Punahou School (known as Oahu College until 1934) is a private, co-educational, college preparatory school in Honolulu, Hawaii. More than 3,700 students attend the school from kindergarten through 12th grade. Protestant missionaries established Punahou in 1841.

In 2006, it was ranked the greenest school in America.  In 2017, Punahou's sports program was ranked second nationally in the MaxPreps Cup standings.

Punahou's student body is diverse, with student selection based on both academic and non-academic considerations.

History
In 1795, King Kamehameha I overtook the land known as Ka Punahou in battle. Along with Ka Punahou, he gave a total of  of land (from the slope of Round Top to the current Central Union Church, which included a  tract of Kewalo Basin) to chief Kameeiamoku as a reward for his loyalty. After Kameeiamoku died, the land passed to his son, Ulumāheihei Hoapili, who lived there for 20 more years. When Hoapili left to become governor of Maui, he gave the land to his daughter, Kuini Liliha.

Liliha and her husband, Oahu Governor Boki, gave Ka Punahou to Reverend Hiram Bingham, one of the first Protestant missionaries in Hawaii. Queen Kaahumanu was a strong supporter of the mission and built a house for herself near Bingham. A portion of the stone wall she had built to protect the compound from roaming cattle has been preserved.

Punahou School was originally a school for the children of missionaries serving throughout the Pacific region. It was the first school west of the Rocky Mountains and east of Asia with classes in English only. The first class was held on July 11, 1842, and had 15 students. Daniel Dole was Punahou's first principal.

Punahou has educated members of the Hawaiian royal family, but is not to be confused with the Royal School. It was known as Oahu College from 1853 to 1934.

During World War II, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers commandeered much of the Punahou campus. Castle Hall, formerly the girls' dormitory when Punahou had boarding students, was used as a command center, buildings were connected with tunnels, athletic fields were used as parking lots, and the library was cleared to become sleeping quarters and an officer's mess. The cereus hedge on the campus lava rock wall was topped with barbed wire. Punahou students volunteered in hospitals and raised enough in war bonds to purchase two bombers and a fighter (among other airplanes), which were named after alumni who had fallen in service.

In the 1970s, Punahou's upper field and gymnasium were used for the Superstars nationally televised athletic competitions.

On August 7, 1972, the campus was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Oahu.

Traditions

Many traditional events take place on campus. On the first Friday and Saturday of each February, the junior class hosts the Punahou Carnival. Proceeds from the carnival contribute to the Financial Aid program. The event is an entertainment highlight each year in Honolulu.

The Holoku Pageant is an annual celebration of the Hawaiian culture and arts. Students perform Hawaiian dances in traditional costumes, from the lovely hula to the intimidating ha'a.

The annual Sustainability Fair began in 2007 and included on-campus conservation challenges and off-campus coastline preservation. On Rice Field, classes set up canopies to showcase sustainable undertakings and projects, often including local produce sales and informational handouts.

To celebrate the school's homecoming, students, faculty, and teachers surround a 20-foot letter P, and ignite it at dusk. This event, the "Flaming P", is preceded by a spirit week, where students dress and parade creatively.

Seniors write and perform a Variety Show. This play involves most of the class, over 300 students. Seniors also have prom at the Sheraton Waikiki Hotel, Skip Day at the Kikila Estate and Pounders Beach, and senior lunch. With each student attired in either a blue blazer or a formal white Hawaiian dress, senior year ends with baccalaureate ceremonies at Central Union Church, and commencement at Stan Sheriff Center (since 2018).

Graduates who started Punahou in kindergarten are members of the Thirteen Plus Club.

In June, the school hosts an Alumni Luau on campus that the newly graduated class can enjoy with other alumni. The annual luau also functions as a major fundraising event for the school.

Throughout most of the school's history, elementary schoolchildren have been allowed to attend in bare feet. Aloha shirts were once restricted to Fridays, but dress codes were relaxed considerably during the 1970s.

G-Term is an effort for students to explore extracurricular opportunities over the week after students return from winter break. Students can choose from on- and off-island classes.

Location

All schools in Honolulu city (public and private) have an urban residential location. Nearby buildings include apartment buildings, private houses, a retirement home, a Catholic school (Maryknoll School), several small churches, and two hospitals.

Punahou shares the entrance to Manoa Valley with the University of Hawaii main campus and a few other schools such as Mid-Pacific Institute.

Punahou students are a few minutes away from the trail to Manoa Falls, the beaches at Ala Moana and Waikiki, downtown Honolulu, Lyon Arboretum, and the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific.

Punahou's location provides many opportunities for off-campus learning: field trip destinations for middle school students have included the Bishop Museum, Waikiki Aquarium, Waikiki Shell, Waikiki Natatorium War Memorial, Kawaiahaʻo Church, Sea Life Park, USS Arizona Memorial, Valley of the Temples Memorial Park, Fort Ruger at Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu Zoo, Iolani Palace, Hawaii State Capitol, and the beaches on Oahu's North Shore. Clubs and classes often organize trips to neighboring islands, especially to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and the Kohala Coast on the Big Island.

The school in recent years

Tuition was $30,480 for the 2023–24 school year, not including student activity fees.  Locals have long regarded Punahou as an expensive school, but its tuition is less than that of Harvard Westlake School or Sidwell Friends School, both of which charge over $35,000.

Tuition does not cover the entire cost of educating a student, and the school's endowment makes up the difference. Punahou reported its endowment at $239 million in 2014. Although these figures are high among mainland U.S. private schools, Honolulu's Iolani School has a comparable endowment (twice the endowment per pupil), and Kamehameha Schools has a $5 to $9 billion endowment (30 times the endowment per pupil) with a larger physical plant. Maui has Seabury Hall, which has twice the endowment per pupil.

In the class of 2015, three graduates went to Harvard, three to Princeton, and two to Yale, with 22 total at Ivy League schools. Seven attended Swarthmore, Wellesley, Amherst, Tufts, or Vassar. Four attended Stanford, two Berkeley, four Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 16 Boston University, and 12 New York University, with 23 total at University Athletic Association schools. Students in that class also chose Texas Christian, Notre Dame, Vanderbilt, Villanova, Rensselaer Polytecnic, Rochester Institute of Technology, Michigan, Northeastern, Boston College, Olin Engineering, Norwich Military College, NYU Shanghai, Erasmus/Rotterdam, Yonsei/S. Korea, Waseda/Japan, and Edinburgh/UK. Six decided to train at a US military academy. Schools throughout California, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and Nevada are also popular among graduates, and many students choose to attend local schools like the University of Hawaii and Chaminade.

The class of 2012 had 30 of Hawaii's 70 National Merit Semifinalists. The class of 2013 had 20 semifinalists, and five of the state's ten National Merit Scholars.

Punahou's 33 Presidential Scholars were graduates of the classes of '64, '66, '70, '71, '75, '78 (two), '79, '82, '84 (two members), '85, '86 (two), '91, '92 (two), '93, '95, '96, '98, '01, '02, '04 (three), '05, '06, '08, '11, '16 (two), '17, and '21.

In 2006, it was ranked the greenest school in America. In 2017, Punahou's sports program was ranked second nationally in the MaxPreps Cup standings.

Punahou's student body is diverse, with student selection based on both academic and non-academic considerations. The school is a founding member of the Mastery Transcript Consortium, and uses a competency-based learning framework in some courses.

A recent study of the class of 1979 showed that 15 had a PhD, 22 had an MD, 39 had a JD, 18 had the MBA, 10 had the DDS, DMD, DVM, or ND (about one quarter of the class reaching terminal degrees). 4 were officers in the US armed services. 12 had degrees from Harvard, Yale, or Princeton, 14 from Stanford, 17 from UC Berkeley, and 26 total from Ivy League schools.

Facilities

About 5,000 faculty, students, and staff work in 44 buildings on 76 acres. The Robert Thurston Memorial Chapel on campus was building designed and built in 1966 by architect Vladimir Ossipoff and feature textile screens made by local artist Ruthadell Anderson. The school is built over a natural spring.  Thurston Chapel's wall meets at a pond formed by the spring and features a low hung stained glass.

Case Middle School

Before plans were made for a new middle school complex, America Online founder and alumnus Steve Case ('76) donated $10 million. This led to construction of a new middle school for grades six through eight, Case Middle School, named for Case's parents. The project earned a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold certification and a Project of the Year award in Hawaiian Electric Company's Energy Efficiency Awards.

Sensors shut off air conditioners if windows are opened to let in the breeze; the buildings are designed to make full use of the tradewinds, with the help of the Venturi effect. There are also sensors in place that turn the lights on or off depending on whether motion is detected, and dim the lights on sunny days and brighten them on cloudy ones. Air conditioning is provided by three ice-making plants, one for each grade level's section. The units freeze and accumulate ice at night when electricity is cheaper, and allow the ice to melt during the day to cool the air.

Case Middle School consists of nine buildings with a total cost of roughly $50 million, made possible solely through donations.

Omidyar K-1 Neighborhood
In late 2010 a new five-building indoor/outdoor section of campus opened for Punahou's youngest students. It was constructed and operated with sustainable living as a principal goal, and the curriculum has a focus on sustainability. With solar energy, efficient landscaping, rain catchment and ecofriendly materials, the complex received a platinum rating from the U.S. Green Building Council.

Teachers are encouraged to personalize their classroom spaces, and each of the 12 rooms has its own outdoor area that is one-third the size of the interior space to which it is attached.

The total cost was $26 million. Individual buildings are named the Mountain House, Forest House, and City House, and historic Wilcox Hall retains its traditional name. Board of Trustees member and eBay founder Pierre Omidyar ('84) donated $6 million to the project.

Athletics
Punahou's athletics program is the most successful in Hawaii. It has won more state championships than any other high school in the nation. In 2008 and in 2009, Sports Illustrated ranked Punahou's sports program the best in the country.

Punahou football plays the second half of its season at the Aloha Stadium (where the Pro Bowl and Aloha Bowl were played). In fall 2014, the varsity football team ranked as high as 15th in the nation.

Athletic facilities include the Olympic-size Waterhouse Pool, a football field, a baseball diamond, two softball diamonds, and an eight-lane track. The school also has a fieldhouse for competitive athletics, an open-air weightlifting facility, a gymnasium for physical education and intramural sports, and a tennis center with eight hard surface courts.  Rocky Hill has been used as a live firing range for JROTC and competitive target sports. Air riflery uses an indoor firing range.

Students need two athletic credits to graduate, which is a total of four semesters. They can earn these credits through P.E. and ILH sports.

Students compete in 22 sports, including air riflery, baseball, basketball, bowling, canoe paddling, cross country, cheerleading, football, golf, gymnastics, judo, kayaking, riflery, sailing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, water polo, and wrestling. Punahou has approximately 120 sports teams. The school is a member of the Interscholastic League of Honolulu.

Punahou teams earned 20 championships in 2009–10, out of about 30 varsity I teams fielded.

State championships

Other programs and honors

Punahou requires all students (K-12) to attend chapel once a week, where each homeroom is assigned its own seating and attendance is taken. In addition, students attend a mandatory weekly assembly to listen to announcements or watch student performances.

Academy students have required coursework in Asian History, followed by US History and European History. Punahou also offers French, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Latin, and Hawaiian as languages starting in middle school.

Students have access to a jewelry studio, a pottery studio, glass-blowing facilities, technology departments, a  dance pavilion, and a dedicated music building. The campus has spaces for school-wide initiatives, e.g., for public service and international studies.

The high school yearbook, The Oahuan, has won awards from the American Scholastic Press Association. Na Opio is the yearbook for K-8. Ka Wai Ola is the school's long-running student literary publication. Ka Punahou is the student newspaper, and Punahou Bulletin is the alumni magazine.

Punahou has a strong history of academic competition with its math, debate, and academic bowl teams, and at times has had organizations for computing, chess, and gaming. Punahou's JROTC program was once known for its award-winning close order drill team with multi-person aerials using M1 Garand rifles.

Enrichment activities have included cultural clubs, dance and theater, funding and service committees, outdoor, environmental, and hiking clubs, pep clubs, and clubs based on sports such as martial arts and synchronized swimming. There are men's, women's and mixed choruses, a concert orchestra, and various band groups. Hui Le'a Nani ("heavenly singers") is the elite choral group.

Academy Clubs include (*=probationary): Academic Team,* Anime & Manga, Asante Ambassadors,* Astronomy Club, Book Club, Chess Club, Chinese Club, Civil Engineering Club,* Club Hospital Helpers,* Cycling Club, Design Thinking,* Easter Seals Club, Environmental Surf Club, European Culture Club,* Fellowship for Christian Athletes, Filipino Club, Film Club, Film Makers Club,* Free Movement Club,* Friends Granting Wishes,* Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA), Glass Club, Global Grindz Club,* Go Club, Hale Hawaii, Happy Club,* Hawaii Humane Society Club,* Hinano Hiking Club, Historical Film Club,* Hui O Aloha, IMAGEnation,* Impact and Inspire Club,* INK, Japanese Okinawan Club, Key Club, Korean Club, Lacrosse Club, Lemon Club,* Let's Do Stuff While Making Friends and Getting Exercise (LDSWMFGE), Math Team, Medical Science Club, Military History Club, Mock Trial, Mud Club, Music Club, Nature Nuts,* Neuro Club,* Nihonjin Club, Operation Smile,* Pa'i'ai Club, Pilates,* Polynesian Club, Punahou App Development Club,* Punahou Bible Study, Punahou Interact Club, Punahou Young Life Club, Punavision, Ranger Club, Robotics, Russian Club, Screen Printing Club,* Service-Learning Club, Social E,* Speech & Debate Team, Spoken Word and Poetry Club, Tea Society, TEDx, and Ultimate Frisbee Club.

The Punahou marching band travels periodically, and participated in the 2013 Presidential Inauguration, the 2012 London New Year's Day Parade, the 2009 Presidential Inauguration, the 2007 New Year's Day Rose Parade, and the 2015 Rose Parade. In 2013, 54 members of the school symphony played four concerts in China.

115801 Punahou is a minor planet named in the school's honor.

Sexual assault allegations and litigation
In April 2020, several former Punahou girls' basketball players filed a lawsuit over alleged abuse committed by their former coach Dwayne Yuen. Days later, the school disclosed additional sexual assault allegations dating back to the 1970s involving a former faculty member and baseball coach.

In January 2021, the school terminated the employment of a high school teacher based on allegations of sexual misconduct involving a former student. The teacher had been suspended from teaching and banned from campus since late November 2020 pending an internal investigation, which he did not cooperate with. The investigation found that the allegations were credible.

Notable students and faculty

 (Numerical claims are substantiated in the main article on alumni.  * indicates the class year of an attendee who did not graduate with the class.)

In public leadership

Punahou has produced many leaders in the government of Hawaii. Barack Obama ('79) was the 44th President of the United States. He attended Punahou from 5th grade until graduation.

Sanford Dole (1864) was President of the brief Republic of Hawaii, then Governor of Hawaii. Walter Frear (1881) and Lawrence M. Judd (1905) were also Governors.

Democratic Lt. Governor Brian Schatz ('90) was appointed U.S. Senator to complete Daniel Inouye's final term. Republican U.S. Senator Connecticut Hiram Bingham III (1892) was also elected governor of Connecticut. Otis Pike ('39*), Democratic Congressman from New York, chaired the Pike Committee investigating Richard Nixon. Republican Charles Djou ('88) recently finished Neil Abercrombie's term as Congressman from Hawaii. At least three other Punahou graduates have represented Hawaii in the U.S. House.

President Dwight Eisenhower appointed Judge Elbert Tuttle (1914) to lead the federal court that desegregated the South (the Fifth Circuit Four). HEW Secretary John W. Gardner ('29*) was President Lyndon Johnson's architect of the Great Society. Tuttle and Gardner were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Sun Yat-Sen, the Founding Father of the Republic of China (esteemed by Taiwan as well as pre- and post-communist mainland China), attended Punahou (Oahu College) for a semester of study after graduating from Iolani School.

Pierre Omidyar, billionaire founder of ebay, founded The Intercept and other public-affairs websites.

In athletics

Alexander Cartwright III (1869) and his classmates were some of the earliest players of baseball (Alexander Cartwright, Jr., the official inventor of the game, spent the end of his life in Honolulu). The school claims at least one former pitcher and a former first baseman in major league baseball, and nine minor-leaguers. All-American Glenn Goya ('73) was an NCAA batting title winner.

Five-time women's golf LPGA event winner Michelle Wie graduated in 2007. Professional Golfers Association event winner Parker McLachlin graduated in 1997. Five-time Association of Tennis Professionals doubles winner Jim Osborne graduated in 1965. At least three alumni have been surfing world champions, including the five-time women's world tour winner Carissa Moore ('10).

DeForest Buckner ('12) was a 2016 first-round draft pick by the San Francisco 49ers and Pro-Bowl selection; his classmate Ka'imi Fairbairn ('12) is the Houston Texans' placekicker. Linebacker Manti Te'o ('09) was a 2012 Heisman Trophy finalist.

Punahou has also produced seven NFL linemen and four running backs, including Mark Tuinei ('78), who played 195 games over 15 years (team record) for the Dallas Cowboys, winning three Super Bowls and playing in two Pro Bowls. Ray Schoenke ('59*) played 145 games for the Cowboys and Redskins over twelve years. Charley Ane ('49) was a Pro Bowler and twice-NFL champion team captain, whose son, Kale Ane ('71), is the current Punahou football coach, after a career in the NFL. The elder Ane's brothers, Herman Clark ('48) and Jim Clark ('48), also played professionally. The four combined for a total of 260 NFL games over 20 seasons for the Packers, Chiefs, Lions, Redskins, and Bears. Pro Bowler and Super Bowler Mosi Tatupu ('74) played 199 games and redefined the importance of special teams.

Punahou's high school All-Americans have played football for Stanford, Michigan State (twice), Santa Clara, and Notre Dame (twice); All-American college football players have played at Harvard (twice), Navy, Stanford, Northwestern, Notre Dame, and Oregon.

Punahou has a tradition of sending athletes to the Olympic Games, with alumni contributing five gold, seven silver, and two bronze medals, competing in many of the modern games ('20, '24, '28, '32, '52, '68, '72, '76, '84, '88, '92, '96, '00, '04, '08, '12, '16, '21), and on every U.S. team since 1968 (Moscow '80 would have been the second of four Olympics for Henry Marsh ('72) if not for the U.S. boycott). Warren Kealoha ('25*) was the youngest gold medalist in swimming when he won the first of two gold medals.  Taylor Crabb and Carissa Moore competed in 2021, with Moore winning gold in the first Olympic surfing competition.

Punahou teachers and trustees have also won medals at the Olympic Games (see Punahou School alumni).

In academia

John W. Gardner taught at Stanford and Hiram Bingham III at Harvard, Princeton and Yale. Barack Obama lectured on Constitutional Law at the University of Chicago.

Punahou alumni include endowed professors at Berkeley, Stanford, UCLA, Duke, Illinois, Notre Dame, Purdue, and Boston University, and research professors of medicine at UCSF, UCLA, UCSD, USC, Stanford, Harvard, Columbia, Duke, Indiana, Texas, Maryland, Pitt, Walter Reed, and Baylor. John Lie ('78) wrote six books on Asian cultures, Patrick Vinton Kirch ('68) wrote nine books on Polynesian cultures, and Fred Hoxie ('65) wrote 20 books on Native American peoples.  Jesuit Father Robert Spitzer, SJ ('70) was the president of Gonzaga University. General George Forsythe ('66*), formerly the academic vice dean at West Point, is the president of Westminster College (Missouri). Marie Mookini ('74) was an admissions officer for Stanford University. William Richards Castle, Jr. (1896) was a Harvard Overseer. Elizabeth Bennett Johns ('55) has been a Guggenheim Fellow. Mount Rex is named for atmospheric science pioneer Lt. Cdr. Dan Rex ('33*).

William Ouchi ('61) wrote a book on Japanese business that is one of the top-100 most widely held books in U.S. libraries. Other prominent works by alumni (over 1000 citations for a single work, at scholar.google.com) are on leadership (Gardner '29*), plasma deformation (Killeen '42*), stability of silicates (Holdaway '54*), bird evolution (Steadman, '54), neuralgia vaccine (Gershon '56), coronary disease (3x, Labarthe '57), communicative acts (2x, Harnish '59*), dynamic choice (3x, Porteus '60), markets and bureaucracies (5x, Ouchi '61), floating point computation (Walther, '62), heart physiology (3x, Lederer '65), assay methods (Bennett, '66), marital conflict (4x, Cummings '68), gender equality (Roos '68), immunology (Umetsu '69), intraoperative melanoma (Wong '71), equal employment law (Krieger '72), bacteria viability (Oliver, '73), AIDS vaccination (2x, Michael '75), autophagy assays (Terada '75), virus expression (3x, R. Chung '78), stem cells (2x, Mankani '79), immunotherapy (Yuen '79), tumor pathogenesis (2x, D. Chung '80), legal construction of race (Haney-Lopez '82), nation building (Latham '86), and criminal records (Pager '89).

Samuel C. Armstrong (1859) and Elbert Tuttle were awarded Honorary Degrees from Harvard.  Armstrong founded a normal school (which later became Hampton University) to educate African-Americans and later Native Americans. He was also the founder of the Hampton University Museum, the country's oldest African-American museum and Virginia's oldest museum.

Punahou has a connection to Mills College through Punahou's former president, Cyrus Mills, who helped found Mills with his wife, Punahou teacher Susan Tolman Mills. Queenie B. Mills was a Kindergarten director who helped design the Head Start program.

In the arts

IMDb.com lists over 100 credits for Carrie Ann Inaba ('86) (In Living Color, Austin Powers in Goldmember, Dancing with the Stars) and 150 for Kelly Preston ('80) (Jerry Maguire, For Love of the Game, Only You, Twins). Sarah Wayne Callies ('95), has starred in Prison Break, Colony, and The Walking Dead.

Al Harrington ('54) starred in the original Hawaii Five-O and had a recurring character in the revived series.

Joan Blondell ('25*) has a Hollywood Walk of Fame star after 52 years in films and was a nominee for best supporting actress in 1951. Buster Crabbe ('27), who had won a gold medal in the 1932 Olympics, portrayed Tarzan, Flash Gordon, and Buck Rogers in film. Gerry Lopez ('66) is well known for surfing, but is also known as Subotai in Conan the Barbarian. Teri Ann Linn ('79) provided the beauty in The Bold and the Beautiful for over eight years. Scott Coffey ('81) appeared in Ferris Bueller's Day Off and was in two films with Naomi Watts (Tank Girl, Mulholland Drive) before writing and directing her indie bio pic, Ellie Parker. Amanda Schull ('96) had the lead role as an aspiring ballerina in Center Stage and featured in Suits.  Three alumni danced for the early Martha Graham. Leilani Jones ('75) won a Tony Award on Broadway and was on the original casts of Grind and Little Shop of Horrors. Ann Harada ('81) starred on Broadway in Avenue Q and Cinderella, and on TV in Smash.

Drew Matich '(82) has produced TV shows such as Fairly Legal, In Plain Sight, Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, Beautiful People, Joan of Arcadia, and Dawson's Creek. Rod Lurie ('80) has directed and produced a dozen films (Straw Dogs, The Contender) and two major TV series (Line of Fire, Commander in Chief). Kevin McCollum ('80*) directs a Broadway production company that claims 18 Tony Award-winning plays, and a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, three awarded personally (In the Heights, Avenue Q, Rent). Allan Burns ('53) was a 6-time Emmy Award-winning writer and creator, known for such shows as The Munsters, Get Smart, Mary Tyler Moore Show, and Rocky and Bullwinkle. Ken Peterson ('26) animated Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, One Hundred and One Dalmatians, and Sleeping Beauty. John Kneubuhl ('38), a Samoan royal, was a writer on Wild, Wild, West, Star Trek, Hawaii Five-O, Gunsmoke, Mannix, and 40 other shows. Bruce Broughton ('62) is a film composer (Silverado, Tombstone, The Rescuers Down Under) and a 10-time Emmy-winner for TV themes (JAG, Tiny Toon Adventures). Iris Yamashita ('83*) was nominated for best original screenplay with Letters from Iwo Jima. Scott Moore ('85) co-wrote The Hangover, for which he received a BAFTA Best Original Screenplay nomination, and Bad Moms, which he also co-directed.

Kaui Hart Hemmings ('94) was author of The Descendants.

The Kingston Trio had two Punahou alumni as founders, Dave Guard ('52*) and Bob Shane ('52), producing five #1 albums on Billboard's charts, ten top-40 hits, and a #1 Grammy-winning single. The group won a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Robin Luke ('59) was a Rockabilly Hall of Fame act. Hawaiian slack-key guitar is represented by the popular music of Henry Kapono Kaaihue ('67) of Cecilio & Kapono. Melody Ishikawa ('00) had three top-ten albums in Japan, Tané McClure ('77*) did much of the Terminator soundtrack, and Teri Ann Linn's ('79) debut CD went gold on the European charts.

Kirby Wright ('73) authored Punahou Blues.

In the military

General Samuel C. Armstrong led a rifle company that repelled parts of Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg, and led U.S. Colored Troops.

Captain Francis Wai ('35) was awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor, Killed in Action in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

Admiral Thomas G. W. Settle ('14*) received the Navy Cross in World War II.  General Donald Prentice Booth ('22*) received the Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army) in World War II and the Cold War. General Ned Moore ('24) received the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) in the Korean War.  General Sidney Wooten ('24*) received the DSC in World War II and, with classmates Ned Moore and General Walter K. Wilson, Jr. ('24), the DSM during the Cold War.  General Philip Lindeman ('26) received the DSC in World War II and DSM in the Vietnam War.  General Tom Stayton ('26) received the DSM posthumously in Vietnam.  General Walter Jensen ('27) earned the DSM during the Vietnam War. Admiral Gordon Chung-Hoon ('29*) received the Navy Cross in World War II.  General Kelley Lemmon Jr. ('31*) and General Stanley Larsen ('33) received the DSC in World War II and DSM in Vietnam.  Admiral Chester Nimitz, Jr. ('32*) received the Navy Cross in World War II.

Post World War II, William Robertson Desobry ('36) received the DSM in Vietnam, and General Ross T. Dwyer ('37) received the DSM (Navy) in Peacetime. General George Cantlay ('38) received the DSM in Vietnam and a Peacetime DSM (Defense). General George Patton IV ('42*) received the DSC in the Vietnam War and a Peacetime DSM. Admiral Kleber Masterson, Jr. ('50*) received a DSM (Navy) in Vietnam.

Many of the students were children of high level commanders stationed in the Pacific, such as Chester Nimitz, Jr. and George Patton IV. Admiral Grant Sharp '(56) and Admiral Stephen Clarey ('58) had fathers who would become Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet. General Stephen Fuqua, Jr.'s ('28*) father was Chief of Infantry and Colonel Wallace Greene III's ('50) father was Commandant of the Marine Corps.

The school can claim at least fifteen Brigadier Generals, eleven Major Generals, six Lieutenant Generals, thirteen Rear Admirals, and three Vice Admirals. Stanley Larsen was the first commander of the Field Force, Vietnam and commander of the Sixth United States Army. Ross Dwyer was commander of the 1st Marine Division and George Cantlay was commander of the 2nd Armored Division. Donald Booth was commander of the Fourth United States Army. Kleber Masterson, Jr. commanded the United States Second Fleet. Admiral Thomas H. Copeman III ('77) was Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific and Commander, Naval Surface Forces Atlantic.

Colonel Farrant Turner ('13), Major Alex McKenzie ('29), and Major John Johnson ('31) commanded the Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion, a.k.a. the "Purple Heart Battalion." Johnson was Killed in Action at the Battle of Monte Cassino. The destroyer  is named after Punahou football star, Gordon Chung-Hoon, who was assigned to the .

Lt. Michael T. McCormick (1964) was shot down in Vietnam War in 1973, recovered in 2002, and now rests in Arlington National Cemetery.

West Point graduates Generals Albert Lyman (1906*) and Charles Lyman (1908) were the first ethnic Hawaiians to attain that rank.  General C. B. Stewart ('30) was a Ph.D. in nuclear physics and General Frances Mossman ('50) has her J.D.  Admiral Alma Lau (Grocki) ('77) was a member of the 2nd Naval Academy class to admit women.

Many Punahou teachers in its history have been military reservists or ex-military.  Former computer and math teacher Henry Wells Lawrence was one of the first pilots to respond to the Attack on Pearl Harbor.

Others

Agnes Baldwin Alexander (1895)  was an author and Hand of the Cause in the Bahá'í Faith.

In 2007, Cox Enterprises passed to two former Punahou students who are highly philanthropic like their mother Barbara Cox Anthony, who twice married Punahou alumni; daughter, Blair Kennedy ('68*), a former schoolteacher, is now the second wealthiest woman in Australia; son James C. Kennedy ('65*) was Atlanta's philanthropist of the year 2007, and 61st on the Forbes 400 list 2012. Charles Gates, Jr. ('39) has donated $147 million through his Gates Family Foundation (Gates last appeared on the Forbes 400 list in 2006).

As mentioned above, the philanthropic founders of AOL and eBay were Punahou students, with both still listed on the 2012 Forbes 400. USA Today reported that Pierre Omidyar's ('84*) total charitable contributions exceeded $1 billion.

Charles L. Veach ('62) was an astronaut on two shuttle missions.

Nancy Cordes ('91) is a senior CBS News White House correspondent and anchor.  Emily Chang ('98) is the anchor and executive producer of Bloomberg news shows.

Punahou students were crowned Miss Hawaii or Miss Hawaii USA in 1977, 1981, 1997, 1999, and 2004 (with Judi Anderson ('76) becoming Miss USA and Brook Mahealani Lee ('89*) becoming Miss Universe).

Punahou students appear across the political spectrum, from Ronald Reagan's "favorite economist" and former Enron board member Wendy Lee Gramm ('62); Ryan Henry ('68) and Robert Silberman ('75), Deputy Under Secretary of Defense and Assistant Secretary of the Army, respectively, for George H. W. Bush; to centrist Ray Schoenke ('59*), a former Democratic candidate for Maryland Governor who founded the American Hunters and Shooters Association (an alternative to the National Rifle Association); to Jerry Berman ('58), chief counsel of the ACLU.

Ellery Chun ('27) invented the Aloha Shirt.

Punahou in fiction and literature

 "He started his scholarly investigation while still at Punahou, although he later took his B.A. at Yale, his M.A. at Harvard, his Ph.D. from Oxford and his D.Litt. from the Sorbonne. He received honorary degrees from eleven major universities, but when he died in 1914 the Honolulu Mail announced simply: 'The great scholar was educated at Punahou.' None of the rest really mattered." (James Michener, Hawaii)
 "Gramps grabbed me by the arm. 'Hell, Bar,' he whispered, 'this isn't a school. This is heaven.'" (Obama, Dreams from My Father)
 "I wanted a station wagon like the family in The Brady Bunch. I wanted to go steady with someone like Marcia or Jan, girls who dressed mod and spoke cool. My new school was full of girls like Marcia and Jan. I'd just started seventh grade at Punahou"  (Wright, Punahou Blues)
 In the Descendants, Matt (George Clooney's character) accuses Sid of being "a hundred miles away from Smartville." Sid responds that he is "Vice President of the Punahou chess club".
 In Hawaii Five O, Charlie Fong, the "extremely capable lab technician", is a Punahou graduate.
 "As part of chapel every year, the school held a special memorial day ceremony.  ... The JROTC cadets dressed in full gear and stood at attention the whole time. Arm in arm, a boy and girl from each grade level ... walked slowly down the aisle with a wreath of flowers ... while the names of all of those in the Punahou family, former students of the school who had been killed in war, were read off. ... By the end, the entire floor at the front of the chapel was filled with flowers." (Lum, Letting Go)
 "We had attended high school together at Punahou, the most exclusive private school in Hawaii." (Charley Memminger, Aloha, Lady Blue)
 "'What do people do here in the evening? The movies?' 'Just at present,' the girl told him, 'everybody visits Punahou ... to see the night-blooming cereus. It's the season now, you know.'" (Biggers, House Without a Key)

Alma Mater

Oʻahu A

Oʻahu a, Oʻahu aPunahou, our Punahou;Mau a Mau, oh mau a mau,Punahou, our Punahou.

Throughout the years we've shown our light,We glory in Oʻahu's might;The Buff and Blue's a glorious sight,Punahou, our Punahou.

The song is sung to the tune of Maryland, My Maryland, also known as "O Tannenbaum". The lyrics are taken from a poem, "Oahu Wa," by then student Wilhelm Albert Gartner (1902).

School shout
Ready? Hit it!
Strawberry Shortcake, Huckleberry Pie
V-I-C-T-O-R-Y
Are We In It? Well I Guess!
Punahou, Punahou, Yes, Yes, Yes!

This cheer is typically shouted by the marching band and cheerleaders at Punahou, at events such as football games and other sports activities and gatherings following the alma mater.

School mascot
Punahou does not have an official mascot. The closest thing is the hala tree, whose image is used in the school's seal. Fans often refer to athletic teams as the "Sons of Oahu", or "Buff & Blue". In 1890 the colors buff and blue officially became Punahou's school colors, representing sand and the sea. In 1890, long before the development of high-rises and hotels in Waikiki, all that was visible in the distance from the top of Punahou's campus was the buff-colored sand and blue-colored sea of Waikiki Beach.

See also

 List of Punahou School alumni

References

 Further reading
 A. Alexander, "Baseball at Punahou Thirty-Seven Years Ago", Oahuan, June 1906.
 Mary C. Alexander, C. P. Dodge, William R. Castle, Punahou, 1841–1941, U. California Press, 1941.
 John B. Bowles, Day Our World Changed: December 7, 1941; Punahou '52 Remembers Pearl Harbor, Ice Cube Press, 2004.
 "Punahou School: a private school with a public purpose", Hawaii Business, September 1, 2003.  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go2021/is_200309/ai_n9142055
 T. K. Chow-Hoy, "An inquiry into school context and the teaching of the virtues", Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2001.
 D. Cisco, Hawaii Sports: History, Facts, and Statistics, University of Hawaii Press, 1999.
 Ethel Mosely Damon, The Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Pageant Punahou, published by the author, 1916.
 Charlotte P. Dodge, Punahou, The War Years, 1941–1945, 1984.
 Nelson Foster, ed., Punahou: The History and Promise of a School of the Islands, published by Punahou School, 1992.
 James A. Michener, Hawaii, New York, Random House, 1939. .
 Norris W. Potter, The Punahou Story, Pacific Books, 1969.
 Punahou Class of 1957, Na Halia Aloha o Punahou Class of 1957, June 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20071127163651/http://www2.punahou.edu/pdf/Bulletin/Classof57BookWeb.pdf includes many historical photos and legend of founding.
 M. Tate, "The Sandwich Island Missionaries Lay The Foundation for a System of Public Instruction in Hawaii", The Journal of Negro Education, 1961.
 Kirby Wright, Punahou Blues'', Lemon Shark Press, 2005.  .

External links

 Campus map
  (transcription of 1857 text about early history of the school)

1841 establishments in Hawaii
Educational institutions established in 1841
Historic American Buildings Survey in Hawaii
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
National Register of Historic Places in Honolulu
Preparatory schools in Hawaii
Private K-12 schools in Honolulu
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
Christian schools in Hawaii
Schools founded by missionaries

Punahou School


Red State may refer to:
 Red state, a state in the United States with a tendency toward electing Republicans
 Red State (2006 film), a documentary film by Michael Shea
 Red State (2011 film), a film by Kevin Smith
 RedState, an American political weblog aimed at Republicans and American conservatives

Red State


حزب النهضة هو حزب سياسي يساري مغربي، أسسه عام 25 يناير 2003 شكيب بنسودة، ويشغل منصب الكاتب العام حاليا السيد سعيد الغنيوي .
 وشعار الحزب هو الديك. ويعتبر هذا الحزب تازي القلب، حيث أن أمينه العام وأغلب أعضاء مكتبه السياسي من مدينة تازة.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لحزب النهضة

أحزاب المغرب
أحزاب سياسية أسست في 2003
تأسيسات سنة 2003 في المغرب

حزب النهضة (المغرب)


La gonnardita es un mineral de la clase de los tectosilicatos, y dentro de esta pertenece al llamado grupo de las zeolitas -subgrupo de la natrolita-. Fue descubierta en 1871 por  el mineralogista francés Ferdinand Gonnard,  La Chaux de Bergonne, Gignat, Puy de Dôme (Francia), que la llamó mesole, que podía confundirse con el de otro mineral. En 1896, Alfred Lacroix le cambió el nombre por el de gonnardita, en honor de su descubridor.

Características físicas y químicas
Es un aluminosilicato de calcio y sodio, con entre 8 y 12 moléculas de agua. Tiene la misma estructura básica que la natrolita, pero parcialmente desordenada. No está clara su relación con la tetranatrolita, zeolita que en 1999 fue considerada idéntica a la garronita (las dos tienen una red desordenada del mismo tipo y difieren solamente en las proporciones de calcio y sodio) y consecuentemente desacreditada.

La gonnardita se encuentra como microcristales prismáticos de sección cuadrada o, mucho más frecuentemente como agregados esferulíticos. Son comunes los crecimientos epitaxiales con natrolita y thomsonita.

Formación y yacimientos
Aparece como mineral secundario en rocas ígneas de tipo basalto, rellenando cavidades de éstas con sus características pequeñas esferas blancas. También puede encontrarse en tefrita de leucita y otras rocas alteradas. Suele encontrarse asociada a otras zeolitas y a calcita.

Es una zeolita relativamente común, que se conoce en varios centenares de localidades. En España se ha encontrado en las canteras explotadas en los volvanes El Arzollar y Cerro Moreno, en el Campo de Calatrava (Ciudad Real). También aparece en algunos basaltos de Canarias.

Referencias

 Gonnardita, mindat.org.
 Gonnardita, webmineral.com.
 Manual de gonnardita, Mineral Data Publishing.

Enlaces externos

Tectosilicatos
Minerales de sodio
Minerales de calcio
Sistema tetragonal
Minerales descubiertos en Francia del siglo XIX
Minerales descubiertos en 1896
Francia en 1896
Puy-de-Dôme
Zeolitas
Minerales epónimos
Naturaleza de la región de Auvernia-Ródano-Alpes

Gonnardita


Mohrenthal bzw. Mohrental ist eine kleine Ansiedlung um ein Einzelgehöft von Rittersdorf im Landkreis Weimarer Land in Thüringen.

Lage
Etwa eineinhalb Kilometer westlich von Rittersdorf befindet sich die Ansiedlung Mohrental auf einer erhöhten Ebene der etagenmäßigen Gemarkung Richtung Kranichfeld. Über Wirtschaftswege haben die 30 Einwohner Verbindung zum Umland und in das Ilmtal zur Bundesstraße 87. Die Gemarkung der aus Muschelkalk gebildeten Böden ist kupiert und grundwasserfern. Die etagenmäßigen Raine sind bestrüppt oder mit Bäumen bewachsen. Die Ilm-Saale-Platte ist dort maximal 450 Meter über NN.

Geschichte
1294 wurde das damalige Gehöft erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort im Landkreis Weimarer Land
Rittersdorf (Thüringen)
Ersterwähnung 1294

Mohrenthal


The Andrews Sisters var en amerikansk «close harmony» sanggruppe bestående af søstrene LaVerne Andrews (contralto; født 6. juli 1911, død 8. maj 1967), Maxene Anglyn Andrews (high harmony; født 3. januar 1916, død 21. oktober 1995) og Patty (Patti) Andrews (hovedstemme; født 16. februar 1918, død 30. januar 2013). Alle blev født i Minnesota. Faderen var indvandrer fra Grækenland og moderen var norsk-amerikaner.

De startede deres karriere som imitatorer af en anden fremgangsrig sanggruppe, The Boswell Sisters. Efter at have sunget med forskellige dansebands og rejst rundt på turné, fik de deres nationale gennembrud med deres pladeudgivelser og radiooptrædender i 1937. Deres musik underholdt de allierede styrker under anden verdenskrig. De solgte «war bonds», optrådte i flere film (blandt andet nogle Abbott og Costello-film) og optrådte for soldater, som tjenestegjorde udenlands. Deres første film med Abbott og Costello, førkrigskomedien Buck Privates, introducerede deres bedst kendte pladeindspilling, Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy.

De indspillede også mange sange med Bing Crosby, blandt andet mange af hans juleslagere, som Jingle Bells. Det blev opdaget efter krigen at deres musik også var blevet smuglet ind i Tyskland (kamufleret med nye etiketter som f.eks. «Hitlers yndlingsmarcher»).

Efter et kort ophold efter krigen fortsatte søstene, og optrådte i klubber i USA og Europa. De stoppede som gruppe i 1953, hvor Patty valgte at fortsætte solo. Deres sidste optræden sammen var i 1966 på The Dean Martin Show.

Hits

Mange af disse hits var naturligt nok også store hits i Danmark, og en del blev oversat til dansk, som det ofte skete dengang.

Referencer

Eksterne links
 Andrews Sisters on BigBands.net
 Vocal Group Hall of Fame page on the Andrews Sisters
 Clip of the Andrews Sisters performing 'Six Jerks In A Jeep' from Private Buckaroo. Free download. Windows and Real Media formats (Public Domain)
 Free Mp3 download of Andrews Sisters songs

Andrews Sisters, The
Andrews Sisters, The
Søskende

The Andrews Sisters


Kotowo (deutsch Kottow) ist ein Dorf im Powiat Słupski (Kreis Stolp) der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern.

Geographische Lage
Kotowo liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa 27 Kilometer südsüdöstlich der Stadt Słupsk (Stolp), 20 Kilometer nordwestlich der Stadt Bytów (Bütow) und zwei Kilometer nordöstlich des Kirchdorfs Motarzyno (Muttrin).

Geschichte

Kotowo war eine Zeit lang ein Lehen der Familie Zitzewitz. Bereits im Jahr 1360 wird Jarislaw von Zitzewitz als Besitzer von Kottow angeführt. Das Gut blieb bis 1945 in ununterbrochener Reihenfolge im Besitz dieser Familie. Im Jahr 1768 wurden in Kottow 23 Hauswirte gezählt.
Um 1784 gab es in Kottow ein Vorwerk, acht Vollbauern, einen Halbbauern, auf der Feldmark des Dorfs das Vorwerk Wochorz mit zwei Büdnern und zwei Holzwärterwohnungen, von denen die eine Dumbrow genannt wurde, und vier Kossäten bei insgesamt 22 Haushaltungen. Zum damaligen Zeitpunkt befand sich das Gut im Besitz des Leutnants Otto George Valentin von Zitzewitz. Es wurde zeitweilig vom Gut  Budow aus verwaltet und dann wieder vom Gut Muttrin aus. Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts befand sich das Gut Kottow im Besitz des Landschaftsdirektors Friedrich von Zitzewitz. Dessen Sohn Friedrich-Karl von Zitzewitz (1863–1936) ließ eine 4,5 Kilometer lange Wasserleitung für Muttrin und Kottow verlegen und in Kottow ein modernes Gutshaus erbauen, wohin sein Sohn, Friedrich von Zitzewitz, 1921 übersiedelte. Nach dem Tod seines Vaters 1936 übernahm letzterer die Güter Muttrin, Kottow und Jamrin. Er war der letzte Besitzer der Güter vor 1945.

Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg lag der Ort durch die neue Grenzziehung in der Grenzregion zum neu erstandenen Staat Polen. Im Jahr 1925 standen in Kottow 36 Wohngebäude. 1939 wurden 87 Haushaltungen und 375 Einwohner gezählt. Außer dem Gut gab es in der Dorfgemeinde 33 weitere landwirtschaftliche Betriebe.
Bis 1945 gehörte das Dorf Kottow zum Landkreis Stolp im Regierungsbezirk Köslin der Provinz Pommern. Die Gemeindefläche war 931 Hektar groß. In der Gemeinde Kottow gab es insgesamt drei Wohnorte:
 Bergland
 Kottow
 Wilhelminenhof

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs begaben sich die Dorfbewohner, nachdem ein Räumungsbefehl erlassen worden war, vor der herannahenden Roten Armee auf die Flucht. Die Gutsarbeiter brachen am 7. März 1945 um 14 Uhr auf, die Bauern, Handwerker und Evakuierten aus Westdeutschland erst um 2 Uhr in der Nacht zum 8. März. Kottow wurde am 8. März 1945 von sowjetischen Truppen besetzt. Der Treck mit den Dorfbewohnern zog über Neu Jugelow, Puttkamerhof (Niemietzke), Schwarz Damerkow bis Kosemühl und am zweiten Tag über Groß Massow bis Lauenburg, wo er am Abend ankam. Mit Verbänden der Wehrmacht konnte ein Großteil Gotenhafen (Gdynia) erreichen, von wo aus vielen die Flucht per Schiff nach Dänemark gelang. 220 Personen sollen entkommen, 120 zurückgekehrt sein.

Die sowjetischen Truppen hatten das Gut Kottow in Besitz genommen und richteten um den 20. März 1945 herum im Dorf eine Kommandantur ein. Am 12. Mai 1945 wurden zwölf Dorfbewohner durch Genickschuss hingerichtet. Danach wurde das betreffende Gebäude samt Stallungen niedergebrannt. Am gleichen Tag erschossen vermutlich dieselben Täter in Wilhelminenhof zwei Frauen. Ein sowjetischer General sicherte Bestrafung der Verantwortlichen zu. Unmittelbar danach erschienen die ersten polnischen Siedler in dem Dorf. Ende Mai wurde Kottow unter polnische Verwaltung gestellt. Kottow wurde in Kotowo umbenannt. Weitere Polen trafen ein, die die Häuser und Gehöfte übernahmen. Die Dorfbewohner wurden von den Polen nach und nach aus Kottow vertrieben. Als erste wurden im November 1945 die Evakuierten aus Westdeutschland abgeschoben. Weitere Transporte erfolgten am 8. November 1946 und im Jahr 1947. Als die Soldaten das Gut im August 1948 der polnischen Verwaltung übergaben, wurden danach auch die Gutsarbeiter vertrieben.

Später wurden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 212 und in der DDR 118 Dorfbewohner aus Kottow ermittelt.

Das Dorf hat heute etwa 175 Einwohner.

Schule
Das Dorf Kottow hatte vor 1945 eine einstufige Volksschule. Im Jahr 1932 unterrichtete dort ein einzelner Lehrer 56 Schulkinder.

Kirche
Die vor 1945 in Kottow anwesenden Dorfbewohner waren evangelisch. Im Jahr 1925 hatte das Dorf einen Bewohner mit katholischem Glaubensbekenntnis. Kottow gehörte zum Kirchspiel Budow und damit zum Kirchenkreis Bütow.

Literatur
 Karl-Heinz Pagel: Der Landkreis Stolp in Pommern. Lübeck 1989, S. 648–650 (Ortsbeschreibung Kottow; PDF)
 Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann: Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königl. Preußischen Herzogtums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Teil II, Band 2, Stettin 1784, S. 975, Nr. 71 und S. 986–987, Nr. 91.

Weblinks
 Die Gemeinde Kottow im ehemaligen Kreis Stolp. (Gunthard Stübs und Pommersche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 2011)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Pommern
Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Gmina Dębnica Kaszubska

Kotowo (Dębnica Kaszubska)


Free climbing is a form of rock climbing in which the climber can only use climbing equipment for climbing protection, but not as an aid to help in their progression in ascending the route.  Free climbing, therefore, cannot use any of the tools that are used in aid climbing to help overcome the obstacles encountered while ascending a route.  The development of free climbing was an important moment in the history of rock climbing, including the concept and definition of what determined a first free ascent (or FFA) of a route by a climber.

History

The free climbing movement was an important development in the history of rock climbing. In 1911, Austrian climber Paul Preuss started what became known as the Mauerhakenstreit (or "piton dispute"), by advocating for a transition to "free climbing" via a series of essays and articles in the German Alpine Journal where he defined "artificial aid" and proposed 6 rules of free climbing including the important rule 4: "The piton is an emergency aid and not the basis of a system of mountaineering". In 1913, German climber Rudolf Fehrmann published the second edition of Der Bergsteiger in der Sächsischen Schweiz (or The Climber in Saxon Switzerland), which included the first binding rules for climbing in the area to protect the soft sandstone rock. The rules said that only natural holds were allowed, and these "rules for free climbing" are in still use today.

In 1975, German climber Kurt Albert painted his first "Rotpunkt" (or redpoint) on the base of the aid climb Adolf Rott Ged.-Weg (V+/A1), in the Frankenjura, signifying he had "free climbed" it as a redpoint (i.e. after many failed attempts); the redpoint became the accepted definition of what constituted a "first free ascent".

First free ascent

The first "free climb" of a climbing route, is known as the first free ascent, or FFA, and is chronicled by climbing journals and guide books. They also chronicle whether the "free climb" was done onsight (i.e. first try with no prior information), flashed (i.e. first try but had prior information), or redpointed (i.e. completed after a first failed attempt).  FFAs that create new grade milestones, are important events in climbing history.

Types

Free climbing means using no forms of artificial or mechanical aid to help progression in ascending a route.  Even the act of pulling on the climbing protection equipment (either placed by the climber while climbing or already in situ with pre-placed bolts), is considered aid climbing and carries an aid climbing grade of A0.

Free climbing can be performed in a variety of types of climbing, and most importantly:

 Traditional climbing, where temporary climbing protection equipment is used (placed by the climber as they ascend the route), but not for any form of aid in progression on the climbing route.
 Sport climbing, where pre-placed fixed bolts are used for climbing protection, but again, not for any form of aid in progression on the climbing route.
 Bouldering, as no forms of additional devices are employed in bouldering, it is by definition, free climbing.
 Free solo climbing, as no forms of additional devices are employed in soloing, it is by definition, free climbing.

Misunderstandings

Free climbing has been called "rock climbing's most commonly mistaken term", with problems including:

 Incorrectly assuming that "free climbing" always means solo climbing, i.e. that you must always be alone and without any partner.  Free climbing in traditional climbing and sport climbing uses a supporting belayer.
 Incorrectly assuming that "free climbing" always means free soloing, i.e. that you must never use any climbing protection equipment. Free climbing in traditional climbing and sport climbing uses climbing protection (but not to aid progression).
 Incorrectly assuming that "free climbing" always means onsighting or flashing, i.e. that you must always climb the route first try. Free climbing in traditional climbing and sport climbing also uses the redpoint as a definition of a first free ascent.

Free climbing is related to, but separate from, the broader climbing topic area of clean climbing; however, clean climbing does not support bolted sport climbing routes on natural rock, and thus external redpointed first free ascents are not advocated.

See also
Free solo climbing
Rope solo climbing
Solo climbing

References

Further reading

Types of climbing

Free climbing


La Mifi-Sud est une rivière au Cameroun, affluent de la rive droite du Noun, dans le bassin versant de la Sanaga. Il constitue - dans la Région de l'Ouest - une limite naturelle entre le département des Bamboutos au nord et le département de la Mifi au sud.

Géographie
La rivière est issue de la confluence de Mghwa et du Nguem-Djinko  au sud de Bandjoun, elle coule du Sud vers le Nord. Elle longe puis est traversée par le route nationale 6 (axe Bafoussam-Mbouda) au nord de Bamougoum. Elle reçoit en rive gauche à l'ouest de Bafoussam III, la rivière Métché qui draine Penka-Michel, puis décrit un vaste arc de cercle entre le plateau basaltique et le massif gneissique de Baleng-Bapi. Elle se jette dans le Noun au nord-est de la commune de Bafoussam II. Son cours est coupé par plusieurs chutes sur les gneiss.

Affluents
 La Métché, rive gauche

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 J. C. Olivry, Fleuves et rivières du Cameroun, collection « Monographies hydrologiques », , ORSTOM, Paris, 1986, 781 p.

Notes et références

Cours d'eau au Cameroun
Patrimoine naturel en Pays bamiléké
Mifi-Sud

Mifi-Sud


Allanis Navas Sánchez (San Juan (Porto Rico) , 4 de janeiro de 2002) é uma jogadora de voleibol de praia porto-riquenha que disputou os Jogos Olímpicos de Verão da Juventude de 2018, realizado na Argentina, e foi semifinalista nos Jogos Centro-Americanos e do Caribe de 2018 na Colômbia; alcançou a medalha de prata Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior na Colômbia e a medalha de bronze no Campeonato Mundial Universitário de 2022 no Brasil.

Carreira

A estreia deu-se no circuito continental em 2016 e ao lado de María González, com quem em 2018 conquistou o título do Campeonato Sub-19 da Zona Central em Havana e assim qualificaram para Jogos Olímpicos de Verão da Juventude de 2018 em Buenos Aires e terminaram na quinta posição nos referidos jogos.

Em 2021, ao lado de María González, obteve qualificação para Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior em Cáli, torneio qualificatório sediado em Punta Cana
Foram vice-campeãs na primeira edição dos  e na edição do Campeonato Mundial Universitário de Voleibol de Praia de 2022 realizado em Maceió obtiveram o bronze  e conquistaram o vice-campeonato do Campeonato Norceca Finals de 2022

Títulos e resultados

 Jogos Centro-Americanos e do Caribe de 2018
 Circuito Norceca - Finals 2022

Ligações externas

Jogadores de voleibol de praia de Porto Rico

Allanis Navas


أييوس ثوماس (Άγιος Θωμάς) هي بلدة في فويوتيا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1323 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بيوتيا
قرى اليونان
مدن اليونان

أغيوس ثوماس (فويوتيا)


Motopark Academy est une écurie allemande de sport automobile. Elle a été fondée en 1998 par Timo Rumpfkeil. L'écurie est basée à Oschersleben, dans le Land de la Saxe-Anhalt en Allemagne.

Résultats dans les disciplines actuelles

Euroformula Open

Résultats dans les anciennes disciplines

Formule 3 Européenne

Formule 3 Euro Series

Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0

Liens externes
   Site officiel de l'écurie

Notes et références

Écurie de sport automobile en Allemagne

Motopark Academy


Isla Gibraltar (en inglés: Gibraltar Island) (o la "Joya del Lago Erie") es una isla estadounidense parte administrativamente del estado de Ohio, y que se encuentra en el lago Erie. Esta pequeña isla está cerca de la costa de la isla conocida como South Bass.

Gibraltar se convirtió en un mirador para el comodoro Oliver Hazard Perry en la lucha contra los británicos durante la guerra de 1812. Perry y sus hombres derrotaron a una flota de embarcaciones británicas durante la famosa batalla del Lago Erie (Battle of Lake Erie), el 10 de septiembre de 1813. Como resultado, el mirador en la isla de Gibraltar se conoce como Mirador de Perry (Perry's Lookout).

Un nativo de Ohio Jay Cooke compró la isla en 1864 e inmediatamente comenzó la construcción de una mansión victoriana gótica de 15 habitaciones (ahora conocida como Castillo de Cooke).

Véase también
 Gibraltar (Reino Unido)
 Gibraltar (Venezuela)

Referencias

Archipiélagos e islas de Ohio
Grandes Lagos
Islas lacustres de Estados Unidos

Isla Gibraltar


Lowinsky ist der Name folgender Personen:
 Edward Lowinsky (1908–1985), deutsch-US-amerikanischer Musikwissenschaftler
 Erich Lowinsky (1893–1978), deutsch-US-amerikanischer Kabarettist

Siehe auch:
 Danni Lowinski, deutsche Fernsehserie über eine fiktive gleichnamige Rechtsanwältin in Köln
 Lowinski

Lowinsky


La Línea Tōzai puede estar haciendo referencia a:

 La Línea Tōzai perteneciente al Metro de Tokio.
 La Línea Tōzai del Metro de Kioto.
 La Línea Tōzai del Metro de Sapporo.
 La Línea Tōzai (JR), una línea de ferrocarril metropolitano en Osaka operado por la West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

Línea Tōzai


En hvirvelstrømsbremse er, ligesom en konventionel friktionbremse, ansvarlig for at sænke hastigheden på et objekt, f.eks. et tog.

I modsætning til en elektromekanisk bremse, som anvender mekanisk pres på to adskilte objekter, sænker hvirvelstrømsbremser hastigheden på et objekt ved at frembringe hvirvelstrømme via elektromagnetisk induktion. Hvirvelstrømsbremser anvender magnetiske felter til at omsætte kinetisk energi til elektrisk strøm i bremsedisken, finner - eller togskinnerne, som så her omsættes til varme grundet de ohmske tab.

Elektromagnetisk induktion
Elektromagnetiske komponenter
Bremser

fr:Frein à courants de Foucault
nl:Wervelstroomrem

Hvirvelstrømsbremse


Die Korea Open 2004 im Badminton fanden vom 30. März bis zum 4. April 2004 in der Choongjoo Indoor Hall in Chungju statt. Das Preisgeld betrug 200.000 US-Dollar. Das Turnier hatte damit einen Fünf-Sterne-Status im World Badminton Grand Prix. Hauptsponsoren des Turniers waren Daekyo und Noonnoppi. 363 Spieler aus 31 Ländern nahmen am Turnier teil, welches unter anderem von MBC, CCTV, SCV, HKTV und ASTRO in acht Ländern im Fernsehen übertragen wurde. Es war die 13. Auflage dieser internationalen Meisterschaften Südkoreas.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
  (englisch)
 NOONNOPPI KOREA OPEN 2004 auf www.tournamentsoftware.com (englisch)

2004
Sport (Cheongju)
World Badminton Grand Prix 2004
Sportveranstaltung in Chungcheongbuk-do

Korea Open 2004


A Merca, İspanya'nın kuzeybatısında, ülkenin on yedi eyaletinden biri olan Galiçya'nın dört ilinden güneydoğu köşesinde bulunan Ourense iline bağlı belediyesi. 2002 yılı nüfus sayımına göre belediyenin nüfusu 2.404 kişidir.

Ourense belediyeleri

A Merca


Lee Yun-gi (Hangul: 이윤기, 3 mai 1947 - 27 august 2010) a fost un scriitor și traducător multipremiat din Coreea de Sud.

Biografie
Lee Yun-gi s-a născut în Gyeongsangbuk-do, Coreea, pe 5 mai 1947. Deși Lee Yun-gi (1947~ ) și-a făcut oficial debutul literar în 1977 și a publicat primul volum de povestiri, Elicopterul alb, în 1988, a dobândit o recunoaștere națională ca scriitor de ficțiune abia la mijlocul anilor 1990. În primii douăzeci de ani ai carierei sale, Lee a fost cunoscut mai ales ca un prolific traducător, iar în momentul apariției primului său roman, Porțile Cerului, în 1994, el tradusese și publicase peste 150 de cărți, inclusiv Numele trandafirului și Pendulul lui Foucault de Umberto Eco.

Activitatea literară
Lee Yun-gi își folosește cunoștințele sale de mitologie pentru a construi narațiuni bogate în simboluri și în metafore. Experiența sa de traducător, care necesită o atenție la semnificația exactă a fiecărui cuvânt, conferă limbii precizie și acuratețe. Scrierile sale conțin o mare cantitate de dialog. Deși scriitorii coreeni tind să se concentreze mai mult pe descrieri decât pe dialoguri, Lee Yun-gi se bazează mai mult pe dialoguri în construirea narațiunii. Dialogurile sale sunt concise, dar semnificative și atât de dinamice încât cititorii își imaginează de multe ori că ascultă o conversație reală.

În lucrările sale, Lee se concentrează pe înțelegerea diferitelor forme de viață prin comunicarea cu ceilalți și, astfel, susține viața. Atitudinea lui Lee față de viață este marcată de un sentiment de generozitate și optimism. El nu se plânge de cruzimea vieții, nu devine frustrat de greutăți și nu disperă în contactul cu josnicia naturii umane. Mai degrabă decât să expună problemele existente în viață, el se concentrează pe rezolvarea lor prin opera sa. Lee folosește adesea aforisme — mai vechi sau mai noi, scrise de autor și plasate strategic pe tot parcursul textului — care încearcă să-și exprime un anumit adevăr universal cu privire la viață. O altă caracteristică a ficțiunii lui Lee este umorul și inteligența. Lee își folosește cunoștințele sale de istorie, mitologie și cultură atât orientală, cât și occidentală.

În 1998 Lee a obținut Premiul Literar Dong-in și în 2008 a câștigat Premiul Literar Daesan și Premiul pentru traducere în limba coreeană.

Scrieri în coreeană (selecție)
Volume de povestirii
 White Helicopter (Hayan hellikopteo) (1977), Seeing One Road,
 Seeing Two Roads (Oegil bogi, dugil bogi)
 Butterfly Necktie (Nabi nektai) (1995)
Romane
 Gate to Heaven (Haneurui mun) (1994)
 Sunlight and Moonlight (Haetbitgwa dalbit) (1996)
 An Offspring of Love (Sarangui jongja)
 House Where Trees Pray (Namuga gidohaneun jip) (1999)
Colecții de eseuri
 School for Adults (Eoreunui hakgyo)
 Rainbow and Prism (Mujigaewa peuriseum)
Traduceri
 Numele trandafirului (Jangmiui ireum)
 Pendulul lui Foucault (Pukoui jinja),
 Insula din ziua de ieri (Jeonnarui seom) de Umberto Eco
 Șamanism (Shamaniseum) de Mircen Eliade
 Metamorfoze (Byeonsin iyagi) de Ovidiu
 Men and Symbols (Ingangwa sangjing) de Carl Jung

Premii
 Premiul Literar Dong-in (1998)
 Premiul Literar Daesan (2008)
 Premiul pentru traducere în limba coreeană (2008)

Referințe

Legături externe
 두산백과 이윤기 (Lee Yun-gi) Doosan Encyclopedia
 한국현대문학대사전 이윤기 (Lee Yun-gi) 한국현대문학대사전 ISBN 9788952104618

Nașteri în 1947
Decese în 2010
Traducători din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori coreeni
Traducători sud-coreeni

Lee Yun-gi


British penny may refer to:

Coins
 Penny (British decimal coin)
 Penny (British pre-decimal coin)
 Penny (English coin)

Units of currency

British penny


Wimbledon Tenis Turnuvası ya da kısaca Wimbledon, tenis sporunun en eski ve en prestijli turnuvasıdır. 1877 yılından beri All England Lawn Tennis ve Croquet Club tarafından düzenlenmektedir. Wimbledon, Avustralya Açık, Fransa Açık (Roland Garros) ve Amerika Açık ile beraber 4 büyük Grand Slam tenis turnuvasından birisidir. Wimbledon, çim kortta oynanan tek grand slam turnuvasıdır.

İngiltere'nin başkenti Londra'da her yıl Haziran ayının son haftasında başlayan turnuva iki hafta sürmektedir. Artık yağmur nedeni ile maçların aksamadığı turnuvada ilk Pazar günü geleneksel olarak maç oynanmaz. İlk olarak 1877 yılında düzenlenen turnuvada, tenisçilerin beyaz giyinme zorunluluğu, korta giriş ve çıkış protokolü gibi yazılı olmayan kurallar vardır.

Her yıl 20 ile 26 Haziran arasına rastlayan pazartesi günü başlar. Ağustos ayındaki ilk pazartesiden altı hafta önce ve erkek oyuncular için Wimbledon'a ısınma turnuvası olarak nitelendirilen Quenn's Club Şampiyonasından iki hafta sonra başlar. Aynı anda yapılan bir başka önemli ısınma turnuvası da Halle (Saale)'daki Gerry Weber Açık Tenis Turnuvası 'dır. Wimbledon genellikle iki hafta sürer, ana kategorideki karşılaşmalar bu iki haftaya yayılır. Ama junior klasmanı ve özel maçlar genellikle ikinci hafta yapılır. Geleneksel olarak Middle Sunday (Ortadaki Pazar günü) karşılaşma yapılmaz ve dinlenmeye ayrılır. Yine de yağmur nedeniyle Turnuva tarihinde üç kere Middle Sunday günü karşılaşma yapılmıştır: 1991, 1997 ve 2004'te. Her üçünde de Wimbledon'da numarasız ve ucuz biletlerin satıldığı "Halk Günü" düzenlenmiştir.

Tarihçe

Şampiyona ilk defa 1868 yılında Worple Road, Wimbledon, Londra yakınlarındaki bir sahada All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club 'ünün kontrolünde oynanmıştır. Turnuvadaki tek klasman Tek Erkekler kategorisiydi. 1884'te All England Club Tek Kadınlar ve Çift Erkekler kategorilerini de ekledi. Çift Kadınlar ve Karışık Çiftler ise 1913'te eklenmiştir. Şampiyona, Church Road yakınlarındaki bugünkü yerine 1922'de taşınmıştır. Diğer Grand Slam turnuvalarında olduğu gibi Wimbledon'da da 1968'deki Açık Tenis Turnuvaları'nın kuruluşuna kadar en üst seviyedeki amatör sporcular yarışıyordu. Turnuvayla gurur duyan İngilizler için Wimbledon uzun zaman ulusal mizah ve üzüntü konusu oldu. Tek Erkeklerde 1936'da Fred Perry ve Tek Kadınlarda 1977'de Virginia Wade'den beri hiçbir İngiliz sporcu turnuvada şampiyonluk kazanamamıştı. Ancak 2013 Temmuz ayında yapılan turnuvada Andy Murray'nin tek erkeklerde şampiyonluğu kazanmasıyla 77 yıllık tek erkekler şampiyonluğu özlemi son buldu.

Karşılaşmalar

Ana kategoriler
Wimbledon'da beş ana kategoride karşılaşma yapılır:
 Tek Erkekler
 Tek Kadınlar
 Çift Erkekler
 Çift Kadınlar
 Karışık Çiftler

Genç kategorileri
Junior klasmanında dört kategoride karşılaşma yapılır:
 Tek Erkekler
 Tek Kadınlar
 Çift Erkekler
 Çift Kadınlar (Bu klasmanda Karışık Çiftler karşılaşmaları yapılmaz)

Özel kategoriler
Dört adet özel karşılaşma yapılır:
 35 yaş ve üzeri Çift Erkekler Özel
 45 yaş ve üzeri Çift Erkekler Özel
 35 yaş ve üzeri Çift Kadınlar Özel
 Tekerlekli Sandalyeli Erkekler Özel

Tek ve Çift Erkekler karşılaşmaları beş, diğer tüm karşılaşmalar üç set üzerinden oynanır. Karşılaşmaların çoğunluğu tek elemeli turnuva sistemine göredir, yani tek maç kaybeden katılımcı turnuvadan elenir. Halbuki 35 yaş ve üzeri Çift Erkekler ve 35 yaş ve üzeri Çift Kadınlar Özel karşılaşmaları lig usulü yapılmaktadır.

1921 yılına kadar bir önceki yılın şampiyonları final karşılaşmasına kadar bay çekme hakkına sahipti ve final karşılaşması "meydan okuma" karşılaşması olarak biliniyordu. Bunun sonucunda birçok şampiyon unvanlarını ellerinde tutabiliyordu çünkü rakipleri son karşılaşmaya kadar çaba sarfederek gelirken onlar dinleniyordu. 1922'den itibaren unvan sahipleri de şampiyonaya en başından başlayarak devam ettiler.

Oyuncular ve seribaşı dizilişi

Her tekler klasmanında 128 oyuncu, çiftler klasmanında 64 çift oyuncu ve karışık çiftler klasmanında da 48 çift oyuncu turnuvaya kabul edilir. Tek ve çift olarak oyuncuların kabul edilme kriterleri, uluslararası sıralamadaki yerleri ve çim sahalardaki performanslarıdır. Şu anda seribaşı olarak 32 tek erkek ve kadın oyuncu ile 16 takım bulunmaktadır.

Yönetim ve Hakemlik Komitesi her başvuruyu değerlendirir ve kimlerin turnuvaya doğrudan katılacağını belirler. Komite, sıralamada yüksek yerde bulunmayanları da kabul edebilir. Joker kabul edilen bu oyuncular genellikle ya önceki turnuvalarda başarı göstermiş ya da katılması durumunda turnuvaya ilgiyi artıracak oyunculardır. Tek Erkekler Şampiyonası'nı kazanan tek joker oyuncu Goran Ivanisevic'ti (2001); Henüz, Tek Kadınlar'ı kazanan bir joker oyuncu olmamıştır. Joker olamayan ya da yeteri kadar yüksek sıralamada olmayan oyuncular Wimbledon'dan bir hafta önce Roehampton'daki Bank of England Sports Ground 'da düzenlenen kalifikasyon turnuvasına katılabilirler. Tekler kalifikasyon yarışmaları üç turlu karşılaşmalardır. Çift Erkekler ve Çift Kadınlar karşılaşmaları tek turludur ve Karışık Çiftlerde kalifikasyon yarışması yapılmaz. Bugüne kadar bu turnuvalardan çıkan hiçbir oyuncu ne Tek Erkekler ne de Tek Kadınlar kupasını kazanamamıştır. Kalifikasyon turnuvasından gelen yarışmacıların ulaşabildikleri en üst düzey yarı final olmuştur: 1977'de John McEnroe ve 2000'de Belarus Vladimir Voltchkov Tek Erkeklerde, ve 1999'da Alexandra Stevenson Tek Kadınlarda bu aşamaya kadar gelmişlerdir.

Junior klasmanına oyuncular ulusal tenis federasyonlarının tavsiyesiyle ve tekler klasmanında da kalifikasyon karşılaşmalarının sonucunda kabul edilirler. Dört Özel karşılaşmaya kimlerin katılacağına Yönetim Komitesi karar verir.

Komite, oyuncuları uluslararası sıralamaya göre seribaşı seçer. Bir önceki şampiyon, her zaman olmasa da normalde ilk seribaşı olur. Katılanların büyük çoğunluğu seribaşı değildir. Seribaşı olmayan yalnızca iki oyuncu Tek Erkekler kupasını kazanmıştır: 1985'te Boris Becker ve 2001'de Goran Ivanisevic. Tek kadınlarda seribaşı olmayan oyunculardan kazanan olmamıştır; en düşük seribaşı olarak kupayı kazanan kadın tenisçi onyedinci seribaşı olarak 2022'de kupayı kazanan Elena Rybakina olmuştur. Seribaşı olmayan çiftler birçok kere turnuvayı kazanmıştır. 2005 Çift Erkekler şampiyonları seribaşı olmamakla birlikte aynı zamanda (ilk defa olarak) kalifikasyon turnuvasından geliyorlardı.

Şampiyonlar
 Wimbledon tek erkekler şampiyonları listesi
 Wimbledon tek kadınlar şampiyonları listesi
 Wimbledon çift erkekler şampiyonları listesi
 Wimbledon çift kadınlar şampiyonları listesi
 Wimbledon karışık çiftler şampiyonları listesi

Son şampiyonlar

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi sayfası
 BBC Wimbledon sayfası
 Kortların uydudan görünümü (Google Maps)

Notlar

Kaynakça

Çim kort tenis turnuvaları
Grand Slam (tenis)

Wimbledon Tenis Turnuvası


Penelope Ann Miller (nacida Penelope Andrea Miller; Los Ángeles, California, 13 de enero de 1964) es una actriz estadounidense. En su larga carrera se destacan filmes exitosos y aclamados por la crítica, además de notables obras de teatro. Ha actuado con grandes del cine como Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro y Al Pacino. Ha sido nominada al Premio Tony, al Globo de Oro y al Premio del Sindicato de Actores por su participación en la cinta The Artist.

Biografía

Familia
Su padre es el guionista y director Mark Miller, quien es recordado por su papel de "Padre" en la serie de los años 1960's Please Don't Eat the Daisies y además es el escritor de A Walk in the Clouds. Su madre, Beatrice Miller, es instructora de yoga quien trabaja para una institución sin ánimo de lucro y que anteriormente había trabajado como periodista para la revista Life y como editora en Harper's Bazaar. Penelope tiene dos hermanas: Marissa, que también es actriz y Savannah, que es trabajadora social y representante de Arbonne Skin-Care Products.

El 9 de diciembre de 1994 se casó con el actor canadiense Will Arnett, que es seis años menor que ella, pero se divorciaron casi inmediatamente el 18 de enero del año siguiente.

El 28 de mayo de 2000 se casó con John Patrick Huggins. A los 36 años dio a luz a su primera hija Eloisa, el 10 de diciembre de 2000. Casi nueve años después, el 23 de marzo de 2009, tuvo a su segunda hija Maria Adela, al edad de 45 años. Finalmente tras once años de matrimonio se divorcia de Huggins el 14 de mayo de 2012.

Carrera

Teatro
Miller estudió y se graduó de la secundaria en Los Ángeles y se mudó a Nueva York a los dieciocho años. Estudió drama en el HB Studio en Greenwich Village en Nueva York. Sin duda, su primer éxito en el teatro fue en la obra Biloxi Blues de Neil Simon en 1985. En 1988 protagonizó Our Town, de Thornton Wilder, compartiendo créditos con Eric Stoltz y Spalding Gray, su interpretación le valió una nominación al Premio Tony. Eventualmente dejó el teatro y se dedicó al cine y a la televisión.

Cine
En el cine empezó con Biloxi Blues, en la cual repite el rol que interpretó en la obra de teatro homónima, al igual que hizosu protagonista Matthew Broderick: la película fue dirigida por Mike Nichols y contó con las participaciones de Christopher Walken y Casey Siemaszko. Posteriormente trabajó en el éxito de taquilla de Chris Columbus Aventuras en la gran ciudad, que fue protagonizado por Elisabeth Shue, en 1987. Hasta aquel entonces solo había actuado en papeles secundarios.

No fue hasta 1990 cuando empieza a protagonizar películas con los más reconocidos actores del momento. En primer lugar The Freshman, al lado de Marlon Brando y nuevamente con Matthew Broderick; luego Despertares, que fue elogiada por la crítica, con Robert De Niro y Robin Williams; y finalmente Kindergarten Cop que consiguió estar entre las diez cintas más taquilleras de ese año y en la cual actuó con Arnold Schwarzenegger, Pamela Reed, Linda Hunt, Richard Tyson, Carroll Baker y Cathy Moriarty.

En 1992 participó en una cinta de Richard Attenborough, Chaplin, la biografía del famoso comediante de cine mudo Charles Chaplin que fue interpretado por Robert Downey Jr. Al año siguiente trabajó con Al Pacino en una película de Brian De Palma, Carlito's Way, que la hizo acreedora a una nominación al Globo de Oro a la mejor actriz de reparto.

En 2001 apareció en el éxito taquillero Along Came a Spider que fue protagonizada por Morgan Freeman y Monica Potter. Su carrera decayó y apareció en películas como Funny Money, junto a Chevy Chase y Armand Assante; y The Messengers, junto a Dylan McDermott y Kristen Stewart.

En la década de 2010 su carrera volvió a retomar el éxito al aparecer en la cinta de Rob Reiner, Mi primer amor y nuevamente le ha permitido ganar el reconocimiento con la multipremiada cinta francesa The Artist que ganó cinco Premios Óscar y muchos otros premios en otros países. Aquí compartió créditos con James Cromwell, John Goodman y Malcolm McDowell.

Televisión
Antes de introducirse en el cine actuó en algunas reconocidas series de televisión de los años 1980. Su primera intervención fue 1985 en un episodio de la serie Tales from the Darkside. También apareció en Family Ties y Miami Vice. Durante sus años de declive en el cine apareció en algunas películas para televisión del corte de terror como Caza de brujas y The Relic. Otras de sus notables apariciones en televisión fueron en Rocky Marciano (1999), All American Girl: The Mary Kay Letorneau Story (2000), en donde interpretó a una profesora que fue encarcelada por sostener una relación con un alumno adolescente, y Thanksgiving Family Reunion (2003). También trabajó en la serie Desaparecidos.

Filmografía
2022: Dahmer monster - La historia de Jeffrey Dahmer (serie)
2011: The Artist
2010: Flipped
2007: The Messengers
2006: Funny Money
2003: Thanksgiving Family Reunion (TV)
2001: Along Came a Spider
2000: All American Girl: The Mary Kay Letorneau Story (TV)
1999: Rocky Marciano (TV)
1997: Little City
1997: The Relic
1997: The Last Don (miniserie)
1994: Witch Hunt (TV)
1994: La sombra
1993: Carlito's Way
1992: Chaplin
1992: The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag
1992: Year of the Comet
1991: Other People's Money
1990: Despertares
1990: Kindergarten Cop
1990: Downtown
1990: The Freshman
1989: Dead Bang
1988: Big Top Pee-Wee
1988: Miles from Home
1987: Aventuras en la gran ciudad
1987: Biloxi Blues

Premios y nominaciones
Premios Saturn

Chicago Film Critics Association

DVD Exclusive Awards

Globos de Oro

Enlaces externos

 Biografía en Rotten Tomatoes
 Filmografía en Film Affinity

Nacidos en Los Ángeles
Actrices de California
Actrices de teatro de Estados Unidos
Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos

Penelope Ann Miller


Flore Gangbo est une femme politique béninoise.

Biographie
Flore Gangbo est née le 24 novembre 1957 à Porto-Novo. Elle est professeur titulaire de médecine et agrégé de médecine  du CAMES. De 2006 à 2007, pendant la première mandature du président béninois Boni Yayi, elle occupe le poste de ministre de la Santé.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Gouvernement Yayi Boni
 Christine Ouinsavi
 Marie Joe Mamatou Mèba Bio
 Céline Seignon Kandissounon

Ministre béninoise
Ministre béninois de la Santé
Naissance en novembre 1957
Naissance à Porto-Novo

Flore Gangbo


رابطة جامعات الكومونويلث  وهي رابطة تمثل ما يزيد على 480 جامعة من دول الكومنولث. وتسعى الرابطة لتعزيز التعاون الدولي في مجال التعليم العالي وتقديم مجموعة واسعة من الخدمات الفنية والاستشارية.

تاريخ الرابطة
عقد اجتماع في جامعة لندن عام 1912 كمبادرة لتأسيس رابطة لجامعات الإمبراطورية البريطانية يكون مقرها لندن. وفي العام 1913 تم افتتاح ما كان يدعى حينها (مكتب جامعات الإمبراطورية البريطانية). وتغير اسم الرابطة في العام 1948 ليصبح (رابطة جامعات دول الكومنولث البريطانية) وتحول في العام 1963 إلى الاسم الحالي.

انظر أيضاً
 مجموعة راسل للجامعات
 رابطة الجامعات الأوروبية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

تأسيسات سنة 1913 في المملكة المتحدة
منظمات تعليمية مقرها في لندن
منظمات خيرية
منظمات مقرها في المملكة المتحدة
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1913

رابطة جامعات الكومنولث


රඹුක්වැල්ල ශ්‍රී විපස්සී මහානාහිමි (1989-2004)

1917 ඔක්‌තෝබර් 30 වැනි දින මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ උඩදුම්බර ගම්පහ නැගෙනහිර කෝරළයේ දිගල්ල ගංගොඩ වලව්වේදි  උපන් සමරකෝන් බණ්ඩාර උන්වහන්සේගේ පැවිදි නාමය විය. දීගල්ල ගංගොඩ වලව්වේ  වේරගම ගම්මුලාදෑනිතුමන්  සහ රඹුක්වැල්ල  විල්අමුනේ  මද්දුම කුමාරිහාමිගේ මවුපියෝ වූහ.  ගම්පහ උඩදුම්බර මැදිවක විද්‍යාලයේ ඉගෙනුම ලැබූ  උන්වහන්සේ 1946 මල්වතු පාර්ශ්වයේ මහානාහිමි පදවිය දැරූ තම ගිහිකල ඥාතිවරයෙක් වූ රඹුක්වැල්ල ශ්‍රී සෝභිත මහානාහිමි යටතේ 1930 මැයි 12 දින පැවිදි බිමට පත්වූ අතර මූලික පැවිදි අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා වැඩිදුර අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූහ. කැලණිය විද්‍යාලංකාර පිරිවෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා පහමුණේ සුමංගල මහානාහිමියන්ගේ ගුරුහරුකම් යටතේ 1938 මැයි 13 වැනිදා මල්වතු මහාවිහාරයේදී උපසම්පදාව ලැබීය. 1946 ජූනි 03 වැනි දින ශ්‍රී දළඳා මාලිගාවේ තේවා තනතුරට පත් වූ උන්වහන්සේ 1950 ජනවාරි 19 වැනි දින කාරක සභාවට ද තේරී පත් විය. උන්වහන්සේගේ පැවිදි ආචාර්ය වූ  රඹුක්වැල්ල ශ්‍රී සෝභිත මහානාහිමියන්ගේ අපවත්වීමෙන් පසු කුණ්ඩසාලේ ශ්‍රී නරේන්ද්‍රසිංහ රජමහා විහාරයේ අධිපති  වී එය දියුණු කලේය. මේ  අතර 1970 පෙබරවාරි 27 වැනි දින මඩුගල්ලේ ශ්‍රී ධම්මසිද්ධි මහානාහිමියන් විසින් විපස්සී මහානාහිමියන් ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ කාරක සභික ධූරයටත්, එම වසරේම අගෝස්තු මස ලේවැල්ල ගංගාරාම විහාරාධිපති තනතුරටත් පත් කරන ලදී. මේ අතර 1989 දී එවකට මල්වතු පාර්ශ්වයේ  මහානාහිමි වූ සිරිමල්වත්තේ ශ්‍රී ආනන්ද මහානාහිමියන් අපවත් වූ අතර, එම වසරේ නොවැම්බර් 15 වැනිදා රඹුක්වැල්ල ශ්‍රී විපස්සි හිමියෝ මහානාහිමි බවට පත්වූහ. දශක එකහමාරකට ආසන්න කාලයක් මහානාහිමි පදවිය හෙබවූ රඹුක්වැල්ල ශ්‍රී විපස්සී මහානාහිමියන් වහන්සේ 2004 ජුනි මස 07 වැනි දින අපවත් වූහ.

රඹුක්වැල්ලේ විපස්සි හිමි


Metamorphic library steps are a type of archaic dual-use furniture, consisting of a small folding staircase that can be transformed into chair or desk form (such as a small writing table or library table). In desk form, it can also be considered a mechanical desk.

Metamorphic library steps were first built in the mid-18th century for the private libraries and offices of the European nobility or the Bourgeoisie. The number of specialised rooms in the typical manor was increasing, so existing ones, like the library, had to use space more efficiently. Consequently, these rooms often had high ceilings and floor-to-ceiling bookshelves. The topmost shelves were difficult to reach, so movable library steps or library stairs were created as a form of domestic furniture.

Design history
During the second half of the 18th century a succession of talented German-born cabinet-makers passed through the French courts. Jean-François Oeben, Jean-Henri Riesener and David Roentgen had successively introduced the courts of Louis XV and Louis XVI to a wide range of finely made and exquisitely finished mechanical furniture. The ingenuity of these cabinet-makers, especially David Roentgen who became master cabinet-maker to Marie Antoinette, led to a fascination for meubles à surprises ('surprise furniture').

Cabinet-makers working in London based their designs on those of their French counterparts and a number of interesting mechanical furniture devices started to emerge. During the same period the portability of furniture became important. British officers keen to maintain their 'home comforts' transported chairs, sofas, dining tables and even four-poster beds into battle. By necessity, these items were designed to be portable and, while they reflected the style of the period, they could also be 'flat-packed' for ease of transportation. This 'flat-pack' or 'knock-down furniture', as it was then known, was also popular for anyone travelling by sea and some items were designed to be multi-purpose to save cabin space. The quality of this 'campaign furniture' was so high that the furniture designer and respected protagonist of the emerging English Empire Style, Thomas Sheraton, even recommended certain pieces for the home.

Tables, chairs and stools containing Library Steps were patented in Great Britain by Robert Campbell in 1774 but the chair-based design did not become popular until the second decade of the 19th century. Despite the appeal of the Regency period Metamorphic Library Chair, there is limited information available on the development of the design or the firms that made them. Most design references are based on two outline sketches. The first, by Rudolph Ackermann in 1811, illustrates a Morgan & Sanders chair and the second shows a chair made by Gillows in 1834. The lack of detail in these sketches and the scarcity of research relating to mechanical furniture design of this period, have led to many inaccurate claims.

See also
List of desk forms and types
Step chair

References
Gloag, John. A Complete Dictionary of Furniture.  Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlook Press, 1991.
Taylor, Clive. "The Regency Period Metamorphic Library Chair" The Regency Period Metamorphic Library Chair

Furniture
Stairways
Mechanical furniture

Metamorphic library steps


was a town located in Shimomashiki District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,764 and the density of 396.32 persons per km2. The total area was 19.59 km2.

On October 6, 2008, Tomiai was merged into the expanded city of Kumamoto and no longer exists as an independent municipality. As of April 1, 2012, the area is part of the Minami-ku ward.

Dissolved municipalities of Kumamoto Prefecture
Kumamoto

Tomiai, Kumamoto


Sanctuary est un thriller érotique américain réalisé par  et dont la sortie est prévue en 2022.

Il est présenté au festival international du film de Toronto 2022.

Synopsis
Après la mort de son père, Hal est sur le point d'hériter de son immense fortune. Il décide donc de rompre pour de bon avec Rebecca, sa maîtresse dominatrice. Mais ses tentatives pour rompre leurs liens ne se déroulent pas exactement comme prévu, et les choses dégénèrent.

Fiche technique

 Titre original : Sanctuary
 Réalisateur :
 Scénario : Micah Bloomberg
 Décors : Jason Singleton
 Costumes : Mirren Gordon-Crozier
 Musique : Ariel Marx
 Photographie : Ludovica Isidori
 Production : Pavel Burian, David Lancaster, Ilya Stewart et Stephanie Wilcox
 Production exécutive : Carole Baraton, Micah Bloomberg, Elizaveta Chalenko, Yohann Comte, Maxim Dashkin, David Gendron, Ali Jazayeri, Lisa Kjerulff, Pierre Mazars, Margaret Qualley et Nick Shumaker
 Sociétés de production : Hype Films, Mosaic Media Group et Rumble Films
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : thriller érotique, drame
 Durée : 96 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 Canada :  (festival de Toronto)
 États-Unis :

Distribution
 Christopher Abbott : Hal
 Margaret Qualley : Rebecca

Production

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2022
Film dramatique américain
Thriller érotique (film) américain
Film sur le BDSM

Sanctuary (film, 2022)


Jean Defrançais, né le  à Pau et mort le  dans la même ville, est un joueur français de rugby à XV, ayant évolué à la Section paloise.

Defrançais est sacré champion de France avec la Section en 1928, formant avec Paul Saux et Adrien Laborde une première ligne redoutable.

Biographie
Palois de naissance, Jean Defrançais commence sa carrière sportive au Béarn Sporting Club, avec qui il est vice-champion de France de rugby à XV de  série en 1923, finale perdue face au FC Carmaux.

Lorsque le club est dissous en 1924, il rejoint le club doyen palois.

Jean Defrançais effectue la majeure partie de sa carrière sportive à la Section paloise, remportant notamment le championnat en 1927-1928.

En compagnie d'Albert Cazenave, de François Récaborde, Joseph Châtelain, David Aguilar ou de Paul Saux et d'Adrien Laborde, Jean Defrançais contribue à faire du pack palois l'un des plus réputés de France dans les années 30.

Palmarès
Championnat de France de rugby à XV 1927-1928

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1902
Naissance à Pau
Décès en février 1902
Décès à Pau
Joueur français de rugby à XV
Talonneur (rugby à XV)
Joueur de la Section paloise

Jean Defrançais