Jurica je hrvatsko muško ime, kršćanskog podrijetla. Oblik je odmilja imena Juraj.

Poznate osobe s ovim imenom su:
Jurica Bačić, hrv. liječnik i povjesničar medicine
Jurica Bajić (nogometni trener)
Jurica Bajić (nogometaš)
Jurica Baljak, hrv. glazbenik (Drinking Skull, Angelseed), rock novinar (United Forces)
Jurica Baričević
 Jurica Bebić, hrv. glazbenik, basist Spačka
Jurica Bednjanec, hrv. reprezentativac u hokeju na ledu
Jurica Bešlić, hrv. reprezentativac u dvoranskom nogometu
Jurica Blažević
Jurica Buljat
Jurica Cukar, hrv. filmski snimatelj
Jurica Čenar
Jurica Draušnik, hrv. političar i dužnosnik, pripadnik pokreta otpora i gospodarstvenik
 Jurica Fabijanić, hrv. vojna osoba, zapovjednik SJP Kutina "Ris"
Jurica Frković, hrv. državni dužnosnik
Jurica Gabriša, hrv. kazališni oblikovatelj maske i šminke
Jurica Galić
Jurica Galoić, hrv. novinski fotograf
Jurica Garić
Jurica Gašpar, hrv. novinar i urednik
Jurica Gizdić
Jurica Golemac
Jurica Grabušić
Jurica Gudelj
Jurica Jelić, hrv. glazbenik (Vještice)
Jurica Jerković
Jurica Kalc
Jurica Karabatić
Jurica Karuza, hrv. glazbenik
Jurica Kezić, hrv. likovni umjetnik
Jurica Kolonić, hrv. nogometaš
Jurica Lakić, hrv. rukometaš
Jurica Leikauff, hrv. glazbenik
Jurica Mihalj
Jurica Murai
 Jurica Nižić, hrv. glazbenik, basist Majki i Kojota
 Jurica Orlić, lik iz pripovijetke Đerdan Dinka Šimunovića
Jurica Oršić Slavetićki
Jurica Pađen
Jurica Pavičić, hrv. znanstvenik, dekan Ekonomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu
Jurica Pavičić (filmski kritičar)
Jurica Pavelić
Jurica Pavlić
Jurica Popović, hrv. glazbenik, gitarist i aranžer Gracije
Jurica Pranjić
Jurica Puljiz, hrv. nogometaš
Jurica Rakić, hrv. liječnik, dugogodišnji liječnik u HNK Hajduku iz Splita, u mladoj i hrvatskoj A reprezentaciji
Jurica Ribar, mlađi brat Ive Lole Ribara
Jurica Rukljić, hrv. glazbenik (Madre Badessa bend), prof. tube (Varaždin Brass Academy)
Jurica Ružić
Jurica Sauh, hrv. glazbenik (VIS Mladi
Jurica Siljanoski, mak. nogometaš
Jurica Sorić, član suradnik HAZU, razred za tehničke znanosti
fra Jurica Šalić (Juro Šalić)
Jurica Štelma, hrv. glazbenik (Mississippi Queen)
Jurica Šoša, hrv. glazbenik
Jurica Ugrinović, hrv. glazbenik (Cubismo)
Jurica Vidaček
Jurica Volarević, hrv. rukometni trener
Jurica Vučetić, hrv. istraživač vojne povijesti
Jurica Vukojević, hrvatski novinar
Jurica Vranješ
Jurica Vuco, hrv. književnik
Jurica Vučko
Jurica Žumberac, hrv. fotograf
Jurica Žuvela - Žuvi, hrvatski rap glazbenik

M. Jurica Zagorski, pseudonim Marije Jurić Zagorke

Jurica je i prezime. U Hrvata se javlja u okolici Obrovca, Zadru i Dračevu u istočnoj Hercegovini. Poznate osobe s ovim prezimenom su:

 Neven Jurica
 Ivana Jurica, novinarka Sportneta, ŠibenikIN-a i Radio Šibenika

 Marko Jurica, hrv. bivši košarkaški reprezentativac do 16

Ostala značenja

 Jurica, predio u Meksiku, Mexico, Aculco, 20,135° S 99,76528° Z

 Jurica, privremeni vodotok u Meksiku, Querétaro Arteaga, 20,68039°S 100,45838°Z

Izvori

Imena

Jurica


La cyberguerre russo-ukrainienne est une composante de la confrontation entre la Russie et l'Ukraine depuis l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique en 1991. La maskirovka, à savoir la désinformation et l'ingérence étrangère, fait en effet partie de la doctrine militaire russe. Alors que les premières attaques contre les systèmes d'information d'entreprises privées et d'institutions publiques ukrainiennes sont enregistrées lors de manifestations de masse en 2013  (l'Euromaïdan), la cyberarmée russe Uroburos existe depuis 2005. La cyberguerre russe s'est poursuivie avec le piratage du réseau électrique ukrainien à Noël 2015 et à nouveau en 2016, la paralysie du Trésor public ukrainien en décembre 2016, une attaque de masse de la chaîne d'approvisionnement en juin 2017 (cyberattaque NotPetya) et des attaques contre les sites Web du gouvernement ukrainien en janvier 2022 (cyberattaque de 2022 en Ukraine).

Histoire
La cyberguerre russo-ukrainienne est une composante de la confrontation entre la Russie et l'Ukraine depuis l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique en 1991. La cyberarmée russe Uroburos existe depuis 2005. Cependant, les premières attaques contre les systèmes d'information des entreprises privées et des institutions publiques ukrainiennes sont enregistrées lors de manifestations de masse en 2013 (l'Euromaïdan). La même année l'opération Armageddon est lancée, il s'agit d'une campagne russe de cyberespionnage systématique sur les systèmes d'information des agences gouvernementales, des forces de l'ordre et des agences de défense, censée aider la Russie sur le champ de bataille.

Entre 2013 et 2014, certains systèmes d'information d'agences gouvernementales ukrainiennes sont touchés par un virus informatique connu sous le nom de //Uroborus. En février-mars 2014, lorsque les troupes russes , des centres de communication sont attaqués et les câbles à fibres optiques de l'Ukraine  trafiqués, coupant la connexion entre la péninsule et l'Ukraine continentale. De la même manière, dans la région du Donbass, le trafic Internet entrant ou sortant des républiques séparatistes autoproclamées de Donetsk et de Lougansk est progressivement re-routé vers la Russie. De plus, les sites Web, les informations et les médias sociaux du gouvernement ukrainien sont fermés ou ciblés par des attaques par déni de service (), tandis que les téléphones portables de nombreux parlementaires ukrainiens sont piratés ou bloqués. Des experts ukrainiens déclarent également le début d'une cyberguerre avec la Russie. Les entreprises de cybersécurité commencent à enregistrer une augmentation du nombre de cyberattaques sur les systèmes d'information en Ukraine. Les cyberattaques russes visent des agences gouvernementales de l'Ukraine, de l'Union européenne, des États-Unis, des agences de défense, des organisations politiques et de défense internationales et régionales, des groupes de réflexion, des médias et des dissidents. En 2015, les chercheurs identifient deux groupes de pirates informatiques russes actifs dans la cyberguerre russo-ukrainienne : le soi-disant APT29 (également connu sous le nom de , ) et APT28 (également connu sous le nom de , , , ).

Dès le début de l'invasion russe en 2022, les attaques cyber ont été régulières mais sans impact majeur malgré les annonces et rumeurs de cyberopérations d'envergure à venir.

Cyberattaques

Cyberattaques russes
 Opération Armageddon, 2013.
 Opération , février 2014.
 Attaques contre le système automatisé , juin 2014.
 Piratage du système énergétique ukrainien, décembre 2015. Attaques utilisant le virus cheval de Troie BlackEnergy contre des sociétés énergétiques en Ukraine qui fournissent de l'énergie aux régions de Kiev, Ivano-Frankivsk et Tchernivtsi. Il s'agit de la première cyberattaque réussie sur un réseau électrique.
 Deuxième piratage du réseau électrique ukrainien, décembre 2016.
 Paralysie du Trésor public d'Ukraine, décembre 2016.
 Cyberattaque NotPetya de 2017, attaque de masse de la chaîne d'approvisionnement des hackers, juin 2017 utilisant le virus Petya. Selon l'administration présidentielle américaine, cette attaque représente la plus grande attaque de pirate informatique connue.
 Cyberattaque de 2022: le 14 janvier 2022, des attaques ont lieu contre certains sites du gouvernement ukrainien, un jour après l'échec des négociations américano-russes sur l'avenir de l'Ukraine au sein de l'Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord (OTAN). Les sites piratés par le virus Whispergate affichent le message "Ukrainiens, prenez peur, et préparez vous au pire".
 Après l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022, plusieurs sites Web gouvernementaux et bancaires ukrainiens majeurs sont atteints. Les services de renseignement américains attribuent les attaques à des assaillants russes, bien que le gouvernement russe nie toute implication.
 Le 10 mai 2022, l'Union européenne, les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni accusent collectivement la Russie d'être à l'origine d'une cyberattaque ayant eu lieu en février 2022 et ayant conduit à la panne du réseau internet du satellite KA-SAT. Ce satellite, opéré par des entreprises européennes et américaines, permettait à des citoyens ukrainiens et européens d'avoir accès à internet.
 Le 5 avril 2022, le  alertait sur des piratages par le biais de Telegram. Le 12 avril 2022, le même service annonçait une tentative de piratage russe contre des installations électriques. Au 9 avril 2022, Victor Zhora, du Service spécial des communications, dénombrait plus de 200 cyberattaques dont plus de la moitié étaient des tentatives de vol d'informations et d'infection par malware.

Cyberattaques ukrainiennes

 Opération Prikormka, mai 2016.
 Opération « 9 mai », 2016 (9 piratages réussis des sites de la république populaire de Donetsk, ainsi que des sites russes de propagande anti-ukrainienne et des ressources de sociétés militaires privées russes.
 Attaque de la chaîne « Pervy Kanal », juin 2016 (piratage du serveur corporatif du « canal TV 1 » russe par la Cyber Alliance Ukrainienne des hackers FalconsFlame, Trinity et Rukh8).
 Fuites de Surkov, octobre 2016, fuite de  e-mails et de centaines de pièces jointes révélant les plans pour la prise de la Crimée et pour fomenter des troubles séparatistes dans le Donbass (documents datés entre septembre 2013 et décembre 2014).
 L'armée informatique d'Ukraine est créée par Mykhailo Fedorov, premier vice-premier ministre et ministre de la transformation numérique, le 25 février 2022. L'effort est lancé lors de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022. L'objectif principal est la cyberguerre contre la Russie. Fedorov demande l'aide d'un cyber-spécialiste et tweete un télégramme comprenant une liste de 31 sites Web d'entreprises et d'organisations étatiques russes.
 Le 28 mars 2022, l'opérateur ukrainien UkrTelecom a subi une baisse de connectivité brutale de 80% attribuée par le service d'État ukrainien chargé de la sécurité informatique à une cyberattaque en provenance de Russie.

Cyberattaques d'opposants biélorusses
Les opposants biélorusses espèrent que l'affaiblissement de Poutine dans la guerre contre l'Ukraine favorisera le renversement du régime d'Alexandre Loukachenko.
En janvier 2022, pour perturber les manœuvres russes préliminaires à l'invasion de l'Ukraine, des pirates informatiques biélorusses du groupe  infectent le réseau de la compagnie ferroviaire publique de leur pays. Ils auraient crypté ou détruit des bases de données destinées à contrôler le trafic, les douanes et les gares. Plutôt que d'utiliser leur ransomware pour exiger de l'argent, le groupe déclare qu'il remettrait les ordinateurs en fonctionnement à deux conditions : le retrait des soldats russes de Biélorussise et la libération de cinquante prisonniers politiques qui ont besoin de soins médicaux.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 WannaCry, mai 2017

Liens externes
 Inside The Ukrainian 'Hacktivist' Network Cyberbattling The Kremlin

Guerre russo-ukrainienne
Relations entre la Russie et l'Ukraine
Cyberguerre
Cyberattaque
Groupe ou association de hackers

Cyberguerre russo-ukrainienne


An Arthrostylidium pubescens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Franz Josef Ivanovich Ruprecht. An Arthrostylidium pubescens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthrostylidium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arthrostylidium

Arthrostylidium pubescens


La Société des eaux de Guinée (SEG) est un établissement public de la république de Guinée crée en , chargé notamment de la distribution de l'eau potable aux centre urbaine sur l'ensemble du territoire.

Historique

Liste des principales installations

Notes et références

Liens externes

Entreprise ayant son siège en Guinée
Gestionnaire du réseau de distribution
Entreprise publique en Guinée
Entreprise fondée en 2021
Eau en Guinée

Société des eaux de Guinée


The Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator (SWIG) is an open-source software tool used to connect computer programs or libraries written in C or C++ with scripting languages such as Lua, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Tcl, and other languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Go, D, OCaml, Octave, Scilab and Scheme. Output can also be in the form of XML.

Function
The aim is to allow the calling of native functions (that were written in C or C++) by other programming languages, passing complex data types to those functions, keeping memory from being inappropriately freed, inheriting object classes across languages, etc. The programmer writes an interface file containing a list of C/C++ functions to be made visible to an interpreter. SWIG will compile the interface file and generate code in regular C/C++ and the target programming language. SWIG will generate conversion code for functions with simple arguments; conversion code for complex types of arguments must be written by the programmer. The SWIG tool creates source code that provides the glue between C/C++ and the target language.  Depending on the language, this glue comes in two forms:
a shared library that an extant interpreter can link to as some form of extension module, or
a shared library that can be linked to other programs compiled in the target language (for example, using Java Native Interface (JNI) in Java).

SWIG is not used for calling interpreted functions by native code; this must be done by the programmer manually.

Example
SWIG wraps simple C declarations by creating an interface that closely matches the way in which the declarations would be used in a C program. For example, consider the following interface file:
%module example

%inline %{
extern double sin(double x);
extern int strcmp(const char *, const char *);
extern int Foo;
%}
#define STATUS 50
#define VERSION "1.1"
In this file, there are two functions  and , a global variable , and two constants  and . When SWIG creates an extension module, these declarations are accessible as scripting language functions, variables, and constants respectively. In Python:
>>> example.sin(3)
0.141120008
>>> example.strcmp('Dave','Mike')
-1
>>> print(example.cvar.Foo)
42
>>> print(example.STATUS)
50
>>> print(example.VERSION)
1.1

Purpose
There are two main reasons to embed a scripting engine in an existing C/C++ program:
The program can then be customized far faster, via a scripting language instead of C/C++. The scripting engine may even be exposed to the end-user, so that they can automate common tasks by writing scripts.
Even if the final product is not to contain the scripting engine, it may nevertheless be very useful for writing test scripts.

There are several reasons to create dynamic libraries that can be loaded into extant interpreters, including:
Provide access to a C/C++ library which has no equivalent in the scripting language.
Write the whole program in the scripting language first, and after profiling, rewrite performance-critical code in C or C++.

History
SWIG is written in C and C++ and has been publicly available since February 1996. The initial author and main developer was David M. Beazley who developed SWIG while working as a graduate student at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the University of Utah and while on the faculty at the University of Chicago. Development is currently supported by an active group of volunteers led by William Fulton. SWIG has been released under a GNU General Public License.

Google Summer of Code
SWIG was a successful participant of Google Summer of Code in 2008, 2009, 2012. In 2008, SWIG got four slots. Haoyu Bai spent his summers on SWIG's Python 3.0 Backend, Jan Jezabek worked on Support for generating COM wrappers, Cheryl Foil spent her time on Comment 'Translator' for SWIG, and Maciej Drwal worked on a C backend.
In 2009, SWIG again participated in Google Summer of Code. This time four students participated. Baozeng Ding worked on a Scilab module. Matevz Jekovec spent time on C++0x features. Ashish Sharma spent his summer on an Objective-C module, Miklos Vajna spent his time on PHP directors.

In 2012, SWIG participated in Google Summer of Code. This time four out of five students successfully completed the project. Leif Middelschulte worked on a C target language module. Swati Sharma enhanced the Objective-C module. Neha Narang added the new module on JavaScript. Dmitry Kabak worked on source code documentation and Doxygen comments.

Alternatives
For Python, similar functionality is offered by SIP, Pybind11, and Boost's Boost.python library.

Projects Using SWIG
ZXID (Apache License, Version 2.0)
Symlabs SFIS (commercial)
LLDB
GNU Radio up to (including) version 3.8.x.x; later versions use Pybind11
Xapian
TensorFlow
Apache SINGA
QuantLib
Babeltrace

See also

Language binding
Foreign function interface
Calling convention
Name mangling
Application programming interface
Application binary interface
Comparison of application virtual machines
Wrapper function
GIWS for the opposite of SWIG: calling Java from C/C++

References

Further reading
Article "Expose Your C/C++ Program's Internal API with a Quick SWIG" by Victor Volkman
Article "Python Extensions In C++ Using SWIG" by Michael Fötsch
Presentation "Application overview for openSUSE" by Klaus Kämpf

External links

Cross-platform software
Free computer programming tools
Programming tools
Scripting languages

SWIG


Hanobası, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Pazarcık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Gaziantep iline 35 km, Pazarcık ilçesine 29 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Pazarcık'ın mahalleleri

Hanobası, Pazarcık


Trabalhadores do Comércio est un groupe de rock portugais, originaire de Porto.

Biographie
Le groupe est formé dans les années 1980 par Sérgio Castro et Álvaro Azevedo, membres d'Arte & Ofício, ainsi que João Luís Médicis qui, à ses débuts dans le groupe, n'avait que 7 ans. Ils connaissent un grand succès avec des chansons comme , , , ,  ou . En 1986, ils participent au festival de la chanson de la RTP avec le morceau , qui se classe sur le podium. La compilation  est publiée en 1995 ; déjà au  siècle, ils publient par l'intermédiaire du label Farol l'album  en 2007. En 2011 est publié le livre  qui comprend un disque bonus.

Discographie

Albums studio
 1981 :  (Polydor)
 1982 :  (PolyGram)
 1986 :  (TDB)
 1989 :  (compilation, Polygram)
 1990 :  (Polydor Records)
 2007 :  (2CD) (Farol/TDB)
 2011 :  (CD+livre, TDB)

Singles
 1980 :  (Rádio Produções Europa)
 1980 :  (Gira)
 1981 :  (Gira)
 1981 :  (Polygram)
 1981 :  (EP inédit)
 1986 :  (Transmédia)
 1996 :  (Polygram)
 1996 :  (Polygram)
 2006 :  (TDB)
 2006 :  (Farol)
 2007 :  (Farol)
 2009 :  (TDB)
 2010 :  (CD bonus) (TDB)

Impact
La chanson  est classée à la  place des  et à la  place des  du magazine Blitz. L'album  est considéré comme le  meilleur album de musique portugaise jamais réalisé dans l'Invicta.

Le style musical des Trabalhadores do Comércio a également servi d'inspiration à la créatrice de mode Maria Gambina.

Notes et références

Groupe portugais de rock
Groupe musical de Porto
Groupe musical portugais
Groupe musical formé en 1998

Trabalhadores do Comércio


Bandon may refer to:

Places
 Hundred of Bandon, a cadastral unit in South Australia
 Bandon (UK Parliament constituency), a former constituency (1801–1885) in Ireland
 Bandon, County Cork, Ireland, a town
 River Bandon, in Ireland
 Bandon Bay, a bay in the Gulf of Thailand
 Bandon district or Mueang Surat Thani district, an administrative district in Surat Thani province, Thailand
 Bandon, Indiana, United States, an unincorporated community
 Bandon, Oregon, United States, a city

Other uses
 Earl of Bandon, a title in the Peerage of Ireland
 Bandon (Byzantine Empire), a Byzantine military and administrative unit

Bandon


El Bourke Place es un rascacielos de 254 metros situado en el 600 Bourke Street, en el distrito financiero de Melbourne. Es el cuarto edificio más alto de la ciudad y el quinto de Australia. Diseñado por Godfrey & Spowers, se trata de una construcción de estilo moderno. Actualmente es la sede de varias firmas de abogados, incluyendo la de Mallesons Stephen Jaques. Alberga también un centro comercial, restaurantes y campos de tenis.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Bourke Place en SkyscraperPage.com
 Bourke Place en Emporis.com

Rascacielos de Australia del siglo XX
Rascacielos de Melbourne
Arquitectura de 1991
Australia en 1991
Rascacielos de Australia entre 200 y 249 metros

Bourke Place


Frangipane the tortoise er en dansk animationsfilm fra 1993 med instruktion og manuskript af Anthony Evans.

Handling
Barney Richards er 37 år, og bor i en lille provinsby sammen med sin mor. En aften på det lokale diskotek løber han ind i Gavin, en gammel ven, der klarer sig godt i storbyen. Pludselig føler Barney sig utilstrækkelig - som om livet er passeret forbi ham. Hvem er ansvarlig for det? Hvis er skylden? Guds, hans mors, hans egen eller den uskyldigt udseende skildpaddes, der bor i baghaven?

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1993

Frangipane the tortoise


Crusader, in full "Tank, Cruiser Mk VI, Crusader", also known by its General Staff number  A.15, was one of the primary British cruiser tanks during the early part of the Second World War. Over 5,000 tanks were manufactured and they made important contributions to the British victories during the North African campaign. The Crusader tank would not see active service beyond Africa but the chassis of the tank was modified to create anti-aircraft, fire support, observation, communication, bulldozer and recovery vehicle variants.

The first Crusader Mark I tanks entered service in 1941 and though manoeuvrable, they were relatively lightly armoured and under-armed. The following Crusader Mark II had a maximum armour of . The main armament for the Crusader Mark I and IIs was a 40 mm Ordnance QF 2-pounder gun; the following Crusader Mark III was fitted with a 57 mm Ordnance QF 6-pounder gun at the expense of one member of the crew in the turret. This variant was more than a match for the mid-generation German Panzer III and Panzer IV medium tanks that it faced in combat. As part of the 1st Armoured Brigade, the Crusader was to prove vital during the Second Battle of El Alamein, at the siege of Tobruk and in the Tunisia campaign.

Retained in service because of delays with its replacement, by late 1942, the lack of armament upgrades, plus reliability problems due to the harsh desert conditions and the appearance of uparmoured and upgunned German tanks in the Afrika Korps, saw the Crusader replaced as the main tank by US-supplied M3 Grant and then by the M4 Sherman medium tanks but it was retained in combat use until the end of the war in North Africa and after that for training in Britain.

Design and development
In 1938, Nuffield Mechanizations and Aero Limited produced their A16 design for a heavy cruiser tank based on Christie suspension. Looking for a lighter and cheaper tank to build, the General Staff requested alternatives from British industry. To this end, the A13 Mk III cruiser tank, which was to enter service as the "Tank, Cruiser Mk V" (known in service as "Covenanter"), was designed by LMS. Nuffield was, in 1939, offered the opportunity to take part in the production of the Covenanter.

Nuffield, however, preferred to work on its own version of the A13—though it still provided design work for the Covenanter's turret. This new tank was adopted as "Tank, Cruiser, Mk VI Crusader", under General Staff specification A15. Although Crusader is often referred to as an improved version of the Covenanter, in fact it was a parallel design. Both tanks were ordered "off the drawing board" without building prototypes first. Despite a later start, the pilot model of the Crusader was ready six weeks before the first Covenanter.

Unlike earlier "Christie cruisers" (A13, Marks III and IV and the Mark V Covenanter) that were built with four road wheels, Crusader had five road wheels each side to improve weight distribution in a tank that weighed almost 20 tons instead of the 14 tons of the previous cruisers. The -diameter wheels were of pressed steel with solid rubber tyres. The hull sides were built up of two separated plates, with the suspension arms between them.

It had a different engine from the Covenanter, different steering system and a conventional cooling system with radiators in the engine compartment. Covenanter used a brand new engine design, whereas Crusader adapted the readily available Liberty engine to fit into a lower profile engine compartment. At the left side of the front hull—a place occupied by the engine radiator in the Covenanter—was mounted a small hand-traversed auxiliary turret armed with a Besa machine gun. The auxiliary turret was awkward to use and was often removed in the field or remained unoccupied.

Both the A13 Mk III Covenanter and the A15 Crusader designs used the same main turret. The turret was polygonal—with sides that sloped out then in again—to give maximum space on the limited turret ring diameter. Early production vehicles had a "semi-internal" cast gun mantlet, which was quickly replaced in production by a better protected larger cast mantlet with three vertical slits for the main gun, a coaxial Besa machine gun, and the sighting telescope. There was no cupola for the commander, who instead had a flat hatch with the periscope mounted through it.

The main armament, as in other British tanks of the period, was balanced so that the gunner could control its elevation through a padded shaft against his right shoulder rather than using a geared mechanism. This fitted well with the British doctrine of firing accurately on the move.

When it was understood that there would be delays in the introduction of successor heavy cruiser tanks (the Cavalier, Centaur and Cromwell), the Crusader was adapted with a six-pounder gun.

Performance
Initial performance of the Crusader was found to be better than the comparable Stuart light tanks. Despite reliability problems, the tanks formed the primary unit for British cruiser tank armoured regiments, while the Stuart was used for reconnaissance.

The Crusader suffered from chronic reliability problems in desert use as a result of several factors. Tanks arriving in North Africa were missing many of the essential tools and servicing manuals needed to maintain operation—stolen or lost in transit. As tanks broke down, a lack of spare parts meant that many components were replaced with worn parts recovered from other tanks. When the tanks were returned to the base workshops upon reaching service intervals, many were serviced with components that had already achieved their design lifespan.

A rapid ramp-up in manufacturing within the UK caused quality issues as inexperienced workers began assembling tanks. This placed further pressure on the receiving base workshops who had to carry out the necessary re-work.

The new tanks also had a number of design flaws which needed to be worked out. The reconfiguration of the Mk. III Liberty engine into a flatter format to fit into the Crusader engine compartment had badly affected the tank's water pumps and cooling fan arrangements, both of which were critical in the hot desert temperatures. Several official and unofficial in-theatre modifications were applied in attempts to improve reliability and conserve water, which otherwise had to be prioritised on keeping the vehicles running. Rectification of these issues took a very long time, by which time confidence in the Crusader had been lost. Calls were made at various points for the vehicles to be replaced with the Valentine infantry tank or US-made M3 Grant tank.

As time moved on, more and more were being returned to base workshops, leading to a shortage of battle-ready tanks and a massive backlog of repair works to be completed. The number of vehicles available on the frontline dwindled, and US-made replacements were brought in.

While the 2-pounder gun had good performance when the tank was introduced, ammunition supply was focused on solid armour-piercing (AP) rounds. When German tanks moved to face-hardened armour, an effective Armour-piercing, Capped, Ballistic Capped (APCBC) ammunition was not available. By the time it was, German tanks had adapted specifically to counter it. Delays in producing the next generation of cruiser tanks meant the Crusader was later up-armed with the 6-pounder, which had much better anti-tank performance.

In keeping with a highly mobile cruiser tank, the vehicle had lighter armour than the Axis tanks that it encountered. It was among the first to have additional armour fitted to the ammunition storage. This greatly improved vehicle survivability with only a slight reduction in the number of rounds that could be carried. A significant area of concern, however, was the driver's compartment, the side of which had been left exposed by the removal of the secondary Besa machine gun turret. The angle left behind became a shot trap, with some incoming shells being deflected into the tank.

Despite the many problems, the Crusader was successful in combat against Axis tanks, using its better mobility and greater capability to fire on the move to strike at vehicle weak spots. This caused a change in German tactics, whereby Axis tanks would feign retreat, drawing Crusader units onto a pre-positioned anti-tank gun screen. With no high explosive (HE) ammunition, the Crusader struggled to engage these emplaced enemies. This situation continued until the introduction of US-produced vehicles, such as the Grant and then the Sherman, with dual-purpose 75 mm guns.

Service history

North Africa
With the Axis forces in North Africa having pushed the British back to the Egyptian border and the remaining British armour being a mixed force of older tanks with a few Matilda infantry tanks, tanks were hurriedly shipped via the Mediterranean arriving on 12 May 1941. There were sufficient Crusaders to equip the 6th Royal Tank Regiment (6RTR) which with the older cruiser tanks of 2nd Royal Tank Regiment (2RTR) formed the 7th Armoured Brigade. The rest of the tanks were Matildas for the 4th Armoured Brigade giving the 7th Armoured Division only four tank regiments.

Although there was pressure from London for the 7th Armoured Division to go into action, outfitting for the desert and training delayed the first use of Crusaders until Operation Battleaxe, an attempt to relieve the siege of Tobruk in June. As the brigade swept round the flank, the Crusaders were caught by concealed anti-tank guns and lost 11 tanks. The 6 RTR lost further tanks to action and defects in the fighting withdrawal during the next two days.

The 7th Armoured Brigade was re-equipped with further Crusaders, but, as the brigade had been expanded by the addition of 7th Hussars, there were not sufficient Crusaders to replace the older cruiser tanks.

The 22nd Armoured Brigade comprising three inexperienced armoured regiments equipped with Crusaders, transferred to North Africa to bring the 7th Armoured up to a strength of three armoured brigades. The 8th Hussars was added to the 4th Armoured Brigade, but these had to be equipped with M3 Stuart light tanks as there were still insufficient cruisers. The 22nd was able to take part in Operation Crusader in November 1941.

In Operation Crusader, the two British corps were disposed such that they could not support each other, but it was expected that, as the British outnumbered the German and Italian forces in tanks, the tank against tank battles would be decided in their favour. However, in the resulting encounters, Rommel did not put his tanks en masse into action against the British ones, and the large numbers of German anti-tank (AT) guns working offensively with the tanks and infantry proved effective. The Germans were mostly equipped with the PaK 38, a long-barrelled 50 mm gun with a range of . This superiority in quality and tactical deployment of anti-tank guns was to be a feature of the Afrika Korps throughout the "Desert War". The Crusader's 2-pounder (40 mm) gun was as effective as the short-barrelled 50 mm of the Panzer III, although it was out-ranged by the short-barrelled 75 mm of the Panzer IV.

Although the Crusader was faster than any tanks it opposed, its potential was limited by a relatively light QF 2-pounder gun, thin armour, and mechanical problems. A particular tactical limitation was the lack of a high-explosive shell for the main armament (these existed but were never supplied). Axis tank forces developed an extremely effective method of dealing with attacking tank forces by retiring behind a screen of concealed anti-tank guns. The pursuing tanks could then be engaged by the artillery. With the German anti-tank guns out of range of the tanks' machine guns and without a high-explosive shell to return fire, the tanks were left with the equally unpalatable options of withdrawing under fire or trying to overrun the gun screen.

The Crusader proved prone to "brew up" when hit, a problem that was identified as being due to the ammunition being ignited by hot metal penetrating the unprotected racks. The angled underside of the turret created shot traps that deflected rounds downward, through the hull roof.

The Crusader proved unreliable in the desert. This started with their transport from the UK to North Africa. Poor preparation and handling caused problems that had to be rectified before they could be passed to the regiments and ate into the supply of spare parts. Once in use, the sand caused erosion in the cooling system and the stresses of hard cross-country travel caused oil leaks between the engine block and the cylinders. Since there were few tank transporters or railways in the desert, the tanks had to travel long distances on their tracks, causing further wear.

By the end of 1941, there was only one brigade, the 2nd, which was operating with only Crusaders. In March 1942, US-built Grant medium tanks arrived and replaced one in three Crusader squadrons. While the Grant with its effective 75 mm gun gave better firepower against anti-tank guns and infantry, had better armour, and was more mechanically reliable, it was slower, limiting the Crusaders when they had to operate together. From May 1942, Mk IIIs (with the 57 mm 6-pounder gun) were delivered. Of the 840 tanks available to the British, 260 were Crusaders. The German tanks they were facing were improved types with face-hardened frontal armour, which caused 2-pounder shot to shatter rather than penetrate.

As part of British deception operations, Crusaders could be issued with "Sunshade", which was a metal framework with canvas covering that disguised the tank as a lorry to German aerial reconnaissance. Dummy tanks were also deployed.

Later in the campaign, shipping was improved, Nuffield put an engineering team in Egypt, and crews were better at preventing problems, but the reputation of the Crusader could not recover.

After Montgomery took over command, the imbalance between British and German armour was redressed by better control and the addition of more American-supplied Grant and Sherman tanks. The Crusader was replaced in the main line of battle and used for "light squadrons" trying to flank the enemy when it engaged the heavier units. The Australian 9th Infantry Division operated Crusaders for reconnaissance and liaison.

The British 1st Army landed as part of the Allied operations in Tunisia; some of its units were using the Crusader and these saw action from 24 November. These were not solely Crusader regiments, but mixed Crusader and Valentine tanks; within each squadron, two troops were Crusader IIIs, and there were Crusader II CSs attached to the Squadron HQ. These units of the 26th Armoured Brigade were used as an independent armoured column, "Blade Force", with the 78th Infantry Division. The operations of Blade Force were on terrain different from the desert of the earlier campaigns, and the fighting took place with smaller numbers of vehicles. These actions were similar to what would be seen later in Europe.

The 1st Army converted to Shermans during the Tunisia campaign, but Crusaders remained in use with the 8th for longer. The last major actions for Crusaders were the Battle of the Mareth Line and the Battle of Wadi Akarit. The North Africa campaign finished shortly after.

Other use

After the completion of the North African Campaign, the availability of better tanks, such as the Sherman and Cromwell, relegated the Crusader to secondary duties, such as anti-aircraft mounts or gun tractors. In these roles, it served for the remainder of the war. The Crusader, along with the Covenanter, equipped regiments at home; particularly those of the 11th Armoured Division. A Crusader bulldozer was developed, but not used operationally. One of these bulldozer tanks was converted for removing munitions following a fire at Royal Ordnance Factory Kirkby. The Crusader anti-aircraft guns were designed for use in North West Europe but given Allied air supremacy, the AA troops were disbanded.

The Crusader gun tractors operated with 76.2 mm Ordnance QF 17-pounder 17-pounder anti-tank gun regiments attached to armoured divisions and with XII Corps. One Crusader was used for testing the  Rolls-Royce Meteor engine, the increased horsepower over the standard Liberty engine giving a maximum speed in excess of . The turret of a Crusader tank was used by the French Far East Expeditionary Corps to defend the city of Hanoi at the beginning of the first Indochina War.

Variants

Crusader I (Cruiser Mk VI)
Original production version. The auxiliary turret was often removed in the field, eliminating the hull machine gunner position.
 Crusader I CS (Cruiser Mk VI CS) (Close Support) mounted a Ordnance QF 3 inch howitzer (76.2 mm) in the turret instead of the 2-pounder.

Crusader II (Cruiser Mk VIA)
The Crusader II had increased armour on hull front and turret front. As with the Mk I, the auxiliary turret was often removed.
 Crusader II CS (Cruiser Mk VIA CS) mounted a 3-inch (76.2 mm) howitzer in the turret.
 Command tank version existed with dummy gun and two No. 19 radios.

Crusader III
Due to delays with the Cruiser Mark VII Cavalier and the need for cruiser tanks, the Crusader was up-gunned with the 57 mm 6-pounder, the first British tank to mount this gun. Design work for a new turret started in March 1941, but Nuffield was not involved until late in the year, when they adapted the existing turret with a new mantlet and hatch.

The turret also received an extractor fan to clear fumes from the firing of the gun. The larger gun restricted turret space, so the crew was reduced to three, with the commander also acting as gun loader, a role previously performed by the wireless operator. The auxiliary turret space was given over to ammunition stowage.

Crusader III also saw the introduction of the Mk. IV Liberty engine, fixing many of the reliability issues previously encountered. This featured the Mk. III engine's later updated water pumps along with a shaft drive replacing chain drive for the cooling fans.

Production started in May 1942 and 144 were complete by July. The Crusader III first saw action, with about 100 participating, at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942.

Observation post
This was a tank converted to a mobile armoured observation post for direction of artillery. The turret was fixed in place, the gun was removed and a dummy barrel fitted to give it the same outward appearance of a regular tank. With no requirement for ammunition, the interior was given over to the radios, two No. 19 radios and No. 18 radio, map boards and related equipment. The Royal Artillery could then operate the OP tank up front among the fighting units directing artillery fire in their support.

Crusader III, AA Mk I
The 6-pounder was replaced with a Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft gun with an autoloader and powered mounting in an open-topped turret. The crew numbered four: gun commander, gun layer, loader, and driver. However, those Crusader III, AA Mk I used in NW Europe from D-day on did not have the turret, but a 40 mm Bofors gun mounted directly on the hull top with its standard shield.

Crusader III, AA Mk II / Mk III
A Crusader armed with twin Oerlikon 20 mm guns for anti-aircraft use and a single .303 (7.7 mm) Vickers GO machine gun. The turret was a small polygonal turret with heavy armour, but poor situational visibility for spotting approaching aircraft. The Mk III only differed from the Mk II by the position of the radio, which was moved to the hull in order to free some space inside the turret.

A variation with triple Oerlikons was produced in very limited quantities but seem to have been used only for training.

Due to Allied air superiority over the battlefields of north-west Europe, none of the AA versions saw much action against aircraft but a few - especially with the 1st Polish Armoured Division - were used against ground targets. The AA troops - attached to HQ squadrons - were disbanded after the Normandy landings.

Crusader II, Gun Tractor Mk I
The Crusader gun tractor came out of a need for a vehicle to tow the heavy 76.2 mm QF 17 pounder anti-tank gun. It was a Crusader tank hull with a simple boxy superstructure replacing that of the gun tank. The 14 mm thick structure protected the driver and the gun crew of six. The tractor also carried ammunition on the rear and within the crew area.

Although nearly as heavy as the gun tank, it was still capable of high speed and was officially limited to . This was still hard on the towed 17 pounder guns. They were used in northwest Europe from the Normandy landings of 1944 to the end of the war in 1945.

One such unit was 86 Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, part of XII Corps. In 86, the Crusader gun tractor replaced earlier Morris C8 gun tractors in two out of the four batteries. Unit veterans reported that the Crusader was popular with the crews and were often driven by former Armoured Corps drivers seconded to the Royal Artillery because of their driving experience. Some veterans of regiment 86 claimed they removed the 'governors' that normally limited tank speeds and credited an empty Crusader with speeds up to . They also claimed to be able to outrun Military Police motorcycles, which were limited to a wartime speed of  due to low grade petrol.

Some vehicles were also used by battery commanders as armoured command and reconnaissance vehicles.

Crusader ARV Mk I
Armoured recovery vehicle based on turretless Crusader hull. One prototype was built in 1942.

Crusader self-propelled guns
 A post-war modification was built, probably for testing purposes only, with a 5.5-inch (140 mm) Medium Gun installed at the front of the vehicle, facing back.
 Some Crusader gun tractors sold after the war to Argentina were converted to self-propelled guns, with French 75 mm or 105 mm gun installed in a large, boxy superstructure.

Additional variants
 Crusader with Anti-Mine Roller Attachment (AMRA) Mk Id: a mine clearing device consisting of four heavy rollers suspended from a frame. Weight of the rollers could be increased by filling them with water, sand etc.

Crusaders were used for experimentation such as a flotation kit, consisting of two pontoons attached to hull sides, special blades attached to tracks to propel the vehicle in water and a cowl over engine air intakes and cooling louvres.

Operators
  – converted gun tractors

 one squadron of the 9th Division Cavalry Regiment; North Africa (1941–43)
 at least one Crusader was trialled in Australia (1941) by the 1st Armoured Division

  - 2 Battalions - around 60 Tanks of the Egyptian Army Cavalry and Armoured Corps used it till the early 1960s. Along with 1 Battalion of Crusader AA as Anti-Aircraft Artillery from 1944 till the late 1960s. Saw action in the Suez War in Anti-aircraft role.

  – Captured vehicles used in the 15th Panzer Division. Designated Kreuzer Panzerkampfwagen Mk VI 746 (e).
  – captured vehicles used in the 133rd Littorio Armoured Division.

  – Used by the 1st Armoured Division

Surviving vehicles

Around 21 tanks survive in various degrees of preservation, ranging from running-condition museum vehicles to wrecks. Eight survive in various collections in South Africa.

Notable examples include the Crusader III in running condition at The Tank Museum in the United Kingdom. The Musée des Blindés in France preserves a Mk III anti-aircraft Crusader and the Overloon War Museum in the Netherlands owns a gun-tractor variant.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 OnWar Mk I, Mk II, Mk III
 WWII vehicles
 Crusader MkII photo gallery at svsm.org

Tanks of Argentina
Cruiser tanks of the United Kingdom
Multi-turreted tanks
World War II tanks of the United Kingdom
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944

Crusader tank


Fireblocks é uma plataforma que permite interagir com DeFi de várias maneiras, permitindo investir, apostar, enviar, receber e dinheiro e fazer parte dos contratos inteligentes de diferentes redes. Além disso, a empresa consiste em custodiar e garantir a guarda de ativos. É uma empresa certificada internacionalmente e testada pela ComSec e NCC Group.A partir da plataforma do Fireblocks, os usuários podem gerenciar livremente todas as carteiras, desde as descentralizadas até as que fazem parte de exchanges centralizadas como a Binance e Digitra.com.

Criptomoedas

Fireblocks


Najas wrightiana, vrsta vodene biljke iz roda podvodnica, porodica žabogrizovke, autohtone u nekim srednjoameričkim državama (Meksiko, Belize, Honduras, Gvatemala), Kubi, Bahamima i Venezueli, a udomaćila se i i floridskim močvarama.

Staništa su joj močvare, jezera, ribnjaci i spori vodeni tokovi. Stabljika uspravna i razgranata: Cvate od kasnog proljeća do jeseni

Izvori

Podvodnica

Najas wrightiana


عبد الصمد مفتاح الخير هو ممثل مغربي من مواليد مراكش في 8 يونيو 1977 شارك في عدة أفلام ومسلسلات وكانت بدايته في المسرح وهو ينتمي إلى أسرة متواضعة في مراكش. خريج المعهد العالي للفن المسرحي والتنشيط الثقافي.

أول عمل شارك فيه كانت مسرحية رحلة العطش مع عبد الحق الزروالي، كما نال الجائزة الكبرى وجائزة أحسن ممثل عن مسرحية كيد الرجال سنة 2000، هذا بالإضافة إلى أنه شارك في سلسلة عائلة السي مربوح رفقة محمد الجم، ودار الورثة، كما قدم دور البطولة في مسلسل دواير الزمان لفريدة بورقية، ثم شارك في فيلم الملائكة لا تحلق فوق الدارالبيضاء لمحمد العسلي، كما قدم إلى جانب سامية أقريو سلسلة أنا وياك وشارك في عدة أفلام ومسلسلات وكذلك عدد من الأعمال الكوميدية من أشهرها دور «لطفي» في السلسلة الشهيرة عائلة السي مربوح رفقة الثنائي محمد الجم وسعيدة بعدي.

أعماله

أفلام
 2004: نافح العطسة
 2005: الملائكة لا تحلق فوق الدارالبيضاء
 2007: نانسي والوحش
 2009: أبو أمال
 2009:  ولد مو
 2012: كل ما يريده الرجال
 2015: سطاجير
 2018: خفة الرجل

مسلسلات كوميدية
 عائلة السي مربوح
 لاباس والو باس
 دار الورثة
 حاولو على مستور
 مرضي ميمتو
 بنكالو
 بنت الناس
حي البهجة

مسرحيات
 كيد الرجال
 الحراز
 عويشة
 مرسول الحب
 كيف اطوير طار

برامج شارك فيها
 برنامج لالة لعروسة (منشط)
 عتاب (ضيف)

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ممثلون وممثلات مغاربة
مواليد 1368 هـ
مواليد 1397 هـ

عبد الصمد مفتاح الخير


Defileul Văratic este un monument al naturii de tip geologic sau paleontologic în raionul Rîșcani, Republica Moldova. Este amplasat la est de satul Văratic, în apropierea gurii râulețului Stăncăuți. Are o suprafață de 10 ha, sau 21,3 ha conform unor măsurări mai recente. Obiectul este administrat de Primăria satului Văratic.

Descriere
Defileul (sau Cheile) Văratic s-a format pe parcursul a câteva sute de mii de ani, sub acțiunea râulețului Ciuhureț, afluent al râului Ciuhur. La bază, se află un masiv recifal de vârstă badeniană și este constituit din schelete de corali, foraminifere, moluște, alge-litotamnii și alte organisme acvatice. În partea superioară a recifului se află un masiv de vârstă volhiniană (sarmațianul inferior), cu depuneri de argile și resturi organice nedeterminate.

În versanții recifului se află câteva peșteri și grote artificiale. Unele din ele, cum ar fi peștera "Căsoaia", care are și un izvor, conțin urme ale oamenilor din paleolitic și eneolitic. Pe râu s-au format trei cascade, cu înălțimea de 1,5 m, 2,5 m și 3,5 m.

Statut de protecție
Obiectivul a fost luat sub protecția statului prin Hotărîrea Sovietului de Miniștri al RSSM din 8 ianuarie 1975 nr. 5, iar statutul de protecție a fost reconfirmat prin Legea nr. 1538 din 25 februarie 1998 privind fondul ariilor naturale protejate de stat. Deținătorul funciar al monumentului natural era, la momentul publicării Legii din 1998, Primăria satului Duruitoarea, dar între timp acesta a trecut la balanța Primăriei satului Văratic.

Aria protejată prezintă interes instructiv și poate fi inclusă în trasee turistice. Conform situației din anul 2016, nu era instalat niciun panou informativ.

Galerie de imagini

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

Văratic, Defileul
Raionul Rîșcani

Defileul Văratic


Juan de los Ríos y Berriz (1631–1698) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como bispo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1687–1698).

Biografia
Juan de los Ríos y Berriz nasceu em Lima, Peru. A 28 de abril de 1687, foi escolhido pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado pelo Papa Inocêncio XI como Bispo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Em 1688, foi consagrado bispo por Melchor Liñán y Cisneros, arcebispo de Lima. Serviu como Bispo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra até à sua morte em 1698.

Bispos de Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Bispos católicos da Bolívia do século XVII
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Inocêncio XI
Mortos em 1698
Nascidos em 1631

Juan de los Ríos y Berriz


خالد سعود سيف البريكي (4 أكتوبر 1975 -)، ممثل وإعلامي سعودي يعيش في الكويت.

عن حياته
درس الهندسة الميكانيكية. بدأ مشواره الفني مع مسرح الشباب عام 1992 واستمر حتى عام 1998، العام الذي شهد انطلاقته وذلك بمسلسل دارت الأيام، واستطاع من خلال هذا العمل أن يُحقق النجاح ويعرف اسمه، واستمر بعدها بتقديم أعمال فنية بالتلفزيون والمسرح. وقد التحق «بالمعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية» في الكويت بعد دخوله للمجال الفني بعده سنوات، وحصل على شهادة البكالوريوس بالتمثيل والإخراج.

أسرته
تزوج في 20 سبتمبر 2011، وأنجبا في يونيو من عام 2012 ابنتهما «شيخة»، وفي شهر فبراير من عام 2014 أنجبا ابنتهما «طيبة».

أعماله الفنية

المسلسلات

المسلسلات الإذاعية

برامج

إذاعية
 الديوانية - مارينا أف إم
 أبديت - إذاعة الكويت
 مع خالد وهاشم - إذاعة الكويت (من إعداده)
 فوزنا (2016، 2017، 2018) - إذاعة الكويت

تلفزيونية
 منصات - تلفزيون الكويت (من إعداده)
 هو وهي - إم بي سي 1 مع رزان مغربي
 ليالي الكويت - تلفزيون الكويت (حلقتين فقط)

في المسرح

المسرح الجماهيري

المسرح النوعي

الأوبريتات

في السينما

المُشاركة في المهرجانات والجوائز
  - مهرجان المسرحي للشباب الخليجي في الشارقة 1996
  - الموسم الثقافي الأول - إدارة مسارح المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والاداب 1998
  - افتتاح مهرجان هلا فبراير (أوبريت) 2002
  - مهرجان المسرح المحلي 2005 - أفضل مُمثل دور ثاني عن مسرحية كوكب الأحذية.
  - مهرجان الشهيد فهد الأحمد للدراما 2006 - أفضل مُمثل دور ثاني عن مسلسل الفرية.
  - عضو لجنة تحكيم في مهرجان أيام المسرح للشباب 2014.
  - مهرجان الكويت المسرحي
  - مهرجان الكويت السينمائي
  - مهرجان القاهرة السينمائي الدولي
  - مهرجان القاهرة الدولي للمسرح التجريبي
  - مهرجان الإسكندرية السينمائي الدولي
  - مهرجان أبو ظبي السينمائي الدولي
  - مهرجان دبي السينمائي الدولي
  - مهرجان الخليج السينمائي في دُبي
  - مهرجان أيام الشارقة المسرحية
  - مهرجان العين السينمائي
  - مهرجان الشارقة للمسرح الصحراوي
  - مهرجان الشارقة للمسرح الخليجي
  - مهرجان قطر السينمائي
  - مهرجان الدوحة ترايبيكا السينمائي
  - مهرجان أجيال السينمائي
  - مهرجان البحرين السينمائي للأفلام القصيرة
  - مهرجان البحرين المسرحي
  - المهرجان المسرحي الجامعي - مسقط
 : مهرجان المسرح الخليجي
 : مهرجان السينما الخليجي

المراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
مغتربون سعوديون في الكويت
ممثلون وممثلات سعوديون
ممثلون يعملون في الكويت
مواليد 1395 هـ
مواليد 1975
مهندسون سعوديون

خالد البريكي


Apex est un film de science-fiction américain coécrit et réalisé par Edward John Drake, sorti en 2021.

Synopsis
Sur une île déserte, un ancien flic, Thomas Malone, est traqué par cinq chasseurs d'élite qui ont dépensé une fortune pour se prêter à leur jeu favori : la chasse à l'homme. Rusé et ingénieux, pour survivre, Malone se rebelle rapidement contre eux en les éliminant un par un...

Fiche technique
 Titre original et français : Apex
 Réalisation : Edward John Drake
 Scénario : Edward John Drake et Corey William Large
 Musique : Hugh Wielenga
 Photographie : Wai Sun Cheng
 Montage : Justin William
 Production : Corey William Large, Sean O'Reilly, Matthew Helderman et Luke Taylor
 Sociétés de production : 308 Entertainment, BondIt Media Capital, Head Gear Films, Buffalo 8 Productions, Kreo Films FZ et Metrol Technology
 Société de distribution : RLJE Films
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : science-fiction
 Durée : 94 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
   :
  :  (vidéo)

Distribution
 Bruce Willis  : Thomas Malone
 Neal McDonough  : Samuel Rainsford
 Corey William Large  : Carrion
 Lochlyn Munro  : Lyle
 Trevor Gretzky  : Ecka
 Nels Lennarson  : Bishop
 Megan Peta Hill  : Jeza
 Adam Huel Potter  : le directeur Warden Nicholls
 Joe Munroe : Damien
 Alexia Fast  : West Zaroff

 Version française
 Studio de doublage : Iyuno SDI
 Direction artistique : Annabelle Roux
 Adaptation : Mathias Raaflaub

Critiques
Le film obtient la note de 1,3 sur 5 sur le site Allociné.

La note obtenue sur le site SensCritique n'est guère supérieure avec seulement 2,6/10.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2021
Film de science-fiction américain
Film se déroulant sur une île

Apex (film)


Laurits (Lars) Christian Meulengracht (født 14. februar 1837 i Aarhus, død 9. april 1903 i Monte Carlo) var en dansk virksomhedsleder og politiker.

I 1868 blev L. Chr. Meulengracht gift med sin kusine Ingeborg Christiane Lottrup (1845-1904). Efter sin svigerfars død, overtog han i år 1871 ledelsen af Ceres.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 L. Chr. Meulengracht på Den Store Danske Encyklopædi

Bryggere fra Danmark
Medlemmer af Aarhus Byråd
Politikere fra Højre (1881-1915)

L. Christian Meulengracht


Silver sulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula . A dense black solid, it is the only sulfide of silver. It is useful as a photosensitizer in photography. It  constitutes the tarnish that forms over time on silverware and other silver objects. Silver sulfide is insoluble in most solvents, but is degraded by strong acids. Silver sulfide is a network solid made up of silver (electronegativity of 1.98) and sulfur (electronegativity of 2.58) where the bonds have low ionic character (approximately 10%).

Formation
Silver sulfide naturally occurs as the tarnish on silverware. When combined with silver, hydrogen sulfide gas creates a layer of black silver sulfide patina on the silver, protecting the inner silver from further conversion to silver sulfide. Silver whiskers can form when silver sulfide forms on the surface of silver electrical contacts operating in an atmosphere rich in hydrogen sulfide and high humidity. Such atmospheres can exist in sewage treatment and paper mills.

Structure and properties
Three forms are known: monoclinic acanthite (β-form), stable below 179 °C, body centered cubic so-called argentite (α-form), stable above 180 °C, and a high temperature face-centred cubic (γ-form) stable above 586 °C. The higher temperature forms are electrical conductors. It is found in nature as relatively low temperature mineral acanthite. Acanthite is an important ore of silver. The acanthite, monoclinic, form features two kinds of silver centers, one with two and the other with three near neighbour sulfur atoms. Argentite refers to a cubic form, which, due to instability in "normal" temperatures, is found in form of the pseudomorphosis of acanthite after argentite.

History
In 1833 Michael Faraday  noticed that the resistance of silver sulfide decreased dramatically as temperature increased. This constituted the first report of a semiconducting material.

Silver sulfide is a component of classical qualitative inorganic analysis.

References

External links
Tarnishing of Silver: A Short Review V&A Conservation Journal
Images of silver whiskers NASA

Sulfides
Silver compounds
Semiconductors

Silver sulfide


Das Kontinenzorgan, auch als Schließapparat bezeichnet, ist der Verschlussapparat des Afters. Das funktionsfähige Kontinenzorgan gewährleistet die Kontinenz. Erkrankungen, Fehlbildungen oder Verletzungen des Kontinenzorgans können zur Stuhlinkontinenz führen. Der Betroffene ist dann nicht mehr in der Lage, seinen Stuhlabgang oder Winde willkürlich zurückzuhalten.

Anatomie und Funktion

Das Kontinenzorgan ist aus mehreren anatomischen Strukturen zusammengesetzt. Die korrekte Funktion und das Zusammenspiel der einzelnen Komponenten ist für die Kontinenz von großer Wichtigkeit. Die wesentlichen Komponenten sind das Rektum, die Muskulatur, das Corpus cavernosum recti (Hämorrhoidalpolster), das Anoderm und das dazugehörige Nervensystem.

Für den Grobabschluss dient ein trichterförmiger muskulärer Aufbau der aus der Muskulatur des Beckenbodens (Musculus puborectalis und Musculus levator ani), sowie dem inneren (Musculus sphincter ani internus) und äußeren (Musculus sphincter ani externus) Schließmuskel gebildet wird. Der innere Schließmuskel hat einen ringförmigen Aufbau aus glatter Muskulatur. Dieser autonome Muskel erschlafft nur während der Defäkation. Er erbringt den größten Anteil an der Kontinenzleistung. Wenn im Rektum die Ampulla recti gefüllt ist, entspannt sich der M. sphincter ani internus, wodurch Darminhalt an das hochsensible Anoderms (Analschleimhaut) gelangen kann. Das mit vielen Nervenenden durchsetzte Anoderm ist sensorisch in der Lage, zwischen Darmgasen, Flüssigkeit und Feststoff zu differenzieren. Der äußere Schließmuskel, der zur quergestreiften Muskulatur gehört, unterstützt im Ruhezustand den Verschluss des Analkanals. Er kann bewusst, beispielsweise bei heftigem Bedürfnis des Stuhlgangs, kräftig kontrahiert werden, wodurch der Darminhalt aus dem Analkanal zurück in die Ampulla recti gedrückt wird. Dadurch kann, auch bei gefüllter Ampulle und heftigem Defäkationsreiz, der Stuhlgang willentlich unterdrückt werden ("Kneifdruck").

Die Schließmuskeln des Afters sind alleine nicht in der Lage, den Analkanal zu verschließen. Selbst bei einer maximalen Kontraktion dieser Ringmuskeln verbliebe eine Öffnung von etwa 10 mm Durchmesser, die erst durch den Musculus canalis ani und das darauf aufsitzende Corpus cavernosum recti (Hämorrhoidalplexus) verschlossen werden kann.
Ist der innere Schließmuskel angespannt, so wird der venöse Abfluss gedrosselt und der Hämorrhoidalplexus füllt sich mit Blut. Dadurch wird die Passage von Kot und Darmgasen verhindert. Der Hämorrhoidalplexus ist für die Feinkontinenz von großer Wichtigkeit.

Erkrankungen des Kontinenzorgans
Eine Reihe von Erkrankungen kann das Kontinenzorgan betreffen und in der Folge die Kontinenz einschränken oder zur Stuhlinkontinenz führen. Dazu gehören unter anderem das Rektumkarzinom, Hämorrhoidalleiden, Analfisteln und -abszesse.

Weiterführende Literatur
 A. Winkelmann, J. Kirsch u. a.: Taschenlehrbuch Anatomie. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2010, ISBN 3-131-62511-2, S. 386.
 T. Wedel: Funktionelle Anatomie – Voraussetzung zum Verständnis von Defäkationsstörungen. In: Chir Gastroenterol. Band 23, Nummer 3, 2007, S. 220–227.

Einzelnachweise

Verdauungsapparat
Dickdarm
Anus
Körperöffnung

Kontinenzorgan


Kenen ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Isaiah L. Kenen (1905–1988), US-amerikanischer Zionist
 Peter B. Kenen (1932–2012), US-amerikanischer Ökonom

Kenen


Johannes Rommerskirchen, OMI (* 5. Januar 1899 in Neuenhoven, Kreis Grevenbroich; † 24. Februar 1978 in Rom) war ein deutscher katholischer Theologe und Bibliothekar.

Leben
Rommerskirchen kam 1934 als Dozent an das missionswissenschaftliche Institut der Päpstlichen Universität Urbaniana in Rom und wurde später daselbst zum Professor ernannt. Zugleich war er Direktor der Päpstlichen Missionsbibliothek des Päpstlichen Werkes der Glaubensverbreitung.

Er war Mitherausgeber der Bibliotheca Missionum und der Bibliografia Missionaria.

Ehrungen
 1968: Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Literatur
 Willi Henkel, OMI: Johannes Rommerskirchen, in: Gerald H. Anderson (Hrsg.): Biographical dictionary of Christian missions. – Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999

Einzelnachweise

Oblate der Unbefleckten Jungfrau Maria
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Bibliothekar (Vatikanstadt)
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes
Person (Rom)
Deutscher
Geboren 1899
Gestorben 1978
Mann

Johannes Rommerskirchen


O Campeonato Mundial de Voleibol Feminino Sub-19 de 2023 é a 1ª edição com esta nomenclatura (Sub-19), e a 18ª edição da competição na história (somando as anteriores chamadas de Sub-18), disputada entre 24 seleções mundiais, no período de 1 a 11 de agosto, sendo co-organizado pela cidade croata de Osijek e pela cidade húngara de Szeged.

A seleção estadunidense conquistou seu segundo título ao vencer na final a representação turca, e a Itália completa o pódio.
A atacante estadunidense Abby Vander Wal foi premiada como a melhor jogadora da competição e também em sua função.

Escolha das sedes

Em 2 de junho de 2022, a FIVB iniciou o processo licitatório para federações dos países interessados em sediar um dos quatro eventos dos Campeonatos Mundiais nas faixas etárias em 2023, isto é, Campeonatos Mundiais Sub-19 e Campeonatos Mundiais Sub-21, em ambos os naipe, cujo prazo da manifestação de interesse foi até 29 de julho de 2022, 18:00 CEST (UTC+2.

A FIVB anunciou os anfitriões dos referidos mundiais em 24 de janeiro de 2023, com a candidatura em conjunto da Croácia e da Hungria, que foram selecionadas para sediar o Campeonato Mundial Sub-19 Feminino de 2023, sendo a primeira vez que o Campeonato Mundial Feminino Sub-19 da FIVB será co-organizado por dois países e a segunda vez que a Croácia sediará o torneio, tendo feito anteriormente em 2001, e será a primeira vez que a Hungria sediará um torneio da FIVB de qualquer categoria.

Equipes qualificadas

Locais dos jogos

Fórmula da disputa

A competição será disputada por 24 seleções mundiais, distribuídas proporcionalmente em quatro grupos, A, B, C e D, todas se enfreando em cada grupo, resultando em 16 times classificados para a disputa das oitavas de final e as demais disputarão as posições do décimo sétimo ao vigésimo lugares
As equipes vencedoras da fase de oitavas de final disputarão as quartas de final e as eliminadas as disputas pelas posições inferiores; já as vencedoras da quartas de final disputarão a semifinal e as eliminadas disputarão do quinto ao oitavo lugares.
As equipes que venceram as semifinais competirão pelo título na grande final e as perdedoras a disputa pelo bronze.

Primeira fase

Grupo A

Classificação

|}

Resultados

|}

Grupo B

Classificação

|}

Resultados

|}

Grupo C

Classificação

|}

Resultados

|}

Grupo D

Classificação

|}

Resultados

|}

Fase final

Chaveamento final

 Todos os horários de Osijek e Szeged obedecem ao CEST (UTC+2).

Classificação 5º–8º lugar

Classificação 9º–16º lugar
</div>

Classificação 13º–16º lugar

Classificação do 17º ao 24º lugares

</div>

Classificação 21º–23º lugar

Classificação 17º–24º lugar

Resultados

|}

Classificação 21º–23º lugar
Resultados

|}

Classificação 17º–20º lugar
Resultados

|}

Vigésimo terceiro lugar
Resultados

|}

Vigésimo primeiro lugar
Resultados

|}

Décimo nono lugar
Resultados

|}

Décimo sétimo lugar
Resultados

|}

Oitavas de final

Resultados

|}

Classificação 9º–16º lugar

Resultados

|}

Classificação 13º–16º lugar
Resultados

|}

Classificação 9º–12º lugar
Resultados

|}

Décimo quinto lugar
Resultados

|}

Décimo terceiro lugar
Resultados

|}

Décimo primeiro lugar
Resultados

|}

Nono lugar
Resultados

|}

Quartas de final
Resultados

|}

Classificação do 5º ao 8º lugares

Resultados

|}

Sétimo lugar

Resultado

|}

Quinto lugar

Resultado

|}

Semifinais

Resultado

|}

Terceiro lugar

Resultado

|}

Final

Resultado

|}

Classificação final

Premiação individuais

As jogadoras que se destacaram na competição foram:

Estatísticas
Maiores pontuadoras

Melhores Atacantes

Melhores Bloqueadoras

Melhores Sacadoras

Melhores Levantadoras

Melhores Atacantes

Melhores Passadoras

Campeonato Mundial de Voleibol
Competições de voleibol de categorias de base
2023 na Croácia
2023 na Hungria
2023 no voleibol


Baškovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Sobrance din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 247 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu Hlivištia, , Horňa, Ruskovce și Jasenov.

Istoric
Localitatea Baškovce este atestată documentar din 1427.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Baškovce, Sobrance


Huset Orléans-Bragança er en ikke regerende brasiliansk fyrstefamilie af fransk og portugisk oprindelse.

Fyrstehuset blev grundlagt i 1864 , da Gaston, greve af Eu (1842–1922) (en sønnesøn af kong Ludvig-Filip af Frankrig (1773–1850) giftede sig med den brasilianske tronfølger, den kejserlige prinsesse Isabel af Brasilien (1846–1921), der var den ældste datter af kejser Pedro 2. af Brasilien (1825–1891).

Der er to linjer af huset Orléans-Bragança, der gør krav på den afskaffede brasilianske kejsertrone. Der er Vassouras-linjen og Petrópolis- linjen.

Nogle medlemmer af Petrópolis linjen
 Pedro de Alcântara, fyrste af Grão-Pará (1875–1940).
 Pedro Gastão af Orléans og Bragança (1913–2007), tronprætendent 1940–2007.
 Pedro Carlos af Orléans og Bragança (født 1945), tronprætendent siden 2007.
 Maria da Glória af Orléans og Bragança (født 1946), fhv. titulær kronprinsesse af Jugoslavien (og Serbien).

Etableret i 1864

Huset Orléans-Bragança


براتسلاف (Брацлав) هي بلدة من النمط المدني في منطقة نيميروف في محافظة فينيتسا في أوكرانيا. تقع على نهر بوغ الجنوبي.

مراجع

براتسلاف
تاريخ اليهود في أوكرانيا
تاريخ يهود بولندا
مدن أوكرانيا

هتمانات القوزاق
مجتمعات يهودية في بولندا
مواقع هولوكوست في أوكرانيا

براتسلاف


San Carlos Sija es un municipio del departamento de Quetzaltenango, localizado a 23 km de la ciudad de Quetzaltenango y a 206 km de la Ciudad de Guatemala en la región sur-occidente de la República de Guatemala. Forma parte de la Mancomunidad Metrópoli de los Altos.

Tras la independencia de Centroamérica en 1821, San Carlos Sija perteneció en lo militar al departamento de Quetzaltenango-Soconusco, y en lo administrativo al departamento de Totonicapán-Huehuetenango.

Luego, en 1838, San Carlos Sija perteneció al efímero Estado de Los Altos, el cual fue autorizado por el Congreso de la República Federal de Centro América el 25 de diciembre de ese año. Pero este intento secesionista fue derrotado por el general conservador guatemalteco Rafael Carrera, quien impuso un régimen duro y hostil para los liberales altenses, pero bondadoso para los indígenas de la región.

En 1902, la población fue afectada por el terremoto de San Perfecto el 18 de abril y por la erupción del volcán Santa María el 24 de octubre. Esta última es considerada como la segunda erupción más destructiva de la región centroamericana del siglo .

En la decenio del 2010, el municipio se incorporó voluntariamente a la Mancomunidad Metrópoli de los Altos, la cual está conformada por varias entidades municipales de los departamentos de Totonicapán y Quetzaltenango y «promueve el desarrollo local, integral y sostenible de los municipios integrantes».

Toponimia
El topónimo «San Carlos Sija» es de origen español y maya, aunque la historia sobre el mismo ha tenido versiones contradictorias. Por una parte, se ha mencionado que el nombre está relacionado con la creación del poblado, en diciembre de 1526, por el historiador español Bernal Díaz del Castillo con el nombre de «Sija», siendo aféresis de «Écija», nombre de la ciudad en donde, aparentemente, había nacido. Incluso, se ha manejado la versión de que el nombre original era «Valle de Écija», en honor a la mencionada ciudad. Sin embargo, este dato es incorrecto, ya que Díaz del Castillo nació en Medina del Campo, Valladolid, entre octubre de 1495 y marzo de 1496, no en Écija. Por otra parte, existen registros que apoyan el origen maya de «Sija», como es el caso del Título de la casa Ixquín Nehaíb, Señora del Territorio de Otzoyá, presentado como pieza probatoria ante el Juzgado Privativo de Tierras de esa localidad durante el siglo , en donde se menciona a «Sija» como la fonetización española de la voz indígena Sihá.

Además, en el Archivo General de Centroamérica existe un expediente del año 1714 en el cual se consigna que los vecinos del valle de Sija solicitaron la fundación de una villa en dicho lugar. Como consecuencia, el 8 de diciembre de 1776, la Real Audiencia de Guatemala ordenó la reducción de Sija como poblado. Luego de haber concluido la construcción de las casas y la reducción de las familias, los pobladores del valle de Sija solicitaron al Alcalde Mayor de Totonicapán la asignación de un nombre al poblado. De esa cuenta, Martín de Mayorga, Capitán General de Guatemala, aprobó la fundación del poblado del valle de Sija como «San Carlos Sija», en honor al monarca español Carlos III.

División administrativa

El municipio cuenta con un total de diecisiete aldeas, además de su cabecera municipal:

Geografía física
El municipio de San Carlos Sija tiene una extensión territorial de 148 km² y una gran variedad de accidentes geográficos e hidrográficos.

Orografía

Hidrografía

El municipio cuenta con la presencia de muchas cuencas hidrográficas, siendo las más importantes, las de los ríos:

 Río Salinas
 Río Cuilco
 Río Samalá
 Río Naranjo

Las cuencas del río Salinas y del río Cuilco se localizan al norte del municipio y drenan sus aguas hacia la vertiente del Golfo de México. El río Salinas es, además, afluente de los ríos Usumacinta y La Pasión.

Por su parte, los ríos Samalá y Naranjo se encuentran al sur del municipio y drenan sus aguas hacia la vertiente del Océano Pacífico. El río Samalá nace en los cerros de la Sierra Madre en los departamentos de Totonicapán y Quetzaltenango, su corriente es explotada en dichos municipios con fines industriales; asimismo, en Zunil es aprovechado para generar energía eléctrica en la planta hidroeléctrica Santa María, que entró en operación en el año de 1927.

Clima

El siguiente es un cuadro de las temperaturas medias de la cabecera municipal. (Clasificación de Köppen: Cwb):

Ubicación geográfica
Colinda con cuatro departamentos dada su gran extensión territorial de 148 km², ocupando el quinto lugar a nivel departamental; se localiza en la región de Los Altos, en la parte norte del departamento de Quetzaltenango y a una distancia de 22 km de la cabecera departamental, Quetzaltenango.

Sus límites geográficos son los siguientes:

Historia

Revuelta indígena de 1820

Ante el interés del pueblo indígena por acabar con los impuestos eclesiásticos y el tributo impuesto por la corona española, los líderes indígenas Atanasio Tzul y Lucas Aguilar lucharon en contra del poder de la Capitanía General de Guatemala representado por el Capitán General, el Arzobispo de Guatemala, Ramón Casaus y Torres, las órdenes regulares, la élite ladina local y los caciques de Totonicapán. Los tributos reales habían sido suprimidos en 1811 por las cortes de Cádiz, pero fueron impuestos de nuevo por el rey Fernando VII.

Durante la cuaresma de 1820, cuando se supo que Fernando VII había sido obligado a poner nuevamente en vigencia la Constitución absolutista, Aguilar y Tzul realizaron gestiones ante el alcalde mayor de Totonicapán para verificar el hecho. El 12 de julio por la noche, los principales y los líderes de la revuelta reconocieron como rey o gobernador a Tzul. Así, se dio paso al rechazo del tributo, la remoción del Alcalde Mayor, José Manuel Lara de Arrese y la imposición de un gobierno propio.

No obstante, el gobierno liderado por Tzul y Aguilar duró, aproximadamente, veinte días, sufriendo una aplastante derrota a manos de más de mil milicianos ladinos de Los Altos, en donde participaron también miembros del batallón sijeño.

Tras la Independencia de Centroamérica

El Estado de Guatemala fue definido por la Asamblea Constituyente el 11 de octubre de 1825 como soberano, independiente y libre. Siendo el departamento de Totonicapam —nombre de ese entonces— en 1825; cabecera del departamento de Totonicapán-Huehuetenango, con los siguientes territorios: Totonicapán, Momostenango, Nebaj, Huehuetenango, Malacatán, Soloma, Jacaltenango, y Cuilco. De tal manera que la constitución del Estado de Guatemala promulgada en esa misma fecha—creó los distritos y sus circuitos correspondientes para la administración de justicia según el Código de Lívingston traducido al español por José Francisco Barrundia y Cepeda; siendo Totonicapán sede del circuito del mismo nombre en el distrito N.º 9 (Totonicapam); a este circuito pertenecían Salcajá, San Cristóbal, Shejul, Vobos (Sibilia), Sija y San Francisco.

El efímero Estado de Los Altos

A partir del 3 de abril de 1838, el valle de Sija fue parte de la región que formó el efímero Estado de Los Altos, el cual fue autorizado por el Congreso de la República Federal de Centro América el 25 de diciembre de ese año forzando a que el Estado de Guatemala se reorganizara en siete departamentos y dos distritos independientes el 12 de septiembre de 1839:

 Departamentos: Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, Escuintla, Guatemala, Mita, Sacatepéquez, y Verapaz
 Distritos: Izabal y Petén

Las revueltas indígenas en el Estado de Los Altos fueron constantes y alcanzaron su punto crítico el 1.º de octubre de 1839, en Santa Catarina Ixtahuacán, cuando tropas altenses reprimieron una sublevación y mataron a cuarenta vecinos. Encolerizados, los indígenas acudieron al caudillo conservador Rafael Carrera, en busca de protección. Por otra parte, en octubre de 1839 la tensión comercial entre Guatemala y Los Altos dio paso a movimientos militares; hubo rumores de que el general Agustín Guzmán, un militar mexicano que estaba al mando de las Fuerzas Armadas de Los Altos, estaba organizando un ejército en Sololá con la intención de invadir Guatemala, lo que puso a ésta en máxima alerta.

Tras algunas escaramuzas, los ejércitos se enfrentaron en Sololá el 25 de enero de 1840; Carrera venció a las fuerzas del general Agustín Guzmán e incluso apresó a éste mientras que el general Doroteo Monterrosa venció a las fuerzas altenses del coronel Antonio Corzo el 28 de enero.  El gobierno quetzalteco colapsó entonces, pues aparte de las derrotas militares, los poblados indígenas abrazaron la causa conservadora de inmediato; al entrar a Quetzaltenango al frente de dos mil hombres, Carrera fue recibido por una gran multitud que lo saludaba como su «libertador».

Carrera impuso un régimen duro y hostil para los liberales altenses, pero bondadoso para los indígenas de la región —derogando el impuesto personal— y para los eclesiásticos restituyendo los privilegios de la religión católica. El 26 de febrero de 1840 el gobierno de Guatemala colocó a Los Altos bajo su autoridad y el 13 de agosto nombró al corregidor de la región, el cual servía también como comandante general del ejército y superintendente.  En 1845, los miembros del batallón de la localidad se dedicaban a la vigilancia de trapiches y otras labores clandestinas en toda el área de los k'iche's y mames, es decir, en el área de la región de Los Altos.

Durante la década de 1850 el juez preventivo y comandante militar criollo de San Carlos Sija, José María Rivas, ejercía cierta autoridad de intermediación en diferentes asuntos de todos los municipios dominados por los k'iche's, tales como el comercio de trigo y algunas disputas territoriales.

Tras la Reforma Liberal: creación del batallón sijeño

Tras la muerte del presidente vitalicio, general Rafael Carrera en 1865, los liberales se reorganizaron y finalmente lograron derrotar al gobierno conservador en 1871, en el movimiento conocido como la Revolución Liberal de 1871; entonces, el gobierno de facto del presidente provisiorio Miguel García Granados dispuso crear el departamento de Quiché para mejorar la administración territorial de la República dada la enorme extensión del territorio de los departamentos de Totonicapán-Huehuetenango y de Sololá-Suchitepéquez. De esta cuenta, el 12 de agosto de 1872 el departamento de Sololá-Suchitepéuez perdió sus distritos de Suchitepéquez, de la Sierra y de Quiché y San Carlos Sija pasó a formar parte del nuevo departamento de Totonicapán, junto con los municipios de Totonicapán, San Cristóbal, San Francisco El Alto, San Andrés Xecul, San Antonio Sija, San Bartolo Agua Caliente, Calel, Momostenango, Santa María Chiquimula, San Antonio Ilotenango, Nagualá y Santo Tomás Perdido, en la costa de Suchitepéquez.

La milicia de San Carlos Sija fue la principal fuente de apoyo al presidente general Justo Rufino Barrios, jugando un papel central en la contención de un movimiento armado regional de oposición al nuevo régimen, al que se vincularon indígenas k'iche's de Momostenango en los años 1876 y 1877.

En razón del liderazgo militar de los sijeños, el presidente Barrios estableció la principal base militar de la región en San Carlos Sija, misma que fue organizada con el nivel de batallón en el año de 1877. Este batallón tenía la particularidad de ser compuesto únicamente por ladinos, tanto los altos mandos como los soldados regulares; además, tres de los cuatro oficiales de más alta jerarquía eran miembros de una sola familia: los Calderón.

El coronel Florencio Calderón, después de comandar al nuevo batallón para reducir al orden a los cantones rebeldes momostecos en 1877, fue nombrado jefe político de Totonicapán.

Siglo XXI: Mancomunidad Metrópoli de Los Altos

Esta entidad se formó en el siglo , cuenta con una extensión territorial de 871.06 km² y está compuesta por una población total de 364,258 habitantes. La Mancomunidad está conformada por los municipios de San Andrés Xecul y Totonicapán en el departamento de Totonicapán y por los municipios de San Carlos Sija, Sibilia, La Esperanza, San Juan Ostuncalco, Quetzaltenango, Zunil y Salcajá en el departamento de Quetzaltenango, los cuales se adhirieron a la entidad voluntariamente. Los municipios son representados a través de sus Consejos Municipales y «promueve el desarrollo local, integral y sostenible de los municipios integrantes mediante la formulación de políticas públicas municipales, planes, programas y proyectos, la ejecución de obras y la prestación eficiente de los servicios de su competencia, en forma individual y conjunta».

Economía

Agricultura

En el año 2003, la agricultura conformaba el 58% de la actividad productiva del municipio, que incluye tanto los cultivos anuales como los permanentes. Los principales productos agrícolas son: maíz, frijol, trigo, haba y avena.

Actividad pecuaria
Esta actividad se concentra en la producción de leche y en la crianza y engorde de cerdos y pollos. No obstante, debido a los altos costos y la complejidad tecnológica que conlleva esta producción, la actividad pecuaria se practica a pequeña escala.

Véase también

 Organización territorial de Guatemala
 Revolución quetzalteca

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Bibliografía

Libros y enciclopedias

Publicaciones

Tesis

Leyes

Web

Municipios de Quetzaltenango
Miembros de la Mancomunidad Metrópoli de Los Altos
Patronazgo de la Inmaculada Concepción
Patronazgo de San Carlos Borromeo
Poblados del extinguido Estado de Los Altos
Toponimia castellana de Guatemala

San Carlos Sija


Dan vrgoračkih jagoda je poljoprivreni i kulturni festival koji se održava u Vrgorcu u svibnju svake godine u kojem se obilježava berba jagoda koja započinje u travnju. Tokom ovog festivala organiziranju se razne kulturne manifestacije i igre, dok lokalni proizvođači nude svoje proizvode i prerađevine od jagoda. U okolici Vrgorca ima oko više od 1,5 milijuna sadnica jagoda koje se beru za lokano i izvozna tržišta. Dani Vrgoračkih jagoda jedna je od niza festivala jagoda koji se održavaju u Hrvatskoj. Drugi poznati festivali su: Dani Zagrebačkih jagoda koji se održava u lipnju, te festivali u Velikoj Gorici, Vinkovicma, Prelogu, Crikvenici.

Izvori

Festivali
Vrgorac

Dan vrgoračkih jagoda


An Neotinea lactea in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jean Louis Marie Poiret, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon och Mark W. Chase. An Neotinea lactea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neotinea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Neotinea

Neotinea lactea


HMS Devastation was the first of two Devastation-class mastless turret ships built for the Royal Navy. This was the first class of ocean-going capital ship that did not carry sails, and the first whose entire main armament was mounted on top of the hull rather than inside it.

Design and construction

Devastation was built at a time in which steam power was well-established among the world's larger naval powers. However, most ships built at this time were equipped not only with a steam engine, but also with masts and sails for auxiliary power. The presence of masts also prohibited the use of gun turrets since the rigging would obstruct their arc of fire. Devastation, designed by Sir Edward J. Reed, represented a change from this pattern when she was built without masts and her primary armament, two turrets each with two 12-inch (305 mm) muzzle-loading guns, was placed on the top of the hull, allowing each turret a 280-degree arc of fire.

Devastation was the first turret ship built to an Admiralty design. She was  long between perpendiculars, with a beam of , a mean draught of , and had a freeboard of only . She was armed with four RML 12 inch 25 ton guns, mounted in pairs in two turrets, protected by armour  thick. Her breastworks and hull were protected by  of armour, and she was also fitted with a  spur bow. The ship had a double bottom, and was divided internally into watertight compartments. She was propelled by two four-bladed screws,  in diameter, each powered by two direct-acting trunk engines built by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich, providing a total of , with eight boilers, working at , giving a maximum speed of . Devastation could carry 1,350 tons of coal, giving her a range of  at 12 knots or  at . She also carried 30 tons of water, enough for three weeks, and 19 tons of provisions, six weeks supply for her crew of 329.

Following the loss of the masted turret ship , which capsized and sank on 6 September 1870 with the loss of 500 men, almost her entire crew, a special committee was appointed to examine the design of this type of vessel, and particularly the Devastation. Although they found no reason for concern in the stability of the ship, as a safety precaution a number of changes were made to the design. The freeboard was increased to , and armour-plated bulkheads, between  thick provided additional protection to the magazines and engines. The 25-ton guns were replaced with RML 12 inch 35 ton guns. This additional weight increased her mean draught to .

Sea trials were made in mid-1873 and generated an unusual amount of public interest; not just for the novelty of her appearance, but as the successor to the Captain. In time trials she recorded a speed of , the engines producing . Gunnery trials were made off the Isle of Wight, firing  Palliser shells. To judge her behaviour in various sea conditions she was then accompanied by the armoured ships  and  in a voyage from Plymouth to Castletownbere in southern Ireland, and from there she made two cruises out into the Atlantic. Apart from a tendency for her low forecastle to be swept by the sea, she performed slightly better than her companions in both pitch and roll.

Service history
Devastation was deployed to serve in the waters of the United Kingdom and the Mediterranean Sea. In 1891, the 12-inch guns were replaced with 10-inch breech-loading guns and she was refitted with new triple-expansion steam engines.

In November 1898 Captain Frederick Inglefield was appointed as her commander. In March 1900 she is reported to have visited Syracuse, Sicily. In 1901 she was guard ship at the port of Gibraltar, until relieved as such by newly commissioned  in February 1902. She left the Mediterranean station headquarters at Malta, homebound, on 19 February 1902, and after a last visit to Gibraltar arrived in Plymouth on 2 April. She was paid off at Devonport on 18 April, and proceeded to Portsmouth.
On 21 June 1902 she was recommissioned as a tender to the torpedo school ship HMS Vernon. She took part in the fleet review held at Spithead on 16 August 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII.

Later, she was refitted again and assigned to the First Reserve Fleet based in Scotland. The ship was broken up in 1908.

Popular culture
 HMS Devastation is familiar as the ship depicted on "England's Glory" matchboxes.
 Her badge was also issued by publishers for use in Monogram and Crest Albums – a popular collecting hobby of the second half of the 19th century.

Citations

References

 Ross, David. Great Warships From The Age of Steam. New York: Metro Books, 2014. pp. 22–23

External links

 HMS Devastation (1871)

Devastation-class ironclads
Ships built in Portsmouth
1871 ships
Victorian-era battleships of the United Kingdom

HMS Devastation (1871)


NGC 2, Kanatlıat takımyıldızında yaklaşık olarak  uzaklıkta bulunan bir sarmal galaksidir. Yeni Genel Katalog'un ikinci üyesidir. 20 Ağustos 1873 tarihinde İrlandalı astronomi araştırmacısı Lawrence Parsons tarafından keşfedilmiştir. Dünya'dan NGC 1 ile aynı doğrultuda görünse de NGC 1, bu galaksinin yarısı kadar uzaktır. Bu sebeple aralarında bağlantı yoktur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kaynak: NGC/IC Projesi

Kanatlıat takımyıldızı
0002
000567
Sarmal galaksiler
Lawrence Parsons'un keşifleri
1873'te keşfedilen astronomik cisimler

NGC 2


حديقة الحبيب ثامر وتعرف أيضا باسم الباساج (بالفرنسية: Passage) وتعني الممر، هي إحدى حدائق العاصمة التونسية. تقع غير بعيد عن حي لافايات.

يحاذيها شارع الحبيب ثامر وشارع لندرة. توجد قربها محطة للحافلات باتجاه الضواحي الشمالية والغربية، إضافة إلى محطة المترو المعروفة بمحطة الجمهورية أو محطة الباساج.

التسمية
سميت الحديقة على اسم المناضل الوطني الحبيب ثامر.

التاريخ
تأسست الحديقة عام 1957 على ما كانت فيما مضى، المقبرة الإسرائيلية في تونس.

طالع أيضا
شارع الحبيب ثامر (مدينة تونس)
الحبيب ثامر

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

تأسيسات سنة 1957 في تونس
حدائق تونس

حديقة الحبيب ثامر


An Rapatea pycnocephala in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Moritz August Seubert. An Rapatea pycnocephala in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rapatea, ngan familia nga Rapateaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rapatea

Rapatea pycnocephala


Vetter is a German language surname, which means "cousin". Notable people with the surname include:

People
Anouk Vetter (born 1993), Dutch athlete
Austin Anthony Vetter (born 1967), American Roman Catholic bishop
Brian Vetter (born 1985), American lacrosse player
Conrad Vetter (1547–1622), German writer
Craig Vetter (born 1942), American businessman
Daniel Strejc-Vetterus (1592-1669?), Czech priest, author
Darci Vetter (born 1974), American diplomat
David Vetter (1971–1984), American immunodeficiency sufferer
Fred W. Vetter Jr. (1921–2002), American general
Günter Vetter (1936–2022), Austrian politician
Helmut Vetter (1910–1949), German Nazi SS officer at Auschwitz concentration camp executed for war crimes
Hermann Vetter (born 1933), German translator
Jessica Vetter (born 1985), American ice hockey player
Johannes Vetter (born 1993), German athlete
Karl Vetter (1895–????), German politician
Louis F. Vetter (1857–1923), American businessman
Michael Vetter (1943–2013), German composer and artist
Nicolaus Vetter (1666–1734), German musician
Richard Vetter (1919-2000), German inventor
Stephanie Vetter (1884–1974), Belgian writer

Other uses
Vetter Fairing Company, an American manufacturer of motorcycle accessories
Vetter Mountain, California
Vetter Pharma, a German pharmaceutical company

See also
Fett
Fetter (disambiguation)
Vater
Vette
Wetter (surname)

German words and phrases
German-language surnames
Surnames from nicknames

Vetter


An Gigantochloa felix in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Yi Li Keng, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Keng f.. An Gigantochloa felix in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gigantochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gigantochloa

Gigantochloa felix


Jules Émile Planchon () a fost un botanist francez.

Biografie
A studiat științele la Universitatea din Montpellier, unde a obținut și doctoratul științific în 1844 și titlul de medic la 7 februarie 1851, cu o teză intitulată Limitele concordanței dintre formele, structura, afinitățile plantelor și proprietățile lor medicinale. Refuzat de facultatea de medicină, unde dorea un post de profesor, a plecat să lucreze la , în Anglia, iar apoi a devenit profesor la Ghent și apoi la Nancy. Fostul său profesor, Dunal, a revenit la Montpellier în anul 1853, ca suplinitor la facultatea de științe, unde mai târziu a devenit profesor titular. A devenit apoi director al Școlii Superioare de Farmacie, în anul 1859, și profesor la facultatea de medicină în 1881, având ca atribuție coordonarea grădinii de plante. Pentru a nu acumula prea multe responsabilități, a demisionat de la facultatea de științe.

I se datorează descrierea uneia dintre speciile producătoare de kiwi, .

A devenit celebru în timpul crizei de filoxeră. Mai întâi, a făcut parte din grupul de trei experți (împreună cu  și ), care a detectat prezența filoxerei pe rădăcinile de viță de vie în , 15 iulie 1868. Un raport al Academiei de Științe documentează această descoperire. Apoi, el s-a distins, împreună cu cumnatul său Jules Lichtenstein, prin mai multe articole care detaliau progresele în înțelegerea biologiei filoxerei și a modului ei de răspândire. În cele din urmă, datorită reputației dobândite ca profesor la mai multe facultăți și ca autor de articole, a ajuns vârful de lance al luptei împotriva insectei. Planchon era un "americanist", adică un susținător al altoirii soiurilor de viță de vie franțuzească pe rădăcini de plante americane. Cele ce au urmat au demonstrat că, într-adevăr, aceasta era soluția potrivită. El a călătorit în America în 1873, și a confirmat ceea ce îi spusese un entomolog din Lumea Nouă: există filoxeră și în America, și în Europa de acolo a venit. În 1874, el a condensat toate cunoștințele vremii referitoare la filoxeră într-un articol de 23 de pagini publicat în Revue des deux Mondes. Apoi, a revenit la botanică și a publicat lucrări despre vițele de vie din Lumea Nouă și despre capacitatea lor de a servi ca portaltoi.

Orașul său natal, Gange, are o stradă cu numele lui. În Montpellier există  (vis-a-vis de gară). Acolo se află și monumentul Planchon: un viticultor recunoscător ridică un ciorchine de strugure până la baza bustului profesorului savant.
A murit la Montpellier, în 1888, la vârsta de 65 de ani. A fost înhumat în .

Agronomul Dehérain scria: "posteritatea nu-și va aminti nici de opera de botanică descriptivă a dlui. Planchon, nici de talentul său de scriitor, nici de calitățile sale de profesor; ea își va rezuma judecata într-un singur cuvânt: Dl. Planchon, după ce a dovedit că filoxera a fost cauza morții viței de vie, a contribuit în mare măsură la reconstituirea viței de vie în pledează exploatând plantele americane. El a salvat de la distrugere completă toată regiunea noastră meridională. Aceasta este opera lui; este suficient de frumoasă pentru a-i asigura recunoștința tuturor."

Publicații
 Planchon a contribuit la revizuirea ,  [Flora serelor și grădinilor Europei]
 În opera în mai multe volume a lui Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, intitulată Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, el a scris articolul despre descrierea plantelor din familia
 El a contribuit la Monographiae Phanaerogamarum, de Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle și de fiul său Casimir Pyramus de Candolle, pentru volumul V, despre Ampelideae
 În colaborare cu , el a publicat Prodromus florae novo-granatensis, între 1862 și 1873
 De asemenea, în colaborare cu Jose Jeronimo Triana, a publicat Mémoire sur la familie des Guttiferes [Memoriu despre familia Guttiferelor], în 1862
 În colaborare cu , a scris Preludia florae columbianae, (1853), și Plantae columbianae, (1874-75)
 Histoire botanique et horticole des plantes dites Azalées de l'Inde [Istorie botanică și horticolă a plantelor numite azalee din India], 1854
 Des hermodactes au point de vue botanique et pharmaceutique [Hermodactele din punct de vedere botanic și farmaceutic], 1856
 Rondelet et ses disciples, ou la Botanique de Montpellier au XVIe siècle [Rondelet și discipolii săi, sau botanica din Montpellier în secolul al XVI-lea], 1866
 Le Phylloxéra (de 1854 à 1873) résumé pratique et scientifique [Filoxera (din 1854 până în 1873), rezumat practic și științific], 1873
 Les Mœurs du Phylloxéra de la vigne : résumé biologique [Comportamentul filoxerei viței de vie: rezumat biologic], 1877
 Les Vignes américaines : leur culture, leur résistance au phylloxéra et leur avenir en Europe [Vița de vie americană: cultura ei, rezistența la filoxeră și viitorul ei în Europa], 1875

Anexe

Note

Bibliografie
 J.-P. Legros, și J. Argeles, , [Jules Émile Planchon și filoxera], 1990, 2 p., în , Hervas, p. 236-237.
 J.-P. Legros, și J. Argeles, Jules Émile Planchon, în  [Grădina de plante din Montpellier], 1995, Odyssey, p. 79-82.
 J. Boulaine, și J.-P. Legros,  [De la Olivier de Serres la René Dumont, portrete de agronomi], 1998, coll. Tec/doc, Lavoisier, 320 p.

Legături externe
 Descoperirea filoxerei , prezentare on-line de la Academia de Științe și Litere din Montpellier

Nașteri în 1823
Decese în 1888
Botaniști francezi

Jules Émile Planchon


فوكوواراي  وتعني «ضحكة الحظ» هي لعبة يابانية يلعبها الأطفال بشكل عام في فترة أعياد رأس السنة ولكن قد يشترك فيها الكبار أحيانًا. في هذه اللعبة يقوم اللاعب بتركيب أشكال مختلفة لأوجه بترتيب العيون والحواجب والأنف الفم على وجه بدون معالم، وقد يقوم بذلك أحياناً وهو معصب العينين ويرافقها الكثير من الضحك على الوجه الغريب الذي نتج.

وصلات خارجية
 لعبة فوكوواراي على الإنترنت
 هيلاري كلينتون فوكوواراي على الإنترنت

رأس السنة في اليابان
ألعاب أطفال
ألعاب يابانية

فوكوواراي


Felicia Mabuza-Suttle, née le 3 juin 1950 à Sophiatown en Afrique du Sud, est une animatrice de talk-show et une entrepreneuse sud-africaine.

Elle vit longtemps aux Etats-Unis, en raison de la politique d'apartheid appliquée en Afrique du Sud. Lorsqu'elle revient dans son pays natal, à la fin de l'apartheid, elle devient l'une des animatrices de la télévision publique, la SABC, et devient connue pour les talks-shows qu'elle y anime. Elle y accueille diverses personnalités sud-africaines et y aborde des thèmes sociaux sensibles.

Biographie

Felicia Mabuza-Suttle naît en juin 1950 à Sophiatown, un quartier noir de Johannesbourg, en Afrique du Sud, à l'époque de l'apartheid. Elle est née d'un père noir et d'une mère métisse. Durant son enfance, elle est un moment la jeune membre d'un groupe de chant, Tiny Tots, animé par la pianiste Emily Motsieloa. Un de ses  meilleurs souvenirs, raconte-t-elle, est d'avoir fait avec ce groupe de chant la première partie de Miriam Makeba et des .

Dans les années 1960 et 1970, un grand nombre de Sud-Africains noirs partent étudier à l'étranger pour échapper au régime de l'apartheid. Felicia Mabuza-Suttle est de ceux-là, étudiante à l'université Marquette aux États-Unis. Elle se marie en 1976.

Dans les années 1980, elle obtient une licence en journalisme, suivie d'une maîtrise en communication de masse.

Parallèlement à ses études, Mabuza-Suttle écrit également pour The World Newspaper, où elle rencontre des militants anti-apartheid notoires, dont Steve Biko, le leader du Mouvement de conscience noire. Cela l'amène progressivement à s'engager politiquement.

Mabuza-Suttle retourne brièvement en Afrique du Sud en 1982 pour travailler pour Radio Bophutatswana. Le Bophuthatswana, constitué de plusieurs territoires  enclavés dans l'Afrique du Sud, est alors un bantoustan proclamé indépendant en 1977 mais dont l'indépendance n'a pas été reconnu par la communauté internationale. Elle y est critiquée pour ses prises de position.

En 1990, Mabuza-Suttle s'installe plus durablement dans son pays natal, à la suite d'un appel de Nelson Mandela aux expatriés à revenir en Afrique du Sud: . Elle accepte alors un poste à la South African Airways tandis que son mari reste aux Etats-Unis, à Atlanta. A cette époque, les dernières lois de l'apartheid sont en voie d'abolition (1991) et une période de négociations, qui aboutiront à une constitution provisoire et aux premières élections nationales non raciales au suffrage universel, débute entre le gouvernement et les partis politiques sud-africains.

En 1992, elle commence à travailler à la télévision après s'être vu offrir un poste d'animatrice de talk-show à la South African Broadcasting Corporation. Les talks-shows sont alors un concept relativement nouveau en Afrique du Sud, et son émission rencontre rapidement le succès. Son émission est connue à l'origine sous le nom de Top Level. Dans un premier temps, elle reste directrice des relations internationales de la South African Airways pendant la semaine, avant de se consacrer pleinement à son activité dans les médias.

En 1995, cette émission, Top Level, devient The Felicia Show. , raconte-t-elle, précisant encore . Elle passe ensuite juste après le journal de 20h. Elle y donne la parole aux habitants des quartiers noirs, et y reçoit également des personnalités telles Nelson Mandela, Julius Nyerere, Kenneth Kaunda, Desmond Tutu, Winnie Mandela, Cherie Blair, Larry King, Danny Glover, Diana Ross, Hugh Masekela, Miriam Makeba, et d'autres.

En 2000, l'émission est tout simplement rebaptisée Felicia (à l'occasion d'un passage à ETV, autre chaîne sud-africaine de langue anglaise).

En 2004, dans l'émission télévisée sur les 100 Greatest South Africans, elle est désignée  plus grande Sud-Africaine de tous les temps par les téléspectateurs. Cependant, la même année, en raison des critiques selon lesquelles son émission ressemble trop à l'Oprah Winfrey Show, Felicia Mabuza-Suttle cesse son activité en Afrique du Sud et déplace son émission aux États-Unis, où elle est diffusée sous le nom de Conversations with Felicia sur . Cette émission reste principalement consacrée à des échanges avec des personnalités sud-africaines .

Felicia Mabuza-Suttle fonde ensuite plusieurs entreprises commerciales, telle Back of the Moon, à Johannesbourg, un restaurant  reprenant le nom d'un ancien restaurant de Sophiatown des années 1950,  immortalisé par Miriam Makeba dans la pièce de théâtre King Kong, où des personnes de tous horizons se rencontraient. Elle participe aussi à des conférences et à des activités philanthropiques.

Références

Liens externes

Animatrice sud-africaine de télévision
Naissance en juin 1950
Naissance à Johannesbourg
Étudiant de l'université Marquette

Felicia Mabuza-Suttle