තුත්මෝස් IV (ඇතැම්විට IVවන තුට්මොසිස් හෝ තුත්මොසිස් ලෙස කියවනු ලැබේ. එහි අරුත තොත් ඔහුව දැරී ය යන්නයි) යනු ඊජිප්තුවේ, 18වන රාජවංශයේ 8වන පාරාවෝවරයායි. ඔහු ක්‍රි.පූ. 14වන සියවසේ පමණ ඊජිප්තුව පාලනය කොට ඇත. ඔහුගේ පෙරනාමය හෝ රාජකීය නාමය වන මෙන්ඛෙපෙරුරේ යන්නෙහි අරුත "ස්වරූපයෙන් ස්ථාපිත කළ රේ" යන්නයි.

දිවිය

IVවන තුත්මෝස් උපත ලැබූයේ IIවන අමෙන්හොටෙප් සහ ටියා බිසවට දාව ය. නමුත් ඔහු කිරුළහිමි කුමරු නොවූ අතර, ඔහු IIවන අමෙන්හොටෙප් විසින් සිහසුනට තේරූ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා විය. ඇතැම් විද්වතුන් අනුමාන කරන්නේ තුත්මෝස් බලය ලබාගැනීමට සිය වැඩිමහල් සොයුරාව බලයෙන් පහකොට සිය අනපේක්ෂිත රාජ්‍යත්වය සාධාරණීකරණයට සිහින ශිලා ස්තම්භය ඉදිකරන්නට ඇති බවයි. තුත්මෝස්ගේ වඩාත් ප්‍රකට කාර්යය ලෙස ගිසාහි ස්ෆින්ක්සය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කිරීම සහ සිහින ශිලා ස්තම්භය ඉදිකිරීම දැක්විය හැක. සිහින ශිලා ස්තම්භයේ තුත්මෝස්ගේ සටහනට අනුව, කුමරු ළමාවියේ දඩයම් චාරිකාවක නියැළී වෙහෙසට පත් වූ විට ගෙල දක්වා වැලිවලින් වැසී තිබූ මහා ස්ෆින්ක්සයේ හිස යට ගිමන් හැර ඇත. මඳ වේලාවකින් එතැන නින්ද ගිය ඔහුට සිහිනයක් පෙනුණු අතර, ඉන් කියැවුණේ ඔහු විසින් වැලි පාදා ස්ෆින්ක්සය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කළහොත් ඔහුට ඊළඟ පාරාවෝ විය හැකි බව ස්ෆින්ක්සය ඔහුට පැවසූ බවයි. ස්ෆින්ක්සය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණයෙන් පසු, ඔහු ස්ෆින්ක්සයේ සිංහ පා දෙක අතර කැටයම් ශිලා ඵලකයක් ස්ථාපනය කළ අතර එය දැන් සිහින ශිලා ස්තම්භය ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබයි. ස්ෆින්ක්සය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය සහ සිහින ශිලාවේ පාඨය තුත්මෝස්ගේ අනපේක්ෂිත රාජ්‍යත්වය නීත්‍යානුකූල කිරීමට ගත් උත්සාහයක් ලෙස සැලකෙයි. ඔහුගේ කෙටි දස අවුරුදු පාලන සමය පිළිබඳ ඇත්තේ තොරතුරු ස්වල්පයකි. ඔහු සිය 8වන වර්ෂයේ (කොනොසෝ ශිලාවෙහි සඳහන් පරිදි) ක්‍රි.පූ. 1393 අවට නුබියාවේ කැරැල්ලක් මැඬලූ බව පැවසේ. තවත් ශිලා ස්තම්භයක ඔහුව සිරියාවේ ජයග්‍රාහකයා ලෙස හඳුන්වා ඇත. නමුත් ඔහුගේ යුධ ජයග්‍රහණ පිළිබඳව ද තොරතුරු ඇත්තේ ස්වල්පයකි. IVවන තුත්මෝස් පිළිබඳ චරිතාපදානයක් ලියූ බෙට්සි බ්‍රයන් පවසන්නේ IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ කොනොසෝ ශිලාව මගින් විස්තර කර ඇත්තේ ඊජිප්තුවේ නැගෙනහිර කාන්තාරයේ රන් පතල් මාර්ග නුබියානුවන්ගෙන් ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට රජුගේ හමුදා ගත් දේශ සීමා ක්‍රියාදාමයක් පිළිබඳ බවයි. IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ සමයේ තවත් වැදගත්කමක් ලෙස මිටානි රාජ්‍යය සමග සාමකාමී සබඳතා පවත්වා ගනිමින් මෙම සන්ධානය තහවුරු කරගැනීමට මිටානි කුමරියක සරණපාවා ගැනීම දැක්විය හැක. ඊජිප්තුවේ පැරණි සතුරකු වූ මිටානි දේශය සමග සබඳතා සඳහා මුලපිරූ IVවන තුත්මෝස් පිළිබඳ අමර්ණ ලිපියක් වන EA 29 හි දැක් වේ. මෙය දශක ගණනකට පසු IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ මුණුපුරා වූ අක්නාටන්ගේ සමයේ මිටානියෙහි රජ කළ ටුෂ්රටා විසින් ලියන ලද්දකි. ටුෂ්රටා අක්නාටන්ට පවසන්නේ:

දින සහ රාජ්‍ය සමයේ දිග

IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ සමයේ ආරම්භය නිශ්චිතව කාලනිර්ණය කිරීම අපහසු ය. එයට හේතුව ඊජිප්තු කාලානුක්‍රමය නිර්ණය සඳහා යොදා ගන්නා තාරකා විද්‍යාත්මක දිනයන් ඔහු ඇතුළු පරම්පරා ගණනක ඉවත්කොට තිබීමයි. එසේම මෙම ක්‍රමවේදයන් පිළිබඳ නිශ්චිත අර්ථනිරූපණයක් ද කොට නොමැත. තුත්මෝස්ගේ මුත්තණුවන් වූ IIIවන තුත්මෝස් සිහසුනට පත්ව ඇත්තේ නිශ්චිතවම ක්‍රි.පූ. 1504 හෝ 1479 යන දෙකෙන් එකක බව ඔහුගේ සමයේ චන්ද්‍ර නිරීක්ෂණ පදනම්ව පැවසිය හැක. ඔහු ආසන්නව වර්ෂ 54ක් රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කොට ඇත.<ref>පීටර් ඩර් මැනුවලියන්. 'ස්ටඩීස් ඉන් ද රීන් ඔෆ් අමෙනෝෆිස් II. පි.20. Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge(HÄB) Verlag: 1987</ref> ඔහුගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ IIවන අමෙන්හොටෙප්, එනම් IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ පියා සිහසුනට පත්ව වර්ෂ 26ක් වත් රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කරන්නට ඇත. නමුත් ඇතැම් කාලානුක්‍රම ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණවල ඔහුගේ සමය වසර 35ක් දක්වා දීර්ඝ කොට ඇත. ඉහත සියලු සාධක සමාලෝචයෙන් පසු දැනට පිළිගැනෙන ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණය අනුව, IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ සමයේ ආරම්භක දිනය සඳහා ක්‍රි.පූ. 1401 අවට හෝ ක්‍රි.පූ. 1400 අවට දිනයක් පිළිගැනේ.

කිසිවකුට අවබෝධයක් ලබා ගත හැකි තරමට ඔහුගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයේ දිග පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු අල්ප ය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් වසර නවයක් හෝ දහයක් ඔහු රාජ්‍ය කරන්නට ඇතැයි යෝජනා වී ඇත. මැනෙතෝ ඔහුගේ රාජ්‍ය කාලය ලෙස වසර 9කුත් මාස 8ක් දක්වා ඇත. කෙසේනමුත්, 18වන රාජවංශයේ වෙනත් රජවරුන්ගේ බොහෝ නම් වෙනුවට මැනෙතෝ වැරදි රජවරුන්ගේ නම් යොදා ඇති නිසා ඔහුගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයේ දිග නිර්ණයට ස්මාරකවලින් ලැබෙන සාක්ෂි ද පදනම් කොට ගෙන ඇත. IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ දින නිර්ණිත ස්මාරක අතුරින් තුනක් ඔහුගේ පළමු රාජ්‍ය වර්ෂයට ද, එකක් ඔහුගේ සිව්වන වර්ෂයට ද, තවත් එකක් අනුමාන වශයෙන් පස්වන වර්ෂයට ද, එකක් සයවැන්නට ද, දෙකක් හත්වැන්නට සහ තවත් එකක් නවවන රාජ්‍ය වර්ෂයට ද අයත් යැයි කාලනිර්ණය කොට ඇත. වෙනත් ඔහුගේ වියහැකි නිර්ණිත වස්තූන් දෙකක්, එනම් වර්ෂය 19 සහ වර්ෂය 20 ලෙස සඳහන් වස්තු දෙකක් ඔහුට අයත් යැයි යෝජනා වී ඇත. නමුත් එය ඔහුගේ සමයට අයත් නොවන බවට ද යෝජනා ඇත. මේ දිනවල රජුව හැඳින්වෙන නාමය IIIවන තුත්මෝස්ට අයත් යැයි වර්තමානයේ පිළිගැනේ—එම නාමය මෙන්‍ඛෙපෙර්රේ—වන අතර එය IVවන තුත්මෝස්ව හැඳින්වීමට භාවිත වූ මෙන්ඛෙපෙ[රු]රේ නොවේ. ඔහුගේ 8වන වර්ෂයේ කොනොසෝ ශිලාවෙන් පසු IVවන තුත්මෝස් සඳහා වෙනත් ඉහළ වර්ෂයන් හමු නොවන බැවින් මැනතෝගේ වාර්තා මෙහි දී පිළිගෙන ඇත. එක්තරා කාලානුක්‍රමික ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණයක් අනුව ඔහුට වසර 34-35ක් තරම් දිගු රාජ්‍ය සමයක් යෝජනා වී තිබුණ ද,වෙන්ට්, ඊ.එෆ්.; සහ වෑන් සික්ලන්, සී. "අ ක්රෝනොලොජි ඔෆ් ද නිව් කිංඩම්." SAOC 39 වර්තමානය වන විට බොහෝ විද්වතුන් පිළිගන්නේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 1401 සිට 1391 දක්වා වසර 10ක් ඔහු විසින් රාජ්‍ය පාලනය හොබවන්නට ඇති බවයි. නමුත් මේ දිනයන් මඳක් එහා මෙහා විය හැක.

ස්මාරක

බොහෝ තුත්මොසීය රජවරුන් මෙන්, මේ රජු ද විශාල පරිමාණයේ ඉදිකිරීම් සිදුකළේ ය. IIIවන තුත්මෝස් විසින් ආරම්භ කර තිබූ කාර්නැක් දෙවොලේ නැගෙනහිර ඔබලිස්කය සාදා නිම කළේ IVවන තුත්මෝස් විසිනි. මීටර් 32ක් (අඩි 105ක්) උසැති මෙය එතෙක් ඊජිප්තුවේ සිටුවා තිබූ උසම ඔබලිස්කය විය. IVවන තුත්මෝස් විසින් එය ටෙ‍ඛෙන් වැටි හෙවත් 'අසමසම ඔබලිස්කය' ලෙස නම්කොට ඇත. ක්‍රි.ව. 357දී මෙම ඔබලිස්කය IIවන කොන්ස්ටන්ටියස් අධිරාජයා විසින් රෝමයේ සර්කස් මැක්සිමස් භූමිය වෙත රැගෙන විත් ඇත. අනතුරුව Vවන සික්ස්ටස් පාප්වරයා විසින් ක්‍රි.ව. 1588දී එය "පියැසා සැන් ජියෝවනි" නැමැති ස්ථානයේ පිහිටුවන ලදුව අදවන විට එය 'ලැටරන් ඔබලිස්කය" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබයි.

ප්‍රධාන කාර්නැක් දෙවොල් ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ නැගෙනහිර නැතහොත් පසුපස බිත්තිවලට ඉදිරියෙන් IVවන තුත්මෝස් රජු විසින් අනර්ඝ දෙව්මැදුරක් සහ පරිශෛලීය (peristyle) ශාලාවක් ඉදි කොට ඇත. මෙම දෙව්මැදුර "ප්‍රධාන [කාර්නැක්] දෙවොලට අතුළුවීමට අවසර නොතිබූ ජනයා වෙනුවෙන් ඉදිවූවකි. මෙය අමුන් දෙවිඳුන් සඳහා වූ 'සවන් දීමේ මධ්‍යස්ථානයක්' වූ අතර එමගින් නගරයේ ජනයාගේ යාඥා අමුන් දෙවිඳුන්ට ශ්‍රවණය කළ හැකි විය." IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ මෙම කුඩා ඇලබැස්ටර් දෙව්මැදුර සහ පරිශෛලීය ශාලාව අදවන විට ප්‍රවේශමෙන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කර ඇත්තේ කාර්නැක්හි Centre Franco-Egyptien D'Étude des Temple de Karnak'' (CFEETK) සභාවේ ප්‍රංශ විද්වතුන් පිරිසක් විසිනි.

භූමදානය

IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ දේහය රජුන්ගේ නිම්නයේ, KV43 සොහොන්ගැබෙහි භූමදානය කරන ලදී. නමුත් පසුව ඔහුගේ දේහය KV35 සොහොන් ගැබෙහි රහස් කුටියක් තුළ තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. පසුව 1898දී වික්ටර් ලොරෙට් විසින් එය සොයාගන්නා ලදී. ඔහුගේ දේහය අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමෙන් පෙනී ගොස් ඇත්තේ ඔහු දැඩිව ගිලන්ව සිට ඇති බවයි. ඔහුගෙන් පසු ඔහුගේ පුත් IIIවන අමෙන්හොටෙප් සිහසුනට පත් විය.

වෛද්‍යවිද්‍යාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණය
මෑතක දී ලන්ඩන් ඉම්පීරියල් කොලීජියේ ශල්‍ය වෛද්‍යවරයකු විසින් IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ සහ දහඅටවන රාජවංශයේ සෙසු අකාලයේ මියගිය පාරාවෝවරුන්ගේ (ටුටන්ඛාමුන් සහ අක්නාටන් ද ඇතුළු) මරණ පිළිබඳ විශ්ලේෂණය කොට ඇත. ඔහු නිගමනය කොට ඇත්තේ ඔවුන්ගේ අඩු වයසින් සිදු වූ මරණවලට හේතුව බොහෝ විට කුටුම්බ ශංඛක ඛණ්ඩිකා අපස්මාරය (familial temporal epilepsy) බවයි. IVවන තුත්මෝස්ගේ අකල් මරණය සහ සිහින ශිලාවෙහි සඳහන් ආගමික ස්වප්නය මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස සිදුවන්නට ඇතැයි සැලකේ. එයට හේතුව මෙම ආකාරයේ අපස්මාර රෝගීනට අධික ආත්මීය දෘෂ්ටීන් සහ ආගමික දෘෂ්ටීන් දර්ශනය වන බැවිනි.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවේ ඉතිහාසය
 ඊජිප්තුවේ දහඅටවන රාජවංශය
 මිටානි

මූලාශ්‍ර

ක්‍රි.පූ. 14වන සියවසේ මරණ
ඊජිප්තුවේ දහඅටවන රාජවංශයේ පාරාවෝවරුන්
පුරාතන ඊජිප්තු මමී
උපන් වර්ෂ නොදන්නා පුද්ගලයින්
අමෙන්හොටෙප් II
තුත්මෝස් IV

තුත්මෝස් IV


Gmina Dobra ist Name folgender Gemeinden in Polen:
 Gmina Dobra, Gemeinde im Powiat Turecki, Woiwodschaft Großpolen, siehe Dobra (Großpolen) #Gemeinde
 Gmina Dobra (Powiat Limanowski), Gemeinde im Powiat Limanowski, Woiwodschaft Kleinpolen
 Gmina Dobra, Gemeinde im Powiat Łobeski, Woiwodschaft Westpommern, siehe Dobra (Łobez) #Gmina Dobra
 Gmina Dobra (Police), Gemeinde im Powiat Policki, Woiwodschaft Westpommern

Gmina Dobra


Tuition fees were first introduced across the entire United Kingdom in September 1998 under the Labour government of Tony Blair to fund tuition for undergraduate and postgraduate certificate students at universities; students were required to pay up to £1,000 a year for tuition.  However, only those who reach a certain salary threshold (£21,000) pay this fee through general taxation. In practice, higher education (HE) remains free at the point of entry in England for a high minority of students.

The state pays for the poorest or low income to access a university, thus university attendance remains high. There are record levels of disadvantaged students accessing a university in England. As a result of the devolved national administrations for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, there are now different arrangements for tuition fees in each of the nations. The Minister of State for Universities has oversight over British universities and the Student Loans Company.

History

Until 1976, tuition fees were paid by UK students attending a UK university who only qualified for the minimum grant of £50. In 1976 they were abolished, together with the £50 minimum grant.

In May 1996, Gillian Shephard, Secretary of State for Education and Employment, commissioned an inquiry, led by the then Chancellor of the University of Nottingham, Sir Ron Dearing, into the funding of British higher education over the next 20 years. This National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education reported to the new Labour Government, in the summer of 1997, stating additional billions of funding would be needed over the period, including £350 million in 1998–99 and £565 million in 1999–2000, in order to expand student enrolment, provide more support for part-time students and ensure adequate infrastructure. The committee, as part of its brief, had controversially investigated the possibility of students contributing to the cost of this expansion, either through loans, a graduate tax, deferred contributions or means-testing state assistance, as their report notes:

20.40 We do not underestimate the strength of feeling on the issue of seeking a contribution towards tuition costs: nor do we dispute the logic of the arguments put forward. A detailed assessment of the issues has, however, convinced us that the arguments in favour of a contribution to tuition costs from graduates in work are strong, if not widely appreciated. They relate to equity between social groups, broadening participation, equity with part-time students in higher education and in further education, strengthening the student role in higher education, and identifying a new source of income that can be ring-fenced for higher education.

20.41 We have, therefore, analysed the implications of a range of options against the criteria set out in paragraph 20.2. There is a wide array of options from which to choose, ranging from asking graduates to contribute only to their living costs to asking all graduates to contribute to their tuition costs. We have chosen to examine four options in depth.

In response to the findings, the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 was published on 26 November 1997, and enacted on 16 July 1998, part of which introduced tuition fees in all the countries of the United Kingdom.

The act introduced a means-tested method of payment for students based on the amount of money their families earned. Starting with 1999–2000, maintenance grants for living expenses would also be replaced with loans and paid back at a rate of 9% of a graduate's income above £10,000.

Following devolution in 1999, the newly devolved governments in Scotland and Wales brought in their own acts on tuition fees. The Scottish Parliament established, and later abolished a graduate endowment to replace the fees. Wales introduced maintenance grants of up to £1,500 in 2002, a value which has since risen to over £5000.

In England, tuition fee caps rose with the Higher Education Act of 2004. Under the Act, universities in England could begin to charge variable fees of up to £3,000 a year for students enrolling on courses from the academic year of 2006–07 or later. The passing of the aforementioned act caused political controversy due to the influence of Scottish Labour MPs on the vote, which passed with a majority of just five. This policy was also introduced in Northern Ireland in 2006–07 and introduced in Wales in 2007–08. In 2009–10 the cap rose to £3,225 a year to take account of inflation. Following the Browne Review in 2010, the cap was controversially raised to £9,000 a year, sparking large student protests in London.

A judicial review against the raised fees failed in 2012, and so the new fee system came into use that September. Further adjustments were put forth in the 2015 budget, with a proposed fee increase in line with inflation from the 2017–18 academic year onwards, and the planned scrapping of maintenance grants from September 2016. The changes were debated by the Third Delegated Legislation Committee in January 2016, rather than in the Commons. The lack of a vote on the matter has drawn criticism, as by circumventing the Commons the measures "automatically become law". Tuition fees and perceptions about them are directly linked to satisfaction.

In February 2018, then-Prime Minister Theresa May launched a review of post-18 education funding, including university funding and possible alternatives to tuition fees and loans. The review resulted in the expansion of vocational studies in England, and the new T-levels. In February 2020, Labour Party leadership candidate Keir Starmer (who went on to win the 2020 Labour leadership election), promised to maintain the Labour Party's commitment to abolishing tuition fees, but later indicated that his party wouldn't pursue free tertiary education should Labour win the next election. This U-turn on policy was criticised by the Green Party of England and Wales, who in contrast support scrapping university tuition fees in the UK, as well as abolishing outstanding debts that are yet to be paid for undergraduate tuition fees and maintenance loans, alongside any related interest fees.

Current systems

England

In England, undergraduate tuition fees are capped at £9,250 a year for UK and Irish students. Due to Brexit, starting in autumn 2021, EU, other EEA and Swiss nationals are no longer eligible for the home fee status, meaning higher fees and no access to UK government loans unless they have been granted a settled or pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme. Around 76% of all institutions charged the full amount of tuition fees in 2015–16. A loan of the same size is available for most universities, although students at private institutions are only eligible for £6,000 a year loans.

Since 2017–18, the fee cap is meant to be raised in line with inflation. In October 2017, then Prime Minister Theresa May announced that tuition fees would be temporarily frozen at £9,250. In 2018, this temporary freeze remains in place and it is likely to be extended as a university funding review is carried out. The latter, which was launched by Theresa May, is being chaired by Philip Augar.

In the 2015 spending review, the government also proposed a freeze in the repayment threshold for tuition fee loans at £21,000.

Effect
Many commentators suggested that the 2012 rise in tuition fees in England would put poorer students off applying to university. However, the gap between rich and poor students has slightly narrowed (from 30.5% in 2010 to 29.8% in 2013) since the introduction of higher fees. This may be because universities have used tuition fees to invest in bursaries and outreach schemes. In 2016, The Guardian noted that the number of disadvantaged students applying to university had increased by 72% from 2006 to 2015, a bigger rise than in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. It wrote that most of the gap between richer and poorer students tends to open up between Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 4 (i.e. at secondary school), rather than when applying for university, and so the money raised from tuition fees should be spent there instead.

A study by Murphy, Scott-Clayton, and Wyness found that the introduction of tuition fees had "increased funding per head, rising enrolments, and a narrowing of the participation gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students".

Northern Ireland
Tuition fees are currently capped at £4,030 in Northern Ireland, with loans of the same size available from Student Finance NI. Loan repayments are made when income rises above £17,335 a year, with graduates paying back a percentage of their earnings above this threshold.

Scotland

Tuition fees are handled by the Student Awards Agency Scotland (SAAS), which does not charge fees from what it defines as "Young Students", or "Dependent Students". Young Students are defined as those under 25, without dependent children, marriage, civil partnership or cohabiting partner, who have not been outside of full-time education for more than three years. Fees exist for those outside the young student definition. The tuition fees are usually £1,820 for undergraduate courses for Scottish & Irish students, and £9,250 for students from the rest of the UK. Due to Brexit, from Autumn 2021 EU students will have to pay international tuition fees in Scotland ranging from £10,000 to £26,000 per year depending on the university and degree type unless they have been granted a settled or pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme. At the postgraduate level, Scots and RUK usually pay the same amount, commonly between £5,000 and £15,000 per year, while tuition fees for international students can run as high as £30,000 per year.

Fee discrimination against students from the rest of the UK has been challenged in the past but deemed legal. The Scottish government confirmed in April 2019 that, with regards to tuition fees, EU students would be treated the same as Scottish students for their whole course if they begin studies up until 2020.

The system has been in place since 2007 when graduate endowments were abolished. Labour's education spokesperson Rhona Brankin criticised the Scottish system for failing to address student poverty. Scotland has fewer disadvantaged students than England, Wales or Northern Ireland and disadvantaged students receive around £560 a year less in financial support than their counterparts in England do.

Wales
In Wales tuition fees are capped at £9,000 for all UK and EU students. This is lower than in Scotland (for UK students from outside Scotland) and England. Welsh students may apply for a non-means tested tuition fee loan to cover 100 per cent of tuition fee costs wherever they choose to study in the UK.

Welsh students used to be able to apply for fee grants of up to £5,190, in addition to a £3,810 loan to cover tuition fee costs. However, the Welsh Government changed this system after the Diamond Review was published. Today students have access access a means tested loan system whereby families poorest households can be eligible for a grant of up to £10,124 if studying in London or up to £8,100 if studying in the rest of the UK. The changes became effective for students starting University in September 2018. The Welsh Government argued this would allow for higher maintenance loans and grants and these costs are the biggest barrier for poorer students to attend University.

Interest fees
Students and graduates pay interest fees on student loans. Interest starts being added to the student loan from when the first payment is made. In 2012 this rate was set at the Retail Price Index (RPI) plus up to 3% depending on income. Students who started university between 1998 and 2011 pay Bank of England base rate plus 1% or RPI, whichever is lower. Students who started university before 1998 pay interest set at the RPI rate. As a consequence of the 2012 change, students who graduated in 2017 pay between 3.1% and 6.1% interest, despite the Bank of England base rate being 0.25%. In 2018, interest fees rose again, this time to 6.3% for anyone who started studying after 2012.

If those who have taken out a student loan do not update their details with the Student Loans Company when receiving a letter or an email to update their employment status, or upon leaving the UK for 3 or more months, start a new job or become self-employed, or stop working, then they can possibly face a higher interest rate on their loan.

In June 2019, the Brexit Party stated it would scrap all interest paid on student tuition fees and has suggested reimbursing graduates for historic interest payments made on their loans. In August 2019, government figures uncovered by the Labour Party showed that "students will owe a staggering £8.6bn in interest alone on their loans within five years ... almost double the current debt".

Possible alternatives
There have been two main proposed alternative ways of funding university studies: from general taxation or by a graduate tax.

Funding from general taxation
Tuition is paid for by general taxation in Germany, although only around 30% of young people gain higher education qualification there, whereas in the UK the comparable figure is 48%. Fully or partly funding universities from general taxation has been criticised by the Liberal Democrats as a 'tax cut for the rich and a tax rise for the poor' because people would be taxed to pay for something that many would not derive a benefit from, while graduates generally earn more due to their qualifications and only have to pay them back.

Jeremy Corbyn, former Labour leader, stated that he would have removed tuition fees and would have instead funded higher education by increasing national insurance and corporation tax. In the long term this plan would have been expected to cost the government about £8 billion a year.

In July 2017, Lord Adonis, former Number 10 Policy Unit staffer and education minister largely responsible for introducing tuition fees, said that the system had become a "Frankenstein's monster" putting many students over £50,000 in debt. He argued the system should either be scrapped or fees reverted to between £1,000 and £3,000 per the initial scheme.

Graduate tax
During the 2015 Labour leadership election, Andy Burnham said that he would introduce a graduate tax to replace fees. He was ultimately unsuccessful in his bid for leadership. A graduate tax has been criticised because there would be no way to recover the money from students who move to a different country, or foreign students who return home.

See also
 Free education
 Right to education
 Socialist Students
 Student Left Network
 Universal access to education

References

External links

 Text of Higher Education Act 2004, which introduced top-up fees
 BBC News Q&A: Student Fees
 The Guardian: All Change (guide to fees)
 Student Loans Company (the body responsible for providing and administering student loans in the UK)
 Dearing Report

Articles which contain graphical timelines
Education finance in the United Kingdom
Higher education in the United Kingdom

Tuition fees in the United Kingdom


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Unterwössen

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Hinterwössen

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Kruchenhausen

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Oberwössen

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Unterwössen

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

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Unterwossen
Baudenkmaler Unterwossen

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Unterwössen


Scoppito ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz L'Aquila in den Abruzzen. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 12 Kilometer westnordwestlich von L'Aquila und ist Teil der Comunità montana Amiternina. Scoppito grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Rieti.

Geschichte
Durch das Erdbeben von 2009 wurde die Gemeinde Scoppito erheblich verwüstet.

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die Strada Statale 17 dell'Appennino Abruzzese e Appulo Sannitica von Antrodoco nach Foggia. Im Ortsteil Sella di Corno befindet sich der Bahnhof, der von Zügen auf der Bahnstrecke von Terni nach Sulmona bedient wird. Eine weitere Bahnstation liegt im Ortsteil Vigliano. Im Hauptort ist der Bahnhof mittlerweile geschlossen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in den Abruzzen

Scoppito


معابد جنوب بلاد الشام هي معابد تم بناؤها في العصر البرونزي المتأخر.

معابد المرحلة الأولى

معبد تل المتسلم
يقع في سهل مرج ابن عامر في شمال فلسطين، ويعود إلى السوية 7 ب، وبني فوق أطلال معبد من المرحلة الثانية من العصر البرونزي الوسيط، ويمتاز المعبد بكبر حجمه، ويتكون من قاعة رئيسية واحدة، وفي جداره الخلفي بني محراب ربما استخدم لوضع النذر والقرابين للإله، أو لوضع تمثال الإله نفسه (ياسين 1991: 53، 182).
و مدخل المعبد محاط من الجانبين ببرجين شبيهين ببرجي المعبد في بلاطة(Wright 1985: 45).

معبد بيسان
يسمى معبد ميكال أو المعبد الجنوبي (Thompson 1970: 1).
ويعود تاريخه إلى السويّة رقم 9، والتي ترجع إلى أواخر المرحلة الأولى من العصر البرونزي المتأخر (ياسين 1991: 183)، ويتكون من عدد وافر من الأزقة والمذابح، أما مخطط البناء فهو غير منتظم (Thompson 1970: 13 – 16).
عثر داخل المعبد على ختم الملكة حتشبسوت

تحت درجات المعبد (Rowe 1991: 10)، وتمثال للإله ميكال إله بيسان الذي يظهر ملتحياً وجالساً على كرسي العرش وعلى رأسه خوذة على هيئة قمع مستطيلة الشكل يخرج منها قرنان، يداه ممسكتان بشارتين مصريتين هما: واز (الصولجان)، وعنخ (الحياة)، الأمر الذي يدل على تأثر الديانتين الكنعانية والمصرية ببعضهما (ياسين 1991: 183).
ويظهر في الشكل متعبدين اثنين على الأرجح مصريين ربما كانا من البلاط المصري أو أنهما الشخصان اللذان أشرفا على بناء المعبد (Thompson 1970: 56).
حيث يعتقد أن المعبد دمر في هذه الفترة وأعيد بناؤه من قبل البنائين المصريين (James and Mcgovern 1993: 5)، وما يؤكد على هذا (أن المصريين هم الذين بنوا المعبد) هو العثور في تل العمارنة في مصر على بعض المعابد الصغيرة مشابهة لهذا المعبد (Giveon 1978: 24).

معابد تل القدح

معبد الألواح الحجرية
(Stelae Temple) أقيم هذا المعبد في الطرف الشمالي من المدينة السفلى، ويرجع تاريخه إلى السويّة 1أ (ياسين 1991: 183)، وحفظ خلال المرحلة الثانية من العصر البرونزي المتأخر. كان عبارة عن غرفة بسيطة واسعة أبعادها 6×4.5 م، وفي وسط الجدار مقابل المدخل كوة نصف دائرية (حنية)، وحول الحنية كان هناك ألواح حجرية دينية متعددة- من هنا جاء اسم المعبد- ويبدو أن المعبد كان مكرسا للإله سين إله القمر (wright 1985: 48).

معبد الألواح
(Orthostate Temple) أقيم هذا المعبد في المدينة العُليا، ويقع بالقرب من البوابة الرئيسية بجانب القصر، أُنشأ لأول مرة في المرحلة الثانية من العصر البرونزي المتوسط ثم أعيد بناؤه في هذا العصر، ويرجع إلى السوية 2، ويتكون هذا المعبد من حجرتين، وله ساحة أمامية يتقدمها مدخل عثر في وسطها على منصة مستطيلة كانت تستخدم قاعدة للمذبح، يلاصق هذه المنصة قناة من الحجارة، وعثر داخل المعبد على نموذج فخاري على شكل الكبد مكتوب عليه طلاسم باللغة الأكادية التي وجد منها نماذج في بلاد ما بين النهرين والتي كانت تستخدم من أجل التنبؤ بالمستقبل (ياسين 1991: 183)، ويعتبر معبد الألواح أكثر تعقيداً من المعبد السابق وأكبر منه أبعاده 20 × 18.5 م، وعلى الرغم من أن الغرفة المقدسة فيه على نفس نظام الغرفة المقدسة في معبد الألواح الحجرية إلا أنه في ما قبل المنطقة المقدسة "Ante – Cella" من هذا المعبد هناك حجرات لها درج تؤدي إلى السطح، وربما كان هذا المعبد مكرساً للإله هدد إله الطقس (Wright 1985: 48 – 49).

معبد تل الدوير
يقع في تل الدوير، وسمي بمعبد الخندق، حيث عثر عليه في الخندق الواقع حول المدينة، ويعود المعبد إلى حوالي 1500 ق.م، ويتكون هذا المعبد من ثلاث حجرات وله مدخل في الجهة الغربية وهناك مصطبة في الحجرة المتوسطة من المعبد كانت تستخدم لتقديم القرابين (ياسين 1991: 184، 193).
وعثر داخل المعبد على عدد من القطع المصنوعة من الحجر المزجج منها زبدية مزخرفة برأس الإلهة حتحور أما المصنوعات العاجية يزيد عددها عن 30 قطعة جاءت في منطقة المعبد تؤرخ من 1400 – 1200 ق.م، وعدد من الأختام الجعرانية ترجع إلى عهد تحوتمس الثالث وأمنحوتب الثالث وختم يحمل اسم رمسيس الثاني (الرحابنة 2003: 151- 152).

معبد تل مفراك
يقع في تل مفراك بالقرب من الساحل الفلسطيني، ويرجع إلى السوية 11 (ياسين 1991: 184).
ويرجع في تاريخه إلى القرن 15 ق.م كما يتضح من البقايا. دمّر المعبد بالحريق وأعيد استخدامه في القرن 12 ق.م، معظم البقايا التي عثر عليها في هذا المعبد كانت على السطح، تضمنت أختام أسطوانية على الطراز الميتاني (انظر الصورة)، وأعداد كبيرة من الخرز، ورؤوس سهام، وقطعة برونزية صغيرة على شكل أفعى ملتفة، وجرار، وأباريق، وصحون، وعدد كبير من المزهريات، بعضها مستورد من مايسينيا، وقسم كبير منها مستورد من قبرص، إضافة إلى العثورعلى رسومات لأسماك وماعز رسمت على جدران أحد الغرف، ويمكن التأكيد على أن هذا البناء إنما هو معبد من خلال مخطط البناء والمعثورات الأثرية الموجودة فيه، كانت الجدران والأرضية مغطية بطبقة سميكة من البلاستر، وفي الزاوية الشمالية الغربية للجدار هناك 5 مصاطب على شكل الدرج تؤدي إلى منصة مستطيلة، وفي الزاوية الجنوبية لهذا الدرج يظهر آثار حفر دائرية في الأرضية، ربما كانت حفراً لأعمدة خشبية كانت تدعم السدة، وإلى الآن لم يتم التأكد فيما إذا كان مدخل المعبد في الجزء الشرقي الذي لم يتم التنقيب فيه أو أنه في أطلال الجدار الجنوبي (Stern 1978: 89-91).

معابد المرحلة الثانية

معبد المبرك
يقع إلى الجنوب الشرقي من معبد مطار عمان، على بعد 4 كم، يرجع تأريخ المبنى إلى العصر البرونزي الحديث والعصر الحديدي الأول والثاني استنادا إلى بعض الكسر الفخارية التي تم العثور عليها (وهيب 1992: 399).
وهو عبارة عن بناء مستطيل، الشكل ابعاده 18 × 24 م، الساحة الداخلية له مقسمة إلى 6 غرف جميعها تطل على الزقاق المركزي باستثناء الغرف 3 و4، يتألف هذا المعبد من صفين من الصخور الضخمة غير المشذبة، الجدران الخارجية له متساوية السماكة (2 م)، أما الجدران الداخلية فهي مرتبطة مع الجدران الخارجية ما عدا الجانب الشمالي الغربي للبناء، حيث أن هناك جدران تفصل بين الغرف 2/3، 3/4، 4/5.
ويعتقد أن البناء لم يستكمل بناؤه، أو ان بعضا من حجارته أزيلت إلى موقع آخر، أو أنه تعرض للدمار (Yassine 1988: 61- 63).

معبد تل أبو الخرز
يقع هذا التل في النهاية الشرقية لوادي اليابس (Khouri 1988: 36).
وهو عبارة عن بناء مستطيل الشكل ابعاده 6.8 × 5.2 م، يبلغ عرض جدرانه الخارجية 75 سم، كان المعبد مفتوحا من الجهة الشمالية الغربية حيث عثر على بلاطات حجرية تشكل أعمدة لرفع السقف (كفافي 2006: 236).
تم تأريخ المعبد إلى بداية المرحلة الثانية من العصر البرونزي المتأخر اعتمادا على تأريخ الفخار القبرصي حيث عثر داخل البناء على صحن فخاري قبرصي ارخ لحوالي 1375 ق.م، وعثر على المذبح في الجزء الشرقي من الغرفة المركزية، وعلى مصطبة في الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي (Fischer 1993: 282 – 283).
ويمتاز هذا المعبد بأن مساحة الغرفة المركزية فيه كبيرة حوالي 20 م2 (Fischer 1991: 79).

معبد مطار عمان
يقع هذا المعبد بالقرب من مدرج مطار عمان القديم على بعد 300 م (Hennessy 1966: 155)، اكتشف المعبد بالصدفة عام 1955 م وبدأ هاردنج "Harding" التنقيبات في تلك السنة (Harding 1958: 10).
وفي عام 1966 م بدأ هنسي "Hennessy" التنقيب في الموقع، ثم اجرى هير "Herr" التنقيبات عام 1976 م (الرحابنة 2003: 188- 189).
يعتقد هنسي ان المعبد مر بثلاث مراحل معمارية متعاقبة. والمعبد عبارة عن بناء مربع منتظم (15.00× 15.00 م)، جدرانه الخارجية ضخمة سماكتها 2 م، ويتوسط المعبد قاعة مربعة "Cella" ابعادها (6.50× 6.50 م)، أحيطت بحجرات متساوية المساحة عددها 6 حجرات، يستند الباحثون في تأريخه على الفخار المكتشف في الموقع والذي هو من الفخار المحلي وعدد كبير من الفخار المايسيني من المرحلة الأولى والثانية، والفخار القبرصي (Hennessy 1966: 155, 157).
وجد في هذا المعبد أدوات ذهبية، وعاجية، ومجموعة من الخرز، والجعلان، والأختام تؤرخ إلى الفترة ما بين نهاية حكم الهكسوس وحكم تحوتمس الثالث (أبو طالب 1978 : 72).
وجد في المعبد قطع معدنية مثل السيوف، ورؤوس السهام البرونزية على شكل ورق النبات (كفافي 2006: 243)، وعثر أيضا على خنجر برونزي في مكان مجاور للمعبد (Herr 1976: 110).
وعثر على أربعة أختام أسطوانية قام بدراستها "Ward"، تبين له ان ثلاثة من هذه الأختام سورية تحمل تأثيرات بابلية ومصرية وايجية، اما الختم الرابع فهو ميتاني، إضافة إلى العثور على ثلاثة عشر ختما جعرانيا (Ward 1964: 47 – 50).
ووضعت في أساسات المعبد بعض النذر التي استورد معظمها من مصر، والقسم الآخر استورد من بحر ايجة وسوريا، كانت هذه النذر عبارة حجارة كريمة وعقيق وزمرد (ياسين 1991: 191)، ومجوهرات ذهبية وأوان مصرية ومحلية (Hankey 1974a: 131).
بالإضافة إلى العثور على ثماني مزهريات، وما بين 280 – 290 كسرة فخارية، وفي عام 1966 عثر على كسرتين من صحون بازلتية و27 اناء من الحجر الكلسي، المستورد من مصر (Hankey 1974b: 161 - 162).
وعثر على قطعتين من العاج تمثل رأسي طائر البط، أقيم في وسط ال "Cella" مذبح بني من كتلتين ضخمتين من الحجارة الأسطوانية إضافة إلى أنه تم العثور على كميات كبيرة من العظام البشرية، وبعض العظام الحيوانية والطيور الصغيرة، ويعتقد هنسي ان المعبد خصص لتقديم الاضحيات للالهة ولحرق جثث البشر (Hennessy 1966: 157, 161)، بدليل العثور على عدد من المحارق داخل المعبد وخارجه (ياسين 1991: 191).

معبد تل دير علا
أقيم هذا المعبد فوق تلة اصطناعية ترتفع عن المناطق المحيطة بها حوالي 8 م، (Strange 2001: 309).
يتكون المعبد من ثلاث حجرات صغيرة جدا بنيت في الطرف الشمالي (franken and Ibrahim 1989: 203)، تتقدمها ساحة ترتفع حوالي المترين عن المنطقة الخارجية وهناك شواهد تظهر أن سقف المعبد رفع على أعمدة لا تزال قواعدها الحجرية قائمة (ياسين 1991: 192 – 193).
عثر بالقرب من المعبد على مزهرية مصرية من النوع المسمى (Faince) تحمل اسم توسرت- زوجة الفرعون المصري رمسيس الثاني التي حكمت بين 1214 – 1194 ق.م (أبو طالب 1978: 73). تشير إلى تاريخ المعبد
عثر في الجهة الغربية من الغرفة المقدسة "Cella" على مخازن للأواني الفخارية، وربما مشاغل، وإلى الشرق من الغرفة المقدسة توجد ساحة صغيرة تقابلها غرف، وجد في إحداها ألواح طينية ربما إدارية وجعران وأختام اسطوانية وفخار مايسيني مستورد (franken and Ibrahim 1989: 203). ومطرات زجاجية وصحون من المرمر وخرز بالإضافة إلى انائين فخاريين لها فتحات على شكل شبابيك (كفافي 2006: 244).
وعثر في هذا المعبد أيضا على رأس لطائر البط من العاج استخدم كمقبض لصندوق مستحضرات التجميل على الطراز المصري (Van der Kooij And Ibrahim 1989: 92).
ومن البقايا الأثرية الأخرى والتي عثر عليها ضمن الغرفة المقدسة Cella اختام اسطوانية ومزهرية مزخرفة، وقلادة مزخرفة، وتعويذة مزخرفة، وخرزة مزخرفة، وزبادي مزخرفة، وزبدية بازلتية، وابريق من المرمر، وقطعة فخار على شكل الرمانة، ولوح يمثل لعبة يحمل مشهد رجل يرتدي ثيابا طويلة ويقف بين اشحار النخيل، وابرة برونزية، وكأس بازلتي (Franken 1992: 28 – 31).

معبد تل الدوير
يؤرخ هذا المعبد إلى حوالي 1400 ق.م، اعتمادا على لوحة مصرية تحمل اسم الفرعون المصري امنحوتب الثالث عثر عليها داخل المعبد، وهو بناء مستطيل تتصل به غرفتان لإحداهما باب يؤدي إلى المعبد، أقيم سقف المعبد على أعمدة ربما كانت من الخشب وقد عثر على قواعد هذه الأعمدة ورفع جدار امام المدخل يحجب الرؤية من الخارج إلى الداخل، وعثر على منصة داخل المعبد ربما كان يوضع عليها تمثال الإله، أو انها استخدمت كمذبح، وكانت المنصة عبارة عن مقعد منخفض يرتفع حوالي 30 سم، يبرز عند مقدمتها ثلاث نتوءات، وعثر أمام هذه المنصة على جرتين غائرتين في الأرض ربما كانتا تستخدمان لصب القرابين أو النذر السائلة كما عثر خارج المعبد على عدد من الحفر ربما كانت مخصصة لحفظ الأواني، كما عثر على تمثال صغير ربما يمثل الإله «رشف» اله الحرب والعواصف السوري، وعثر على كسرة فخارية تحمل اسم الالهة «اللات» (ياسين 1991: 194).

معابد تل القدح

يرجع لهذه الفترة ثلاث معابد:

المعبد الأول

بني هذا المعبد فوق معبد الألواح المذكور سابقا وبنفس التخطيط تقريبا ويرجع إلى السوية 1ب، ويتكون من حجرة واحدة عريضة رفع سقفها على عمودين امامها ردهة لها برجان عن اليمين واليسار، ويشبه هذا المعبد أيضا في تخطيطه مخطط المعابد المكتشفة في الالاخ (تل العطشانة) في سوريا، وزيّن مدخل المعبد بألواح من الحجارة نقشت عليها صورة للأسود التي ربما كانت ترمز إلى الأسود التي كانت تحمي المعبد. أقيم في المعبد محراب مرتفع عن مستوى سطح الأرض استعمل ليوضع فوقه تمثال الإله، وعثر بالقرب من منصة القرابين على مجموعة من القرابين المبعثرة من بينها مبخرة نقش عليها نحت يمثل قرص الشمس حيث انبعثت من القرص أربعة خطوط من الأشعة ونقش على مؤخرته شكل يمثل العجل (ياسين 1991: 195).

المعبد الثاني

أقيم هذا المعبد في الزاوية الجنوبية الغربية من المدينة السفلى، وهو عبارة عن حجرة عريضة وأقيم المحراب في الجدار الجنوبي الغربي كان هذا المعبد معاصرا للسوية (1أ – 1ب) من المرحلة الثانية للعصر البرونزي المتأخر، يتميز هذا المعبد عن غيره بمجموعة من الألواح الحجرية (الانصاب) التي صفت داخل المعبد.
كان في المعبد المحراب الذي أقيم في الجدار الجنوبي الغربي إضافة إلى الألواح الحجرية المذكورة سابقا والتي نقش على إحداها صورة يدين مفتوحتين تمسكان بقرص وهلال (رمز اله القمر)، بينما عثر في الجانب الأيسر من هذا اللوح على تمثال لشخص جالس على عرش يتدلى من عنقه رسم لهلال بينما يعتقد يادين أنه تمثال لاله وإلى اليمين من هذا التمثال عثر على تمثال آخر لأسد صغير، وعثر في ساحة المعبد على قرابين مختلفة مكونة من أقنعة، ورايات مصنوعة من الذهب تحمل ملامح الإله وبعضها يحمل بيده مصوغات في صورة الافاعي وعلى رأسها هلال (رمزا للخصوبة) (ياسين1991: 195 – 196).
وعثر على ختم كبير يحمل اسم الملك امنحوتب الثالث (Yadin 1958: 13).

المعبد الثالث
تم الكشف عنه داخل المدينة العليا، ويرجع في تاريخه إلى العصر البرونزي المتوسط ثم اعيد بناؤه في هذا العصر.
يتكون من حجرة واحدة عريضة أطول من حجرة المعبد السابق، وعثر في هذا المعبد على لوحة حجرية لأسد وضعت بالقرب من مدخل المعبد.
وعثر على ألواح (أنصاب) حجرية وأحواض للقيام بأداء طقوس التطهير (ياسين 1991: 196).

معبد تمنة
تم الكشف عنه من قبل "Rothenberg"، بني هذا المعبد أمام منحدر صخري بالقرب من مناجم النحاس في «ناحال تمنة» جنوب وادي عربة.
عثر داخل المعبد على قطع تحمل نقوش مصرية تتضمن أسماء الفراعنة من «سيتي الأول» إلى «رمسيس الخامس»، يتضح من خلال ذلك أن المصريين هم الذين طوّروا مناجم النحاس في تمنة في هذه الفترة.
وعثر على فخار مشابه لذلك الفخار المكتشف في مناجم النحاس. احتوى هذا المعبد على غرفة صغيرة بنيت مقابل المنحدر الصخري تحتوي على كوة دائرية في مركزها وفناء كبير أبعاده 9×7 م أمامها، وعثر في أرضية المعبد على قطع قماش، وعلى قطعة فخارية مزخرفة فريدة من نوعها أطلق عليها اسم "Midianite" وأخرى منتظمة في صناعتها، وثالثة بدائية الصنع.
كرّس هذا المعبد لعبادة الالهة «حتحور» الهة المناجم المصرية، حيث عثر على تمثال صغير للالهه حتحور منحوت في الحجر (انظر الصورة) وهناك صف من الأعمدة كانت مقامة على طول الجانب الشمالي لجدار الفناء من بين هذه الأعمدة هناك عمود يحمل وجه حتحتور وبين الأعمدة عثر على طاسة حجرية كبيرة ربما كانت تستعمل لسكب السوائل على جسد الإله تكريما له (Aharoni 1982: 135-136).

معبد بيسان
يختلف عن معبد ميكال، سماكة جدران المعبد 120-142 سم، الأرضية من الطين المدكوك بسمك 10 سم، الارتفاع الأصلي للمعبد غير واضح إلا أن ارتفاع الجدران الحالية 3.3 م، أما قياسات المعبد فهي : 14.85 م طولا × 14.20 م عرضا.
أقيم هذا المعبد فوق السوية السابعة من المرحلة الثانية من العصر البرونزي المتأخر، ويعتقد (Rowe) أن هذا المعبد يحتوي على مذبحين وفناء مفتوح (Thompson 1970: 30).
ما يميز المعبد القطع الأثرية التي وجدت بداخله من كؤوس، جرار، اباريق، وأواني طبخ، واناء من نوع "Pilgrim Flask Globular" (Higginbotham 2000: 90).
وعثر على جرة بيضوية، وختم يحمل اسم الملك تحوتمس الثالث وآخر يحمل اسم تحوتمس الرابع (الرحابنة 2003: 149).
وعثرعلى 15 مغزل مدور "Spindle whorls"، وزرين مدورين (James and McGovern 1993: 182, 187).

أجزاء المعبد

Ante Room 1086:

يقع باب هذه الغرفة الذي يفتح على الفناء في النهاية الشرقية للجدار الشمالي، القياسات الداخلية للغرفة 3.9×6.5 م، عثر تحت الجدار الشرقي لهذه الغرفة (أي الجدار الغربي للغرفة 1085) على قطعة تعبدية عبارة عن رأس خنزير اسطواني.

The Courtyard 1072:

القياسات الداخلية له 8.40 × 11.73 – 10.57 م، فيه مصطبة منخفضة ترتفع 50 سم، عرضها 50 سم تمتد على الجانبين الشرقي والشمالي، عثر في الزوايا الشمالية الغربية والجنوبية الغربية على أوعية تشبه «معالف الدواب»، وعثر بالقرب من الجهة الجنوبية على لوحة من الحجر الجيري ارتفاعها 37.2 سم يظهر فيها اله يرتدي تاجا مخروطيا، وعثر بين الأساسات على مذبح مستطيل الشكل عرضه 87 سم، طوله 145 سم، ارتفاعه 77 سم، بني هذا المذبح مقابل الدرج على أرضية الفناء.

The Upper Alter Room 1068:

تبلغ ابعاد هذه الغرفة 11.50 م × 2.73 م ترتفع عن الفناء بحوالي 123 سم، أشير إلى المذبح فيها بالقياس إلى معبد السويّة السادسة، حيث يعتقد أن المذبح كان موجودا في معبد السويّة السابعة ولكنه أزيل بواسطة بنائّي معبد السوية السادسة (Thompson 1970: 31- 33).
ومن الأشياء المهمة التي تم العثور عليها الأختام المتنوعة أحدها على شكل رأس البط ورقاقة ذهبية (James and McGovern 1993: 182, 190).

Store Room 1085:

عثر فيها على قرن غزال وعلى قطع تعبدية (Thompson 1970: 35).
بالإضافة إلى ختم فخاري على شكل هرم مع دوائر ومربعات على قاعدته (James and McGovern 1993: 190).

Area 1070:

تقع هذه المنطقة غرب المعبد عثر فيها على تمثال فخاري صغير لأسد ولكنه مكسور (Thompson 1970: 35).

معبد مجدل في طبقة فحل

"Migdol Temple" ظهر المعبد للعيان في موسم الحفريات من عام 1994 م عندما اكتشفت حجارة كبيرة في المنطقة الشمالية الغربية من منطقة طبقة فحل وفي تنقيبات عام 1996 م اظهرت التنقيبات ذلك الجدار الذي اكتشف جزء منه في حفريات عام 1994 م واوضحت الدراسات انه يرجع في تاريخه إلى العصر البرونزي المتوسط، واظهرت حفريات عام 1999 م، ان هناك مرحلتي إعادة بناء: الأولى كانت في العصر البرونزي المتأخر 1350 ق.م والثانية في العصر الحديدي 900 ق.م وبدا ان المعبد دمر بالزلزال في حوالي 800 ق.م.
اتضحت المراحل الثلاث التي مر بها المعبد في حفريات عام 2001 م، حيث ظهر معبد العصر البرونزي المتوسط الضخم (1650 ق.م) في الطبقات السفلى، الذي تكونت أساساته من حجارة بطول أكثر من 1 م وعمق 4 م، ثم تم إعادة بناء المعبد بالكامل في العصر البرونزي المتأخر 1350 ق.م حيث ازال بناؤا العصر البرونزي المتأخر بنية المعبد الفوقية تاركين الأساسات فقط، ودمر المعبد عام 1150 ق.م بالحريق وقام بناؤا العصر الحديدي بإعادة بناءه ولكن كثيرا من الدمار ترك على حاله نتيجة للظروف الاقتصادية السيئة إضافة إلى انهيار الدولة المصرية الحديثة والتجزء السياسي والاقتصادي لبلاد الشام وكان حجم معبد العصر الحديدي ثلث حجم اسلافه.
في موسم الحفريات من عام 1999 م بدأ "Renewed" الحفريات في المعبد، وتم الكشف عن الجدار الشمالي 32×24 م، وتم الكشف عن أساسات برج يقع على جانب المعبد من هنا جاءت تسمية المعبد باسم معبد المجدل "Migdol" أو معبد الحصن أو القلعة، وتشبه أبراجه أبراج المعابد المصرية المعاصرة له وفي موسم الحفريات من عام 2001 م ظهر أن معبد مجدول يعرض خصائص المعابد الكنعانية الأخرى في المنطقة بشكل خاص في تل بلاطة وتل القدح، يشير ذلك إلى معتقد ديني موحد في بلاد الشام وانه قريب في مخططه من معابد دلتا النيل في مصر في عهد الدولة الحديثة، ويشير مخطط معبد المجدول إلى هيمنة مصرية ثقافية ودينية حيث أن طبقة فحل خضعت لسيطرة الفرعون المصري تحوتمس الثالث دون أن يكون هناك دليل على وجود احتلال مباشر، وفي موسم الحفريات عام 2003 م عثر في مركز المعبد على بعض الحفر وارضية بيضاء سميكة من البلاستر.
وفي موسم الحفريات عام 1997 م تم عمل خندق مباشر فوق منطقة قدس الأقداس وبالتالي تم التأكد ان هذا البناء يمثل معبد، وفي موسم عام 1999 م تم الكشف عن مساند المعبود Cult" "Stands واكتملت الحفريات في منطقة قدس الأقداس، وكشفت حفريات 2001 م ان بنائي العصر البرونزي المتأخر قاموا بعمل حفر كبيرة وضعوا فيها جرار الخزن المكسورة والأشياء المقدسة لضمان سلامتها مثل مساند المعبود ثم بنوا معبد العصر البرونزي المتأخر فوق معبد العصر البرونزي المتوسط وهذا يدل على أن المعبد الأصلي دمر بشكل سيء جدا بالزلزال، اما القسم الشمالي المدمر ترك على حاله (www.astarte.com.au/html/pella_s_canaanite).

المصادر والمراجع

المراجع العربية

 أبو طالب، محمود 1978؛ آثار الأردن وفلسطين في العصور القديمة أضواء جديدة (1952- 1977). الطبعة الأولى، منشورات وزارة الثقافة والشباب، الأردن.
 الرحابنة، علي 2003؛ العلاقات السياسية والتجارية المتبادلة بين مصر وجنوبي بلاد الشام خلال العصر البرونزي المتأخر (1550 – 1200 ق.م). رسالة أعدت لنيل شهادة الماجستير في قسم الآثار، جامعة اليرموك، غير منشورة.
 كفافي، زيدان 2006؛ تاريخ الأردن في العصور القديمة (العصور البرونزية والحديدية). التحرير اللغوي محمد العجلوني، تحرير وتدقيق لغوي عمر الغول، الطبعة الأولى، المقتبس، دار ورد الأردنية للنشر والتوزيع، عمان- الأردن.
 محمد، وهيب 1992؛ المبرك المجمع الزراعي المحصن شرق عمان (العصر البرونزي الحديث – العصر الحديدي). ص 399 – 408. حولية دائرة الآثار العامة. مجلد 36، عمان – الأردن.
 ياسين، خير 1991؛ جنوبي بلاد الشام: تاريخه وآثاره في العصور البرونزية. منشورات لجنة تاريخ الأردن، سلسلة الكتاب الأم في تاريخ الأردن.

المراجع الاجنبية

 Aharoni, Y. 1982; the Archaeology of the Land of Israel From the Prehistoric Beginnings to the End of the First Temple Period. Miriam Aharoni(eds).Anson Rainey (trans) Philadelphia. The Westminster Press.137.
 Fischer, P. M. 1993; Tell Abu El-Kharaz: the Swedish Jordan Expedition 1991, Second Season Preliminary Excavation Report. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 37: 279- 307.
 Fischer, P. M. 1991; Tell Abu Al-Kharaz: the Swedish Jordan Expedition 1989; First Season Preliminary Report Fromtrial Soundings. Annual of the Department of Antiqities of Jordan 35: 67 – 105.
 Franken, H. 1992; Excavations at Tell Deir Alla. the Late Bronze Age Sanctuary. Louvain: Peeters Press.
 Franken, H.; and Ibrahim, M. 1989; Deir Alla (Tell). pp 201– 205. in Archaeology of Jordan.Field Reports: Surveys and Sites A-K. Akkadica Supplement 7. D.Homes.Fredrcq and J.B.Hennessy(eds) Leuven: Peeters.
 Giveon, R. 1978; the Impact of Egypt on Canaan. Biblical Institute of the University of Fribourg Switzerland.
 Hankey, V. 1974a; a Late Bronze Age Temple at Amman: the Aegean Pottery. Levant 6: 131- 159.
 Hankey, V. 1974b; a Late Bronze Age Temple at Amman: Vases and Objects Made of Stone. Levant 6: 160 – 185.
 Harding, G. L. 1958; Recent Discoveries in Jordan. PEQ.
 Hennessy, J. B. 1966; Excavation of a Late Bronze Age Temple at Amman. PEQ 98: 155 – 162.
 Herr, L. G. 1976; the Amman Airport Excavations. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 21: 109- 111.
 Higginboham, C. K. 2000; Egyptianization and Elite Emulation in Ramesside Palestine: Governance and Accommodatin on the Imperial Periphery. Leiden, Koninklijke Brill.
 James, F. W.; and McGovern, P. E. 1993; the Late Bronze Age Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan: a Study Levels VII And VIII. Vol I, Philadelphia, University Of Pennsylvania.
 Khouri, R. 1988; the Antiquities of the Jordan Rift Valley. Al Kutba, Economic Press Co. Amman. Jordan.
 Rowe, A. 1991; the Topography and History of Beth – Shan. Vol 1, Philadelphia, The University Press.
 Stern, E. 1977; a Late Bronze Age Temple at Tell Movrak. Bblical Archaeoogist 40: 89- 91.
 Strange, J. 2001; the Late Bronze Age. Pp 291 – 323 in the Archaeology of Jordan. B. MacDonald; R. Adams and P. Bienkowski. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
 Thompson, O. 1970; Mekal: the God of Beth – Shan. Leiden: E.J.Brill.
 Van der Kooij, G.; and Ibrahim, M. 1989; Picking Up the Threads: a Continuing Review of Excavations at Deir Alla, Jordan. University of Leiden: Archaeological Center.
 Ward, W. A. 1964; Cylinders and Scarabs From a Late Bronze Temple at Amman. ADAJ 8 – 9: 47 – 55.
 Wright, G.R.H. 1985; Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine. Volume 1, E.J.Brill, The Netherlands.
 Yadin, Y. 1958; Excavatios at Hazor 1957, Preliminary Communique. IEJ 8, No. 1: 1 - 14
 Yassine, K. 1988; El- Mabrak: An Architectural Analogue of the Amman Airport Building. in Archaeology of Jordan: Essays and Reports. Department of Archaeology: University of Jordan.

مراجع الإنترنت

آثار الهلال الخصيب
معابد

معابد جنوب بلاد الشام


Boys & Girls puede referirse a:

«Boys & Girls» (1999), el sencillo de Ayumi Hamasaki.
«Boys & Girls» (2009), el sencillo de Martin Solveig.
Boys & Girls (2012), el álbum debut de Alabama Shakes

Boys & Girls


Orland est une ville américaine située dans le Comté de Hancock, dans le Maine. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Town dans le Maine
Localité dans le comté de Hancock (Maine)

Orland (Maine)


Paul Franciscus van der Heijden (* 18. September 1949 in Utrecht) ist ein niederländischer Rechtswissenschaftler.

Leben

Van der Heijden studierte Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität Amsterdam, wo er 1975 seinen akademischen Abschluss als Master der Rechte absolvierte. Am 12. September 1984 promovierte er an der Universität Leiden mit der Abhandlung "A fair trial in labour law?" (Kluwer, Deventer 1984) zum Doktor. Ab 1985 arbeitete er als Richter am Landgericht in Amsterdam, erhielt 1987 eine Professur der Rechte an der Universität Groningen und 1990 an der Universität Amsterdam eine Professur für Arbeitsrecht, wo er auch Dekan der juristischen Fakultät war. Er war in Amsterdam Direktor des Hugo Sinzheimer Forschungsinstituts  für Arbeitsrecht und Vorsitzender des Amsterdamer interdisziplinären Instituts für fortschrittliche Arbeitsstudien. 2002 wurde er Rektor der Amsterdamer Alma Mater und wechselte am 8. Februar 2007 auf die gleiche Stelle an der Universität Leiden. Diese Stelle hat er Februar 2013 aufgegeben und sich seinen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten wieder zugewendet.

Van der Heijdens wissenschaftliche Arbeiten beschäftigen sich mit Arbeitsverträgen, Grundlagen des Arbeitsrechts, die Grundrechte der gemeinsamen Politik und der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Sie erschienen in den niederländischen und ausländischen juristischen Fachjournalen. Die Themen lauteten beispielsweise De waarde(n) van het sociaal recht (mit F.M. Noordam, 2001; frei Deutsch übersetzt: Die Werte der sozialen Gerechtigkeit.) und Rol en betekenis van de rechtsontwikkeling in de ILO (Kluwer, 1999; frei Deutsch übersetzt: Die Rolle und Bedeutung der rechtlichen Entwicklung in der  [ILO]). Zudem machte er in Büchern einem breiten Publikum seine Arbeiten bekannt. So wären hier die Publikationen Westenwind: Van werknemersinvloed naar aandeelhoudersmacht (Balans, 2004, frei übersetzt: Westwind: vom Arbeitnehmereinfluss zur Aktionärsmacht) und  Changes in work and the future of labour law in Europe (Oxford University Press, 2001, frei übersetzt: Die Veränderungen in der Arbeitsorganisation und die Zukunft des Arbeitsrechts in Europa) zu nennen.

Er ist zudem Mitglied vieler rechtlicher Organisationen. Seit 2003 ist er Mitglied der Königlich-Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Außerdem bekleidet er die Jean-Monnet-Professur des europäischen Rechts an der Universität Bielefeld, ist beratendes Mitglied der europäischen Kommission in Brüssel, war von 1995 bis 2002 Leiter der Delegation des Königreichs der Niederlande bei der internationalen Arbeitskonferenz in Genf und von 1998 bis 2000 Vorsitzender des Ausschusses für die Durchführungen der Vereinbarungen und Empfehlungen bei der Völkerrechtskommission (ILC).

Weblinks

 Curriculum vitae PDF
 Heijden im Professorenkatalog der Universität Leiden
 Heijden Eintrag bei der königlich niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

Arbeitsrechtler (20. Jahrhundert)
Arbeitsrechtler (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität von Amsterdam)
Rektor einer Universität in den Niederlanden
Hochschullehrer (Reichsuniversität Groningen)
Rektor (Universität Leiden)
Mitglied der Königlich Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Niederländer
Geboren 1949
Mann
Person (Internationale Arbeitsorganisation)

Paul van der Heijden


Jacob Klivager Vestergaard (født 9. oktober 1990 i Kolding) er en dansk politiker, tidligere formand for Socialistisk Folkepartis Ungdom (SFU) og folketingskandidat for Socialistisk Folkeparti (SF) i Aalborg Vestkredsen, Nordjyllands Storkreds.

Baggrund
Jacob Klivager Vestergaard er opvokset i Kolding, hvor han fik sin studentereksamen fra Hansenberg (HTX) i 2010. Efter studentereksamen flyttede Jacob Klivager Vestergaard til Aalborg for at læse Politik og administration på Aalborg Universitet i 2011. Han blev færdig som cand.scient.adm. i 2016. Mellem sin gymnasie- og universitetstid var han fire måneder i militæret i Varde som værnepligtig.

Politisk karriere
Jacob Klivager Vestergaard meldte sig ind i SFU i 2012. I 2012 blev Jacob valgt som formand for SFU Aalborg og var dette indtil 2013. Her blev han valgt til SFU's landsledelse på Landsmødet i påsken i 2013. Han sad i SFU's landsledelse frem til han i 2017 blev valgt til landsformand for SFU. Fra 2016 og frem til valget som landsformand for SFU var han formand for SF Aalborg. I 2013 blev Jacob Klivager Vestergaard valgt som folketingskandidat for SF i Aalborg Vestkredsen, Nordjyllands Storkreds. I 2013 var Jacob opstillet til Byrådet i Aalborg for SF, her fik han 205 personlige stemmer.

Referencer

Formænd for Socialistisk Folkepartis Ungdom
Personer fra Kolding

Jacob Klivager Vestergaard


Imperivm Online es un videojuego de estrategia en tiempo real y de construcción de ciudades, desarrollado por Haemimont Games y distribuido por FX Interactive.

El juego tiene el mismo sistema, motor y gráficos que Imperivm Civitas III, pero con la posibilidad de jugarlo en línea contra usuarios reales de todo el mundo o de una región determinada. Para esto, la empresa búlgara Haemimont Games tuvo que perfeccionar el motor de juego del Imperivm Civitas para que fuera capaz de ser estable en línea. Aparte de eso, también se perfeccionó la estrategia militar (ya que es el aspecto más atractivo de esta versión del juego) y se añadió el sistema social al juego.

Actualmente está disponible la liga Imperivm, la competición internacional desarrollada por FX Interactive.

Referencias

Videojuegos para Windows
Expansiones de videojuegos
Videojuegos de construcción de ciudades
Videojuegos de estrategia en tiempo real
Videojuegos del Imperio romano
Videojuegos multijugador en línea
Imperivm
Videojuegos de 2009

Imperivm Online


La route régionale 928 () est une route régionale allant de la valtatie 4 à la seututie 926 à Tervola en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 928 est une route régionale de Laponie.
La route 928 traverse le fleuve Kemijoki par un pont de 494 mètres de long.
Achevé en 1975 pour remplacer le traversier, le pont a permis une amélioration significative de la circulation routière de Tervola.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

928

Transport à Tervola

Seututie 928


Karolinska ploča mala je tektonska ploča koja se prostire na ekvatoru na istočnoj polutci, sjeverno od Nove Gvineje. Čini zonu subdukcije duž granice s Pločom Ptičje glave i Pločom Woodlark na jugu, dok je na sjeveroistoku transformni rasjed koji čini granicu s Tihooceanskom pločom. Uz granicu s Filipinskom pločom na zapadu i sjeverozadu nalazi se konvergentna granica koja prelazi u rascjep.

Karolinsku ploču prvi su kao posebnu ploču predložili .

Geološka svojstva
Kao zasebni terrane s vlastitom tektonskom poviješću Karolinska ploča smatra se dijelom Tihooceanske ploče zbog rijetke seizmičke aktivnosti i malih brzina duž njezinih granica. Obuhvaća Zapadni Karolinški bazen i Istočni Karolinški bazen te neaktivno kontinentsko podnožje Eauripik koje ih razdvaja, ali ne obuhvaća ni Karolinske otoke ni Karolinski hrbat. Subducira ispod ploča Ptičje glave i Woodlark duž rova Nove Gvineje na jugu.

Granica s Filipinskim morem na zapadu ima dva segmenta: južni segment, korito Ayu koje širi brzinom od 8 mm/god od c. 25 – 2 Ma, ali usporava. Sjeverni segment, koji se sastoji od Palauanske brazde i južne brazde Yap, nije aktivna zona subdukcije što je vidljivo po tome da nema aktivnih vulkana. Granica Karolinske i Tihooceanske ploče složen je sustav koji se djelomično i potencijalno razvija u zonu subdukcije. Jugoistočna granica, uz Manusovu brazdu, konvergentna je granica, ali se zbog nedostatka aktivnih vulkana i potresa ne smatra zonom subdukcije.

Tektonska povijest
Karolinska ploča kreće se brzinama vrlo blizu onima koje ima Tihooceanska ploča, a njezina starost nastanka i trenutačni status neovisne ploče neizvjesni su. Brzina udaljavanja Karolinske i Filipinske ploče vrlo je mala, a tijekom neogena Karolinska ploča gibala se s Filipinskom i Novogvinejskom pločom.

Karolinski hrbat na sjeveru susreće se s Karolinskom pločom u koritu Sorol na kojem postoje neki dokazi kosog proširenja. Međutim, podrijetlo Karolinskog hrbata neizvjesno je, no s obzirom na to da je napravljen od oceanske kore, vjerojatno je produkt vruće točke. Prisutnost rova i naznaka subdukcije ispod Pacifičke ploče sugestivna je, ali odsutnost otočnih lukova, što bi se moglo očekivati od značajne subdukcije u prošlosti, čini razvoj duž te granice nejasnim.

Karolinska ploča u prošlosti je zasigurno bila zasebna ploča. Mussauova brazda, granica duž njezine istočne strane, morala je biti važna granica jer su magnetske anomalije na Karolinskoj ploči iz oligocena, a one na Tihooceanskoj ploči iz krede. Postoje naznake širenja u Karolinskom moru prije 34 – 27 Ma. Ako se Karolinska ploča gibala s Tihooceanskom pločom, trebali bi postojati jasni dokazi odgovarajuće subdukcije ispod Nove Gvineje, kojih praktički nema. Korito Ayu zona je sporog širenja koja se otvorila prije 15 Ma.

Izvori

Literatura

Litosferne ploče

Karolinska ploča


In Japan, mobile phones became ubiquitous years before the phenomenon spread worldwide. In Japanese, mobile phones are called , literally "portable telephones," and are often known simply as keitai (携帯).

A majority of the Japanese population own cellular phones, most of which are equipped with enhancements such as video and camera capabilities. As of 2018, 65% of the population owned such devices. This pervasiveness and the particularities of their usage has led to the development of a mobile phone culture, or "keitai culture," which especially in the early stages of mobile phone adoption was distinct from the rest of the world.

Features

Japan was a leader in mobile phone technology. The first commercial camera phone was the Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999. The first mass-market camera phone was the J-SH04, a Sharp J-Phone model sold in Japan in November 2000. It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone telecommunication. The J-Phone (Stylized as 写メール, which stands for Photo-Mail) model not only included a camera, but also the function to send photographs via messaging or e-mail, which made the phone extremely popular at the time. Technologies like 3G mobile broadband were common in Japan before any other country.

Some of the main features of a mobile in Japan are:

 E-mail
 Configurable databases
 Phone and address books
 Alarm clocks and stopwatches
 Live video feed via Piconet
 Mobile games (e.g. RPGs like Dragon Quest or Final Fantasy series)
 Timers
 Camera phone features (e.g. selfie, front-facing camera) with mandatory shutter sound. This is because taking upskirt shots of schoolgirls on subway is a problem in Japan.
 Image enhancement capabilities, such as the option to add borders, create animations, and more.
 Instant messengers
 Emoji
 Calculator, calendar, schedule notes and memo pad
 Audio recording
 Portable music player (MP3 player, etc.)
 Portable video player (MP4 player, etc.)
 Online video viewing (Flash, YouTube, Nico Nico Douga etc.)
 Video calling
 GPS navigation
 Television (1seg) and radio (FM/AM) access
 Video-on-demand (VOD) content
 Theft prevention buzzer (with automatic reporting system to the police)
 Pedometer
 'Read aloud' system
 Touch-pad system
 A fingerprint/face recognition system for the protection of personal data
 Mobile centrex service with wireless LAN

In recent years, some cellular phones have been updated to be used as debit or credit cards and can be swiped through most cash registers to buy products as varied as mascara and jet planes, as more and more companies offer catalogs for cell phones. These functionalities include:
 E-money service and various certification functions through Untouched IC card (FeliCa etc.)
 Various services with NTT DoCoMo's 'Osaifu-Keitai (mobile phone with wallet function)'
 E-money service e.g. 'Edy'
 'Mobile Suica,' allows the phone to be used as a rail ticket
 Cmode: vending machines which can be used with QR Codes 'Osaifu-Keitai'
 NTT DoCoMo's service (information about traffic, food, shopping etc.) by GPS
Some newer models allow the user to watch movies and/or television. Most phones can be connected to the Internet through services such as i-mode. Japan was also the first to launch 3G services on a large scale. Users can browse text-only Internet sites, and many Japanese sites have sub-sites designed especially for cellular phone users. One of the most popular services allows users to check train schedules and plan trips on public transit.

The wide variety of features, many original to or limited to Japan, lead to the term "Galápagos syndrome", as these resulting phones were dominant in the island nation of Japan, but unsuccessful abroad. This has since led to the term  to refer to Japanese feature phones, by contrast with newer smart phones.

Market
, the Japanese mobile phone market is broadly divided into a high-end, consisting of smartphones (, abbreviated as  or ); mid-range, consisting of feature phones (); and a low-end, consisting of Personal Handy-phone System (PHS,  or , from ). There is some overlap of market segments between low-end smartphones and high-end feature phones, and many shared features. PHS, which was initially developed as a cheaper alternative to 2G networks such as CDMA and GSM, was initially deployed in 1995, but is now only offered by one carrier, Y!Mobile (part of SoftBank). As elsewhere in the world, smartphones have been growing rapidly.

In use
The use of mobile phones to make calls on public transport is frowned upon, and messages asking passengers not to make calls and to switch their phones to silent mode ("public mode" or "manner mode" in Japanese) are played frequently. This, combined with the low per-message price and ample allowed length per message (10,000 characters), has increased the use of text messaging as an alternative to calls. Abbreviations are also widespread. '\' may be attached at the end of a sentence to show that they are not happy about the event described. A sentence like "I have a test today\" (translated) could be used to imply that the student didn't study enough, or that the test itself invites negative emotion. Some of these usages disappeared as suitable emoji were made, but these newly made icons also acquired a usage not originally intended. One example deals with the astrological symbol for Libra (♎). It resembles a cooked and puffed mochi, and is sometimes used in a happy new year's message as mochi are often eaten then. The symbol for Aquarius (♒) resembles waves, so this would be used to mean 'sea'. The number of icons gradually increased and they are now coloured on most cell phones, to make them more distinct. ASCII art is also used widely and many of them are faces with expression. (see also Shift JIS art)

Emoji

Emoji, originating on Japanese mobile phones in 1997, became increasingly popular worldwide in the 2010s after being added to several mobile operating systems. They are now considered to be a large part of popular culture in the West.

The SkyWalker DP-211SW, a mobile telephone manufactured by J-Phone which supported a set of 90 emoji, was the first phone known to contain a set of emojis as part of its typeface, dating back to 1997. The J-Phone DP-211SW didn't sell well due to its high retail price, and therefore mass-market adoption of emoji didn't take place at the time. J-Phone later became Vodafone Japan and is now SoftBank Mobile; a later, expanded version of the SoftBank emoji set was the basis for the emoji selection available on early iPhones.

A highly influential early set of 176 cellular emoji was created by Shigetaka Kurita in 1999, and deployed on NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, a Mobile web platform. They were intended to help facilitate electronic communication, and to serve as a distinguishing feature from other services. According to interviews, he took inspiration from Japanese manga where characters are often drawn with symbolic representations called manpu (such as a water drop on a face representing nervousness or confusion), and weather pictograms used to depict the weather conditions at any given time. It included the Face with Tears of Joy emoji, which represents a Japanese visual style commonly found in manga and anime, combined with kaomoji and smiley elements. An additional 76 emoji, besides the 176 basic emoji, were added in phones supporting C-HTML 4.0.

Gyaru-moji
One very distinct form of writing is called 'gyaru-moji ('gal characters' named after the fashion style 'gyaru' or 'gal' because the people of this fashion style are the ones who often use this kind of lettering). For example, lt wouldn't correspond to the Latin characters 'L' and 't' but instead it would correspond to the hiragana, け ('ke'). Notice that it looks very similar when written. Many hiragana, katakana and kanji are taken apart and reassembled using different characters including alphabet characters. It is unclear why this usage is now seen. Some believe that this started as a way of making secret messages that a quick peek wouldn't reveal, while others claim that it was just for fun. This can be related to the way the English language hacking culture uses 1337 language to hide the meaning of the words typed. It is also possibly due to different character limits when different languages are used, e.g. 160 Latin characters and 70 Unicode (inc. kanji). By splitting the characters into alpha-numeric characters, it extends the possible over-all length of the message.

Cell phone novels

A cell phone novel, or , is a literary work originally written on a cellular phone via text messaging. This type of literature originated in Japan, where it has become a popular literary genre. However, its popularity has also spread to other countries internationally, especially to China, the United States, Germany, and South Africa. Chapters usually consist of about 70–100 words each due to character limitations on cell phones.

Mobile gaming

In the early 2000s, mobile games gained mainstream popularity in Japan, years before the United States and Europe. By 2003, a wide variety of mobile games were available on Japanese phones, ranging from puzzle games and virtual pet titles that utilize camera phone technology to 3D games with PlayStation-quality graphics. Older arcade-style games became particularly popular on mobile phones, which were an ideal platform for arcade-style games designed for shorter play sessions.

Graphics improved as handsets became more powerful, as demonstrated by the mobile version of Ridge Racer in 2003, though such titles typically cost twice as much as other mobile games. Ridge Racer was published by Namco, one of the most successful mobile game publishers at the time. That same year, Namco also released a fighting game that uses camera phone technology to create a player character based on the player's profile, and interprets the image to determine the character's speed and power; the character can then be sent to a friend's mobile to battle. Namco began attempting to introduce mobile gaming to Europe in 2003.

Other mobile games released in 2003 included a Tamagotchi-like virtual pet game by Panasonic where the pet can be fed with photos of foods taken with a camera phone. Another virtual pet game utilized a fingerprint scanner built into a handset to interact with a pet. Another mobile game that year was an educational game that utilized a mobile's microphone to help children with their pronunciation skills.

Japan is the world's largest market for mobile games. The Japanese market today is becoming increasingly dominated by mobile games, which generated $5.1 billion in 2013, more than traditional console games in the country.

Decoration

Phone decorations are common, notably mobile phone charms and various stickers. The stickers are often in the maki-e style, and are advertised as such.

Teenagers and mobile phones
Paging devices used in the late 1980s to early 1990s predate mobile phones and paved the way for the popularity of the phones among teenagers. Pagers could only display numbers and were intended to alert the owner that they had received a call from a certain phone number, but teens quickly began using numeric messages to communicate many things, including greetings and everyday emotions. Most were based on various ways numbers could be read in Japanese. Examples are

 4-6-4-9 – yo-ro-shi-ku ("hello," "best regards")
 3-3-4-1 – sa-mi-shi-i ("I feel lonely")
 8-8-9-1-9 – ha-ya-ku-i-ku ("hurry up, let's go")

With the rapidly falling prices of cell phones in the mid-1990s, young people began experimenting with the short message service that the mobile phone companies started offering. When the i-mode service became available, the mobile phone culture began flourishing earnestly as this service offered an E-mail application. Magazines and television regularly make specials focusing on the current trend of how mobile phones are used by young people.

Forefront of consumer technology
There is a popular trend in Japan to use the mobile phone handset to read information from special barcodes. The current technology is based on 'QR codes' which are a form of 2D barcode that is written out in a square shape instead of a bar shape. The phone handset can scan the QR code using its camera or other input, decode the information, and then take actions based on the type of content. The most popular usage of these QR codes is in advertising. All over Japan there are posters with the codes on and they are found extensively in magazines and even on some people's business cards. The QR code usually has links to a web site address or email address that the phone can access, or it might contain address and telephone numbers.

Sony, working with NTT DoCoMo, has been spearheading the mobile phone wallet technology, commonly known as 'FeliCa'. This technology makes use of an RFID chip inside the handset that can communicate with reading devices when the phone is placed near them. Though the technology is relatively new, there are many locations such as convenience stores which allow users to pay for goods using their phones; some vending machines even accept phone payments. Users must 'charge up' their accounts with credits before they can pay using their phones.

The Ubiquitous Business Department of NTT DoCoMo is developing the technology for a mobile phone to be the purchase system for virtual shops and smart shops, an authentication system in the medical field, and the purchase point for street poster advertisements.

Gracenote and Media Socket have a service where the user can hold the phone up to a source of music (such as a speaker), and, by dialing a certain phone number, find the song in a database and have it identified. The user receives the song's title, artist, and album within seconds. This information can in turn be used to search the mobile Internet to find that song. Many of these technologies are now common place throughout the world thanks to the rise of smartphones, such as Android and iOS devices.

Selfie culture

The modern selfie has origins in Japanese kawaii (cute) culture, which involves an obsession with beautifying self-representation in photographic forms, particularly among females. By the 1990s, self-photography developed into a major preoccupation among Japanese schoolgirls, who took photos with friends and exchanged copies that could be pasted into kawaii albums. The digital selfie originates from purikura (Japanese shorthand for "print club"), which are Japanese photo sticker booths. Video game companies Sega and Atlus introduced the first purikura in February 1995, initially at game arcades, before expanding to other popular culture locations such as fast food shops, train stations, karaoke establishments and bowling alleys. Purikura became a popular form of entertainment among youths in Japan, and then across East Asia, in the 1990s.

To capitalize on the purikura phenomenon in East Asia, Japanese mobile phones began including a front-facing camera, which facilitated the creation of selfies. The first front-facing camera phone was the Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999. It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time. It stored up to 20 JPEG images, which could be sent over e-mail, or the phone could send up to two images per second over Japan's Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) wireless cellular network. This led to a transition in Japanese selfie culture from purikura to mobile phones. Photographic features in Japanese purikura and smartphones were later adopted by apps such as Instagram and Snapchat, including scribbling graffiti or typing text over selfies, adding features that beautify the image, and photo editing options such as cat whiskers or bunny ears.

Negative aspects
It is considered a violation of good etiquette to answer a cell phone in certain public places. For example, on trains it is rude to answer or talk on cellphones. Many people keep their phone in 'manner mode' (silent mode) in order to not bother others and to avoid embarrassment on trains. On the other hand, writing emails or playing games with a cell phone while riding the train is completely acceptable.

Electromagnetic energy is theorized to cause interference with heart pacemakers and other medical devices. Most trains contain signs demanding that mobile phones be turned off when around seats reserved for the elderly and handicapped, but passengers rarely do so. In hospitals, it is expected that one should turn it off entirely.

Both talking on the phone or texting/messaging while operating a vehicle or riding a bicycle are prohibited, but nevertheless remain fairly common.

See also
 Camera phone
 Culture of Japan
 Emoji
 Mobile phone industry in Japan
 Mobile web

References

Further reading

External links
 "Mobile Phones, Japanese Youth, and the Re-Placement of Social Contact" by Mizuko Ito
 "Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life"(2005) edited by Mizuko Ito, Daisuke Okabe and Misa Matsuda. Click here for a pdf of a draft of the introduction.
Why Do We Rarely See Japanese-Made Smartphones? Article Published in Viralxd.com

Mobile phone culture
Japanese culture

Japanese mobile phone culture


Morton A. Kaplan (May 9, 1921 – September 26, 2017) was an American political scientist who was Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science, Emeritus, at the University of Chicago. He was also President of the Professors World Peace Academy International; and Editor of the World&I magazine from its founding in 1986 until 2004.

Early life and education
He attended Temple University and Stanford University, and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1951. He has held fellowships from the Center of International Studies at Princeton University and from the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He was also a Carnegie Traveling Fellow.

Academic career
His many books include Science, Language and the Human Condition, Law in a Democratic Society, and System and Process in International Politics (1957), a seminal work in the scientific study of international relations.

Kaplan introduced a new analytical tool to the study of international relations, systems analysis. His view contrasts with that of John Rawls - that it might be possible to isolate some basic social and political rules; rather Kaplan's alternative theory of justice is his test in principle, a kind of decision procedure for evaluating social, political, and moral choices, which attempts to circumvent the limitations of an egocentric or culturally narrow perspective while providing sufficient context to make a judgment. Kaplan used systems analysis to differentiate among the various types of international state systems: the "balance of power" system, the loose bipolar system, the  tight bipolar system, the universal international system, the  hierarchical international system, and the Unit Veto International System. Kenneth E. Boulding and Charles Kindleberger gave Kaplan's System and Process in International Politics negative reviews. Kindleberger argued that the book was a "must" read and that the primary contribution of the book was Kaplan's discussion of the international system and balance of power, but he argued that Kaplan's work did not lend itself to empirical testing, and that the application of game theory to politics and conflict was problematic.

He co-authored The Political Foundations of International Law with Nicholas deB. Katzenbach in 1961 where they write, To understand the substance and limits of such constraining rules (international law), it is necessary to examine the interests which support them in the international system, the means by which they are made effective, and the functions they perform. Only in this way is it possible to predict the areas in which rules operate, the limits of rules as effective constraints, and the factors which underlie normative change. He was a critic of communism and of the policies of the Soviet Union. In 1979 he edited The Many Faces of Communism.

References

External links
PWPA bio

1921 births
2017 deaths
University of Chicago faculty
Columbia University alumni
Unification Church and Judaism
Temple University alumni
Stanford University alumni
American political scientists
Princeton University people

Morton Kaplan


O Hubble Heritage Project foi fundado em 1998 por Keith Noll, Howard Bond, Forrest Hamilton, Anne Kinney e Zoltan Levay no Space Telescope Science Institute. A equipe divulgou, quase mensalmente, fotos de objetos celestes como planetas, estrelas, galáxias e aglomerados de galáxias.

Programa espacial dos Estados Unidos
Telescópio espacial Hubble

Hubble Heritage Project


Den norske torpedobåd Lyn blev søsat i 1882 fra flådeværftet Karljohansvern i Horten. I 1887 skiftede den navn til Od, og den gjorde tjeneste frem til 1920.

Baggrund og design
Den norske marines budget til nybygninger var i begyndelsen af 1880'erne blot på 250.000 kroner om året. For de penge kunne man ikke få en kanonbåd af Gor-klassen - den kostede 300.000 kroner - men for blot 143.000 kroner kunne man få en fuldt udrustet torpedobåd. Samtidig lykkedes det fortalerne for den type våben at overbevise politikerne om, at det norske skærgårdsforsvar var bedst tjent med en satsning på torpedobåde. Tegningerne til Lyn blev købt hos det tyske værft Schichau i Elbing, der i 1880'erne leverede torpedobåde til en række lande. Lyn blev den første norske torpedobåd med et torpedoapparat i stævnen, og skibet medførte i alt tre 35 cm torpedoer.

Tjeneste
Lyn deltog første gang i den norske flådes torpedoøvelser ved Fredriksvern i sommeren 1883, sammen med Rap og stangtorpedobåden Ulven. Den nye torpedobåd fik ved den lejlighed rosende omtale, blandt andet for sin manøvredygtighed og fordi den var i stand til at gå med 6-7 knob selv i hårdt vejr. Ved højere hastigheder fik den en del vand over sig, og ved 12 knob løb den undertiden tværs gennem bølgerne. I 1887 blev torpedobåden omdøbt til Od, fordi Norge og Sverige under personalunionen havde besluttet at dele alfabetet mellem sig, hvad angik navngivning af torpedobåde. På dette tidspunkt var der stadig tanker om, at unionens krigsskibe kunne operere under fælles kommando, og så ville man undgå misforståelser omkring overlappende navne på torpedobåde. Sverige fik "A" til "N" og Norge resten. Od deltog jævnligt i de årlige øvelser (senere benævnt Odd), og var aktiv i neutralitetsforsvaret under 1. verdenskrig. Skibet udgik i 1920.

Noter

Litteratur og eksterne henvisninger
 Hegland, Jon Rustung, Norske torpedobåter gjennom 100 år 1873-1973. Forsvarets Overkommando/Sjøforsvarsstaben, Bergen, 1973
 Beskrivelse af Od (Lyn) på forsvaretsmuseer.no

Krigsskibe fra Norge

Lyn (skib, 1882)


Les élections générales britanniques de 1923 se sont déroulées le 6 décembre. L'Écosse envoie 71 membres à la Chambre des communes.

Résultats

Articles connexes
 Élections générales britanniques de 1923

Ecosse
Élection en Écosse
1931 en Écosse

Élections générales britanniques de 1923 en Écosse


Hiroki Akino (født 8. oktober 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Shonan Bellmare.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiroki Akino


Stéphane Peterhansel (n. 6 august 1965, Échenoz-la-Méline, Haute-Saône) este un pilot de raliuri francez.

El deține recordul absolut la numărul victorii în Raliul Dakar, cu un total de 12 victorii, 6 la clasa moto cu Yamaha (1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997 și 1998) și 6 la clasa auto auto cu Mitsubishi (2004, 2005, 2007), Mini (2012, 2013) și Peugeot (2016). Doar Hubert Auriol și Nani Roma au mai reușit să realizeze performanța de a se impune în două discipline, moto și auto, la Raliul Dakar.

În 1997, Peterhansel a primit titlul de cetățean de onoare al orașului Vesoul.

Biografie

Și-a făcut debutul în Raliul Paris–Dakar în anul 1988, la categoria motociclete în cadrul echipei Yamaha, câștigând ulterior competiția în sezoanele 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997 și 1998. Din 1999 a trecut la categoria automobile, inițial cu Nissan și Mega, iar din 2003 alăturându-se echipei Mitsubishi. Cu Mitsubishi avea să câștige Raliul în 2004, 2005 și 2007, realizând cea de-a 11-a sa victorie în competiție în anul 2013 la volanul unui Mini Countryman modificat pentru X-Raid – și devenind astfel cel mai de succes participant din istoria Raliului Dakar. În 2014 el conducea în Raliul Dakar în etapa finală, dar în mod controversat i-a permis coechipierului său, Nani Roma, să-l întreacă și să câștige cursa - lăsându-l pe Peterhansel să termine pe locul doi. A participat la Cursa Campionilor în 2005 și 2006 și este dublu campion World Enduro. Din 1999, co-pilotul său la Raliul Dakar este compatriotul Jean-Paul Cottret.

Rezultate în Raliul Dakar

Alte performanțe

Referințe

Legături externe
 Profilul său pe site-ul Monster Energy

Nașteri în 1965
Francezi din secolul al XX-lea
Francezi din secolul al XXI-lea
Piloți de raliu
Piloți francezi
Sportivi francezi în viață

Stéphane Peterhansel


An Schoenoplectiella roylei in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Kaare Arnstein Lye. An Schoenoplectiella roylei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenoplectiella, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenoplectiella

Schoenoplectiella roylei


Cedrik-Marcel Stebe (9 de octubre de 1990) es un jugador alemán profesional de tenis. El 12 de febrero de 2012, Stebe hizo su debut en la Copa Davis frente a Argentina en el quinto punto de la serie, y consiguió una victoria ante Eduardo Schwank por 7-6 y 7-5.
Se esperaba luego de sus espléndidos 2011 y 2012, que se transfomara en una de las nuevas estrellas jóvenes del circuito ATP, sin embargo no fue así y ha luchado para volver a meterse en el Top 100 en las últimas temporadas.

Carrera

2011
Él llegó a sus primeros cuartos de final de un torneo ATP, en el Torneo de Stuttgart en Alemania, donde derrotó a Nikolay Davydenko y Fabio Fognini.

Luego se le concedió una wild card para participar del Torneo de Hamburgo, donde derrotó a Juan Carlos Ferrero en primera ronda y a Nikolay Davydenko de nuevo, antes de perder ante Fernando Verdasco.

Stebe jugó en el ATP Challenger Tour 2011 y lo ganó venciendo en la final a Dudi Sela. Esta conquista lo elevó al Nº81 del ranking mundial.

2013
Stebe sufrió una cirugía de cadera en el Abierto de Heilbronn, y se sometió a una cirugía en octubre de 2013. Él expresó deseos de jugar tenis competitivo de nuevo, pero ha tenido problemas con el proceso de recuperación.

2015
Jugó su primer torneo en casi un año y medio, un Futures en Antalya, Turquía. Ganó sus tres partidos de clasificación y logró entrar en el cuadro principal. Él iba a ganar dos partidos más antes de perder en los cuartos de final a Dimitar Kuzmanov.

Títulos ATP (0; 0+0)

Individual (0)

Finalista (1)

Clasificación en torneos del Grand Slam

Títulos ATP Challenger (8; 8+0)

Individual (8)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha oficial de Cedrik-Marcel Stebe en la ATP (en inglés)

Tenistas masculinos de Alemania
Campeones del Abierto de Estados Unidos Dobles junior

Cedrik-Marcel Stebe


An Neoregelia capixaba in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Edmundo Pereira ngan Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme. An Neoregelia capixaba in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neoregelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Neoregelia

Neoregelia capixaba


Zavod za hitnu medicinu, vrsta zdravstvenog zavoda. To je zdravstvena ustanova za obavljanje poslova na području hitne medicine. U Hrvatskoj zavodi za hitnu medicinu pokrivaju područje jedinica niže razine državne samouprave, a na državnoj razini to je državni zdravstveni zavod Hrvatski zavod za hitnu medicinu.

Izvori

Zdravstvene ustanove

Zavod za hitnu medicinu


L'association cantonale vaudoise de football (ACVF) est une association régionale de football, qui organise les compétitions de football amateur sous la direction de la Ligue Amateur de football, organe directif de l'association suisse de football.

Histoire
L'ACVF est créée le , à Lausanne, par les représentants du FC Stella Lausanne, du Forward Morges et du Fortuna Nyon.

Le premier président est Charles Heysé, l'organisateur de la première séance de l'association cantonale vaudoise de football et le représentant du FC Stella Lausanne.

Clubs
Les premiers clubs à rejoindre l'ACVF sont le FC Stella Lausanne, le FC Montriond Lausanne, le Young Boys Lausanne, le FC Signal Lausanne, le FC Aigle, FC Narcisse Montreux, le FC Forward Morges, le FC Fortuna Nyon, le FC Yverdon Nord et le Concordia Yverdon.

Clubs actuels

Organisation
Les associations régionales de football s'occupent des coupes régionales de football et des ligues de football qui sont : la , la , la , la  et les divisions de football junior.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Organisme fondé en 1904
Association
Association ou organisme ayant son siège dans le canton de Vaud

Association cantonale vaudoise de football


Henricus Johannes Bernardus "Harry" Aarts ( - ) est un homme politique néerlandais. Il siège à la Chambre des représentants pour le Parti populaire catholique et plus tard pour l'Appel chrétien-démocrate du 23 janvier 1973 au  octobre 1993.

Biographie
Harry Aarts est né à Bois-le-Duc le 9 mars 1930. Après avoir fréquenté l'école primaire et secondaire dans la même ville, il étudie les sciences politiques à l'Université Radboud de Nimègue entre 1949 et 1955. Harry Aarts est membre du conseil municipal de Bois-le-Duc du  septembre 1953 au 2 septembre 1958. Après avoir travaillé à la brasserie Heineken pendant deux ans, il est conseiller en organisation à l'Association des municipalités néerlandaises entre 1959 et 1965. Il est ensuite nommé maire de Berkel-Enschot et sert du 16 juillet 1965 au 16 mars 1974.

Harry Aarts devient membre de la Chambre des représentants du Parti populaire catholique le 23 janvier 1973. De 1975 à 1978, il est président de la commission des affaires intérieures. Lorsque le Parti populaire catholique fusionne avec l'Appel chrétien-démocrate en 1980, Harry Aarts en reste membre. Il est également président de la commission de l'aide au développement entre 1978 et 1989 et des affaires étrangères entre 1989 et 1993. Il quitte ses fonctions le  octobre 1993. Il exerce ensuite les fonctions de membre en service extraordinaire du Conseil d'État des Pays-Bas jusqu'au  octobre 1998.

Il est nommé chevalier de l'Ordre du Lion néerlandais le 29 avril 1985. Il est décédé le 25 mars 2020 à Tilbourg de la COVID-19.

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de l'université Radboud de Nimègue
Personnalité liée à Bois-le-Duc
Membre de la Seconde Chambre des États généraux
Chevalier de l'ordre du Lion néerlandais
Mort de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 aux Pays-Bas
Personnalité de l'Appel chrétien-démocrate
Personnalité du Parti populaire catholique
Décès en mars 2020
Naissance en mars 1930

Harry Aarts


Kösefakılı, Adana ilinin Sarıçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 35 km, Sarıçam ilçesine 35 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Sarıçam'ın mahalleleri

Kösefakılı, Sarıçam


(227218) Rényi, denumire internațională (227218) Renyi, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
227218 Rényi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Piszkesteto de Krisztián Sárneczky. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 1,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 227001-228000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2005
Centura de asteroizi

227218 Rényi


The New York Review of Books (sau NYREV sau NYRB) este o revistă cultură cu apariție bilunară care conține articole despre literatură, cultură, economie, știință și diverse alte subiecte curente. Publicată în New York, ea are la bază ideea că discuțiile cu privire la cărțile importante sunt un instrument indispensabil activității literare. Esquire a numit-o "principala revistă literar-intelectuală în limba engleză". În anul 1970, scriitorul Tom Wolfe a descris-o ca "organul teoretic principal al trendului cultural Radical Chic".

Review publică recenzii și eseuri lungi redactate adesea de scriitori bine-cunoscuți, poezii originale și scrisori de la cititori. În 1979 revista a fondat o ediție britanică denumită London Review of Books, care în curând a devenit independentă. În 1990 a fondat o ediție italiană, la Rivista dei Libri, publicată până în 2010. Robert B. Silvers și Barbara Epstein au redactat împreună revista de la fondarea sa în 1963 până în 2006, când Barbara Epstein a murit, iar apoi Silvers a rămas singurul redactor până în 2017, când a murit și el. Ian Buruma a devenit redactor în septembrie 2017.Review are o divizie de publicare de cărți, înființată în anul 1999 și numită New York Review Books, care publică cărți clasice și cărți pentru copii. Începând din anul 2010 revista a găzduit un blog on-line redactat de colaboratorii săi.

Review a sărbătorit a 50-a aniversare în anul 2013, iar filmul The 50 Year Argument al lui Martin Scorsese prezintă istoria și influența publicației.

Note

Legături externe

 Neyfakh, Leon. "Mr. Silvers, Will You Peek at My Books?" New York Observer, 6 februarie 2008
 2011 NPR interview of Silvers about the Review
 Danner, Mark. "Editing the New York Review of Books: A Conversation with Robert B. Silvers" , 28 aprilie 1999

Reviste literare din Statele Unite ale Americii
Reviste de cultură
Edituri din Statele Unite ale Americii

The New York Review of Books


Aeroportul Internațional Dortmund  este aeroportul orașului Dortmund, din Germania, și este situat la  de centrul orașului.

Cifre și statistici

Linii aeriene și destinații

Note

Bibliografie
  Manfred Walz: Die Stadt, der Flugplatz, die Planung und die Bewohner. In: Historischer Verein für Dortmund und die Grafschaft Mark (Hrsg.): Beiträge zur Geschichte Dortmunds und der Grafschaft Mark. 92/93. Klartext, Essen 2001/2002 (2002), S. 221–272, ISBN 3-89861-147-7, .
  Karl-Peter Ellerbrock, Günther Högl: "Horizonte" – Zur Wirtschafts- und Kulturgeschichte des westfälischen Luftverkehrs. Essen 2001, ISBN 3-89861-030-6.

Legături externe
 Aeroportul Internațional din Dortmund
 Legături de pe aeroportul Dortmund  (prezentare grafică actuală)

Dortmund
Clădiri și structuri din Renania de Nord-Westfalia
Dortmund

Aeroportul Internațional Dortmund


Roy D'Arcy (nascido Roy Francis Giusti; 10 de fevereiro de 1894 - 15 de novembro de 1969) foi um ator americano do cinema mudo e do início do período sonoro da década de 1930, conhecido por sua interpretação de vilões extravagantes. Ele apareceu em 50 filmes diferentes entre 1925 e 1939, como The Temptress em 1926 com atrizes como Greta Garbo.

Terminando sua carreira no cinema por volta dos 45 anos, D'Arcy se aposentou para seu próprio negócio imobiliário. Ele morreu em 1969 e foi enterrado no Montecito Memorial Park em Colton, Califórnia.

Filmografia parcial

 Pretty Ladies (1925) - Paul Thompson
 The Merry Widow (1925) - Crown Prince Mirko
 Graustark (1925) - Dangloss
 The Masked Bride (1925) - Prefect of Police
 La Bohème (1926) - Vicomte Paul
 Monte Carlo (1926) - Prince Boris
 Beverly of Graustark (1926) - General Marlanax
 The Gay Deceiver (1926) - Count de Sano
 Bardelys the Magnificent (1926) - Comte de Chatellerault
 The Temptress (1926) - Manos Duras
 Valencia (1926) - Don Fernando
 Winners of the Wilderness (1927) - Capt. Dumas
 Frisco Sally Levy (1927) - I. Stuart Gold
 Lovers (1927) - Señor Galdos
 On Ze Boulevard (1927) - Counnt de Guissac
 Adam and Evil (1927) - Mortimer Jenkins
 The Road to Romance (1927) - Don Balthasar
 Riders of the Dark (1928) - Eagan
 The Actress (1928) - Gadd
 Forbidden Hours (1928) - Duke Nicky
 Beware of Blondes (1928) - Harry
 Domestic Meddlers (1928) - Lew
 Beyond the Sierras (1928) - Owens
 The Last Warning (1928) - Harvey Carleton
 Girls Gone Wild (1929) - Tony Morelli
 The Woman from Hell (1929) - Slick Glicks
 The Black Watch (1929) - Rewa Ghunga
 Romance (1930) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 The Gay Buckaroo (1931) - Dave Dumont
 Discarded Lovers (1932) - Andre Leighton
 The Shadow of the Eagle (1932, Serial) - Gardner
 File 113 (1932) - De Clameran
 Love Bound (1932) - Juan de Leon
 Broadway to Cheyenne (1932) - Jess Harvey
 Sherlock Holmes (1932) - Manuel Lopez (uncredited)
 The Whispering Shadow (1933) - Professor Alexis Steinbeck
 Flying Down to Rio (1933) - One of the Three Greeks #1
 Orient Express (1934) - Josef Grunlich
 Sing and Like It (1934) - Mr. Gregory - Leading Man in Show
 Kentucky Blue Streak (1935) - Harry Johnson
 Outlawed Guns (1935) - Jack Keeler
 Captain Calamity (1936) - Samson
 Revolt of the Zombies (1936) - Gen. Mazovia
 Captain Calamity (1936) - Samson
 Hollywood Boulevard (1936) - The Sheik
 Under Strange Flags (1937) - Captain Morales
 The Legion of Missing Men (1937) - Shiek Ibrahim-Ul-Ahmed
 The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939) - Actor in 'Patria' (uncredited)
 Chasing Danger (1939) - Corbin (final film role)

Referências
Nascidos em 1894
Atores de cinema mudo
Mortos em 1969
Atores dos Estados Unidos

Roy D'Arcy


Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C. (oftast kallað Guangzhou Evergrande) er  kínverskt knattspyrnufélag, sem leikur í kínversku úrvalsdeildinni, heimaleikvangur þeirra heitir Tianhe Stadium og er staðsettur í borginni Guangzhou.

Þjálfari félagsins er ítalska fótbolta goðsögnin Fabio Cannavaro.

Tengill
 https://gzfc.evergrande.com/default.aspx(Á Kínversku)
Kínversk knattspyrnufélög

Guangzhou F.C.


NGC 31 este o galaxie spirală barată din constelația Pegasus.

Note

Legături externe

Galaxii spirale barate
Constelația Pegas
Obiecte NGC
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1834

NGC 31