Kufa ( ), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about  south of Baghdad, and  northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Currently, Kufa and Najaf are joined into a single urban area that is mostly commonly known to the outside world as 'Najaf'.

Along with Samarra, Karbala, Kadhimiya and Najaf, Kufa is one of five Iraqi cities that are of great importance to Shi'ite Muslims. The city was founded in 638 CE (17 Hijrah) during the reign of the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab, and it was the final capital of the last Rashidun Caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Kufa was also the founding capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.  During the Islamic Golden Age it was home to the grammarians of Kufa. Kufic script is named for the city.

History

Establishment during Umar's era
After the Arabian hegemony and the fall of Persian Empire, and its  geographic  proximity to the imperial capital, Ctesiphon) at Battle of Yarmouk in 636, Kufa was founded and given its name in 637–638 CE, about the same time as Basra.  Kufa and Basra were the two amsar (garrison cities) of Iraq, serving as military bases and administrative centers. The Companion of the Prophet Saʻd ibn Abī Waqqas founded it as an encampment adjacent to the Lakhmid Arab city of Al-Hirah, and incorporated it as a city of seven divisions. Non-Arabs knew the city under alternate names: Hīrah and Aqulah, before the consolidations of ʻAbdu l-Mālik in 691. Umar, who assigned the land of the Jews in Arabia to his warriors, ordered the relocation of the Jews of Khaybar to a strip of land in Kufa, in 640. In the 640s, the Kufan commons were agitated that Umar's governor was distributing the spoils of war unfairly. In 642 ʻUmar summoned Saʻd to Medina with his accusers. Despite finding Sa'd to be innocent, Umar deposed him to avert ill feelings. At first, Umar appointed Ammar ibn Yasir and secondly Basra's first Governor Abū Mūsā al-Ashʻarī; but the Kufan instigators accepted neither. ʻUmar and the Kufans finally agreed on Al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʻbah.

It was also conquered for few years by the Thaqafids dynasty led by Mokhtar Al Thaqafi after conquering Basra and other parts of Iraq.

The city was built in a circular plan according to the Partho-Sasanian architecture.

Uthman's era

Governorship of Al-Walid
Following Umar's death (644), his successor Uthman replaced Mughirah with Al-Walid ibn Uqba in 645. This happened while the Arabs were continuing their conquest of western Persia under Uthman ibn Abi al-As from Tawwaj, but late in the 640s, these forces suffered setbacks.

Setbacks and governorship of Abu Musa
Uthman in 650 reorganised the Iranian frontier; both Basra and Kufa received new governors (Sa'id ibn al-'As in Kufa's case), and the east came under Basra's command while north of that remained under Kufa's. The few but noticeable trouble makers in Kufa sought in 654 and had Sa'id deposed and instead showed satisfaction with the return of Abu Musa, which Uthman approved seeking to please all. Kufa remained a source of instigations albeit from a minority. In 656 when the Egyptian instigators, in co-operation with those in Kufa, marched onto the Caliph Uthman in Medina, Abu Musa counselled the instigators to no avail.

Ali's era
Upon Uthman's assassination by rebels, governor Abu Musa attempted to restore a non-violent atmosphere in Kufa.  The Muslims in Medina and elsewhere supported the right of Ali ibn Abu Talib to the caliphate. In order to manage the military frontiers more efficiently, Ali shifted the capital from Medina to Kufa.

The people of Syria and their governor, Muawiyah, who seized the Caliphate for himself and his family by using the confusion caused by the assassination of Caliph Uthman and being disturbed by the brutal assassination of the Caliph Uthman, demanded retribution.  As Muawiyah mounted his campaign to hold Ali responsible for the murder of Uthman, factions developed.  In an already emotionally charged atmosphere, Muawiyah's refusal to give allegiance to Ali as the Caliph without Ali avenging Uthman first eventually, led to war.

While praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa, Ali was attacked by the Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam. He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer.

Umayyad era

Governorship of Ziyad
Muawiyah I appointed Ziyad ibn Abihi Al  the Governor of Kufa, after Hasan's migration to Medina, which was a peace treaty which dictated he abdicate his right to caliphate to avoid an open war among Muslims. Some of Hasan's followers, like Hujr ibn Adi, were unhappy with the peace treaty, and did not change their ways according to the edicts of the new Governor. This became increasingly noticeable, since it created a rebellion against the ruler. However, Ziyad ibn Abihi was an equally keen strategist and politician, and was able to put down all challenges posed by the rebels against his rule.

Revolts
Throughout the Umayyad era, as was the case since the inception of the city by Umar ibn Khattab, there were those among Kufa's inhabitants who were rebellious to their rulers. Yazid I was declared as the Second Umayyad Caliph which led to a rebellion among Kufans and they turned to Muhammad's grandson Husayn for help and leadership. Yazid appointed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as the new Governor to put down the rebellion, and kill Husayn if he did not acknowledge his Caliphate, culminating in the Battle of Karbala. There was a period of relative calm during the short reign of Al-Mukhtar's rulership, and the Umayyad-era Governorship of Al-Hajjaj.

Abbasid era

In 749, the Abbasids under al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba took Kufa and made it their capital. In 762, they moved their seat to Baghdad. Under the Umayyad and early Abbasid decades, Kufa's importance gradually shifted from caliphal politics to Islamic theory and practice. The city was sacked by the Qarmatians in 905, 924, and 927, and it never fully recovered from the destruction.

Kufa in Islamic theology and scholarship
Wael Hallaq notes that by contrast with Medina and to a lesser extent Syria, in Iraq there was no unbroken Muslim or Ishmaelite population dating back to the prophet Muhammad's time. Therefore, Maliki (and Awza'i) appeals to the practice amal () of the community could not apply. Instead the people of Iraq relied upon those Companions of the Muhammad who settled there, and upon such factions from the Hijaz whom they respected most. A primary founder of a Sunni school of thought, Abu Hanifa, was a Kufan who had supported the Zaydi Revolt in the 730s; and his jurisprudence was systematised and defended against non-Iraqi rivals (starting with Malikism) by other Kufans, such as al-Shaybani.

Shirazi's "Tabaqat", which Hallaq labels "an important early biographical work dedicated to jurists", covered 84 "towering figures" of Islamic jurisprudence; to which Kufa provided 20. It was therefore a center surpassed only by Medina (22), although Basra came close (17). Kufans could claim that the more prominent of Muhammad's Companions had called that city home: not only Ibn Abu Waqqas, Abu Musa, and Ali; but also Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud, Salman the Persian, Ammar ibn Yasir, and Huzayfa ibn Yaman. Among its jurists prior to Abu Hanifa, Hallaq singles out Sa'id ibn Jubayr, Ibrahim al-Nakha'i, and Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman; and considers Amir al-Sha'bi a pioneer in the science of judicial precedent.

Additionally, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir and his son Jafar al-Sadiq made decisions from Medina that contributed to the law of Kufa; and to this day Shi'ite law follows their example. Imam Abu Hanifa too learnt from al-Baqir and especially al-Sadiq. As a result, while Hanafi school is doctrinally Sunni, in practical terms Hanafi law is closer to Imami law than either is to the other schools of jurisprudence i.e. of Malik, Shafi'i, and Ibn Hanbal.

Kufa was also among the first centers of Qur'anic interpretation, which Kufans credited to the exegete Mujahid (until he escaped to Mecca in 702). It further recorded general traditions as Hadith; in the 9th century, Yahya ibn 'Abd al-Hamid al-Himmani compiled many of these into a Musnad.

Given Kufa's opposition to Damascus, Kufan traditionists had their own take on Umayyad history. The historian Abu Mikhnaf al-Azdi (d. 774) compiled their accounts into a rival history, which became popular under Abbasid rule. This history does not survive but later historians like Tabari quoted from it extensively.

Kufa is also where the kufic script was developed, the earliest script of the Arabic language. As the scholar al-Qalqashandi maintained, "The Arabic script [khatt] is the one which is now known as Kufic. From it evolved all the present hands." The angular script which later came to be known as Kufic had its origin about a century earlier than the founding of the town of Kufa, according to Moritz in the Encyclopaedia of Islam. The kufic script was derived from one of the four pre-Islamic Arabic scripts, the one called al-Hiri (used in Hirah). (The other three were al-Anbari (from Anbar), al-Makki (from Mecca) and al-Madani (from Medina)). Ibn al-Nadim (died ) the author of the famous Kitab al-Fihrist, an index of Arabic books, dedicates the a section of the first chapter to calligraphy. He was the first to use the word 'kufic' to characterize this script, which reached a state of decorative perfection in the 8th century, when surahs were used to decorate ceramics, for representations of nature were strictly forbidden under the Islamic regime. Al-Fihrist contains the biographies of many of the grammarian philologists from the school of Kufa and from its rival  school of Basra.  A third chapter treats of the grammarians from both schools.

Post-Abbasid history

Kufan coins were among the numerous silver coins of various origins found in 1989 by the mouth of Dvina, right next to Arkhangelsk in the extreme north of Russia. The Kufan coins were the only non-European ones in the hoard, and testify to the very wide-ranging indirect trading links which Kufa had at one time. It is estimated the hoard was buried in the beginning of the 12th century, when Kufa was already long past the peak of its fortunes, but the coins might have arrived at the far north at a much earlier time.

Kufa began to come under constant attack in the 11th century and eventually shrank and lost its importance. Over the last century, the population of Kufa began to grow again. It continues to be an important pilgrimage site for Shi'ite Muslims.

Geography
Kufa is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. It is  south of Baghdad, and  northeast of Najaf.

Religious significance

The town has produced several Shi'ite Muslim scholars. It also contains buildings of importance to Shi'ites:
 The Great Mosque of Kufa was constructed in the middle of the 7th century, after the Caliph Umar established the city. The mosque contains the remains of Muslim ibn Aqeel — first cousin of Husayn ibn Ali, his companion Hani ibn Urwa, and the revolutionary Al-Mukhtar. The Mosque also contains many important sites relating to Prophets and Ali ibn Abi Talib, including the place where he was fatally struck on the head, while in Sujūd (, Prostration).
 Ali's house
 The tomb of Zayd ibn Ali
 Al-Hannanah Mosque, which contains some of the skin that was ripped off Husayn posthumously by his adversaries
 The tomb of Maytham al-Tammar
 The tomb of Kumayl ibn Ziyad
 Al-Sahlah Mosque, which is associated with the Twelfth Imam of the Twelver Shia

People related to Kufa
 Ali ibn Abi Talib
 Asbat ibn Muhammad
 Husayn bin Ali
 Muslim ibn Aqeel
 Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
 Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi
 Abu Hanifa
 Sufyan al-Thawri
 Alqama ibn Qays
 Dawud al-Zahiri
 Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud
 Abd-Allah ibn Aamir Hadhrami
 Al-Aswad ibn Yazid
 Masruq ibn al-Ajda'
 Jabir ibn Hayyan
 Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi

See also
 Al-Hirah
 Ghurabiyya Shia
 Great Mosque (Kufa)
 Arfaja al-Bariqi
 Shiism

References

Bibliography
 Crone, Patricia. Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate. Cambridge University Press, paperback ed. 2002
 Hallaq, Wael. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press, 2005
 Hawting, Gerald R. The First Dynasty of Islam. Routledge. 2nd ed, 2000
 Hinds, Martin. Studies in Early Islamic History. Darwin Press, 1997
 Hoyland, Robert G. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It. Darwin Press, 1997
Tillier, Mathieu. Les cadis d'Iraq et l'Etat abbasside (132/750-334/945). Institut Français du Proche-Orient, 2009

External links
 The City of Kufa: Birth & Early Years

Amṣar
Capitals of caliphates

Kufa


භූ රූප () යනු පෘථිවියේ හෝ වෙනත් ග්‍රහලෝකයක මතුපිට ඇති ස්වභාවික හෝ anthropogenic භූමි ලක්ෂණ වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

 Geomorphology
 භූ රූප ලැයිස්තුව
 Open-geomorphometry project
 Terrain
 Geomorphologist
 Beach erosion and accretion
 Beach evolution
 Beach nourishment
 Modern recession of beaches
 Raised beach
 Strand plain
 Coastal management, to prevent coastal erosion and creation of beach
 Coastal and oceanic landforms
 Coastal development hazards
 Coastal erosion
 Coastal geography
 Coastal engineering
 Coastal morphodynamics
 Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation (CERF)
 Erosion
 Bioerosion
 Blowhole
 Natural arch
 Wave-cut platform
 Longshore drift
 Deposition (sediment)
 Coastal sediment supply
 Sand dune stabilization
 Submersion

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Open-Geomorphometry Project

Landscape

භූ රූප


Of the Wand & the Moon er et musikalsk projekt af Kim Larsen inden for neofolk genren.
Kim Larsen spillede oprindeligt i doom metal-bandet Saturnus som guitarist, men forlod gruppen i 1999 og debuterede med Of The Wand & the Moon samme år. OTWATM er et overvejende akustisk melankolsk projekt, som bagmanden selv beskriver som inspireret af "alkohol, runer og misantropi" .  Musikken består mest af akustisk guitar, atmosfæriske keyboard flader og afdæmpet trommespil.
Især den femte plade kaldet The Lone Descent fra 2011 er blevet rost som et mesterværk og i Politiken beskrevet som:  " 'The Lone Descent' er en bjergtagende lyd af industriel styrke og menneskelig sårbarhed pustet ind i neofolkens tusmørke."

Diskografi

Udgivelser

Of The Wand and The Moon har som pioner inden for genren i Danmark inspireret andre danske neofolk grupper som Othala og Subfinal. Of the Wand & the Moon har også opnået betydelig opmærksomhed i udlandet .

Kilder

Eksterne kilder
Officielle
Officiel hjemmeside
Officiel :Of The Wand & The Moon: Myspace
Officiel :Of The Wand & The Moon: Facebook
Officiel :Of The Wand & The Moon: iTunes

Anmeldelser
Anmeldelse af koncert på Roskilde Festival
Anmeldelse af The Lone Descent (Engelsk)
 Anmeldelse af The Lone Descent i Gaffa

Folkemusikgrupper fra Danmark
Musikgrupper fra 1999

Of the Wand & the Moon


An Arisaema in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Arisaema in nahilalakip ha familia nga Araceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Arisaema abei
 Arisaema aequinoctiale
 Arisaema agasthyanum
 Arisaema album
 Arisaema amurense
 Arisaema anomalum
 Arisaema aprile
 Arisaema aridum
 Arisaema asperatum
 Arisaema auriculatum
 Arisaema austroyunnanense
 Arisaema averyanovii
 Arisaema balansae
 Arisaema bannaense
 Arisaema barbatum
 Arisaema barnesii
 Arisaema bockii
 Arisaema bonatianum
 Arisaema bottae
 Arisaema brucei
 Arisaema calcareum
 Arisaema candidissimum
 Arisaema caudatum
 Arisaema chumponense
 Arisaema ciliatum
 Arisaema clavatum
 Arisaema concinnum
 Arisaema condaoense
 Arisaema consanguineum
 Arisaema constrictum
 Arisaema cordatum
 Arisaema costatum
 Arisaema cucullatum
 Arisaema dahaiense
 Arisaema decipiens
 Arisaema dracontium
 Arisaema echinatum
 Arisaema echinoides
 Arisaema ehimense
 Arisaema elephas
 Arisaema enneaphyllum
 Arisaema erubescens
 Arisaema exappendiculatum
 Arisaema fargesii
 Arisaema filiforme
 Arisaema fimbriatum
 Arisaema flavum
 Arisaema formosanum
 Arisaema franchetianum
 Arisaema fraternum
 Arisaema galeatum
 Arisaema garrettii
 Arisaema ghaticum
 Arisaema grapsospadix
 Arisaema griffithii
 Arisaema hainanense
 Arisaema handelii
 Arisaema heterocephalum
 Arisaema heterophyllum
 Arisaema hunanense
 Arisaema ilanense
 Arisaema inclusum
 Arisaema intermedium
 Arisaema ishizuchiense
 Arisaema iyoanum
 Arisaema jacquemontii
 Arisaema jethompsonii
 Arisaema jingdongense
 Arisaema kawashimae
 Arisaema kerrii
 Arisaema kishidae
 Arisaema kiushianum
 Arisaema kuratae
 Arisaema lackneri
 Arisaema laminatum
 Arisaema leschenaultii
 Arisaema lichiangense
 Arisaema lidaense
 Arisaema lihengianum
 Arisaema limbatum
 Arisaema linearifolium
 Arisaema lingyunense
 Arisaema lobatum
 Arisaema longipedunculatum
 Arisaema macrospathum
 Arisaema maekawae
 Arisaema mairei
 Arisaema maximowiczii
 Arisaema maxwellii
 Arisaema meleagris
 Arisaema menglaense
 Arisaema microspadix
 Arisaema mildbraedii
 Arisaema minamitanii
 Arisaema minus
 Arisaema monophyllum
 Arisaema mooneyanum
 Arisaema muratae
 Arisaema muricaudatum
 Arisaema murrayi
 Arisaema nagiense
 Arisaema nambae
 Arisaema negishii
 Arisaema nepenthoides
 Arisaema nikoense
 Arisaema nilamburense
 Arisaema odoratum
 Arisaema ogatae
 Arisaema omkoiense
 Arisaema ornatum
 Arisaema ovale
 Arisaema pachystachyum
 Arisaema pallidum
 Arisaema parisifolia
 Arisaema parvum
 Arisaema pattaniense
 Arisaema penicillatum
 Arisaema petelotii
 Arisaema petiolulatum
 Arisaema pianmaense
 Arisaema pingbianense
 Arisaema polyphyllum
 Arisaema prazeri
 Arisaema propinquum
 Arisaema psittacus
 Arisaema quinatum
 Arisaema quinquelobatum
 Arisaema ramulosum
 Arisaema ringens
 Arisaema rostratum
 Arisaema roxburghii
 Arisaema rubrirhizomatum
 Arisaema ruwenzoricum
 Arisaema sachalinense
 Arisaema saddlepeakense
 Arisaema sahyadricum
 Arisaema sarracenioides
 Arisaema saxatile
 Arisaema sazensoo
 Arisaema schimperianum
 Arisaema scortechinii
 Arisaema seppikoense
 Arisaema serratum
 Arisaema setosum
 Arisaema siamicum
 Arisaema siangense
 Arisaema sikokianum
 Arisaema silvestrii
 Arisaema sinii
 Arisaema sizemoreae
 Arisaema smitinandii
 Arisaema somalense
 Arisaema souliei
 Arisaema speciosum
 Arisaema sukotaiense
 Arisaema taiwanense
 Arisaema tengtsungense
 Arisaema ternatipartitum
 Arisaema thunbergii
 Arisaema tortuosum
 Arisaema tosaense
 Arisaema translucens
 Arisaema triphyllum
 Arisaema tsangpoense
 Arisaema tuberculatum
 Arisaema ulugurense
 Arisaema umbrinum
 Arisaema undulatifolium
 Arisaema utile
 Arisaema wardii
 Arisaema wattii
 Arisaema vexillatum
 Arisaema victoriae
 Arisaema wilsonii
 Arisaema wrayi
 Arisaema xuanweiense
 Arisaema yamatense
 Arisaema yanxianum
 Arisaema yunnanense
 Arisaema zhui

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Arisaema

Arisaema


La ninfa sorprendida es una pintura hecha por Édouard Manet a principios de 1860. Adquirida por el estado argentino a la Galería Witcomb, de Buenos Aires en 1914, pertenece a su Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes desde ese año.

La compañera sentimental del pintor, Suzanne Manet, sirvió de modelo para la ninfa. El trabajo iba a formar parte de una composición más ambiciosa, abandonada en última instancia, y cuyo propósito era representar a Moisés salvado de las aguas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pintura mitológica
Pinturas con temas bíblicos
Colecciones del Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Argentina)
Cuadros de Francia de los años 1860
Desnudo (género artístico)
Cuadros de 1860
Francia en 1860

La ninfa sorprendida


A temporada do Sport Lisboa e Benfica de 2022–23 foi a 119ª época do clube em existência e a 89ª consecutiva na primeira divisão do futebol português. Começou no dia 2 de agosto de 2022, com a terceira pré-eliminatória da Liga dos Campeões da UEFA, onde o Benfica se classificou para a fase de grupos, chegando aos quartos de final, e terminou no dia 27 de maio de 2023. A nível nacional, o Benfica disputou a Primeira Liga, a Taça de Portugal e a Taça da Liga, conquistando o título da liga pela 38ª vez na sua história.

Jogadores
Nota: As bandeiras indicam a seleção, conforme definido pelas regras de elegibilidade da FIFA. Os jogadores podem ter mais de uma nacionalidade não-FIFA.

Equipa principal

Transferências

Entradas

Saídas

Amigáveis

Amistosos não televisionados, disputados no Benfica Campus:

 Benfica 3–1 Amora (27 de julho)

Competições

Registo geral

Última atualização: 8 de julho de 2023

Primeira Liga

Partidas

Taça de Portugal

Taça da Liga

Terceira ronda

Fonte: Liga Portugal

Regras para qualificação: Desempates

Liga dos Campeões da UEFA

Terceira pré-eliminatória

O sorteio da terceira pré-eliminatória foi realizado no dia 18 de julho de 2022.

Play-off

Fase de grupos

O sorteio da fase de grupos foi realizado no dia 25 de agosto de 2022.

Regras para classificação: Desempates da Fase de Grupos

Fase Final

Oitavos de final
O sorteio dos oitavos de final foi realizado no dia 7 de novembro de 2022.

Quartos de final
O sorteio dos quartos de final foi realizado no dia 17 de março de 2023.

Referências

Temporadas do Sport Lisboa e Benfica
Futebol de 2022 na Europa

Temporada do Sport Lisboa e Benfica de 2022–23


Sværm er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1992 instrueret af Jens Wille og Simon K. Boberg efter deres manuskript.

Handling
Vi sværmer om hinanden uden at turde indlede den kontakt, vi så febrilsk ønsker at opnå. Derved skaber vi mønstre, der knytter os sammen, men samtidigt låser os fast i hver vores 'lag' af uforløst længsel. Ved scratch og keyteknik bringer videoen disse lag af længsel sammen, og forsøger samtidigt at bryde ud af mønstrene. Noget flygter i græsset... (?Schade!!)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1992

Sværm (eksperimentalfilm)


FC Nordsjælland/Farum BK Kvinder er en dansk professionel fodboldklub fra den nordsjællandske by Farum. Klubben spiller i Danmarksturneringens bedste række og har hjemmebane på Right to Dream Park i Furesø Kommune. Farum Boldklubs professionelle kvindehold blev oprettet i 2017, se Farum Boldklub.

FC Nordsjælland A/S blev stiftet 1. juli 2003 som professionelt selskab, der overtog licensen fra moderklubben Farum Boldklub. Året forinden i sommeren 2002 var Farum Boldklub rykket op i Superligaen, og FC Nordsjælland har spillet i Danmarks bedste fodboldrække lige siden med mesterskabet i 2012 og deltagelse i UEFA Champions League-gruppespillet som højdepunkter.

FC Nordsjælland er den første superligaklub, der har valgt at satse 100% på kvindefodbold både strategisk, strukturelt og økonomisk. Det betyder, at kvindespillerne har samme vilkår som herrespillerne.

Holdet rykkede i sommeren 2019 op i landets bedste kvinderække; Elitedivisionen, efter fire oprykninger i træk.

FC Nordsjælland/Farum BK har en målsætning om deltagelse i kvindernes Champions League inden 2023. Den nuværende cheftræner er engelske Chris Sargeant.

Allerede i klubbens første sæson i ligaen, sikrede holdet sig bronze i ligaen og blev samme år vinder af DBUs Landspokalturnering for kvinder 2019-20.

Resultater
DBUs Landspokalturnering for kvinder:
Vinder (1): 2020
Elitedivisionen:
Bronze (1): 2020

Stadion
Navn: Right to Dream Park
By: Farum
Kapacitet: 10.300
Adresse: Farum Park 2, 3520 Farum

Aktuel trup

Trænerteam
Trænerteam for sæsonen 2022-23.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Farum BK/FCNs officielle hjemmeside

Etableret i 2018

FC Nordsjælland (kvinder)


Augustin Louis Pierre Huet (1814-1888) fue un profesor, botánico francés. Fue distinguido con la cátedra de matemática en la escuela primaria en Toulon, por muchos años. Se dedicó en su tiempo libre, cuando salía de la profesión docente, a la botánica. Su herbario se conserva en el Museo de Historia Natural de Aix-en-Provence (Francia) desde 2021.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Francia del siglo XIX
Profesores de Francia

Augustin Louis Pierre Huet


Mađarska državna opera, neorenesansna operna kuća u užem gradskom središtu Budimpešte, smještena na slavnoj Andraševoj aveniji, mađarska je nacionalna operna ustanova. Gradnja opere započela je 1875. polaganjem kamena temeljca u prisustvu austrijskog cara Franje Josipa te je završena devet godina kasnije. U njoj su uz brojne glazbenike od nacionalne važnosti djelovao i Gustav Mahler, koji je bio i umjetnički ravnatelj opere.

Opera ima mjesta za više od 1200 gledatelja, a prema istraživanjima skupine europskih akustičkih inženjera u 1970-ima proglašena je opernom kućom s trećom najboljom akustikom u Europi, nakon milanske Scale i pariške Palače Garnier. Na pročelju zgrade opere nalaze se kipovi Franca Liszta i Ferenca Erkela, skladatelja mađarske državne himne i utemeljiteljem Budimpeštanske filharmonije. Mađarska državna opera je i dom Mađarskog državnog baleta s brojnim izvedbama tijekom baletne sezone.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice opere na engleskom

Građevine u Budimpešti
Operne kuće

Mađarska državna opera


Monomono, encore stylé MonoMono est un groupe nigerian de musique Afrobeat originaire de Lagos au Nigéria. Formé en 1971 par Joni Hasstrup, le groupe sera composé de cinq membres dont deux membres additionnels. Il s'agit de Joni Haastrup, Babá Ken Okulolo, Stephen Kontor, Candido Obajimi, Friday Jumbo et Jimmy Lee Adams Le groupe sortira plusieurs disques dont Give the Beggar a Chance et The Dawn of Awareness reédités en 2011 successivement par EMI et Capital

Historique
Au cours d'une rencontre, Joni Haastrup est invité par par Ginger Baker à rejoindre son groupe Ginger Baker's Air force, pour participer à leurs tournées européennes. C'est son retour sur Lagos au Nigéria en 1971 que Joni Haastrup fonde le groupe Monomono avec trois  membres. Le groupe sortira par la suite des albums vinyles qui deviennent des succès au près du publique. Parmi ces albums, il y a Give the Beggar a Chance sorti en 1972 puis The Dawn of Awareness en 1974 qui seront réédités en 2011 également. Momonomo a été très actif entre 1971 et 1976. Le groupe de sépare en 1976. À la séparation de Monomono, Joni Haastrup lui, se rend à Londres pour commenncer une carrière solo en enrégistrant Wake up your mind

Membres
 Joni Haastrup (orgue, piano, synthétiseur, percussions, chant)
 Keni Okulolo (basse, percussions, chant)
 Friday Jumbo (congas, chant)
 Jimi Adams (guitare, chant)
 Stephen Kontor (percussions)
 Berkley Jones ( guitare électrique)
 Candido Obajimi (batterie, percussions)

Discographie

Album
 1971: A Dele
 1972: Give the Beggar a Chance
 1974: The Dawn of Awareness

Titres
 Ijo Ibile Wa
 Awareness
 Unfinished Music
 Make Dem Realise
 Tire Loma Da Nighehin
 Laipo Laipo Laiye Nyi
 Plain Fighting (Your Life Is What You Make Of It)
 Ipade Aladun
 Make Them (You) Realise everybody's Gotta Be Free
 Tire Loma Da Nighehin
 Get Yourself Together
 Awareness Is Wot You Need

Notes et Références

Liens externes

Chanteur nigérian
Compositeur nigérian
Musicien de world music
Funk

Monomono


Tocasta es un  género  de mariposa nocturna, que pertenecen a la subfamilia Agonoxeninae de la familia Elachistidae. No obstante, en el pasado se ha incluido en las familias Coleophoridae  y  Tineidae. Se compone de una sola especie, Tocasta priscella, que se encuentra en Panamá.

Referencias

Gelechioidea

Tocasta


Mošusna patka (Cairina moshcata) je velika patka podrijetlom iz Sjeverne i Južne Amerike. U prirodi je u crnoj boji dok se u domaćinstvima može pronaći u mnogo boja, neke od njih su bijela, crno bijela, siva itd.

Iako je mošusna patka tropska ptica, ona se dobro prilagođava hladnijim klimama. Sposobna je preživjeti -12 °C i hladnije uvjete.

Opis
Mošusna patka dosta se razlikuje od ostalih vrsta patka. Dobro leti i pliva iako joj za uzgajanje nije potrebna voda za kupanje. Tijelo joj je masivno, dugačko i plitko te se nosi se vodoravno. Na glavi ima karakteristične masne izrasline crvene boje koje su kod mužjaka više razvijene. Na repu mužjak nema kovrčavih pera kao što je to kod nekih drugih vrsta.

Razmnožavanje
Mošusnoj patki instinkt ležanja dobro je razvijen te je ona odlična i brižna majka. Jaja voli kriti te će si gnijezdo napraviti negdje skriveno u nekoj duplji ili u šikari (voli zauzimati tuđa gnijezda). Gnijezdo će obložiti svojim paperjem, lišćem i travom te će 8 do 16 jaja inkubirati 35 do 37 dana nakon kojih će se razviti mladi potrkušci. Tijekom inkubiranja ženka će često izlaziti iz gnijezda kako bi popila vode te kako bi se najela, jaja će pokriti svojim paperjem kako bi bila zaštićena od grabežljivca te kako bi im ostala topina koju im je predala. Mladi su vrlo napredni, brzo rastu i dobivaju perje. Za 2 mjeseca postaju samostalni a ženka se priprema za novo leglo. Godišnje imaju do 2 legla.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Muscovy Duck
Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ostali projekti

Patke
Domaće životinje

Mošusna patka


The World Chess Championship 1972 was a match for the World Chess Championship between challenger Bobby Fischer of the United States and defending champion Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union. The match took place in the Laugardalshöll arena in Reykjavík, Iceland, and has been dubbed the Match of the Century. Fischer became the first American born in the United States to win the world title, and the second American overall (Wilhelm Steinitz, the first world champion, became a naturalized American citizen in 1888). Fischer's win also ended, for a short time, 24 years of Soviet domination of the World Championship.

The first game was played on July11, 1972. The last game (the 21st) began on August31, was  after 40 moves, and Spassky resigned the next day without resuming play. Fischer won the match 12½–8½, becoming the eleventh undisputed world champion.

Background
The match was played during the Cold War, although during a period of increasing détente. The Soviet Chess School had a 24-year monopoly on the world championship title, with Spassky the latest in an uninterrupted chain of Soviet world chess champions, stretching back to the 1948 championship.

Fischer, an eccentric 29-year-old American, claimed that Soviet players gained an unfair advantage by agreeing to short draws among themselves in tournaments. In 1962, the American magazine Sports Illustrated and the German magazine Der Spiegel published Fischer's article "The Russians Have Fixed World Chess", in which he expounded this view. Fischer himself rarely agreed to early draws.

Spassky faced enormous political pressure to win the match. While Fischer was often famously critical of his home country ("Americans want to plunk in front of a TV and don't want to open a book ..."), he too carried a burden of expectation because of the match's political significance. No American had achieved the world championship since the first champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, became a naturalized American citizen in 1888. The unusual public interest and excitement surrounding the match was so great that it was called the "Match of the Century", even though the same term had been applied to the USSR vs. Rest of the World match just two years before.

Spassky, the champion, had qualified for world championship matches in 1966 and 1969. He lost the world championship match to Tigran Petrosian in 1966. In the 1969 cycle, he won matches against Efim Geller, Bent Larsen, and Viktor Korchnoi to win the right to challenge a second time, then defeated Petrosian 12½–10½ to win the world title. He is often said to have had a "universal style", "involving an ability to play the most varied types of positions", but Garry Kasparov notes that "from childhood he clearly had a leaning toward sharp, attacking play, and possessed a splendid feel for the initiative."

Fischer, the challenger, was in dominant form. In the Candidates matches en route to becoming the challenger in 1972, he had beaten two grandmasters, Mark Taimanov and Bent Larsen, by perfect scores of 6–0 each time, a feat not previously achieved in a Candidates match. In the Candidates final against Petrosian, Fischer won the first game, lost the second, drew the next three, then finished with four consecutive wins to win the match 6½–2½. "No bare statement conveys the magnitude and impact of these results. ... Fischer sowed devastation." From the last seven rounds of the Interzonal until the first game against Petrosian, Fischer won 19 games (plus 1 win on forfeit) without losing once, almost all against top grandmasters.

Fischer also had a much higher Elo rating than Spassky. On the July 1972 FIDE rating list, Fischer's 2785 was a record 125 points ahead of the number two player – Spassky, whose rating was 2660. Fischer's recent results and record Elo rating made him the pre-match favorite. Other observers, however, noted that Fischer had never won a game against Spassky. Before the match, Fischer had played five games against Spassky, drawing two and losing three.

Spassky's  for the match were Efim Geller, Nikolai Krogius and Iivo Nei. Fischer's was William Lombardy. His entourage also included lawyer Paul Marshall, who played a significant role in the events surrounding the match, and USCF representative Fred Cramer. The match referee was Lothar Schmid.

For some time, it appeared that the match might not be played at all. Shortly before the match, Fischer demanded that the players receive 30% of the box-office receipts, in addition to the agreed-upon prize fund of $125,000 (5/8 to the winner, 3/8 to the loser) and 30% of the proceeds from television and film rights. He did not arrive in Iceland in time for the opening ceremony on July 1. Fischer's erratic behavior was seemingly full of contradictions, as it had been throughout his career. FIDE President Max Euwe postponed the match by two days. Fischer finally flew to Iceland and agreed to play after British investment banker Jim Slater doubled the prize fund, and after much persuasion, including a phone call from Henry Kissinger (the US National Security Advisor). Commentators, particularly from the USSR, suggested that all this (and his continuing exorbitant demands and unreasonable attitude) was part of Fischer's plan to "psych out" Spassky, while Fischer's supporters said that winning the World Championship was the mission of his life, that he simply wanted the setting to be perfect for it when he took the stage, and that his behavior was the same as it had always been.

World-class match play (i.e., a series of games between the same two opponents) often involves one or both players preparing one or two openings very deeply, and playing them repeatedly during the match. Preparation for such a match also involves analysis of lines known to be played by the opponent. Fischer had been famous for his unusually narrow opening repertoire: for example, almost invariably playing 1.e4 as White, and almost always playing the Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defense as Black against 1.e4. He surprised Spassky by repeatedly switching openings, and by playing openings that he had never, or only rarely, played before (such as 1.c4 as White, and Alekhine's Defense, the Pirc Defense, and the Paulsen Sicilian as Black). Even in openings that Fischer had played before in the match, he continually deviated from the variations he had previously played, almost never repeating the same line.

1970 Interzonal tournament
The Interzonal tournament was held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, in November and December 1970. The top six players of the interzonal (shown in bold in the table below) qualified for the Candidates matches. Bobby Fischer had not qualified to play in this event, as he had not participated in the 1969 US Championship (Zonal). However, Pal Benko (and the reserve William Lombardy) gave up his spot, and FIDE President Max Euwe controversially allowed Fischer to participate instead. A compensation of USD $1,500 was paid to Benko for this to occur.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 1970 Interzonal Tournament
|-
!  !! !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24 !! Total !! Tiebreak
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 1 || align=left| || – || 0 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 18½ ||
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 2 || align=left| || 1 || – || ½ || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 15 || 167.50
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 3 ||  || 0 || ½ || – || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || ½ || 15 || 167.00
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 4 || align=left| || ½ || ½ || 0 || – || ½ || 1 || ½ || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 15 || 155.25
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 5 || align=left| || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || – || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 14 || 146.50
|- style="background:#ccffcc;"
| 6 || align=left| || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || – || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 14 || 141.50
|-
| 7 || align=left| || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || – || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 0 || 13½ || 149.75
|-
| 8 || align=left| || 0 || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || – || 1 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 13½ || 141.00
|-
| 9 || align=left| || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || 0 || – || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 13 || 146.75
|-
| 10 || align=left| || 0 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || – || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || 1 || 0 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 13 || 135.50
|-
| 11 || align=left| || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || – || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 12½ || 130.75
|-
| 12 || align=left| || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || – || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 12½ || 130.00
|-
| 13 ||  || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || – || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || ½ || 11½ ||
|-
| 14 ||  || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || – || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || 10½ ||
|-
| 15 ||  || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || ½ || – || 0 || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 0 || 1 || ½ || 1 || 10 || 105.75
|-
| 16 ||  || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 1 || – || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 10 || 96.00
|-
| 17 ||  || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 1 || ½ || 0 || – || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 9½ ||
|-
| 18 ||  || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || – || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 9 || 98.50
|-
| 19 ||  || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 1 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || ½ || ½ || – || ½ || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 9 || 95.25
|-
| 20 ||  || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || ½ || – || ½ || 1 || ½ || 0 || 8½ || 91.50
|-
| 21 ||  || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || ½ || – || 0 || 0 || 1 || 8½ || 88.75
|-
| 22 ||  || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || – || 1 || ½ || 8½ || 85.25
|-
| 23 ||  || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || ½ || 1 || 0 || – || 1 || 6 ||
|-
| 24 ||  || ½ || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || ½ || 0 || – || 5½ ||
|}

Portisch and Smyslov contested a six-game playoff in Portorož, Yugoslavia, in early 1971 for the reserve position for the Candidates Tournament. The match ended 3–3; Portisch was declared the winner because of a better tie-break score in the main tournament.

1971 Candidates matches
Petrosian, as the loser of the last championship match, and Korchnoi, as runner-up of the previous Candidates final, were seeded directly into the Candidates match stage, and were joined by the top six from the Interzonal. In the Petrosian–Hübner quarterfinal in Seville, Hübner withdrew from the match after a loss in the 7th game due to noise complaints.
The quarterfinals and semifinals matches were played as the best of 10 games.  The final match was the best of 12 games.

Fischer dominated the 1971 Candidates Tournament; his  defeats of both Mark Taimanov and Bent Larsen were, and  still are, unparalleled at this level of chess. His loss in game 2 of the Candidates Final versus Tigran Petrosian ended a 20-game winning streak.

Fischer's victory earned him the right to challenge reigning champion Spassky for the title.

1972 World Championship match

Schedule and results
The match was played as the best of 24 games, with wins counting 1 point and draws counting ½ point, and would end when one of the players scored 12½ points. If the match ended in a 12–12 tie, the defending champion (Spassky) would retain the title. The first time control was 40 moves in 2½ hours. Three games per week were scheduled. Each player was entitled to three postponements for medical reasons during the match. Games were scheduled to start on Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday. If a game was adjourned, it was to be continued the next day. Saturday was a rest day.  Over the course of the match "nearly one thousand"  were played, with each player taking a turn.  In grand total, somewhat less than two thousand plies were played.

Fischer insisted that a Staunton chess set from Jaques of London be used.  The chessboard had to be remade at Fischer's request.  The match was covered throughout the world. Fischer became a worldwide celebrity, described as the Einstein of chess. His hotel received dozens of calls each day from women attracted to him, and Fischer enjoyed reading the numerous letters and telegrams that arrived, whether with compliments or criticisms. Excitement grew as the match was postponed and people questioned whether Fischer would appear.  Previously, he had come to the airport and, surrounded by reporters, left. The combination of the intrigue surrounding whether Fischer will play or not and the "American versus Russian" narrative fitting to the Cold War setting sparked excitement throughout the world.

Games

Game 1: Spassky–Fischer, 1–0 (Nimzo-Indian Main)
. At the beginning of play, Fischer was not present. Spassky played 1.d4 and pressed the clock, and nine minutes elapsed before Fischer arrived, shook hands with Spassky, and responded 1...Nf6. The opening was a placid Nimzo-Indian Defense, and after 17...Ba4 the game was even (according to analysis by Filip). After a series of piece exchanges it appeared to be a  ending, and no one would have been surprised if the players had agreed to a draw here.

Shockingly, Fischer played 29...Bxh2 as shown, a move that few players would consider in light of the obvious 30.g3, trapping the bishop. In exchange for the lost bishop, Black is only able to obtain two pawns (see chess piece relative value). Gligorić, Kasparov and other commentators have suggested that Fischer may have miscalculated, having planned 30...h5 31.Ke2 h4 32.Kf3 h3 33.Kg4 Bg1, but overlooking that 34.Kxh3 Bxf2 35.Bd2 keeps the bishop trapped. Anatoly Karpov suggested that Spassky was afraid of Fischer and wanted to show that he could draw with the white pieces, while Fischer wanted to disprove that as the game headed for a stale draw. Owing to unusual features in the position, Fischer had good drawing chances despite having only two pawns for the bishop. But the position became hopeless after he made at least one more bad move (39th and/or 40th, see cited source) before the , which took place after move 40. Fischer could still have drawn the game with the correct 39th or 40th move. He  on move 56.

Game 2: Fischer forfeits
After his loss Fischer made further demands on the organizers, including that all cameras be removed. When they were not, he refused to appear for game 2, giving Spassky a default win. His appeal was rejected. Karpov speculates that this forfeited game was actually a masterstroke on Fischer's part, a move designed specifically to upset Spassky's equanimity.

With the score now 2–0 in Spassky's favor, many observers believed that the match was over and Fischer would leave Iceland, and, indeed, Fischer looked to board the next plane out, only to be dissuaded by his second, William Lombardy. His decision to stay in the match was attributed by some to another phone call from Kissinger and a deluge of cablegrams. Sportingly, Spassky agreed to play the third game in a small room backstage, out of sight of the spectators. According to Pal Benko and Burt Hochberg, this concession was a psychological mistake by Spassky.

Game 3: Spassky–Fischer, 0–1 (Modern Benoni)

. This game proved to be the turning point of the match. After 11.Qc2, Fischer demonstrated his understanding of the position with 11...Nh5—a seemingly  move allowing White to shatter Black's  pawn structure, but Fischer's assessment that his kingside attack created significant  proved correct. Surprised by Fischer's , Spassky did not react in the best way. Instead of 15.Bd2, 15.Ne2!? was possible (Zaitsev), or 15.f3 to prevent ...Ng4. In particular, Spassky's 18th move, weakening the light squares, was a mistake. The game was , and Spassky resigned the next day upon seeing that Fischer had sealed the best move, 41...Bd3+ It was Fischer's first-ever win against Spassky.

Game 4: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Sicilian Sozin)

. The match resumed with this game on the main hall stage per Spassky's request, but without TV cameras per Fischer's request.

Fischer as White played the Sozin Attack against Spassky's Sicilian Defense. Spassky sacrificed a pawn, and after 17...Bxc5+ had a slight advantage (Nunn). Spassky developed a strong kingside attack, but failed to convert it into a win, the game ending in a draw.

Game 5: Spassky–Fischer, 0–1 (Nimzo-Indian Hübner)

. Game 5 was another Nimzo-Indian, this time the Hübner Variation: 4.Nf3 c5 5.e3 Nc6 6.Bd3 Bxc3+ 7.bxc3 d6. Fischer rebuffed Spassky's attempt to attack; after 15...0-0 the game was even (Adorján). Fischer obtained a blocked position where Spassky was saddled with weak pawns and his  had no prospects. After 26 moves, Spassky blundered with 27.Qc2, and resigned after Fischer's 27...Bxa4!, as shown. After 28.Qxa4 Qxe4, Black's dual threats of 29...Qxg2 and 29...Qxe1# would decide; alternatively, 28.Qd2 (or 28.Qb1) Bxd1 29.Qxd1 Qxe4 30.Qd2 a4 wins.

Thus Fischer had drawn level (the score was now 2½–2½), although FIDE rules stipulated that the champion retained the title if after 24 games the match ended in a tie.

After game 5, Fischer hinted to Lombardy about a surprise he had in store for game 6.

Game 6: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (QGD Tartakower)
. Before the match began, the Soviet team that had been training Spassky debated about whether Fischer might play an opening move different from his usual 1.e4. "But when the question was raised as to whether 1.d4 or 1.c4 could be expected of Fischer, Spassky replied: 'Let's not bother with such nonsense – I'll play the Tartakower [Defence]. What can he achieve?...

Fischer played 1.c4 (instead of 1.e4) for only the third time in a serious game. With 3.d4 the game transposed to the Queen's Gambit Declined, surprising many who had never seen Fischer play the White side of that opening. In fact, he had previously openly condemned it.

Spassky played Tartakower's Defense (7...b6), his favorite choice in many tournaments and a line with which he had never lost. After 14.Bb5 (introduced in Furman–Geller, Moscow 1970), Spassky responded with 14...a6. Geller had previously shown Spassky 14...Qb7, the move with which Geller later beat Jan Timman at Hilversum 1973, but Spassky apparently forgot about it.  Fischer's 20.e4! – "the key move of the game" – struck at Black's center and left Spassky with no good alternatives. After Spassky's 20...d4, "the pawns have no hope of further advance and the white bishop is unimpeded." After 21.f4, Fischer had the upper hand (Hort). After 26.f5, White had a crushing attack.

After this game, Spassky joined the audience in applauding Fischer's win. This astounded Fischer, who called his opponent "a true sportsman".

"Lombardy was ecstatic: 'Bobby has played a steady, fluent game, and just watched Spassky make horrendous moves. Spassky has not met a player of Bobby's genius and caliber before, who fights for every piece on the board; he doesn't give in and agree to draws like the Russian grandmasters. This is a shock to Spassky.

According to C.H.O'D. Alexander: "This game was notable for two things. First, Fischer played the Queen's Gambit for the first time in his life in a serious game; second, he played it to perfection, the game indeed casting doubt on Black's whole opening system."

The win gave Fischer the lead (3½–2½) for the first time in the match.

Game 7: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (Sicilian Najdorf)

. Spassky played 1.e4 for the first time in the match. Fischer defended aggressively with his favorite Poisoned Pawn Variation of the Najdorf Sicilian, and after 17...Nc6 had the upper hand (Gipslis). He consolidated his extra pawn and reached a winning endgame, but then played carelessly, allowing Spassky to salvage a draw. In the final position, Fischer had two extra pawns but had to execute a draw by  in order to escape being checkmated by Spassky's two rooks and knight.

Game 8: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (English Symmetrical)

. Fischer again played 1.c4; the game remained an English Opening rather than transposing to another opening as in game 6. After 14...a6 the game was even. Spassky gave up an exchange with 15...b5 for little compensation in the way of a positional advantage. It is unclear whether Spassky's 15th move was a sacrifice or a blunder, but his 19th move was definitely a blunder that lost a pawn and left him with a hopeless position. Fischer won, putting him ahead 5–3.

Game 9: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (QGD Semi-Tarrasch)

. After game 8 Spassky took time off, citing an illness, which delayed game 9 by two days. The opening  to the Semi-Tarrasch Defense of the Queen's Gambit Declined. Fischer then played a  of 9...b5!. After 13...0-0 the game was even (Parma). Several exchanges followed, as the game proceeded to a quiet draw after just 29 moves.

Game 10: Fischer–Spassky, 1–0 (Ruy Lopez Breyer)

. Fischer played the Ruy Lopez, an opening on which he was considered an expert. After a balanced opening, Spassky's 25...Qxa5 gave Fischer the upper hand (25...axb5 26.Rxb5 Ba6 gives Spassky a better chance; Gligorić). Fischer responded by initiating a dangerous attack on Spassky's king with 26.Bb3 (Matanović), suddenly placing Black in a critical situation. Spassky sacrificed the exchange for a pawn, reaching a sharp endgame where his two connected passed pawns gave almost sufficient compensation for Fischer's small  advantage. Spassky then had chances to draw, but played inexactly, and Fischer won the game with precise play.

Game 11: Spassky–Fischer, 1–0 (Sicilian Najdorf)

. As in game 7, game 11 opened with the Sicilian Najdorf and Fischer played his favorite Poisoned Pawn Variation. Spassky responded with the startling 14.Nb1 (given  by many annotators at the time), retreating his knight to its starting position. Although later analysis showed that the game would maintain  if Black responded correctly, Fischer was unprepared for the move and did not find the optimal reply. If Fischer had instead played 15...Ne7 then 16.N1d2!? and the game is unclear (Gipslis). After inferior defense by Fischer, Spassky trapped Fischer's queen to reach a winning position, at which point Fischer resigned. It was Spassky's first win since games 1 and 2; for Fischer it was the only time in his career that he lost using the Poisoned Pawn variation in a competitive game.

Game 12: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (QGD Neo-orthodox)

. As in game 6, Fischer's opening 1. c4 transposed into the Queen's Gambit Declined. A quiet game followed. After 19.Be4, analysts gave Fischer a slight advantage (Yudovich), but by 24...a5 the game was even again (Polugaevsky). Neither player was able to find an advantage, and after 55 moves they reached an opposite-colored bishops endgame. Although Spassky had an extra pawn (four against Fischer's three), they could not make progress, and agreed to a draw.

Game 13: Spassky–Fischer, 0–1 (Alekhine's Defense Modern)
. Fischer avoided the Sicilian Defense, with which he had lost game 11, opting for Alekhine's Defense. After 8...a5 9.a4 (9.c3 and Black is only slightly better; Gligorić) dxe5 10.dxe5 Na6! 11.0-0 Nc5, Fischer had the upper hand (Bagirov). The game swung one way, then another, and was finally adjourned at move 42 with Fischer having an edge in a sharp position but no clear win. The Soviet team's analysis convinced them that the position was drawn. Fischer stayed up until 8 a.m. analyzing it (the resumption being at 2:30 p.m.). He had not found a win either, but managed to win a complicated pawns-versus-rook endgame after Spassky missed a relatively simple draw with 69.Rc3+. Spassky's seconds were stunned, and Spassky himself refused to leave the board for a long time after the game was over, unable to believe the result. He remarked, "It is very strange. How can one lose with the opponent's only rook locked in completely at g8?"

Lombardy noted the shock that Spassky was in after he resigned:While Fischer dashed for his car, Spassky remained glued to his seat. A sympathetic Lothar Schmid came over, and the two shifted the pieces about with Boris demonstrating his careless mistakes. The two were left wondering how Bobby could have squeezed a win from a position which a night of competent analysis by a renowned Soviet team had showed to be a guaranteed draw.

Former World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik said this game made a particularly strong impression on him. He called it "the highest creative achievement of Fischer".  He resolved a  opposite-colored bishops endgame by sacrificing his bishop and trapping his own rook. "Then five passed pawns struggled with the white rook. Nothing similar had been seen before in chess".

David Bronstein said, "Of all the games from the match, the 13th appeals to me most of all. When I play through the game I still cannot grasp the innermost motive behind this or that plan or even individual move.  Like an enigma, it still teases my imagination."

When Spassky and Fischer shook hands, many in the audience thought they had agreed to a draw, thinking that 75.Rf4 draws. But 75...Rxd4! 76.Rxd4 Ke2 wins; 75.Be5 Rd1 76.Kxb3 Re1 also wins for Black.

The next seven games (games 14 through 20) were drawn. Fischer was unable to get the initiative. Spassky chose lines that Fischer was unable to break. With a three-point lead, Fischer was content to inch towards the title, and Spassky seemed resigned to his fate.

The off-the-board antics continued, including a lawsuit against Fischer for damages by Chester Fox, who had filming rights to the match (Fischer had objected to what he said were noticeable camera noises, and the Icelandic hosts had reluctantly – they were to share in film revenues along with the two contestants – removed the television cameras), a Fischer demand to remove the first seven rows of spectators (eventually, three rows were cleared), and Soviet claims that Fischer was using electronic and chemical devices to 'control' Spassky, resulting in an Icelandic police sweep of the hall.

Game 14: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (QGD Harrwitz)

. The game was postponed at Spassky's request. Fischer was again White in a Queen's Gambit Declined. After 18.Be5 (18.Nxb6 Qxb6 19.Be5 and Fischer keeps a slight advantage; Gligorić) Bxa4 19.Qxa4 Nc6! Spassky had the upper hand (Karpov). Fischer blundered a pawn on move 21. Spassky blundered it back on move 27, however, and the game settled into a 40-move draw.

Game 15: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (Sicilian Najdorf)

. Fischer returned to the Najdorf Sicilian, but played the main line rather than the Poisoned Pawn Variation with which he had lost game 11. At move 13, Fischer sacrificed a pawn for , which Spassky accepted. After 19.c3, Spassky had the upper hand (Gipslis). After 28...Rd7 the game was even, but when Spassky took a second pawn with 29.Qxh5 it allowed Fischer a very strong attack. Spassky, on the brink of disaster, "found miraculous replies while in time pressure" and Fischer was only able to achieve a draw by threefold repetition after 43 moves. Two years later, Yugoslav grandmaster Dragoljub Velimirović improved on Spassky's play with the piece sacrifice 13.Bxb5, winning a crushing victory in Velimirović–Al Kazzaz, Nice Olympiad 1974. Black in turn later improved on Fischer's 12...0-0-0 with 12...b4.

Game 16: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Ruy Lopez Exchange)

. Fischer played the Exchange Variation of the Ruy Lopez, a favorite line of his. After 17...Rfe8 the game was equal (Gipslis). Spassky defended well, and after a tactical flurry in the endgame, ended up with the nominal advantage of an extra pawn in a rook ending known to be an easy . Although a draw could have been agreed after move 34, Spassky "used his symbolic  advantage for a little psychological torture", prolonging the game until move 60 before agreeing to a draw.

Game 17: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (Pirc Defense)

. Fischer played the Pirc Defense for the first time in his career. After 18...Qc7 the game was unclear (Parma). The game ended in a draw by the threefold repetition rule.

Game 18: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Sicilian Rauzer)

. The game opened with a Richter–Rauzer Attack. After 19...Ne5 the game was equal (Matanović, Ugrinović). Like game 17, the game ended in a draw by threefold repetition.

Game 19: Spassky–Fischer, ½–½ (Alekhine's Defense)

. The second Alekhine's Defense of the match, the game ended in a draw after 40 moves. After 18...Bg5, Gligorić commented "a queer situation has arisen with many tactical possibilities for both sides." After 19.Bh5 the position was unclear (Bagirov). After 37...a6, C.H.O'D. Alexander wrote: "A miracle; after all the excitements – two piece sacrifices by White and the counter-sacrifice of a rook by Black – the players have reached a completely equal endgame with no chances for either side."

Game 20: Fischer–Spassky, ½–½ (Sicilian Rauzer)

. Another Richter–Rauzer, after 13...Nxd2 the game was equal (Matanović, Ugrinović). Spassky outplayed Fischer and got a better position. Fischer headed for a  endgame but Spassky twice avoided a draw by threefold repetition. After 54 moves, Fischer made an incorrect claim of threefold repetition, but Spassky agreed to a draw anyway.

Game 21: Spassky–Fischer, 0–1 (Sicilian Taimanov)

. The 21st game proved to be the last of the match. Fischer used a line of the Sicilian that he had never before played as Black, and further surprised Spassky with a  on move eight. After 14...Qxf6 the game was equal (Taimanov). Spassky played badly in the endgame, and the game was adjourned with a big advantage for Fischer. Fischer's 40th move  was not the best, however; he should have played 40...Kg4 before ...h5 (his actual 40th move). Had Spassky  41.Kh3! (preventing ...Kg4), he would have had drawing chances. Instead he sealed 41.Bd7, which would have permitted Black to win with 41...Kg4 followed by  his h-pawn. On September1, the day scheduled for resumption of the game, arbiter Lothar Schmid informed Fischer and the audience that Spassky had resigned the game by telephone, making Fischer the winner of the match. FIDE President Max Euwe expressed disappointment that Spassky did not go to the playing hall to congratulate Fischer.

The final score was 12½–8½ in favor of Fischer, making him the eleventh world champion.  Spassky won three games (including the forfeit in game 2), Fischer won seven games, and there were eleven draws.

Aftermath
Fischer's crushing victory made him an instant celebrity. Upon his return to New York, a Bobby Fischer Day was held. He was offered numerous product endorsement offers worth millions of dollars, all of which he declined. He appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with American Olympic swimming champion Mark Spitz. Fischer also made television appearances on a Bob Hope special and The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson. But the games in this match proved to be his last public competitive games for two decades. Fischer had, prior to the match, felt that the first-to-12½-points format was not fair, since it encouraged whoever was leading to play for draws instead of wins. He himself adopted this strategy in the match: after having taken a comfortable lead, he drew games 14–20. With each game, he coasted closer to the title, while Spassky lost a chance to fight back.

This style of chess offended Fischer. Instead he demanded the format be changed to that used in the very first World Chess Championship, between Wilhelm Steinitz and Johannes Zukertort, where the winner was the first player to score 10 wins, with draws not counting. In case of a 9–9 score, the champion would retain title, and the prize fund split equally. A FIDE Congress was held in 1974 during the Nice Olympiad. The delegates voted in favor of Fischer's 10-win proposal, but rejected the 9–9 clause as well as the possibility of an unlimited match. In response, Fischer refused to defend his title. Anatoly Karpov, who had fought his way through the 1975 candidates tournament, was declared World Champion by forfeit.

Seventeen years later, Fischer entered negotiations with sponsors willing to fund a match under his proposed format, settling on a bid from Yugoslav millionaire Jezdimir Vasiljević. Fischer insisted that since he had not been defeated in a match, he was still the true world champion. He further claimed that all the games in the FIDE-sanctioned World Championship matches, involving Karpov and his challengers Korchnoi and Kasparov, had prearranged outcomes. He then challenged Spassky (tied for 96th–102nd on the FIDE rating list at the time) to a rematch, leading to the 1992 Fischer–Spassky match.

In popular culture
 The musical Chess, with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson, tells the story of two chess champions, referred to only as "The American" and "The Russian". The musical is loosely based on the 1972 World Championship match between Fischer and Spassky.
 During the 1972 Fischer–Spassky match, the Soviet bard Vladimir Vysotsky wrote an ironic two-song cycle "Honor of the Chess Crown". The first song is about a rank-and-file Soviet worker's preparation for the match with Fischer; the second is about the game. Many expressions from the songs have become catchphrases in Russian culture.
 The 2011 documentary Bobby Fischer Against the World features extensive archival footage from the match.
 The 2014 film Pawn Sacrifice tells the story of Fischer's attempts to defeat Russian Boris Spassky and become the world champion. The film is directed by Edward Zwick and stars Tobey Maguire as Fischer and Liev Schreiber as Spassky.
 In the sixth episode of season 3 of Drunk History, comedian Rich Fulcher recounts the 1972 World Championship match between Fischer and Spassky.

See also
 Fischer–Spassky (1992 match)

Notes

References

 Cited throughout the article as Chess Informant 14.

External links
 Match games in PGN format, and a javascript interface
 Match games available with a PGN chessviewer on Internet on the Chessgames.com website
 Brief comments by Bobby Fischer on the upcoming 1972 Match video clip
 Fischer vs Spassky Documentary BBC documentary
 Spassky vs. Fischer 1972, video clips with expert commentary: Game 3, Game 5, Game 6, Game 8, Game 10, Game 11, Game 13
 "Spassky v Fischer, Reykjavik, 1972" by Edward Winter
 Why The Match Of The Century Almost Didn't Happen. – by Peter Doggers

1972
1972 in chess
Chess in Iceland
1972 in Icelandic sport
Sports competitions in Reykjavík
Soviet Union–United States relations
1970s in Reykjavík
Politics and sports
Bobby Fischer
July 1972 sports events in Europe
August 1972 sports events in Europe

World Chess Championship 1972


مذ التحضر الهلني حتى عام 1982، كان الإغريق يشكلون حروف أبجديتهم. إذ عرفوا طريقة التشكيل تلك: (πολυτονικὸν σύστημα=بوليتونيكون سيستيما).

اليونانية العامية المختلطة
إصلاح تهجئة
تخطيط لوحة مفاتيح
تشكيل أبجدية
تهجئة لغة
قواعد الكتابة
لغة إغريقية
لغة يونانية

شكلات إغريقية


Luna Nørgaard Gevitz (født 3. marts 1994) er en dansk fodboldspiller, forsvarsspiller, der spiller for Montpellier i den franske Division 1 Féminine og for Danmarks kvindefodboldlandshold. Hun har tidligere spillet for bl.a. Guingamp og Montpellier i den bedste franske liga og Fortuna Hjørring i Elitedivisionen.

International karriere
Gevitz har spillet for alle ungdomslandshold fra U16 til U23 for Danmark. Hun fik sin debut på Danmarks A-landhold i juni 2014 i en 5–0 sejr over Israel i en kvalifikationskamp til VM i fodbold 2015. Hun blev indskiftet for Nanna Christiansen efter 69 minutter.

Hun blev udtaget til VM i fodbold 2023 i New Zealand/Australien.

Klubkarriere
Efter at Gevitz havde startet sin seniorkarriere med IK Skovbakken, tilbragte hun 2012–13 sæsonen i Frankrig med Montpellier. Hun underskrev kontrakt med Fortuna Hjørring i august 2013, men en skade i ankelen udsatte hendes debut for hendes nye klub indtil marts 2014. I 2019 skiftede Gevitz til Avant De Guingamp i den bedste franske liga.

Hæder
 2012 - Årets talent

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Fortuna Hjørring
Forsvarsspillere (fodbold)
Personer fra Aarhus

Luna Gevitz


La catedral Ángel de la Guarda  es la catedral de la Diócesis de Las Vegas. Está localizada en Las Vegas, Nevada, en 302 Cathedral Way, justo en las afueras de Las Vegas Strip, cerca de Encore Hotel. Desde la creación en 1995 de la Diócesis de Las Vegas, esta iglesia, que fue construida en 1963 y que anteriormente era parroquia de la Diócesis de Reno, ha pasado a ser la sede del obispo de Las Vegas.

El arquitecto de la catedral de estilo moderno, fue el arquitecto de Los Ángeles Paul Revere Williams.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web

Angel de la Guarda
Angel de la Guarda
Edificios y estructuras del condado de Clark
Catedrales de Nevada
Ángel de la G
Arquitectura de Estados Unidos de 1963
Arquidiócesis de Las Vegas
Iglesias dedicadas a los Ángeles Custodios

Catedral del Ángel de la Guarda (Las Vegas)


Zarrillo est un patronyme pouvant désigner:

Patronyme
Bonita Zarrillo (né en 1965/66), femme politique canadienne de Colombie-Britannique
Bruno Zarrillo (né en 1966), joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Michele Zarrillo (né en 1957), chanteur italien

Homonymie de patronyme

Zarrillo


An Dissanthelium macusaniense in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Hans Ludwig Krause, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Crichton Foster och Lyman Bradford Smith. An Dissanthelium macusaniense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dissanthelium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dissanthelium

Dissanthelium macusaniense


كاثي رايكس (بالإنكليزية: Kathy Reichs) (مواليد 1950، شيكاغو). عالمة إناسة عدلية تعمل في مختبرات العلوم القضائية والطب الشرعي في مقاطعة كيبيك، وهي مثل الشخصية الخيالية التي ابتكرتها الدراما التلفزيونية. تشغل منصب نائب رئيس الاتحاد الأمريكي للعلوم العدلية. كما تشغل مقعدا في المجلس الأستشاري الكندي الوطني لخدمات الشرطة. وتعتبر كاثي رايكس واحدة من مجموعة قليلة لا يتعدى عددها ستة وخمسين عالما من علماء الأنثروبوليجيا العدليين المجازين من المجلس الأمريكي للأنثروبولوجيا العدلية. وتعمل أيضا بصفتها أستاذة لمادة الأنثوبولوجيا في جامعة كارولاينا الشمالية في شارلوت، وهي من مواطني شيكاغو ،حيث تسلمت شهادة دكتوراة في الفلسفة من جامعة نورث ويسترنز وتقسم وقتها بين مدينتي شارلوت ومونتريال.

يذكر أن رواية ديجا ديد هي التي أوصلتها إلى هذه الشهرة وذلك عندما أصبحت ضمن قائمة أكثر الكتب مبيعا في صحيفة نيويورك تايمز. وفازت هذه الرواية بجائزة إليس لأفضل أول رواية لعام 1997.
احتلت الروايات التي كتبتها الكاتبة فيما بعد مكانها في قائمة أكثر الكتب مبيعا في صحيفة النيويورك تايمز، ومنها ديث دو جور، قرارات مميتة، رحلة مميتة، أسرار القبور، عظام عارية، منداي مورننج(صباح الأثنين) وكروس بونز. ورواية رفقا بالعظام هي الرواية التاسعة التي تُبرز فيها الكاتبة شخصية تمبرنس برينان. تم إنتاج مسلسل عظام (بونز) على أساس هذه الشخصية التي تحقق في جرائم القتل الغامضة.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من شيكاغو (إلينوي)
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كارولاينا الشمالية في شارلوت
أعضاء وسام كندا
أكاديميون أمريكيون
بونز (مسلسل)
خريجو الجامعة الأميركية
خريجو جامعة نورث وسترن
روائيات أمريكيات
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
روائيون من إلينوي
عالمات أدلة جنائية
عالمات أمريكيات
عالمات أمريكيات في القرن 20
عالمات أمريكيات في القرن 21
عالمات أنثروبولوجيا
عالمات أنثروبولوجيا أمريكيات
عالمات أنثروبولوجيا كنديات
عالمات القرن 20
عالمات كنديات
علماء أدلة جنائية أمريكيون
علماء إنسان أمريكيون
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 20
كاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 21
كاتبات غموض
كتاب خيال علمي أمريكيون
كتاب غموض أمريكيون
كتاب من شيكاغو
منتجات تلفزيون
منتجات تلفزيون أمريكيات
منتجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
منتجو تلفزيون من إلينوي
مواليد 1950
مواليد في شيكاغو

كاثي ريكس


An Scirpus divaricatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephen Elliott. An Scirpus divaricatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scirpus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scirpus

Scirpus divaricatus


علي عمار الشهير علي لابوانت (14 مايو 1930 في مليانة - 8 أكتوبر 1957)، مقاتل ثوري جزائري وزعيم حرب عصابات جبهة التحرير الوطني الجزائرية. قاتل من أجل استقلال الجزائر ضد النظام الاستعماري الفرنسي خلال معركة مدينة الجزائر.

عندما اندلعت ثورة التحرير الجزائرية (1954-1962) كان علي يقضي عقوبة بالسجن لمدة عامين. جُنِّد من قبل مقاتلي جبهة التحرير الوطني في سجن بربروس (سركاجي) سيئ السمعة، وأصبح أحد أكثر مساعديهم ثقة وولاء في الجزائر العاصمة. في 28 ديسمبر 1956 اتهم بقتل أميدي فروجر عمدة بوفاريك.

في عام 1957 بدأت قوات المظليين الفرنسيين بقيادة العقيد إيف جودار باستهداف قيادة جبهة التحرير الوطني في الجزائر بشكل منهجي في محاولة للقضاء عليها. استخدم العقيد جودار التعذيب كنوع من الابتزاز. في يونيو قاد علي لابوانت فرقًا كانت مسؤولة عن زرع متفجرات في أضواء الشوارع بالقرب من محطات الحافلات وفي نادٍ للرقص مما أسفر عن مقتل 17 شخصًا.

أصدر ياسف سعدي أوامره للقادة بالهروب والإختباء في مواقع مختلفة في منطقة قصبة الجزائر، وبعد أن قبض على ياسف اختبأ علي لابوانت وثلاثة من معاونيه وهم: حسيبة بن بوعلي ومحمود "حامد بوحميدي" و "بيتي عمر" حتى 8 أكتوبر. وشى أحد المخبرين بمكان أختباء علي لابوانت ورفاقه، فاقترب المظليين الفرنسيين من المنزل الذي كانوا يتحصنون فيه وعرضوا عليهم الاستسلام، إلا أن علي لابوانت رفض، فقصف المظليون الفرنسيون المنزل، مما أسفر عن مقتله ورفاقه بالإضافة إلى 20 مدنيًا جزائريًا.

حياته
ولد علي لابوانت في مليانة التابعة لعين الدفلى(التيطري آنذاك) حيث اشتغل في سن مبكرة في مزارع المعمرين، عند عودته إلى الجزائر العاصمة انخرط في صفوف النادي الرياضي بالعاصمة ومارس رياضة الملاكمة، وهناك تعرف على كثير من الوطنيين الذين زرعوا فيه فكرة الثورة. وقضى فترة في السجن. انضم بعد ذلك إلى صفوف الثورة الوطنية ضمن فوج الفدائيين بالعاصمة، وشارك في عدة هجومات على مراكز الجيش والشرطة الاستعمارية. وقد قاد مع حسيبة بن بوعلي وطالب عبد الرحمان وأرزقي لوني وغيرهم من الفدائيين عمليات كثيرة ضد الشرطة الفرنسية.

وفاته

في 8 أكتوبر عام 1957 قُتِلَ علي لابوانت حين قام الاستعمار الفرنسي بنسف المنزل الذي كان يأويه برفقة حسيبة بن بوعلي ومحمود بوحميدي وعمر الصغير، فسقط الأربعة موتى.

في الأدب والثقافة
شخصية علي عمار لا بوانت بطل الفيلم معركة الجزائر للمخرج الإيطالي جيلو بونتيكورفو.

مراجع

أشخاص في حرب الجزائر
أشخاص من مليانة
أعضاء جبهة التحرير الوطني الجزائرية
ثوريون جزائريون
شهداء حرب التحرير الجزائرية
مواليد 1348 هـ
مواليد 1930
مواليد في مليانة
وفيات 1377 هـ
وفيات 1957
وفيات بعبوة ناسفة
وفيات في مدينة الجزائر

علي لابوانت


Istraživanje svemira otkrivanje je i istraživanje nebeskih struktura u svemiru kroz razvoj i rast svemirske tehnologije. Dok proučavanje svemira uglavnom rade astronomi pomoću teleskopa, fizičko istraživanje svemira obavljaju bespilotne robotske svemirske sonde i svemirski letovi. Istraživanje svemira u užem smislu naziv je za djelatnost istraživanja područja izvan planeta Zemlje, koja uključuje neposrednu prisutnost umjetnih fizičkih objekata i ljudi na tom području. U širem smislu, istraživanje svemira uključuje sve gore navedene aktivnosti koje se mogu provoditi u vojne, gospodarske i neke druge svrhe.

Istraživanje svemira vuče korijene iz razvoja raketne tehnologije u prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća, ali zamah je dobilo tek nakon završetka Drugog svjetskog rata i početka Hladnog rata. Tada su suparničke velesile SAD i SSSR zaključile, da će eventualni Treći svjetski rat odlučiti uporaba interkontinentalnih balističkih projektila čiji je razvoj i usavršavanje povlačio za sobom nužnost istraživanja ne samo gornjih slojeva Zemljine atmosfere, već i svemira. Godine 1945. britanski znanstvenik Arthur C. Clarke iznio je ideju postavljanja umjetnih satelita u Zemljinu orbitu, što su i velike sile prepoznale kao mogućnost za uspostavu komunikacijskog sustava, odnosno prikupljanje podataka o neprijatelju.

Zbog svega toga, krajem 1940-ih, počela je svemirska utrka između dviju supersila. Od početka je SSSR bio u prednosti, a 4. listopada 1957. godine lansiran je prvi umjetni satelit iz programa Sputnjik, što predstavlja početak svemirske ere. Četiri godine kasnije, Jurij Gagarin postao je prvi čovjek u svemiru. SAD je odgovorio pokretanjem ambicioznog programa Apollo, čiji je cilj bio iskrcavanje astronauta na Mjesec. Nakon što je taj cilj ostvaren 21. srpnja 1969., američka ga je javnost shvatila kao vrhunsko postignuće koje u dogledno vrijeme neće biti premašeno te je počela gubiti interes za istraživanje svemira, što se postupno odrazilo i na politički establišment.

Gubitak utrke za Mjesec preusmjerio je sovjetski svemirski program prema još ambicioznijem, ali i teže ostvarivom cilju iskrcavanja ljudske posade na Mars. Stoga su 1970-ih uloženi veliki napori da se usavrši dugoročno održavanje ljudi u svemiru. Rezultat tih nastojanja bila je izgradnja prvih svemirskih postaja, odnosno održavanje stalne ljudske prisutnosti u Zemljinoj orbiti. U isto vrijeme, Amerika se koncentrirala na nešto praktičniji cilj razvoja orbitalnog transportnog vozila koje bi se moglo koristiti više puta. Rezultat tih napora bio je Space Shuttle, letjelica čiji je prvi model uspješno lansiran 1981. godine.
Završetak Hladnog rata zadao je veliki udarac daljnjem istraživanju svemira, jer su pobjedničke SAD izgubile značajan poticaj, a Rusija (nasljednica SSSR-a) političku i drugu infrastrukturu za ambicioznije projekte. Pojačale su se i kritike istraživanja svemira čiji zagovornici smatraju da je to besmisleno rasipanje golemih resursa koje bi bilo bolje utrošiti na rješavanje gorućih problema na samom planetu Zemlji. Mnogi također smatraju da istraživanje svemira mora biti ograničeno samo na sonde koje je napravio čovjek, jer je održavanje ljudskog života u ekstremnim svemirskim uvjetima preskupo, previše riskantno i neisplativo.

S prestankom rada Međunarodne svemirske postaje nakon STS-133 u ožujku 2011., planovi za američko istraživanje svemira ostaju u tijeku. "Constellation", program Bushove administracije za povratak na Mjesec do 2020. ekspertsko izvješće iz 2009. ocijenilo je neadekvatno financiranim i nerealnim. Obamina administracija predložila je reviziju "Constellationa" 2010. kako bi se usredotočila na razvoj sposobnosti za misije s ljudskom posadom izvan niske Zemljine orbite, predviđajući širenje Međunarodne svemirske postaje nakon 2020., prenoseći razvoj lansirnih vozila s posadom iz NASA-e u privatni sektor i razvoj tehnologija za omogućavanje misija izvan niske Zemljine orbite.

Godine 2000. Kina je pokrenula uspješan program svemirskih letova s posadom, dok su Europska unija, Japan i Indija također planirale buduće svemirske misije s ljudskom posadom. Kina, Rusija, Japan i Indija zagovarale su misije s ljudskom posadom na Mjesec tijekom 21. stoljeća, dok je Europska unija također zagovarala misije s ljudskom posadom na Mjesec i Mars tijekom 20. i 21. stoljeća. Od 1990-ih privatni poduzetnici počeli su promicati svemirski turizam, a potom i javno istraživanje lunarnog svemira.

Izvori

Istraživanje svemira


Die Liste der deutschen Botschafter in Tunesien enthält die Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Tunesien. Sitz der Botschaft ist in Tunis.

Siehe auch
 Botschafter der DDR in Tunesien

Weblinks
 Website der Deutschen Botschaft Tunis

Einzelnachweise

!
Tunesien
Deutschland


Turen til Squashland er en animationsfilm instrueret af Lars von Trier, der også skrev manuskriptet. Lars von Trier (på daværende tidspunkt Lars Trier) var ved filmens indspilning ca. 8 år gammel.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1967
Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Film instrueret af Lars von Trier

Turen til Squashland


La Medalla Chern es un premio internacional de matemáticas, otorgado durante el Congreso Internacional de Matemáticos (IMC) que se celebra cada cuatro años, en reconocimiento a los logros destacados de toda una vida dedicada al estudio de las matemáticas en su más alto nivel.

Nombrado en honor al matemático chino Shiing-Shen Chern, el reconocimiento es otorgado en conjunto por la Unión Matemática Internacional (IMU) y la Fundación Medalla Chern (CMF) durante la ceremonia de apertura, en la misma manera la Medalla Fields, el Premio Nevanlinna y el Premio Gauss. El primero fue otorgado en el 2010 en Hyderabad

El premio consiste en una medalla decorada con la figura de Chern, una recompensa en efectivo de  $250,000 (USD) y además la opción de redirigir $250,000 en donaciones de caridad hacia una o más organizaciones que apoyen la investigación, educación o divulgación en matemáticas.

Laureados

 2018 Masaki Kashiwara – por sus destacadas y fundamentales contribuciones al análisis algebraico y la teoría de la representación sostenidas durante un período de casi 50 años.
 2014 Phillip Griffiths – por su innovador y transformador desarrollo de métodos trascendentales en geometría compleja, particularmente su trabajo fundamental en la teoría de Hodge y períodos de variedades algebraicas.
 2010 Louis Nirenberg – "por su rol en la formulación de la teoría moderna de las ecuaciones diferenciales parciales elípticas no lineales y su tutoría a numerosos estudiantes y postdoctorados en esta área".

Véase también
 Medalla Fields
 Premio Gauss
 Congreso Internacional de Matemáticos (ICM)
 Unión Matemática Internacional (IMU)
 Premio Nevanlinna

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial.
 Comunicado de prensa, IMU.
 Bases, ICM.

Premios de matemática

Medalla Chern


Ballokume (Ballokumja) este o prăjitură tradițională albaneză ce își are originile în Elbasan. Aceasta este specific mâncată de Dita e Verës (Ziua Verii, 14 Martie).

Ingrediente
500 gr zahăr alb
500 gr unt
1 kg făină de porumb
50 gr făină de grâu
8 albușuri de ou
200-250 ml lapte de vacă

Se folosește un recipient mare pentru preparare.

Modalitate de preparare
În recipient adăugați untul și zahărul și se amestecă până când compoziția este omogenă (Este de preferat ca acest procedeu să fie făcut de mână, nu cu ajutorul unei ustensile).
Pe măsură ce se amestecă, se adaugă pe rând câte un albuș.
Se incorporează laptele.
Se adaugă făina încetul cu încetul, astfel încât se evită formarea cocoloașelor.
Se lasă aluatul rezultat 15 minute.

Modalitate de coacere
Se pune în formele dorite pe o tavă de copt și se lasă la cuptor timp de 20 de minute la 180°C sau până se formează o crustă subțire. După scoatere se lasă la răcit, apoi fiind gata de servire.

Note

Prăjituri
Bucătăria albaneză

Ballokume


مسجد نمرة بفتح النون وكسر الميم وسكونها، هو مسجد وواحد من أهم المعالم في مشعر عرفات، وبه يصلي عشرات الآلاف من ضيوف الرحمن حجاج البيت الحرام صلاة الظهر وصلاة العصر في يوم عرفة جمعا وقصرا اقتداء بالنبي محمد.

الموقع

يقع مسجد نمرة إلى الغرب من مشعر عرفات، ويقع جزء من غرب المسجد في وادي عرنة وهو وادي من أودية مكة المكرمة نهى النبي عن الوقوف فيه حيث قال  : وقفت ها هنا وعرفات كلها موقف إلا بطن عرنة، وبطن وادي عرنة ليس من عرفة لكنه قريب منه.

أسماء المسجد
يعتبر مسجد نمرة علامة فارقة في جبين مشعر عرفات، حيث يمكن الاستدلال عليه من كل أطراف عرفات، وفي يوم الوقوف بعرفات يوم التاسع من شهر ذي الحجة يؤدي أكثر من 400 ألف مصل صلاتي الظهر والعصر جمعا وقصرا في مسجد نمرة بمشعر عرفات، يعرف مسجد نمرة العريق بعدة أسماء حيث تطلق عليه أيضا مسميات مسجد إبراهيم الخليل ومسجد عرفة ومسجد عرنة.

البناء
مسجد نمرة شيد في المرة الأولى في منتصف القرن الثاني الهجري، في أول عصر الخلافة العباسية، وحظي بنائه وعمارته باهتمام خلفاء وسلاطين وأمراء المسلمين، حيث عمره الجواد الأصفهاني في عام 559 هـ، وأجريت له في العصر المملوكي عمارتان مهمتان الأولى بأمر الملك المظفر سيف الدين قطز في عام 843 هـ والثانية بأمر السلطان قايتباي في عام 884 هـ وتعتبر الأفخم والأكثر جمالا واتقانا في ذلك الحين، ثم جددت عمارته في العهد العثماني في عام 1272 هـ.

العهد السعودي

شهد مسجد نمرة أكبر توسعة له في التاريخ في العهد السعودي، حيث بلغت تكلفة إعادة بنائه 237 مليون ريال، وصار طوله من الشرق إلى الغرب 340 متر وعرضه من الشمال إلى الجنوب 240 متر، وأصبحت مساحته تبلغ أكثر من 110 آلاف متر مربع، وتوجد خلف المسجد مساحة مظللة تقدر مساحتها بحوالي 8000 متر مربع، ويستوعب المسجد نحو 350 ألف مصل، وللمسجد ست مآذن ارتفاع كل منها 60 مترا، وله ثلاث قباب وعشرة مداخل رئيسية تحتوي على 64 باب، وفيه غرفة للإذاعة الخارجية مجهزة لنقل الخطبة وصلاتي الظهر والعصر ليوم عرفة مباشرة بواسطة الأقمار الصناعية.

مصادر

الحج في الإسلام
جبال السعودية
جغرافيا مكة
مساجد في السعودية
مساجد مكة

مسجد نمرة


Kemal Kurspahić (Mrkonjić Grad, 1. prosinca 1946. − Washington, 17. rujna 2020.), bosanskohercegovački je novinar, bivši glavni i odgovorni urednik dnevnog lista Oslobođenje, urednik lanca tjednih listova pod nazivom The Connection Newspapers, osnivač i predsjednik Instituta za medije u demokraciju.

Životopis
Kemal Kurspahić je rođen 1946. u Mrkonjić Gradu. Osnovnu školu pohađao je u Bosni i Hercegovini i Hrvatskoj. Trogodišnju srednju školu završio je u Sanskom Mostu. Diplomirao je na Pravnom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Beogradu i stekao zvanje odvjetnika.

Novinarstvom se počinje baviti 1962., još u srednjoškolskim danima, radeći kao dopisnik lista za Oslobođenje iz Sanskog Mosta. Bio je urednik beogradskog tjednika Student, a od 1969. radi kao dopisnik Oslobođenja iz Beograda. Od 1971. do 1973. dopisnik je iz Jajca. U Sarajevo se seli 1974, gdje radi u nekoliko redakcija.

Od 1981. do 1985. radi kao dopisnik iz New Yorka. Od 1985. do 1988. bio je zamjenik glavnog urednika Oslobođenja, a od prosinca 1988. do ožujka 1994. i glavni urednik. Na toj dužnosti dobiva nekoliko priznanja za doprinos slobodi tiska i ljudskim pravima.

Izvještavao je s Olimpijskih igara 1972. u Münchenu, Zimskih olimpijskih igara 1980. u Lake Placidu te Olimpijskih igara 1984. u Los Angelesu. Bio je i reporter sa Svjetskog nogometnog prvenstva 1974. u Zapadnoj Njemačkoj.

Intervjuirao je niz poznatih ličnosti, poput predsjednika Sjedinjenih Američkih Država Ronalda Reagana, generalnog tajnika Ujedinjenih naroda Javiera Péreza de Cuéllara, indijskog premijera Rajiva Gandhija, te predsjednika Šri Lanke Ranasinghea Premadasu. Pisao je komentare za The New York Times, The Washington Post, Herald Tribune, The Los Angeles Times, Die Zeit, El País i druge.

Od 2001. do 2006. radi za Ured Ujedinjenih naroda za drogu i kriminal, najprije kao glasnogovornik u Beču, a zatim i na Barbadosu kao predstavnik te organizacije za karipsku regiju. Predavao je i na drugim vodećim američkim univerzitetima i savjetovao mnogobrojne vodeće političare poput predsjednika Bill Clintona i u to doba senatora Joe Bidena.

Preminuo je u Washingtonu, 17. rujna 2020. godine. Umro od posljedica moždanog udara kojeg je zadobio nakon lakšeg kirurškog zahvata. Dvije godine kasnije, Oslobođenje je ustanovilo međunarodnu nagradu nazvanu po Kemalu Kurspahiću.

Knjige

 Letters from the War (Sarajevo, 1992.)
 The White House in 1984 on the presidential elections in the United States (Sarajevo, 1994.)
 As Long As Sarajevo Exists (1997.)
 Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace (2003.)

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nagrada za hrabrost u novinarstvu (International Women's Media Foundation), Washington, 1992.
 Urednik godine (World Press Review), New York, 1993.
 Heroj borbe za slobodu štampe (International Press Institute), Beč, 2000.
 Busekova nagrada za doprinos boljem razumijevanju u jugoistočnoj Europi (SEEMO), Beč, 2003.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Zvanični sajt

Bošnjački novinari
Bosanskohercegovački urednici

Kemal Kurspahić


AquaDom u berlinskoj četvrti Centar bio je najveći samostojeći cilindrični akvarij na svijetu. Od prosinca 2003. do sredine prosinca 2022. bio je svojevrsna turistička atrakcija u predvorju hotela Radisson Blu.

Povijest
AquaDom je izrađen od akrilnog stakla kao cilindrična posuda visine 16 i promjera 11,5 metara. Cijela je konstrukcija ukupne visine 25 metara. Posjetitelji su se mogli provozati dizalom kroz cilindričnu unutrašnjost akvarija. U akvariju je u više od 940 000 litara morske vode, temperature 26 stupnjeva, živjelo oko 97 različitih vrsta riba, njih ukupno oko 1500.

Nakon višegodišnje izgradnje, AquaDom je otvoren 2. prosinca 2003. Troškovi izgradnje iznosili su 12,8 milijuna eura. Projekt je ostvarila njemačka tvrtka Union Investment, a za provedbu bioloških sadržaja bilo je odgovorno Berlinsko društvo za velike akvarije (njem. Berliner Gesellschaft für Großaquarien). Cilj toga Društva bio je preobraziti AquaDom u umjetni koraljni greben.

Ujutro 16. prosinca 2022. cilindar od akrilnoga stakla je puknuo, a sadržaj akvarija izlio se u predvorje hotela i na okolne ulice, Unutrašnjost hotela velikim je dijelom uništena, a osoblje i gosti evakuirani.

Dokumentacija
 YouTube: Spiegel TV – Riesen-Aquarium geplatzt – So wurde der Aquadom gebaut (TV reportaža)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 AquaDom & Sea Life Berlin arhivirana inačica.

Građevine u Berlinu
Turističke atrakcije u Berlinu

AquaDom


The Last Rockstars é um supergrupo de rock formado em 2022 por quatro músicos japoneses: Yoshiki (X Japan), Hyde (L'Arc-en-Ciel, Vamps), Sugizo (Luna Sea, X Japan) e Miyavi. Os membros anunciaram a colaboração em novembro de 2022 e lançaram seu primeiro single autointitulado em dezembro. Foi anunciada uma turnê pelo Japão e Estados Unidos no início de 2023.

Carreira
A formação de The Last Rockstars foi anunciada em uma coletiva de imprensa em Tóquio em 11 de novembro de 2022. Os quatro membros - Yoshiki, Hyde, Sugizo e Miyavi - também anunciaram singles futuros e agendaram vários shows para janeiro e fevereiro de 2023: quatro em Tóquio e um em Nova Iorque e Los Angeles. Em 14 de dezembro, após seus dois shows nos Estados Unidos esgotarem, anunciaram que um segundo show em Nova Iorque havia sido adicionado à agenda da turnê devido à alta demanda. Também contaram que suas músicas seriam lançadas pela pela Melodee Music/Ingrooves, uma sub-gravadora da Universal Music e Virgin Music Group.

Yoshiki afirmou que a missão do grupo era "visar o mercado internacional além do Japão" e "preservar o espírito do rock", que o músico afirmou ter sido superado na cena musical moderna pelo pop e hip-hop. Previamente, Yoshiki, Sugizo e Miyavi haviam formado o supergrupo Skin com Gackt em 2007, porém sua única atividade foi um show em Los Angeles.

Em 23 de dezembro, The Last Rockstars lançou seu primeiro single, "The Last Rockstars (Paris Mix)". Ele alcançou o top dez das paradas da Finlândia, França, Hong Kong, Hungria, Taiwan, Nova Zelândia, Macau e Noruega. No dia 31, os membros fizeram sua apresentação de estreia no programa musical de véspera de Ano Novo da NHK 73º NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen, estabelecendo um recorde nacional ao se apresentar no programa apenas oito dias após o lançamento de seu primeiro single. Band-Maid será a banda de abertura dos três shows de estreia do The Last Rockstars nos Estados Unidos em 3, 4 e 10 de fevereiro.

Membros
 Yoshiki (X Japan) – líder, bateria, piano
 Hyde (L'Arc~en~Ciel, Vamps) - vocais
 Sugizo (Luna Sea, X Japan) - guitarra
 Miyavi – guitarra

Discografia

Singles

Bandas de Visual kei
Bandas formadas em 2022
Bandas de Tóquio
Bandas de J-rock
Supergrupos do Japão

The Last Rockstars


Biserica evanghelică fortificată din Dupuș este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul satului Dupuș, comuna Ațel.

Ansamblul este format din două monumente:
 Biserica evanghelică fortificată ()
 Zid incintă ()

Localitatea
Dupuș, mai demult Dupușdorf, Dupăsdorf, Dupușul (în dialectul săsesc Toppesterf, în , în ) este un sat în comuna Ațel din județul Sibiu, Transilvania, România.

Este situat la est de Ațel și la nord-vest de Biertan, pe o vale laterală a Târnavei Mari. Se află la o distanță de aproximativ 5 km de șoseaua Mediaș-Sighișoara. Prima consemnare istorică a Dupușului se găsește într-un document datat 3 iunie 1267, potrivit căruia Nikolaus, fiul lui Jula, este împroprietărit de către regele  Ștefan al V-lea al Ungariei cu patru sate care i-au aparținut înainte și bunicului său. Aceste localități sunt Mediaș, Micăsasa, Dupuș și Cloașterf, toate fiind menționate aici pentru prima oară.

Dintr-un act judecătoresc din 1359 reiese că Dupuș a fost un sat liber, pe pământ crăiesc, aparținând de Scaunul Mediaș. În 1532 Dupuș era un sat liber aparținând celor Două Scaune și numărând 69 de "gospodari".

Biserica
A fost construită în primul sfert al secolului XVI ca biserică sală, fără turn. Pe peretele de vest, în spatele orgii, este trecut anul 1524. Corul și sala sunt de aceeași lățime. Pereții sunt sprijiniți de piloni integrați și legați în partea de sus prin arce de cărămidă. Deasupra se ridică etajul fortificat, cu acoperișul în două ape înclinat abrupt în toate părțile, având în vest un pinion. În spatele arcelor se găsesc orificii de tragere, respectiv turnare. O bandă decorativă în culorile galben, roșu, verde și negru decorează nivelul fortificat, ale cărui guri de tragere au forma de gaură de cheie. Accesul este realizat printr-o scară în spirală în colțul de nord-vest al bisericii.

În interiorul bisericii, pe partea de nord a corului, se găsește un tabernacol de dinaintea reformei protestante, precum și o strană din 1537, care în prezent se află în curs de restaurare la Universitatea Hildesheim din Germania, strană care pare a fi fost realizată în atelierul meșterului Johannes Reichmuth din Sighișoara.

Biserica a fost înconjurată de un zid înalt de 7 m. Turnul alipit de biserică, mult mai înalt decât aceasta, s-a prăbușit în 1725. În 1901 zidul a fost demolat parțial în vederea obținerii de materiale pentru construirea școlii, înălțimea fiindu-i redusă la 2,5 m. În 1902 a fost construită actuala clopotniță, mai scundă decât coama acoperișului.

Altarul triptic de la Dupuș, adăpostit în prezent la Mediaș, când este deschis arată un crucifix flancat de patru îngeri, iar pe panourile voleților deschiși sunt reprezentate diferite scene cu tematică biblică. Panourile de pe altarul închis reprezintă opt scene din patimile lui Iisus.

Orga bisericii evanghelice se numără printre cele mai vechi orgi din Ardeal păstrate până în ziua de astăzi. A fost construită în anul 1731 de Georg Wachsmann în stil baroc, fiind achiziționată din Biertan în anul 1794. În anul 1909 a fost reparată de Karl Einschenk, iar în 1944 și 1972 de Otto Einschenk. În prezent are un număr de 7+1 registre, inițial au fost 9 sau 10.

Note

Bibliografie
Anghel Gheorghe, Fortificații medievale din piatră, secolele XII-XVI, Cluj Napoca, 1986.
Avram Alexandru, Câteva considerații cu privire la bazilicile scurte din bazinul Hârtibaciului și zona Sibiului, în Revista monumentelor și muzeelor de istorie, 1981, numărul 2.
Crîngaci Maria-Emilia, Bazilici romanice din regiunea Sibiului în Analele Asociației a Tinerilor Istorici din Moldova, Ed. Pontas, Chișinău, 2001.
Dancu Fabrițius Juliana, Cetăți țărănești săsești din Transilvania, în Revista Transilvania, Sibiu, 19.
Hermann Fabini. Universul cetăților bisericești din Transilvania. Sibiu: Editura Monumenta, 2009, 279 p.
Iambor Petre, Așezări fortificate din Transilvania (sec. IX-XIII), Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
Luca Sabin Adrian, PINTER Zeno Karl, GEROGESCU Adrian, Repertoriul arheologic al județului Sibiu (Situri, monumente arheologice și istorice), Sibiu, 2003.
Thomas Nägler, Așezarea sașilor în Transilvania, Editura Kriterion, București, 1992.
Rusu Adrian Andrei, Castelarea carpatica, Editura MEGA, Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
George Oprescu, Bisericile, cetăți ale sașilor din Ardeal, Editura Academiei, București, 1956.
Țiplic Ioan-Marian, Organizarea defensivă a Transilvaniei în evul mediu (secolele X-XIV), Editura Militară, București, 2006.

Legături externe
 Fișa monumentului și fotografii
 Fișă și localizare de monument
 Dupuș în Repertoriul arheologic Sibiu 2003

Vezi și
 Dupuș, Sibiu

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Sibiu
Biserici fortificate din Transilvania
Biserici evanghelice de confesiune augustană din România
Biserici din secolul al XVI-lea din România
Biserici din județul Sibiu
Bolte gotice pe ogivă din România

Biserica fortificată din Dupuș


An Homalomena ovata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler. An Homalomena ovata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Homalomena, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Homalomena

Homalomena ovata