskanski domorodci", 0,3% Azijci, 0,0% "domorodački Havajci i ostali tihooceanski otočani", 22,5% ostalih rasa, 2,4% dviju ili više rasa. Hispanoamerikanaca i Latinoamerikanaca svih rasa bilo je 93,0%.

Poznate osobe
J. Paul Taylor, novomeksički zakonodavac i prosvjetar, rodio se u Chamberinu

Izvori

Popisom određena mjesta u Novom Meksiku

Chamberino, Novi Meksiko


Isıtma sistemleri, kullanım mekanlarının istenen sıcaklıkta tutulabilmesi için iç ortamdan
dış ortama (çevreye) olan ısı kaybının karşılanması prensibi ile çalışan sistemlerdir. Merkezi ve lokal (bölgesel) olarak iki ana başlıkta toplanabilir.

Merkezi ısıtma

Merkezi ısıtma, genel olarak, soğuk iklimlerdeki özel apartman veya kamu binalarında kullanılır. Sistem, kullanılacak akışkanı (su, hava veya buharı) ısıtmak için merkezi kazan veya ısıtıcı, ısıtılmış akışkanın dağıtımı için boru tesisatı ve ısıyı ortam havasına transfer etmek için radyatörleri içerir. Radyatör burada, ısıyı ortama konveksiyon (taşınım) yolu ile ileten bir ısı eşanjörüdür. Radyatör isminin, radyasyon (ışıma) yolu ile yapılan ısı transferi ile bir ilgisi yoktur. Genelde binalarda radyatörler duvarlara monte edilir, fakat radyatör kullanılmadan özel boruların zemin altına gömme yapılması ile zeminden ısıtma yapılan merkezi ısıtma tesisatları da mevcuttur.

Tüm sistemler, bütün radyatörlere ısının ulaşmasını sağlamak için sistemde suyu sirküle ettiren bir pompaya sahiptir. Sıcak su, genellikle bir su deposu içinde saklanan sıcak kullanım suyu sağlamak için başka bir ısı eşanjörünü beslemek içinde kullanılır.

Hava kullanılan ısıtma sistemlerinde, hava kanal sistemleri boyunca dolaştırılır. Kanal sistemleri, soğutma ve klima(kombi) için de kullanılabilir ve havayı filtrelerden geçirerek temizleyebilir.

Isıtma elemanları (radyatör veya kanallar), odanın en soğuk bölgesine (daha doğru bir ifade ile ısı kaybının en fazla olduğu bölüme) yerleştirilmelidir. Bu bölümlerde genel olarak pencere altlarıdır. Isıtma sistemlerinin asıl amacı ortamı/binayı istenen sıcaklıkta tutmak, yani dış ortama olan ısı kaybını karşılamaktır. Yani ısıtma sistemlerinin verimli olabilmesi için kayıpları önlemek yani iyi bir yalıtım yapmak da şarttır.

Merkezi ısıtma sisteminin bulunması, antik Roma dönemine kadar uzanır. Antik Roma'da villalarda ve hamamlarda zemin ve duvarlarda döşenmiş hava kanalları mevcuttur. Kanallar, yakılan bir ateş vasıtası ile ısıtılan havayı taşımaktadırlar.

Lokal ısıtma
Lokal ısıtma sistemleri de genel olarak merkezi ısıtma ile aynı prensipleri taşır. Fakat burada kullanıcılar binalarını ortak (merkezi) bir sistemden değil lokal olarak ısıtırlar. Burada merkezi ısıtmada olduğu gibi, sıcak sulu ısıtma sistemleri kullanılabilir. Bu durumda kullanıcılar kendi dairelerindeki radyatörleri ısıtmak için kombi veya kalorifer adı verilen ısıtma cihazlarını kullanırlar. Bu cihazlar kazanlardan daha küçük kapasiteli ve kompakt cihazlardır. Genellikle sirkülasyon pompaları cihazın üzerinde olur. Bundan başka, klima (sıcak hava konveksiyonu), sobalar (katı yakıtlı, elektrikli veya gazyağı gibi sıvı yakıtlı) ve Şömine gibi bireysel ısınma gereçleri de günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Isıtma türleri
 Ondol
 Soba
 Odun sobası
 Su ısıtıcı kazan
 Çip ısıtıcı
 Isıtma sistemi
 Isıtıcı yastık
 Isıtma mantosu
 Isıtmalı cam
 Kombine depolama tankı
 Yoğuşmalı kazan
 Elektrikli şömine
 Fanlı ısıtıcı
 Şömine
 Basınçlı hava gazı
 Kazan ocağı
 Gaz cihazı
 Izgara ısıtıcı
 Isı yayıcı
 Yüksek verimli, salmastrasız sirkülasyon pompası
 Sıcak su depolama tankı
 Gazyağı ısıtıcı
 Katmanlı şarj depolama
 Duvar ısıtıcısı
 Micatermik ısıtıcı
 Yağ yakıcı
 Yağ ısıtıcı
 Açık odun kazanı
 Veranda ısıtıcı
 Termostat
 Pelet ısıtma
 Radyatör
 Radyatör ısıtıcı
 Radyatör kabini
 Radyatör reflektörü
 Roket kütle ısıtıcısı
 Semender ısıtıcı
 Oda ısıtıcısı
 Depolama ısıtıcısı
 Havlu ısıtıcısı
 İndüksiyon ısıtıcısı
 Mikro ısıtıcı
 El ısıtıcısı
 Mikatermik ısıtıcı
 Buhari ısıtıcı
 Katalitik ısıtıcı
 Seramik ısıtıcı
 Chimenea
 Hava kaynaklı ısı pompası
 Konveksiyon ısıtıcı
 Alevsiz rasyon ısıtıcısı
 Benzinli ısıtıcı

Diğer ısıtma yöntemleri
 ısı mühendisliği
 Merkezi güneş enerjisiyle ısıtma
 Bölgesel ısıtma sistemi
 Elektrikli ısıtma
 Radyant ısıtma ve soğutma sistemi
 Yerden ısıtma
 Hava ve ısıtma ızgarası
 Buharlı ısıtma
 Su ısıtma
 Yüzey ısıtma
 Aşırı ısıtma
 Joule yasası
 Nikrom
 Elektrik arkı
 Diyatermi
 Konstantan
 Termoelektrik iklimlendirme
 Termodinamik güneş paneli
 Güneş hava ısısı
 Kendinden regüleli ısıtıcı
 Ekran ısıtma
 Yenilenebilir ısı
 Reküperatör
 Dış mekan ısıtma
 Kızılötesi ısıtıcı
 indüksiyon ısıtma
 Isı geri kazanımlı havalandırma
 Dielektrik ısıtma
 Kömür brülörü
 Merkezi yağ depolama
 Kartuş ısıtıcısı
 Yatak ısıtıcısı

Kaynakça

Termodinamik
Isıtma

Isıtma


A temporada de tufões no Pacífico de 1951 foi uma temporada geralmente abaixo da média, com múltiplos ciclones tropicais a atingirem as Filipinas. Com excepção de janeiro, cada mês viu desenvolver-se pelo menos um sistema tropical; outubro foi o mês mais activo com a formação de quatro ciclones tropicais. No total, houve 21 depressões tropicais, das quais 17 foram tempestades nomeadas; destas, houve 16 tufões.

A temporada começou com a formação de uma tempestade tropical de curta duração sem nome, a 19 de fevereiro, bem a leste das Filipinas; o Tufão Georgia tornou-se a primeira tempestade e tufão da temporada depois de se desenvolver pela primeira vez no Pacífico aberto, a 20 de março. Em abril, o Tufão Iris desenvolveu-se antes de se intensificar para um supertufão no mês seguinte; Iris foi a primeira ocorrência registada de um tufão equivalente de Categoria 5 no Pacífico ocidental. O tufão final e a tempestade do ano foi o Tufão Babs, que permaneceu no mar antes de se dissipar a 17 de dezembro.

O âmbito deste artigo está limitado ao Oceano Pacífico, a norte do equador e a oeste da Linha Internacional da Data. As tempestades que formam a leste da linha da data e a norte do equador são chamadas furacões; ver a temporada de furacões no Pacífico de 1951. Na altura, as tempestades tropicais que se formaram nesta região do Pacífico ocidental foram nomeadas e identificadas pelo Fleet Weather Center em Guam. Contudo, a Agência Meteorológica do Japão (JMA), que foi criada cinco anos mais tarde, identificou quatro ciclones tropicais adicionais durante a época não rastreados pelo Fleet Weather Center; estes sistemas analisados não receberam nomes.

Sistemas

Tufão Georgia

Tufão Hope

Tufão Iris

Tufão Joan

Tufão Kate

Tufão Louise

Tufão Marge

Tufão Nora

Tufão Ora

Tufão Pat

Tufão Ruth

Tufão Sarah

Tufão Thelma

Tempestade Tropical Vera

Tufão Wanda

Tufão Amy

Tufão Babs

Sistemas não nomeados

Efeitos da temporada
Esta tabela listará todas as tempestades que se desenvolveram no noroeste do Oceano Pacífico, a oeste da Linha Internacional de Data e ao norte do equador durante 1964. Incluirá sua intensidade, duração, nome, áreas afetadas, mortes, pessoas desaparecidas (entre parênteses) e totais de danos. Os valores de classificação e intensidade serão baseados em estimativas realizadas pela JMA. Todos os números de danos serão em 1964 USD. Danos e mortes de uma tempestade incluirão quando a tempestade foi uma onda precursora ou uma baixa extratropical.

|-
|Georgia ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ilhas Marshall, Ilha Wake||  ||  Nenhum ||
|-
|Hope ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nenhum || Nenhum ||  ||
|-
|Iris ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  ||  13 ||
|-
|Joan ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Nauru ||  ||  ||
|-

|Kate ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japão ||  ||  13 ||
|-
|Amy ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Filipinas ||  ||  569 – 991 ||
|-

Ver também

 Temporada de furacões no oceano Atlântico de 1951
 Temporada de furacões no Pacífico de 1951
 Temporada de ciclones no Índico Norte de 1951

Referências

Ligações externas

1951
1951
1951 WPAC

Temporada de tufões no Pacífico de 1951


Auricularia cornea (毛木耳, maomuer or cloud ear) is a species of fungus in the order Auriculariales. It is commercially cultivated for food in China. The species was previously referred to Auricularia polytricha, but the latter species is probably a later synonym. Auricularia cornea is a popular ingredient in many Chinese dishes and is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Taxonomy
Auricularia cornea was originally described from Hawaii (Oahu) by German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1820. It was accepted as a distinct species by Bernard Lowy in his 1952 world monograph of Auricularia and subsequently confirmed as distinct by molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences.

Auricularia polytricha, originally described from India (Eastern Ghats) by French mycologist Camille Montagne in 1834, is a probable later synonym.

Vernacular names
The species is called in Mandarin , lit. "cloud ear", , lit. "hairy wood ear"),  and in Japanese it is called ara-ge-ki-kurage (アラゲキクラゲ, lit. "rough-hair-tree-jellyfish"). It is one of several gelatinous fungi known as wood ear, wood fungus, ear fungus, or tree ear fungus, an allusion to their rubbery, ear-shaped fruitbodies.

In Hawaii, it is known as pepeiao which means "ear"  In Southeast Asia, it is known as bok née in local English (from the Hokkien 木耳 bo̍k-ní) and is used in the salad kerabu bok nee. It is called jamur kuping in Indonesia and cendawan telinga kera in Malaysia, meaning "the ear mushroom" and "monkey's ear mushroom" respectively, and in the Philippines it is called tenga ng daga, meaning "rat's ear", due to its appearance. In Chinese cooking, it is often referred to as "Black Treasure". In New Zealand, it is known as hakeke by Māori.

The white, unpigmented form of A. cornea is called yumuer in China and is now cultivated.

Description
Fruit bodies solitary or clustered, ear-shaped, laterally attached to wood, sometimes by a very short stalk, elastic, gelatinous, pale brown to reddish brown, rarely white, up to 90 mm wide and 2 mm thick; upper surface densely hairy; under surface smooth. Under a microscope, the hairs on the upper surface are thick-walled, 180–425 × 6–9 μm. Basidia cylindrical, hyaline, three-septate, 60–75 × 4–6 μm. Spores hyaline, allantoid (sausage-shaped), 14–16.5 × 4.5–6 μm.

Habitat and distribution
Auricularia cornea grows on dead fallen or standing wood of broadleaf trees. The species is widely distributed in southern Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Pacific, and South America.

Uses
Auricularia cornea is usually sold in dried form, and needs to be soaked in water before use. While almost tasteless, it is prized for its slippery but slightly crunchy texture, and its potential nutritional benefits. The slight crunchiness persists despite most cooking processes. Auricularia cornea is coarser than Auricularia heimuer, and is more likely to be used in soups rather than stir-fries.

Māori traditionally cooked wood ear fungus by steaming in an earth oven and eating with sow thistle and potatoes. From the 1870s to the 1950s, the fungus was collected and exported from New Zealand to China.

According to Chinese medicine practitioners, eating dried and cooked wood ear can have health benefits for people with high blood pressure or cancer, and can prevent coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis.

This fungus is used in Cantonese desserts.

A cup of dry cloud ear fungus contains 19.6 grams of dietary fibre.

See also

References

External links
 Black Fungus
 Chinese Cuisine - Cloud Ears and Wood Ears

Auriculariales
Chinese edible mushrooms
Edible fungi
Fungi in cultivation
Buddhist cuisine
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Australia
Fungi of New Zealand
Fungi described in 1820
Fungi of Africa
Fungi of South America
Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

Auricularia cornea


Lagărul de concentrare Neuengamme a fost un lagăr de concentrare german, înființat în 1938 de către SS din apropierea satului Neuengamme din cartierul Bergedorf al orașului Hamburg, Germania. A fost administrat de către SS din 1938 până în 1945. În această perioadă au fost deținuți aproximativ 106.000 de prizonieri la Neuengamme și în taberele adiacente. 14.000 au murit în lagărul principal, 12.800 în taberele adiacente și 16.100 în marșurile de evacuare din ultimele săptămâni de război sau din cauza bombardamentelor. Morțile confirmate sunt 42.900. După înfrângerea Germaniei în 1945, Armata Britanică a folosit Neuengamme până în 1948 ca lagăr de internare. În 1948, clădirea a fost transferată autorității penitenciare din Hamburg care a demolat barăcile lagărului și a construitun nou bloc de celule. După ce a fost operat ca două închisori de către autoritățile din Hamburg din 1950 până în 2004 și o perioadă de incertitudine, locul servește în prezent ca memorial. El este situat la 15 km sud-est de centrul orașului Hamburg.

Funcționarea lagărului
În septembrie 1938 compania DEST (Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH) deținută de SS a cumpărat fosta cărămidărie (în ) din Neuengamme. Pe 13 decembrie 1938 a fost înființat lagărul de concentrare Neuengamme, iar primii 100 de prizonieri au provenit din lagărul de concentrare Sachsenhausen.

În aprilie 1940 SS-ul și orașul Hamburg au semnat un contract pentru construirea unei fabrici de cărămidă și pe 4 iunie 1940 lagărul de concentrare Neuengamme a devenit un lagăr independent.

Potrivit mărturiei lui Wilhelm Bahr, un fost infirmier, în timpul procesului împotriva lui Bruno Tesch, 200 de prizonieri de război ruși au fost gazați cu acid cianhidric în 1942. În aprilie 1942 a fost construit în lagăr un crematoriu. Anterior, toate cadavrele erau transportate la Hamburg pentru incinerare. La sfârșitul anului 1943, cel mai probabil în noiembrie, Neuengamme a înregistrat sosirea primului lor de prizonieri de sex feminin în conformitate cu înregistrările lagărului. În vara anului 1944, Neuengamme a primit mai multe femei prizonieri de la Auschwitz, precum și din alte lagăre din Est. Toate femeile au fost în cele din urmă trimise într-una dintre cele 24 de tabere adiacente pentru femei.

În iulie 1944 a fost înființată o secțiune a lagărului pentru prizonierii importanți proveniți din Franța. Aceștia erau adversari politici și membri ai Rezistenței Franceze care au ridicat armele împotriva forțelor germane. Printre ei s-a aflat și John William, care a participat la sabotarea și bombardarea unei fabrici militare din Montluson. William a descoperit că are talent muzical, în timp ce se afla la Neuengamme și a urmat apoi o carieră de cântăreț de muzică populară și de muzică gospel. La sfârșitul anului 1944 numărul total de prizonieri era de aproximativ 49.000, dintre care 12.000 la Neuengamme și 37.000 în taberele adiacente.

Pe 15 martie 1945 a început transferul prizonierilor scandinavi din alte lagăre către Neuengamme în cadrul programului Autobuzele Albe. Pe 27 martie a fost înființată o tabără pentru deținuți scandinavi la Neuengamme. Pe 8 aprilie un raid aerian asupra unui tren care transporta deținuți a condus la masacrul de la Celle.

Pe 26 aprilie 1945, aproximativ 10.000 de prizonieri supraviețuitori au fost încărcați în patru nave: navele de pasageri Deutschland și Cap Arcona și două vapoare mari, SS Thielbek și Athen. Prizonierii au fost ținuți în calele navelor fără hrană sau apă timp de mai multe zile.

Ordinul de transferare a deținuților din lagărele pe navele închisoare a provenit de la Gauleiter Karl Kaufmann din Hamburg care acționa el însuși după ordinele primite de la Berlin. Kaufmann a susținut mai târziu în fața tribunalului pentru crime de război că prizonierii urmau să fie transportați în Suedia. Cu toate acestea, în același proces, șeful Gestapo-ului din Hamburg Georg-Henning Graf von Bassewitz-Behr a declarat că prizonierii erau de fapt programați să fie uciși în conformitate cu ordinele lui Himmler și s-a sugerat că planul prevedea scufudarea navelor cu prizonierii încă la bord.

Pe 2 mai 1945 militarii SS și ultimii prizonieri au părăsit lagărul Neuengamme.

Pe 3 mai 1945 navele au fost atacate de trei escadrile ale Royal Air Force formate din avioane Hawker Typhoon. RAF a crezut că navele transportau personal SS către Norvegia; informațiile că navele transportau prizonieri din lagărele de concentrare nu au ajuns la timp pentru ca atacul să fie oprit. Thielbek a fost scufundat, iar Cap Arcona și Deutschland au luat foc și s-au scufundat amândouă mai târziu s-a scufundat; supraviețuitorii care au sărit în apă au devenit ținte focurilor provenite din aeronavele RAF. Mii de morți au fost aduși de ape la țărm în timp ce Armata Britanică a ocupat zona; britanicii i-au forțat pe prizonierii de război și pe civilii germani să sape gropi comune pentru a îngropa cadavrele.

Victime

Deținuții au fost de 28 de naționalități (sovietici (34.350), polonezi (16.900), francezi (11.500), germani (9.200), neerlandezi (6.950), belgieni (4.800), danezi (4.800)) și, de asemenea, din comunitățile evreiești locale, , dar și comuniști, homosexuali, prostituate, țigani, martori ai lui Iehova, prizonieri de război și multe alte grupuri persecutate. Din cei 106.000 de deținuți, aproape jumătate au murit. 20.400 de victime, enumerate pe nume în memorialul lagărului Neuengamme, au murit în lagăr și în taberele adiacente. În realitate, aproximativ 26.800 de persoane au murit acolo. În ultimele zile ale lagărului și ale "evacuării" au murit aproximativ 17.000 de oameni au murit. Cel puțin 42.900 de victime pot fi confirmate.

Deținuți notabili
 Reinder "Rein" Boomsma, fotbalist olandez/ colonelul în rezervă al Armatei Olandeze, comandant al Ordedienst Drepturi Veluwe.
 Claude Bourdet, politician și scriitor francez
 Emil František Burian, poet, jurnalist, cântăreț, actor, muzician, compozitor, consilier dramatic, dramaturg și regizor ceh
 Jan Campert, jurnalist, critic de teatru, scriitor neerlandez și membru al Rezistenței olandeze
 Robert Domany, comunist croat, partizan și erou național al Iugoslaviei
 Ernst Goldenbaum, politician est-german
 René Gimpel, dealer de artă și colecționar francez
 Per Johan Græsli, medic norvegian
 Coen Hissink, actor neerlandez
 Michel Hollard, colonel francez și membru al Rezistenței franceze
 Georges Journois, general de bigadă francez și membru al Rezistenței franceze
 Anton de Kom, luptător în rezistență surinamez
 Henry Wilhelm Kristiansen, editor de ziar și om politic norvegian
 Léonel de Moustier, politician francez
 Serghei Nabokov, fratele scriitorului Vladimir Nabokov
 Fritz Pfeffer, evreu german, care a trăit ascuns în Casa Anne Frank
 Chava Rosenfarb, scriitor polonez în limba idiș
 David Rousset, scriitor și activist politic francez
 Zuzana Růžičková, clavecinistă cehă
 Karl Säre, politician eston
 Kurt Schumacher, politician german
 Johann Trollmann, boxer sinti german

Personalul lagărului

Comandanții lagărului
În timpul perioadei cât a funcționat ca tabără a lagărului de concentrare Sachsenhausen, următoarele ofițeri SS au servit ca Lagerführer (comandanți ai lagărului de concentrare) la Neuengamme.
 SS Sturmbannführer Walter Eisfeld
 SS Hauptsturmführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, aprilie 1940 - iunie 1940
Erich Frommhagen (membru SS din mai 1933, nr. 73754) a devenit aghiotantul comandantului lagărului Neuengamme de la începutul anului 1940. El a fost ucis în luptă pe 17 martie 1945.

Începând din iunie 1940, când Neuengamme a devenit lagăr de concentrare independent, au fost următorii comandanți ai lagărului:
 SS Hauptsturmführer Martin Gottfried Weiss, iunie 1940 - septembrie 1942. Aghiotantul lui a fost Karl-Friedrich Höcker.
 SS Obersturmbannführer Max Pauly, septembrie 1942 - până la eliberare.

Note

Legături externe
  Official website of the memorial Neuengamme
 jewishgen.org Neuengamme page
 ushmm.org Neuengamme page
  Stichting Vriendenkring Neuengamme

Neuengamme

Lagărul de concentrare Neuengamme


A Sociedad Anónima Deportiva América S. A. (futebol feminino) ou mais conhecido como América de Cáli Feminino, é a equipe de futebol feminino do América de Cáli, clube que tem sede na cidade de Cáli, na Colômbia. A equipe foi criada em 2016, e atualmente participa do Liga Profissional de Futebol Feminino da Colômbia.

História
A equipe foi oficialmente lançada em 15 de setembro de 2016, durante a apresentação das duas primeiras contratações, das jogadoras Catalina Usme e Nicole Regnier. A ideia de formar uma equipe feminina ligada ao América foi de Marcela Gómez, filha do presidente da equipe, Túlio Gómez e que se tornaria a primeira presidente da equipe feminina. Assim, o América se vinculou ao projeto de expandir o futebol feminino no país.

Em 2017, o América confirmou sua participação no primeiro campeonato profissional de futebol feminino do país.
Na sua estreia em campeonatos profissionais o clube caiu apenas nas quartas de final para o Santa Fe, sendo comandado por Enrique Guevara. Para 2018, o clube reformulou o elenco e contratou Jersson González onde conseguiu melhor desempenho e foi semifinalista.

Em 2019, Andrés Usme foi contratado como técnico, profissional que já tinha experiência treinando clubes femininos. Após bater na trave nós anteriores, o clube finalmente conquistou o campeonato nacional vencendo o Independiente Medellín na final por 3 a 2 e se classificando para a Libertadores do mesmo ano. Em sua estreia continental o clube ficou na terceira posição com 4 vitórias e 2 derrotas.

No ano seguinte, o América passou por uma nova reformulação no elenco, mas conseguiu ser vice-campeão nacional perdendo somente para o Santa Fe e se classificando novamente para Copa Libertadores. Na competição internacional, o clube fez história novamente sendo finalista do torneio eliminando o Boca Juniors e o Corinthians nas fases anteriores, na grande final o clube foi derrotado por 2 a 1 pela Ferroviária.

Títulos

Outras conquistas
  Cuadrangular Bolívar Sí Avanza: 2017

Desempenho em competições

Campeonato Nacional

Copas internacionais

Clásico Vallecaucano
O América de Cáli disputa contra o Deportivo Cali o Clásico Vallecaucano Femenino. O primeiro clássico foi disputado em 20 de julho de 2019 e terminou com vitória das Las Diablas por 3 a 0, naquele mesmo ano o América conquistou seu primeiro campeonato colombiano. O registro em competições oficiais indica que as equipes se enfrentaram 6 vezes na história, com o América na frente com 3 vitórias contra 2 do Deportivo.

 Dados atualizados para o último jogo disputado em 11 de agosto de 2021.

Ver também
 Sociedad Anónima Deportiva América S. A.

Ligações externas

América de Cáli
América de Cáli

América de Cali (futebol feminino)


بوينغ لصناعة الطائرات التجارية  هي إحدى وحدات شركة بوينغ الأمريكية. تأخذ الشركة من رينتون بولاية واشنطن مقرا لها. تعد شركة بوينغ أكبر صانع للطائرات المدنية والعسكرية، ويتم تصنيع الطائرات المدنية من قبل هذه الوحدة.

طائرات في الإنتاج أو تحت التطوير

أوامر الطلب والتسليم
الجدول التالي يبين الطائرات النفاثة فقط

بيانات من بوينغ حتى نهاية يناير، 2015

الطائرات المتوقفة

معرض الصور

طائرات المتخصصة والأخرى
من الشائع جداً، أن تطلب بعض الخطوط الجوية طائرات مع ميزات وخيارات خاصة، وبوينغ تبني نماذج معينة خصيصا لعميل معين.
 بوينغ 707-138 بي كانت نموذج لطائرة ذات جسم قصير، وبعيدة المدى، تباع فقط لخطوط لكانتاس.
 بوينغ 757-200إم كانت مثال لنموذج واحد بني الخطوط الجوية الملكية النيبالية (تسمى الآن: خطوط نيبال الجوية). حيث يمكن أن تحويل هذه الطائرة من طائرة ركاب إلى طائرة شحن والعكس. طلبتها الخطوط الجوية الملكية النيبالية في عام 1986، وتم تسليمها بعد ذلك بعامين.
 بوينغ 747
 طائرة حاملة المكوك
 بوينغ 747-400 إل سي إف طائرة شحن ذات جسم عريض.
 بعد أربع سنوات من توقف أنتاج طائرة 747إس بيه (747SP)، تم استئناف الإنتاج مرة أخرى، وذلك لتصنيع طائرة واحدة لدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة. ولكن بطاقم قمرة قيادة مكون من اثنين بدلا من الطاقم المكون من ثلاثة أفراد كما كان في طائرات 747إس بيه الأخرى.
 طائرتين من طراز بوينغ بوينغ في سي-25 (VC-25S) بنيت لسلاح الجو الأمريكي لتكون طائرات النقل الرئاسية سلاح الجو واحد (اير فورس وان). هذا النموذج هو عبارة عن طراز بوينغ 747-200 بي تم أجراء تعديلات كبيرة للغاية عليه.
 كانت بوينغ هي مستشار شركةسوخوي عفي برنامج الطائرة النفاثة الإقليمية الروسية، والذي أصبحت فيما بعد طائرة سوخوي سوبرجت 100 ذات البدن الضيق وبمحركين.

مفاهيم
 بوينغ 2707 – طائرة أسرع من الصوت، ألغي المشروع.
 بوينغ 7جيه7 (Boeing 7J7) – طائرة بروب فان ذات كفاءة عالية، ألغيت، وقد تستأنف في وقت لاحق ل Y1.
 بوينغ 747 ثلاثية المحركات - طائرة ثلاثية المحركات ذات كفاءة عالية، نسخة من طراز بوينغ 747-200، تم إلغاؤها.
 طائرة بوينغ الكبيرة الجديدة – طائرة جامبو ذات الطابقين، تم إلغاؤها.
 Boeing RC-1 - طائرات شحن، تم إلغاؤها.
 بوينغ سونيك كروزر – طائرة شبه صوتية، تم إلغاؤها.
 طائرة بوينغ الهيدروجين السائل (LH2)

جنيحات
 بوينغ 103 - المستخدمة في نموذج 40 و F2B
 بوينغ 103 إيه - المستخدمة في F2B و F3B
 بوينغ 106 - المستخدمة في طراز 80, P-12, مونوميل، وطراز 226
 بوينغ 106 بي - المستخدمة في طراز 95, 247D, P-12
 بوينغ 106 آر - المستخدمة في نماذج محتلفة من بيريف
 بوينغ 109 - المستخدمة في نموذج 95 و P-26
 بوينغ 117 - المستخدمة في طائرة [بوينغ إكس بيه بي بي سي رانجر (XPBB)، وطائرة بي-29 ومشتقاتها (307، 367، 377)، وجميع نماذج طائرات آيرو سبيسلاينز، وطائرات توبوليف تو-4، تو-70، تو-75، تو-80.

وصلات خارجية
 الشركة
 موقع الشركة في الشرق الأوسط

مراجع

بوينغ
شركات أمريكية أسست في 1997
شركات أسست في 1916
شركات تصنيع مقرها في ولاية واشنطن
شركات فضاء جوي في الولايات المتحدة
شركات مقرها في رينتون (واشنطن)

بوينغ لصناعة الطائرات التجارية


T hücreleri, lenfositlerin bir alt kümesini oluşturur ve bağışıklık yanıtında önemli bir yere sahiptir. 'T' kısaltması timüsden gelmektedir ki timüs bu hücrelerin son olgunlaşma evrelerinin geçtiği organdır.

 Sitotoksik T hücreleri (CD8+) enfekte hücreleri, tümör hücrelerini ve organ nakli ile gelen hücreleri yok eder. Bu hücreler 'öldürücü' veya sitotoksik hücrelerdir, zira tanıdıkları antijenler gösteren belirli hücreleri hedef alır, yok ederler.
 Yardımcı T hücreleri (CD4+) bağışıklık yanıtında 'aracı' hücrelerdir. Etkinleştirildiklerinde, hızla çoğalıp sitokinler salarlar ki bu sitokinler efektör lenfosit fonksiyonunu düzenler veya 'yardım eder'. HIV enfeksiyonunun hedeflerinden biri olarak tanınırlar ve CD4+ T hücrelerinindeki azalma AIDS'e yol açar. Bazı yardımcı T hücreleri, bir antijen vücuttan çıkarıldığında, bağışıklık yanıtını kapatan sitokinler salgılarlar.
 Düzenleyici T hücreleri (CD4+CD25+), supresör T hücreleri olarak da bilinirler. Bu hücreler bağışıklık sisteminin etkinleşmesini bastırır ve bağışıklık sistemi homeostazını korurlar. Düzenleyici T hücrelerinin uygun biçimde görev yapamamaları durumunda otoimmün hastalıkları oluşabilir.
 T bellek hücreleri: Hastalıkları bir kere geçirdikten sonra o hastalıkla tekrar karşılaşılması durumunda antikorların hızlı üretilmesini sağlar.

Gelişimleri
Kemik iliğindeki plouripotent kök hücrelerden yani hemositoblast'lardan farklılaşan Pre-T Lenfosit'ler, dolaşım yoluyla Thymus'un korteksine geçerler. Burada hızla çoğalırlar. Kortekste, membranlarında TCR (T hücre antijen reseptörü) ve CD (Yüzey farklılaşma antijenleri) gibi spesifik yüzey reseptör moleküllerini kazanırlar ve spesifik immun yanıtı meydana getirme yeteneğine sahip T Lenfositler halini alırlar. T lenfosit'ler medullaya gelince ise CD'ler iki farklı yapı gösterir. Bunlar; CD4+,8- yapısı gösterenler Yardımcı T hücreleri, CD4_,8+ yapısı gösterenler ise Sitotoksik T hücrelerini şekillendirir. Bu ufak değişim oluşacak T lenfositlerin görevlerini ise oldukça değiştirir. T lenfosit'ler Thymus'ta bu gelişmenin yanı sıra önemli bir özellik daha kazanırlar ki bu, kendilerinden olan ile kendilerinden olmayan antijenik moleküllerin ayırtedebilme kabiliyetidir. Aksi halde bu savunma hücreleri organizmadaki mevcut tüm antijenlere saldırırlardı. Kendine ait MHC moleküllerini tanıyan ve onlara karşı reaksiyon gösteren hücreler negatif seleksiyona uğrarlar, çünkü bu durum başarısızlıktır. Seleksiyon sonucu Tyhmus korteks'indeki birçok immature lenfosit ölür. Zira bu çok ciddi bir orandır çünkü söz edilen immature lenfosit oranı yaklaşık %90'dır. Vücuda ait MHC molekülleri ile bağlanmış olan yabancı protein yapısındaki antijenleri tanıma yeteneği kazanılmasına da pozitif seleksiyon denir. Pozitif seleksiyona uğrayan T Lenfosit'ler ise medulladan dolaşıma geçer.

T hücre farklılaşmasındaki bu olaylar zinciri Thymus'un lenfosti dışındaki hücreleri ve mikro çevreye bağlıdır. Stromal epithelial hücrelerin timik hormonlar olarak da bilinen peptid yapısındaki salgılanan maddeleri thymus'ta kısa alan etkileşimlerine aracılık eder. Bunlardan birisi olan Timulin, olgunlaşmamış lenfositler üzerindeki reseptörlere bağlanarak T Lenfosit yüzey moleküllerinin sentezini uyarır. THF (timik humoral faktör) T Lenfosit'lerin klonal yayılması ve diferansiyasyonunda (farklılaşmasında) rol oynar. Timopoetin'in de timosit farklılaşmasını hızlandırıcı etkisi vardır. Diğer bir peptid olan timozin ise T Lenfosit farklılaşmasını hızlandırır. Timus'ta bulunan makrofajlar da T Lenfosit olgunlaşması ve klonal proliferasyonda etkili olan bazı sitokinleri salgılar. Ayrıca tiroid, hipofiz, adren ve gonadların sahip oldukları bazı hormonların T Lenfosit olgunlaşması üzerine etkileri vardır. Bunlardan adenokortikosteroid'ler, timik korteks'te T Lenfosit sayısını azaltıcı, tiroksin kortikal epiteliyal retiküler hücrelerde timulin üretimini stimule edici ve somatotropin ise timik korteks'te T Lenfosit gelişimini artırıcı etkiye sahiptir.

Timus'ta olgunlaşan T Lenfosit'ler periferal kana geçer ve dalak, lenf düğümleri, Peyer plakları, tonsiller ve sekonder lenfoid organ görevi gören diğer mukoza ile ilişkili lenfoid dokulara giderek kendilerine ait bölgelere yerleşirler. Dalakta, beyaz pulpa'nın arterleri saran bölgelerine (periarteriyel lenfatik kılıf), lenf düğümlerinde korteks'in medulla'ya bakan yarımı (parakortikal bölge) ve interfolliküler bölgeye, Peyer plaklarında ise özellikle interfolliküler bölgelere ve corona bölgesine yerleşerek burada aylarca hatta yıllarca yaşamlarını sürdürebilirler.

Etkili her bağışıklık yanıtı T hücrelerinin etkinleştirilmesini içerir; yine de T hücreleri özellikle, tümör hücrelerine ve vücut hücrelerinin içindeki patojenik organizmalara karşı savunma olan, hücre-aracılıklı bağışıklıkta önemlidirler.

CD4 ve CD8, T lenfositlerinin farklı alt-tiplerinin yüzeyinde bulunan karakteristik antijenlerden gelir.

Dipnotlar

T hücreleri
Hücre biyolojisi

T hücresi


The Technomancer este un joc video RPG, pentru platformele PC, PlayStation 4 și Xbox One dezvoltat de către compania Spiders..
A apărut pe data de 26 iunie 2016.

Referințe
http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/28/the-technomancer-review

Marte în ficțiune
Jocuri video științifico-fantastice
Jocuri pentru Windows

The Technomancer


An Entolasia olivacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf. An Entolasia olivacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Entolasia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Entolasia

Entolasia olivacea


Die Ewige Tabelle der 2. Handball-Bundesliga ist eine statistische Auflistung aller Meisterschaftsspiele der 2. Handball-Bundesliga seit ihrer Gründung 1981. Der Berechnung wird die 2-Punkte-Regel zugrunde gelegt (zwei Punkte pro Sieg, ein Punkt pro Unentschieden).

Vereine mit goldenem Hintergrund spielen in der Saison 2018/19 in der 2. Bundesliga.Stand: 24. Juli 2017

Siehe auch
 Ewige Tabelle der deutschen Handball-Bundesliga

Weblinks
 Statistik für die Ewige Tabelle bei Bundesliga Info

Tabelle
Bundesliga