In ancient Rome,  (from Greek  , "hot") and  (from Greek  ) were facilities for bathing.  usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while  were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.

Most Roman cities had at least one – if not many – such buildings, which were centers not only for bathing, but socializing and reading as well. Bathhouses were also provided for wealthy private villas, town houses, and forts. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or within cities by aqueduct. The water would be heated by fire then channelled into the caldarium (hot bathing room). The design of baths is discussed by Vitruvius in De architectura (V.10).

Terminology

, , ,  and  may all be translated as 'bath' or 'baths', though Latin sources distinguish among these terms.

 or , derived from the Greek  signifies, in its primary sense, a bath or bathing-vessel, such as most persons of any consequence among the Romans possessed in their own houses, and hence the chamber which contained the bath, which is also the proper translation of the word . The diminutive  is adopted by Seneca to designate the bathroom of Scipio in the villa at Liternum, and is expressly used to characterize the modesty of republican manners as compared with the luxury of his own times. But when the baths of private individuals became more sumptuous and comprised many rooms, instead of the one small chamber described by Seneca, the plural  or  was adopted, which still, in correct language, had reference only to the baths of private persons. Thus, Cicero terms the baths at the villa of his brother Quintus .

 and , which according to Varro have no singular number, were the public baths, but this accuracy of diction is neglected by many of the subsequent writers, and particularly by the poets, amongst whom  is not uncommonly used in the plural number to signify the public baths, since the word  could not be introduced in a hexameter verse. Pliny also, in the same sentence, makes use of the neuter plural  for public, and of  for a private bath.

 (Greek: , , 'hot springs, hot baths', from the Greek adjective , 'hot') meant properly warm springs, or baths of warm water; but came to be applied to those magnificent edifices which grew up under the empire, in place of the simple  of the republic, and which comprised within their range of buildings all the appurtenances belonging to the Greek gymnasia, as well as a regular establishment appropriated for bathing. Writers, however, use these terms without distinction. Thus the baths erected by Claudius Etruscus, the freedman of the Emperor Claudius, are styled by Statius , and by Martial . In an epigram by Martial——the terms are not applied to the whole building, but to two different chambers in the same edifice.

Building layout

A public bath was built around three principal rooms: the tepidarium (warm room), the caldarium (hot room), and the frigidarium (cold room). Some  also featured steam baths: the sudatorium, a moist steam bath, and the laconicum, a dry hot room much like a modern sauna.

By way of illustration, this article will describe the layout of Pompeii's Old Baths, otherwise known as the Forum Baths, which are among the best-preserved Roman baths. These baths were connected to the forum at Pompeii, hence the name. The references are to the floor plan pictured to the right.

This specific complex consists of a double set of baths, one for men and one for women. It has six different entrances from the street, one of which (b) gives admission to the smaller women's set only. Five other entrances lead to the men's department, of which two (c and c2), communicate directly with the furnaces, and the other three (a3, a2, a) with the bathing apartments.

Palaestra
Passing through the principal entrance, a (barely visible, right side, one third of the total length from above), which is removed from the street by a narrow footway surrounding the building and after descending three steps, the bather would find a small chamber on his left (x) with a toilet (latrina), and proceed into a covered portico (g, g), which ran round three sides of an open court (palaestra, A). These together formed the vestibule of the baths (), in which the servants waited.

Use of the palaestra
This palaestra was the exercise ground for the young men, or perhaps served as a promenade for visitors to the baths. Within this court the keeper of the baths (), who exacted the quadrans paid by each visitor, was also stationed. The room (f) which runs back from the portico, might have been appropriated to him; but most probably it was an oecus or exedra, for the convenience of the better classes while awaiting the return of their acquaintances from the interior. In this court, advertisements for the theatre or other announcements of general interest were posted, one of which, announcing a gladiatorial show, still remains. At the sides of the entrance were seats ().

The 1898 edition of Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities provided illustrations envisioning the rooms of the Old Baths at Pompeii:

Apodyterium and frigidarium

A passage (c) leads into the apodyterium (B), a room for undressing in which all visitors must have met before entering the baths proper. Here, the bathers removed their clothing, which was taken in charge by slaves known as capsarii, notorious in ancient times for their dishonesty. The  was a spacious chamber, with stone seats along three sides of the wall (h). Holes are still visible on the walls, and probably mark the places where the pegs for the bathers' clothes were set. The chamber was lighted by a glass window, and had six doors. One of these led to the tepidarium (D) and another to the frigidarium (C), with its cold plunge-bath referred to as baptisterium (more commonly called natatorium or ), , , or ; the terms  and  suggest that some of those baths were also swimming pools. The bath in this chamber is of white marble, surrounded by two marble steps.

Tepidarium

From the  the bather who wished to go through the warm bath and sweating process entered the  (D). It did not contain water either at Pompeii nor at the Baths of Hippias, but was merely heated with warm air of an agreeable temperature, in order to prepare the body for the great heat of the vapour and warm baths, and, upon returning, to prevent a too-sudden transition to the open air. In the baths at Pompeii this chamber also served as an  for those who took the warm bath. The walls feature a number of separate compartments or recesses for receiving the garments when taken off. The compartments are divided from each other by figures of the kind called atlantes or telamones, which project from the walls and support a rich cornice above them in a wide arch.

Three bronze benches were also found in the room, which was heated as well by its contiguity to the hypocaust of the adjoining chamber, as by a brazier of bronze (foculus), in which the charcoal ashes were still remaining when the excavation was made. Sitting and perspiring beside such a brazier was called .

The  is generally the most highly ornamented room in baths. It was merely a room to sit and be anointed in. In the Forum Baths at Pompeii the floor is mosaic, the arched ceiling adorned with stucco and painting on a coloured ground, the walls red.

Anointing was performed by slaves called unctores and aliptae. It sometimes took place before going to the hot bath, and sometimes after the cold bath, before putting on the clothes, in order to check the perspiration. Some baths had a special room (destrictarium or unctorium) for this purpose.

Caldarium

From the  a door opened into the  (E), whose mosaic floor was directly above the furnace or hypocaust. Its walls also were hollow, behind the decorated plaster one part of the wall was made from interconnected hollow bricks called , forming a great flue filled with heated air. At one end was a round basin (labrum), and at the other a quadrangular bathing place (, , , ), approached from the platform by steps. The  held cold water, for pouring upon the bather's head before he left the room. These basins are of marble in the Old Baths, but we hear of  of solid silver. Because of the great heat of the room, the  was but slightly ornamented.

Laconicum

The Old Baths have no laconicum, which was a chamber still hotter than the , and used simply as a sweating-room, having no bath. It was said to have been introduced at Rome by Agrippa and was also called sudatorium and .

Service areas

The  has a passage (q) communicating with the mouth of the furnace (i), called  or  and, passing down that passage, we reach the chamber M, into which the  projects, and which is entered from the street at c. It was assigned to the , or persons in charge of the fires. Of its two staircases, one leads to the roof of the baths, and one to the boilers containing the water.

There were three boilers, one of which () held the hot water; a second, the tepid (); and the third, the cold (). The warm water was filled into the warm bath by a pipe through the wall, marked on the plan. Underneath the hot chamber was set the circular furnace d, of more than 7 ft. in diameter, which heated the water and poured hot air into the hollow cells of the hypocaustum. It passed from the furnace under the first and last of the caldrons by two flues, which are marked on the plan. The boiler containing hot water was placed immediately over the furnace; as the water was drawn out from there, it was supplied from the next, the , which was raised a little higher and stood a little way off from the furnace. It was already considerably heated from its contiguity to the furnace and the hypocaust below it, so that it supplied the deficiency of the former without materially diminishing its temperature; and the vacuum in this last was again filled up from the farthest removed, which contained the cold water received directly from the square reservoir seen behind them. The boilers themselves no longer remain, but the impressions which they have left in the mortar in which they were embedded are clearly visible, and enable us to determine their respective positions and dimensions. Such coppers or boilers appear to have been called , from their similarity of shape to a milestone.

Behind the boilers, another corridor leads into the court or palaestra (K), appropriated to the servants of the bath.

Women's bath
The adjoining, smaller set of baths were assigned to the women. The entrance is by the door b, which conducts into a small vestibule (m) and from there into the  (H), which, like the one in the men's bath, has a seat (, ) on either side built up against the wall. This opens upon a cold bath (J), answering to the  of the men's set, but of much smaller dimensions. There are four steps on the inside to descend into it.

Opposite to the door of entrance into the  is another doorway which leads to the  (G), which also communicates with the thermal chamber (F), on one side of which is a warm bath in a square recess, and at the farther extremity the . The floor of this chamber is suspended, and its walls perforated for flues, like the corresponding one in the men's baths. The  in the women's baths had no brazier, but it had a hanging or suspended floor.

Purpose

The baths often included, aside from the three main rooms listed above, a palaestra, or outdoor gymnasium where men would engage in various ball games and exercises. There, among other things, weights were lifted and the discus thrown. Men would oil themselves (as soap was still a luxury good and thus not widely available), shower, and remove the excess with a strigil (cf. the well known Apoxyomenus of Lysippus from the Vatican Museum). Often wealthy bathers would bring a , a slave that carried his master's towels, oils, and strigils to the baths and then watched over them once in the baths, as thieves and pickpockets were known to frequent the baths.

The changing room was known as the apodyterium (from Greek  from  'to take off').

Cultural significance
In many ways, baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of community centres. Because the bathing process took so long, conversation was necessary. Many Romans would use the baths as a place to invite their friends to dinner parties, and many politicians would go to the baths to convince fellow Romans to join their causes. The  had many attributes in addition to the baths. There were libraries, rooms for poetry readings, and places to buy and eat food. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall, restaurant, gym, and spa.

One important function of the baths in Roman society was their role as what we would consider a "branch library" today. Many in the general public did not have access to the grand libraries in Rome and so as a cultural institution the baths served as an important resource where the more common citizen could enjoy the luxury of books. The Baths of Trajan, of Caracalla, and Diocletian all contained rooms determined to be libraries. They have been identified through the architecture of the baths themselves. The presence of niches in the walls are assumed to have been bookcases and have been shown to be sufficiently deep to have contained ancient scrolls. There is little documentation from the writers of the time that there did exist definitive public libraries maintained in the baths, but records have been found that indicated a slave from the imperial household was labelled  ('maintenance man of the Greek library of the baths'). However, this may only indicate that the same slave held two positions in succession: "maintenance man of the baths" () and "employee in the Greek library" (a ). The reason for this debate is that, although Julius Caesar and Asinius Pollio advocated for public access to books and that libraries be open to all readers, there is little evidence that public libraries existed in the modern sense as we know it. It is more likely that these reserves were maintained for the wealthy elite.

Baths were a site for important sculpture; among the well-known pieces recovered from the Baths of Caracalla are the Farnese Bull and Farnese Hercules and over life-size early 3rd century patriotic figures, (now in the Museo di Capodimonte, Naples).

The Romans believed that good health came from bathing, eating, massages, and exercise.  The baths, therefore, had all of these things in abundance.  Since some citizens would be bathing multiple times a week, Roman society was surprisingly clean. When asked by a foreigner why he bathed once a day, a Roman emperor is said to have replied "Because I do not have the time to bathe twice a day." Emperors often built baths to gain favour for themselves and to create a lasting monument of their generosity. If a rich Roman wished to gain the favour of the people, he might arrange for a free admission day in his name. For example, a senator hoping to become a Tribune might pay all admission fees at a particular bath on his birthday to become well known to the people of the area.

Location

Baths sprang up all over the empire. Where natural hot springs existed (as in Bath, England; Băile Herculane, Romania or Aquae Calidae near Burgas and Serdica, Bulgaria)  were built around them. Alternatively, a system of hypocausta (from  'below' and  'to burn') were utilised to heat the piped water from a furnace ().

Remains of Roman public baths

A number of Roman public baths survive, either as ruins or in varying degrees of conservation. Among the more notable are the Roman baths of Bath and the Ravenglass Roman Bath House in England as well as the Baths of Caracalla, of Diocletian, of Titus, of Trajan in Rome and the baths of Sofia, Serdica and Varna.  Probably the most complete are various public and private baths in Pompeii and nearby sites. The Hammam Essalihine is still in use today.

In 1910, Pennsylvania Station was opened in New York City, with a Main Waiting Room that borrowed heavily from the frigidarium of the Baths of Diocletian, especially with the use of repeated groin vaults in the ceiling. The success of the design of Pennsylvania Station in turn was copied in other railroad stations around the world.

See also

 Ancient Roman bathing
 Diocletian window (thermal window)
 Greek baths
 History of sanitation
 Roman architecture
 Roman culture
 Roman engineering
 Roman technology
 Spa town
 Thermae Romae (manga and film)
 Turkish Bath
 Victorian Turkish bath

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading
Bruun, Christer. 1991. The water supply of ancient Rome: A study of Roman imperial administration. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.
DeLaine, Janet. 1997. The Baths of Caracalla: A Study In the Design, Construction, and Economics of Large-Scale Building Projects In Imperial Rome. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
DeLaine, Janet, and David E Johnston. 1999. Roman Baths and Bathing: Proceedings of the First International Conference On Roman Baths Held At Bath, England, 30 March-4 April 1992. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
Fagan, Garrett G. 2001. "The genesis of the Roman public bath: Recent approaches and future directions". American Journal of Archaeology 105, no. 3: 403–26.
Manderscheid, Hubertus. 2004. Ancient Baths and Bathing: A Bibliography for the Years 1988-2001. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
Marvin, M. 1983. "Freestanding sculptures from the Baths of Caracalla". American Journal of Archaeology 87: 347–84.
Nielsen, Inge. 1993. Thermae Et Balnea: The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths. 2nd ed. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
Ring, James W. 1996. "Windows, baths and solar energy in the Roman Empire". American Journal of Archaeology 100: 717–24.
Rotherham, Ian D. 2012. Roman Baths In Britain. Stroud: Amberley.
Roupas, N. 2012. "Roman bath tiles". Archaeology 65, no. 2: 12.
Yegül, Fikret K. 1992. Baths and bathing in classical antiquity. New York: Architectural History Foundation.
--. 2010. Bathing In the Roman World. New York: Cambridge University Press.

External links

William Smith Roman Baths (Balneae) from "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities", pub. John Murray, London, 1875.
ThermeMuseum (Museum of the Thermae) in Heerlen
 Traianus – Technical investigation of Roman public works
Roman Bath: a day at the baths An interactive site using the Baths of Caracalla as an example
Barbara F. McManus Roman baths and bathing
3d reconstruction of a Roman baths Limes in Austria
Roman Baths of Weissenburg Digital Media Archive  (creative commons-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas) with data from a City of Weissenburg/CyArk research partnership
Victorian Turkish bath Information regarding a 19th-century version of the Roman or "Turkish" bath

Ancient Roman baths
Hydrotherapy

Thermae


Udbytteskatsvindel-sagen er en dansk sag om formodet økonomisk kriminalitet med udbytteskat.

Sagen kom til offentlighedens kendskab da SKAT anmeldte en sag til SØIK for mulig skatteunddragelse i august 2015.
Beløbet der skønnedes svindlet for var i første omgang rapporteret til omkring 6,2 milliarder kroner.
Siden blev størrelsen af svindlen sat op til først 9,1 milliarder kroner i november 2015 og dernæst til 12,3 milliarder kroner i august 2016.

I maj 2017 varetægtsfængslede Retten i Lyngby to mænd i en sag om udbytteskattesvindel i 2007 til en værdi af 37,5 millioner kroner.

Den 18. oktober 2018 offentliggjorde en gruppe af europæiske medier koordineret af organisationen Correctiv og under projektnavnet CumExFiles informationer om at ikke bare Danmark var ramt problemer omkring udbytteskattebetaling men en række europæiske lande.
Et beløb på 410 milliarder kroner skal europæiske skattesystemer have tabt på formodet bedrageri eller spekulation.

Se også
 Sanjay Shah - mistænkt for omfattende svindel i Danmark.

Henvisninger

Skatteunddragelse
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Udbytteskatsvindel-sagen


Carson McCullers (February 19, 1917 – September 29, 1967) was an American novelist, short-story writer, playwright, essayist, and poet. Her first novel, The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940), explores the spiritual isolation of misfits and outcasts in a small town of the Southern United States. Her other novels have similar themes and most are set in the Deep South.

McCullers's work is often described as Southern Gothic and indicative of her Southern roots. Critics also describe her writing and eccentric characters as universal in scope. Her stories have been adapted to stage and film. A stage adaptation of her novel The Member of the Wedding (1946), which captures a young girl's feelings at her brother's wedding, made a successful Broadway run in 1950–51.

Early life
McCullers was born Lula Carson Smith  in Columbus, Georgia, in 1917 to Lamar Smith, a jeweller, and Marguerite Waters. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Lula Carson Waters. She had a younger brother, Lamar, Jr. and a younger sister, Marguerite. Her great grandfather on her  mother's side was a planter and Confederate soldier. Her father was a watchmaker and jeweler of French Huguenot descent.  From the age of ten, she took piano lessons; when she was fifteen, her father gave her a typewriter to encourage her story writing.

Smith graduated from Columbus High School. In September 1934, at age 17, she left home on a steamship bound for New York City, planning to study piano at the Juilliard School of Music. After losing the money she was going to use to study at Juilliard on the subway, she decided instead to work, take night classes, and write. She worked several odd jobs, including as a waitress and a dog walker. After falling ill with rheumatic fever, she returned to Columbus to recuperate, and she changed her mind about studying music. Returning to New York, she worked in menial jobs while pursuing a writing career; she attended night classes at Columbia University and studied creative writing under Texas writer Dorothy Scarborough and with Sylvia Chatfield Bates at Washington Square College of New York University. In 1936, she published her first work. "Wunderkind", an autobiographical piece that Bates admired, depicting a music prodigy's adolescent insecurity and losses. It first appeared in Story magazine and is collected in The Ballad of the Sad Cafe.

From 1935 to 1937, as her studies and health dictated, she divided her time between Columbus and New York. In September 1937, aged 20, she married an ex-soldier and aspiring writer, Reeves McCullers. A New Yorker profile described her husband as "…a dreamer attracted to big, capable women." They began their married life in Charlotte, North Carolina, where Reeves had found work. The couple made a pact to take alternating turns as writer then breadwinner, starting with Reeves's taking a salaried position while McCullers wrote. Her eventual success as a writer precluded his literary ambitions.

Career
Maxim Lieber was McCullers's literary agent in 1938 and intermittently thereafter. In 1940, at the age of 23, writing in the Southern Gothic or perhaps Southern realist traditions, McCullers completed her first novel, The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter. (The title was suggested by her editor and was taken from the poem "The Lonely Hunter" by the Scottish poet Fiona MacLeod). At the time the novel was thought to suggest an anti-Fascist message.

After completing The Heart is a Lonely Hunter in 1939 (then titled The Mute), McCullers and her husband moved to Fayetteville, North Carolina, where she completed Reflections in a Golden Eye (then titled Army Post) in the span of two months. She sold the book to Harper's Bazaar for five hundred dollars in August 1940. It was published in two parts in the magazine in October and November.

With influences such as Isak Dinesen, Dostoyevsky, Chekhov, and Tolstoy, she published eight books; the best known are The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940), Reflections in a Golden Eye (1941) and The Member of the Wedding (1946). The novella The Ballad of the Sad Café (1951) depicts loneliness and the pain of unrequited love; at the time of its writing, McCullers was a resident at Yaddo, the artists' colony in Saratoga Springs, New York.

In The Member of the Wedding, McCullers describes the feelings of a young girl at her brother's wedding. The Broadway stage adaptation of the novel had a successful run in 1950–51 and was produced by the Young Vic in London in September 2007. The original production won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for the best play of the season.

Many know her works largely by their film adaptations, neither of which she lived to see. The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter was adapted as a film with the same title in 1968, with Alan Arkin in the lead role. Reflections in a Golden Eye was directed by John Huston (1967) and starred Marlon Brando and Elizabeth Taylor. McCullers died a fortnight before that film's premiere in October 1967. Huston, in his autobiography, An Open Book (1980), wrote of her:
I first met Carson McCullers during the war when I was visiting Paulette Goddard and Burgess Meredith in upstate New York. Carson lived nearby, and one day when Buzz and I were out for a walk she hailed us from her doorway. She was then in her early 20s, and had already suffered the first of a series of strokes. I remember her as a fragile thing with great shining eyes, and a tremor in her hand as she placed it in mine. It wasn't palsy, rather a quiver of animal timidity. But there was nothing timid or frail about the manner in which Carson McCullers faced life. And as her afflictions multiplied, she only grew stronger.

Richard Wright, the author of Black Boy, reviewed her first novel, published in 1940 when she was 23, and said she was the first white writer to create fully human black characters. In his review 'Hugo: Secrets of The Inner Landscape,' he stated:

Later life
Carson and Reeves McCullers divorced in 1941. After separating from Reeves she moved to New York to live with George Davis, the editor of Harper's Bazaar. She became a member of February House, an art commune in Brooklyn. Among her friends were W. H. Auden, Benjamin Britten, Gypsy Rose Lee and the writer couple Paul Bowles and Jane Bowles. After World War II McCullers lived mostly in Paris. Her close friends during these years included Truman Capote and Tennessee Williams. During this period of separation, Reeves had a love relationship with the composer David Diamond, and the two lived together in Rochester, New York.

McCullers fell in love with a number of women and pursued them sexually with great determination. Love letters written to McCullers from Annemarie Clarac-Schwarzenbach are at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Her most documented and extended love obsession was with Annemarie Schwarzenbach, of whom she once wrote "She had a face that I knew would haunt me for the rest of my life." In her autobiography, McCullers reports that the two shared one kiss. McCullers's passion, however, was not reciprocated, and the two remained friends with McCullers dedicating her next novel, Reflections in a Golden Eye, to her. Sarah Schulman writes:There is the infamous obsession with Katherine Anne Porter and a much-implied ongoing "friendship" with Gypsy Rose Lee. But if Carson ever actually had sex with a woman, even Tennessee [Williams] didn't hear of it. According to McCullers's brilliant biographer, Virginia Spencer Carr, Carson did brag to her male cousin that she'd had sex with Gypsy once.  But if that was the case, she never mentioned it to any of her gay friends. In the absence of reciprocated lesbian love and the inability to consummate lesbian sex, McCullers still wore a lesbian persona in literature and in life. She clearly wrote against the grain of heterosexual convention, wore men's clothes, was outrageously aggressive in her consistently failed search for sex and love with another woman, and formed primary friendships with other gay people.In 1945, Carson and Reeves McCullers remarried. Three years later, while severely depressed, she attempted suicide. In 1953, Reeves tried to persuade her to commit suicide with him, but she fled and Reeves killed himself in their Paris hotel with an overdose of sleeping pills. Her bittersweet play The Square Root of Wonderful (1957) drew upon these traumatic experiences.  In the 1950s, McCullers was in therapy for a variety of reasons, and discussed the possibility of being a lesbian with her therapist Dr. Mary A. Mercer.

McCullers dictated her unfinished autobiography, Illumination and Night Glare (1999), during the final months of her life. Her home from 1945 to 1967 in South Nyack, New York, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

Death
McCullers suffered throughout her life from several illnesses and from alcoholism. At the age of 15, she contracted rheumatic fever, which resulted in rheumatic heart disease. As a result of the heart damage sustained, McCullers suffered from strokes that began in her youth. She lived the last twenty years of her life in Nyack, New York, where she died on September 29, 1967, at the age of 50, after a brain hemorrhage.  She is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery.

Criticism
McCullers's style is often described as Southern Gothic, as the majority of her works take place in the Southern United States and feature eccentric characters suffering from loneliness interspersed by moments of deep empathy. In a discussion with the Irish critic and writer Terence de Vere White, McCullers said, "Writing, for me, is a search for God". Other critics have variously detected tragicomic or political elements in her writing.

The most recent scholarly collection of commentaries on her work is Carson McCullers in the Twenty-First Century (2016), edited by Graham-Bertolini and Kayser.

Legacy
McCullers's childhood home in Columbus, Georgia, is now owned by Columbus State University and is the central location of the university's Carson McCullers Center for Writers and Musicians. The center is dedicated to preserving the legacy of McCullers; to nurturing American writers and musicians; to educating young people; and to fostering the literary and musical life of Columbus, the state of Georgia, and the American South. To that end, the center operates a museum in the Smith–McCullers' home, presents extensive educational and cultural programs for the community, maintains an ever-growing archive of materials related to the life and work of McCullers, and offers fellowships for writers and composers who live for periods of time in the Smith-McCullers home in Columbus.

While the center operates out of the Smith–McCullers house, the writer's childhood home and museum is open to the public.

In 1944, when McCullers's father died, her mother left Columbus and moved to Nyack, New York, where she bought her daughter's famed Nyack home. McCullers lived with her mother and sister off and on in this house for a number of years, eventually buying the house from her mother. McCullers was living in this house when she died in 1967. In December 2006 the house in Nyack was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

McCullers's therapist and longtime friend, Dr. Mary E. Mercer, bequeathed the house in Nyack to Columbus State University's Carson McCullers Center for Writers and Musicians, the same center that owns and operates out of McCullers's childhood home in Columbus, Georgia. At Dr. Mercer's death in late April 2013, the McCullers Center inherited not only the house but also many artifacts and documents that shed light on the last ten years of McCullers's life.

The two former McCullers houses now owned by Columbus State University together contain the world's most extensive research collection on the author.

The Rainey-McCullers School of the Arts in Columbus, Georgia, is named in honor of McCullers and fellow Columbus native Ma Rainey.

Charles Bukowski wrote a poem about Carson McCullers.

She influenced Edward Albee who adapted her novella The Ballad of the Sad Cafe into a play.

In 2020, American writer Jenn Shapland published My Autobiography of Carson McCullers, which recounts Shapland's discovery of McCullers' letters to Swiss writer Annemarie Schwarzenbach. Shapland's book contends McCullers was queer, or closeted. Other critics have noted that "McCullers camouflaged her love for women in her fiction, [and] gay and lesbian themes are inarguably present in her work."

Works

Novels

 The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (limited preview) google books

 Reflections in a Golden Eye (limited preview) google books

 The Member of the Wedding (limited preview) google books

Other works
  A collection comprising:
 a novella of the same title, later made into a Merchant Ivory film
 six short stories:
 "Wunderkind" (Story, 1936)
 "The Jockey" (The New Yorker, 1941)
 "Madame Zilensky and the King of Finland" (The New Yorker, 1941)
 "The Sojourner" (Mademoiselle, 1950)
 "A Domestic Dilemma" (New York Post magazine section, September 16, 1951)
 "A Tree, a Rock, a Cloud" (Harper's Bazaar, 1942)
  A 1950 play adapted from the 1946 novel

  A collection of poems illustrated by Rolf Gérard.
 The Mortgaged Heart (1972), a posthumous collection of writings, edited by her sister Rita
 Illumination and Night Glare (1999), her unfinished autobiography, published more than 30 years after her death
 "Sucker", a short story

Collections
 Dews, Carlos L., ed. (2001). Complete Novels. New York: Library of America. .
 Dews, Carlos L., ed. (2017). Stories, Plays, & Other Writings. New York: Library of America. .
 Graham-Bertolini, Alison L. and Casey Kayser, ed. (2016). Carson McCullers in the Twenty-first Century. New York: Palgrave. .

Recording

See also
 Lover, Beloved: Songs from an Evening with Carson McCullers, a 2016 album by American singer/songwriter Suzanne Vega.

References

Sources

Further reading
Graham-Bertolini, Alison and Casey Kayser, eds. 2020. Understanding the Short Fiction of Carson McCullers. Mercer University Press.
 Deland, Florida: Everett/Edwards
Shapland, Jenn. (2020).  My Autobiography of Carson McCullers.  Tin House Books.
 Carson McCullers: A Life (limited preview) google books

External links
 McCullers's Papers at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin
Carson McCullers collection, 1941-1975 — Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University

 The Carson McCullers Center for Writers and Musicians
 The Carson McCullers Project
 Carson McCullers — New Georgia Encyclopedia
 Two different critical views of McCullers:
 The Tragicomic Vision in the Novels of Carson McCullers
 Marxism in Carson McCullers' Strangled South

1917 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
American women novelists
Writers from Columbus, Georgia
Columbia University alumni
New York University alumni
Bisexual women writers
American LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Bisexual memoirists
American LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from South Nyack, New York
American women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Writers of American Southern literature
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
American women memoirists
20th-century American memoirists
People from Brooklyn Heights
20th-century American LGBT people
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
American bisexual writers

Carson McCullers


Otročok este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Revúca din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 320 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu , , , Tornaľa, Kaloša,  și .

Istoric
Localitatea Otročok este atestată documentar din 1274.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Otročok


An Pitcairnia tuerckheimii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Donnell Smith. An Pitcairnia tuerckheimii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia tuerckheimii


Blanchisseuse es una localidad de Trinidad y Tobago, que forma parte de las regiones de Tunapuna-Piarco y San Juan-Laventille.

Geografía

La localidad abarca parte de la isla Trinidad y limita al norte con el mar Caribe, al sur con Caura, Kandahar, Lopinot Village, Brasso Seco Village (las cuatro pertenecientes a la región de Tunapuna-Piarco) y Cumaca (localidad perteneciente a la región de Sangre Grande), al este con Matelot (localidad perteneciente a la región de Sangre Grande) y al oeste con Las Cuevas.

Historia

La aldea fue fundada por los franceses después de la Cédula de Población de 1783.

Cuando el capitán Frederick Mallet hizo la cartografía y la topografía de la isla de Trinidad después de la capitulación de España ante los británicos en 1797, se le dijo que el pueblo no tenía nombre. Observando las mujeres lavando ropa en el río, él simplemente escribió en su registro: "Damas del Río". Más tarde, los colonos llamaron al lugar basándose en las mujeres lavadoras que el inspector había visto, "Blanchisseuse" es el término francés para "lavandera".

Otra teoría de la etimología cuenta que se llamó "Blanquizales" por los españoles por sus acantilados blancos. Los criollos franceses cambiaron poco a poco el nombre hasta que volvió a "Blanchisseuse". Se usa "Blanquizales" o "Blanquisel" en el dialecto de español trinitense.

Los españoles abandonaron el lugar poco después de la invasión británica, cuando los británicos comenzaron a reunir a todo varón español con edad superior a los 14 años, para dispararles. Muchos huyeron a la tierra firme venezolana y más tarde a España.

Demografía

Datos demográficos de la localidad de Blanchisseuse:

Referencias

Localidades de Trinidad y Tobago
Localidades de San Juan-Laventille
Localidades de Tunapuna-Piarco

Blanchisseuse


An Dyckia richardii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni P.J.Braun ngan Esteves. An Dyckia richardii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dyckia

Dyckia richardii


Heterotetracystis, manji rod zelenih algi u razredu Chlorophyceae, dio porodice Tetracystaceae. Sastoji se od dvije kopnene vrste, obje otkrivene u državnoj šumi Cedars of Lebanon State Forest, u okrugu Wilson, Tennessee

vrste
 Heterotetracystis akinetos Ed.R.Cox & T.R.Deason
 Heterotetracystis intermedia Ed.R.Cox & T.R.Deason

Izvori

Tetracystaceae

Heterotetracystis


Juan José Ibarretxe Markuartu (d. 15 Mart 1957, Laudio) Bask Ülkesi başbakanı. 2 Ocak 1999 yılından beri bu görevdedir. Çocukluğunda sadece İspanyolca konuşmasına rağmen şu anda akıcı bir Baskça konuşmaktadır.

1957 doğumlular
Bask Bölgesi
20. yüzyıl İspanyol siyasetçileri
21. yüzyıl İspanyol siyasetçileri
Yaşayan insanlar

Juan José Ibarretxe


علم أوغندا أعتمد العلم في 9 أوكتوبر 1969، وهو مكون من 6 شرائط متساوية وموضوعة بشكل أفقي ملونة كما يلي من الأعلى للأسفل: أسود - أصفر - أحمر - أسود - أصفر - أحمر، في الوسط دائرة بيضاء تحوي رسم لطائر الكركي ذو التاج الرمادي (رمز الدولة).

الرمزية
ترمز الألوان إلى:
 الأسود: لسكان إفريقيا السمر
 الأصفر: لشمس أفريقيا وللصحراء
 الأحمر: رمز الأخوة الأفريقية وللدماء
 طائر الكركي معروف بطبيعته المسالمة وقد استخدم كشعار الجنود الأوغنديين أثناء فترة الحكم البريطاني للبلاد.

التاريخ
عندما حكم الحزب الديمقراطي البلاد، اقترح تصميم علم. يتكون من خطوط عمودية موضوعة كما يلي: أخضر، أصفر، أزرق، أصفر، أخضر. وفي الوسط كانت هناك صورة صفراء لطائر الكركي. ولكن بعد أن خسر الحزب الانتخابات الوطنية في 25 أبريل 1962، رفض المؤتمر الشعبي الأوغندي المنتخب حديثًا التصميم السابق واقترح بدلاً من ذلك التصميم الحالي. أعطت الإدارة البريطانية موافقتها على ذلك قبل استقلال البلاد.

أعلام أخرى

مراجع

أعلام استحدثت في 1962
أوغندا
أعلام وطنية
رموز أوغندا الوطنية

علم أوغندا


Josephine Jagd Brysting (født 11. december 1995), er en dansk atlet, der er medlem af Københavns IF.

Josephine Brysting , der er tidligere badmintonspiller i KBK, gjorde første gang opmærksom på sig selv som løber, da hun ved DM i Aarhus 2016 vandt bronze på 5000 meter. De seneste par år har hun dog boet i England og studeret human biologi på Loughborough University, hvorfor hun ikke har deltaget i de danske crossturneringer. Det har hun til gengæld med succes i England, hvor det 2016 i Liverpool blev til en 11. plads i U23-klassen ved de britiske mesterskaber. Hun blev nummer 38 EM-u23 i cross på Sardinien i december 2016.
2017 figurerer hun i San Francisco Dons' roster, men hun har grundet en skade endnu ikke fået sin amerikanske debut.

Internationale ungdomsmesterskaber
 2016 EM-u23 i cross 38.plads

Danske mesterskaber
  2016 5000 meter

Personlige rekorder
 1500 meter: 4:34,71	18. juni 2016	København
 3000 meter: 9:59,33	22. maj 2016	Loughborough
 5000 meter: 17:18,06	28. august 2016	Aarhus
 3000 meter-inde: 10:06,29 10. januar 2016 Sheffield

Eksterne henvisninger
 Profil - Josephine Brysting

Atleter fra Københavns IF
Mellemdistanceløbere fra Danmark
Langdistanceløbere fra Danmark

Josephine Brysting


Owasco Lake ist der sechstgrößte See der Finger Lakes im US-Bundesstaat New York im Cayuga County.

Von Osten ist er der dritte See der Seengruppe.
Der Name "Owasco" kommt aus der Sprache der Mohawk und Irokesen und bedeutet in etwa "Kreuzung".

Der See ist 17 km lang (in Nord-Süd-Richtung) und bis zu 1,6 km breit.
Die Stadt Auburn liegt etwa 2 km nördlich des Sees.
Sie nutzt den See für ihre Trinkwasserversorgung.
Der Owasco Lake misst an seinem tiefsten Punkt 54 m und hat ein Volumen von 800 Mio. m³.
Das Einzugsgebiet des Sees beträgt 541 km².
Der See liegt auf einer Höhe von .
Der Abfluss des Owasco Lake wird von einem Staudamm reguliert.

Am Südende des Sees befindet sich das Hamlet Cascade.
Es besteht aus Cottages, der South Shore Marina und einem Restaurant.

Der Owasco Lake ist ein Ort für Erholung und Freizeit.
Aufgrund seiner geringen Größe und seiner geringen Tiefe erwärmt sich das Seewasser sehr schnell.
Schwimmen, Wasserski und Bootfahren sind beliebte Aktivitäten auf dem See.
Am nördlichen Seeende liegt der Emerson Park, ein Country Park mit einem Strand und einer Anlegestelle.
Das Ufer im Nordosten des Sees ist privat und gehört dem 1889 gegründeten Owasco Yacht Club.

Im 19. Jahrhundert war der Owasco Lake ein beliebtes Urlaubsziel der gehobenen Bevölkerung.
Ein Casino nördlich von Cascade beherbergte die Gäste, welche per Zug entlang dem Westufer des Sees anreisten.
Reste der Eisenbahnlinie sind noch zu erkennen.
Das Casino brannte Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts aus.

Literatur
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Owasco Lake
 Dave Tobin. "A Watertight Watershed." Post-Standard, December 24, 2006

Weblinks

 Map of Owasco Lake Points of Interest
 Emerson Park
 Owasco Yacht Club
 Owasco Watershed Lake Association
 Near-Real-Time Water Quality Data
 nyfalls.com - Owasco Lake - The Finger Lakes

Einzelnachweise

SOwasco Lake
Stausee in Nordamerika
Stausee in New York
Cayuga County

Owasco Lake


An Rhipidoglossum ochyrae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko ngan Tomasz Sebastian Olszewski. An Rhipidoglossum ochyrae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhipidoglossum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Cameroon. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Rhipidoglossum

Rhipidoglossum ochyrae


Frederic, Margraf de Brandenburg-Bayreuth (10 mai 1711  – 26 februarie 1763), a fost membru al Casei de Hohenzollern și Margraf de Brandenburg-Bayreuth.

Biografie
A fost fiul cel mare al Margrafului Georg Friedrich Karl de Brandenburg-Bayreuth și a soției acestuia,  Dorothea von Holstein-Beck.

Născut ca membru minor al Casei de Brandenburg-Bayreuth, soarta lui Frederic s-a schimbat în 1726, când tatăl său a moștenit principatul de Bayreuth după o lungă dispută cu Prusia asupra drepturilor de succesiune. Frederic, în vârstă de 16 ani, a devenit margraf ereditar de Bayreuth. În 1735, la moartea tatălui său, Frederic devine noul Margraf de Brandenburg-Bayreuth. Are 24 de ani.

Frederic are reputația de a fi un monarh luminat. La Bayreuth, Frederick este denumit "cel Iubit". În reședința sa de la Bayreuth, el a promovat științele și artele și a construit numeroase clădiri. Frederic a primit o educație bună și a studiat opt ani la Universitatea genoveză calvinistă. El a fost total nepregătit pentru sarcinile sale ca suveran, pentru că tatăl și miniștrii săi l-au exclus complet din toate afacerile guvernamentale.

Soția sa, Wilhelmine, cu personalitatea ei puternică, a încercat să-l influențeze pe slabul și instabilul Frederic în favoarea Prusiei, patria ei, dar  nu a putut să depășească influența miniștrilor săi. În cele din urmă soția lui a reușit să câștige influență și secretar tânăr, Philipp Elrodt, a fost desemnat să se ocupe de aspectele financiare. Poziția lui în curând a devenit mai curând echivalentă cu "prim-ministru." În acest rol, Philipp a atacat corupția guvernului și clientelismul, nereguli descoperite în finanțele principatului, și a identificat noi surse de venit. Ca rezultat al acestei reforme fiscale, Frederic a fost în măsură să mărească venitul Wilhelminei, iar ea a cumpărat o reședință de vară numită Eremitage.

Margraful și-a arătat aprecierea pentru arte și științe prin stabilirea Universității regionale de la Bayreuth în 1742, care a fost mutată cu un an mai târziu, în 1743, la Erlangen. În plus, el a creat Academia de Arte Bayreuth în 1756 și din 1744 până în 1748 a permis stabilirea Operei și a unui teatru la Bayreuth. Numeroase alte proiecte de construcție au fost finalizate, inclusiv transformarea și extinderea Muzeului Eremitage existent în Castelul Noului Muzeu Eremitage cu Templul Soarelui (1749-1753) și construirea noului castel margrafial (1754), după ce vechiul castel a ars. Noul castel a fost terminat după moartea primei sale soții; în onoarea ei, castelul a fost redenumit după ea.

Căsătorii și copii
La 20 noiembrie 1731, la Berlin, Frederic s-a căsătorit cu Wilhelmine a Prusiei. El fusese logodit cu sora mai mică a Wilhelminei, Sophie, însă regele  Frederic Wilhelm I a decis în ultimul moment ca fiica lui cea mare să se căsătorească cu el. Mirele nu a fost consultat.

De la început mariajul a mers bine. Tinerii s-au plăcut unul pe altul și Wilhelmine a ignorat lipsurile lui. Cu toate că Wilhelmine nu era frumoasă, ea avea o personalitate veselă și plăcută. Ea l-a descris pe Frederic bun la suflet și caritabil, dar, de asemenea, un pic mai frivol. Căsătoria a produs doar un singur copil, o fiică:

Elisabeth Friederike Sophie (n. 30 august 1732, Bayreuth - d. 6 aprilie 1780, Bayreuth). Descrisă de Giacomo Casanova ca cea mai frumoasă fată din Germania, ea s-a căsătorit la 26 septembrie 1748 cu Karl Eugen, Duce de Württemberg. A născut o fiică care nu a trăit mult, Prințesa Fredericka Wilhelmine Augusta Luisa Charlotte de Württemberg, apoi cuplul s-a separat în 1756, însă nu a divorțat niciodată.

La 20 septembrie 1759, la Brunswick, Frederic s-a recăsătorit cu Ducesa Sophie Caroline Marie de Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Mariajul lor a rămas fără copii. Fără moștenitori pe linie masculină, el a fost succedat de unchiul său, Frederic Christian.

Nașteri în 1711
Decese în 1763
Margrafi ai Germaniei
Casa de Hohenzollern


أوبو مدينة تقع ضمن محافظة آيتشي في اليابان، تأسست في 9/1/1970، بلغ عدد تعداد سكانها في 1 يناير – 2008 حوالي 83097 مساحتها الإجمالية حوالي 33.68 كم2 لتصبح كثافة سكانها 2467 نسمة لكل كيلو متر مربع

مراجع

مدن محافظة آيتشي

أوبو (آيتشي)

أوبو (آيتشي)


Le congrès universel d'espéranto de 1910 est le  congrès universel d'espéranto, organisé en août 1910, à Washington, aux États-Unis.

Contexte

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Congrès mondial d'espéranto

1910
Espéranto aux États-Unis
Washington (district de Columbia)
1910 aux États-Unis

Congrès universel d'espéranto de 1910


محمود بورقيبة: هو محمود بن العربي بورقيبة ولد بتونس العاصمة في 21 رمضان 1328 /26 سبتمبر 1910، وتوفي يوم 22 ماي 1956 ، شاعر وصحفي تونسي.

تكوينه
ينحدر محمود بورقيبة من أسرة تعود أصولها إلى الانكشارية الأتراك، ممن استوطنوا جزيرة جربة بالجنوب التونسي. وقد درس في صغره بالكتّاب ثم التحق بجامع الزيتونة، ولكن انقطع عنه قبل أن يحصل على شهدة التطويع. ولكن استمر في تكوينه نفسه من خلال المطالعات ومجالسة عدد من الأدباء الذين سيبرزون على الساحة الثقافية من أمثال الهادي العبيدي ومحمد المرزوقي ومصطفى خريف.

نشاطه
التحق محمود بورقيبة بالصحافة لينضم إلى جريدة الوزير عام 1930 وعمل بها إلى عام 1938 وكان يمضي كتاباته وأشعاره باسمه وأحيانا بأسماء مستعارة على غرار «فتى جبل المنار» و«شاعر الشباب»... وقد مكنته تجربته في الوزير من التعرف على عدد من رجال الأدب والفكر من بينهم أبو القاسم الشابي وعثمان الكعاك وعلي الدوعاجي وغيرهم. ثم انتقل إلى جريدة الزهرة ومنها انتقل إلى جريدة النهضة كما عمل في مجلة الثريا وجريدة الأسبوع كما ساهم في صحف أخرى من بينها الزهو والأنيس والنديم والشباب والصريح والندوة <ref>جان فونتان، الأدب التونسي المعاصر، الدار التونسية للنشر، تونس 1989</ref> وبالإضافة إلى الصحف السيارة التحق محمود بورقيبة بالإذاعة منذ إنشائها عام 1938 حيث عمل مذيعا ومحاضرا ومنتج برامج إذاعية  وقد منحه العمل الإذاعي صيتا بين أقرانه من الأدباء والصحفيين. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك نشط محمود بورقيبة في العمل الجمعياتي، حيث كان عضوا في الرشيدية كما تولى عام 1935 الكتابة العامة لجمعية التمثيل العربي كما تولى الكتابة في جمعية موسيقية هي الجمعية الناصرية .
 أشعاره
لقبه معاصروه شاعر الشباب ، ويقول عنه الأديب العربي الكبادي بأنه الشاعر الكبير النابع. وفي هذا الإطار فاز عام 1932 في الاستفتاء الذي نظم لاختيار الشعراء الثلاثة الكبار في تونس والجزائر والمغرب بالمركز الثاني بعد عبد الرزاق كرباكة وقبل الطاهر القصار. وقد تبوأ منصب شاعر الباي أي شاعر البلاط ، حيث مدح كلا من المنصف باي ومحمد الأمين باي. وقد نشر له الحبيب بن فضيلة ما ما يفوق المائة قصيدة في الغزل والشكوى والتأمل والرثاء والمناسبات ، فضلا عن 36 من الأغاني.
 من قصائده
كتب محمود بورقيبة في مختلف الأغراض، وتفاعل مع أحداث عصره، من ذلك أنه كتب قصيدة عنوانها: فلسطين، عبر فيها عن مساندته للقضية الفلسطينية التي هزت الرأي العام التونسي في نهاية الأربعينات، يقول في هذه القصيدة:

 شعره الغنائي
ألف محمود بورقيبة في الشعر الغنائي لفرقة الرشيدية، ولحن له أبرز الملحنين وغنى له أبرز الفنانين ومن الأغاني التي كتب كلماتها:
 زينة يا بنت الهنشير، وهي من لحن وغناء علي الرياحي
 زوز حمامات للمغني الصادق ثريا
 دنيا هانية واحنا فيها من أداء نعمة ولحن زرياب.
 الي أنت روح الروح لعلية من ألحان زرياب.
 زعمة يصافي الدهر من ألحان الموسيقار محمد التريكي وغناء نعمة
 عزه يا عزه، ألحان علي الرياحي
 قالو لي أسمر ألحان أحمد الصباحي، غناء صفية الشامية
 عليك نغني يا مشكايا، غناء وألحان الهادي الجويني: تقول كلماتها:

 عزه يا عزه، ألحان علي الرياحي: وتقول كلماتها:

 نثره
بالإضافة إلى ما كتبه محمود بورقيبة على أعمدة الصحافة، فقد صدر له كتيب يعنى بحالة التعليم التونسي في عصره تحت عنوان: ما بلغه التعليم بالبلاد التونسية من نمو وازدهار، وقد صدر في 80 صفحة عام 1939. وقد تناول فيه حالة كل من التعليم الزيتوني الذي يرجع تأسيسه لقرون خلت والتعليم المدرسي متعرضا إلى مؤسساته المختلفة وفي الجملة فقد تناول محمود بورقيبة التعليم ومصلحته ومتفقديه، والتعليم العربي وبنايات التعليم، والمتاحف المدرسية والمكتبات ومدارس سكنى الطلبة، كما قدم إحصائيات عدة تتناول مختلف الجوانب.
 وصلات خارجية
 الشاعر محمود بورقيبة يؤرخ للتعليم التونسي بكتاب
 «شعراء تونسيون، محمود بورقيبة وآخرون» للدكتور أحمد الطويلي: إضافة نوعية تحتاجها المكتبة التونسية
 لقاء مع ابنه
 مراجع
 لحبيب بن فضيلة، محمود بورقيبة حياته وشعره، سلسلة ذاكرة وإبداع، المركز الوطني للاتصال الثقافي، تونس 2008.
 أحمد الطويلي، شعراء تونسيون، محمود بورقيبة وآخرون'''، تونس 2010.

إشارات مرجعية

شعراء تونسيون
صحفيون تونسيون
مذيعون تونسيون
مواليد 1327 هـ
مواليد 1910
مواليد في مدينة تونس
وفيات 1375 هـ
وفيات 1956
وفيات بعمر 46

محمود بورقيبة


Collis Potter Huntington (22 de outubro de 1821 - 13 de agosto de 1900) foi um industrial norte-americano e magnata ferroviário. Ele foi um dos Quatro Grandes da ferrovia ocidental (junto com Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins e Charles Crocker) que investiram na ideia de Theodore Judah de construir a Central Pacific Railroad como parte da primeira ferrovia transcontinental dos EUA.

Carreira
Huntington ajudou a liderar e desenvolver outras grandes linhas interestaduais, como a Southern Pacific Railroad e a Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (C&O), que ele foi recrutado para ajudar a completar. A C&O, concluído em 1873, realizou um sonho de longa data dos virginianos de uma ligação ferroviária do rio James em Richmond ao vale do rio Ohio. As novas instalações ferroviárias adjacentes ao rio resultaram na expansão da antiga pequena cidade de Guyandotte, Virgínia Ocidental, em parte de uma nova cidade que foi nomeada Huntington em sua homenagem.

Voltando a atenção para o extremo leste da linha em Richmond, Huntington dirigiu a Extensão da C&O em 1881-1882, que abriu um caminho para o carvão betuminoso da Virgínia Ocidental alcançar novos cais de carvão no porto de Hampton Roads para exportação. Ele também é creditado com o desenvolvimento de Newport News Shipbuilding e Drydock Company, bem como a incorporação de Newport News, Virginia como uma nova cidade independente. Após sua morte, seu sobrinho Henry E. Huntington e seu enteado Archer M. Huntington continuou seu trabalho em Newport News. Todos os três são considerados fundadores da comunidade, com características locais nomeadas em homenagem a cada um.

Grande parte do desenvolvimento ferroviário e industrial que Collis P. Huntington imaginou e liderou ainda são atividades importantes no início do século XXI. A Southern Pacific agora faz parte da Union Pacific Railroad, e a C&O tornou-se parte da CSX Transportation, cada um dos principais sistemas ferroviários dos EUA. O carvão da Virgínia Ocidental ainda é transportado por ferrovia para ser carregado em carvoeiros em Hampton Roads. Perto dali, a Huntington Ingalls Industries opera o enorme estaleiro de Newport News.

De sua base em Washington, Huntington foi lobista do Central Pacific e do Southern Pacific nas décadas de 1870 e 1880. Os Quatro Grandes construíram uma poderosa máquina política, na qual ele teve um grande papel no comando. Ele foi generoso em fornecer subornos a políticos e congressistas. A revelação de seus crimes em 1883 fez dele um dos ferroviários mais odiados do país.

Huntington se defendeu:Os motivos por trás de minhas ações foram honestos e os resultados redundaram muito mais em benefício para a Califórnia do que em meu próprio benefício. Em 1968, Huntington foi introduzido no Hall of Great Westerners do National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

Empresários dos Estados Unidos
Família Huntington

Collis Potter Huntington


Tangshan () is a coastal, industrial prefecture-level city in the northeast of Hebei province. It is located in the eastern part of Hebei Province and the northeastern part of the North China Plain. It is located in the central area of the Bohai Rim and serves as the main traffic corridor to the Northeast. The city faces the Bohai Sea in the south, the Yan Mountains in the north, Qinhuangdao across the Luan River to the east, and Tianjin to the west.

Much of the city's development is thanks to the industrialization, beginning in 1870, when Kailuan Group established coal mines in the region. It's the birthplace of China's first standard-gauge railway, the first railway plant, the first steam locomotive, and the first cement factory. It was hailed as China's "cradle of industrialization". Even today, Tangshan is a hub of steel, energy, chemical, and ceramics production. Ping opera, which originated from the city's Luanzhou county, is one of the five most popular Chinese operas.

The city has also become known for the 1976 Tangshan earthquake which measured 7.8 on the Richter scale, flattened much of the city, and killed at least 255,000 residents according to official estimates. The city has since been rebuilt, has become a tourist attraction, and is among the 10 largest ports in China.

The city of Tangshan is approximately  east by south east of Beijing. It takes roughly 2 hours by road to get from Tangshan to Beijing and 1 hour by road to reach Tianjin. Tangshan's prefecture population was 7,717,983 at the 2020 census, with 3,687,607 in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 7 urban core districts.

Etymology
Tangshan is named after Dacheng Hill (), which was called Mount Tang (唐山), in the middle of the city.

In A.D. 645, Li Shimin, an emperor of Tang dynasty and his army were stationed at Dacheng Hill on his way back from the Korean Peninsula. Unfortunately, Caofei, his beloved concubine, died there. In order to commemorate her, he named the mountain with the name of the empire — Tang. Later, the city took the name of the mountain.

History

Early history
Tangshan has a long history, with ancient humans living in the area as early as 4,000 years ago. It fell within the territory of the Guzhu Kingdom (1600BC) at the time of the Shang dynasty and later became a part of the State of Yan, one of the seven Warring States (403221BC). During the Han dynasty (206BC220AD) it became part of the ancient province of Youzhou. It was under the jurisdiction of Zhili province and Zunhua State successively during the Qing dynasty.

Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties
Tangshan was a village at the time of the Tang dynasty (619907) and developed further in agriculture, oil exploitation and ceramics during the Ming dynasty (13681644).

During the Hundred Days' Reform in the late Qing dynasty, the Kaiping Mining Administration was established in the third year of the Guangxu Emperor (1877). In 1878, Qiaotun town was established at Tangshan and renamed Tangshan Town in 1889. In 1938, Tangshan City was formally founded. The administrative system of Tangshan during the Republic of China Republican era continued to follow the Qing system. In 1929, Zhili Province changed its name to Hebei Province. On January28, 1939, because of Tangshan's special economic and political position, the East Hebei Autonomous Government established Tangshan City which was initially called "Tangshan Municipal Government" and later changed to "Tangshan Municipal Office". After Japan surrendered in 1945, the Chinese Nationalist Party in Peking (now known as Beijing) took over the political control of Tangshan from Japan and set up an Administration Inspectors Office. In April 1946, it was decided at the 132nd Meeting of the Chinese Communist Party Hebei Provincial Committee to set up Tangshan City and on May5 of the same year, the Tangshan Municipal government was founded.

People's Republic
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October1, 1949, Tangshan remained a provincially administered municipality with 12 areas under its jurisdiction.
In March 1955, it was decided at the 2nd session of the first People's Congress of Tangshan City to change Tangshan Municipal people's government to Tangshan people's committee without changing its administration areas.

On April28, 1958, the State Council approved the establishment of Tangshan prefecture. On August29, 1958, it was decided at the Seventh Session of the first People's Congress of Hebei Province to move the Tangshan Commissioner Office from Changli County to Tangshan City.

The CPC Central Committee decided to designate Tangshan city as one of the 45 cities open to the world on June3, 1959. On June 8, 1959, the CPC Hebei Provincial Committee and the Hebei Provincial People's Congress decided to combine the Tangshan Commissioners Office and the Tangshan People's Committee into the Tangshan People's Committee. On April2, 1960, the State Council officially approved the abolition of Tangshan prefecture. Qinhuangdao city, Qian'an, Changli, Laoting, Baodi, Yutian, Jixian County and Zunhua which were formerly administered by Tangshan Prefecture were incorporated into the Tangshan Municipality. Luanxian County, Fengrun County (formerly a district) and Baigezhuang Farm were also incorporated into Tangshan Municipality. Meanwhile, Tangshan became a provincially administered municipality.

On May23, 1961, the State Council approved the reinstatement of Tangshan prefecture, which was adopted at the 14th Meeting of the Hebei Provincial People's Committee on June3, 1959. Tangshan prefecture and Tangshan municipality were separated again and Tangshan turned into a specially administered municipality.

The Tangshan Municipal Revolutionary Committee affiliated to the Revolutionary Committee of Tangshan Region was set up on January6, 1968. On March 11, 1978, Tangshan turned to be a provincially administered municipality.

In October 1982, it was decided at the Seventh People's Congress of Tangshan city to abolish the Tangshan Municipal Revolutionary Committee and set up the Tangshan Municipal People's Government.

The State Council approved the move on March 3, 1983, and thereafter implemented the city-governing-county system. On May13, 1983, the Hebei Provincial People's Government announced the cancellation of the Civic Administration office of Tangshan region, which ceased operation on May15, 1983.

On December15, 1984, the State Council approved Tangshan city as one of 13 national "comparatively big" cities.

1976 Tangshan earthquake

Tangshan suffered an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 (7.5 according to official reports) at 3:42am on July28, 1976, which resulted in many casualties. The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts believe that the actual number of fatalities was two to three times that number, making it the most destructive earthquake in modern history. As a result of the earthquake, most of the town had to be rebuilt. The earthquake was depicted in the 2010 movie Aftershock.

Geography
Tangshan is located in the central section of the Bohai Economic Rim, facing the Bohai Sea to the south. Lying on the North China Plain, Tangshan is adjacent to the Yan Mountains to the north, borders the Luan River and Qinhuangdao to the east, and to the west and southwest borders Tianjin. Because of its location in the northeast of Hebei, it is a strategic area and a corridor linking two China's north and northeast regions. The largest river in the prefecture is the Luan River.

Climate
Tangshan has a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with cold and very dry winters, and hot, rainy summers. Spring and autumn are short with some rainfall. The monthly 24-hour average temperature in January is , and  in July, and the annual mean is . Close to 60% of the annual precipitation of  falls in July and August alone. The frost-free period lasts 180−190 days, and the area receives 2,600−2,900 hours of sunshine annually.

Air pollution

As air pollution in China has worsened in recent years, reports suggest cities in Hebei among the most polluted in the country, with Tangshan being no exception. According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, 7 cities in Hebei including Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Handan, Langfang, Hengshui and Tangshan, are among China's 10 most polluted cities.

Economy

Tangshan is an important heavy industrial city in North China. Its output include machinery, motor vehicles, chemicals, textiles, glass, petroleum products, and cement. It has been a coal-mining center since late Qing dynasty, as Guangdong merchant Tong King-sing opened the first coal mine using modern techniques in Kaiping in 1877. Since the construction of the Caofeidian Project, it has hosted large iron and steel plants, chemical projects, and electricity plants. It is China's largest steel-producing city. Tangshan is also called the "porcelain capital of North China."

Modern industry in China first arose in Tangshan. The second railway in Chinaafter the abortive Woosung Railway in Shanghaiwas the six-mile track laid between Hsukochuang and Tangshan which opened in 1881; this eventually grew into the Imperial Railroad of North China and China's modern Jingshan and Jingha Railways. The first fire-resistant material manufactory and the first and largest cement manufactory were constructed in Tangshan as well.

Tangshan has experienced near-constant GDP growth in recent years, but has slowed down in the latter-half of the 2010s. In 2008, the GDP of Tangshan was ¥353.747 billion, which nearly doubled to ¥612.121 billion by 2013, and grew further to ¥695.500 billion in 2018. Tangshan's GDP was ranked the 26th largest among Chinese cities according to data from 2017. The city's exports were valued at $7.109 billion in 2016. Government figures for 2017 show that the city's economy was largely dominated by the secondary industry, contributing ¥408.14 billion to the city's economy.

Industrial zone
Caofeidian New Zone.

Demographics
Government data from 2017 shows that 7.897 million people live in Tangshan, of which, 61.64% live in an urban area. The city's residents had a mean disposable income of ¥27,786, which was ¥36,415 among urban residents.

Ethnic composition
Tangshan, like many other locations in China, is largely Han Chinese, who account for 95.25% of the city's population. In Zunhua City, there are 3 ethnic townships and ethnic towns. The following table shows the city's ethnic breakdown:

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Tangshan administers 14 county-level divisions including 7 districts, 4 counties and 3 county-level cities.

Education

Universities and colleges
North China University of Science and Technology (formerly named Hebei United University), which was co-established by Hebei Polytechnic University and North China Coal Medical College in May 2010
Tangshan Normal University
Tangshan College
Hebei University of Science and Technology Tangshan Branch

High schools
Tangshan No.1 high school (founded 1902), one of the most famous high schools in China
Hebei Tangshan Foreign Language School

Culture

Specialty
Diet
Wanlixiang Roast Chicken ()
Chessboard pancake ()
Honey sugar candy ()
Peanut crisp ()
Big gezhe ()
Small gezhe ()
Dried Fruits
Chinese chestnut ()
Walnut

Traditional Arts
Ping opera, or Pingju, one of the most popular operas in China
Tangshan Shadow Play ()
Laoting drums ()

Tourism
Eastern Qing tombs
Anti-Seismic Monument, located in Anti-Seismic Square
Tangshan Nanhu Park (Lunan District)
Kailuan National Mine Park (Lunan District)
Tangshan science and Technology Museum (Lubei District)

Religion
Datang Xingguo Chan Temple (), a Buddhist temple
Jingzhong Mountain, a joint religious shrine for the believers of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, respectively.
Two Christian churches.

Transport
As of 2017, Tangshan has 18,000 kilometers of roads, of which, 16,000 were in rural areas. The city's roads served 410 million tons of freight, and the city's port served 570 million tons. As of 2023, Tangshan is the largest city in China without an operating or planned metro system.

Air
Tangshan Sannvhe Airport,  from the city center, in Fengrun District

Rail
Beijing–Harbin Railway
Tianjin–Shanhaiguan Railway
Beijing-Qinhuangdao Railway
Tianjin-Shanxi Railway

Roads
China National Highway 102, in the south of Fengrun District
China National Highway 112, ring road encircling Beijing, traversing the west side of Tangshan's urban area
China National Highway 205, which runs along the eastern and southern front of the urban area
G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway, on the northern side of the urban area
G25 Changchun–Shenzhen Expressway, on the western side of the urban area

Notable people
Li Dazhao - early founder and leader of Chinese Communist Party
Jiang Wen - a contemporary director and actor
Cao Xueqin - author of Dream of the Red Chamber
Liu Wenjin - classical Chinese music composer
Zhang Tielin - Chinese-born British actor
Zhao Lijian - Chinese spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Gao Yuanyuan - Chinese actress and model
Tseng Cheng - businessman and philanthropist
Wu Guiying - Chinese Communist Party Secretary of Changsha
Zhang Xudong - General of the PLA and former commander of the Western Theater Command
Fu Zhenghua - Former politician and Minister of Justice

See also
List of twin towns and sister cities in China
1976 Tangshan earthquake
2022 Tangshan restaurant attack

References

External links
Official website of Tangshan Government

Cities in Hebei
Prefecture-level divisions of Hebei
Populated places destroyed by earthquakes

Tangshan


Vendôme ist eine U-Bahn-Station in Montreal. Sie befindet sich im Arrondissement Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce an der Kreuzung von Boulevard De Maisonneuve und Avenue Vendôme. Hier verkehren Züge der orangen Linie 2. Im Jahr 2019 nutzten 7.332.409 Fahrgäste die Station, was dem 10. Rang unter den insgesamt 68 Stationen der Metro Montreal entspricht.

Bauwerk
Die vom Architekturbüro Desnoyers, Mercure, Leziy, Gagnon, Sheppard et Gélinas entworfene Station entstand in offener Bauweise. Geneigte Betonwände, abgerundete Sitze und leuchtende Streifen verleihen ihr einen modernen Eindruck. Die vom Tageslicht erhellte Verteilerebene befindet sich an der Oberfläche in einem Pavillon. Dessen gerundete Formen in blauer und grauer Farbe erinnern an die Vorortszüge, die auf der nahen Bahnstrecke verkehren. Eine Buswendeschleife umgibt den Pavillon.

In 6,1 Metern Tiefe befindet sich die Bahnsteigebene mit zwei Seitenbahnsteigen. Die Entfernungen zu den benachbarten Stationen, jeweils von Stationsende zu Stationsanfang gemessen, betragen 1407,32 Meter bis Villa-Maria und 1450,88 Meter bis Place-Saint-Henri (längster Stationsabstand auf der Île de Montréal). Es bestehen Anschlüsse zu sieben Buslinien und eine Nachtbuslinie der Société de transport de Montréal. Über einen Fußgängertunnel ist der Bahnhof Vendôme erreichbar, wo exo-Vorortszüge zum Gare Lucien-L'Allier sowie nach Hudson, Saint-Jérôme und Candiac verkehren.

Kunst

Zur Verzierung der Verteilerebene entwarf Marcelle Ferron, die der surrealistischen Künstlergruppe Automatistes angehörte, eine abstrakte Glasmalerei. Sie nimmt die gesamte Breite der östlichen Wand des Pavillons ein. Mit ihren Gold- und Rottönen erinnert sie an Ferrons Hauptwerk in der Station Champ-de-Mars. Stahlstäbe, die vor dem Fenster angebracht sind, brechen das einfallende Licht in ein kaleidoskopartiges Muster.

Geschichte
Die Eröffnung der Station erfolgte am 7. September 1981, zusammen mit dem Teilstück zwischen Place-Saint-Henri und Snowdon. Namensgeber ist die Avenue de Vendôme, wobei die genaue Herkunft nicht überliefert ist. Die Straße erhielt ihre heutige Bezeichnung im Jahr 1910, kurz nach der Eingemeindung der Stadt Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. Die Verwendung des Parikels "de" lässt darauf schließen, dass die Straße nach den Herzögen von Vendôme benannt wurde und nicht nach der Stadt Vendôme oder dem Place Vendôme in Paris.

Weblinks

 Seite der STM über die Station Vendôme (französisch)
 Detaillierte Informationen zur Station Vendôme (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Station der Metro Montreal
Erbaut in den 1980er Jahren

Vendôme (Metro Montreal)


Sebastián Rondinelli, né le  à La Plata en Argentine, est un joueur de rugby à XV argentin. Il a joué en équipe d'Argentine et évolue au poste de pilier.

Carrière

En club
Sebastián Rondinelli joue au La Plata RC avant d'arriver en France au FC Grenoble pour la saison 1999-2000 avec son compatriote Diego Albanese et dispute la Coupe d'Europe où Grenoble est la seule équipe à battre les Anglais des Northampton Saints, futurs vainqueurs de l'épreuve.
La saison suivante les deux argentins sont rejoints par leurs  autres compatriotes, Ezequiel Jurado, Federico Todeschini et Federico Werner.

Sebastián rejoint ensuite l'US Colomiers puis retourne au FC Grenoble.
Par la suite il signe en Italie au Amatori Catane puis revient en France au Pays d'Aix RC avant de retourner en Argentine pour terminer sa carrière dans son club de La Plata RC.

En équipe nationale
Il honore sa cape internationale en équipe d'Argentine le  contre l'équipe des Samoa.

Palmarès

En club
 Finaliste du Championnat de l'URBA en 2010 et 2012.
 Finaliste du Championnat de Fédérale 1 en 2009

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur international argentin de rugby à XV
Joueur du FC Grenoble
Joueur du Colomiers rugby
Joueur de Provence rugby
Joueur de l'Amatori Catane
Pilier (rugby à XV)
Naissance en août 1975
Naissance à La Plata

Sebastián Rondinelli


Stein ist der südlichste Stadtteil der Stadt Geretsried im Landkreis Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Bayern mit ca. 2500 Einwohnern.

Stein ist kein amtlich benannter Gemeindeteil der Stadt Geretsried und wird dem Hauptort Geretsried zugerechnet.

Geschichte
Im Zweiten Weltkrieg bestand auf dem Gebiet des Ortsteils eine Außenstelle des Konzentrationslagers Dachau, die "Lager D.S.C. Königsdorf", "Barackenstadt D.S.C. Geretsried" oder "Lager Stein" genannt wurde, wo KZ-Häftlinge und Zwangsarbeiter für die Geretsrieder Rüstungsbetriebe untergebracht waren. Bis 1955 bestanden Gräber von sieben getöteten KZ-Häftlingen am Ortseingang an der Richard-Wagner-Straße, die später auf den Waldfriedhof Dachau umgebettet wurden.
Später gab es in Stein Übergangswohnheime für Spätaussiedler aus dem ehemaligen Ostblock.

Infrastruktur und Soziales
Im Stadtteil gibt es eine Apotheke, einen Kiosk mit Postfiliale, drei Gastronomiebetriebe, eine Bäckerei, mehrere Ärzte und Zahnärzte, zwei Friseurbetriebe und weitere Einrichtungen, um die Bedürfnisse seiner Bewohner zu decken. Der Stadtteil wird von den MVV-Buslinien 310, 370 und 378 bedient. Hauptzufahrt nach Stein ist über die B11 - Einfahrt Geretsried Süd.

Im Stadtteil verteilt einmal wöchentlich die Suppenküche Geretsried Wolfratshausen e. V. Lebensmittel an bedürftige Menschen und kinderreiche Familien.

Im Quartierstreff WIR SIND STEIN, betrieben vom Quartiersmanagement Stein, werden den Anwohnern verschiedene Aktivitäten angeboten. Diese reichen von wöchentlichen Yogakursen, Spieleabenden, Bastelstunden und Sprachkursen für Kinder hin zu monatlichen Seniorensprechstunden. Auch Ausstellungen, Feste, Stadtteilflohmärkte und andere Aktivitäten werden in Stein vom Quartiersmanagement und der ebenfalls dort ansässigen Koordinationsstelle "Integration Aktiv" organisiert.

Außerdem besteht der 2003 gegründete Jugendtreff Ein Stein, der im Zentrum Steins liegt.

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen
Geretsried

Stein (Geretsried)


Vågsbygd es la mayor ciudad de Kristiansand con cerca de 22000 habitantes. Hasta 1965, Vågsbygd era parte del municipio de Oddernes. Se extiende a 10,5 millas al oeste, pero al sur de la ciudad se encuentran barrios residenciales, Fiskå, Slettheia, Åsane, Kjerrheia, Kjos, Voiebyen, Bråvann, Andøya, Sjøstrand y Møvig. Desde Møvig se puede observar Fredriksholm festning y al Flekkerøya, que a menudo no se considera parte de Vågsbygd. La iglesia Vågsbygd es de 1967. También hay una iglesia en Flekkerøy, construida en 1960, mientras que la Iglesia Voie, se llama "la iglesia de trabajo", se creó en 1990.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Kristiansand
Localidades portuarias del condado de Agder (mar del Norte)

Vågsbygd


El 26º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea (26. Flieger-Ausbildungs-Regiment) fue una unidad militar de la Luftwaffe de la Alemania nazi.

Historia
Formada el 1 de enero de 1942 en Heiligenhafen desde el 26º Batallón de Reemplazo Aéreo con:

Stab.
I Batallón de Instrucción desde el 26º Batallón de Reemplazo Aéreo.
II Batallón de Instrucción (Nueva).

Trasladado a Haarlem y a Alkmaar en enero de 1942(?), Aalborg en octubre de 1942(?). El 16 de agosto de 1942 es redesignado como el 26º Regimiento Aéreo.

Comandantes
Coronel Erich Boenisch - (1 de enero de 1942 - octubre de 1942)

Orden de Batalla
1942: Stab, I. (1-5), II. (6-10)

Véase también

Referencias

WW2 - 26. Flieger-Ausbildungs-Regiment

Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)
Unidades militares alemanas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Regimientos de Instrucción Aérea

26.º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea


23880 Tongil este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
23880 Tongil este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Younchun de T. H. Lee. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,67 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 12,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 23001-24000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

23880 Tongil


De nye lejere er en kortfilm fra 2009 instrueret af Joachim Back efter manuskript af Anders Thomas Jensen.

Handling
En snagende nabo, en stenet narkohandler og en ægtemand med et personlig hævntogt og et alt for løstsiddende våben udgør kernen i den barsk satiriske kortfilm "The New Tenants". Midt mellem uåbnede flyttekasser og forventningerne til en ny start på livet oplever to mænd den værst tænkelige flyttedag, da deres nyanskaffede lejlighed viser sig at rumme en skræmmende historie. Det bliver til en skiftevis sjov, uhyggelig og uventet romantisk oplevelse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2009

The New Tenants


Edwina Bone née le 29 avril 1988 à Orange est une joueuse de hockey sur gazon australienne. Elle évolue au poste de défenseure au Canberra Strikers et avec l'équipe nationale australienne.

Elle a participé aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016 et 2020.

Carrière

Coupe du monde
  : 2014
 Top 8 : 2018

Coupe d'Océanie
  : 2019

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2016, 2020

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse australienne de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en avril 1988
Naissance à Orange (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud)
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Edwina Bone


අපවිත්‍ර ජලය පිරිසිදු කිරිම යනු පාවිච්චි කර බැහැර කරන ජලයේ (එනම් ගේදොර කටයුතුවලදී හා කර්මාන්ත ශාලා ආදියෙන්) ඇති අපද්‍රව්‍ය ඉවත් කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියයි. ඒ සඳහා භෞතික, රසායනික හා ජෛව විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රියාවලි උපයෝගි කර ගැනේ.එමඟින් ජලයේ ඇති භෞතික, රසායනික හා ජෛව අපද්‍රව්‍ය ඉවත් කරයි. මෙහි මුලික අරමුණ නම් ගලායන ජලයේ ඇති ඝනමය අපද්‍රව්‍ය ඉවත් කර එය නැවත පාවිච්චියට ගැනිම හෝ පරිසරයට මුදා හැරීමයි. පාවිච්චි කරන ලද ජලය නිතරම විෂ කාබනික හා අකාබනික සංයෝග වලින් අපවිත්‍රවී ඇත.

මෙම අපවිත්‍ර ද්‍රව්‍ය නිපදවන ස්ථාන අතර නිවෙස්, ආයතන, ආරෝග්‍යශාලා, වාණිජ හා කාර්මික ආයතන මුල් තැන්ලා සිටී. ඒ ඒ තැන්හිදී නිපදවෙන අපවිත්‍ර ජලය ඒවා නිපදවන ස්ථාන වලදී (වැසිකිලි  ටැංකි, ජෛව පෙරහන් හෝ වායුමය ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රියාවලි) හෝ ජලනල  පද්ධතියක්  ඔස්සේ වෙනත් ස්ථාන කරා ප්‍රවාහනය කර හෝ පසුව ජල ප්‍රතිකාර කරන ස්ථාන වලදී පිරිසිදු කිරිම කළ යුතුයි. මෙලෙස ජලයේ ඇති අපවිත්‍ර දෑ ඉවත් කිරිම හා ප්‍රතිකාර කිරිම, දේශිය හෝ ප්‍රාන්ත හෝ වශයෙන් එක්සත් වු රීති හා සම්මුති අනුව සිදුකළ යුතුයි.

අපවිත්‍ර ජලය පවිත්‍ර කිරිම ප්‍රාථමික, ද්විතීයික හා තෘතියික වශයෙන් ප්‍රධාන අදියර 3 කින් සමන්විතය. අනතුරුව ජලයේ දියවූ ජෛව අපද්‍රව්‍ය ජලකාමී ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවින් විසින් ඝනද්‍රව්‍ය බවට  පත් කෙරේ. අනතුරුව එම ජෛවමය ඝන අපද්‍රව්‍ය අක්‍රිය කර ඉවත දැමීම හෝ නැවත ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගැනීම සිදුකරයි. පසුව කලපු හා ක්ෂුද්‍ර පෙරහන් භාවිත කර රසායනික හා භෞතික වශයෙන් ප්‍රතිකාර කළ ජලය ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගනී. එලෙස ප්‍රතිකාර කල ජලය කෙලින්ම දියපාරවල්, ගංගා, කලපු හෝ වගුරු බිම් වලට මුදා හැරේ. එමෙන්ම මෙම පවිත්‍ර කළ ජලය  නැවත වාරිමාර්‍ග කටයුතු සඳහා හෝ උද්‍යාන හා ක්‍රීඩා පිටි වල හරිත බවන වැඩසටහන් සඳහා හෝ යොදා ගනී. එලෙස ප්‍රමාණවත් පරිදි ජලය පවිත්‍ර වුයේ නම් එම ජලය භූගත ජලය ලෙස නැවත ස්ථාපනය කිරිම ද සිදුවේ.

ජලය පවිත්‍ර කිරීම


An Monstera barrieri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Croat, Moonen ngan Poncy. An Monstera barrieri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Monstera, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha French Guiana. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Monstera

Monstera barrieri


San Miguel Tulancingo es un municipio del estado mexicano de Oaxaca.

Toponimia
El origen del topónimo Tulancingo proviene del náhuatl Tollantzinco que significa "lugar donde se asienta el tule" o "lugarcillo de tules".

Geografía
El municipio San Miguel Tulancingo cuenta con una extensión territorial de 53.59 km², se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas  colinda con al norte con los municipios de Santa Magdalena Jicotlán, San Mateo Tlapiltepec, Santiago Tepetlapa y La Trinidad Vista Hermosa, al sur con San Juan Bautista Coixtlahuaca, Santa María Nativitas y Villa Tejupam de la Unión, al este con San Cristóbal Suchixtlahuaca, San Miguel Tequixtepec y Santiago Tepetlapa y al oeste con San Antonio Acutla y La Trinidad Vista Hermosa.

Población
La población registrada en el censo de población y vivienda de 2010 realizada por el INEGI fue de 346 habitantes de los cuales 134 son hombres y 212 son mujeres.

Principal asentamiento

Economía
La principal actividad económica es la agricultura.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades del estado de Oaxaca
Distrito de Coixtlahuaca

San Miguel Tulancingo


ගූගල්ප්ලෙක්ස් යනු ගූගල් සහ එහි මව් සමාගම වන ඇල්ෆබෙට් ඉන්කෝපරේෂන් හි ආයතනික මූලස්ථාන සංකීර්ණයයි. එය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ එක්සත් ජනපදයේ කැලිෆෝනියාවේ මවුන්ටන් වීව් හි ඇම්ෆිටියේටර් පාක්වේ 1600 හි ය.

වර්ග අඩි 2,000,000 (190,000 m2) ක ඉඩ ප්‍රමාණයක් සහිත මුල් සංකීර්ණය, ගූගල් ගොඩනැගිලිවල දෙවන විශාලතම වර්ග අඩි එකලස් කිරීම වන අතර, ගූගල් විසින් නිව් යෝර්ක් නගරයේ 111 වන අටවන මාවත ගොඩනැගිල්ලෙන් පසුව, 2010 දී සමාගම විසින් මිලදී ගන්නා ලදී.

පහසුකම් සහ ඉතිහාසය

මුල් කැම්පස්

සී.ජී.අයි කැම්පස්
මෙම භූමි භාගය මීට පෙර සිලිකන් ග්‍රැෆික්ස් (එස්.ගී.අයී විසින් අත්පත් කර ගෙන තිබුණි. කාර්යාල අවකාශය සහ ආයතනික කැම්පස් අක්කර 26 ක (මීටර 110,000 ම්2) විශාල භූමි භාගයක පිහිටා ඇති අතර එහි අක්කර 5 (මීටර් 20,000) පොදු උද්‍යානයක් වන චාල්ස්ටන් උද්‍යානය අඩංගු වේ; ස්ථිර ක්‍රීක් වෙත ප්‍රවේශය වැඩි දියුණු කිරීම; සහ ආයතනික වෙබ් අඩවිය ෂෝර්ලයින් පාර්ක් සහ බේ ට්‍රේල් වෙත සම්බන්ධ කරන පොදු මාර්ග.

ගූගල් කැම්පස්

බේ දසුන් එකතු කිරීම

ස්ථානය

ගූගල්ප්ලෙක්ස් පිහිටා තිබෙන්නේ කැලිෆෝනියාවේ උතුරු මවුන්ටන් වීව් හි චාර්ල්ස්ටන් පාර, ඇම්ෆිටියේටර් පාර්ක්වේ සහ ෂෝර්ලයින් බොලිවාර්ඩ් අතර වෙරළ තීරයේ තෙත්බිම් වලට ආසන්නවය. සැන් ෆ්රැන්සිස්කෝ, නැගෙනහිර බොක්ක හෝ දකුණු බොක්කෙහි වෙසෙන සේවකයින්ට නොමිලේ Wi-Fi සක්‍රීය ගූගල් ෂටලයක් රැකියාවට සහ පිටතට ගෙන යා හැකිය. ෂටල 95% ඛනිජ තෙල් ඩීසල් සහ 5% ජෛව ඩීසල් මිශ්‍රණයකින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අතර නවීනතම විමෝචන අඩු කිරීමේ තාක්ෂණය ඇත.

උතුරට ෂෝර්ලයින් ඇම්ෆිටියේටර් සහ ඉන්ටියුට් පිහිටා ඇති අතර දකුණට මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් කෝපරේෂන් හි සිලිකන් නිම්න පර්යේෂණ සංකීර්ණය, පරිගණක ඉතිහාස කෞතුකාගාරය සහ සෙන්චරි තියටර්ස් පිහිටා ඇත. මොෆෙට් ෆීල්ඩ් නැගෙනහිරට ආසන්නයේ පිහිටා ඇත.

වෙනත් ගූගල් මවුන්ටන් වීව් ස්ථාන

ගූගල් සිය 2012 වසර අවසාන වාර්තාවේ සඳහන් කර ඇත්තේ මවුන්ටන් වීව් හි වර්ග අඩි මිලියන 3.5 ක කාර්යාල අවකාශයක් ඇති බවයි.

ගූගල්ප්ලෙක්ස් සිට සැතපුම් 3 ක් පමණ දුරින් 399 එන් විස්මන් පාරේ "ද ක්වාඩ්" ලෙස නම් කර ඇති මවුන්ටන් වීව් හි තවත් විශාල කැම්පස් එකක් ගූගල් සතුව ඇත.

2013 දී ගූගල් සමාගම අවසන් වරට 1984 දී ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ සංවෘත සාප්පු සංකීර්ණයක් වන මේෆීල්ඩ් සාප්පුව බදු දුන් අතර 1986 සිට 2002 දක්වා හෙව්ලට් පැකාර්ඩ් විසින් බදු දී ඇත.

ජනප්‍රිය සංස්කෘතිය

ආශ්‍රිත

ගූගල්ප්ලෙක්ස්


Ostreobium, rod zelenih algi smješten u vlastitu porodicu Ostreobiaceae i jedina u podredu Ostreobineae, dio reda Bryopsidales. Postoje tri priznate vrste, sve su morske.

Vrste
 Ostreobium brabantium Weber Bosse
 Ostreobium constrictum K.J.Lukas
 Ostreobium quekettii Bornet & Flahault

Izvori

Bryopsidales

Ostreobium


Élisée Lacheret, né le  à Serain et mort le  à Lacroix-Saint-Ouen, est un pasteur protestant français.

Biographie
Élisée, Pierre, Joseph, Augustin Lacharet naît le  d'Elie Lacheret et de Nancy Delassus, à Serain, commune du département de l'Aisne.  Après des études de théologie, Elisée est nommé pasteur à Maubeuge, dans le département du Nord. Le , il épouse Marie Julie Letalle à Le Cateau-Cambrésis. Ils ont onze enfants, dont trois fils deviennent pasteurs - Albert, Maurice et Henri.

Élisée Lacheret étudie à l'Université de Genève. Il présente en 1873 sa thèse pour obtenir le grade de bachelier en théologie, intitulée .

De 1878 à 1893, Élisée Lacheret est pasteur de l'Église wallonne de La Haye, une Église francophone issue du Refuge Huguenot. Son frère cadet, Samuel Lacheret, est consacré pasteur le 31 octobre 1882 et est pasteur à Delft de 1891 à 1902.

Il rentre en France en 1893, et devient un pasteur influent du protestantisme à Paris, exerçant son ministère à l'Oratoire du Louvre, puis au temple protestant du Marais à partir de 1902. Il est alors président de la Commission permanente de l'Union des Églises réformées évangéliques de France. Alors que les Églises réformées de France tentent de s'unir, il refuse tout compromis avec les protestants libéraux. L'unification ne se concrétise qu'en 1938, après la mort, au sein de l'Église réformée de France.

Il participe aux débats qui conduisent à la loi de séparation des Églises et de l'État, promulgué en 1905. Le , il est porte-parole de la délégation protestante réformée devant la commission parlementaire, représentant le courant évangélique-orthodoxe, aux côtés de Philippe Jalabert, doyen de la faculté de droit de Nancy, qui représente quant à lui le courant libéral. Sont également présents l'historien Fernand de Schickler et un avocat protestant, P. Rigot.

En 1912, il est rappelé aux Pays-Bas, et devient pour huit ans le chapelain de la reine Wilhelmine. Le dimanche , il accompagne la reine Wilhelmine des Pays-Bas à Paris. Ils sont accueillis à l'Oratoire du Louvre par les pasteurs Benjamin Couve, John Viénot, Wilfred Monod et Ruben Saillens.La reine dépose une palme d'or et se recueille devant le monument à l'amiral de Coligny avant d'assister au culte. Gaspard II de Coligny est un ancêtre de la famille royale néerlandaise : sa fille Louise de Coligny épouse Guillaume Ier d'Orange-Nassau en 1583.

Ouvrages

Distinction

 Officier de l'Ordre de la maison d'Orange

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Protestantisme en France
 Loi de séparation des Églises et de l'État

Liens externes

Pasteur français
Naissance en juin 1851
Décès en août 1920
Décès à 69 ans

Élisée Lacheret


Querida Bamako  es una película española del año 2007.

Sinopsis
Moussa es un joven de Burkina Faso. Vive en la aldea donde nació con sus padres, su familia y su mujer, Fátima, aunque él prefiere llamarla "Bamako", porque es allí, en la capital de Malí, donde la conoció, antes de casarse y tener a su bebé, Mamadou. El campo da lo justo para comer, pero ese precario equilibrio se ha roto últimamente debido a la larga sequía. Empujado por la responsabilidad de ayudar a la familia, y tras pedir la opinión de los ancianos de su aldea, Moussa decide emigrar a Europa.

Reparto
Gorsy Edú
Djédjé Apali
Esther Vallés

Referencias

Querida Bamako


Los cleobianos fueron una secta de simonianos en el  de la Iglesia. Murió casi en su nacimiento.

Hegesipo y Teodoreto que nos hablan de ella no especifican qué opiniones distinguían a los cleobianos de los demás simonianos. Se cree que tuvieron por jefe un tal Cleobio, compañero de Simón. Había compuesto con este heresiarca libros bajo el nombre de Jesucristo para engañar a los cristianos.

Referencias
Diccionario de teología, Nicolas Sylvestre Bergier, 1845

Heterodoxia cristiana en el siglo I

Cleobianos


Olivia Wilhelmine Rosalia Levison (født 30. juni 1847, død 11. april 1894), var en dansk forfatter og skribent.

Hun skrev skønlitteratur og deltog i datidens politiske debat, først og fremmest for kvindernes ligestilling. Det sidste skete mest i Politiken, hvor hun var en af de første bidragydere uden for redaktionen. Hun var datter af Frederikke V. Bendix og Esaias Levison, der var lærer ved den jødiske drengeskole fra 1822-1872. Hun blev gift i august 1888 med den svenske musikkritiker H. Sandström, tog hans efternavn og rejste til Stockholm. I 1891 blev de skilt og hun rejste tilbage til København.

Forfatterskab
Som 25-årig i 1872 udkom hun med novellesamlingen "Min første bog" og senere kom novellesamlingen "Gjæringstid" i 1881. Et udvalg af hendes noveller er udgivet af Pil Dahlerup og Mette Tønnesen i 1989 under titlen "Udveje". I 1887 udgav hun romanen "Konsulinden".

I Politiken (udkom første gang 1. oktober 1884) bidrog hun med 54 artikler og debatindlæg, mange om kvindefrigørelse, men også om mange andre emner. Her i blandt:
 04-10-1884 artiklen "Kvindespørgsmålet hjemme og ude" (under pseudonymet Silvia Bennet).
 19-10-1884 boganmeldelsen "Goncourt'ernes sidste Bog".
 10-11-1884 artiklen "Kvinder og Selvhjælp" (om syerskers ringe løn).
 18-12-1885 artiklen "Piger og Fruer" (om et møde i Dansk Kvindesamfund om tjenestepigernes sag).
 06-03-1886 artiklen "Det ser ud som en Tanke" (om kvindesagen - se citat)
 12-03-1886 artiklen "Almueskolen".
 08-02-1887 artiklen "Kvindfolk" (der fører til en skarp debat med både August Strindberg og Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, to af tidens største forfattere, om kvindesagen).
 03-02-1887 artiklen "Sædelighedsmøder" (om den såkaldte Sædelighedsfejde)
 14-03-1887 artiklen "Hypnotismens Fremtid".
 03-05-1887 essayet "Foraarsfornemmelser".
 24-01-1888 artiklen "Vinternøden".
 05-03-1888 artiklen "Skolelærerindeeksamen".

Nekrolog
Efter sin død skrev Georg Brandes hendes nekrolog i Politiken d. 13. april 1894. Den slutter således:
"I sin Tro på Videnskaben, i sin Foragt for Indskrænkethed og Fordom, i sin Kærlighed til Frihed og Fornuft var hun Magnetnaalsikker; ikke selv de haardeste lidelser havde nogen Magt over det i hendes Væsen, der var hendes egen Religion."

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Forfattere fra Danmark i det 19. århundrede
Kvindelige forfattere i det 19. århundrede
Novelleforfattere fra Danmark
Romanforfattere fra Danmark
Essayister fra Danmark

Olivia Levison


Alinazik, patlıcan ve et ile yapılan bir ana yemektir. Türk mutfağına ait olup genelde Gaziantep'e mâledilir. Gaziantep Alenaziği /Antep Alenaziği 04.05.2021 tarihinde Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Hazırlama ve sunum
Közlenmiş patlıcanın sıcakken sarımsak, yoğurt, ve baharatla ezilmesiyle ılık bir püre hazırlanır. Küçük kuşbaşı doğranmış dana ya da kuzu eti veya kıyma yağda iyice kavrulur ve pürenin üzerine eklenir. Biberli yağ ile de servis edilebilmektedir.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Patlıcan yemekleri
Türk mutfağındaki kebaplar
Tütsüleme
Tütsülenmiş gıdalar
Gaziantep mutfağı

Alinazik


Hans Florian Zimmer (12 Eylül 1957, Frankfurt), Alman film müziği bestecisi ve albüm yapımcısı. Zimmer'in çalışmaları, elektronik müzik sesleriyle geleneksel orkestra düzenlemelerini birleştirmesiyle ünlüdür. 1980'lerden bu yana 150'nin üzerinde film için müzik bestelemiştir. Eserleri arasında 1995'te En İyi Film Müziği dalında Akademi Ödülü aldığı Aslan Kral, Karayip Korsanları serisi, Yıldızlararası, Gladyatör, Denizde İsyan, Başlangıç, Dunkirk ve Batman Üçlemesi bulunmaktadır.

Müzik hayatındaki ilk başarısını, Buggles grubuyla çıkardığı 45'lik olan Video Killed the Radio Star parçasıyla elde etti. Bu şarkı, MTV'nin yayına geçtiği gün çaldığı ilk video klip olarak da ayrıca ünlendi.

Daha sonra besteci Stanley Myers ile birlikte film müzikleri dünyasına girdi ve esas başarısını bu dalda elde etti. Film müzikleriyle ilgili kariyerinde; 7 Oscar adaylığı (1 kez Aslan Kral filmiyle kazandı), 4 Grammy adaylığı (1 kez Crimson Tide filmiyle kazandı) ve 7 Altın Küre adaylığı (2 kez Aslan Kral ve Gladyatör filmleriyle kazandı) elde etti. Sanatçı Los Angeles'ta eşi ve dört çocuğuyla birlikte yaşamaktadır.

Zimmer, Ridley Scott, Ron Howard, Gore Verbinski, Michael Bay, Guy Ritchie ve Christopher Nolan gibi yönetmenlerle birçok projede birlikte çalışmıştır.

Hayatı

Zimmer, Batı Almanya'nın Frankfurt Am Main şehrinde doğmuştur. Çocukluğunda Königstein-Falkenstein'da yaşamış, buradaki evinde piyanoyla ilgilenmiş ancak derslerin disiplininden hoşlanmadığından sadece kısa bir zaman diliminde piyano dersleri almıştır.

Besteci olarak filmografisi
Dune (Film, 2020)
Top Gun: Maverick (Film, 2020)
Wonder Woman 1984 (Film, 2020)
Ölmek İçin Zaman Yok (Film, 2020)
Aslan Kral (Film, 2019)
Dunkirk (Film, 2017)
 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (Film, 2016)
 Chappie (Film, 2015)
 Interstellar (Film, 2014)
 12 Yıllık Esaret (Film, 2013)
 Zafere Hücum (Film, 2013)
 The Lone Ranger (Film, 2013)
 Man of Steel (Film, 2013)
 The Dark Knight Rises (Film, 2012)
 Rango (Film, 2011)
 Crysis 2 (Oyun, 2011)
 Megazeka (Film, 2010)
 The Pacific (Dizi, 2010)
 HıtTeam (documentary film, 2010)
 Inception (film, 2010)
 Sherlock Holmes (2009)
 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (Oyun) (2009)
 Melekler ve Şeytanlar (2009)
 The Dark Knight (2008)
 August Rush (2007)
 The Simpsons Movie (2007)
 Karayip Korsanları: Dünyanın Sonu (2007)
 The Holiday (2006)
 Karayip Korsanları: Ölü Adamın Sandığı (2006)
 Da Vinci Şifresi (2006)
 Kingdom Hearts II (2005) (VO) ("He's A Pirate")
 The Cheater Man (2005)
 Kleine Eisbär 2 - Die geheimnisvolle Insel, Der (2005)
 Batman Başlıyor (2005)
 Strength and Honor: Creating the World of 'Gladiator' (2005) (V)
 Madagaskar (2005)
 The Ring Two (2005) (themes)
 The Contender (2005) dizi
 Spanglish (2004)
 Lauras Stern (2004)
 Köpekbalığı Hikayesi (2004)
 Thunderbirds (2004)
 King Arthur (2004)
 Matchstick Men (2004) (V) (film scores)
 The Lion King 1½ (2004) (V)
 Ude i naturen: Skovens tjenere (2004) (TV)
 Athens 2004: Games of the XXVIII Olympiad (2004) (mini) TV dizisi
 Something's Gotta Give (2003)
 Karayip Korsanları: Kara İnci'nin Laneti (2003)
 The Last Samurai (2003)
 Threat Matrix (2003) TV dizisi (main title)
 Matchstick Men (2003)
 The Essence of Combat: Making 'Black Hawk Down' (2003) (V)
 Tears of the Sun (2003)
 Thelma & Louise: The Last Journey (2003) (V)
 Journey to Safety: Making 'Tears of the Sun' (2003) (V)
 The Ring (2002)
 Road (2002) (from "Rock, The (1996)") (uncredited)
 Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002)
 Black Hawk Down (2001)
 Riding in Cars with Boys (2001)
 Invincible (2001)
 Breaking the Silence: The Making of 'Hannibal' (2001) (V)
 Pearl Harbor (film) (2001)
 What About Joan (2001) TV dizisi (theme)
 Hannibal (film) (2001)
 The Pledge (2001)
 An Everlasting Piece (2000)
 Gladiator Games: The Roman Bloodsport (2000) (TV)
 Hans Zimmer: Scoring Gladiator (2000) (V)
 Motorrad-Cops: Hart am Limit, Die (2000) dizi
 Mission: Impossible II (2000)
 Gladyatör (2000)
 The Road to El Dorado (2000)
 Motorrad-Cops: Hart am Limit, Die (2000)
 The Critic (2000) TV dizisi
 HBO First Look
 Gladiator (2000 TV Episode
 Chill Factor (1999)
 Candidato, El (1999) TV dizisi
 The Thin Red Line (1998)
 The Prince of Egypt (1998)
 Jack Frost (1998) ("Backdraft"dan)
 The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) (V)
 The Last Days (1998)
 Dritte Reich - in Farbe, Das (1998) (TV)
 As Good as It Gets (1997)
 The Peacemaker (1997)
 The Preacher's Wife (1996)
 The Fan (1996)
 The Rock (1996) (2 themes)
 High Incident (1996) TV dizisi
 Muppet Treasure Island (1996)
 Broken Arrow (1996)
 Geheim van de zonnesteen, Het (1996) (mini) TV dizisi (background music)
 Two Deaths (1995)
 Something to Talk About (1995)
 Nine Months (1995)
 Beyond Rangoon (1995)
 Crimson Tide (1995)
 Drop Zone (1994)
 The Lion King (1994)
 Renaissance Man (1994)
 Africa: The Serengeti (1994) (songs including "Mother Africa Reprise")
 I'll Do Anything (1994)
 The Critic (1994) TV Dizisi
 Younger and Younger (1993)
 The House of the Spirits (1993)
 Cool Runnings (1993)
 True Romance (1993)
 Calendar Girl (1993)
 Point of No Return (1993)
 Space Rangers (1993) TV Dizisi
 Driving Miss Daisy (1992) (TV) (ismi geçmiyor)
 A League of Their Own (1992)
 The Power of One (1992)
 Radio Flyer (1992)
 K2 (1992) (European version)
 Where Sleeping Dogs Lie (1992)
 Regarding Henry (1991)
 Thelma & Louise (1991)
 Backdraft (1991)
 Green Card (film, 1990)
 Pacific Heights (1990)
 Fools of Fortune (1990)
 Twister (1990)
 Chicago Joe and the Showgirl (1990)
 Days of Thunder (1990)
 Bird on a Wire (1990)
 To the Moon, Alice (1990) (TV)
 Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
 Black Rain (1989/I)
 Diamond Skulls (1989)
 Beatle Juice (1989)
 Burning Secret (1988)
 Yağmur Adam (1988)
 First Born (1988) (mini) TV Dizisi
 Paperhouse (1988)
 Nightmare at Noon (1988)
 A World Apart (1988)
 Taffin (1988)
 The Nature of the Beast (1988)
 Spies Inc. (1988)
 The Fruit Machine (1988)
 The Wind (1987) (V)
 Terminal Exposure (1987)
 Comeback (1987) (TV)
 The Zero Boys (1986)
 Separate Vacations (1986)
 The Lightship (1986)
 Wild Horses (1985) (TV)
 My Beautiful Laundrette (1985)
 Histoire d'O: Chapitre 2 (1984)
 Success Is the Best Revenge (1984)

Kaynakça

1957 doğumlular
Frankfurt doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Alman bestecileri
21. yüzyıl Alman bestecileri
Alman film müziği bestecileri
En İyi Özgün Müzik Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Özgün Müzik Satellite Ödülü sahipleri
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Hans Zimmer


Brod-Posavina County () is the southern Slavonian county in Croatia. Its center is the city of Slavonski Brod and it spreads along the left bank of the Sava river, hence the name Posavina. Other notable towns include Nova Gradiška.

Geography

The Brod-Posavina County borders on the Sisak-Moslavina County in the west, Požega-Slavonia County in the north, Osijek-Baranja County in the northeast, and Vukovar-Syrmia County in the east.

Administrative divisions

Brod-Posavina County is further divided into 2 towns (grad, pl. gradovi) and 26 municipalities (općina, pl. općine).

Demographics

As of the 2021 census, the county had 130,267 residents. The population density was 64 people per km2.

As of the 2011 census, the county had 158,575 residents. The population density was 78 people per km2.

Ethnic Croats form the majority with 95.0% of the population, followed by Serbs at 2.6%.

Politics

Minority councils and representatives
Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Roma and Serbs of Croatia each fulfilled legal requirements to elect 25 members minority councils of the Brod-Posavina County while Albanians, Bosniaks and Ukrainians of Croatia elected individual representatives. Certain municipalities, towns or cities in the county elected their own local minority councils and representatives as well.

References

External links

Counties of Croatia
Slavonia

Brod-Posavina County


NGC 5995 est une galaxie spirale barrée (intermédiaire ?) située dans la constellation de la Balance. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de (7691 ± 27 km/s), ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5995 a été découverte par l'astronome britannique John Herschel en .

NGC 5995 présente une large raie HI ainsi que des régions d'hydrogène ionisé. C'est aussi une galaxie active de type Seyfert 2 non obscurcie.

Notes et références

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5995 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5995
Constellation de la Balance
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale barrée
Galaxie active
Galaxie de Seyfert
Galaxie découverte en 1836
Objet céleste découvert par John Herschel

NGC 5995