Paradoxul lui Condorcet sau paradoxul votului reprezintă o situație semnalată de către marchizul de Condorcet la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea, în care se arată că preferințele colective sunt ciclice (non tranzitive), chiar dacă preferințele individuale nu sunt. În cele anterior arătate paradoxul este prezent, pentru că implică faptul că voința majorităților intră în conflict intre ele (unele cu altele), cu alte cuvinte, este posibil ca sistemul procedural al vreunei sesiuni de alegere să dezmintă criteriul "întotdeauna un câștigător." Când acest lucru se întâmplă, de obicei, este din cauză că majoritatea persoanelor în conflict sunt formate de diferite grupuri de indivizi.

Exemplu
Dacă într-o sesiune de alegeri sunt trei candidați, A, B, C și sunt trei votanți (1, 2, 3), ale căror preferințe sunt (enumerate în ordine descrescătoare):
 Votantul 1: A, B, C
 Votantul 2: B, C, A
 Votantul 3: C, A, B
Dacă se declară învingător candidatul A, se poate argumenta că, în realitate, C ar trebui să câștige pentru că:
 doi votanți (2 și 3) sunt de părere că C este un candidat mai bun decât A;
 doar un votant (1) preferă candidatul A, candidatului C.
Fiind candidatul C preferat candidatului A cu o majoritate de voturi, candidatul A, nu poate, in realitate, sa se declare învingător.

Dar argumentul descris mai sus, arată, de asemenea, că B este preferat de majoritatea votanților, candidatului C, deci C nu poate fi declarat câștigător. Și din nou, argumentul presupune că B nu poate fi câștigătorul alegerilor pentru că o majoritate a alegătorilor preferă candidatul A, candidatului B. Prin urmare, postulatele regulii majorității nu produce un câștigător în această situație. Deși exemplul anterior este o simplificare extremă, paradoxul lui Condorcet poate apărea în cadrul unor alegeri mai complexe.

Paradoxul Condorcet ilustrează faptul că persoana care poate reduce alternativele, dispune în esență, de capacitatea de a ghida alegerea. De exemplu, dacă votanții 1 și 2 își scot în față candidații lor preferați (A, respectiv B), și dacă votantul 3 este dispus să renunțe la a-și da votul său lui C, atunci acest cel de-al treilea votant poate alege între A și B devenind astfel votantul decisiv.

Atunci când se utilizează  pentru a se determina rezultatul, apariția acestui paradox printre buletinele de vot conduce la consecință că nu există un învingător Condorcet (un candidat, care este comparat cu fiecare din ceilalți candidați, este preferat de mai mulți votanți). Diferitele variante ale metodei de Condorcet diferă în modul în care acestea rezolvă ambiguitățile circulare (dacă acestea există), pentru a selecta un câștigător. Rețineți că nu există o soluție deterministă și justă în acest banal exemplu pentru că toți candidații se găsesc într-o situație complet simetrica.

Paradoxuri
Sisteme electorale

Paradoxul lui Condorcet


Zsolt Korcsmár (født 9. januar 1989) er en ungarsk professionel fodboldspiller, der er for tiden spiller for den danske superligaklub FC Midtjylland, hvortil han kom i sommeren 2017. Han har tidligere spillet i blandt andet Újpest FC, SK Brann og Greuther Fürth, og han spiller desuden på det ungarske fodboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Ungarn
Fodboldspillere fra FC Midtjylland
Fodboldspillere fra Greuther Fürth
Fodboldspillere fra SK Brann
Fodboldspillere fra Újpest FC

Zsolt Korcsmár


In abstract algebra, a nonzero ring R is a prime ring if for any two elements a and b of R, arb = 0 for all r in R implies that either a = 0 or b = 0. This definition can be regarded as a simultaneous generalization of both integral domains and simple rings.

Although this article discusses the above definition, prime ring may also refer to the minimal non-zero subring of a field, which is generated by its identity element 1, and determined by its characteristic. For a characteristic 0 field, the prime ring is the integers, and for a characteristic p field (with p a prime number) the prime ring is the finite field of order p (cf. Prime field).

Equivalent definitions
A ring R is prime if and only if the zero ideal {0} is a prime ideal in the noncommutative sense.

This being the case, the equivalent conditions for prime ideals yield the following equivalent conditions for R to be a prime ring:
For any two ideals A and B of R, AB = {0} implies A = {0} or B = {0}.
For any two right ideals A and B of R, AB = {0} implies A = {0} or B = {0}.
For any two left ideals A and B of R, AB = {0} implies A = {0} or B = {0}.

Using these conditions it can be checked that the following are equivalent to R being a prime ring:
All nonzero right ideals are faithful as right R-modules.
All nonzero left ideals are faithful as left R-modules.

Examples

 Any domain is a prime ring.
 Any simple ring is a prime ring, and more generally: every left or right primitive ring is a prime ring.
 Any matrix ring over an integral domain is a prime ring.  In particular, the ring of 2 × 2 integer matrices is a prime ring.

Properties

 A commutative ring is a prime ring if and only if it is an integral domain.
 A ring is prime if and only if its zero ideal is a prime ideal.
 A nonzero ring is prime if and only if the monoid of its ideals lacks zero divisors.
 The ring of matrices over a prime ring is again a prime ring.

Notes

References

Ring theory

Prime ring


Rasim Mükerrem Öztekin (d. 14 Ocak 1959, İstanbul - ö. 8 Mart 2021, İstanbul), Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu ve seslendirme sanatçısı.

Eğitimi ve ilk yılları
İstanbul'daki Galatasaray Lisesini bitirmesinin ardından İstanbul Üniversitesi Basın Yayın Yüksek Okulundan mezun olan sanatçı, sahne yaşamında ilk deneyimlerini İstanbul Akademik Sanatçılar Topluluğu ve Kadıköy Halk Eğitim Merkezi ve Nöbetçi Tiyatro'da amatör çalışmalarla edindi. Profesyonel tiyatro sanatçılığına, Ferhan Şensoy'un Ortaoyuncular topluluğunda başladı. 2016 yılında Kel Hasan Efendi'nin kavuğu Ferhan Şensoy tarafından kendisine devredilmiş, 20 Eylül 2020 tarihinde ise kavuğu kendisi Şevket Çoruh'a devretmiştir.

Tiyatroculuğun yanı sıra aynı zamanda 1992-1995 yılları arasında televizyonlarda şov programları yapmıştır. 1994 yılında Gani Müjde ve Yılmaz Erdoğan'ın yazdığı "2071'de Türkiye" adlı müzikali sahneye koyup oynamıştır. Sinema, dizi ve filmlerde de rol almıştır. TRT'ye program metin yazarlığı ve bir dönem Akşam gazetesinde köşe yazarlığı yapmıştır. Mart 2020'de Rasim Öztekin'in resmi YouTube kanalı olan Rasim Öztekin TV açılmıştır.

Ölümü ve sonrası
2004 yılında Rasim Öztekin'e kalp yetmezliği teşhisi kondu. Kalp rahatsızlığı olan oyuncu, 8 Mart 2021 tarihinde geçirdiği kalp krizi nedeniyle hastaneye kaldırıldı. Yoğun bakıma alınan Öztekin, akşam saatlerinde tedavi gördüğü Dr. Siyami Ersek Göğüs Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi'nde 62 yaşında hayatını kaybetti.

Ölümünden sonra, sanatçılar Ferhan Şensoy, Şevket Çoruh, Cem Yılmaz, Cüneyt Arkın, Yılmaz Erdoğan, Hülya Koçyiğit, Demet Akbağ, Şoray Uzun, Gülse Birsel, Ata Demirer ile siyasetçiler Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Fahrettin Koca, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, Meral Akşener, Ali Babacan ve diğer siyasetçilerle sanatçılar başsağlığı dilediler.

Çalışmaları

Oynadığı tiyatro oyunları

 1980: Şahları da Vururlar
 1981: Kahraman Bakkal Süpermarkete Karşı
 1983: Anna'nın 7 Ana Günahı
 1984: Fırıncı Şükrü, Deli Vahap ve Ötekiler
 1985: Hayrola Karyola
 1985: Eşek Arıları
 1986: Muzır Müzikal
 1986: İçinden Tramvay Geçen Şarkı
 1986: İstanbul'u Satıyorum
 1988: Don Juan İle Madonna
 1989: Soyut Padişah
 1990: Yorgun Matador
 1991: Aşkımızın Gemisi Fındık Kabuğu
 1992: Güle Güle Godot
 1996: Aptallara Güzel Gelen Televizyon Dizileri
 1997: Haldun Taner Kabare
 1998: Çok Tuhaf Soruşturma
 1999: Parasız Yaşamak Pahalı
 2000: Fişne Pahçesu
 2001: Kökü Bitti Zıkkım Zulada
 2001: Sahibinden Satılık Birinci El Ortaoyunu
 2003: Biri Bizi Dikizliyor
 2004: Uzun Donlu Kişot
 2005: Kiralık Oyun
 2008: Boşgezen ve Kalfası

Müzikaller
 1986: Muzır Müzikal
 1994: 2071'de Türkiye
 2005: Yıldızların Altında

Filmografi

Diziler

Filmler

Seslendirme

Diziler

Filmler

Ödüller
 1988: Altan Erbulak Ödülleri - En İyi Oyuncu
 2003: 7. Afife Tiyatro Ödülleri - Yılın En Başarılı Müzikal ya da Komedi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncusu Ödülü - Biri Bizi Dikizliyor
 2010: Ayaklı Gazete - Yılın En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncusu
 2010: KALDER (Kalite Derneği) En Kaliteli Sanatçı ödülü
 2011: Yılın Nasrettin Hocası

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Beyazperde'de Rasim Öztekin
 IMDb'de Rasim Öztekin
 SinemaTürk'te Rasim Öztekin
 Sinemalar.com'da Rasim Öztekin
 Twitter'da Rasim Öztekin
 TSA'de Rasim Öztekin
 Ferhan Şensoy kavuğunu Rasim Öztekin'e devrediyor, CNN Türk, Video

1959 doğumlular
2021 yılında ölenler
İstanbul doğumlu erkek oyuncular
Türk erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
Türk erkek dizi oyuncuları
Galatasaray Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul'da kalp krizinden ölenler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler

Rasim Öztekin


Helvellyn (; possible meaning: pale yellow moorland) is a mountain in the English Lake District, the highest point of the Helvellyn range, a north–south line of mountains to the north of Ambleside, between the lakes of Thirlmere and Ullswater.

Helvellyn is the third-highest point both in England and in the Lake District, and access to Helvellyn is easier than to the two higher peaks of Scafell Pike and Scafell. The scenery includes three deep glacial coves and two sharp-topped ridges on the eastern side (Striding Edge and Swirral Edge). Helvellyn was one of the earliest fells to prove popular with walkers and explorers; beginning especially in the later 18th century. Among the early visitors to Helvellyn were the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, both of whom lived nearby at one period. Many routes up the mountain are possible so that it may be approached from all directions.

However, traversing the mountain is not without dangers; over the last two hundred years there have been a number of fatalities. The artist Charles Gough is more famous for his death on Striding Edge in 1805 than for what he achieved in his life. Among many human feats upon the mountain, one of the strangest was the landing and take-off of a small aeroplane on the summit in 1926. Since early 2018 the  summit of Helvellyn including both Striding and Swirral Edges and the wider Glenridding Common are now managed by the John Muir Trust, a wild places conservation charity under a three-year lease with the Lake District Park Authority.

Topography

The volcanic rocks of which the mountain is made were formed in the caldera of an ancient volcano, many of them in violently explosive eruptions, about 450 million years ago during the Ordovician period. During the last ice age these rocks were carved by glaciers to create the landforms seen today.

Since the end of the last ice age, small populations of arctic-alpine plants have survived in favourable spots on rock ledges high in the eastern coves. Rare to Britain species of alpine butterfly, the mountain ringlet, also live on and around Helvellyn.

Mineral veins, some with deposits of the lead ore galena, do exist within Helvellyn's rocks, but attempts to find sufficient quantities of lead to be worth mining have not been successful.

The top of Helvellyn is a broad plateau, trending roughly from north-west to south-east for about a kilometre between Lower Man and the start of Striding Edge. Throughout this distance it remains more than  high. To the west the ground drops gently at first but then more steeply down to Thirlmere, while on the eastern side three deep glacial coves, each backed by high cliffs, are separated by two spectacular sharp ridges or arêtes. The middle of these coves contains Red Tarn.

Like much of the main ridge of the range, Helvellyn stands on the watershed between Thirlmere and the Derwent river system to the west, and Ullswater and the Eden river system to the east.

Streams on the west side drain directly into Thirlmere, apart from Helvellyn Gill which flows into a parallel valley to the east of Great How and empties into St John's Beck. However, when Thirlmere reservoir was built, a leat was constructed to capture the water of Helvellyn Gill, so that it is now directed into the reservoir.

A never-failing spring called Brownrigg Well exists  below the summit of Helvellyn, about  due west of the highest point, at the head of Whelpside Gill. In the nineteenth century a leat was constructed to direct the water of this spring into the gill to its north to serve the needs of the Helvellyn Mine further down. This leat has now fallen into disuse. The gill it led to is not named on any map, but some authors have referred to it as Mines Gill.

Whelp Side, between Whelpside Gill and Mines Gill, appears as a distinct shoulder of the mountain when seen from the west, largely grassy though with a few crags and boulders in places, and with coniferous plantations on its lower slopes which were planted to stabilise the land around the reservoir. North of Mines Gill are the Helvellyn Screes, a more craggy stretch of hillside, beneath the north-west ridge, with a loose scree covering in places.

The deep coves on the rocky eastern side of Helvellyn drain into Ullswater. Water from Brown Cove and Red Tarn unite below Catstye Cam to form Glenridding Beck, which flows through Glenridding village to the lake, while Nethermost Cove drains into the same lake via Grisedale Beck and Patterdale village.

Red Tarn, enclosed between Striding Edge and Swirral Edge, is about  deep, but in the mid-nineteenth century a dam was built to increase its capacity and supply the needs of the Greenside Mine near Glenridding. That dam has now gone and the tarn has returned to its natural size. It contains brown trout and schelly, a species of whitefish found in only four bodies of water in the Lake District.

A second reservoir was built around 1860 in Brown Cove, between Swirral Edge and Lower Man, along with one further down the valley in Keppel Cove. These provided water to generate hydroelectric power for the lead mine. The dam in Keppel Cove is still in place, but water now leaks through its base. The remains of the dam in Brown Cove can be seen, but again water leaks freely through it. It is unclear whether there ever was a natural tarn in Brown Cove. Guidebook writers before 1860 refer only to Keppel Cove Tarn to the north of Swirral Edge.

Ridges

A total of five ridges diverge from the summit ridge of Helvellyn at different points.

The north-west ridge continues from Lower Man over Browncove Crags, becoming almost insignificant when it reaches the shore of Thirlmere, yet still separating the valley of Helvellyn Gill from the reservoir, before finally rising again to the wooded height of Great How at its terminus.

The north ridge, the main ridge of the range, also descends from Lower Man, passing over White Side and Raise to Sticks Pass, then over Stybarrow Dodd and Great Dodd to terminate at Clough Head.

The north-east ridge is known as Swirral Edge, a sharp arête which joins the summit ridge at a point half-way along, and which terminates in the shapely pyramid of Catstye Cam.

The east ridge is another sharp arête known as Striding Edge. This joins the summit ridge at its southern end, not far from Helvellyn's summit. It passes over the subsidiary top of High Spying How and leads to Birkhouse Moor before descending to its final top, Keldas, beside the south end of Ullswater.

The south ridge continues the main ridge of the Helvellyn range over Nethermost Pike, High Crag and Dollywagon Pike to terminate at Grisedale Tarn.

The former county boundary between Cumberland and Westmorland lay along the Helvellyn Ridge; this meant that the summit of Helvellyn was the highest point in Westmorland, making it a Historic County Top.

Subsidiary tops

Routes
The whole of Helvellyn, above the conifer plantations to the west and the intake walls surrounding the valleys of Glenridding and Grisedale to the east, is Open Access land.

Routes up Helvellyn can begin from the villages of Glenridding or Patterdale to the east, Grasmere to the south, or from a number of places along the A591 road to the west, and can follow any of the mountain's five ridges, or the ridges of its neighbours, as well as some of the gills and shoulders on the west side of the range. Walkers can choose between many routes.

In January 2018 Helvellyn was named 'Britain's Best Walk' in an ITV show presented by Julia Bradbury.

The eastern ridges

Striding Edge is a popular route which involves some scrambling, linking the summit ridge of Birkhouse Moor to Helvellyn's summit by what becomes a sharp arête.

Striding Edge begins at Hole-in-the-Wall and then stretches for over  to the Helvellyn summit plateau. This starting point is accessible from both Glenridding and Patterdale. Hole-in-the-Wall used to be a prominent gap in the stone wall on the top of the ridge where a gate was missing. Today the gap has been filled in and a ladder stile crosses the wall. From here the initial part of the ridge is relatively rounded and has a solid path running along the right-hand side. This changes upon reaching High Spying How, the highest point on the ridge — . At this point a narrow path continues close to the top of the ridge, which becomes increasingly narrow, and scramblers will often follow the very top of the arête.

The path on the right-hand side continues until near the end of the ridge where it switches over to the left-hand side. Scramblers who continue on the top of the ridge are forced to descend an awkward short gully down from the final rock tower to rejoin the path. At this point the ridge connects with the main Helvellyn massif. Reaching the summit plateau involves a steep walk or scramble up about  of rough rocky terrain, known as The Abyss by W. A. Poucher, author of a popular series of mountain guide books between 1940 and the late 1960s. From the top of this climb the summit is only  away.

Striding Edge is a notorious accident spot among hikers and scramblers. In winter conditions the climb from Striding Edge up to the summit plateau can involve crossing steep icy ground and a snow cornice, and can be the most dangerous part of the walk. Without an ice axe or crampons this presents a serious obstacle. In January 2008 two walkers died after falling from the ridge in separate incidents. Another walker died after falling from Striding Edge in May 2008. Over the August Bank Holiday weekend in 2017, Patterdale Mountain Rescue attended a fatal fall from Striding Edge on the Saturday and helped rescue a seriously injured walker and his dog on the Sunday.

Swirral Edge offers a shorter but equally exciting scramble along a similar sharp arête. The main path to it comes up from Red Tarn, which is linked by a surprisingly level path to Hole-in-the-Wall, making this ridge equally accessible from Patterdale as from Glenridding. The ridge walk can be extended to include the summit of Catstye Cam.

The climb up or down from the summit plateau onto Swirral Edge is another well known accident spot. In winter it involves climbing down another snow cornice onto steep icy ground. There have been a number of accidents at this spot in recent years, making it as dangerous as Striding Edge.

Nethermost Pike also has an east ridge which gives an alternative route to Helvellyn from Grisedale, which many walkers overlook. It can be combined with a scramble on Eagle Crag, or this part can be bypassed by taking the path to Nethermost Cove before joining the ridge.

Other approaches from the east
From Patterdale a long but safe and easy walk () on a good path follows the track up Grisedale to the tarn, and then takes the old pony track up the south ridge of Helvellyn. The second part of this walk takes a safe route well away from crags on the side of the ridge (see The south ridge below.)

From Glenridding a similar long but safe and easy walk ()  follows Greenside Road, past the old lead mine and towards Keppel Cove. This track, another old pony track, then zigzags up the fellside to join the main ridge path at the col between Raise and White Side.

The south ridge
Grisedale Tarn is the starting point for the south ridge of Helvellyn, and may be reached from Grasmere or Patterdale, or from Dunmail Raise by a path alongside Raise Beck. Above the tarn the old pony track zigzags up the fellside, and takes a safe but unexciting route well away from crags on the side of the ridge, and avoiding all the intermediate tops. In suitable weather a more interesting and scenic route is to follow the edge of the crags as closely as possible, over the tops of Dollywagon Pike, High Crag and Nethermost Pike.

The western approaches

Shorter and quicker routes to the top of Helvellyn, though with less attractive scenery, begin from several points along the A591 road along the west side of the mountain. Two of these may be combined to create a circular walk. Incorporating the south ridge in the route can restore much of the scenic interest.

Stannah at Legburthwaite is the starting point for the bridleway to Sticks Pass, from which Helvellyn can be approached along the main ridge track from the north.

From Thirlspot two routes lead up Helvellyn. The old pony route took a very safe and steady route for the benefit of early visitors, who took horses and a guide from the inn. The route traverses the flank of White Side to join the ridge at the col just below Lower Man. The other route, known as the White Stones Route, originally marked by stones painted white, crosses the fellside at a lower level and fords Helvellyn Gill to join the path from Swirls.

Swirls is the start of the most direct route to the top of Helvellyn, "the modern pedestrian highway" which has been paved where necessary. It zigzags up the fellside above Helvellyn Gill, over Browncove Crags and joins the main ridge at Lower Man.

Several possible routes begin at Wythburn church. A bridleway winds up the fellside, over Comb Crags and traverses the slopes of Nethermost Pike to arrive on the ridge at Swallow Scarth, the col just below Helvellyn. Other routes from Wythburn follow Comb Gill or Whelpside Gill, or Middle Tongue between these two gills. The shortest route of all follows the gill past the old lead mine, perhaps better used as a descent. Wainwright warned walkers with weak ankles to avoid it.

Longer routes
Helvellyn may be included in a traverse of the full length of the Helvellyn range in either direction, but with a greater sense of climax when starting from the north. Most of the ridge track is a bridleway and so the route can be completed by mountain bike in a challenging six-hour circular route of  off-road and  on-road riding. This may begin (and finish) at Mill Bridge near Grasmere.

Helvellyn can also be included in a circular walk from Patterdale: up Striding Edge, down to Grisedale Tarn and back over St Sunday Crag.

Climbing routes
Helvellyn is a popular area for winter climbing in the Lake District. The steep headwall above Red Tarn contains several graded routes, clustered around the prow-shaped buttress on the right-hand side of the face, known to climbers as Viking Buttress, and in a couple of gullies which lead to the summit.

Nethermost Cove also has some routes, including a large gully between Striding Edge and the back of the cove.

Browncove Crags on the western side of the mountain has some north-facing routes. These are easier to access from a car park, and they can be linked with the Red Tarn routes.

Fell top assessors
The Lake District National Park Authority employs two "Fell top assessors" during the winter months, usually between December and March. Working alternate weeks, one of these walks up Helvellyn each day during that period to check the weather, snow and walking conditions. Their report and daily photograph appear on Weatherline, the Lake District weather forecast website and phone line service, which also includes a local weather forecast from the Met Office. The fell top assessors also put their assessments and photos on Twitter. This information is important for people who go out hillwalking and climbing in winter, helping them to plan their routes and get an idea of the mountain conditions.

Wild camping
Many people camp on Helvellyn throughout the year, often near Red Tarn which gives good views of Striding Edge, Swirral Edge, and the summit of Helvellyn itself. Although camping in England is illegal without the permission of the landowner, there is a tradition of wild camping in the Lake District. This has often been tolerated so long as people have camped unobtrusively, for no more than one night, and have left no trace of their campsite behind.

Summit

The summit of Helvellyn takes the form of a broad plateau, sloping gently to the south-west, but dropping abruptly to the north-east into Red Tarn cove. So smooth and large is this summit that a small aeroplane was able to land on it in 1926 (see History below). The highest point,  above sea level, is the top of a small rocky knoll, marked by a loose cairn. In former times this knoll used to be known as Helvellyn High Man (or Higher Man.) Nearby there is a cross-shaped stone shelter; to the north is an Ordnance Survey trig point, slightly lower than the summit at .

The view from the top on a clear day extends across the whole of the Lake District to the Solway Firth and hills of south-west Scotland to the north-west, Cheviot and the Pennine Hills to the north-east, Morecambe Bay, Blackpool and the coast of North Wales to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. Snowdon is hidden by the Coniston Fells, and the Isle of Man is largely hidden behind the Great Gable and Pillar group of fells.

The subsidiary top, Helvellyn Lower Man, is about  to the north-west. Its summit is small compared to the plateau of Helvellyn, but it offers better views to the north-west, as the ground falls steeply away from it on that side.

History

Tourism
For centuries shepherds have walked over all parts of Helvellyn in the course of their work. It is only since the late eighteenth century that people have visited the mountain for pleasure or recreation.

One of the earliest accounts of an ascent of Helvellyn for the pleasure of doing so is contained in James Clarke's guidebook of 1787. He quotes the account of an unnamed gentleman from Penrith who wanted to eat his dinner on Midsummer Day while sitting in a snowdrift on top of Helvellyn. The man left home at two in the morning, rode to Glencoyne and left his horse at a house in the valley there. He started to walk up the mountain at between four and five in the morning and after five hours hot and hard work he reached the snow and the summit. The snow was covered with dust so he had to dig for clean snow to eat with his dinner. He returned by a different route, reaching Glencoyne ten hours after leaving it. This story seems to reflect the colder climatic conditions of the eighteenth century, during the so-called "Little Ice Age".

Poets and artists were among the early visitors to Helvellyn at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Samuel Taylor Coleridge did a lot of fellwalking during the years when he lived near Keswick. In August 1800, barely a month after moving there, he went to visit his friends William and Dorothy Wordsworth in Grasmere, taking a route over Helvellyn and arriving at ten in the evening.

A few days later William Wordsworth with his brother John and their friend Mr Simpson made a trip up Helvellyn, setting out after breakfast and returning home at ten that evening. A year later, in October 1801, William and his sister Dorothy rode to Legburthwaite (to the inn at Thirlspot) and then to the top of Helvellyn before returning the same way. Dorothy recorded that it had been a glorious day. They had mists both above and below them, but the sun shone through and their views extended from the Scottish mountains to the sea at Cartmel. Wordsworth's poem, Inmate of a mountain dwelling (1816), celebrating the captivating power of the old mountain, was dedicated "To … on her first ascent to the summit of Helvellyn."

John Keats speaks of Wordsworth "on Helvellyn's summit, wide awake…" in a sonnet that celebrates the poet and other artists. A portrait of Wordsworth, deep in thought among the clouds on the summit of Helvellyn, was painted by Benjamin Robert Haydon in 1842, an example of romanticism in portraiture.

An early casualty of the mountain was the artist Charles Gough, who slipped and fell from Striding Edge in April 1805. Three months later a shepherd heard a dog barking near Red Tarn and went to investigate. He found Gough's skeleton, his hat split in two, and his dog still in attendance. Initial newspaper reports that the dog had survived by eating the remains of her dead master were quickly forgotten. Gough became regarded as a martyr to the romantic ideal, and his dog Foxie was celebrated for her attachment and fidelity to her long-dead master. William Wordsworth and Sir Walter Scott both wrote poems about the scene; Francis Danby and Edwin Landseer both painted it. A memorial stone to Gough was erected on Helvellyn in 1890 and quotes part of Wordsworth's poem "Fidelity".

A small tourist industry began to grow up around the mountain, with inns providing ponies and guides as well as accommodation for the visitors, and guidebooks being published for visitors. Jonathan Otley's guidebook of 1823 described the view from the summit and claimed it gave a more complete view of the Lake District than any other point. William Ford, in his guidebook of 1839 recommended the Horse Head Inn at Wythburn as a good place to stay and where a guide could be hired "at a moderate charge"; he went on to describe the climb up Whelp Side and the view from the top. Harriet Martineau in 1855 described the ascent from Patterdale. Ponies could be taken as far as Red Tarn, where there were stakes to tether them while undertaking the final part on foot via Swirral Edge. "Though trying to unnaccustomed nerves," she said, "there is no real danger"; the other ridge "is always fool-hardy to do", and "every one knows" the story of Charles Gough. She also mentioned three routes from the west: one by Grisedale Tarn, one from the Nag's Head at Wythburn, "the shortest, but by far the steepest," and a third from Legburthwaite (that is, from the inn at Thirlspot.) An advertisement in her book, placed by the King's Head Inn at Legburthwaite, claimed "A guide always in readiness at this inn."

A further fatality on Striding Edge in 1858 is commemorated by the Dixon Memorial. Robert Dixon from Patterdale was killed while following foxhounds on the ridge.

Aeroplane landing

In 1926 a small aeroplane landed on the summit plateau of Helvellyn and took off again. The plane was an Avro 585 Gosport, a two-seater biplane flown by Bert Hinkler, a test pilot who worked for A V Roe, the plane's manufacturers, at Woodford Aerodrome near Manchester.

A ground party had cleared and marked a landing strip. Attempts on 15 December and on 21 December were abandoned.

On 22 December Hinkler, accompanied by John F. Leeming, president of the Lancashire Aero Club, made another attempt. The landing was no problem. On the steep slope and with a strong headwind the plane stopped quickly. Professor E. R. Dodds witnessed the landing. The uphill take-off was more difficult and the plane dived off the edge of the summit with insufficient airspeed, but picked up speed as it dived, narrowly missing Striding Edge, to return to Manchester.

A stone tablet on Helvellyn,  south of the shelter, commemorates this landing.

Ecology

Mountain birds around Helvellyn include the raven (Corvus corax), which has now become common. Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), buzzards (Buteo buteo) and ring ouzels (Turdus torquatus) have all bred in the immediate area. Skylarks (Alauda arvensis) and wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) are frequently encountered. At one time eagles (probably Aquila chrysaetos) soared over the mountain and bred on the steep cliffs above Red Tarn, but even in Wordsworth's day they had gone, having been persecuted to extinction.

The three coves to the east of Helvellyn are all important sites for remnant populations of arctic-alpine plants. Species such as downy willow (Salix lapponum), mountain avens (Dryas octopetala), alpine mouse-ear (Cerastium alpinum), alpine meadowgrass (Poa alpina) and others have been able to survive in these coves since the last glaciation through a combination of rocks rich in basic minerals, a harsh micro-climate and inaccessibility to grazing sheep on cliff ledges. However, these populations are small and are not reproducing well. Natural England has introduced a recovery plan for them.

Red Tarn, a classic corrie tarn, is a high-elevation tarn with low nutrient levels and poor in the number of species it supports. Characteristic vegetation zones include a water-starwort (Callitriche) in shallower areas and the alga Nitella flexilis in deeper water and around the inlet. Other species include a pondweed (Potamogeton) which grows in  of water and the rush Juncus bulbosus. Brown trout and schelly, a species of whitefish, are found in the tarn.

Grassland on the Helvellyn range has been heavily overgrazed for many years, yet it supports a diversity of acid grassland species including sheep's fescue (Festuca ovina) on the summit ridge, matgrass (Nardus stricta) on the middle slopes, and fescue-bent swards on the lower slopes. The Nardus grasslands are the haunt of the scarce mountain ringlet butterfly (Erebia epiphron), the only alpine species of butterfly found in Britain. Acidic flushes (areas of water seepage) with their carpets of sphagnum mosses are common. Less common are basic flushes, which support a greater diversity of species.

The summit and the eastern side of the mountain are part of the Helvellyn & Fairfield Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). This covers an area of  and was designated in 1975 because of the area's geological and biological features. Natural England, which is responsible for choosing SSSIs, tries to ensure that the management and use of the area is sustainable.

Geology

All the rocks of Helvellyn are part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, formed on the margin of an ancient continent during a period of intense volcanic activity during the Ordovician period, roughly 450 million years ago.

Helvellyn lies within a geological structure which is interpreted as evidence of a volcanic caldera. This is a semi-circular series of faults which sweep eastwards to encompass Helvellyn, Patterdale, Deepdale and Fairfield, and which abut against a major north–south fault to the west (along the line of the A591 road).

This caldera was formed by an eruption of exceptional magnitude which produced a series of pyroclastic flows, fast moving currents of hot gas and rock, which buried the whole district of roughly  beneath at least  (in places up to  of ignimbrite). This succession of ignimbrites is known as the Lincomb Tarns Tuff Formation, the most widespread volcanic formation in the Lake District. The eruption of such a huge quantity of magma emptied the magma chamber beneath the volcano and led to the collapse of the overlying rocks to form the caldera.

The lowest and oldest rocks on Helvellyn are those of this Lincomb Tarns Tuff Formation, which outcrop along the western side, up to roughly the  contour on Whelp Side. The lowest part of the formation here is the densely welded lapilli-tuff of the Thirlmere Member, in which the individual pieces of semi-molten lava were flattened under the weight of deposits above them. Contemporaneous movement on the caldera's boundary fault has produced a thick deposit of breccia above the Helvellyn Screes and on Browncove Crags. The Thirlmere Member is overlain by a deposit of volcaniclastic sandstone, the Raise Beck Member, deposited in water during a break in the volcanism, but succeeded by further thick ignimbrite deposits.

Above these ignimbrites are found sedimentary rocks of the Esk Pike Sandstone Formation. These were deposited in water, probably in a caldera lake, as the volcanic rocks weathered and were eroded. Structures in these rocks suggest the faults were still active and the caldera was still subsiding. Layers of tuff and lapilli-tuff indicate some ongoing volcanism.

Higher still on Helvellyn, as well as in the coves to the east and covering Swirral Edge and Catstye Cam, are rocks of the Helvellyn Tuff Formation. This consists of up to  of ignimbrite, representing another series of pyroclastic flows. This Helvellyn Tuff is found only within the boundary faults of the caldera, and mainly in its western half.

The highest surviving rocks on Helvellyn, found on the summit plateaux of Helvellyn itself and of Nethermost Pike, and along the crest of Striding Edge, are the volcaniclastic sandstones of the Deepdale Sandstone Formation. Again, this formation is confined to the limits of the caldera, and represents another return to erosion and sedimentary deposition within a caldera lake, though with layers of pyroclastic rock showing that the volcanism had not entirely finished.

Glaciation
During the Late Devensian glaciation, which occurred 28,000 to 14,700 years Before Present (BP), the whole of northern England was covered by an ice sheet. Helvellyn was one of a small number of nunataks which protruded above the ice.

A short period of glacial conditions returned between 12,650 and 11,550 years BP, known in Britain as the Loch Lomond Stadial (and elsewhere as the Younger Dryas stadial), when the Gulf Stream current ceased to flow past the British Isles. Small cirque and valley glaciers formed in north and east facing valleys, including Grisedale and the coves on the east side of Helvellyn. The results are seen in moraines of unsorted boulder gravel in the valleys, the spectacular coves with steep headwalls, and the sharp arêtes formed where the rock was eroded on both sides between adjacent glaciers.

Glacial conditions ended suddenly, 11,550 years BP, when the Gulf Stream current was re-established. Periglacial processes in seasonal freeze-thaw conditions, both present and past, have produced sorted stone stripes and solifluction lobes and sheets on the summit ridge of Helvellyn. These are one reason why the area was included in the Helvellyn & Fairfield SSSI.

Mining

Two unsuccessful attempts to find lead ore in economic quantities on Helvellyn have been made.

Brown Cove Mine was high up at the head of Brown Cove, where some disused oil heaps remain, with a couple of levels, one of which ran about  into the mountainside.

Helvellyn Mine or Wythburn Mine opened in 1839 by the gill between Whelpside and Helvellyn Screes. It was operated by a succession of different owners, driving five levels through mostly barren rock to explore three mineral veins. It finally closed in 1880 when Manchester Corporation acquired the land for the Thirlmere reservoir. Only a few hundred tons of galena came out of the mine; probably insufficient to cover its costs.

Little can be seen of the levels now for the entrances were destroyed when the mine closed, but several spoil heaps remain, one covering the gill, along with the old miners' path which zigzags up the hillside, a self-acting incline to lower ore to the dressing floor, and the old winding-drum house. The narrow leat which once diverted water from Brownrigg Well into the gill beside the mine may also be seen, much higher up the fellside.

Names
Helvellyn. The earliest known record of the name dates from 1577, but early records are spelling variations of the modern name (such as Helvillon, Helvelon or Hell Belyn) rather than any help with the etymology. Various attempts to interpret the name have been made in the past. Some, led by the present spelling, possibly wrongly thought the final syllable was the Welsh word llyn, "lake" which has various historic spellings including 'lin' and 'lynn'. Richard Coates in 1988 proposed a Celtic derivation from the deduced Cumbric word hal, "moorland", and velin, the Cumbric equivalent of the Welsh word melyn meaning "yellow." Hel is a Welsh word meaning to gather, drive or hunt, and helfa (historically spelt helva) has been used to describe a portion of mountain from which sheep are collected.

Recent place-name studies have accepted the "yellow moorland" derivation, but have struggled to understand how Helvellyn can be regarded as a yellow mountain. Colour, in the Celtic languages, is perceived differently from the way it is seen and described in modern English. For example, in Scottish Gaelic the spectrum of colours was "pastel rather than primary, gentle rather than bold." Colours were related to a landscape context in which blues, greens, greys and whites in particular were both more diverse and more differentiated than in English. People who relied on the system of transhumance for their livelihood gained the ability to assess the nutritional value of upland grasses from a distance before moving their stock to a summer shieling, and used appropriate colour terms for grasses which would become progressively more green as the spring advanced. Yellow, at least in Gaelic hill names, is not a bright colour. It describes hills which are distinguished by grasses such as Nardus stricta and Deschampsia flexuosa, both of which appear pale and bleached in winter. These grasses are common on the Helvellyn range, in an area where transhumance also used to be practiced. Nardus stricta in particular is an unpalatable and unproductive grass, and the Flora of Cumbria specifically notes a possible connection between areas of late snow cover and Nardus grassland at high elevations in the Helvellyn range. A name describing the mountain as "pale yellow moorland" is therefore meaningful in a Celtic context.

Lower Man. The mountain has two tops, which used to be distinguished as Helvellyn Low Man (or Lower Man) and Helvellyn High Man (or Higher Man). Both are drawn and labelled on a panoramic view of the range found in Jonathan Otley's guidebook of 1823.

Striding Edge. An edge in mountain place-names is a steep escarpment, on either one side or (as here) on both sides. The first reference to Striding Edge was by Walter Scott in 1805 as Striden-edge. A map of 1823 called it Strathon Edge. It is possible that "Striding Edge" has replaced an earlier name, now lost.

Swirral Edge may be either "The precipitous ridge that causes giddiness" or "The precipitous ridge where the wind or snow swirls around." An edge is a steep escarpment, as above. Swirrel, a dialect variation of "swirl" has two possible explanations. It can be used to mean "giddiness, vertigo", but it can also be used of a place in the mountains where wind or snow swirls around.

References

External links

A guide for climbing Helvellyn via Striding Edge
Helvellyn Summit Panoramas – North and South
 Walks up Helvellyn on Mud and Routes

 List of hills in the Lake District
 List of fells in the Lake District

Fells of the Lake District
Furths
Marilyns of England
Hewitts of England
Nuttalls
Highest points of English counties
Mountains and hills of Cumbria
Mountains under 1000 metres
Allerdale
Patterdale

Helvellyn


Frederick I may refer to:

 Frederick of Utrecht or Frederick I (815/16–834/38), Bishop of Utrecht.
 Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine (942–978)
 Frederick I, Duke of Swabia (1050–1105)
 Frederick I, Count of Zollern (died 1125)
 Frederick I (archbishop of Cologne) (1075–1171)
 Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (1122–1190), "Frederick Barbarossa"
 Frederick I, Burgrave of Nuremberg (1139–1200)
 Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine (1143–1206)
 Frederick I, Count of Berg-Altena (1173–1198)
 Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg) (1175–1198), "Frederick the Catholic"
 Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (1249–1268)
 Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen (1257–1323), "the Brave"
 Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg) (1286–1330), "Frederick the Fair"
 Frederick I, Marquess of Saluzzo (1287–1336)
 Frederick I, Count of Celje (1300-59)
 Frederick I, Duke of Athens (died 1355)
 Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (1370–1428), "the Belligerent" or "the Warlike"
 Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1371–1440), also Burgrave of Nuremberg (as Frederick VI)
 Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont (1371–1415)
 Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1400)
 Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern (1417–1480), "the Hunsrücker"
 Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Osterode (died 1421)
 Frederick I, Elector Palatine (1425–1476), "the Victorious"
 Frederick I of Mantua (1441–1484), Marquess of Mantua
 Frederick I of Naples (1452–1504), King of Naples
 Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1460–1536)
 Frederick I of Denmark (1471–1533), King of Denmark and Norway
 Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg (1557–1608)
 Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (1585–1638)
 Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1646–1691)
 Frederick I of Prussia (1657–1713), King in Prussia
 Frederick I of Sweden (1676–1751), King of Sweden
 Frederick I of Württemberg (1754–1816), King of Württemberg
 Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1763–1834)
 Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden (1826–1907)
 Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt (1831–1904)

See also
 Frederik I (disambiguation)
 Frederick William I (disambiguation)

Frederick I


Onthophagus nigripennis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera. Foi descrita por D'Orbigny em 1908.

Visitam o esterco de elefantes. Encontram-se na Malásia.

Referências

Ligações externas

nigripennis

Onthophagus nigripennis


Yizhar Smilansky (født 27. september 1916 i Rehovot, død 21. august 2006), kendt som S. Yizhar, var en israelsk forfatter og politiker med en litterær karriere, der spændte over næsten 50 år. I 1959 modtog han Israel-prisen for sit bidrag til den israelske litteratur.

Yizhar Smilansky blev født i Rehovot, som ligger ca. 20 km fra Tel Aviv. Hans forældre var russiske indvandrere, og han kom fra en forfatterfamilie. Han læste på lærerseminaret i Jerusalem, arbejdede som pædagog og som professor ved Det hebraiske universitet i Jerusalem og ved Universitetet i Tel Aviv. Forfatteren deltog desuden i Den arabisk-israelske krig i 1948-1949 og var repræsentant for det israelske arbejderparti fra 1949 til 1967.

Yizhar har skrevet både romaner, noveller, børnebøger og non-fiction og er oversat til 22 sprog. Hans værker handler ofte om tiden før og umiddelbart efter staten Israels oprettelse. Desuden står forholdet mellem menneske og sted og konflikten mellem individ og gruppe tit i centrum i hans bøger. Hans stil kendetegnes af en blanding af litterær prosa og dagligsprog og lange sætninger med mange forskellige associationer, der minder om stream of consciousness.

Khirbet Khizeh – Slagmark er indtil videre det eneste af Yizhars værker, der er udkommet på dansk. Det udkom første gang på hebraisk i 1949 og er en erindringsroman, der reflekterer over de erfaringer, som forfatteren gjorde sig under uafhængighedskrigen. Den handler om, hvorledes beboerne i den fiktive landsby Khirbet Khizeh bliver tvunget til at forlade deres hjem af israelske soldater. Læseren får ikke rigtig at vide, hvorfor landsbyen egentlig skal evakueres, og hvad der foregår i resten af Israel. Historien fortælles af en af soldaterne, der deltager i aktionen, og som gennemgår meget ambivalente følelser, mens de andre soldater omkring ham ikke lader til at føle noget. Bogen har siden sin udgivelse skabt stor debat omkring begivenhederne, der førte til Israels oprettelse.

Yizhar døde i 2006 i en alder af 89 år og efterlod en kone og tre børn.

Bibliografi

Oversat til dansk

 Khirbet Khizeh – Slagmark (Møller Forlag, 2016 ; udgivet som lydbog af Bechs Forlag – Viatone, 2017)

På engelsk

 Ephraim Goes Back to Alfalfa
 On the Edge of the Negev
 The Wood on the Hill
 A Night Without Shootings
 Journey to the Evening's Shores
 Midnight Convoy
 Days of Ziklag (1958)
 Mikdamot (1992)
 Discovering Elijah (1999)

Priser og udmærkelser (udvalg)

 1959 – Israel-prisen for litteratur
 1959 – Brenner-prisen for litteratur
 1960 – Lamdan-prisen for børnelitteratur
 1991 – Bialik-prisen for litteratur
 2002 – EMET-prisen for kunst, videnskab og kultur

Kilder

 https://bechsforlag.dk/s-yizhar/

 https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/s-yizhar

 http://www.moellerforlag.dk/forfattere/s-yizhar

 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/22/books/review/khirbet-khizeh-by-s-yizhar.html

 https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/aug/24/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries

Politikere fra Israel
Forfattere fra Israel

S. Yizhar


Los problemas del primer mundo son asuntos que resultan difíciles o problemáticos desde el punto de vista de aquellos que residen en los países más desarrollados (no necesariamente del primer mundo), pero que parecen triviales en comparación con las dificultades a las que se enfrentan los habitantes de países menos desarrollados.

La expresión se usa a menudo con desdén frente a quienes se quejan de sus problemas cotidianos en el primer mundo. Sin embargo, también es un concepto tratado por intelectuales y economistas en el estudio de las relaciones entre el primer, segundo y tercer mundo.

Crítica
El filósofo esloveno Slavoj Žižek criticó el uso desdeñoso de la expresión en su libro Lacan: Los interlocutores mudos:

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 «Problemas del primer mundo», serie de tiras cómicas publicadas en el suplemendo Moda del periódico español El País
 Los problemas del primer mundo, no son problemas. Vídeo protagonizado por los niños y niñas del Orfanato de San Roque (Mozambique)

Argot
Sociología

Problema del primer mundo


An Telipogon fritillum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach ngan Josef Ritter von Rawicz Warszewicz. An Telipogon fritillum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Telipogon

Telipogon fritillum


Tof Thissen (* 19. Mai 1957 in Roermond) ist ein niederländischer Politiker der Partei GroenLinks.

Leben
Von 1976 bis 1977 war Thissen Mitglied der Partij van de Arbeid. 1977 wechselte Thissen zur Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij und wurde in der Friedensbewegung in den Niederlanden aktiv. Von 1977 bis 1982 studierte Thissen Theologie an der Höheren Schule für Theologie und Pastorat in Heerlen. Nebenbei war er ab 1986 bis 2002 im Stadtrat von Roermond tätig. Von 1987 bis 1990 studierte Thissen Theologie an der Radboud-Universität Nijmegen. Seit 1989 ist Thissen Mitglied der Partei GroenLinks. Thissen ist als Direktor des Kwaliteitsinstituut Nederlandse Gemeenten (KING) tätig. Thissen ist seit Oktober 2004 Senator in der Ersten Kammer der Generalstaaten und seit 2007 gleichzeitig Fraktionsvorsitzender der GroenLinks in der Ersten Kammer der Generalstaaten.

Weblinks
 Erste Kammer der Generalstaaten:Tof Thissen
 GroenLinks in der Ersten Kammer der Generalstaaten: Tof Thissen

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied der Ersten Kammer der Generalstaaten
Beigeordneter (Niederlande)
GroenLinks-Mitglied
PvdA-Mitglied
Person der Friedensbewegung
Person (Roermond)
Niederländer
Geboren 1957
Mann

Tof Thissen


Howard Davis (atletičar) (rođen 1967.), jamajčanski atletičar
 Howard Davis (hokejaš) (rođen 1932.), britanski hokejaš
 Howard Davis Jr. (1956. – 2015.), američki boksač, osvajač zlatne medalje na OI 1976.

Howard Davis


زافيتنويي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة ستافروبول كراي في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3823   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن كراي ستافروبول

زافيتنويي (ستافروبول)


عبلة  هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء زحلة في محافظة البقاع.

المراجع

قرى لبنان

عبلة (زحلة)


උපර්කෝට් ලෙන්, හෙවත් උපෙර්කෝට් ලෙන්, යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මිනිසා විසින් නිර්මිත පුරාතන ලෙන් කුටීර සමූහයකි. මේවා ඉන්දියාවේ ගුජරාට් ප්‍රාන්තයේ නැගෙනහිර ජූනාගධ් හි පිහිටි ජූනාගධ් බෞද්ධ ලෙන් සමූහයට අයත් ය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ලෙන්
ගුජරාටයේ ලෙන්
ඉන්දියාවේ පැරණි ජනාවාස පැවති ස්ථාන
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ වන්දනා ස්ථාන
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ආරාම
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ විහාර

උපර්කෝට් ලෙන්


Anthony Michael Bourdain ()  un maestru bucătar (chef) și prezentator de televiziune american.

Biografie

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1956
Decese în 2018
Bucătari americani
Prezentatori de televiziune din Statele Unite ale Americii

Anthony Bourdain


Dellys (, Berber: Delles) is a small Mediterranean town in northern Algeria's coastal Boumerdès Province, almost due north of Tizi-Ouzou and just east of the Sebaou River. It is the district seat of the daïra of Dellys. The town is 45 km from Tizi Ouzou, 50 km from Boumerdes (the provincial capital), and about 100 km from the capital Algiers.

It is notable for its Ottoman-era Casbah, two colonial-era lighthouses (marking Cape Bengut), and some beaches; the principal activities of the area are fishing and farming.

As of 2008, the population of the municipality is 32,954.

Geography

The Dellys area presents a natural harbour in the form of a small bay sheltered on the west and northwest by the peninsula of Sidi Abdelkader (largely occupied by the town cemetery, along with a small lighthouse).  This peninsula is the seaward extension of the mountain of Assouaf, looming over the town.  Around this harbour grew the Casbah of Dellys.  During the colonial period the town grew southwards, as the port was expanded; a technical school, the École des arts et métiers, was also built to the north, near the cemetery.  Expansion further up the mountain was prevented by the preservation of the Bou-Arbi forest; instead, the town's growth after independence in 1962 was mainly concentrated in two "wings" on each side of it.

To the south, former agricultural areas on the mountain slopes were built up with apartment buildings to form the new suburb Nouvelle-Ville, still surrounded by farmland on both sides.  To the west, the relatively level Ladjenna (or "Les Jardins") area, with rocky coasts, consisted mainly of family gardens and small farms until the mid-twentieth century, but is now largely built up.  It includes the tiny fishing port of El-Kouss; Cape Bengut, the northernmost land in the region, marked by a larger lighthouse; and the rock promontory of Sid El-Medjni.  Further west, the village of Takdempt, at the mouth of the Sebaou river, remains marginally separated from Dellys proper.

The municipality has a total of 678 hectares of forest, most of it accounted for by Bou-Arbi above the old town (74 hectares, Aleppo pine), Assouaf above the Ladjennna suburb (50 hectares, thuya and degraded maquis), Achtoub (290 hectares, brush), and an area around Takdempt (250 hectares, brush).

Spots, districts and hamlets
In addition to its seat, Dellys proper, the Dellys District is composed of the following localities: Ain Salem, Takdempt, Sidi El Medjni, Ladjenna, Bordj Fnar, Beni Azeroual, L'Assouaf, Lemchachka, Thouabet, Boukmach, Bouafia, Brarat, Dar El Melh (Les Salines), Boumedas, Ouled Mahdjoub, Beni Amara, Tizeghouine, Dar Rabah, Ouled Sabeur, Chegga, Mezoudj, Houasna, Azrou, Afir, Amadhi, Thissira, Ifri Tamarth, Ivehlal (Bhalil), Thala Ayache, Thala Arousse, El Marssa Tofaha.

These are divided among three municipalities: Dellys itself, Aafir to the east, and Ben Choud to the south.

Demographics

Postcode

From independence in 1962 to  1984, Dellys was part of the Wilaya of Tizi Ouzou, and each wilaya had a single postcode, in this case 15000.

After the administrative division of Algeria in 1984, Dellys was attached to the newly created wilaya of Boumerdès, whose postcodes started with 35; the Daïra of Dellys was indicated by a following 1 (351xx), its chief town (Dellys) with the number 0 (3510x), and its town centre with a further 0, giving the town centre of Dellys the complete postal code 35100.

In 2008, Dellys was given the new postcode 350043 as part of the restructuring undertaken by Algérie Poste.

History

Prehistoric

The Dellys area has been inhabited since prehistoric times; archeological finds in the area include Iberomaurusian remains, a Neolithic polished axe, and (at Takdempt) some dolmens and covered alleys.

Antiquity

Dellys first entered written history as the Phoenician colony of Rusucurru or Rusuccuru,<ref>Entry Rusucurru, in: The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical sites. Stillwell, Richard. MacDonald, William L. McAlister, Marian Holland. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press. 1976.
</ref> known to the Greeks as Rhousoukkórrou ().
(A few authorities instead identify the ancient Rusucurru with Tigzirt.)

Rusuccuru became part of the Roman Empire about 42 CE with Claudius' annexation of the Kingdom of Mauretania, and was subsequently promoted to the rank of municipium after the suppression of Aedemon's revolt. The town's regional importance in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis was sufficient that inscriptions in the nearest towns, Iomnium to the east (modern Tigzirt) and Cissi to the west (modern Djinet), were dedicated to Rusucurru's genius loci.

With the advent of Christianity, Rusucurru became a suffragan bishopric, variously known as Rusucurium, Rusucurrum, and Rhusuncorae; it was the birthplace of the Christian martyr Marciana (d. 303). The town survived Firmus' revolt in 373–375, as witnessed by attestations of the names of its later bishops:
 Fortunatus (mentioned in 411)
 Optatus (a Donatist mentioned in 411)
 Ninellus (mentioned in 419)
 Metcum (mentioned in 484, exiled by Huneric)

However, it disappears from written sources during later centuries.

Medieval

Under the name of Tedelles, the town reappears in the 12th century as the final refuge of the last Banu Sumadih emir of Almeria in Spain, Mu'izz ud-Dawla ibn Sumadih, who was granted land there by the Hammadid dynasty after fleeing the advance of the Almoravids.

After a period of prosperity, it was hard hit by the wars of the 14th century between the Hafsid, Merinid, and Zayyanid kingdoms, changing hands no less than 12 times between 1285 and 1373.  The town (then in Zayyanid hands) was also sacked by a Valencian and Majorcan fleet in 1398, following a raid on Torreblanca.

After 1438, Dellys came under the rule of the Thaaliba family of Algiers.

Early Modern
With the arrival of Oruç and Hayreddin Barbarossa in the 16th century, Dellys became part of the Ottoman Empire; they initially made the town their eastern headquarters.  The Casbah of Dellys in its current form dates back in large part to this period, while also reflecting earlier periods with its urbanistic styles.

French colonization

In 1830, France decided to invade. On 15 May that year, as their fleet prepared to attack, one French brig was shipwrecked near Dellys (main article: Shipwreck of Dellys). Within a couple of months France had occupied Algiers, beginning the process of French colonization of Algeria.

Dellys, however, would remain independent for a few years longer. The first French attack on the town came in 1837, in the wake of the First Battle of the Issers. In the same year, French expansion was temporarily put on hold by the Treaty of Tafna, in which France recognized Emir Abdelkader's authority over most of western Algeria. Areas east of Algiers, including Dellys, soon swore allegiance to Emir Abdelkader, who appointed Ahmed bin Salem to lead the district. In 1839 Emir Abdelkader visited Dellys in person as part of a tour of his eastern frontiers, urging the inhabitants to prepare themselves for war rather than to place their trust in saints' tombs. The war did indeed resume that very year, following a French violation of the treaty further south at the Iron Gates.

On 12 May 1844, French troops under the command of Bugeaud made a second assault on Dellys, finally occupying the town. A European quarter was then built immediately south of the Casbah. The town was bisected by the road which would eventually become the RN24. The troops turned the town's principal mosque into a military hospital on arrival, replacing it with a new one nearby which they completed in 1847.

In 1871, Cheikh Mokrani led much of eastern Algeria in an attempt to end French rule. The tribes surrounding the town of Dellys, the Beni-Thour and Beni-Slyem, joined in this revolt. On 22 April they laid siege to Dellys proper, where the French garrison managed to retain control with help from passing warships. On 18 May, a column led by Lallemand arrived from the west and broke the siege. In the wake of the revolt's failure, much of the agricultural land surrounding Dellys was confiscated and given to French settlers, notably at Sidi Daoud and Baghlia. Mokrani's defeat, and the hardships that followed it, marked the end of organized military resistance to French rule in the region for almost three generations.

Algerian Revolution

Like the rest of Algeria, Dellys was engulfed in the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962.

This commune saw the creation of several clandestine torture centers during the Algerian revolution:
 Camp Gualota in the commune of Dellys.

Independence

Algeria became independent in 1962; during the following decades, the town grew substantially.

The 2003 Boumerdès earthquake caused significant damage, notably to the Casbah and Nouvelle-Ville.

On 8 September 2007, a suicide car bomb attack on the naval barracks in the port, claimed by AQIM, took at least 30 lives.

Health
The Dellys hospital is the main health structure in the municipality of Dellys.
This public hospital establishment (E.P.H.) of Dellys has a technical capacity of 150 beds as well as an organized capacity of 162 beds distributed as follows:

 Internal medicine (male/female): 67 beds.
 Maternity/gynecology: 32 beds.
 Pediatrics: 32 beds.
 General surgery: 31 beds.

Transport and roads
Dellys is connected to the rest of the country through two main roads:
 RN 24, a coastal road leading to Algiers in the west (via Djinet) and Bejaia in the east (via Aafir and Tigzirt)
 RN 25, providing a southward connection via Baghlia to Tizi-Ouzou.

From 1894 to ca. 1935, a railway line connected Dellys to Mirabeau (modern Draâ Ben Khedda).

At present there are three long-distance bus destinations: Dellys-Algiers; Dellys-Boumerdes; and Dellys-Tizi Ouzou.

 Economy
Dellys has an agricultural land and mixed port (fisheries and trade).

The port of Dellys, built in 1925, is now almost completely saturated with ships docking at its level. To remedy this situation, those in charge of the sector have decided to redevelop it.

In fact, in addition to the reinforcement work carried out after the 2003 earthquake, a dredging operation to correct its water level has been launched.

Its fleet is made up of 11 trawlers, 32 sardine boats and 150 small crafts.

Sports
As elsewhere in Algeria, football (soccer) is popular; Dellys-born footballers include Abderrahman Ibrir, former manager of the Algerian national team, and Rachid Nadji, a striker for MC Oran.  The local team is the Union sportive de Dellys (USD); before independence, it was called the Association sportive de Dellys (ASD), founded in 1921.  The town is equipped with a stadium capable of holding up to 7,000 people.

 Ecclesiastical titles
Although no bishop has resided in Dellys for well over a millennium, and no church currently exists in the town, the Catholic Church nevertheless added the bishopric of Rusuccuru (the town's Latin name) to its list of titular sees in 1933.
In Latin the titular bishopric is known as Rusuccurrensis''.

The Ancient diocese has had the following incumbents, all Latin (Roman Rite) and of the lowest (episcopal) rank:
 Dennis Walter Hickey (1968.01.05 – 1999.10.06)
 Kevin Joseph Farrell (2001.12.28 – 2007.03.06)
 Marek Mendyk, Auxiliary Bishop of Legnica (2008.12.24 – ...)

Notable people

 Habib Ayyoub, writer
 Abderrahmane Benhamida, former Minister of Education
 Abderrahmane Hammad, athlete
 Mokhtar Hasbellaoui, doctor
 Abderrahman Ibrir, footballer
 Marciana of Mauretania, Christian martyr
 Rachid Nadji, footballer
 Sidi Yahya al-Tadallisi al-Thaalibi, imam
 Jean Raoux, general
 Mu'izz ud-Dawla ibn Sumadih, ruler
 Georges-Fernand Widal, physician
 , Algerian footballer.

See also

List of lighthouses in Algeria

Notes

References

Dellys during the Algerian Revolution

Phoenician colonies in Algeria
Populated places in Boumerdès Province
Lighthouses in Algeria
Boumerdès Province

Dellys


UAB LTk Capital (abgeleitet von Linas Tadas Karosas, LT auch für Litauen) ist eine litauische Beteiligungsgesellschaft, die in sechs europäischen Ländern (Belgien, Deutschland, Estland, Lettland, den Niederlanden und Litauen) tätig ist (war).
Die Gesellschaft managt aktiv seine Beteiligungen oder hat die Durchführung von Kontrollmaßnahmen oder maßgeblichem Einfluss auf Ziel-Unternehmen. Ihr Hauptsitz ist in Vilnius.

Unternehmensgruppe
"LTK Capital" verwaltet eine Reihe von Unternehmen, spezialisiert auf ein breites Spektrum von Aktivitäten in der Lebensmittelindustrie (UAB "Čili Holdings"), im E-Commerce (UAB "Pigu.lt"), in der Parfümerie (UAB "AmazingSales.com") und Kosmetik (UAB "Kruzas Nordic Cosmetics Distribution"), und Wellness-Zentren (UAB "East Island"). Für die nahe Zukunft hat sich die Holding-Gesellschaft Investitionen in viele E-Commerce-Business-Projekte als oberste Priorität gesetzt.

Čili Holdings
UAB "Čili Holdings" ist das größte Unternehmen des Konzerns. 2007 beschäftigte es über 2300 Mitarbeiter.  2008 erzielte "Čili Holdings" den Umsatz von 58 Mio. Euro. Die Kette besitzt 82 Restaurants.

Kruzas Nordic Cosmetics Distribution
"Kruzas Nordic Cosmetics Distribution" ist ein Kosmetik-Großhandelsunternehmen. Es besitzt litauische "Aistruolė" und "Kruzas NCD Latvia" in Lettland. 2012 erzielte man den Umsatz von  22,102 Mio. Lt (6 Mio. Euro) und den Gewinn von 1,766 Mio. Lt (0,5 Mio. Euro).

East Island
UAB "East Island" verwaltet sie SPA-Zentren und Massage-Salons. 2013 beschäftigte das Unternehmen 53 Mitarbeiter.

Geschichte
1991 begann UAB "Kruzas Nordic Cosmetics Distribution" die Kosmetik zu importieren. Man gründete die Kette "Sarma" (Produkte von "Antonio Puig", "Coty" und "Lumene"). 1999 begann ihre Tätigkeit UAB "Čilija", die die Kette von Pizzerien "Čili pica" verwaltete. 2001 wurde die Holding UAB "Vilsarmos investicija" gegründet. 2004 verkaufte die Holding die Kosmetik-Handelskette "Sarma"  an lettische SIA "Baltic Cosmetic Holding", diese verkaufte wieder 2007 an UAB "Douglas LT".
2009 wurde UAB "Vilsarmos investicija" zu UAB "Amazing Cili Invest" und 2012 zu "LTk Capital".  2007 gab es 2.331 Mitarbeiter allein bei  "Čilija".

Im Jahr 2012 erreichte "LTk Capital" 80 Millionen Euro Einnahmen und hatte Vermögen im Wert von 48,5 Millionen Euro. Im Jahr 2012 beschäftigte die Unternehmensgruppe "LTk Capital" 2.000 Mitarbeiter.

Vorstand
 Tadas Karosas (* 1964), Vorsitzende
 Dainius Kalina
 Saulius Svitojus

Weblinks
Homepage (LT, EN)

Quellen

Handelsunternehmen (Vilnius)
Finanzdienstleister (Vilnius)
Investmentgesellschaft
Gegründet 2001

LTk Capital


The year 1793 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Events
 August 8 – The French Academy of Sciences is among the academies suppressed by the National Convention.
 October 24 – The French Republican Calendar, devised by Gilbert Romme, is adopted by the National Convention.

Exploration
 July 20 – Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie's 1792–1793 Peace River expedition to the Pacific Ocean reaches its goal at Bella Coola, British Columbia, making him the first known person to complete a transcontinental crossing of northern North America.

Biology
 June 10 –  formally established in Paris by the National Convention of the French First Republic.
 Christian Konrad Sprengel publishes  in Berlin, pioneering the study of pollination ecology.

Chemistry
 Scottish chemist Thomas Charles Hope confirms the existence of the alkaline earth metal which he names strontites; later isolated as strontium.

Medicine
 Matthew Baillie publishes The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body, considered the first systematic study of pathology and the first publication in English on it as a separate subject. He is credited with first identifying transposition of the great vessels and situs inversus.
 John Bell begins publication in Edinburgh of The Anatomy of the Bones, Muscles & Joints (the first volume of The Anatomy of the Human Body, which will go through at least seven editions) and Discourses on the Nature and Cure of Wounds with illustrations by himself and his brother Charles.
 Yellow Fever epidemic in Philadelphia in the United States.
 Dominique Jean Larrey, chief surgeon of the French Revolutionary Army, creates the first battlefield "flying ambulance" service.

Metrology
 The grave, the original name for the kilogram, is defined by the Commission of Weights and Measures of the French Academy of Sciences.

Technology
 May 15 – Spanish inventor Diego Marín Aguilera flies a glider for about 360 m (1,180ft).
 October 28 – Eli Whitney applies for a United States patent for his cotton gin (the patent is granted the following March).
 Hannah Slater applies for a United States patent for her new method of producing sewing thread from cotton.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Not awarded

Births
 January 31 – Joseph Paul Gaimard, French naval surgeon and naturalist (died 1858)
 April 15 – Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve, Baltic astronomer (died 1864)
 April – Thomas Addison, English physician and scientist (died 1860)
 May 6 – William Dick, Scottish veterinarian (died 1866)
 July 13 – George Green, English mathematician (died 1841)
 July 18 – Jean-Alfred Gautier, Swiss astronomer (died 1881)

Deaths
 April 21 – John Michell, English geologist (born 1724)
 May 20 – Charles Bonnet, Genevan naturalist (born 1720)
 May 26 – Eliza Lucas, American agronomist (born 1722)
 May 28 – Anton Friedrich Büsching, German geographer (born 1724)
 June 26 – Gilbert White, English naturalist (born 1720)
 August 21 – James Small, Scottish inventor (born 1740)
 September 26 – Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard, French mycologist (born )
 October 16 – John Hunter, Scottish surgeon, pathologist and comparative anatomist (born 1728)

References

18th century in science
1790s in science

1793 in science


Guárico () je rijeka na sjeveru Venezuele. Ova je rijeka važna pritoka Rijeke Apure i najveća rijeka savezne države Guárico, po kojoj je ta država i dobila ime. Pripada porječju rijeke Orinoco.

Rijeka Guárico je važna za središnji Llanos, zbog sustava akumulacijskih jezera, koja služe za navodnjavanje države Guárico, kao i za opskrbu Caracasa pitkom vodom.

Riječni tijek
Guárico izvire na južnim padinama Karipskih Anda, na nadmorskoj visini od 770 metara u državi Aragua. Od izvora teče prema jugoistoku, u gornjem dijelu svog toka prima pritoke Pao i Caramacate prije formiranja akumulacionog jezera Camatagua, čijim se vodama opskrbljuje Caracas.

Na svom toku prema jugu preko Llanosa, prima pritoke Taguay i Payu, prije akumulacijskog jezera Guárico. Nakon što napusti jezero kod grada Calabozo, počinje jako meandrirati jer protiče terenom ispod 100 m nadmorske visine, gdje prima pritok Orituco. U zadnjem dijelu svog toka prije ušća u rijeku Apure mijenja ime u Apurito.

Slijev rijeke Guárico ima površinu od 8000 km².

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Venezueli
Pritoke Apure

Guárico (rijeka)


عرب لندن، هو مسلسل دراما اجتماعي عربي مشترك يشترك فيه ممثلون من عدة دول عربية يعرض على قناة روتانا الخليجية، وقد بدأ عرضه الأول خلال شهر رمضان عام 2008م. المسلسل من إخراج المخرج السوري أنور قوادري. يتناول المسلسل قضية هجرة العرب إلى الغرب والمشاكل المرافقة لها عبر طرح موضوع العرب المهاجرين في لندن والجيل الأول والثاني كمثال. المسلسل من إنتاج شركة إيبلا الدولية للانتاج السينمائي والتلفزيوني ومؤسسة «سندباد فيلم» للإنتاج الفني. والجدير بالذكر أن المخرج أنور قوادري قد درس وعاش معظم حياته في لندن. وقد صور المسلسل في بريطانيا وسوريا وسلوفينيا وبلغت تلكفت إنتاجه حوالي ثلاثة ملايين دولار أمريكي.

المراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية سورية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 2008
برامج تلفزيونية مصورة في لندن
مسلسلات تقع أحداثها في لندن
عروض تلفزيونية صورت في المملكة المتحدة
برامج تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في المملكة المتحدة

عرب لندن (مسلسل)


Long Island is a densely populated island in the southeastern geographical area of the State of New York.

Long Island may also refer to:

Antarctica
 Long Island (Antarctica)

Antigua and Barbuda
 Long Island, Antigua

Australia
 Long Island (New South Wales), an island in the Hawkesbury River north of Sydney, New South Wales
 Long Island (Broad Sound Islands), Queensland
 Long Island (Whitsunday Islands), Queensland
 Long Island (Tasmania), an island in eastern Bass Strait
 Long Islet (Tasmania), an islet in northern Bass Strait
 Long Island (Western Australia), an island in King Sound, Kimberley region
 Long Island, an island in the River Murray in South Australia
Long Island Recreation Park, South Australia

Bahamas
 Long Island, Bahamas, an island and a district of the Bahamas

Bermuda
 Long Island, Bermuda

British Indian Ocean Territory
 Ile Longue (Peros Banhos) (Long Island), an island in the Chagos Archipelago

Canada
 Long Island (British Columbia), on Harrison Lake
 Long Island (Frobisher Bay, Nunavut), off the coast of Baffin Island
 Long Island (Gull Lake), near Gravenhurst, Ontario
 Long Island (Hermitage Bay, Newfoundland)
 Long Island (Hudson Bay, Nunavut), off the coast of Quebec
 Long Island (Kings County), in the Kennebecasis River near Rothesay, New Brunswick
 Long Island (Nova Scotia)
 Long Island (Placentia Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador)
 Long Island, in Rice Lake (Ontario)
 Long Island, in the Rideau River, Ontario

Croatia
 Dugi Otok (Long Island), in the Adriatic Sea

Falkland Islands
 Bleaker Island, also called Long Island

Greece
 Makronisos (Long Island), in the Aegean Sea

India
 Long Island, Andaman, an island and county in the Andaman Archipelago

Ireland
 Long Island, County Cork

Jamaica
 Long Island, an island in Jamaica

Namibia
 North Long Island and South Long Island, two islands of the Penguin Islands

New Zealand
 Long Island, Marlborough
 Long Island, Southland

Papua New Guinea
 Long Island (Papua New Guinea)

Seychelles
 Long Island, Seychelles

Sri Lanka
 Long Island, Sri Lanka

United Kingdom
 Long Island (Dorset), Poole Harbour, Dorset, England
 Long Island (Hampshire), England
 Outer Hebrides, sometimes referred to as "The Long Island" in Scotland
 Long Island, County Down, a townland in County Down, Northern Ireland
 Long Island, County Fermanagh, a townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland

United States
 Long Island, Alabama, a community
 Long Island (Alaska), an island in the Alexander Archipelago
 Long Island (California), an island in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
 Long Island (Connecticut), an island in the Housatonic River
 Long Island, Florida, a barrier island
 Long Island, Kansas, a city in Phillips County
 Long Island, Maine, a town and island in Cumberland County
 Long Island (Maryland), an island in Chesapeake Bay
 Long Island (Cecil County, Maryland), an island in Maryland
 Long Island (Massachusetts), the longest island in Boston Harbor
 Long Island, the largest island in New Hampshire, located on Lake Winnipesaukee
 Long Island, New York, an island and geographical area of New York State
 Long Island AVA, New York wine region
 Long Island City, an area of Queens County, New York
 Long Island (proposed state), various proposals for a new US state on the island
 Long Island, North Carolina, a community
 Long Island Beach, a former amusement park in Whitewater Township, Hamilton County, Ohio
 Isle of Palms, South Carolina, formerly known as Long Island
 Long Island (Tennessee), an island on the Holston River
 Long Island, Virginia, a town in Campbell County
 Long Island (Washington), in Willapa Bay
 Long Island (Wisconsin), one of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior

Other uses
 Long Island iced tea, an alcoholic mixed drink
 USS Long Island, the name of two United States Navy ships

See also
 Long Island Ducks (disambiguation)
 Long Island Military Reservation (disambiguation)
 Long Island Railroad (disambiguation)

 Long Bay (disambiguation)
 Île Longue (French for "Long Island")
 Lang Island, Indonesia
 Lon Gisland, an EP by Beirut

Long Island (disambiguation)


Milford puede referirse a:

Lugares
Estados Unidos
 Milford (California)
 Milford (Connecticut)
 Milford (Delaware)
 Milford (Illinois)
 Milford (Indiana)
 Milford (Iowa)
 Milford (Kansas)
 Milford (Maine)
 Milford (condado de Penobscot, Maine)
 Milford Mill (Maryland)
 Milford (Massachusetts)
 Milford (condado de Worcester, Massachusetts)
 Milford (Misuri)
 Milford (Míchigan)
 Milford (Nebraska)
 Milford (Nueva Jersey)
 Milford (Nueva York)
 Milford (villa)
 Milford (Nuevo Hampshire)
 Milford (condado de Hillsborough, Nuevo Hampshire)
 Milford (Ohio)
 Milford Center (Ohio)
 Milford (Pensilvania)
 Milford (condado de Pike, Pensilvania)
 Milford Square, Pensilvania
 Milford (Texas)
 Milford (Utah)
 Milford (Wisconsin)

En otros países
 Milford, Derbyshire (Inglaterra)
 Milford Haven, Gales.
 Milford Sound, Nueva Zelanda.

Personas
 Charles Milford Bergstresser, periodista estadounidense.

Milford


بقرصونا أو بقرصونة هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء الضنية في محافظة الشمال.

الموارد الاقتصادية
يعتمد أهالي بقرصونا بالدرجة الأولى على الزراعة، كزراعة التفاح الإجاص وعدة مزروعات أخرى.
يوجد في بقرصونا العديد من الموظفين في القطاع العام وأهمه قطاع التعليم لأكثر من 100معلم ومعلمة كما ويوجد العديد من موظفي الوزارات العامة ونخص بالذكر منهم مدير عام الطيران المدني في لبنان أما في بلاد الاغتراب فلا يوجد إحصاء دقيق لعدد المغتربين من أهالي بقرصونا ولكنهم يتوزعون على عدة دول وأهمها أستراليا حيث يوجد في مدينة سيدني أكبر تجمع لأهالي بقرصونا.

الموارد المائية
ينبع من بقرصونا نبع السكر.
ويقام حاليا سد بريصا في أعالي خراج بقرصونا وهذا السد المائي الضخم هو ثالث أكبر سد في لبنان بعد سد القرعون وسد شبروح ويتوقع أن يسد حاجة قضاء الضنية من مياه الري كافة. وأخيرا نذكر جرد مربين الذي يملكه أهالي بقرصونا وهو أراضي زراعية عزراء بكل معنى الكلمة ويزرع فيه جميع أنواع المزروعات الصيفية والقمح ويتميز جرد مربين بعدد الينابيع التي تتدفق فية مشكّلا منظراً خلابا ومرتعا لمحبي رياضة السير في الطبيعة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
قرى لبنان

بقرصونا


An Cyrtosperma cuspidispathum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Cornelis Rugier Willem Karel van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh. An Cyrtosperma cuspidispathum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtosperma, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtosperma

Cyrtosperma cuspidispathum


نظام ملفات التكنولوجيا الجديدة أو إن تي إف إس  هو نظام ملفات تم تطويره من قبل مايكروسوفت بدءًا من ويندوز إن تي 3.1، وهو نظام الملفات الافتراضي لعائلة ويندوز إن تي.

حسنت NTFS العديد من التقنيات على أنظمة الملفات التي حلت محلها -FAT وHPFS- مثل الدعم المحسن للبيانات الوصفية وهياكل البيانات المتقدمة لتحسين الأداء والموثوقية واستخدام مساحة القرص. الإضافات الإضافية هي نظام أمان أكثر تعقيدًا يعتمد على قوائم التحكم بالوصول وتصحيف نظام الملفات.

كما أن NTFS مدعوم في أنظمة تشغيل سطح المكتب والخوادم الأخرى أيضًا. لدى لينكس وتوزيعة بيركلي برنامج NTFS مجاني ومفتوح المصدر، يسمى NTFS-3G، مع كلًا من وظائف القراءة والكتابة. ويدعم ماك أو إس أيضًا NTFS ولكن للقراءة فقط، حيث أن خاصية الكتابة غير مستقرة، لذلك يتم تعطيل كتابة الملف افتراضيًا.

نبذة تاريخية

في منتصف الثمانينيات بدأت كل من شركة مايكروسوفت وشركة آي بي إم بالاشتراك في عمل مشروع الجيل التالي من نظام التشغيل ذو الواجهة الرسومية وكان هذا المشروع هو أو إس/2 (OS/2) ولكن الشركتين اختلفتا على العديد من القضايا وانفصلتا ولكن ظل مشروع أو إس/2 ملك آي بي إم وحولته مايكروسوفت إلى ويندوز إن تي.

نظام ملفات نظام التشغيل أو إس/2 هو نظام الملفات عالي الأداء إتش بي إف إس HPFS وهو نظام يحتوي على العديد من الميزات الجديدة وعندما قامت مايكروسوفت بإنشاء نظامها الجديد ويندوز إن تي اقتبست الكثير من هذه الميزات والمفاهيم لنظام ملفاتها إن تي إف إس، ، وبسبب هذا الاقتباس فإن أصل سلالة كل من النظامين واحدة ولهذا فنرى عند تقسيم القرص الصلب نفس الكود لنوع تحديد الهوية وهو (07) انظر نوع التجزئة. مطورو NTFS الأصليون هم توم ميلر وغاري كيمورا وبراين أندرو وديفيد جويبل.

إصداراته
شركة مايكروسوفت أطلقت خمسة إصدارات من نظام الملفات إن تي إف إس NTFS
 الإصدار الأول v1.0 تم إطلاقه مع ويندوز إن تي 3.1 سنة 1993.
 الإصدار الثاني v1.1 تم إطلاقه مع ويندوز إن تي 3.51 سنة 1995.
 الإصدار الثالث v1.2 تم إطلاقه مع ويندوز إن تي 4.0 سنة 1996 وتم تزويد  Security descriptor له، وهو مشهورة باسم NTFS4.0 وتم إطلاقه بعد إطلاق نظام التشغيل ويندوز إن تي 4.0.
 الإصدار الرابع v3.0 تم إطلاقه مع ويندوز 2000 وقد دعم حصص نسبية للقرص وتشفير نظام الملفات Encrypting File System وملفات ذات فراغات و NTFS reparse point وصحائف تحديث ذات أرقام تسلسلية وتم إضافة المجلد (Folder $Extend) وملفاته وإعادة تنظيم  حتى تستطيع العديد من الملفات التي تستخدم نفس إعدادات الأمان استخدام نفس واصف الأمان. وهو مشهور باسم NTSF5.0 وتم إصداره بعد ظهور ويندوز 2000.
 الإصدار الخامس v3.1 تم إطلاقه مع ويندوز إكس بي.

ميزات

الإصدار الثالث من NTFS يشتمل على العديد من الميزات الجديدة عن الإصدار السابق، فهو يدعم ملفات ذات فراغات وحصص نسبية للقرص (الكوتا) وإعادة التوزيع للنقاط، وتشفير الملفات بمستويات ويعرف بتشفير نظام الملفات وتتبع الارتباط الموزع

قابلية التوسع
في نظرية NTFS كان المفروض لحجم القسم أن يكون 264−1 كلستر، ولكن في الواقع العملي مثل ويندوز إكس بي الاحترافي يكون 232−1 بسبب محددات جدول التقسيم، فعلى سبيل المثال إذا استخدمنا 64 كيبي بايت لحجم الكلستر فسيكون أقصى حجم للقسم في ويندوز إكس بي هو 256 TiB - 64 KiB، واستخدام الحجم الافتراضي 4 KiB للكلستر فسيكون أقصى حجم للقسم هو 16 TiB ناقص 4 كيبي بايت، كلا الحالتين السابقتين أكبر بكثير من الحد الباقي في الحزمة الخدمية رقم واحد لويندوز إكس بي وهذا الحد هو 128 GiB، أقصى حد نظري يمكن أن يصل له NTFS هو 16 EB ().

أقصى حد يدعمه NTFS للكلستر هو 64 KiB.

مسجل نظم الملفات
نظام ملفات NTFS من نظم الملفات ذات الصحائف وتستخدم سجل ($LogFile) لتسجيل البيانات الوصفية للمتغيرات التي تحدث طوال الوقت على حجم القسم وهي وظيفة غاية في الأهمية ومن مميزات نظم الملفات الحديثة، هذه الميزة ليست متوفرة على نظام الملفات FAT.

الروابط المباشرة

تسمح هذه الميزة للإشارة بعدة أسماء إلى محتويات ملف واحد، الروابط المباشرة

تعدد البيانات المرتبطة والبديلة (ADS)

ضغط الملف
نظام ملفات NTFS يستخدم أسلوب الضغط للملفات والمجلدات بطريقة لوغارتمية LZNT1 حيث يتم تحويل 16 عنقود من البيانات والتي تسمى كلستر إلى 4 كيلوبايت كلستر، تم تصميم العملية الحسابية للضغط في نظام ملفات NTFS ليدعم 4 كيلوبايت كلستر فقط فإذا كان أكبر من ذلك فلا يدعمه نظام الملفات NTFS راجع ، إن تم الضغط بتقليل حجم البيانات من 64 كيلوبايت إلى 60 أو أقل كيلوبايت فإن نظام الملفات NTFS يعامل الـ 4 كيلوبايت الفارغة كأنها كلستر من الملفات الفارغة (لفهم ما هي الملفات الفارغة وكيف تتعامل معها نظم الملفات الحديثة أنظر فقرة الملفات المتناثرة أو شبه الفارغة التالية لهذه الفقرة)، الملفات الأكبر ضغط تصبح مجزأة بصورة أكبر ، بناء على أبحاث فريق مايكروسوفت المطور لنظام الملفات NTFS فإن من 50 إلى 60 جيجابايت كحد أقصى معقول للملف المضغوط على NTFS على أي قسم بقيمة افتراضية 4 كيلوبايت كلستر ( أو يسمى أحيانا بلوك Block)، لاحظ أن القيمة تقل بصورة واضحة في حالة ما إذا كان حجم الكلستر اقل من 4 كيلوبايت.

الذاكرة الوميضية أو الوسائط التخزينية الحديثة لا يوجد فيها تحرك للرؤوس المغناطيسية وتعتمد على تقنية مختلفة وبالتالي فلا توجد مشاكل التجزئة الموجودة على القرص الصلب ولا يوجد تأخير، الأجهزة الأحدث من الحاسبات الشخصية ذات المعالجات متعددة النواة بها تحسينات في سرعة التنفيذ للتطبيقات المضغوطة والبيانات بالإضافة لقلة المساحة المستخدمة. لاحظ أن الوسائط التخزينية المحمولة التي توجد بها تقنية متحكم ساند فورس Sandforce بها ضغط تلقائي وبما أنه هناك نقل للبيانات من خلال تلك الوسائط فيقل الدخل والخرج، أفضل استخدامات للضغط مع الملفات المتكررة والملفات النادر كتابتها والملفات التي يتم الوصول لها بالتعاقب والملفات التي لا تكون مضغوطة بطبيعتها ومن أفضل الأمثلة على هذه الاستخدامات ملفات السجلات.

ضغط الملفات المهمة لنظم الملفات والتي يحتاجها نظام التشغيل أثناء عملية الإقلاع تؤدي لمشاكل كثيرة ولهذا فهي ممنوعة في كل نظم الملفات الحديثة (أمثلة على تلك الملفات مثل الملفات الرابطة بين العتاد ونظام التشغيل وملف الإقلاع أن.تي.أل.دي.أر و winload.exe أو ملف الإقلاع لويندوز فيستا وما بعده BOOTMGR). الوصول إلى الملفات المضغوطة للقراءة والكتابة تكون شفافة مايكروسوفت توصي بتجنب عمل ضغط على السيرفر والمشاركة على الشبكة بمظهر الملفات الشخصية المتجولة لأنه يزيد من الحمل على المعالج.

الملفات المتناثرة (شبه الفارغة)

 الملفات المفرغة هي ملفات يوجد بها مناطق فارغة (أنظر الشكل على اليسار) حيث لا يوجد مساحة مستخدمة في المخزن لها، بالنسبة للتطبيق تبدو كأنها ملفات عادية بمناطق ترى مملوءة بأصفار.
تطبيقات قواعد البيانات ربما تستخدم الملفات المفرغة وهي كما في الملفات المضغوطة لا يتم أخذ مساحتها الواقعية عند استخدام الكوتا وحدودها بمعنى أنها لا توضع في الحسبان.

النسخ الطيفي للقسم
 خدمة النسخ الطيفي للقسم (VSS)، هذه الخدمة تستخدم لعمل نسخ تاريخية للملفات والمجلدات على القسم تتم هذه العملية بواسطة تقنية تسمى النسخ عند الكتابة (لاحظ أن تقنية النسخ الطيفي لا تأخذ مساحة كما يحدث في عملية النسخ الاحتياطي وتكون مساحتها صغيرة جدا بالنسبة للنسخ الاحتياطي وتستخدم في كثير من الطرق الحديثة وذات مجال واسع)، وتنصح مايكروسوفت في النظم التي عليها تحميل زائد بعدم وضع النسخ الطيفية على نفس القسم والأفضل وضعها على قرص آخر أو أي وسيط آخر، في نظام تشغيل ويندوز فيستا تم تقديم النسخ الطيفي المستمر للاستخدام مع نقط الاسترجاع والنُسخ السابقة ولاحظ أنه لا يفهم بواسطة أي نظام تشغيل ويندوز أقدم والسبب أنه لن يفهم أسلوب تهيئة النسخ الطيفي.

تبادلي

كما من ويندوز فيستا، يمكن للتطبيقات استخدام  (TxF)، لتجميع مجموعة تغيرات لملف في عملية تبادلية، وسيضمن هذا التفاعل ويؤكد حدوث تغيرات أم لا، ويضمن أن لا ترى التطبيقات التي خارج هذا التفاعل أي تغيرات حتى يتم حفظها.

الأمان

في نظام ملفات NTFS يكون كل ملف ومجلد معين معه ومرتبط به  يعرف مالك الملف أو المجلد، ويتكون من إثنين قائمة التحكم بالوصول، الأولى تسمى تحكم بالوصول تقديري، توضح بالضبط ما نوع التفاعل المسموح به أو الممنوع (على سبيل المثال قراءة، كتابة، تنفيذ، مسح) لمجموعة من المستخدمين، على سبيل المثال ملف في مجلد في المسار التالي (C:\Program Files) يمكن قراءته وتشغيله (تنفيذ) لكل المستخدمين ولكن يتم تعديله بواسطة من لديهم امتيازات إدارية فقط.

ويندوز فيستا أضاف  إلى تحكم بالوصول تقديري.

الثانية تسمى قائمة التحكم بالوصول للنظام (SACL).

التشفير

تشفير نظام الملفات في نظام ملفات NTFS يقدم تشفير قوي وشفاف على أي ملف أو مجلد، مكتبات هذا النظام التشفيري مع كريبتو أيه بي آي ميكروسوفت في وقت التنفيذ هي (FSRTL)، في هذا النظام التشفيري يتم التشفير بالمفتاح المتناظر للملف.

الحصص أو الكوتا

تم إدخالها في الإصدار الثالث NTFS وهي تسمح لمديري الحاسوب التي يعمل عليها إصدارات ويندوز بالتحكم في حجم القسم الذي يستخدمه كل مستخدم للحاسوب، كما تسمح للمدير بتتبع حجم القسم يستخدم لكل مستخدم، وتمنع كل مستخدم عن الزيادة عن الحجم المفروض.

إعادة توزيع النقاط
 يتم استخدام نقاط إعادة التوزيع NTFS المقدمة في NTFS v3 من خلال إقران علامة إعادة التوزيع في سمة مساحة المستخدم لملف أو دليل. تتضمن مايكروسوفت العديد من العلامات الافتراضية بما في ذلك الروابط الرمزية ونقاط ربط الدليل ونقاط تحميل وحدة التخزين. عندما يوزع مدير الكائنات بحثًا عن اسم نظام الملفات ويواجه سمة إعادة التوزيع، فإنه سيعيد تقسيم البحث عن الاسم، ويمرر بيانات إعادة التوزيع التي يتحكم فيها المستخدم إلى كل برنامج تشغيل لعامل تصفية نظام الملفات يتم تحميله في ويندوز. يقوم كل برنامج تشغيل عامل تصفية بفحص بيانات إعادة التوزيع لمعرفة ما إذا كانت مرتبطة بنقطة إعادة التوزيع هذه، وإذا حدد محرك المرشح تطابقًا، فإنه يعترض طلب نظام الملفات ويؤدي وظيفته الخاصة.

قدرة تغيير حجم

بدءا من ويندوز فيستا قامت مايكروسوفت بإضافة قدرة مبنية داخليا لتقليص أو توسيع التقسيم، ولكن هذه القدرات محدودة بسبب عدم القدرة على إعادة تحديد مكان جديد لأجزاء صفحة الملف) أو للملفات التي تم تعليمها على أنها غير قابلة للنقل، لهذا فإن التقليص لإعادة تحديد مكان جديد أو تعطيل التصحيف وبحث ويندوز وأي نسخ طيفي مستخدم بواسطة أي أداة مساعدة طرف ثالث لاستعادة نظام وتكون قادرة على تغيير حجم القسم.

شرح متعمق

داخليا، يستخدم نظام الملفات إن تي إف إس نظام بي + تري لعمل فهرسة لبيانات نظام الملفات هذا. يتم استخدام نظم الملفات ذات صحائف لضمان سلامة البيانات الوصفية لنظام الملفات وليس محتوى الملفات الفردية. من المعروف أن الأنظمة التي تستخدم إن تي إف إس تتمتع بموثوقية محسنة مقارنة بأنظمة ملفات FAT.

قطاع الإقلاع للقسم

جدول الملف الرئيسي
 في نظام ملفات إن تي إس إف، كل الملفات والمجلدات (الدلائل) والبيانات الوصفية للملفات metafile وأسماء الملفات وتاريخ إنشاءها وأذونات الوصول المستخدمة بواسطة قائمة التحكم بالوصول وحجم الملف كلها تكون مخزنة كبيانات وصفية في جدول الملف الرئيسي MFT.

ملفات وصفية
 إن تي إف إس NTFS يحتوي على العديد من الملفات التي تعرف وتنظم نظام الملفات، معظم هذه الملفات لها معمارية تشبه أي ملف عادي يستخدمه المستخدم، ولكن هذه الملفات ليست محل اهتمام المستخدم العادي، هذه الملفات تعرف الملفات على النظام وتحتفظ بنسخ احتياطية للبيانات الخطرة والمهمة لنظام الملفات وتحتوي على تغيرات النظام التي تحدث لحظة بلحظة، وتقوم بإدارة المساحات الفارغة وأماكنها.

حدود النظام

أسماء الملفات المحجوزة
على الرغم من أن النظام يسمح بتسمية الملفات حتى طول 32767 حرف للملف متضمناً طول المسار حتى 255 حرف، إلا أنه وباعتبار أن النظام يخزن بيانات وصفية (ميتاداتا) في ملفات نظامية، فإن هناك العديد من الكلمات لا يمكن استخدامها في تسمية الملفات مثل: $MFT, $MFTMirr, $LogFile, $Volume, $AttrDef, . (dot), $Bitmap, $Boot, $BadClus, $Secure, $Upcase, $Extend.

الحجم الأعظم
نظرياً إن حجم أن تي إف إس الأعظم هو 264-1 عنقود بيانات (كلستر) cluster . لكن في الواقع فإن الحجم الأعظم في نظام ويندوز إكس بي هو 232-1 قطاع ذاكرة.

حجم الملف الأعظم
نظرياً (264 - 210) بايت. في التطبيق الفعلي (244 - 216) بايت.

الطول الأعظم للمسار
الطول الأعظم لمسار الملفات هو 32767 حرفاً. والمسار النسبي محدد بطول 255 حرفاً.

مجال البيانات
يستخدم نظام إن تي إف إس نظام حساب وقت مشابه لنظام ويندوز إن تي بمجال بين 1 مايو 1601، حتى 28 مايو 60056 بدقة عشرة ملايين تكة في الثانية الواحدة.

انظر أيضًا
 نظام الملفات
 إكس تي
 إكس تي 2
 إكس تي 3
 إكس تي 4
 قائمة أنظمة الملفات
 مقارنة بين أنظمة الملفات

مراجع

أنظمة الملفات ويندوز
أنظمة ملفات الضغط
أوامر ويندوز
برمجيات 1993
مصطلحات حوسبة

إن تي إف إس


En mathématiques, les polynômes de Bessel sont une suite de polynômes orthogonaux. Il en existe plusieurs définitions, mais toutes liées. La définition la plus courante est celle donnée par la somme:

Une autre définition, préférée dans le traitement du signal, est parfois appelée polynômes de Bessel inverses  :

Les coefficients de la deuxième définition sont les mêmes que dans la première, mais l'ordre des monômes est inversé. On a ainsi, par exemple pour l'ordre 3 :

Cette deuxième famille est utilisée dans la conception des filtres de Bessel.

Propriétés

Définition en termes de fonctions de Bessel

Un polynôme de Bessel peut aussi être défini à partir des fonctions de Bessel, dont les polynômes tirent leur nom :

où  est une fonction de Bessel modifiée de deuxième espèce. Par exemple:

Définition en termes de fonctions hypergéométriques

Un polynôme de Bessel peut aussi être défini comme une fonction hypergéométrique confluente:

On retrouve une expression similaire pour les polynômes de Bessel généralités (cf. infra):

Les polynômes de Bessel inverses peuvent s'exprimer à partir des polynômes de Laguerre généralisés :

dont on tire une expression sous forme de fonction hypergéométrique :

avec  pour le symbole de Pochhammer.

L'inversion pour les monômes s'écrit

Fonction génératrice
Les polynômes de Bessel, avec un décalage d'indice, ont pour fonction génératrice

En dérivant selon  et en annulant , on obtient la fonction génératrice pour les polynômes

Une fonction génératrice similaire existe pour les :

En posant , on trouve l'expression de la fonction exponentielle :

Formules de récurrence
Une définition utilisée plus couramment pour le calcul des valeurs des polynômes de Bessel est la formule de récurrence :

et

Équation différentielle

Les polynômes de Bessel sont les solutions polynomiales de l'équation différentielle :

et

Orthogonalité

Les polynômes de Bessel sont orthogonaux pour le poids  sur le cercle unité du plan complexe : avec le symbole de Kronecker :

Généralisation

Forme explicite
Une généralisation des polynômes de Bessel ont été suggérés dans la littérature scientifique (Krall, Fink), comme suit :

ce qui donne une généralisation des polynômes inverses avec :

Les coefficients explicites des polynômes  sont:

Par conséquent, les polynômes  peuvent être explicitement écrits ainsi :

Avec la fonction poids

on retrouve l'orthogonalité :

avec C une courbe passant autour de l'origine.

On retrouve les polynômes de Bessel pour , et on obtient bien la fonction poids vue au-dessus .

Formule de Rodrigues pour les polynômes de Bessel
La formule de Rodrigues pour les polynômes de Bessel comme solutions particulières des équations différentielles donnent :

où  sont des coefficients de normalisation.

Polynômes de Bessel généralisés

Selon cette généralisation, on trouve l'équation différentielle généralisée pour les polynômes de Bessel généralisés :

avec . Les solutions sont :

Zéros
En désignant les zéros de  par , et ceux de  par , on a les estimations suivantes:

et

pour tout . De plus, tous ces zéros ont des parties réelles négatives.

Des résultats plus fins peuvent être donnés en utilisant des théorèmes plus puissants sur l'estimation des zéros de polynômes (comme le théorème parabolique de Saff et Varga, ou des techniques d'équations différentielles).
On a par exemple :

Valeurs particulières

Les six premiers polynômes de Bessel sont :

Aucun polynôme de Bessel ne peut être factorisé avec des coefficients strictement rationnels.

Les six premiers polynômes de Bessel inverses sont donc :

Applications
L'équation différentielle des polynômes de Bessel apparait dans l'étude de l'équation des ondes en coordonnées sphériques.

Articles connexes
 Fonction de Bessel
 Polynôme de Lommel
 Transformation de Hankel
 Série de Fourier généralisée

Références

 (vois les suites ,  et )

Liens externes

Polynômes orthogonaux
Fonction spéciale

Polynôme de Bessel


Miska Kangasniemi (* 6. Januar 1975 in Jyväskylä) ist ein ehemaliger finnischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Miska Kangasniemi begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in seiner Heimatstadt in der Nachwuchsabteilung von JYP Jyväskylä, für dessen Profimannschaft er von 1994 bis 1998 in der SM-liiga, der höchsten finnischen Spielklasse, aktiv war. Daraufhin wurde der Verteidiger von Tappara Tampere verpflichtet. Mit der Mannschaft wurde er in den Spielzeiten 2000/01 und 2001/02 jeweils Vizemeister, ehe er in der Saison 2002/03 im dritten Anlauf mit Tappara den finnischen Meistertitel gewann. Zur Saison 2004/05 wechselte er zu den Malmö Redhawks aus der schwedischen Elitserien. Am Saisonende musste er mit seiner Mannschaft den Abstieg in die zweitklassige HockeyAllsvenskan hinnehmen, in der er mit Malmö in der folgenden Spielzeit den direkten Wiederaufstieg erreichte. Er selbst kehrte jedoch zu seinem Heimatverein JYP Jyväskylä zurück, für den er von 2006 bis 2008 in der SM-liiga auf dem Eis stand. Im Anschluss an die Saison 2008/09, die er erneut bei Tappara Tampere verbrachte, beendete er seine Karriere im Alter von 34 Jahren.

International
Für Finnland nahm Kangasniemi an der U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft 1995 teil. Im Seniorenbereich stand er 2003 im Aufgebot seines Landes bei der Euro Hockey Tour.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2003 Finnischer Meister mit Tappara Tampere
 2006 Aufstieg in die Elitserien mit den Malmö Redhawks

Statistik

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Finnland)
Eishockeyspieler (JYP Jyväskylä)
Eishockeyspieler (Tappara)
Eishockeyspieler (Malmö Redhawks)
Finnischer Meister (Eishockey)
Finne
Geboren 1975
Mann

Miska Kangasniemi


EBV proteína latente de la membrana 1 (LMP-1) es una proteína viral asociada con el virus de Epstein-Barr.

LMP-1 es un lapso de seis  proteínas transmembranales que es también esencial para la transformación del crecimiento mediado por VEB. LMP-1 media la señalización a través del factor de necrosis tumoral-alfa/CD40 vía.

Se encuentra a menudo en las células Reed-Sternberg.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Proteína viral

Proteína latente de la membrana 1 del virus Epstein–Barr


NGC 331 este o galaxie spirală barată situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în anul 1886 de către Francis Leavenworth.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 330
 NGC 332

Legături externe
 NGC 331 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 331 pe WikiSky

Galaxii spirale barate
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1886
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Francis Leavenworth

NGC 331


Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu (BDDK), Türkiye'de tasarruf sahiplerinin hak ve menfaatlerini korumak, bankalar ve özel finans kurumlarının piyasa disiplini içerisinde sağlıklı, etkin ve dünya ölçeğinde rekabet edebilir bir yapıda işleyişi için uygun ortamı yaratmak bu sayede ülkenin uzun vadeli büyümesine ve istikrarına katkıda bulunmak amacıyla kurulmuş bir devlet kurumu.

Tarihçe
Kurum, finansal piyasalardaki denetim ve gözetim sisteminin etkinliğinin arttırılması ve bağımsız karar mekanizmalarına kavuşturulması yönündeki politikalar uyarınca, 23.06.1999 tarihli ve 23734 sayılı Resmi Gazete'de yayımlanan mülga 4389 sayılı Bankalar Kanunu ile kamu tüzel kişiliğini haiz, idari ve mali özerkliğe sahip bir otorite olarak kurulmuş, 01.11.2005 tarihli ve 25983 sayılı mükerrer Resmi Gazete'de yayımlanan 5411 sayılı Bankacılık Kanunu ile de bağımsızlık, etkinlik ve kapasite açısından güçlendirilmiştir.

İdari yapılanma ve bağımsızlık
Kurum, Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurulu ile Başkanlıktan oluşur.

Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurulu
Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurulu, Kurumun karar organıdır. Kurul; biri başkan, biri ikinci başkan olmak üzere yedi üyeden oluşur. Kurul Başkanı Kurumun da başkanıdır. Başkan ve üyeler Cumhurbaşkanınca atanır. Cumhurbaşkanı üyelerden birini ikinci başkan olarak görevlendirir.

Bağımsızlık
BDDK, 5411 sayılı Bankacılık Kanunuyla ve mevzuatla kendisine verilen düzenleme ve denetlemeyle ilgili görev ve yetkileri kendi sorumluluğu altında bağımsız olarak yerine getirir ve kullanır. Kurumun kararları yerindelik denetimine tâbi tutulamaz. Hiçbir organ, makam, merci veya kişi BDDK kararlarını etkilemek amacıyla emir ve talimat veremez.

Bağlı birimler

Ana Hizmet Birimleri
 Bilgi Sistemleri Uyum Daire Başkanlığı
 Denetim Daire Başkanlıkları (4 adet)
 Düzenleme Daire Başkanlığı
 Ekonomik Değerlendirmeler Daire Başkanlığı
 Finansal Tüketici İlişkileri Daire Başkanlığı
 Kurumsal İletişim ve Dış İlişkiler Daire Başkanlığı
 Risk Yönetimi Daire Başkanlığı
 Strateji Geliştirme Daire Başkanlığı
 Uygulama Daire Başkanlıkları (5 adet)
 Veri ve Sistem Yönetimi Daire Başkanlığı

Danışma Hizmet Birimi
 Hukuk İşleri Daire Başkanlığı

Yardımcı Hizmet Birimi
 Destek Hizmetleri Daire Başkanlığı

Başkanlar

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'de bankacılık
 Türkiye'deki bankalar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 BDDK Resmî İnternet Sitesi


Onthophagus patinatus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Marcus em 1917.

Referências

Ligações externas

patinatus
Coleópteros descritos em 1917

Onthophagus patinatus


An Elleanthus dussii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. An Elleanthus dussii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elleanthus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elleanthus

Elleanthus dussii


XAU may refer to:

 The ISO 4217 currency code for one troy ounce of gold
 A symbol for the Philadelphia Gold and Silver Index, an index of precious metal mining company stocks that are traded on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange
 An authentication protocol library for X Window System
 A Portuguese slang word, also written as Tchau or simply Chau, from the Italian word Ciao, meaning goodbye/bye

XAU