Ay taşı, Ay'da oluşmuş olan taşları tanımlamak için kullanılır. Terim ayrıca Ay'a yapılan keşiflerde toplanan diğer ay ile ilgili maddeler için de kullanılmaktadır.

Ay'dan üç mineral keşfedildi: armalkolit, tranquillityite ve pyroxferroite. Armalkolit (armalcolite), Apollo 11 görevindeki üç astronotun adından türetilmiştir: Armstrong, Aldrin ve Collins.

Apollo Ay taşlarının ana depolama yeri Houston, Teksas'taki Lyndon B. Johnson Uzay Merkezi'ndeki Ay Örnek Binası'dır. Güvenli koruma için, San Antonio, Teksas'ta Brooks Hava Kuvvetleri Üssü'nde küçük örnekler bulunmaktadır. Taşların çoğu nemden korunması için nitrojen içinde saklanmaktadır. Taşların üzerindeki ölçümler, özel aletler kullanılarak el sürülmeden yürütülmektedir.

Ay seferleri boyunca toplanan ay taşları paha biçilmez olarak kabul edilmektedirler. 1993'te, Luna 16 seferinden 0.2 g ağırlığında üç küçük parça 442.500 Amerikan dolarına satılmıştır. 2002'de Ay Örnek Binası'ndan çok ufak Ay'a ve Mars'a ait parçalar çalınmıştır. Parçalar 2003'te geri alınmıştır, NASA, mahkemede çalınan ağırlığı 285 g (10 oz.) olan parçaların değerini $1 milyon dolar olarak tahmin etmiştir. Ay meteorlarından elde edilen ay taşlarının da değerleri çok yüksektir, genellikle özel koleksiyoncular tarafından satılmakta ve ticareti yapılmaktadır.

Birkaç yüz küçük örnek hazırlanmış ve ulusak hükûmetlere ve ABD valiliklerine sunulmuştur. Bunlardan en azından bir tanesi daha sonra çalınmış, satılmış ve geri alınmıştır. Diğer örnekler müzelere gitmiştir, bu müzelerin içinde Amerikan Ulusal Hava ve Uzey Müzesi, Kansas Kozmosfer ve Uzay Merkezi ve Kennedy Uzay Merkezi bulunmaktadır. Kennedy Uzay Merkezin'de ufak bir ay taşı parçasına dokunulmasına izin verilmektedir. NASA 382 kg (842 lb) ağırlığındaki örneğin 295 kg (650 lb) kadarının bozulmamış olarak Johnson Uzay Merkezi'nde olduğu söylemektedir. Hasselblad çalışanları tarafından, görev sonrası bir kamera temizlenirken biraz ay tozu toplanmıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Ay'dan taşlar ve topraklar — Johnson Uzay Merkezi
 Apollo Jeoloji Alet Kataloğu
 Satılık ay taşları!
 Ay meteorları — Washington Üniversitesi, Dünya ve Gezegen Bilimleri Departmanı

Taş
Petroloji

Ay taşı


شلالات البيضا هي شلالات تقع في قرية البيضا في منطقة مصياف التابعة لمحافظة حماة في سوريا. الشلالات تتساقط من ينابيع المياه في الجبال المحيطة حيث الطبيعة الجميلة و الغابات . تبعد الشلالات عن مدينة مصياف حوالي 2 كم وعن مدينة حماة 50 كم وعن مدينة دمشق حوالي 220 كم.

انظر أيضًا
 شلالات الزاوي
 شلالات كمروك
 شلالات ميدانكي
 شلالات وادي القلع

المراجع

السياحة في سوريا
حماة
شلالات سوريا

شلالات البيضا


جماعة بني وكيل أولاد امحند جماعة قروية تابعة لقبيلة آيت بويحيي الريفية الأمازيغية بإقليم الناظور وتتموقع في وسط هذا الإقليم في شمال المغرب. تحد شمالا بالجماعة الحضرية لمدينة العروي، وبجماعتي إكسان بني سيدال لوطا التابعتين لقبيلة قلعية، وشرقا بجماعة اولاد ستوت، أما من الغرب فتحد بجماعة تيزضوضين ومن الجنوب بجماعة حاسي بركان وكلاهما تابعتين مثلها لنفس القبيلة. وكلاهما تابعتين مثلها لنفس القبيلة. يبلغ عدد سكان الجماعة حوالي 10496 نسمة حسب إحصاء سنة 2004.

قرى ودواوير الجماعة
من بين القرى والدواوير المكونة لجماعة بني وكيل أولاد امحند نجد:

إبوجدادن، إبراهيماث، إفقيرن الفوقاني، لكويرات، أولاد رحو بنعيسى، أولاد زايد التحتاني، أولاد زايد الفوقاني، أولاد علال،
إقدورن.

مراجع

جماعات قروية في الجهة الشرقية
أماكن مأهولة في إقليم الناظور
الريف
جماعات قروية في المغرب

بني وكيل أولاد امحند


Die Leichtweißhöhle ist eine Höhle im Wiesbadener Nerotal. Ihr Name ist auf den Wilddieb Heinrich Anton Leichtweiß zurückzuführen, der die Höhle von 1789 bis 1791 als Unterschlupf nutzte. Waldarbeiter entdeckten die Höhle und Leichtweiß aufgrund von aufsteigendem Rauch.

Die Leichtweißhöhle ist ursprünglich eine kleine Naturhöhle und nicht viel mehr als ein großer Felsüberhang, ein sogenannter Abri. Das örtliche Schiefergestein ist kein zur Verkarstung geeignetes Gestein. Weitere Höhlen finden sich nicht.

Die Höhle geriet in Vergessenheit, bis Wiesbaden als Kurbad internationalen Ruf erlangte und die Höhle sich zum beliebten Ausflugsziel entwickelte. Sie stellte eine der neuen Attraktionen dar, die den Besuchern Wiesbadens geboten werden sollten. Der Wiesbadener Verschönerungsverein baute 1856 die Höhle aus. Es wurde ein zweiter Eingang geschaffen, ein seitlich gelegener Raum und eine mit Moos ausgepolsterte Nische, die als Schlafstätte deklariert wurde. Die Höhle wurde auch entsprechend dekoriert, unter anderem mit alten Waffen und Bildern. Es folgte eine Romantisierung. Der aus dem Rabengrund kommend an der Höhle vorbeilaufende Schwarzbach erhielt einen künstlichen Wasserfall und zur Bachquerung wurde eine Holzbrücke gebaut. Oberhalb der Höhle wurde ein Aussichtspavillon angelegt, und die Zuwege zur Höhle wurden mit Geländern und der Höhleneingang mit einem Holzvorbau ausgestattet. Diese Veränderungen waren so umfangreich, dass der ursprüngliche Zustand heute kaum noch zu erkennen ist.

1905 besuchte Kaiser Wilhelm II. mit seiner Gattin die Höhle.

1934 nutzte die Gestapo die Leichtweißhöhle als Folterkeller.

Mit dem Niedergang der Wiesbadener Kur speziell nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs verlor die Höhle an Bedeutung und wurde geschlossen. Durch Vandalismus und fehlende Pflege wurden die Außenanlagen in starke Mitleidenschaft gezogen. Vielfach wurde die Höhle als Unterschlupf genutzt. 1983 wurde der Eingang in massiver Form erneuert. Seither wird die Höhle halbjährig wieder regelmäßig Besuchern zugänglich gemacht.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Informationen der Stadt Wiesbaden
 Die Leichtweißhöhle in Wiesbadener Ansichten

Kulturdenkmal in Wiesbaden
Geschichte Wiesbadens
Höhle in Europa
Höhle in Hessen
Wiesbaden-Nordost

Leichtweißhöhle


Ondrašová este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Turčianske Teplice din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 80 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna .

Istoric
Localitatea Ondrašová este atestată documentar din 1252.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Ondrašová


Köpekgiller (Canidae), etçiller (Carnivora) takımına ait bir familya.

Köpek, kurt, tilki ve çakal türleri köpekgiller ailesini oluştururlar. Köpekgiller dünyanın her kıtasında yaygındır. Eskiden Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda, Yeni Gine, Madagaskar ve Güney Kutbu'nda bulunmazlardı ama son binyıllar içerisinde insanların yardımıyla buralara da yerleşebilmişlerdir.

Ailenin büyük bir farkla en yaygın ve en tanınmış mensubu olan köpeğin (Canis lupus familaris) insanların elinde geliştirilmiş 400 civarında birbirlerinden çok farklı görünümlere sahip ırkı bulunur. Bu yüzden ailenin en büyük ve en küçük mensupları köpek ırkları arasındadır. Ancak doğal köpekgil türlerinin arasında en küçükleri (40 cm + 25 cm kuyruk, 1,5 kg) uzun kulaklı çöl tilkisi ve en büyükleri (160 cm + 52 cm kuyruk, 80 kg) kurdun Alaska ve Kuzey Avrupa'da bulunan bir alt türüdür.

Ortak özellikleri
Köpekgillerin daima uzun ve yassı bir kafatası, genelde 42 dişleri vardır; sadece çalı köpeği, Asya yaban köpeği ve iri kulaklı tilkinin diğerlerinden farklı olarak 44 dişi olur. Diş ve çene yapıları koparmak ve çiğnemek için tasarlanmış gibidir. Her şey yiyici hayvanlardır ama en çok et ile beslenmeyi severler.

Parmaklarının üzerinde yürürler. Ön ayaklarında 5 ve arka ayaklarında 4 parmakları bulunur. En önemli duyu organları burunlarıdır. Koku alma kabiliyetleri çok iyi gelişmiştir.

Canini ile Vulpini oymakları arasındaki farklar
 Canini: Uzun bacaklar, dik bir yüz, yuvarlak göz mercekleri, sürek avcısı.
 Vulpini: Kısa bacaklar, sivri bir surat, uzun ve gür bir kuyruk, göz mercekleri dikey bir uzantı şeklinde, gizlice yaklaşarak avlar.

Evrim tarihi

Yırtıcıların ilk atalarının 50 milyon yıl evvel Kuzey Amerika'da ortaya çıktığı düşünülür. Ancak bu Miacis veya Vulpavus gibi en eski etçil memeli türlerini oluşturan ilk ataları; uzun vücutlu, kısa bacaklı, kedilerde olduğu gibi tırnaklarını içeriye çekme yeteneğine sahip ve ayılar gibi ayak tabanlarına basarak yürüyen, ağaçlarda yaşama adapte olmuş, küçük hayvanlardı. Bu yüzden bu en  eski Carnivoramorflardan aynı zamanda hem kedimsilerin hem de köpeğimsilerin türemiş olduğu kabul edilir.

Yaklaşık 37 milyon yıl önce yaşamış olan Hesperocyon en eski Köpekgillerden biriydi. Köpeğimsilerin (Caniformia) ve Kedimsilerin (Feliformia) ayrıldığı döneme yakın bir zamanda yaşadı.

15 milyon yıl evvel bugünkü köpekgillere daha çok benzeyen bir cins ortaya çıkmıştır: Tomarctus. Bu cinsin bacakları daha uzun, ayakları daha toplu, ağzı daha uzun ve beyni Miacis cinsinden çok daha büyük olduğu ve hatta yaşam şeklinin de bugünkü köpekgillere benzemiş olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bütün köpekgillerin bu cinsten türediği kabul edilir.

Canis cinsinin en eski fosilleri 2 milyon yaşındadır ve Avrasya'da bulunmuştur.

Türkiye'nin köpekgilleri

 Kurt (Canis lupus)
 Köpek (Canis lupus familaris)
 Altın çakal (Canis aureus)
 Kızıl tilki (Vulpes vulpes)

Bazı kaynaklara göre Asya yaban köpeği de Türkiye'nin kuzeydoğusunda görülmüştür, ama bu haberler henüz emin olabilecek nitelikte değildir.

Ayrıca korsak tilkisi, rakun köpeği ve kum tilkisinin Türkiye'de bulunma ihtimalleri vardır ama bu fikirlerin herhangi bir kanıtı yoktur.

Sınıflandırma
Köpeğe benzeyen türleri ve tilkiye benzeyen türleri köpekgiller ailesi içerisinde iki ayrı kol altında toplamak amacı ile Vulpini ve Canini adında iki oymağa ayrılırlar. Ancak buna rağmen Canini oymağında (asıl köpekler) tilkiye benzeyenler ve Vulpini oymağında da (asıl tilkiler) köpeklere benzeyenler bulunur.

 Oymak Vulpini
 Cins Vulpes
 Kızıl tilki (Vulpes vulpes)
 Bengal tilkisi (Vulpes bengalensis)
 Afgan tilkisi (Vulpes cana)
 Güney Afrika tilkisi (Vulpes chama)
 Korsak tilkisi (Vulpes corsac)
 Tibet tilkisi (Vulpes ferrilata)
 Cüce tilki (Vulpes macrotis)
 Soluk tilki (Vulpes pallida)
 Kum tilkisi (Vulpes rueppelli)
 Ova tilkisi (Vulpes velox)
 Çöl tilkisi (Vulpes zerda)
 Cins Alopex
 Kutup tilkisi (Alopex lagopus)
 Cins Urocyon
 Boz tilki (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
 Ada boz tilkisi (Urocyon littoralis)
 Cins Otocyon
 İri kulaklı tilki (Otocyon megalotis)
 Oymak Canini
 Cins Dusicyon
 Falkland tilkisi (Dusicyon australis)
 Cins Pseudalopex
 And tilkisi (Pseudalopex culpaeus)
 Arjantin gri tilkisi (Pseudalopex griseus)
 Darvin tilkisi (Pseudalopex fulvipes)
 Pampa tilkisi (Pseudalopex gymnocercus)
 Peru çöl tilkisi (Pseudalopex sechurae)
 Brezilya dövüş tilkisi (Pseudalopex vetulus)
 Cins Atelocynus
 Kısa kulaklı tilki (Atelocyon microtis)
 Cins Cerdocyon
 Yengeç yiyen tilki (Cerdocyon thous)
 Cins Speothos
 Çalı köpeği (Speothos venaticus)
 Cins Chrysocyon
 Yeleli kurt (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
 Cins Nyctereutes
 Rakun köpeği (Nyctereutes procyonoides)
 Cins Cuon
 Asya yaban köpeği (Cuon alpinus)
 Cins Lycaon
 Afrika yaban köpeği (Lycaon pictus)
 Cins Canis
 Kurt (Canis lupus), Köpek ve Dingo dahil
 Kızıl kurt (Canis rufus)
 Kır kurdu (Canis latrans)
 Altın çakal (Canis aureus)
 Kara sırtlı çakal (Canis mesomelas)
 Çizgili çakal (Canis adustus)
 Habeş kurdu (Canis simensis)

McKenna ve Bell'e göre sınıflandırma (Classification of mammals: Above the species level, 1997):

 Canidae (Köpekgiller)
  |-- Vulpini
  |    |-- Vulpes (Kızıl tilki, ve diğerleri)
  |    '-- N.N.
  |         |-- Alopex (Kutup tilkisi)
  |         '—N.N.
  |              |-- Urocyon (Boz tilkiler)
  |              '-- Otocyon (İri kulaklı tilki)
  |
  '—Canini
       |-- N.N.
       |    |-- Dusicyon (Falkland tilkisi)
       |    '-- Pseudalopex (And tilkisi ve diğerleri)
       |
       '—N.N.
            |-- Chrysocyon (Yeleli kurt)
            '-- N.N.
                 |-- Cerdocyon (Yengeç yiyen tilki)
                 '—N.N.
                      |-- Nyctereutes (Rakun köpeği)
                      '-- N.N.
                           |-- Atelocynus (Kısa kulaklı tilki)
                           '—N.N.
                                |-- Speothos (Çalı köpeği)
                                '-- N.N.
                                     |-- Canis (Kurtlar ve Çakallar)
                                     '—N.N.
                                          |-- Cuon (Asya yaban köpeği)
                                          '-- Lycaon (Afrika yaban köpeği)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Köpekgiller listesi

Kaynakça

Diğer Kaynaklar
 Almanca Wikipedia'da "Hunde" maddesinin 4.12.2005 tarihli sürümü
 "Kurt'un ataları", Köpekgillerin evrim tarihi  (Almanca)
 Köpekgiller (Almanca)

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061205230130/http://canids.org/index.htm (Englisch)

Köpekgiller


وادي الزرقاء وادٍ تونسي يقع بولاية باجة، وهو يصب في وادي مجردة على مستوى سد سيدي سالم.

انظر أيضا

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 وادي مجردة.

زرقاء

وادي الزرقاء (وادي)


Humorist je pojam koji u širem značenju označava autora (pisca) ili izvođača (glumca) humorističnih djela, odnosno u zagonetačkom smislu autora stihovnih ili onih zagonetki koje su šaljiva sadržaja, poput aforizama.

Humorist u širem smislu može biti redatelj humorističnih serija, filmskih ili kazališnih komedija (komediograf), satiričar, pisac kozerija ili humoreski, stand-up komičar, ali i komičar općenito ili strip-crtač, vic-maher itd.

Poznati književnici-humoristi su Jaroslav Hašek, Ephraim Kishon, Mark Twain, Douglas Adams, Pajo Kanižaj, Grga Rupčić...

Poznati humoristi među strip-crtačima su Walter Neugebauer, Ivica Bednjanec, Srećko Puntarić...

Poznati humoristi u komediografskom smislu su Moliere, Ion Luca Caragiale, Miro Gavran...

Poznati humoristi u zagonetačkom smislu su Ivo Mijo Andrić, Nikola Bićanić...

Izvori

Humor

Humorist


إن علم الكون الكمومي الحلقي  هي نموذج مصغر تناظرياً و محدود للثقالة الكمومية الحلقية, تقول بأن كوننا يتضخم و في نهاية المطاف سيتقلص و يعود بالتضخم من جديد و هكذا دواليك, أي أن الكون يتنفس بلا نهاية. أدت دراسة هذا العلم إلى العديد من النجاحات, و منها بزوغ ميكانيكية محتملة للتضخم الكوني، مؤديةً إلى حل مشكلة الانفرادية الثقالية بالإضافة إلى تطوير الهاميلتونيات الفعالة و الشبه-كلاسيكية. بدأ هذا الحقل الفرعي أصلاً بواسطة مارتن بوجوفالد Martin Bojowald و أبهاي أشتيكار Abhay Ashtekar في معهد هندسة و فيزياء التثاقل في جامعة بنسلفانيا و لا زالوا يقومون بالأبحاث حول هذا العلم, إلا أن هناك الكثيرين من الباحثين النشطاء يعملون في جوانب مختلفة في هذا المجال.

مراجع

جاذبية كمية حلقية
علم الكون
علم الكون الفيزيائي
فيزياء نظرية

علم الكون الكمومي الحلقي


În hinduism și în special în Jnana Yoga și Advaita Vedanta, neti neti este o expresie sanscrită care înseamnă "nu asta, nu asta" sau "nici asta, nici asta" (neti este un sandhi de la na iti "nu așa"). Este întâlnită în Upanișade și Avadhuta Gita și constituie o meditație analitică ce ajută o persoană să înțeleagă natura lui Brahman prin înțelegerea mai întâi a ceea ce nu este Brahman. Ea corespunde expresiei occidentale "via negativa", o abordare mistică ce face parte din tradiția teologiei apofatice, adică a teologiei negative. Unul dintre elementele-cheie ale practicii Jnana Yoga este adesea o "căutare de tip neti neti". Scopul exercițiului este de a nega raționalizările și alte metode de distragere de la conștientizarea meditativă non-conceptuală a realității.

Semnificația expresiei neti neti
Neti neti, adică "nu asta, nu asta", este metoda de analiză vedică a negației și reprezintă ideea centrală a cercetării vedice. Cu ajutorul său, omul autorealizat (Jnani) neagă identificarea cu toate lucrurile din lumea aceasta care nu sunt Atman, negând în acest fel Anatman. Prin acest proces gradual el neagă rațiunea și transcende toate experiențele lumești care sunt negate până ce nu mai rămâne nimic în afară de Sine. El atinge uniunea cu Absolutul prin negarea corpului, a numelui, a formei, a intelectului, a simțurilor și a tuturor atributelor limitative și descoperă că ceea ce rămâne este adevăratul "eu". L. C. Beckett, în cartea sa, Neti Neti, explică faptul că această expresie exprimă ceva indescriptibil, adică esența a ceva căreia nu i se poate aplica nici o altă definiție. Neti neti neagă toate descrierile Realității ultime, dar nu Realitatea însăși. Interpretarea intuitivă a principiului incertitudinii poate fi exprimată prin "Neti neti", care anihilează ego-ul și lumea ca fiind un non-sine (Anatman), precum și sentimentul nostru de sine cu totul.

Adi Shankara a fost unul din primii filozofi ai Advaita Vedanta care au susținut abordarea neti-neti. În comentariul său cu privire la textul Karika al lui Gaudapada, el explică faptul că Brahman nu are accesorii, iar neti neti are scopul de a elimina obstacolele produsă de ignoranță. Discipolul său, Sureshvara, explică în continuare că negația neti neti nu are scop de negație, ci de afirmare a identității. Înțeleptul din Upanișada Brihadaranyaka II iii 1-6, afirmând că există două forme de Brahman, material și imaterial, solid și fluid, neagă existența a orice altceva cu excepția lui Brahman. Și, prin urmare, nu există nici o entitate separată precum Jiva ceea ce Shankara consideră că este reflectarea lui Brahman în Avidya (ignoranță).

Avadhuta Gita
Următorul text a fost extras din Avadhuta Gita 1.25 din Wikisource:

Sanskrit in Devanagari:
तत्त्वमस्यादिवाक्येन स्वात्मा हि प्रतिपादितः ।
नेति नेति श्रुतिर्ब्रूयाद अनृतं पाञ्चभौतिकम् ।। २५।।

IAST:
tattvamasyādivākyena svātmā hi pratipāditaḥ /
neti neti śrutirbrūyād anṛtaṁ pāñcabhautikam //25//

Prin propoziții ca "Tu ești asta" este afirmat propriul nostru Sine. Sruti (scriptura) afirmă "nu asta, nu asta" cu referire la ceea ce este neadevărat și compus din cele cinci elemente.

Referințe

Vezi și
Nondualism

Concepte hinduiste
Misticism
Ontologie

Neti neti


أدوات توجيه المروحية  هي أدوات تستخدم لمساعدة الطيار بتحريك المروحية للحصول على سيطرة أفضل بإيروديناميكية الطيران. فعند أي تغيير بأدوات التحكم فإنها ترسل إشعارا ميكانيكيا للدوار مع تأثير ديناميكا الهواء على ريش الدوار، مما يمكن بالسيطرة على المروحية. فالإمالة للأمام والتأرجح للخلف، أو الإمالة الجانبية (الانعطاف)، فإن زاوية المواجهة لشفرات الدوار الرئيسي ستتبدل -تدور (cycled)- فخلال الدوران تنتج كميات مختلفة من الرفع عند نقاط مختلفة في الدائرة. فعند زيادة أو نقصان الرفع فإن زاوية المواجهة عند جميع الشفرات تتغير بشكل جماعي، بنفس الكمية بذات الوقت عند الارتفاع والهبوط أو أي تغيير بالسرعة.

تحتوي المروحية النموذجية على ثلاث أدوات تحكم بالطيران. وهي التدوير (cyclic)، والمجمع (Collective)، ودواسات المضادة لعزم الدوران (Anti-torque pedals). قد يرتبط عصا التدوير مع المجمع من خلال وحدة الخلط mixing unit عند بعض المروحيات حسب التشكيل، وهي أداة ميكانيكية أو هيدرولية تستقبل إشارات من كلا الأداتين ثم ترسل هذه الإشارة المستقبلة إلى أسطح التوجيه للحصول على النتائج المطلوبة. ويعتبر داعس الوقود throttle من ادوات التوجيه بسبب الحاجة إليه للمحافظة على سرعة لفات الدوار بالمروحيات الصغيرة دون الحاجة إلى منظم.

أدوات التحكم

التدوير

ذراع تحكم يدة التدوير يكون بالعادة ما بين أرجل الطيار ويسمى  أو مجرد cyclic وهو مقبض القيادة للطائرة وهو ذراع سهل التمايل والتحريك. وقد سمي بهذا الاسم لأنه يغير التأرجح لريش الدوار بشكل دائري، بما ان زاوية ريش الدوار تتغير حسب موضعها خلال دورانها حول المحور، لذلك فجميع الريش تتغير زواياها بنفس المعدل ونفس المكان خلال الدورة الواحدة. فتحريك ذراع التدوير يعني تغيير بزاوية المواجهة وبالتالي ينشئ الرفع عن طريق الريشة التي تدور حول قرص الدوار، مما يجعل الريش ترتفع أو تنزل حسب الرفع.

إمالة القرص الدوار لاتجاه معين ينتج عنه تحريك الطائرة لنفس الاتجاه. فمثلا عندما يحرك الطيار ذراع التدوير للأمام، فإن قرص الدوار يميل للأمام، مما ينتج عن الدوار دفع للأمام. وعندما يدفع الطيار ذراع التدوير لليمين، فإن قرص الدوار يميل لليمين منتجا دفع لنفس الاتجاه، مسببا للمروحية بان تحوم باتجاه الجانبي أو لليمين خلال رحلتها للأمام.

بنظام الدوار يكون هناك تأخير ما بين نقطة خلال الدوران حيث التغيير بالتأرجح عن طريق أدوات التحكم بالطيران وما بين النقطة المطلوبة لظهور التغيير المطلوب خلال الطيران. وتلك الظاهرة اختلطت مع ظاهرة البدارية عند بعض هيئات الطيران وإن كان من الأفضل أن يشار إليها بمرحلة التأخير أو التخلف (phase lag). التخلف يتغير حسب هندسة نظام الدوار.

المجمع
يوجد تحكم مجمع التأرجح  أو المجمع collective على الجانب الأيسر من مقعد الطيار ويكون بوضع يمنع أي حركة غير مقصودة. وهو يغير من زاوية التأرجح لجميع الشفرات بشكل جماعي (بمعنى جميع الشفرات بنفس الوقت) وبصرف النظر عن موقع الريش. لهذا فعندما يرسل المجمع أي إشارة  فإن الشفرات تتغير بشكل متساو، مما ينتج عن المروحية زيادة أو نقصان بالارتفاع.

دواسات مضادة لعزم الدوران
توجد تلك الدواسات  بنفس موضع دواسات الدفة للطائرات، وتعطي نفس الغرض، وهي تنظيم اتجاه مقدمة الطائرة خلال الطيران. فتطبيق الدواسة بالجهة المعطاة سوف يغير من التأرجح لشفرات دوار الذيل فتزداد أو تقل قوة الدفع الناشئة من دوار الذيل مما يسبب بمقدمة الطائرة بالانعراج (YAW) يمينا أو شمالا حسب الدواسة المضغوطة. فالدواسة تغير من تأرجح دوار الذيل ميكانيكيا مما يغير من كمية الدفع الناشئ منها.

داعس الوقود
دوار المروحية مصمم بالعمل على عدد محدد من الدورات بالدقيقة (RPM). فداعس الوقود (throttle) يتحكم بالطاقة الناتجة من المحرك، ويكون متصل بالدوار عن طريق ناقل الحركة. فأهمية داعس الوقود هو المحافظة على قوة المحرك لإبقاء عدد الدورات بالدقيقة (RPM) للدوار ثابتة حسب الحدود الدنيا المطلوبة لإنتاج كمية كافية من الرفع خلال الطيران. يكون داعس الوقود بالمروحية ذات المحرك المفرد على ذراع المجمع ويحرك بلوي القبضة الدائرية، أما المروحية ثنائية المحرك فيكون لها ذراع خاص للتحكم بالوقود.

بالمروحيات ذات محركات المكبس فإن الطيار يحرك الداعس للمحافظة على عدد الدورات بالدقيقة. أما المروحية ذات المحرك التوربيني وبعض محركات المكبس فإنها تستخدم المنظم أو أنظمة تحكم كهروميكانيكية للمحافظة على معدل دوران الدوارات وتخفيف ضغط على الطيار للمتابعة الروتينية.

حالات الطيران
هناك حالتان للطيران للمروحية: التحويم (hover) والطيران (forward flight)

التحويم
يعتبر التحويم أكثر اللحظات خطورة خلال طيران المروحية. وذلك أن المروحية تنتج الرياح الخاصة بها خلال تحويمها، والتي تعاكس الهيكل وأسطح توجيه الطيران. ويجب أن تكون المحصلة هي ثبات المروحية عن طريق تواصل الطيار بادخال الأوامر لتعديل المروحية، بالرغم من صعوبة المهمة، إلا أن أدوات التحكم بالتحويم تكون بسيطة. فأداة التدوير تستخدم لمنع الانحراف الأفقي للطائرة، وهي تحكم الأمامي والخلفي، اليمين واليسار، والمجمع يستخدم للمحافظة على الارتفاع. والدواسات للمحافظة على الاتجاه. فالتداخل بين تلك الأدوات للتحكم يصعب من مهمة التحويم، فعندما يحتاج أي من أدوات التحكم إلى تصحيح، فإنه يجعل من الضروري تصحيح باقي أدوات التحكم فيجعل دورة ثابتة من التعديل.

الطيران الأمامي
أدوات التوجيه للمروحية خلال الطيران الأمامي هي شبيهة للطائرات ذات الجناح الثابت. فإزاحة عصا التدوير للأمام يجعل من مقدمة الطائرة تتأرجح للأسفل مما يرفع من السرعة الجوية ويخفض بالارتفاع. تحريك عصا التدوير للخلف يجعل مقدمة الطائرة تتأرجح للأعلى، فتنخفض السرعة ويزداد الارتفاع. أما الزيادة بقوة المجمع خلال المحافظة على السرعة الجوية ثابتة سوف ينشأ الصعود، بينما تقليل المجمع فسينشأ الهبوط. تنسيق هذه المدخلات، ترجيع المجمع مع عصا التدوير للخلف أو مجمع للأعلى مع عصا التدوير للأمام، فالنتيجة هي التغيير بالسرعة بينما الارتفاع يكون ثابتا. الدواسات تعمل نفس العمل بالمروحية والطائرة وهي المحافظة على ثبات الطيران. ويكون ذلك بتفعيل الدواسات حينما يكون الاتجاه ضروريا للمحافظة عليه.

فرق توجيه التأرجح
المروحية ذات دوارات محورية، يتطلب توجيه المروحية أداء مشترك ما بين الدوارين. أما المروحية ذات دوارات مترادفة فتستخدم فرق تأرجح المجمع لتغيير وضع مقدمة الطائرة. للتأرجح للأسفل وزيادة التسارع، فإن التأرجح الدوار الأمامي يقل بينما يزداد بالدوار الخلفي بشكل نسبي. والعكس تماما صحيح مع المروحية ذات دوارات متشابكة، فإنها تستخدم فرق تأرجح المجمع لعمل انعطاف للمروحية. جميع تلك التشكيلات تستخدم فرق تأرجح التدوير للتحكم بالحركة حول محور الانعراج (yaw axis)، بحيث تميل الدوارات بالاتجاه المعاكس لجعل الطائرة تدور حول محورها (Spin) باتجاه الدوار المائل.

انظر أيضا

 دوار المروحية
 أدوات توجيه الطيران

المصادر والمراجع

 Flight Standards Service. Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: FAA Manual H-8083-21. Washington, DC: Flight Standards Service, وكالة الطيران الفدرالية, وزارة النقل الأمريكية, 2001. ISBN 1-56027-404-2.

وصلات خارجية
 Dynamic Flight
 Student's article
 Helicopter history
 Helicopter history
 Helicopter development in the early 20th century

الديناميكا الهوائية للمروحيات
توجيه الطائرة
مكونات المروحيات
أنظمة الطائرة

أدوات توجيه المروحية


Klasasta čestoslavica (klasasti paprotivak, lafendija divja; lat. Veronica spicata) zeljasta trajnica iz porodice Plantaginaceae rasprostranjena po Euroaziji, uključujući i Hrvatsku.

Stabljika je uspravna, na donjem dijelu gusto prekrivena dlačicama. Naraste od 15 do 60 cm visine. Cvjetovi su svjetlopavi do tamnoljubičasti. Voli sunčana mjesta i suha staništa. Uzgaja se i kao ukrasna biljka. Hrvatski FCD navodi je pod sinonimnim imenom Pseudolysimachion spicatum

Podvrste
 Veronica spicata subsp. bashkiriensis Klokov ex Tzvelev
 Veronica spicata subsp. fischeri (Trávn.) Albach
 Veronica spicata subsp. kamelinii Kosachev
 Veronica spicata subsp. lanisepala (Trávn.) Albach
 Veronica spicata subsp. maeotica (Klokov) Tzvelev
 Veronica spicata subsp. petschorica Tzvelev
 Veronica spicata subsp. spicata
 Veronica spicata subsp. viscosula (Klokov) Assejeva

Sinonimi
 Cardia spicata (L.) Dulac
 Hedystachys spicata (L.) Fourr.
 Pseudolysimachion spicatum (L.) Opiz

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Veroniceae

Klasasta čestoslavica


Tracy Lee Lawrence (born January 27, 1968) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and record producer. Born in Atlanta, Texas, and raised in Foreman, Arkansas, Lawrence began performing at age 15 and moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1990 to begin his country music career. He signed to Atlantic Records Nashville in 1991 and made his debut late that year with the album Sticks and Stones. Five more studio albums, as well as a live album and a compilation album, followed throughout the 1990s and into 2000 on Atlantic before the label's country division was closed in 2001. Afterward, he recorded for Warner Bros. Records, DreamWorks Records, Mercury Records Nashville, and his own labels, Rocky Comfort Records and Lawrence Music Group.

Lawrence has released a total of 14 studio albums. His most commercially successful albums are Alibis (1993) and Time Marches On (1996), both certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). He has charted more than forty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, including eight songs that reached the number one position: "Sticks and Stones", "Alibis", "Can't Break It to My Heart", "My Second Home", "If the Good Die Young", "Texas Tornado", "Time Marches On", and "Find Out Who Your Friends Are". Of these, "Time Marches On" is his longest-lasting at three weeks, while "Find Out Who Your Friends Are" set a record at the time for the slowest ascent to the top of that chart. His musical style is defined mainly by neotraditional country and honky-tonk influences, although he has also recorded country pop, Christmas music, and Christian country music. He has won Top New Male Vocalist from Billboard in 1992 and from Academy of Country Music in 1993, and Vocal Event of the Year from the Country Music Association in 2007.

Biography
Tracy Lee Lawrence was born in Atlanta, Texas, on January 27, 1968. He was raised by his stay-at-home mother JoAnn Dickens and stepfather Duane Dickens. He has two brothers and three sisters. When Lawrence was four years old, his family moved to Foreman, Arkansas. Growing up there, Lawrence sang in the local Methodist church choir and learned to play guitar. His mother had wanted him to grow up to be a minister, but he wanted to pursue a musical career instead. Regarding his upbringing, Lawrence told Country Weekly magazine in 1996, "I was hell-bent on doing things my way. I bucked my stepfather. He thought I was risking too much chasing this crazy music dream." Lawrence began performing publicly in local clubs at age 15. By age 17, he had joined a local honky-tonk band. He attended Southern Arkansas University in 1986 to study mass communications, where he also became a brother of Sigma Pi, but dropped out two years later to sing for a band based out of Louisiana. When the band broke up, Lawrence moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1990, supporting himself through odd jobs. He also became a regular performer at several different Nashville nightclubs and bars, and further supported himself through winning local talent competitions. After performing at an artist showcase at Nashville's Bluebird Café in January 1991, Lawrence was discovered by talent manager Wayne Edwards, who helped him sign to Atlantic Records' Nashville division. This signing took place only seven months after his move to Nashville.

Musical career

1991–1993: Sticks and Stones
After signing to Atlantic Nashville, Lawrence began recording his debut album Sticks and Stones. On May 31, 1991, after he had completed the album's vocal tracks, Lawrence was injured when walking a high school friend named Sonja Wilkerson to the door of her hotel room at a Quality Inn in downtown Nashville. He was confronted by three men who intended to rape Wilkerson and rob both of them. Lawrence resisted and was shot four times, allowing his friend to escape. Two of the wounds were major and necessitated surgery at Nashville's Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and one bullet remained embedded in his hip. The shooting and subsequent surgery also delayed the release of the album so that he would have time to recover before promoting it.

Sticks and Stones, upon its late-1991 release, accounted for four singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. First was the album's title track, which reached the number-one position on that chart in January 1992. Following it were three additional top-ten hits: "Today's Lonely Fool", "Runnin' Behind", and "Somebody Paints the Wall." The last of these was originally released by Josh Logan, whose version had made the lower regions of the same chart in 1989. Contributing songwriters to the album included John Scott Sherrill, Mark D. Sanders, Tim Menzies, Bob DiPiero, Lawrence himself, and Kenny Beard, who would go on to write many of Lawrence's other singles as well. Another cut from the album, "Paris, Tennessee", was also recorded by co-writer Dennis Robbins on his 1992 album Man with a Plan, and by Kenny Chesney on his 1995 album All I Need to Know. Musicians on the album included Bruce Bouton, Mark Casstevens, and Milton Sledge of Garth Brooks' studio band The G-Men, along with session musicians Brent Rowan and Glenn Worf. James Stroud produced the album, and played drums on the track "Between Us". Sticks and Stones was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies. The album received an "A−" from Entertainment Weekly, whose writer Alanna Nash said that he "pairs a poised and confident baritone with witty and well-crafted songs that shed soft light in the dark corners of the human condition." In 1992, Billboard magazine named him Top New Male Vocalist.

1993–1994: Alibis
In 1993, Lawrence released his second album, Alibis, which earned a double-platinum RIAA certification for shipments of two million copies. All four of its singles reached the number-one position on the Hot Country Songs charts between early 1993 and early 1994: the title track, "Can't Break It to My Heart", "My Second Home", and "If the Good Die Young". The title track also accounted for his first entry on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching number 72 there. Also produced by Stroud, the album contained songs co-written by Don Schlitz, Randy Boudreaux, and Craig Wiseman. Lawrence himself co-wrote "Can't Break It to My Heart" with "Sticks and Stones" co-writer Elbert West, and "My Second Home" with Beard. Lawrence told the blog Taste of Country in 2018 that he "fought" with Atlantic executives over recording "Can't Break It to My Heart", because the label wanted him to record more ballads akin to those of then-labelmate John Michael Montgomery instead. A review of Alibis in Cash Box magazine praised the title track, "I Threw the Rest Away", and "It Only Takes One Bar (To Make a Prison)" as the strongest cuts, while noting the "conviction and authenticity" in Lawrence's voice. Nash was less positive, writing in Entertainment Weekly that Lawrence "settles for clichéd themes and mawkish delivery". Lawrence promoted the album through a tour with George Jones, and signed a deal with the Stetson hat company to advertise a new line of hats. Also in 1993, he was awarded as Top New Male Vocalist by the Academy of Country Music.

1994–1995: I See It Now and Tracy Lawrence Live
Lawrence's 1994 album I See It Now had its title track serve as the lead single. Co-written by Larry Boone, Paul Nelson, and Woody Lee (who also recorded for Atlantic Nashville at the time), it peaked at number two on the country charts and 84 on the Hot 100. Followup "As Any Fool Can See" also went to number two on the former, while the Bobby Braddock-penned "Texas Tornado" became his sixth number-one hit on Hot Country Songs in mid-1995 and its B-side "If the World Had a Front Porch" also reached number two afterward. Also included on the album were the John Anderson duet "Hillbilly with a Heartache", previously found on Anderson's 1994 album Country 'til I Die, and the song "I Got a Feelin'", co-written by Joe Diffie and later recorded by him on his 1997 album Twice Upon a Time. I See It Now had seven of its tracks produced by Stroud, while three others accounted for Lawrence's first co-production credits: he produced "Texas Tornado" by himself, "As Any Fool Can See" with Flip Anderson of his touring band, and "Hillbilly with a Heartache" with both Flip Anderson and Stroud. Lawrence promoted I See It Now throughout 1995 with a tour consisting of over 200 shows. Nash found I See It Now superior to its predecessor, stating that Lawrence "returns to the honky-tonk sound of his debut, balancing melodic ballads of regret with kick-butt rhythms and lively wordplay." Allmusic rated the album 4 out of 5 stars, with an uncredited review praising the album's honky-tonk sound, along with the "cute lyrical twists for which country music is famous". An also uncredited review in People praised the title track and closing track "I'd Give Anything to Be Your Everything Again" as "lovely, bittersweet accounts of romance lost", but criticized the lyrics of "If the World Had a Front Porch". I See It Now received RIAA platinum certification.

Also in 1995, he released a live acoustic album, Tracy Lawrence Live. The album included live recordings of nine previous singles, plus the album track "I Threw the Rest Away" from Alibis. Lawrence compiled the album from 40 different live shows from the six months prior to the disc's release, and once again produced with Flip Anderson. The album was originally to have been titled Tracy Lawrence Live and Unplugged, but it was retitled due to MTV claiming a copyright on the term "unplugged".

1995–1997: Time Marches On
Time Marches On, his fourth album, was released in January 1996. It became his second double-platinum album in 2000. The lead single was "If You Loved Me", a number four entry on the Hot Country Songs charts. Lawrence said of the song that "it's a typical Tracy Lawrence ballad about love gone wrong", and that he felt that it was one of his strongest singles. Following this song was the album's title track; also written by Braddock, it became Lawrence's longest-lasting number-one single on Hot Country Songs, holding that position for three weeks. It was also nominated by the Country Music Association as Single of the Year. After this song came "Stars over Texas" (which Lawrence co-wrote with Boone) and "Is That a Tear", both peaking at number two. The album's production duties were split, with Don Cook (best known for his work with Brooks & Dunn) handling five tracks, and Lawrence and Anderson on the other five. Brian Wahlert of Country Standard Time noted that the tracks produced by Lawrence and Anderson were more traditional country in their sound than the tracks Cook produced, highlighting "Is That a Tear" and "Somewhere Between the Moon and You" as the strongest and most country-sounding cuts. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that the album was "another crowd-pleasing set of contemporary country. Like his previous albums, the song selection is a hit-or-miss affair, with about half of the songs failing to make much of an impression. The remainder, however, proves why Lawrence is one of the most popular singers in Nashville." In 1996, Billboard ranked Lawrence as the tenth most-played radio artist in any genre that year.

1997–1998: The Coast Is Clear
Lawrence's fifth studio album, The Coast Is Clear, was issued in March 1997 and achieved an RIAA gold certification two months later. Like its predecessor, it featured some songs produced by Cook, and others by Lawrence and Anderson. This album's first two singles "Better Man, Better Off" and "How a Cowgirl Says Goodbye" both made top five on Hot Country Songs, but the followups were less successful: the title track became his first single to miss the top 10 when it peaked at number 26, and "While You Sleep" fell outside the top 40. Tom Roland of The Tennessean noted that the album had a theme of "attempts to undo what's done", but criticized the sound as "restrained" and "middle-of-the-road". Sarah Rodman of Country Standard Time shared a similar opinion of the production, calling "While You Sleep" the "most emotive and touching song" while also referring to "How a Cowgirl Says Goodbye" as "lively". Atlantic issued a greatest-hits package, The Best of Tracy Lawrence, in 1998. This disc included thirteen previous singles and the new song "Her Old Stompin' Ground". Three years after its release, this compilation received RIAA gold certification.

1999–2002: Lessons Learned and Tracy Lawrence

In late 1999, Lawrence returned to the charts with "Lessons Learned". This was the lead single to his 2000 album of the same name, which he and Anderson produced with audio engineer Butch Carr. The song reached number three on the country charts in 2000, and accounted for his highest Hot 100 peak of number 40. The album charted two more singles in "Lonely" and "Unforgiven". Tom Roland gave Lessons Learned three out of five stars in a review for The Tennessean, noting that Lawrence "repeatedly sings of flaws and errors and the challenges in overcoming them." Erlewine wrote of the album in Allmusic that it is "certainly pleasant, yet it tends to fade into the background". Jeffrey B. Remz of Country Standard Time thought that the album maintained a constantly country sound, and had well-witten songs.

In late 2000, Atlantic Records closed its Nashville division and moved all artists, including Lawrence, to the Nashville branch of parent company Warner Bros. Records. His only release for that label, Tracy Lawrence, accounted for two low-charting singles in "Life Don't Have to Be So Hard" and "What a Memory". Lawrence and Anderson produced the album and wrote several songs on it, with other contributing writers including Michael White, Casey Beathard, Billy Yates, and frequent collaborator Larry Boone. Both Country Standard Time and Allmusic praised the album for having a more consistent and traditional sound than its predecessors, with the former's Scott Homewood calling it "quite possibly his best album", and the latter's Liana Jonas complimenting the lyrics of both singles along with the "scaled down" production. Allmusic biographer Steve Huey wrote of the album that "Despite some good reviews, it failed to halt his downward commercial momentum." Lawrence also said that he felt that the label did not invest in promotion of the album due to a lack of interest in his musical style and direction. As a result, he began seeking out new producers in an attempt to "reinvent [him]self". He considered Buddy Cannon, Byron Gallimore, and Billy Joe Walker Jr. before choosing to reunite with Stroud. The two began recording for what would have been a second album for Warner Bros. in 2002, but Lawrence was dropped from the label's roster.

2003–2004: Strong
After being dropped from Warner Bros., Lawrence began seeking a new record deal. He had considered RCA Records Nashville, but instead chose DreamWorks Records Nashville, of which Stroud was then the president, and signed a deal with them in October 2003. His first release for the label was "Paint Me a Birmingham", which had been concurrently released by Ken Mellons on an independent label. Lawrence's version overtook Mellons's in terms of airplay, reaching number four on Hot Country Songs and number 42 on the Hot 100 in early 2004. The corresponding album, Strong, came out in 2004, and it consisted largely of material from the unreleased second project for Warner Bros. Nashville. The album's follow-up singles, "It's All How You Look at It" and "Sawdust on Her Halo", were less successful at country radio. Lawrence noted that he had writer's block when attempting to come up with material for the album, and thus sought outside writers instead of his usual collaborators. He described the title track, about a divorced woman moving on with her life, a "different than anything I've done in the past", while calling "Stones" the "most traditional" song, and noting the presence of "story songs" throughout. He also noted that the album was almost titled Stones, but was renamed to avoid confusion with his debut album Sticks and Stones.

Erlewine wrote in Allmusic that Strong "ranks among his smoothest albums, a record dominated by ballads and where up-tempo songs are as polished as the slow ones." Peter Cooper of The Tennessean thought that the album had better-written songs than its predecessors, highlighting "Paint Me a Birmingham" and "Sawdust on Her Halo" in particular, but criticizing the application of Auto-Tune to Lawrence's singing voice. Robert Woolridge of Country Standard Time thought that Lawrence's singing was stronger on the ballads such as "Paint Me a Birmingham" as opposed to the more upbeat material, but criticized the "mainstream production".

2005–2006: Then and Now: The Hits Collection
Following the closure of DreamWorks Nashville in 2005, Lawrence transferred to Mercury Nashville that same year. There, he released the compilation Then & Now: The Hits Collection, which included fifteen of his previous hits, all of which (except "Paint Me a Birmingham") had to be newly recorded as the label did not own the rights to the original recordings made while he was on Atlantic. Two new tracks were included as well, both of which were released as singles: a cover of Mark Nesler's 1998 single "Used to the Pain", and "If I Don't Make It Back", which was co-witten by Bobby Pinson. Of this compilation, Erlewine wrote, "These new versions are a little more laid-back than the originals, and they're a little slicker too. And while that doesn't necessarily suit Lawrence's voice, which has grown a little thinner over the years, that doesn't make Then and Now a bad listen."

2006–2008: For the Love and All Wrapped Up in Christmas

In 2006, Lawrence started his own record label, Rocky Comfort Records, in partnership with his brother Laney. The first act signed to the label besides Lawrence himself was Chad Brock. Lawrence's first single for the label was "Find Out Who Your Friends Are", which was released in August 2006 from the studio album For the Love. The song initially lingered below the Top 40 of the Hot Country Songs charts, but following the album's release, it gained in radio interest due to the album containing as a bonus track an alternate version with Tim McGraw and Kenny Chesney on guest vocals. Thanks to the success of the alternate version, "Find Out Who Your Friends Are" became a number-one single on that chart in 2007. The song reached that position in its 41st week on the chart, setting a new record at the time for the slowest ascent to the top of the country charts, and the second-slowest on any Billboard chart. The re-recorded version received Musical Event of the Year honors at the 2007 Country Music Association (CMA) Awards, Lawrence's first award from that association, along with the Academy of Country Music (ACM) Vocal Event of the Year award. Following this song were "Til I Was a Daddy Too" and "You Can't Hide Redneck". The album's title track was a duet with Brad Arnold of the rock band 3 Doors Down, while the track "Speed of Flight" was the first song in his career that Lawrence wrote entirely by himself. Michael Sudhalter wrote in Country Standard Time that "the music on the 11-track debut matches the label's traditional-sounding name."

Later in 2007, Lawrence issued a Christmas album entitled All Wrapped Up in Christmas, the title track of which peaked at number 57 based on Christmas season airplay. In 2008, both Zona Jones and Michael Scott signed deals with Rocky Comfort. Jones released the album Prove Me Right through the label in 2009.

2009–2011: The Rock and The Singer
Lawrence made his last Hot Country Songs chart appearance with the single "Up to Him" in early 2009. It is the first single for a studio album entitled The Rock, a Christian country album which was released in June 2009. It received 3.5 out of 5 from Country Weekly magazine, whose review noted that it "emphasizes at all turns the shared imperfections that we all strive to overcome in order to be good people". Allmusic reviewer Todd Sterling thought that Lawrence "sounds as comfortable singing songs about the Lord as he does singing straight country", calling it "a positive collection that will appeal to people of all faiths." Country Standard Time reviewer Jessica Phillips also thought that the lyrics of the album were "positive" and "uplifting", comparing the disc favorably to Randy Travis's gospel albums. The album got a 2009 Grammy Award nomination for Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album.

Due to financial difficulties, Lawrence closed the Rocky Comfort label after The Rock and established a second personal label, Lawrence Music Group, in 2011. His first release for this label was The Singer that same year. It was initially available solely from his website and digital music distributors, a decision that Lawrence made to test the viability of online distribution instead of physical sales. The album features only acoustic instruments, and includes acoustic re-recordings of "Paint Me a Birmingham" and "Find Out Who Your Friends Are". Of the album, Lawrence said that he included more songs that he had written himself, because he felt that he had become more confident in his own songwriting skills. He also said that the album was "different" due to the increased presence of songs that he had written and the acoustic sound.

2013–: Further releases on Lawrence Music Group
Lawrence released the single "Stop, Drop & Roll" to country radio in October 2012. It was the first single from the album Headlights, Taillights and Radios, released on August 20, 2013. Lawrence funded the album through Kickstarter. Contributing songwriters included Kurt Allison (of Jason Aldean's road band and the production team New Voice Entertainment) and Kip Moore. Erlewine noted that the album was more country pop than Lawrence's existing body of work, but stated that "he sounds comfortable, assured, and quite charming on this enjoyable record." Michael Rampa of Country Standard Time also thought that the album was more country-pop, but praised the lyrics and Lawrence's singing, saying of the content that "Lawrence is both looking back at his two decades-plus career in country music while also taking a significant step toward the future." Lawrence promoted the album through a tour of the same name, which consisted of 28 shows throughout the year 2014, beginning with a concert at the Holmes Theater in Detroit Lakes, Minnesota.

In 2017, Lawrence released Good Ole Days, a compilation album which features nine of his hit singles re-recorded as duets with other country singers, including Tim McGraw, Luke Bryan, Justin Moore, Jason Aldean, and Luke Combs. It also features two original songs: the title track, which features both Brad Arnold and Big & Rich, and the Craig Morgan duet "Finally Home", whose proceeds were donated to Operation Finally Home, an organization that assists in housing for injured soldiers. A second Christmas album, Frozen in Time, was released in October 2018. The album includes a mix of original compositions and covers of Christmas standards. In May 2019, he announced the August 2019 release of a new studio album titled Made in America, whose title track is also the lead single. He called the album "possibly the most personal album I have ever released." Lawrence co-wrote most of the album, with other songwriters including Chris Stapleton, Mark Nesler, and Carson Chamberlain.

Lawrence's next project is a three-disc album called Hindsight 2020. In February 2021, he confirmed that each of the three discs would be released throughout 2021, starting with Volume 1: Stairway to Heaven Highway to Hell on April 23. Its first single is the title track, which Lawrence co-wrote with Craig Wiseman. When completed, the three albums will include a mix of original songs and re-recordings of existing songs. The second disc in this project, Volume 2: Price of Fame, was released in August. Included on it were re-recordings of "I See It Now", "Somebody Paints the Wall", and "If the World Had a Front Porch", and duets with Montgomery Gentry member Eddie Montgomery and Tracy Byrd. The third installment, Volume 3: Angelina, was released in January 2022. The title track of the project was released as a single that same month; in addition, Lawrence stated that he would be touring in 2022 with Clay Walker, Randall King, and Alexandra Kay.

Additional work
Lawrence has contributed to multiple collaborative works in his career. The first was George Jones' 1992 single "I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair", which featured him as one of several artists performing on the song's final chorus, and received the Country Music Association Vocal Event of the Year for all artists involved. In 1994, Lawrence recorded "Renegades, Rebels, and Rogues" for the soundtrack of the film Maverick. This song was released to country radio as a single in mid-1994 after "If the Good Die Young" had peaked, and it went on to reach top 10 on Hot Country Songs. The soundtrack also featured him in a multi-artist rendition of "Amazing Grace". Later in the same year, he covered Keith Whitley's late-1989 single "I'm Over You" on Keith Whitley: A Tribute Album. In May 1996, Lawrence was one of many artists featured on the charity single "Hope: Country Music's Quest for a Cure", whose proceeds were donated to the T.J. Martell foundation for cancer research. The song made an appearance on Hot Country Songs, and received a Grammy Award nomination that year for all artists involved in the category of Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. In 1997, he recorded a cover of The Rolling Stones's "Paint It Black" on the multi-artist tribute album Stone Country: Country Artists Perform the Songs of the Rolling Stones. Lawrence also began working as a producer for other artists in 1997, including Rich McCready's 1997 album That Just About Covers It and the soundtrack to the musical The Civil War. The latter also featured him singing "I'll Never Pass This Way Again", which was issued as a single in October 1998.

Music videos
Many of Lawrence's singles featured music videos that received rotation on CMT and the defunct TNN (The Nashville Network). In 1996, his videos were aired on CMT more than those of any other artist. Among his videos were several directed by Marc Ball which linked to each other through a time travel storyline, where Lawrence is transported to a different time period and scenario at the beginning of each video, and appears in clothing appropriate to the time period. The concept started with the video for "If the Good Die Young", and continued for those of "Renegades, Rebels, and Rogues", "I See It Now", "As Any Fool Can See", "Texas Tornado", "If the World Had a Front Porch", "Is That a Tear", "One Step Ahead of the Storm" (an album cut from The Coast Is Clear), and "Life Don't Have to Be So Hard".

Musical style
Steve Huey wrote of Lawrence's musical style that he was "[o]ne of a number of rock-tinged honky-tonk singers who rose to fame in the early '90s" and "gained a loyal audience for his mix of modern and traditional country sounds". Erlewine described Lawrence's musical style as "polished, modern-day honky-tonk", and said that he "has never been among the most adventurous country singers and of all the post-Garth Brooks new traditionalists; he often avoids honky-tonk grit, even though he has a nice twang in his voice that would work well on rowdier material." In a review of Sticks and Stones, Alanna Nash noted that Lawrence had a physical and musical resemblance to Alan Jackson. His singing voice has also been described as a "smooth baritone" and a "warm baritone" with "effortless, emotional delivery". Lawrence cites Merle Haggard, Keith Whitley, and George Strait as his primary musical influences.

Personal life
In April 1994, Lawrence was charged with reckless endangerment and possession of an unlicensed firearm after confronting and following home two teenagers on a highway in Wilson County, Tennessee. Although he was put on probation for a year, the charges were later cleared.

Lawrence has been married three times. His first wife was former rodeo star Frances Weatherford, whom he married in 1993. Weatherford was injured by broken glass and suffered a miscarriage after a gas fireplace explosion, and the two divorced in 1996. In March 1997 he married his second wife, Stephenie "Stacie" Drew, a former member of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders. Their wedding included over 500 guests, along with performances by Toby Keith, Tracy Byrd, and Kenny Chesney. In October 1997, Lawrence underwent investigation after allegations that he had abused Drew following a concert at Buffalo Bill's hotel and casino in Primm, Nevada. This incident occurred one month after the couple had filed for divorce. Lawrence was convicted of a misdemeanor for battery, and was ordered by Las Vegas courts to donate $500 to a Nevada-based women's shelter. Billboard also reported that Atlantic Nashville's president had suspended Lawrence from recording any new material until he agreed to undergo counseling, but he later denied these claims. He married his third wife, Becca, in a secret wedding ceremony just after Christmas 2000. The couple had a child named Skylar the following June. Two years later, they had a second daughter, Mary Keagan.

Discography

Studio albums
 Sticks and Stones (1991)
 Alibis (1993)
 I See It Now (1994)
 Time Marches On (1996)
 The Coast Is Clear (1997)
 Lessons Learned (2000)
 Tracy Lawrence (2001)
 Strong (2004)
 For the Love (2007)
 The Rock (2009)
 The Singer (2011)
 Headlights, Taillights and Radios (2013)
 Good Ole Days (2017)
 Frozen in Time (2018)
 Made in America (2019)
 Hindsight 2020 Volume 1: Stairway to Heaven Highway to Hell (2021)
 Hindsight 2020 Volume 2: Price of Fame (2021)
 Hindsight 2020 Volume 3: Angelina (2022)

Christmas albums
 All Wrapped Up in Christmas (2007)
 Frozen in Time (2018)

Compilations
Tracy Lawrence Live (1995)
The Best of Tracy Lawrence (1998)
Then & Now: The Hits Collection (2005)
The Very Best of Tracy Lawrence (2007)

Billboard number-one hits
"Sticks and Stones" (1 week, 1991-1992)
"Alibis" (2 weeks, 1993)
"Can't Break It to My Heart" (1 week, 1993)
"My Second Home" (1 week, 1993)
"If the Good Die Young" (2 weeks, 1994)
"Texas Tornado" (1 week, 1995)
"Time Marches On" (3 weeks, 1996)
"Find Out Who Your Friends Are" (1 week, 2007)

Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards

|-
|1997
|Hope: Country Music's Quest for a Cure
|Best Country Collaboration with Vocals
|
|}

Academy of Country Music Awards

|-
|1993
|Tracy Lawrence
|Top New Male Vocalist
|
|-
|1995
|John Anderson and Tracy Lawrence
|Top Vocal Duo of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 1997
|rowspan=2| "Time Marches On"
|Single Record of the Year
|
|-
|Song of the Year
|
|-
|Time Marches On
|Album of the Year
|
|-
|2008
|"Find Out Who Your Friends Are"
|Vocal Event of the Year
|
|}

Country Music Association Awards

|-
|1993
|Tracy Lawrence
|Horizon Award
|
|-
|1996
|"Time Marches On"
|Single of the Year
|
|-
|2007
|"Find Out Who Your Friends Are"
|Vocal Event of the Year
|
|}

References

External links

 The Official Tracy Lawrence Website

1968 births
American country record producers
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
American shooting survivors
Atlantic Records artists
Country musicians from Texas
Country musicians from Arkansas
DreamWorks Records artists
Living people
Mercury Records artists
People from Atlanta, Texas
People from Little River County, Arkansas
Record producers from Texas
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Southern Arkansas University alumni
Warner Records artists
Singer-songwriters from Arkansas

Tracy Lawrence


Boimorto ist ein Municipio, eine Parroquia und ein Ort in der Autonomen Gemeinschaft Galicien der  Provinz A Coruña im Norden von Spanien. Die  Einwohner (Stand ) leben auf einer Fläche von 82,34 km2, 47 Kilometer von der Regierungshauptstadt A Coruña entfernt.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 mehrere teilweise sehr alte Horreos in der ganzen Gemeinde
 Pfarrkirche San Blas in Dormeá

Politik

Am Jakobsweg
Eine Variante des Camino Primitivo führt über Boimorto, 17,80 km nach Pedrouzo.

Demografie

Quelle:  – grafische Aufarbeitung für Wikipedia

Parroquias

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Luz Casal (* 1958), spanische Sängerin
 Suso de Marcos (* 1950), spanischer Bildhauer

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Boimorto

Boimorto


Don J. Ingle (* 10. Februar 1931; † 9. März 2012 in Baldwin, Lake County (Michigan)) war ein US-amerikanischer Jazz-Musiker (Ventilposaune, Posaune, Kornett, Gesang), Arrangeur und Journalist.

Leben und Wirken
Don Ingle, Sohn des Jazzmusikers und Komikers Ernest "Red" Ingle (der u. a. mit Jean Goldkette, Bix Beiderbecke und Spike Jones spielte), begann seine musikalische Karriere 1949 mit 18 Jahren. Er studierte Musik und Geschichte am Colorado College und an der Michigan State University. Während der 1960er Jahre spielte er bei Frank Assunto and the Dukes und in der Formation Jazz Limited des Klarinettisten Bill Reinhardt. Bevor er hauptberuflich als Outdoor-Journalist arbeitete, war er Posaunist in der Hot-Jazz-Tributband Sons of Bix, mit der er u. a. das Album Ostrich Walk einspielte und 1978 auf dem Manassas Jazz Festival auftrat. Zwischen 1968 und 1987 wirkte er bei einer Reihe von Aufnahmesessions mit; u. a. mit seiner Band Don Ingle & The Michigan Nighthawks, mit der auch in den 1990er Jahren aktiv war. Ingle, der das Michigan Forests Magazine herausgab und für lokale Zeitschriften tätig war, verstarb mit seiner Ehefrau Jean bei einem Brand ihres Hauses.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Jazz-Posaunist
Kornettist
Arrangeur
Musiker (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Don Ingle


Cristian Breitenstein (Bahía Blanca, 5 de mayo de 1972) es un abogado y político argentino. Fue intendente de Bahía Blanca (2006-2011) y Ministro de la Producción, Ciencia y Tecnología y Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales de la provincia de Buenos Aires (2011-2015). Actualmente se encuentra radicado en Alemania y trabaja como consultor.

Biografía

Formación académica
Obtuvo el título de perito mercantil en el Colegio Don Bosco, de Bahía Blanca en el año 1989.

Se recibió de abogado el 30 de abril de 1993 en la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, a la edad de 20 años, expedido el 30 de mayo del mismo año. Por otro lado, en la Universidad Nacional del Sur le fue otorgado el título de Licenciatura en Filosofía el día 3 de noviembre de 2006.

Egresado del Global Master of Arts Program del Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, especialización en Relaciones Internacionales, en Boston (USA) en 2014. Ha cursado posgrados en Ciencia Política en Salamanca, España (1999), y en Derecho Administrativo en Madrid, España (2000). Es Doctorando en Filosofía por la Universidad del Salvador, Facultad San Miguel de Argentina.

Docencia
Fue docente universitario en la Universidad Nacional del Sur entre los anos 1996-2015 de las siguientes materias Sociología, Derecho Político, Filosofía del Derecho, Instituciones del Derecho Privado, y Derecho Público en esta última como Prof. Adjunto a cargo de la cátedra.

Asimismo ha sido invitado a seminarios, visitas, cursos, disertaciones y actividades a Harvard University, Georgetown University  y Columbia University en USA y en numerosas oportunidades por la Fundación Konrad Adenauer a Alemania. Ha participado a su vez en numerosas actividades oficiales destacándose entre ellas el encuentro con el Papa Benedicto XVI en Milan y Roma y el Papa Francisco.

Fue Consejero Titular del Departamento de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional del Sur y Consejero Titular del Colegio de Abogados de Bahia Blanca.

Intendente de Bahía Blanca
En abril de 2006 asume como intendente interino y por tal motivo renuncia a una beca de postgrado de la Universidad Católica de Eichstätt. En diciembre de 2007 gana las elecciones como intendente, siendo reelegido para el período 2011 – 2015. También participó como concejal del Partido de Bahía Blanca por el PJ en los períodos 1999 – 2003 y 2003 – 2007. Entre los años 2003 y 2005 actuó como presidente del Honorable Concejo Deliberante.

El gobierno de Breitenstein se caracterizó por las obras públicas realizadas en el Partido de Bahía Blanca. Entre ellas destacan: las viviendas en Villa Esperanza, barrio Spurr y barrio San Martín; la construcción de la nueva terminal de ómnibus, las nuevas instalaciones del aeropuerto y la remodelación de la Estación Sud; las peatonales de calle Drago y O'Higgins; las remodelaciones en la Plaza Rivadavia y la Catedral de la Merced y las nuevas instalaciones del Hospital Municipal de Bahía Blanca.

Ministro de la provincia de Buenos Aires (2011-2015)
En diciembre de 2011 fue nombrado Ministro de la Producción, Ciencia y Tecnología y Relaciones Comerciales Internacionales de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) por el gobernador Daniel Scioli. Al asumir ese cargo debió solicitar licencia en la intendencia de Bahía Blanca y luego renunciar en diciembre de 2013.

En su gestión tuvo a su cargo las áreas de Industria, Puertos, Comercio, Minería, Pymes, Relaciones Internacionales y Ciencia y Tecnología. Esta última área es la primera vez en la historia de la provincia que asume un rango ministerial. Con respecto a los logros de gestión se destacan los siguientes: se triplicó la cantidad de parques industriales, la mayoría de los cuales se instalaron en el interior de la provincia para evitar la concentración poblacional en el conurbano; se duplicó la capacidad operativa de los puertos y se fortaleció la articulación de la ciencia y tecnología con la producción.

Asimismo se duplicaron la cantidad de créditos a tasas subsidiadas otorgadas por el Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Fuerza Productiva y se triplicaron las garantías del Fogaba. Finalmente se produjo un proceso destacado de internacionalización de las Pymes con casi 100 misiones comerciales a Sudamérica, Europa, y Asia.

Actividad posterior
Su experiencia en el ámbito público y privado a nivel internacional le ha llevado a fundar la consultora Latam InVentum GmbH, con sede en Múnich, Alemania, lugar donde actualmente reside. Desde ella desarrolla negocios internacionales entre América Latina, Sudeste Asiático y Europa principalmente focalizados en Energías Renovables, Infraestructura, Real Estate y Soluciones Tecnológicas.

Asimismo ha sido designado como Representante para Latinoamérica de Global Partners Bayern, asociación empresaria de Baviera que reúne a más de 200 empresas de la región.

Distinciones

 Joven Sobresaliente de Argentina en el año 2005 por la Cámara Junior Internacional (JCI) junto a la cantante Soledad Pastorutti y al basquetbolista Emanuel Ginóbili.

Referencias

Abogados de la provincia de Buenos Aires
Bahienses
Intendentes de Bahía Blanca
Alumnado de la Universidad Nacional del Sur
Ministros de la provincia de Buenos Aires
Concejales de Argentina
Políticos del Frente para la Victoria
Políticos del Partido Justicialista

Cristian Breitenstein


Dollond ist ein kleiner Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite nördlich des Kraters Abulfeda und östlich von Andel.
Östlich von Dollond und nördlich von Descartes liegt ein sogenannter Mondwirbel, ein Gebiet mit hoher Albedo und gleichzeitig eine magnetische Anomalie.
Der schüsselförmige Krater ist nur wenig erodiert.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem britischen Optiker und Teleskopbauer John Dollond offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Dollond auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Dollond (Mondkrater)


{{Taxobox
| name = Hyrnusmæra
| image = Oxalis triangularis6.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Fiðrildasmæra með rauð blöð (O. t. papilionacea)
| regnum = Jurtaríki (Plantae)
| divisio = Dulfrævingar (Magnoliophyta)
| classis = Tvíkímblöðungar (Magnoliopsida)
| ordo = Oxalidales
| familia = Súrsmæruætt (Oxalidaceae)
| genus = Oxalis
| species = O. triangularis
| binomial = Oxalis triangularis
| binomial_authority = A.St.-Hil.
| synonyms =
Acetosella triangularis A.St.-Hil.
Acetosella papilionacea (Hoffmanns. ex Zucc.) KuntzeAcetosella regnellii (Miq.) Kuntze
}}

Hyrnusmæra (fræðiheiti: Oxalis triangularis) er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er ættuð frá Suður-Ameríku.

Til hennar teljast tvær undirtegundir
 O. t. papilionacea - Fiðrildasmæra
 O. t. triangularis'' - Hyrnusmæra

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Hyrnusmæra


Franz Xaver Jungwirth, né vers 1720 à Munich et mort en 1790, est un graveur allemand.

Biographie
Franz Xaver Jungwirth naît vers 1720 à Munich.
Élève de Mörl, il grave des sujets religieux, des sujets d'histoire et des portraits. Il laisse une œuvre considérable.
Franz Xaver Jungwirth meurt en 1790.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Graveur allemand du XVIIIe siècle
Aquafortiste allemand
Graveur sur cuivre
Naissance en 1720
Naissance à Munich
Naissance dans l'électorat de Bavière
Décès en 1790
Décès à Munich
Décès dans l'électorat de Bavière

Franz Xaver Jungwirth


Mark Bonnar est un acteur Britannique né le  à Édimbourg.

Biographie

Filmographie partielle

Cinéma
 2016 : Ransom Games (Billionaire Ransom) de Jim Gillespie
 2019 : Alex, le destin d'un roi (The Kid Who Would Be King) de Joe Cornish
 2021 : La Ruse (Operation Mincemeat) de John Madden
 2023 :  de Ridley Scott

Télévision
 2005 : Afterlife (1 épisode)
 2005-2006 : Casualty (23 épisodes)
 2009 : Paradox (5 épisodes)
 2011 : Doctor Who, 2 épisodes : La Chair vivante, première partie et La Chair vivante, deuxième partie
 2012 : Line of Duty (6 épisodes)
 2012 : The Paradise (2 épisodes)
 2013-2021 : Shetland (29 épisodes)
 2015 : Unforgotten (6 épisodes)
 2015-2019 : Catastrophe (20 épisodes)
 2017 : Sous influence (Apple Tree Yard) (4 épisodes)
 2018 : Humans (7 épisodes)
 2019 : Petit Meurtre entre frères (Guilt) (8 épisodes)
 2020 : Quiz (3 épisodes)
 2022 : Litvinenko (4 épisodes)

Liens externes

Acteur britannique
Acteur écossais
Naissance en novembre 1968
Naissance à Édimbourg

Mark Bonnar


Vera kan henvise til:

 Vera (pigenavn) – pigenavn
 Vera (film fra 1915) – en stumfilm instrueret af Emanuel Gregers
 Vera (film fra 1984) – en dansk kortfilm fra 1984 instrueret af Jens Christian Grøndal
 Vera (tv-serie) – en britisk krimiserie
 Vera (soloprojekt) – dansk soloprojekt
 Vera - Fiktiv person fra Børne 1'eren og Rutsj, spillet af Michel Castenholt

Vera


Gnégnéri Yaya Touré (fæddur þann 13. maí árið 1983 í Bouaké) er knattspyrnumaður frá Fílabeinsströndinni. Touré lék m.a með Manchester City F.C. og FC Barcelona og einnig fyrir landslið Fílabeinsstrandarinnar. Yaya Touré er litli bróðir Kolo Touré og stóri bróðir Ibrahim Touré, sem dó  í júni árið 2014.

Félög
 2001-2003: Beveren
 2003-2005: Metalurh Donetsk
 2005-2006: Olympiacos
 2006-2007: AS Monaco
 2007-2010: FC Barcelona
 2010-2018 Manchester City F.C.
 2018       Olimpiacos
 2019-2020   Qingdao Huanghai

Fílabeinsstrendískir knattspyrnumenn

Yaya Touré


The striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is a species of hyena native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. It is the only extant species in the genus Hyaena. It is listed by the IUCN as near-threatened, as the global population is estimated to be under 10,000 mature individuals which continues to experience deliberate and incidental persecution along with a decrease in its prey base such that it may come close to meeting a continuing decline of 10% over the next three generations.

It is the smallest of the bone-cracking hyenas and retains many primitive viverrid-like characteristics lost in larger species, having a smaller and less specialised skull. Though primarily a scavenger, large specimens have been known to kill their own prey, and attacks on humans have occurred in rare instances. The striped hyena is a monogamous animal, with both males and females assisting one another in raising their cubs. A nocturnal animal, the striped hyena typically only emerges in complete darkness, and is quick to return to its lair before sunrise. Although it has a habit of feigning death when attacked, it has been known to stand its ground against larger predators in disputes over food.

The striped hyena features prominently in Middle Eastern and Asian folklore. In some areas, its body parts are considered magical, and are used as charms or talismans. It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, where it is referred to as tzebua or zevoa, though it is absent in some Bible translations into English. Ancient Greeks knew it as γλάνος (glános) and ύαινα (húaina) and were familiar with it from the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The striped hyena is the national animal of Lebanon.

Evolution
The species may have evolved from Hyaenictitherium namaquensis of Pliocene Africa. Striped hyena fossils are common in Africa, with records going back as far as the Middle Pleistocene and even to the Villafranchian. As fossil striped hyenas are absent from the Mediterranean region, it is likely that the species is a relatively late invader to Eurasia, having likely spread outside Africa only after the extirpation of spotted hyenas from Asia at the end of the last glacial period. The striped hyena occurred for some time in Europe during the Pleistocene, having been particularly widespread in France and Germany. It also occurred in Montmaurin, Hollabrunn in Austria, the Furninha Cave in Portugal, and the Genista Caves in Gibraltar. The European form was similar in appearance to modern populations, but was larger, being comparable in size to the brown hyena.

Description

Build

The striped hyena has a fairly massive, but short torso set on long legs. The hind legs are significantly shorter than the forelimbs, thus causing the back to slope downwards. The legs are relatively thin and weak, with the forelegs being bent at the carpal region. The neck is thick, long and largely immobile, while the head is heavy and massive with a shortened facial region. The eyes are small, while the sharply pointed ears are very large, broad and set high on the head. Like all hyenas, the striped hyena has bulky pads on its paws, as well as blunt but powerful claws. The tail is short and the terminal hairs do not descend below the achilles tendon. The female striped hyena's genitalia are transiently masculinized, although it lacks the enlarged clitoris and false scrotal sack noted in the female genitalia of the spotted hyena. The female has 3 pairs of nipples. Adult weight can range from , averaging at about . Body length can range from , not counting a tail of , and shoulder height is between . The male has a large pouch of naked skin located at the anal opening. Large anal glands open into it from above the anus. Several sebaceous glands are present between the openings of the anal glands and above them. The anus can be everted up to a length of 5 cm, and is everted during social interaction and mating. When attacked, the striped hyena everts its rectum and sprays a pungent smelling liquid from its anal glands. Its sense of smell is acute, though its eyesight and sense of hearing are weak.

The skull is entirely typical of the genus, having a very high sagittal crest, a shortened facial region and an inflated frontal bone. The skull of the striped hyena differs from that of the brown and spotted hyena by its smaller size and slightly less massive build. It is nonetheless still powerfully structured and well adapted to anchoring exceptionally strong jaw muscles which give it enough bite-force to splinter a camel's thigh bone. Although the dentition is overall smaller than that of the spotted hyena, the upper molar of the striped hyena is far larger. The dental formula is .

Fur
The winter coat is unusually long and uniform for an animal its size, with a luxuriant mane of tough, long hairs along the back from the occiput to the base of the tail. The coat is generally coarse and bristly, though this varies according to season. In winter, the coat is fairly dense, soft, and has well-developed underfur. The guard hairs are 50–75 mm long on the flanks, 150–225 mm long on the mane and 150 mm on the tail. In summer, the coat is much shorter and coarser, and lacks underfur, though the mane remains large.

In winter, the coat is usually of a dirty-brownish grey or dirty grey colour. The hairs of the mane are light grey or white at the base, and black or dark brown at the tips. The muzzle is dark, greyish brown, brownish-grey or black, while the top of the head and cheeks are more lightly coloured. The ears are almost black. A large black spot is present on the front of the neck, and is separated from the chin by a light zone. A dark field ascends from the flanks ascending to the rear of the cheeks. The inner and outer surface of the forelegs are covered with small dark spots and transverse stripes. The flanks have four indistinct dark vertical stripes and rows of diffused spots. The outer surface of the thighs has 3–4 distinct vertical or oblique dark bands which merge into transverse stripes in the lower portion of the legs. The tip of the tail is black with white underfur.

Geographic variation
, no subspecies are recognised. The striped hyena is nonetheless a geographically varied animal. Hyenas in the Arabian peninsula have an accentuated blackish dorsal mane, with mid-dorsal hairs reaching 20 cm in length. The base colour of Arabian hyenas is grey to whitish grey, with dusky grey muzzles and buff yellow below the eyes. Hyenas in Israel have a dorsal crest which is mixed grey and black in colour, rather than being predominantly black. The largest striped hyenas come from the Middle East, Asia Minor, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, while those of East Africa and the Arabian peninsula are smaller.

Behaviour

Social and territorial behaviours
The striped hyena is a primarily nocturnal animal, which typically only leaves its den at the onset of total darkness, returning before sunrise. Striped hyenas typically live alone or in pairs, though groups of up to seven animals are known in Libya. They are generally not territorial animals, with home ranges of different groups often overlapping each other. Home ranges in the Serengeti have been recorded to be -, while one in the Negev was calculated at . When marking their territory, striped hyenas use the paste of their anal pouch (hyena butter) to scent mark grass, stalks, stones, tree trunks, and other objects. In aggressive encounters, the black patch near the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is erected. When fighting, striped hyenas will bite at the throat and legs, but avoid the mane, which serves as a signalling device. When greeting each other, they lick the mid-back region, sniff each other's noses, extrude their anal pouch, or paw each other's throats. The species is not as vocal as the spotted hyena, its vocalisations being limited to a chattering laugh and howling.

Reproduction and development
The striped hyena is monogamous, with the male establishing the den with the female, helping her raise and feed when cubs are born. The mating season varies according to location; in Transcaucasia, striped hyenas breed in January–February, while those in southeast Turkmenia breed in October–November. In captivity, breeding is non-seasonal. Mating can occur at any time of the day, during which the male grips the skin of the female's neck.

The gestation period lasts 90–91 days. Striped hyena cubs are born with adult markings, closed eyes, and small ears. This is in marked contrast to newborn spotted hyena cubs which are born almost fully developed, though with black, unmarked coats. Their eyes open after 7–8 days, and the cubs leave their dens after one month. Cubs are weaned at the age of 2 months, and are then fed by both parents. By autumn, the cubs are half the size of their parents. In the wild, striped hyenas can live for 12 years, while in captivity they have been known to reach 23.

Burrowing behaviours
The striped hyena may dig its own dens, but it also establishes its lairs in caves, rock fissures, erosion channels, and burrows formerly occupied by porcupines, wolves, warthogs, and aardvarks. Hyena dens can be identified by the presence of bones at their entrances. The striped hyena hides in caves, niches, pits, dense thickets, reeds, and plume grass during the day to shelter from predators, heat, or winter cold. The size and elaboration of striped hyena dens varies according to location; dens in the Karakum have entrances 0.67–0.72 m wide and are extended over a distance of 4.15–5 m, with no lateral extensions or special chambers. In contrast, hyena dens in Israel are much more elaborate and large, exceeding 27 m in length.

Diet

The striped hyena is primarily a scavenger which feeds mainly on ungulate carcasses in different stages of decomposition, fresh bones, cartilages, ligaments, and bone marrow. It crushes long bones into fine particles and swallows them, though sometimes entire bones are eaten whole. The striped hyena is not a fussy eater, though it has an aversion to vulture flesh. It will occasionally attack and kill any animal it can overcome. It hunts prey by running it down, grabbing its flanks or groin and inflicting mortal wounds by tearing out the viscera. In Turkmenistan, the species is recorded to feed on wild boar, kulan, porcupines, and tortoises. A seasonal abundance of oil willow fruits is an important food source in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, while in the Caucasus, it is grasshoppers. In Israel, the striped hyena feeds on garbage, carrion, and fruits. In eastern Jordan, its main sources of food are feral horse and water buffalo carcasses and village refuse. It has been suggested that only the large hyenas of the Middle East, Asia minor, central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent attack large prey, with no evidence of their smaller Arabian and east African cousins doing so. Because of its scavenging diet, the striped hyena requires more water to survive than most other carnivores. When eating, the striped hyena gorges itself until satisfied, though hyenas with cubs will transport food to their dens. Because of the high content of calcium in its diet, the feces of the striped hyena becomes white very rapidly, and can be visible from long distances.

Relationships with other predators
The striped hyena competes with the grey wolf in the Middle East and central Asia. In the latter area, a great portion of the hyena's diet stems from wolf-killed carcasses. In Israel the striped hyena is dominant over the wolf on a one-to-one basis, though wolves in packs can displace single hyenas from carcasses. Both species have been known to share dens on occasion. On rare occasions, striped hyenas are also known to travel with and live amongst wolf packs, with each doing the other no harm. Both predators may benefit from this unusual alliance, as the hyenas have better senses of smell and greater strength, and the wolves may be better at tracking large prey. Red foxes may compete with striped hyenas on large carcasses. Red foxes may give way to hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh which is too tough for foxes. Foxes may harass hyenas, using their smaller size and greater speed to avoid the hyena's attacks. Sometimes, foxes seem to deliberately torment hyenas even when there is no food at stake. Some foxes may mistime their attacks, and are killed.

The species frequently scavenges from the kills of felids such as tigers, leopards, cheetahs, and caracals. A caracal can drive a subadult hyena from a carcass. The hyena usually wins in one-to-one disputes over carcasses with leopards, cheetahs, and tiger cubs, but is dominated by adult tigers. In addition, the hyena is sympatric with the Asiatic lion in Gir Forest National Park, and the sloth bear in Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary, in the Indian State of Gujarat.

Range and population

The striped hyena's historical range encompassed Africa north of and including the Sahel zone, eastern Africa south into Tanzania, the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East up to the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Iraq, the Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia), Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan (excluding the higher areas of Hindukush), and the Indian Subcontinent. Today the species' distribution is patchy in most ranges, thus indicating that it occurs in many isolated populations, particularly in most of west Africa, most of the Sahara, parts of the Middle East, the Caucasus, and central Asia. It does however have a continuous distribution over large areas of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Its modern distribution in Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan is unknown with some sizable large number in India in open areas of Deccan Peninsula. During the recent Afghanistan conflict, periodic sightings were reported in Kandahar Province, though not definitively.

In culture

In folklore, religion, and mythology

Striped hyenas are frequently referenced in Middle Eastern literature and folklore, typically as symbols of treachery and stupidity. In the Near and Middle East, striped hyenas are generally regarded as physical incarnations of jinns. Zakariya al-Qazwini (1204–1283) wrote in Arabic of a tribe of people called "Hyena People". In his book Marvels of Creatures and the Strange Things Existing (), he wrote that should one of this tribe be in a group of 1,000 people, a hyena could pick him out and eat him. A Persian medical treatise written in 1376 tells how to cure cannibalistic people known as kaftar who are said to be "half-man, half-hyena". Al-Doumairy in his writings in Hawayan Al-Koubra (1406) wrote that striped hyenas were vampiric creatures that attacked people at night and sucked the blood from their necks. He also wrote that hyenas only attacked brave people. Arab folklore tells of how hyenas can mesmerise victims with their eyes or sometimes with their pheromones. Until the end of the 19th century, the Greeks believed that the bodies of werewolves, if not destroyed, would haunt battlefields as vampiric hyenas which drank the blood of dying soldiers. The image of striped hyenas in Afghanistan, India and Palestine is more varied. Though feared, striped hyenas were also symbolic of love and fertility, leading to numerous varieties of love medicine derived from hyena body parts. Among the Baloch people and in North India, witches or magicians are said to ride striped hyenas at night.

The Arabic word for striped hyenas is alluded in a valley in Israel known as Shaqq al-Diba (meaning "cleft of the hyenas") and Wadi Abu Diba (meaning "valley of the hyenas"). Both places have been interpreted by some scholars as being the Biblical Valley of Zeboim mentioned in 1 Samuel 13:18. The Hebrew word for hyena is tsavoa, which literally means "colored creature" (compare  litzboa "to color, to paint, to dye"). Though the King James Version of the Bible interprets this word (which appears in the Book of Jeremiah 12:9) as referring to a "speckled bird", Henry Baker Tristram argued that it was most likely a hyena being mentioned.

In Gnosticism, the Archon Astaphaios is depicted with a hyænid face.

Predation on livestock and crops

The striped hyena is sometimes implicated in the killing of livestock, particularly goats, sheep, dogs and poultry. Larger stock is sometimes reportedly taken, though it is possible that these are cases of scavenging mistaken for actual predation. Although most attacks occur at low densities, a substantial number reputedly occur in Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iraq, and possibly Morocco.

In Turkmenistan, striped hyenas kill dogs, while they also kill sheep and other small animals in the Caucasus, and were event reported to have killed horses and donkeys in Iraq during the mid-twentieth century. Sheep, dogs, horses, and goats are also preyed upon in North Africa, Israel, Iran, Pakistan, and India.

Striped hyenas also cause damage on occasion to melon fields and to date palms in date plantations in Israel and Egypt, and to plantations of watermelons and plantations of honey melons in Turkmenistan.

Attacks on humans and grave desecration

In ordinary circumstances, striped hyenas are extremely timid around humans, though they may show bold behaviours toward people at night. On rare occasions, striped hyenas have preyed on humans. In the 1880s, a hyena was reported to have attacked humans, especially sleeping children, over a three-year period in the Erivan Governorate, with 25 children and 3 adults being wounded in one year. The attacks provoked local authorities into announcing a reward of 100 rubles for every hyena killed. Further attacks were reported later in some parts of Transcaucasia, particularly in 1908. Instances are known in Azerbaijan of striped hyenas killing children sleeping in courtyards during the 1930s and 1940s. In 1942, a guard sleeping in his hut was mauled by a hyena in Golyndzhakh. Cases of children being taken by hyenas by night are known in southeast Turkmenia's Bathyz Nature Reserve. A further attack on a child was reported around Serakhs in 1948. Several attacks have occurred in India; in 1962, nine children were thought to have been taken by hyenas in the town of Bhagalpur in the Bihar State in a six-week period and 19 children up to the age of four were killed by hyenas in Karnataka and Bihar in 1974. A census on wild animal attacks during a five-year period in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh showed that hyenas had only attacked three people, the lowest figure when compared to deaths caused by wolves, gaur, boar, elephants, tigers, leopards, and sloth bears.

Though attacks on live humans are rare, striped hyenas will scavenge on human corpses. In Turkey, stones are placed on graves to stop hyenas digging the bodies out. In World War I, the Turks imposed conscription (safar barlek) on mount Lebanon; people escaping from the conscription fled north, where many died and were subsequently eaten by hyenas.

Hunting

Striped hyenas were hunted by Ancient Egyptian peasants for duty and amusement along with other animals that were a threat to crops and livestock. Algerian hunters historically considered the killing of striped hyenas as beneath their dignity, due to the animal's reputation for cowardice. A similar attitude was held by British sportsmen in British India. Although striped hyenas are capable of quickly killing a dog with a single bite, they usually feign death when escape from hunting dogs is impossible, and will remain in this state for long periods, even when badly bitten. On some rare occasions, hyenas were ridden down and speared by men on horseback. Although hyenas were generally not fast enough to outrun horses, they had the habit of doubling and turning frequently during chases, thus ensuring long pursuits. Generally though, hyenas were hunted more as pests than sporting quarries; their scavenging damages skulls, skins and other articles from hunter's camps, which made them unpopular among sportsmen. In the Soviet Union, hyena hunting was not specially organised. Most hyenas were caught incidentally in traps meant for other animals. Some hunters in southern Punjab, Kandahar, and Quetta, catch striped hyenas to use them in hyena-baiting. The hyenas are pitted against specially trained dogs, and are restrained with ropes in order to pull them away from the dogs if necessary. In Kandahar, hunters locally called payloch (naked foot) hunt striped hyenas by entering their dens naked with a noose in hand. When the hyena is cornered at the end of its lair, the hunter murmurs the magic formula "turn into dust, turn into stone," which causes the animal to enter a hypnotic state of total submission, by which point the hunter can slip a noose over its forelegs and, finally, drag it out of the cave. A similar method was once practised by Mesopotamian Arab hunters, who would enter hyena dens and "flatter" the animal, which they believed could understand Arabic. The hunter would murmur "You are very nice and pretty and quite like a lion; indeed, you are a lion". The hyena would then allow the hunter to place a noose around its neck and pose no resistance on being dragged out of its lair.

The fur is coarse and sparse, with the few skins sold by hunters often being marketed as poor quality dog or wolf fur. Hyena skins were however once used in preparing chamois leather. The selling price of hyena pelts in the Soviet Union ranged from 45 kopeks to 1 ruble, 80 kopeks.

Striped hyenas as food

A mural depicted on Mereruka's tomb in Sakkara indicates that Old Kingdom Egyptians forcefed hyenas in order to fatten them up for food, though archaeologist Burchard Brentjes argued that the depicted animals represent an extinct population of Egyptian aardwolves. Striped hyenas are still eaten by some Egyptian peasants, Arabian Bedouins, Palestinian laborers, Sinai Bedouins, Tuaregs, and in Somalia. Among some Bedouins of Arabia, hyena meat is generally considered medicine, rather than food.

Striped hyenas in folk magic
The Ancient Greeks and Romans believed the blood, excrement, rectum, genitalia, eyes, tongue, hair, skin, and fat, as well as the ash of different parts of the striped hyena's body, were effective means to ward off evil and to ensure love and fertility. The Greeks and Romans believed that the genitalia of a hyena "would hold a couple peaceably together" and that a hyena anus worn as an amulet on the upper arm would make its male possessor irresistible to women.  In West and South Asia, hyena body parts apparently play an important role in love magic and in the making of amulets. In Iranian folklore, it is mentioned that a stone found in the hyenas body can serve as a charm of protection for whoever wears it on his upper arm. In the Pakistani province of Sindh, the local Muslims place the tooth of a striped hyena over churns in order not to lose the milk's baraka. In Iran, a dried striped hyena pelt is considered a potent charm which forces all to succumb to the possessors attraction. In Afghanistan and Pakistan striped hyena hair is used either in love magic or as a charm in sickness. Hyena blood has been held in high regard in northern India as potent medicine, and the eating of the tongue helps fight tumors. In the Khyber area, burned striped hyena fat is applied to a man's genitals or sometimes taken orally to ensure virility, while in India the fat serves as a cure for rheumatism. In Afghanistan, some mullahs wear the vulva (kus) of a female striped hyena wrapped in silk under their armpits for a week. If a man peers through the vulva at the woman of his desire, he will invariably get hold of her. This has led to the proverbial expression in Dari of kus-e kaftar bay, as well as in Pashto of kus-e kaftar which literally mean "it happens as smoothly as if you would look through the vulva of a female striped hyena". In the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan, the Pakhtun keep the vulva in vermilion powder, itself having aphrodesic connotations. The rectum of a freshly killed striped hyena is likewise used by homosexuals and bisexuals to attract young men. This has led to the expression "to possess the anus of a [striped] hyena" which denotes somebody who is attractive and has many lovers. A striped hyena's penis kept in a small box filled with vermilion powder can be used for the same reasons.

Tameability

The striped hyena is easily tamed and can be fully trained, particularly when they are young. Although the Ancient Egyptians did not consider striped hyenas sacred, they did supposedly tame them for use in hunting. When they are raised with a firm hand, they may eventually become affectionate and as amenable as well-trained dogs, though they emit a strong odour which no amount of bathing will cover. Although they kill dogs in the wild, striped hyenas raised in captivity can form bonds with them.

References

Bibliography

External links

Anderson, Steven C. (2004), Hyaena hyaena entry on Encyclopaedia Iranica
Rieger, Ingo (1981) Hyaena hyaena, Mammalian Species, No. 150, pp.1–5, 3 figs. American Society of Mammalogists
Striped Hyena Pictures

Hyenas
Carnivorans of Africa
Carnivorans of Asia
Carnivorans of Europe
Mammals of the Middle East
Mammals of West Asia
Mammals of Azerbaijan
Mammals of India
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of North Africa
Fauna of the Sahara
Mammals of the Arabian Peninsula
National symbols of Lebanon
Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Striped hyena


Asım Akin, Türk hekim ve Hür ve Kabul Edilmiş Masonlar Büyük Locasının eski büyük üstadı.

1940 yılında İstanbul'da dünyaya geldi. St. Joseph Lisesi ve İstanbul Üniversitesi Çapa Tıp Fakültesi'nden mezun olduktan sonra, asistan olarak göreve başladığı Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Kürsüsü'nde 1969 yılında Uzman, 1975 yılında Doçent ve 1982 yılında Profesör oldu. 1976-1977 yıllarında Fransa'ya giderek Paris Üniversitsi Tıp Fakültesi'nde çalıştı. 1978 yılında kurucusu bulunduğu Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Nükleer Tıp Ana Bilim Dalı Öğretim Üyeliğine atandı. Halen bu görevini sürdürmektedir.

Konusunda yazdığı "Temel Nükleer Tıp" adlı bir ders kitabı ve 200'ü aşkın yayımlanmış bilimsel yayın ve makalesi vardır. Düşünsel ve kültürel çalışmaları arasında "Masonluğun Kökenleri", "Evrende İnsan", "Tarih Boyunca Masonluk", "Masonluğun Kültür ve Mesajı", "Masonluk ve/veya Pozitif Düşünmenin Soyağacı" ile "Spekülatif Masonluğun Oluşumu" adlı kitapları yayımlanmıştır. 2005-2007 yılları arasında Hür ve Kabul Edilmiş Masonlar Büyük Locası'nın Büyük Üstatlığını yapmıştır.

Akın, evli ve iki çocuk babasıdır.

Kaynakça

1940 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu bilim insanları
İstanbul doğumlu hekimler
Türk tıp akademisyenleri
Türk hekimler
Türk profesörler
Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi öğretim üyeleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Türk masonlar

Asım Akin


Geneviève Prémoy, alias le chevalier Balthazard (1660-1706), était une officier de cavalerie française travestie de l'armée de Louis XIV, devenue célèbre auprès de ses contemporains après la publication de son autobiographie en 1703.

Biographie

Née le 15 mars 1660 à Guise en Picardie, ayant pour habitude depuis toute jeune de pratiquer l'équitation et manier le sabre et le pistolet, elle porte ensuite des habits d'homme ce qui lui vaut un conflit avec sa famille. Prémoy s'enfuit du domicile familial après une altercation avec sa sœur à ce sujet. Elle se rend à Lille où elle s'habille définitivement en homme et se fait appeler le Chevalier Balthazard. Peu après, il s'enrôle dans un régiment de cavalerie du Prince de Condé en 1676.

Après de multiples exploits sur les champs de bataille dont le remplacement d'un officier fuyard lors du siège de Cambrais, le Chevalier Balthazard est fait lieutenant par le Maréchal d'Humière le 22 mars 1677. En 1688, il participe au Siège de Philippsburg. En 1691 au Siège de Mons, il est repéré une première fois par le roi mais à cause d'une blessure près du sein droit, son sexe est dévoilé, car le vieux chirurgien-major qui la soignait habituellement et gardait le secret avait été tué peu avant dans les combats.

En 1692, Louis XIV qui visite son camp est informé de la présence de Prémoy et à la suite d'une entrevue l'invite à Versailles où elle est reçue avec tous les honneurs en 1892 après de nombreux nouveaux exploits à la bataille de Steinkerque. En juillet 1693, elle est gravement blessée de deux coups de fusil ont l'un « lui traverse le corps » dans des circonstances héroïques à la bataille de Pont d'Atrésin. Le roi apprenant la nouvelle ordonne qu'elle soit soignée à ses frais et l'inscrit à l'Ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis qu'il vient de créer, et « de porter cette croix en écharpe, à l'instar des commandeurs ». La blessure la maintien hors de combat pendant plusieurs années.

Son autobiographie, Histoire de la Dragone : contenant les actions de Genevieve Premoy, est publiée en 1703.

Bibliographie
 Alfred Tranchant et Jules Ladimir, Les Femmes militaires de la France. Edition illustrée de vingt portraits en pied d'après les originaux de la Bibliothèque Impériale. Dessins de Mlle Beauchet, 1866 .
 Rémi Kauffer,  Les femmes de l'ombre (2019), pages 47 à 62
 Rudolf Dekker & Lotte van de Pol (1995). Kvinnor i manskläder. En avvikande tradition. Europa 1500-1800. Stockholm: Östlings Bokförlag Symposion.
 Jessica Munns & Penny Richards: The Clothes that Wear Us: Essays on Dressing and Transgressing in Eighteenth-century culture (1999)
 John A. Lynn: The French Wars 1667-1714: The Sun King at War (2002)
 Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A-Q. Reina Pennington, Robin D. S. Higham. Greenwood Press, 1 jan 2003

Références

Liens externes

Travestissement
Femme militaire
Militaire français du XVIIe siècle
Naissance en mars 1660
Naissance à Guise
Naissance dans la province de Picardie
Décès en 1706
Militaire français de la guerre de la Ligue d'Augsbourg

Geneviève Prémoy