Argyll (; archaically Argyle,  in modern Gaelic, ), sometimes called Argyllshire, is a historic county and registration county of western Scotland.

Argyll is of ancient origin, and broadly corresponds to the ancient kingdom of  less the parts which were in Ireland. Argyll was also a medieval bishopric with its cathedral at Lismore, as well as an early modern earldom, elevated to become a dukedom in 1701 with the creation of the Duke of Argyll.

Argyll borders Inverness-shire to the north, Perthshire and Dunbartonshire to the east, and—separated by the Firth of Clyde—neighbours Renfrewshire and Ayrshire to the south-east, and Buteshire to the south.

Between 1890 and 1975, Argyll was an administrative county with a county council. The county town was historically Inveraray, but from its creation in 1890 the county council was based at Lochgilphead. Most of the historic county's territory is within the modern council area of Argyll and Bute, with the main differences being that the Morvern and Ardnamurchan areas from the historic county are now in the Highland council area, whilst the Isle of Bute and the Helensburgh area were not in historic Argyll but are now in the Argyll and Bute council area.

There was an Argyllshire constituency of the Parliament of Great Britain then Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1708 until 1983.

Name
The name derives from Old Irish , meaning "border region of the Gaels". The early 13th-century author of  wrote that "the name Arregathel means the margin (i.e., border region) of the Scots or Irish, because all Scots and Irish are generally called Gattheli (i.e. Gaels), from their ancient warleader known as Gaithelglas." The word  also means "coast" when applied to maritime regions, so the name can also be translated as "coast of the Gaels".

History

The Kilmartin Glen has standing stones and other monuments dating back to around 3000BC, and is one of the most significant areas for Neolithic and Bronze Age remains in mainland Scotland. In 563AD Iona Abbey was founded, becoming one of the most important early Christian sites in Scotland.

The Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata existed between the 5th and 9th centuries. Its territory covered north-eastern parts of Ireland in what later became County Antrim, part of the mainland of Great Britain in what is now western Scotland, and numerous islands in the Inner Hebrides. A fortress at Dunadd in the Kilmartin Glen,  north-west of the modern town of Lochgilphead, served as the main seat of the kingdom. Dál Riata fragmented in the 9th century during the Viking Age; the part in Ireland was absorbed into the kingdom of Ulaid, the islands came under the control of the Kingdom of the Isles, and the part on mainland Britain was united in 843AD with the Pictish kingdom to its east under Kenneth MacAlpin to become the Kingdom of Alba.

The name Argyll (), meaning "coast or borderland of the Gaels", came to be used for the part of the former Dál Riata territory on mainland Britain. The name distinguished the area from the , meaning "islands of the foreigners" which was used for the Kingdom of the Isles, ruled by Old Norse-speaking Norse–Gaels.

Argyll was divided into several lordships or provinces, including Kintyre, Knapdale, Lorn, Cowal, and a smaller Argyll province which covered the area around Inveraray between Loch Fyne and Loch Awe (the latter sometimes described by later writers as "Argyll proper" or "Mid Argyll" to distinguish it from the wider area). The term "North Argyll" was also used to refer to the area later called Wester Ross. It was called North Argyll as it was settled by missionaries and refugees from Dál Riata, based at the abbey of Applecross. The position of abbot was hereditary, and when Ferchar mac in tSagairt, son of the abbot, became the Earl of Ross in the 13th century, the region of North Argyll gradually became known as Wester Ross instead.

Alba evolved into the kingdom of Scotland, but lost control of Kintyre, Knapdale and Lorn to Norwegian rule, as was acknowledged in a treaty of 1098 between Edgar, King of Scotland and Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway. In 1266 the Treaty of Perth re-established the Scottish crown's authority over the parts of Argyll which had been under Norwegian rule, along with the former Kingdom of the Isles, which together became the semi-independent Lordship of the Isles.

By this time, the rest of the area under Scottish rule was divided into shires, administered by sheriffs. The shires covered different territories to the provinces, and it was the shires which subsequently evolved into Scotland's counties rather than the older provinces. Following the Treaty of Perth, the Argyll provinces were initially placed in the shire of Perth. In 1293 two new shires were created within Argyll; the Sheriff of Kintyre, covering just that province, and the Sheriff of Lorn, covering Lorn, Knapdale, and Mid Argyll (which probably included Cowal at that time).

The earliest reference to a Sheriff of Argyll was in 1326. The position appears to have been a re-establishment or renaming of the position of the Sheriff of Lorn. The post subsequently became a hereditary position held by members of Clan Campbell.

Despite the creation of the shires, much of the area remained under the practical control of the Lord of the Isles until 1476, when John MacDonald, last Lord of the Isles, quitclaimed Kintyre, Knapdale, and Mid Argyll to full Scottish control. In 1481, Knapdale was added to the shire of Kintyre which then became known as Tarbertshire, being initially administered from Tarbert.

The Scottish Reformation coincidentally followed the fall of the Lordship of the Isles. The MacDonalds (the clan of the former Lords of the Isles) were strong supporters of the former religious regime. The Campbells, by contrast, were strong supporters of the reforms. At the start of the 17th century, under instruction from James VI, the Campbells were sent to the MacDonald territory at Islay and Jura, which they subdued and added to the shire of Argyll. Campbell pressure at this time also led to the sheriff court for Tarbertshire being moved to Inverary, where the Campbells held the court for the sheriff of Argyll. Tarbertshire was subsequently abolished by an act of parliament in 1633, being absorbed into the shire of Argyll. The act also confirmed the town of Inveraray's position as "head burgh" of the enlarged shire.

In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890.

David II had restored MacDougall authority over Lorn in 1357, but John MacDougall (head of the MacDougalls) had already renounced claims to Mull (in 1354) in favour of the MacDonalds, to avoid potential conflict. The MacLeans were an ancient family based in Lorn (including Mull), and following the quitclaim, they no longer had a Laird in Mull, so themselves became Mull's Lairds. Unlike the MacDonalds, they were fervent supporters of the Reformation, even supporting acts of civil disobedience against king Charles II's repudiation of the Solemn League and Covenant. Archibald Campbell (Earl of Argyll) was instructed by the privy council to seize Mull, and suppress the non-conformist behaviour; by 1680 he gained possession of the island, and transferred shrieval authority to the sheriff of Argyll.

In 1746, following Jacobite insurrections, the Heritable Jurisdictions Act abolished regality, and forbade the position of sheriff from being inherited. Local governance was brought into line with that of the rest of the recently unified Great Britain, and the English term "county" came to be used interchangeably with the term "shire". In 1890, elected county councils were created under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889.

The Small Isles of Muck or Muick, Rhum or Rùm, Canna and Sanday were part of the county until they were transferred to Inverness-shire in 1891 by the boundary commission appointed under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. The island of Egg or Eigg was already in Inverness-shire.

Argyll was abolished as a county for local government purposes in 1975, with its area being split between Highland and Strathclyde Regions. A local government district called Argyll and Bute was formed in the Strathclyde region, including most of Argyll and the adjacent Isle of Bute (the former County of Bute was more extensive). The Ardnamurchan, Ardgour, Ballachulish, Duror, Glencoe, Kinlochleven and Morvern areas of Argyll were detached to become parts of Lochaber District, in Highland. They remained in Highland following the 1996 revision.

In 1996 a new unitary council area of Argyll and Bute was created, with a change in boundaries to include part of the former Strathclyde district of Dumbarton. The historic county boundaries of Argyll are still used for some limited official purposes connected with land registration, being a registration county.

County council

Argyll County Council held its first meeting at the courthouse in Inveraray on 22 May 1890, when over three hours were spent debating where the council should meet thereafter, with proposals put forward in favour of meeting in Lochgilphead, Inveraray, Oban, Dunoon, or even Glasgow (despite the latter being outside the county). It was decided to meet at Dunoon between May and September and at Oban for the rest of the year. The council did subsequently hold meetings in more places than just those two towns, meeting occasionally at all the towns which had been suggested at that first meeting.

The council also appointed a clerk who was based in Lochgilphead at its first meeting, beginning the practice of having the council's main offices in that town. The clerk's offices were initially at the County Offices which formed part of Lochgilphead's courthouse and police station on Lochnell Street, which had been built in 1849. In 1925 the council bought the former Argyll Hotel at 5 Lochnell Street for £2,700, converting it to become their offices. The hotel had been built in 1887, and was renamed County Offices. The Lochgilphead building was not large enough to house all the council's staff, and some departments remained in other towns throughout the county council's existence, with the county treasurer being based in Campbeltown, the health department in Oban and the education offices in Dunoon.

After the county council's abolition in 1975 the building at 5 Lochnell Street became the sub-regional office of Strathclyde Regional Council, being renamed "Dalriada House", whilst the new Argyll and Bute District Council established its headquarters at nearby Kilmory Castle.

Geography
Argyllshire is split into two non-contiguous mainland sections divided by Loch Linnhe, plus a large number of islands that fall within the Inner Hebrides. Mainland Argyllshire is characterised by mountainous Highland scenery interspersed with hundreds of lochs, with a heavily indented coastline containing numerous small offshore islands. The islands present a contrasting range of scenery – from the relatively flat islands of Coll and Tiree to the mountainous terrain of Jura and Mull. For ease of reference the following is split into three sections: Mainland (north), Mainland (south) and the Inner Hebrides.

Mainland (north)
The northern mainland section consists of two large peninsulas – Ardnamurchan and Morvern – divided by Loch Sunart, with a large inland section – known traditionally as Ardgour – bounded on the east by Loch Linnhe. This loch gradually narrows, before turning sharply west in the vicinity of Fort William (where it is known as Loch Eil), almost cutting the northern mainland section of Argyll in two. This area, in the vicinity of Fort William and along the railway line, contains the largest towns of northern mainland Argyll.

Ardnamurchan is a remote, mountainous region with only one access road; it terminates in Ardnamurchan Point and Corrachadh Mòr, the westernmost points of the British mainland. In the north-east of the peninsula two unnamed sub-peninsulas almost encircle Kentra Bay, and are bound by the South Channel of Loch Moidart to the north; to the east of this lies the River Shiel and then Loch Shiel, a long loch which forms most of this section of the border with Inverness-shire. Morvern is a large peninsula and like its northern neighbour is remote, mountainous and sparsely populated. In its north-west Loch Teacuis cuts deeply into the peninsula, as does Loch Aline in the south. At the estuary of Loch Teacuis lie the large islands of Oronsay, Risga and Càrna. There are numerous lochs in northern Argyll, the largest being Loch Doilet, Loch Arienas, Loch Teàrnait, Loch Doire nam Mart and Loch Mudle.

List of islands

Am Brican
Ardtoe Island
Big Stirk
Càrna
Dearg Sgeir
Dubh Sgeir
Eilean a' Chuilinn
Eilean a' Mhuirich
Eilean an Fhèidh
Eilean an t-Sionnaich
Eilean Ghleann Fhionainn
Eilean Mhic Dhomhnuill Dhuibh
Eilean mo Shlinneag
Eilean Mòr, Loch Sunart
Eilean Mòr, Loch Sunart (inner)
Eilean na h-Acarseid
Eilean na Beitheiche
Eilean nam Gillean
Eilean nan Eildean
Eilean nan Gabhar
Eilean nan Gall
Eilean Rubha an Ridire
Eilean Uillne
Eileanan Glasa
Eileanan Loisgte
Eileanan nan Gad
Garbh Eilean
Glas Eilean (inner Loch Sunart)
Glas Eilean (outer Loch Sunart)
Glas Eileanan
Little Stirk
Oronsay
Red Rocks
Risga
Seilag
Sgeir an Eididh
Sgeir an t-Seangain
Sgeir Buidhe
Sgeir Charrach
Sgeir Ghobhlach
Sgeir Horsgeat
Sgeir Mhali
Sgeir Mhòr
Sgeir nan Gillean
Sgeirean nan Torran
Sgeirean Shallachain
Sligneach Bag
Sligneach Mòr

Mainland (south)

The southern mainland section is much larger than the northern, and is dominated by the long Kintyre peninsula, the terminus of which lies only  from Northern Ireland on the other side of the North Channel. The coast is complex, with the west coast in particular being heavily indented and containing numerous sea inlets, peninsulas and sub-peninsulas; of the latter, the major ones (north to south) are Appin, Ardchattan, Craignish, Tayvallich, Taynish, Knapdale and Kintyre, and the major loch inlets (north to south) are Loch Leven, Loch Creran, Loch Etive, Loch Feochan, Loch Melfort, Loch Craignish, Loch Crinan, Loch Sween, Loch Caolisport and West Loch Tarbert, the latter dividing Kintyre from Knapdale. To the east Loch Fyne separates Kintyre from the Cowal peninsula, which is itself split into three sub-peninsulas by Lochs Striven and Riddon and split on its east coast by Holy Loch and Loch Goil; south across the Kyles of Bute lies the island of Bute, which is part of Buteshire, and to east across Loch Long lies the Rosneath peninsula in Dunbartonshire. The topography of south Argyll is in general heavily mountainous and sparsely populated, with numerous lochs; Kintyre is slightly flatter though still hilly. Near Glen Coe can be found Bidean nam Bian, the tallest peak in the county at 1,150 m (3,770 ft). Of the lochs and bodies of water the largest are (roughly north to south) the Blackwater Reservoir, Loch Achtriochtan, Loch Laidon, Loch Bà, loch Buidhe, Lochan na Stainge, Loch Dochard, Loch Tulla, Lochan Shira, the Cruachan Reservoir, Loch Restil, Loch Awe, Loch Avich, Blackmill Loch, Loch Nant, Loch Nell, Loch Scammadale, Loch Glashan, Loch Loskin, Loch Eck, Asgog Loch, Loch Tarsan, Càm Loch, Loch nan Torran, Loch Ciàran, Loch Garasdale, Lussa Loch and Tangy Loch.

List of islands
Note that islands lying off the west coast are generally considered to be part of the Inner Hebrides (see below)

Abbot's Isle
An Oitir
Barmore Island
Black Islands
Burnt Islands (comprising Eilean Mòr, Eilean Fraoich and Eilean Buidhe)
Island Davaar
Duncuan Island
Eilean a' Chòmhraidh
Eilean an t-Sagairt
Eilean Aoghainn
Eilean Beith
Eilean Buidhe
Eilean Dubh
Eilean Grianain
Eilean Math-ghamhna
Eilean Mòr
Eilean Munde
Eilean nam Meann
Glas Eilean
Gluniform Island
Henrietta Reef
Inis Chonain
Inishail
Innis Errich
Island Ross
Liath Eilean
Oitir Mòr
Sanda Island
Scart Rocks
Sgat Beag
Sgat Mòr
Sgeir Bhuide
Sgeir Caillich
Sgeir Lag Choan
Sgeir Leathann
Sgeir Mhaola Cin
Sgeir na Dubhaidh
Sgeir Port a' Ghuail
Sheep Island
Thorn Isle

Inner Hebrides
Argyllshire contains the majority of the Inner Hebrides group, with the notable exceptions of Skye and Eigg (both in Inverness-shire). The islands are too geographically diverse to be summarised here; further details can be found on the individual pages below.

List of islands

Am Fraoch Eilean
An Dubh Sgeir
An Stèidh
Bach Island
Balach Rocks
Belnahua
Bernera Island
Brosdale Island
Calve Island
Canna
Cara Island
Carraig an Daimh
Carsaig Island
Coiresa
Coll
Colonsay
Craro Island
Island of Danna
Dubh Artach
Dubh Sgeir
Eagamol
Eag na Maoile
Easdale
Eilean a' Chalmain
Eilean a' Chùirn
Eilean a' Mhadaidh
Eilean Àird nan Uan
Eilean an Aodaich
Eilean an Fhuarain
Eileach an Naoimh
Eilean Annraidh
Eilean an Righ
Eilean Arsa
Eilean Ascaoineach
Eilean Balnagowan
Eilean Bàn
Eilean Bhrìde
Eilean Coltair
Eilean Craobhach
Eilean dà Ghallagain
Eilean dà Mhèinn
Eilean Dioghlum
Eilean Dùin
Eilean Fraoich
Eilean Gainimh
Eilean Garbh
Eilean Ghòmain
Eilean Ghreasamuill
Eilean Imersay
Eilean Inshaig
Eilean Loain
Eilean Loch Oscair
Eilean Mhartan
Eilean Mhic Chrion
Eilean Mhic Coinnich
Eilean Mòr
Eilean Musdile
Eilean na Cloiche
Eilean na Cille
Eilean na Creiche
Eilean na h-Eairne
Eilean na h-Uamha
Eilean na Seamair
Eilean nam Ban
Eilean nam Muc
Eilean nan Caorach
Eilean nan Coinean
Eilean nan Each
Eilean nan Gamhna
Eilean Odhar
Eilean Ona
Eilean Ornsay
Eilean Ramsay
Eilean Reilean
Eilean Righ
Eilean Tràighe
Eileanan Glasa
Eileanan na h-Aoran
Eorsa
Erisgeir
Eriska
Erraid
Fladda
Frenchman's Rocks
Gamhna Gigha
Gamhnach Mhòr
Garbh Rèisa
Garbh Sgeir
Garvellachs
Gigalum Island
Gigha
Gòdag
Gometra
Guirasdeal
Hàslam
Humla
Inch Kenneth
Inn Island
Insh Island
Iona
Island Macaskin
Islay
Hough Skerries
Hyskeir (in Gaelic, Oigh-Sgeir)
Jura
Kerrera
Lady's Rock
Liath Sgeir
Lismore
Little Colonsay
Luing
Lunga
MacCormaig Isles
Maisgeir
Muck
Na Sgeiran Mòra
Nave Island
Ormsa
Oronsay
Orsay
Rèidh Eilean
Rèisa an t-Struith
Rèisa Mhic Phaidean
Ruadh Sgeir
Rùm
Samalan Island
Sanday
Scarba
Scoul Eilean
Seil
Sgeir a' Mhàim-àrd
Sgeir a' Phuirt
Sgeir an Ròin
Sgeiran Mòra
Sgeir Mhòr
Sgeir na Caillich
Sgeir nan Gobhar
Sgeir nan Sgarbh
Sgeir Shealg
Sgeir Tràighe
Shian Island
Shuna, Slate Islands
Shuna Island, Loch Linnhe
Skerryvore
Small Isles
Soa, near Coll
Soa, Tiree
Soa, near Mull
Staffa
Taynish Island
Sùil Ghorm
Texa
Tiree
Torran Rocks
Torsa
Treshnish Isles
Ulva

Constituency
Starting in 1590, as one of the measures that followed the Scottish reformation, each sheriffdom elected commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland. As well as the commissioner representing Argyll, at least one was sent to represent Tarbertshire, Sir Lachlan Maclean of Morvern. In the 1630 parliamentary session, Sir Coll Lamont, laird of Lamont, was the commissioner for "Argyll and Tarbert".

There was an Argyllshire constituency of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1983 (renamed Argyll in 1950). The Argyll and Bute constituency was created when the Argyll constituency was abolished.

Civil parishes
Civil parishes are still used for some statistical purposes, and separate census figures are published for them. As their areas have been largely unchanged since the 19th century, this allows for comparison of population figures over an extended period of time.

Ardchattan and Muckairn
Ardgour
Ardrishaig
Ardnamurchan
Campbeltown
Coll
Colonsay and Oronsay
Craignish
Dunoon and Kilmun
Gigha and Cara Island
 Glassary
Glen Orchy and Inishail
Inveraray
 Inverchaolain
Jura
 Kilbrandon and Kilchattan
 Kilcalmonell
 Kilchoman
 Kilchrenan and Dalavich
 Kildalton
 Kilfinan
 Kilfinichen and Kilvickeon
 Killarow and Kilmeny
 Killean and Kilchenzie
Kilmallie (part)
Kilmartin
Kilmodan
 Kilmore and Kilbride
 Kilninian and Kilmore
 Kilninver and Kilmelford
Lismore and Appin
Lochgilphead
Lochgoilhead and Kilmorich
Morvern
North Knapdale
Saddell and Skipness
South Knapdale
Southend
Strachur
 Strathlachlan
Tiree
 Torosay, Mull

Settlements

Mainland (north)

Acharacle
Achaphubuil
Ardery
Ardgour
Ardtoe
Banavie
Blaich
Bonnavoulin
Caol
Clovullin
Corpach
Corran
Duisky
Fassfern
Glenborrodale
Kentra
Kilchoan
Kilmory
Kinlocheil
Laga
Lochaline
Melfort
Newton of Ardtoe
Ockle
Polloch
Portuairk
Resipole
Salen
South Garvan
Stronchreggan
Strontian
Trislaig

Mainland (south)

Achahoish
Achinhoan
Achnamara
Ardentinny
Ardgartan
Ardnadam
Ardrishaig
Ardtaraig
Ardulaine
Arrochar
Ballachulish
Barcaldine
Bellochantuy
Benderloch
Blairmore
Cairndow
Campbeltown
Carradale
Carrick Castle
Clachaig
Clachan
Clachan of Glendaruel
Claonaig
Colintraive
Connel
Coylet
Craobh Haven
Crinan
Dalavich
Dalmally
Dippen
Drumlemble
Dumbeg
Dunoon
Duror
Ford
Furnace
Glenbarr
Glenbranter
Glencoe
Glendaruel
Grogport
Hunters Quay
Innellan
Inveraray
Inverchaolain
Invercreran
Kames
Kennacraig
Kentallen
Kilberry
Kilchenzie
Kilkerran
Kilmanshenachan
Kilmelford
Kilmore
Kilmun
Kinlochleven
Kirn
Knipoch
Largiemore
Lochgair
Lochgilphead
Lochgoilhead
Machrihanish
Millhouse
Muasdale
North Connel
Oban
Ormsary
Otter Ferry
Peninver
Port Ann
Port Appin
Portavadie
Rashfield
St Catherines
Saddell
Sandbank
Skipness
Southend
Stewarton
Strachur
Strone
Succoth
Tarbert
Tayinloan
Taynuilt
Tayvallich
Tighnabruaich
Torinturk
Torrisdale
Tullochgorm
Whistlefield
Whitehouse

Inner Hebrides

Ardbeg (Islay)
Ardfernal (Jura)
Ardilistry (Islay)
Ardmenish (Jura)
Ardtalla (Islay)
Ardtun (Mull)
Arinagour (Coll)
Ballygrant (Islay)
Bowmore (Islay)
Bridgend (Islay)
Bruichladdich (Islay)
Bunessan (Mull)
Bunnahabhain (Islay)
Calgary (Mull)
Craighouse (Jura)
Craignure (Mull)
Dervaig (Mull)
Feolin (Jura)
Fionnphort (Mull)
Fishnish (Mull)
Kilchoman (Islay)
Kinloch (Rùm)
Kintra (Mull)
Knockan (Mull)
Lagavulin (Islay)
Laphroaig (Islay)
Lochbuie (Mull)
Nerabus (Islay)
Pennyghael (Mull)
Port Askaig (Islay)
Port Charlotte (Islay)
Port Ellen (Islay)
Port Mòr (Muck)
Portnahaven (Islay)
Port Wemyss (Islay)
Salen (Mull)
Scalasaig (Colonsay)
Scarinish (Tiree)
Tiroran (Mull)
Tobermory (Mull)
Uisken (Mull)
Ulva Ferry (Mull)

Transport

The West Highland railway runs through the far north of the county, stopping at Locheilside, Loch Eil Outward Bound, Corpach and Banavie, before carrying on to Mallaig in Inverness-shire. A branch of the line also goes to Oban, calling at Dalmally, Loch Awe, Falls of Cruachan, Taynuilt and Connel Ferry.

Numerous ferries link the islands of the Inner Hebrides to each other and the Scottish mainland. Many of the islands also contain small airstrips enabling travel by air. A fairly extensive bus network links the larger towns of the area, with bus transport also available on the islands of Islay, Jura and Mull.

The county contains a number of small airports which serve the region and Edinburgh/Glasgow: Oban, Tiree, Coll, Colonsay, Campbeltown and Islay.

Kintyre has been one of the mooted locations for a proposed British-Irish bridge; as the closest point to Ireland at first glance it appears to be the most obvious route, however Kintyre is hampered by its remoteness from the main centres of Scotland's population.

Residents

Clans
Clan Campbell was the main clan of this region. The Campbell clan hosted the long line of the Dukes of Argyll.
Clan MacIntyre historically held lands in this region and had close ties with Clan Campbell.
Clan Gregor historically held a great deal of lands in this region prior to the proscription of their name in April 1603, the result of a power struggle with the Campbells.
Clan Lamont historically both allied and feuded with the Campbell clan, culminating in the Dunoon Massacre. In the 19th century, the clan chief sold his lands and relocated to Australia, where the current chief lives.
Clan McCorquodale held lands around Loch Awe from the early medieval period until the early 18th century. Their seat was a castle on Loch Tromlee.
Clan MacMillan held lands in Argyll, notably in knapdale (viz. "MacMillan of Knap")
Clan Malcolm Also known as MacCallum. The Malcolm clan seat is Duntrune Castle on the banks of Loch Crinan
Clan MacLean Historically held lands on the Isle of Mull with its seat at Duart Castle
Clan MacLachlan historically feuded with the Campbells, and espoused Jacobitism. Held lands on both sides of Loch Fyne, with its seat in Strathlachlan
Clan MacEwan historically feuded with the Campbells, cousins of MacLachlans. Held lands in Kilfinan.

Other notable residents
Patrick MacKellar, (17171778), born in Argyll, military engineer, achieved his reputation on projects in the United States of America.
Baron Robertson of Port Ellen KT, GCMG, FRSA, FRSE, PC (born 12 April 1946, George Islay MacNeill Robertson), British Labour politician and tenth Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Eric Blair, better known as George Orwell, who resided in the northernmost part of Jura, during the final years of his life (1946-1950). During this period, he wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Karen Matheson, folk singer, grew up in Taynuilt.
Frances Ruth Shand Kydd (née Roche; 20 January 1936 – 3 June 2004) was the mother of Diana, Princess of Wales. She was resident at Ardencaple House on the Island of Seil.  She was buried in Pennyfuir Cemetery on the outskirts of Oban.
Mike Lindup, keyboardist, vocalist and songwriter most famous for being a member of Level 42

In fiction
 Rosemary Sutcliff's novel The Mark of the Horse Lord (1965) is set in Earra Gael, i.e. the Coast of the Gael, wherein the Dal Riada undergo an internal struggle for control of royal succession, and an external conflict to defend their frontiers against the Caledones.
 The highlands above the village of Lochgilphead were used for a scene in the 1963 film From Russia with Love, starring Sean Connery as James Bond. He killed two villains in a helicopter by firing gunshots at them.
 The main focus of the song "The Queen of Argyll" is that of a beautiful woman, from Argyll. The song was sung by the band Silly Wizard and covered by Fiddler's Green in 2000.
 The 1985 Scottish movie Restless Natives used Lochgoilhead to film a chase scene, as well as some roads just outside the village.
 The housekeeper Elsie Carson in Julian Fellowes' television drama Downton Abbey is from Argyll.
  In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, after being attacked by Sirius Black, the Fat Lady is found hiding in a map of Argyllshire that is located on the second floor in Hogwarts.
  In Hogwarts Legacy, there is a map on a wall inside the castle above the first floor of the south wing. Using the revelio spell reveals a page for the field guide saying, "This map depicts Argyllshire, a region in Scotland which contains the Hebrides  - native home of the Hebrideon dragon."

See also
 Argyle pattern
 Medieval Diocese of Argyll
 Duke of Argyll
 List of counties of Scotland 1890–1975

Notes

References

Bibliography
 .

Further reading
 The Imperial gazetteer of Scotland Vol. I. page 78, by Rev. John Marius Wilson.

External links
 Map of Argyllshire on Wikishire
  "Filming locations", From Russia with Love (1963), IMDb
 Argyll.org – Argyll Independent Visitor Information
 Argyll and Argyle Visitor Information
 Visitor information for Inveraray, Tarbert, Knapdale, Crinan and Lochgilphead

Counties of Scotland
Counties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)

Argyll


According to Article 168 of the Constitution of Costa Rica, the political divisions are officially classified into 3 tiers of sub-national entities.

Overview
The Constitution of Costa Rica states, "For Public Administration purposes, the national territory is divided into provinces, these into cantons and cantons into districts." The country consists of 7 provinces (provincias), 82 cantons (cantones), and 473 districts (distritos).

List of provinces

See also
ISO 3166-2:CR
Cantons of Costa Rica
Districts of Costa Rica
List of Costa Rican provinces by Human Development Index

References

External links

Subdivisions of Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica 1
Provinces, Costa Rica
Costa Rica geography-related lists

Provinces of Costa Rica


Grofovija Edesa (lat. Comitatus Edessanus) bila je križarska država na području Gornje Mezopotamije, sa sjedištem u Edesi, današnjem gradu Şanlıurfa (do 1984. Urfa). Jedna je od najstarijih križarskih država na Bliskom istoku koju je u vrijeme Prvog križarskog rata (1096.-1099.) osnovao Balduin, mlađi brat jednog od križarskih vođa, francuskog plemića Godefroyja de Bouillona kojeg su kršćani, budući da se nije htio okruniti za kralja, u oslobođenom Jeruzalemu odlikovali počasnim naslovom Zaštitinika Svetog Groba Gospodnjeg.

Za razliku od ostalih osnovanih križarskih država, Grofovija Edesa bila država bez pristupa moru, smještena previše prema istoku zbog čega je bila ranjiva i izložena potencijalnim napadima, a nije bila ni u dobrim odnosima sa susjednom Kneževinom Antiohijom. Bila je jedna od prvih križarskih država koja je pala natrag pod muslimansku vlast nakon pada Edese 1144. godine što je izravno dovelo do izbijanja Drugog križarskog rata (1147.-1149.).

Povijest

Balduin je 1098. godine odvojio svoje trupe od glavnine križarske vojske koja se kretala prema Antiohiji i Jeruzalemu te je osvojio područje armenskog vladara koji je upravljao tim teritorijem kao podanik Seldžuka. Naveo je tamošnjeg vladara da ga usvoji kao sina i nasljednika i dadne mu svoju kćer za suprugu. Kada je Godefroy umro 1100. godine, Balduin je imenovan jeruzalemskim kraljem te je svoju grofoviju predao na upravu svom rođaku Balduinu od Bourcqa, grofu od Rethela. Njemu je pridružio kao vazala, galilejskog kneza Joscelina od Courtenayja, kojemu je Balduin od Bourcqa predao čvrsti i utvrđeni grad Turbessel.

Godine 1104. Grofoviju Edesu napale su seldžučke snage iz Mosula te zarobili ujedno i Balduina i Joscelina. Tijekom njihova sužanjstva, grofovijom je upravljao galilejski knez Tancred, ali stvarnu je vlast nad teritorijem imao Rikard Salernitanski. Godine 1108. Balduin i Joscelin su pušteni iz zarobljeništva nakon uplaćene otkupnine te je Balduin nakon sukoba s Tancredom preuzeo kontrolu nad gradom Edesom i grofovijom. Dvije godine kasnije, Balduin je izgubio sve zemlje istočno od rijeke Eufrata u korist muslimanskih snaga.

Godine 1118. Balduin je postao novim jeruzalemskim kraljem poslije smrti rođaka Balduina I. te je vlast nad grofovijom prešla u ruke Joscelina I. koji je umro 1131. godine, a grofoviju je naslijedio njegov sin Joscelin II. U to vrijeme su osnažile muslimanske snage u Alepu i Mosulu što je 1144. godine dovelo do pada Edese pod vlast atabega Imada al-Din Zengija, osnivača dinastije Zengida, koji je vladao u ime Seldžuka. Dvije godine kasnije, u rujnu 1146., Joscelin II. je uspio vratiti Edesu pod svoju vlast, ali samo zakratko, jer ju je izgubio već u studenom iste godine i jedva se uspio spasiti. Otada je Grofovijom Edesom vladao iz utvrđenog grada Turbessela. Godine 1150. zarobio ga je Zengijev sin i nasljednik Nur ad-Din te je umro u zarobljeništvu 1159. godine. Joscelinova supruga Beatrice Saonska prodala je u kolovozu 1150. godine svoja prava na ostatak grofovije bizantskom caru Manuelu I. Komnenu, ali su to područje uskoro osvojili muslimani.

Grofovi Edese

 Balduin I. Bujonski (1098.-1100.)
 Balduin II. (1100.-1118.)
 Joscelin I. od Edese (1118.-1131.)
 Joscelin II. od Edese (1131.-1144. i 1146.)
 Joscelin III. od Edese, naslovni grof Edese (1159.- iza 1190.)
 Beatrice od Edese, naslovna grofica Edese (1200.- iza 1245.)

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Edesa - worldhistory.org

Bivše države
Križarski ratovi
Križarske države

Grofovija Edesa


An Dyckia insignis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Emil Hassler. An Dyckia insignis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dyckia

Dyckia insignis


Kuzgun sözcüğü ile şunlardan biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

Hayvan
 Bayağı kuzgun
 Karga

Coğrafya
 Kuzgun, Karaisalı, Adana ili Karaisalı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kuzgun, Aziziye, Erzurum ili Aziziye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kuzgun, Tirebolu, Giresun ili Tirebolu ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kuzgun, Andırın, Kahramanmaraş ili Andırın ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kuzgun, Çekerek, Yozgat ili Çekerek ilçesine bağlı köy

Edebiyat
 Kuzgun (şiir) (The Raven), Edgar Allan Poe'nun ünlü bir şiiri

Televizyon dizisi
 Kuzgun (dizi), 1998-1999 yılları arasında Star TV'de yayımlanan başrollerini Pınar Eliçe ve Salih Güney'in paylaştığı Türk televizyon dizisi.
 Kuzgun, 2019 yapımı Star TV'de yayımlanan başrollerini Barış Arduç ve Burcu Biricik'in paylaştığı dram türündeki Türk televizyon dizisi.

Kuzgun


Žućkastosmeđa kukavičica ( žućkastosmeđa graholika, lat. Lathyrus laevigatus), biljna vrsta iz porodice mahunarki. Pripada rodu kukavičica, zastupljena je i u Hrvatskoj

Postoje evije podvrste.

Podvrste
 Lathyrus laevigatus subsp. laevigatus
 Lathyrus laevigatus subsp. occidentalis (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.)Breistr.

Izvori

Graholika
Flora Austrije
Flora Baltičkih država
Flora Bjelorusije
Flora Bosne i Hercegovine
Flora Čehoslovačke
Flora Francuske
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Italije
Flora Mađarske
Flora Njemačke
Flora Poljske
Flora Rumunjske
Flora sjeverozapadne europske Rusije
Flora Slovenije
Flora središnje europske Rusije
Flora Španjolske
Flora Švicarske
Flora Ukrajine

Žućkastosmeđa kukavičica


Le terme enfant de la plantation était un euphémisme utilisé à l'époque de l'esclavage aux États-Unis, pour désigner un enfant né d'esclaves noires et d'hommes blancs, généralement le propriétaire de l'esclave, l'un des parents du propriétaire ou le surveillant de la plantation. Le viol des femmes esclaves était courant dans les plantations.

Statuts
Ces enfants sont nés en esclavage, à travers une doctrine légale connue sous le nom de partus sequitur ventrem. Ils étaient classés comme mulâtres, ancien terme désignant une personne multiraciale. La règle de l'unique goutte de sang signifiait qu'ils ne pouvaient jamais faire partie de la société blanche. Certains des pères traitaient bien ces enfants, leur offrant parfois des opportunités d'éducation ou de carrière, ou les émancipant (libérant). D'autres traitaient leurs enfants multiraciaux comme des biens ; Alexander Scott Withers, par exemple, a vendu deux de ses enfants à des marchands d'esclaves, qui les ont ensuite revendus.

Œuvres sur le sujet
Slaves in the Family (1998) d'Edward Ball, écrit par un descendant blanc de propriétaires d'esclaves, décrit cet héritage complexe. Toni Morrison a écrit que cet usage sexuel des esclaves était connu sous le nom de droit du seigneur, ce terme étant originaire de la féodalité de l'Europe médiévale.

Fréquence du phénomène
Une étude publiée dans The American Journal of Human Genetics a estimé en 1998 que près de 20% de la contribution génétique des Afro-Américains provient d'Europe, ce qui est beaucoup plus élevé que la contribution européenne des Jamaïcains ou des Haïtiens.

Voir aussi

 Histoire de l'esclavage sexuel aux États-Unis
 Esclavage sexuel
 Partus sequitur ventrem
 Filiation légitime
 Essie Mae Washington-Williams, la fille métisse du politicien ségrégationniste Strom Thurmond

Références

Esclavage aux États-Unis
Plantation
Euphémisme

Enfant de la plantation


Hammarberg ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Thomas Hammarberg (* 1942), schwedischer Menschenrechtler, UN-Hochkommissar und
 Irwin Goodman, geb. als Antti Yrjö Hammarberg (1943–1991), finnischer Folkmusiker.

Hammarberg


Centar za istraživanja i restauriranje francuskih muzeja (C2RMF Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France ) nacionalna je istraživačka ustanova u Francuskoj ,zadužena za dokumentiranje,konzerviranje restauriranje i istraživanja kulturne baštine koja se čuva u više od 1,200 francuskih muzeja.Aktivnosti centra nisu samo orijentirane na nacionalnu francusku baštinu već centar djeluje i na međunarodnoj razini.

Centar je utemeljen administrativnom odlukom 1998.,  donesenom od Catherine Trautmann,ondašnjom ministricom kulture i komunikacija . Odlučeno je da se spoje 2 nacionalne institucije - Laboratoire de recherche des musées de France i Service de restauration des musées de France .

Godine 2005 Christiane Naffah je od strane nadležnog ministra postavljena za ravnateljicu centra .Ona je radila kao kustos u Francuskom nacionalnom muzeju od 1977, a prije toga radila je u Louvreu,te Musée du Quai Branly.Bila je i ravnateljica Instituta za arapski svijet.
Trenutačno je ravnateljica centra Marie Lavandier.

U centru je od 1930tih, analitički obrađeno i restaurirano više od 174,000 slika,te 34 000 objekata,normalno u ove su aktivnosti tada bili uključeni prije spomenuti prethodnici centra.

Ključne aktivnosti centra C2RMF fokusirane su na proučavanje umjetničkih djela, kako na nacionalnoj tako i na međunarodnoj razini.Prije bilo kakove akvizicije za neki muzej obavezno se predmeti prvo detaljno istraže znanstvenim metodama.Centar također radi na naputcima za preventivnu zaštitu koji se pak provode u svim francuskim muzejima.

Oprema koju centar posjeduje na svjetskoj je razini, a neki od uređaja koji se koriste jedinstveni su ,poput akceleratora AGLAE. Istraživanja koja se provode usmjerena su na fizičku i kemijsku karakterizaciju materijala,starenje materijala,održavanje baze podataka,analize slika,te digitalizacija i 3D modeliranje.

C2RMF je svakako jedan od u svijetu vodećih i najiskusnijih po pitanju znanstvene analize umjetničkih djela.Po pitanju spoznaja o najrecentnijim tehnikama ispitivanja poput 3D snimanja najrazličitijih predmeta centar je također vodeći u svijetu.Najnovija su istraživanja usmjerena na multispektralno snimanje slika, ontologiju i semantičke mreže,kao i 3D modeliranje slika i objekata. Nadalje, centar je postigao i značajne rezultate s Open Source database management sustavom koji daje multilingvalni pristup (17 jezika) specijaliziranim vokabularima za muzejski sektor,te semantičko sučelje za pretragu rezultata.

Dodatna literatura

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France
 C2RMF,  C2RMF odjel za digitalno snimanje

Konzervacija

Fr:Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France

Centar za restauriranje i istraživanja francuskih muzeja


is a district located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Tsugumasa Muraoka is the Governor of Yamaguchi over seeing the Kuga District.

At the 2005 Census, the district had an estimated population of 6,442. The total area is 10.56 km2.

The district has one town.
Waki

District Timeline
April 1, 1951-The village of Mikawa gained town status.
April 1, 1971-The village of Obatake gained town status.
April 1, 1973-The village of Waki gained town status.
February 21, 2005-The town of Ōbatake merged with the old city of Yanai to form the new city of Yanai.
March 20, 2006-The towns of Kuga, Mikawa, Miwa, Nishiki, Shūtō and Yū, and the village of Hongō merged with the old city of Iwakuni to form the new city of Iwakuni.

Districts in Yamaguchi Prefecture

Kuga District, Yamaguchi


La route régionale 870 () est une route régionale allant Rautavaara jusqu'à Sotkamo en Finlande.

Description
La route part au nord de la route principale 87 dans la municipalité de Rautavaara puis traverse Lehtomäki, Laakajärvi, Taattola, Tuhkakylä et Parkua pour se terminer à Kontinjoki à la frontière de Sotkamo et de Kajaani en rejoignant la route nationale 6.

La mine de Talvivaara est située au bord de la route près de Tuhkakylä.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Cartes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

870

Transport à Rautavaara
Transport à Sotkamo

Seututie 870


Konrad-Adenauer-Platz ist der Name folgender öffentlicher Plätze in Deutschland:

 Konrad-Adenauer-Platz (Bergisch Gladbach)
 Konrad-Adenauer-Platz (Bochum)
 Konrad-Adenauer-Platz (Bonn)
 Konrad-Adenauer-Platz (Bremerhaven)
 Konrad-Adenauer-Platz (Düsseldorf)
 Konrad-Adenauer-Platz (Leverkusen)
 Konrad-Adenauer-Platz (Magdeburg)
Konrad-Adenauer-Platz (Montabaur)

Siehe auch:
 Adenauerplatz

Konrad-Adenauer-Platz


كارباثوس (Κάρπαθος) هي جزيرة يونانية وهي ثاني أكبر جزر دوديكانيسيا بعد رودوس في مقاطعة جنوب إيجة في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2223 نسمة.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لكارباثوس:

المراجع

السياحة في اليونان
بلديات جنوب إيجة
جزر اليونان
جزر جنوب إيجة
دوديكانيسيا
مدن اليونان

كارباثوس


Henning Larsen Architects ist ein international tätiges Architekturbüro mit Hauptsitz in Kopenhagen. Die Firma wurde 1959 von dem dänischen Architekten Henning Larsen gegründet und beschäftigt zurzeit ca. 300 Angestellte. 2011 arbeitete die Firma an Projekten in mehr als 20 Ländern mit.

Das Büro Henning Larsen Middle East in Riad wurde 2008 gegründet. 2011 kamen weitere Büros in München und Beirut hinzu.

2011 wurde das Konzerthaus Harpa in Reykjavík von der englischen Zeitschrift Gramophone zu einem der zehn besten Konzerthäuser gewählt. Henning Larsen Architects hat auch die Königliche Oper in Kopenhagen konstruiert. In Deutschland ist die Firma besonders für den Bau des im Dezember 2011 eröffneten neuen Spiegel-Hauptgebäudes in der Hamburger Hafencity bekannt.

Henning Larsen Architects setzen sich aus 15 Partnern in den Niederlassungen und 4 Partnern am Hauptsitz Kopenhagen zusammen.

Geschichte
Nachdem Henning Larsen für Arne Jacobsen (1952–1953) und Jørn Utzon (1958) gearbeitet hatte, gründete er 1959 Henning Larsens Tegnestue. Das Architektenbüro in der Tradition des skandinavischen Designs wurde zu einem der größten in Dänemark. Das erste große Projekt außerhalb Skandinaviens war das Außenministerium in Riad.

Inhaberschaft und Management
Henning Larsen Architects ist seit 2019 Teil der Ramboll Foundation. Die Geschäftsführung von Henning Larsen Architects bilden Mette Kynne Frandsen (CEO) und Louis Becker (International Design Director).

Projekte
Nach Darstellung des Unternehmens werden bei Projekten Fragen der Nachhaltigkeit besonders berücksichtigt. Es unterhält eine Abteilung für Forschung und Nachhaltigkeit, die an entsprechenden Diskussionen teilnimmt und u. a. Werkzeuge zu einer ressourcenschonenden Gebäudeplanung entwickelt. Hierzu bestand beispielsweise eine Zusammenarbeit mit drei Doktoranden vom Institut für Bauingenieurswesen der Technischen Universität Dänemarks.

Fertiggestellt
 Campusgebäude der Universität Trondheim, Norwegen (1970)
 Dänische Botschaft in Riad, Saudi-Arabien (1979)
 Außenministerium in Riad, Saudi-Arabien(1984)
 Erweiterung der Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen, Dänemark (1997)
 Erweiterung der Stadtbibliothek in Malmö, Schweden (1993)
 Max-Planck-Institut in Rostock, Deutschland (1996–2000)
 Kunsthalle Würth in Schwäbisch Hall, Deutschland (1999–2000)
 Bibliothek der Universität Rostock, Deutschland (2001-04)
 Königliche Oper, Kopenhagen, Dänemark (2004)
 IT-Gebäude der Universität Kopenhagen, Dänemark (2004)
 Musikens hus (Das Haus der Musik) in Uppsala, Schweden (2007)
 Die Welle (Bølgen) in Vejle, Dänemark (2009)
 Bildmuseet Umeå, Umeå, Schweden (2011)
 Konzerthaus Harpa in Reykjavík, Island (2011)
 Verlagshaus für den Spiegel-Verlag Rudolf Augstein in Hamburg, Deutschland (2011)
 Low-energy office building, Ballerup, Denmark(2011)
 Female Branch of Prince Naif Centre for Health Science Research, Riad, Saudi-Arabien (2012)
 Art Pavilion in Videbæk, Dänemark (2012)
 Architekturschule, Umeå, Schweden (2012)
 Skodsborg Spa & Fitness, Skodsborg, Denmark (2012)
 Campus der Syddansk Universitet in Roskilde, Denmark (2012)
 Klostermark School, Roskilde, Denmark (2012)
 Egedal Rathaus, Egedal, Denmark (competition win, September 2012)[17]
 Moesgård Museum, Århus, Denmark (2013)
 Moesgård Museum Ausbau, Århus, Dänemark (2014)
 Campus der Syddansk Universitet in Kolding, Dänemark (2014)
 King Abdullah Financial District, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (u/c, Fertigstellung 2013–2018)
 Calabar International Conference Center, Calabar, Nigeria (u/c, Fertigstellung 2013)[14]
 Crystal Towers, King Abdullah Financial District, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [15]
 Ystad Arena, Ystad, Sweden (2015)
 Siemens Konzernzentrale, München, Deutschland (2016)
 Frederiksbjerg Schule, Århus, Denmark (2016)

Im Bau
 King Abdullah Financial District, Riad, Saudi-Arabien (2013–2018)
 Childrens Interactive Museum, Riad, Saudi-Arabien (2012–2014)
 Calabar International Conference Center, Calabar, Nigeria (2011–2013)
 Crystal Towers, King Abdullah Financial District, Riad, Saudi-Arabien (2009–2013)
 Villas in the Sky, King Abdullah Financial District, Riad, Saudi-Arabien (2009–2013)
 Institute of Diplomatic Studies, Riad, Saudi-Arabien (2010–2013)
 Prince Naif Centre for Health Science Research, Riad, Saudi-Arabien(2011–2012)
 Massar Discovery Centre, Damaskus, Syrien (Unterbrechung im Bau, urspr. 2008–2012)
 Batumi Aquarium, Batumi, Georgien (Wettbewerbsgewinn, Juni 2010)
 Nordea Headquarters, Copenhagen, Denmark (competition win, April 2012)
 Cultural cluster, Klaksvík, Faroe Islands (competition win, June 2012)
 Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und Wasserstofftechnik, Stuttgart, Germany (competition win, October 2012)
 Herlev Hospital extension, Herlev, Denmark (competition win. u/c completion 2017)
 Campus Aas, Aas, Norway (competition win. u/c completion 2018)
 European Spallation Source, Lund, Sweden (competition win, February 2013)
 Vinge, Frederikssund, Denmark. (Masterplan, competition win.)
 Kiruna Town Hall, Kiruna, Sweden (competition win, September 2013)
 Forum Medicum, Lund, Sweden (competition win, December 2015)
 Carl H. Lindner College of Business, Cincinnati, UZ (competition win, January 2016)
 French International School, Hongkong, China
 Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, Frankfurt, Germany (competition win 2013)
 Bürger- und Medienzentrum des Landtags, Stuttgart, Germany (competition win 2013)
 100 Meter hoher Hochhausturm Høffdings Tårn in Carlsberg (Kopenhagen), Fertigstellung geplant: 2025

Preise

 1987 International Design Award, London
 1989 Aga Khan Award für das Außenministerium in Riad
 1997 Kasper Salin Preis für die Stadtbibliothek in Malmö
 2005 LEAF Award, Grand Prix für die IT Universität Kopenhagen
 2010 LEAF Award für The Wave (residential category)
 2010 IDA International Design Award (Architectural Design of the Year category) für das Batumi Aquarium
 2011 Civic Trust Award für The Wave
 2011 Eckersberg-Medaille
 2012 Best Performance Space für die Harpa, Travel + Leisure Design Awards
 2012 Civic Trust Award für die Harpa
 2013 Mies van der Rohe Award for European Architecture für die Harpa
 2013 European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture for Harpa - Reykjavik Concert Hall and Conference Centre
 2013 Emirates Glass Leaf Award for Harpa – Reykjavik Concert Hall and Conference Centre (Best Public Building - Culture)
 2013 Emirates Glass Leaf Award for Campus Roskilde (Best Public Building - Education & Research)
 2014 Civic Trust Award for Campus Roskilde
 2015 Civic Trust Award for Mosgaard Museum
 2015 The International Architecture Award for SDU Kolding Campus
 2015 The International Architecture Award (The Chicago Athenaeum: Museum of Architecture and Design) for Moesgaard Museum
 2015 LEAF Award in the category Urban Design for Vinge Train Station
 2016 Green Good Design Award (The Chicago Athenaeum: Museum of Architecture and Design and The European Centre for Architecture Art Design and Urban Studies) SDU Campus Kolding
 2016 LEAF Future Building Awards in the category Under Construction for Kiruna City Hall
 2016 AIA IR (The International Chapter of the American Institute of Architects) for SDU Campus Kolding
 2016 AIA IR (The International Chapter of the American Institute of Architects) for Moesgaard Museum
 2019 European Prize for Architecture

Ausstellungen
 1999: "The Architect's Studio" im Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebæk, Dänemark
 2011: "what if...?" im Utzon Center, Aalborg, Dänemark
 15. Juni – 20. Juli 2012: "What if...?" in der Architekturgalerie München, Deutschland.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webpräsenz (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Architekturbüro (Dänemark)
Unternehmen (Kopenhagen)

Henning Larsen Architects


Pilobolus is a genus of fungi that commonly grows on herbivore dung.

Life cycle
The life cycle of Pilobolus begins with a black sporangium that has been discharged onto a plant substrate such as grass. A herbivorous animal such as a horse then eats the substrate, unknowingly consuming the sporangium as well. The Pilobolus sporangium survives the passage through the gastrointestinal tract without germinating, and emerges with the excrement. Once outside its host, spores within the sporangium germinate and grow as a mycelium within the excrement, where it is a primary colonizer. Later, the fungus fruits to produce more spores.

The asexual fruiting structure (the sporangiophore) of Pilobolus species is unique. It consists of a transparent stalk which rises above the excrement to end in a balloon-like subsporangial vesicle. On top of this, a single, black sporangium develops. The sporangiophore has the remarkable ability of orienting itself to point directly towards a light source. The shape and transparency of the subsporangial vesicle allow it to act as a lens, focusing light into carotenoid pigments deposited near the base of the vesicle, which absorb the photons and allow cells to detect the light level in the direction of the lens. The developing sporangiophore grows such that the maturing sporangium is aimed directly at the light.

When turgor pressure within the subsporangial vesicle builds to a sufficient level (often 7 ATM or greater), the sporangium is launched, and can travel anywhere from a couple of centimeters to a distance of 3 meters (10ft). For a sporangiophore less than 1cm tall, this involves acceleration from 0 to 20 km/h in only 2 µs, subjecting it to over 20,000 G, equivalent to a human being launched at 100 times the speed of sound. The orientation of the stalk towards the early morning sun apparently guarantees that the sporangium is shot some distance from the excrement, enhancing the chances that it will attach to vegetation and be eaten by a new host.

Another adaptation of Pilobolus is that the sporangium is covered in calcium oxalate crystals. Besides serving as a protective mechanism, their hydrophobic nature also leads the sporangium to flip over onto its sticky bottom after landing in a drop of dew, thus allowing it to cling to a plant substrate. Pilobolus species can be grown in artificial culture, but only when the growth medium is supplemented with some form of chelated iron, or with sterilized herbivore dung.

The forcible discharge mechanism of Pilobolus is exploited by parasitic nematodes including lungworms in the genus Dictyocaulus. Larval lungworm nematodes excreted by infected deer, elk, cattle, horses, and other hosts climb up Pilobolus sporangiophores and are discharged with the sporangium.  They complete their life cycle when they and their Pilobolus vector are eaten by a new host.

References

Bruce, V. G., F. Weight, and C. S. Pittendrigh. 1960. Resetting the sporulation rhythm in Pilobolus with short light flashes of high intensity. Science 131:728–30.
Uebelmesser, E. R. 1954. Über den endogenen Tagesrhythmus der Sporangienbildung von Pilobolus. Arch Mikrobiol 20:1–33.

External links

 Pilobolus crystallinus, "The Fung in the Dung" by Tom Volk
 Pilobolus and the Lungworm at the Cornell Mushroom Blog (with time lapse video)
 Interview with a Fungus
 Zygomycetes:Pilobolus at Zygomycetes.org

Zygomycota genera

Pilobolus


Hrvoje Ostojić (Sarajevo, 9. listopada 1909.  Johannesburg, 16. srpnja 1989.), hrvatski domovinski i iseljenički književnik iz BiH.

Životopis
Rodio se je u Sarajevu u obitelji Hrvata podrijetlom iz Povalja na otoku Braču. U rodnom je gradu završio pučku školu. Još u đačkim danima pisao je pjesme. U Zagrebu je završio gimnaziju i Trgovačku akademiju. Objavio je je pjesme, priče i novele u listovima i časopisima kao što su bili Mladost, Svijet, Omladina, Novo doba, Venac i još ponegdje. U Južnu Afriku je odselio 1934. godine. Do prije drugoga svjetskog rata redovito se javljao javljao u zagrebačkom Svijetu u rubrici naslova Pismo iz Južne Afrike - Priče iz 'zlatnoga' grada sa svojim pripovijestima. Do kraja života je ostao u Južnoj Africi. Oženio se je 1947. Slovenkom Sašom Ražem. Supokretač je dvomjesečnika iz Johannesburga na hrvatskom Malih novina za J. Afriku i Rodeziju 1950. godine. Uređivao je list, a izlazio je dvije godine. Umro je u Johannesburgu 16. srpnja 1989.

Djela
Još prije drugoga svjetskog rata objavio je više desetaka pjesama, priča i novela. Poslije rata jedan je napisao primjerak pisaćim strojem bez hrvatskih slova zbirku pjesama. Druge dvije zbirke pjesama je objavio u Johannesburgu.:

- Krugovi (pjesme), 1960.

- Olovni oblaci (pjesme), 1971.

Nagrade i priznanja

Šimun Šito Ćorić uvrstio ga je u svoju antologiju 60 hrvatskih emigrantskih pisaca.

Izvori

Životopisi, Sarajevo

Hrvatski pjesnici iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Hrvatski novelisti iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Hrvatski književnici iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Hrvati u Južnoj Africi
Hrvatska politička emigracija (1945. – 1989.)

Hrvoje Ostojić


The VCS 3 (or VCS3; an initialism for Voltage Controlled Studio, version #3) is a portable analog synthesizer with a flexible modular voice architecture introduced by Electronic Music Studios (London) Limited (EMS) in 1969.

EMS released the product under various names. Logos printed at the console's front left (see photos) say "V.C.S. 3" on the most widely sold version; "The Putney (VCS 3)" on the earlier version; and "The Synthi (VCS 3) II" on the later version (Synthi VCS 3 II).

History

The VCS 3 was created in 1969 by Peter Zinovieff's EMS company. The electronics were designed largely by David Cockerell, and its distinctive appearance was the work of electronic composer Tristram Cary. It was one of the first portable commercially available synthesizers, in the sense that it was housed entirely in a small wooden case, unlike synths from American manufacturers such as Moog Music, ARP and Buchla, which had large cabinets and could take up entire rooms.

The VCS 3 cost just under £330 in 1969. Some people found it unsatisfactory as a melodic instrument due to its inherent tuning instability. This arose from the instrument's reliance on the then current method of exponential conversion of voltage to oscillator frequency—an approach that other companies also implemented with fewer tuning issues. However, the VCS 3 was renowned as an extremely powerful generator of electronic effects and processor of external sounds for its cost.

The first album recorded using only the VCS 3 was The Unusual Classical Synthesizer on Westminster Gold.

The VCS3 was popular among progressive rock bands, and was used on recordings by Franco Battiato, The Moody Blues, The Alan Parsons Project, Jean-Michel Jarre, Todd Rundgren, Hawkwind, Curved Air, Brian Eno (with Roxy Music and as a solo artist or collaborator), King Crimson, The Who, Gong, and Pink Floyd, and many others. The VCS3-generated bass sound at the beginning of Pink Floyd's "Welcome to the Machine" forms the foundation of the song, with its other parts heard in response. Two VCS3's and a Sequencer 256 were featured in the 1978 film 'The Shout'.

Description

The VCS3 has three oscillators (the first two normal voltage-controlled oscillators; the third a low-frequency oscillator), a noise generator, two input amplifiers, a ring modulator, 24 dB/octave low-pass voltage-controlled filter, a trapezoid envelope generator, a joystick controller, a voltage-controlled spring reverb unit, and two stereo output amplifiers. Unlike most modular synthesiser systems, which used cables to link components, the VCS 3 uses a distinctive patchboard matrix where pins are inserted to connect its components.

Keyboards controller

Although the VCS 3 is often used for generating sound effects due to lack of a built-in keyboard, external keyboard controllers were available for melodic play. The DK1, produced in 1969, is an early velocity-sensitive monophonic keyboard for VCS 3 with an extra VCO and VCA. In 1972 it was extended for duophonic play as DK2.  Also in 1972, the Synthi AKS was released, as well as a digital sequencer with a touch-sensitive flat keyboard, the KS sequencer, and its mechanical keyboard version, DKS.

Related models
The VCS 3's basic design was reused by EMS in many other of their own products, most notably the EMS Synthi 100 (1971), the Synthi A (1971), and AKS (1972, essentially a VCS 3 in a plastic briefcase). The AKS also has a sequencer built into the keyboard's lid.

A former agent of EMS in the United States, Ionic Industries in Morristown, New Jersey, released a portable-keyboard VCS 3 clone in 1973. The Ionic Performer, whose circuitry is based on the VCS 3's, replaced the patchboard matrix with over 100 push-buttons, and added a built-in keyboard and effects units.

Synthi A

The EMS Synthi A has the same electronics as the VCS 3, but was rehoused in a Spartanite briefcase. Instead of routing signals using patch cables, like Moog products, it uses a patch matrix with resistive pins. The 2700 ohm resistors soldered inside each pin vary in tolerance, indicated by different colours: red pins have 1% tolerance, white have 5%, and green pins are attenuating pins with a resistance of 68,000 ohms.

The later Synthi AKS incorporated an early digital 256 event KS (Keyboard Sequencer) sequencer in the lid, with input provided by a capacitance-sensitive Buchla-style keyboard.

Perhaps its most prominent use is in  the introduction to The Alan Parsons Project's I Robot. (1977). VCS 3 synthesisers were also used alongside a traditional chamber music ensemble for the soundtrack to the BBC's Life On Earth nature documentary series, composed by Edward Williams.

Along with Klaus Schulze and Tangerine Dream, other frequent users of the instrument include Cabaret Voltaire, Tim Blake & Miquette Giraudy of Gong, Richard Pinhas of Heldon, Merzbow, Thomas Lehn, Cor Fuhler and Alva Noto.

Development
The original VCS No.1 was a hand-built rack-mount unit with two oscillators, one filter and one envelope, designed by Cockerell before the formation of EMS. When a benefactor, Don Banks, asked Zinovieff for a synthesiser, Zinovieff and Cockerell decided to work together on an instrument that was small and portable but powerful and flexible.

Notable users

 Brian Eno
 Howie B on U2's Pop
 Pink Floyd on Obscured by Clouds (1972), Dark Side of the Moon (1973), and Wish You Were Here (1975)
 Jean-Michel Jarre

 Tangerine Dream
 The BBC Radiophonic Workshop

References

Bibliography

Models

Further reading

External links
Official
http://emssynthesisers.co.uk/

Articles

modification and resources

Software emulation
  — A VST simulation of a VCS3/VCS4 with Synthi Sequencer, and Vocoder 5000 by XILS-lab
  — A (commercial) VST simulation of a VCS3/Synthi A by EMS Rehberg
  — A free VST based on the architecture of VCS3/Synthi A by Ninecows

  — Official EMS iOS emulator by apeSoft, with preface by Peter Zinovieff ()

EMS Synthi A

 (last updated 2013-12-14)
 — A commercial VST simulation of a Synthi A by German EMS

A freeware VST simulation of a Synthi A
The EMS SYNTHI BLOG

EMS synthesizers
Monophonic synthesizers
Electronic musical instruments

EMS VCS 3


UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi (İngilizce: UEFA Champions League), kısaca UŞL veya yaygın kullanımıyla Şampiyonlar Ligi, Avrupa Futbol Federasyonları Birliği (UEFA) tarafından her yıl düzenlenen ve UEFA'ya bağlı birinci liglerdeki takımların mücadele ettiği uluslararası bir futbol turnuvasıdır. UEFA üyesi her ülke şampiyonunun (bazı ülkelerde ilk birkaç sırada yer alan takımların) katıldığı organizasyon, Avrupa'daki kulüp düzeyindeki en prestijli turnuva konumundadır.

1955'te Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası adıyla, çift maçlı eleme sistemiyle düzenlenmeye başladı. Bu dönemde şampiyonaya yalnızca, önceki sezonda ülkesinin en üst seviye ligini şampiyon olarak tamamlamış takımlar katılabilmekteydi. 1991-92 sezonuyla birlikte format değişikliğine gidilerek lig usulüyle düzenlenen grup aşaması da turnuvaya eklendi. 1992-93 sezonuyla birlikte organizasyonun adı günümüzdeki şekliyle değiştirildi. 1996-97 sezonuyla birlikte ülke şampiyonlarının yanı sıra, ülkelerin UEFA sırasına göre liglerini şampiyonun ardında tamamlayan bazı takımlar da turnuvaya katılmaya başladı. Günümüzde, bir sezonda aynı ülkeden en fazla beş takım mücadele edebilmektedir. Ligdeki pozisyonu gereğince Şampiyonlar Ligi'ne katılan takımların ardındaki takımlar ise, Şampiyonlar Ligi'nin bir alt seviyesi olan UEFA Avrupa Ligi'ne katılabilmektedir.

Günümüzdeki formata göre turnuvanın bir sezonu temmuz ortalarında başlar. Çift maçlı eliminasyon sistemiyle gerçekleştirilen üç ön eleme turu ve bir play off turu sonrasında, lig usulüyle oynanan grup aşamasına geçilir. 22 takım direkt olarak grup aşamasında turnuvaya dahil olurken, önceki turlardan gelen 10 takımın eklenmesiyle toplamda 32 takım bu aşamada yer alır. Dörder takımdan oluşan 8 grupta oynanan maçlar sonucunda, gruplarını ilk iki sırada tamamlayan takımlar bir üst tura yükselir, üçüncü sıradaki takımlar ise UEFA Avrupa Ligi'ne gider. Çift maçlı eliminasyon sistemiyle oynanan eleme aşamasındaki maçlar sonunda, mayıs ayında oynanan tek ayaklı final maçıyla birlikte sezon tamamlanır. Şampiyon olan takım, UEFA Süper Kupası ve FIFA Kulüpler Dünya Kupası'nda mücadele etmeye hak kazanır.

Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde bugüne kadar 10 farklı ülkeden 22 farklı takım şampiyon oldu, 12 takım ise birden fazla şampiyonluk yaşadı. Kazandığı 14 şampiyonlukla en çok şampiyon olan takım Real Madrid iken, İspanya takımları toplamda kazandığı 19 şampiyonlukla turnuva tarihinin en başarılı ülkesidir. Real Madrid, kupanın ilk beş sezonunda üst üste şampiyon olarak en uzun şampiyonluk serisini elde etmiştir. Organizasyonun tamamlanan son sezonu olan 2022-23 sezonunda ise şampiyonluğa Manchester City ulaşmıştır.

Tarihi

Kuruluşu, 1950'ler ve 1960'lar

2 Mart 1955'te, Viyana'da gerçekleştirilen UEFA'nın birinci kongresi sonrasında Avrupa genelinde bir turnuva oluşturulması kararlaştırıldı. Başlarda bu turnuvanın millî takımlar düzeyinde olması fikri hakimken, Fransız spor gazetesi L'Équipe editörü Gabriel Hanot ile aynı gazetede çalışan Jacques Ferran'ın hazırladığı turnuva taslağı baz alınarak kulüpler bazında bir turnuva gerçekleştirilmesi belirlendi. Taslağa göre maçlar çarşamba günleri oynanacaktı. L'Équipe tarafından, ülkelerinin en popüler takımı olarak görülen 16 takımın temsilcileri, 2-3 Nisan 1955'te gerçekleştirilen toplantılara çağrıldı. Konuyla ilgili olarak FIFA ile iletişime geçen UEFA, 8 Mayıs 1955'te Londra'da gerçekleştirilen toplantıda FIFA tarafından sunulan şartların kabul edilmesinin ardından, 21 Haziran'da düzenlediği toplantıyla Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası adlı bir turnuvanın organize edileceğini duyurdu.

Çift maçlı eleme sistemiyle ve her biri farklı ülkeden olmak üzere 16 takımın katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen turnuvanın ilk sezonu olan 1955-56 sezonu, 4 Eylül günü Sporting ile Partizan arasında oynanan maçla başladı. Sezonu İspanya takımı Real Madrid şampiyon olarak tamamladı. Ertesi sezon, takım sayısının artmasıyla ön eleme turu düzenlenmeye başlandı. İlk beş sezonda Real Madrid şampiyonluğa ulaşan takım olurken, 1959-60 sezonu finalinde Almanya temsilcisi Eintracht Frankfurt'a karşı aldığı 7-3'lük galibiyet, günümüzde dahi en gollü final konumundadır. Real Madrid'in beş sezonluk şampiyonluk serisi de turnuva tarihinin en uzun şampiyonluk serisidir. 1960-61 ve 1961-62 sezonlarında Portekiz ekibi Benfica şampiyonluğa ulaşırken, sonraki üç sezonda İtalya temsilcileri turnuvayı kazanan takımlar oldu. 1962-63 sezonunda Milan, 1963-64 ve 1964-65 sezonlarında ise Internazionale şampiyonluğa ulaştı. Ertesi sezon Real Madrid bir kez daha şampiyon olurken, sonraki iki sezon Britanya takımlarının şampiyonluklarına sahne oldu. 1966-67 sezonunda İskoçya'nın Celtic, 1967-68 sezonunda ise İngiltere'nin Manchester United takımı turnuvayı şampiyon olarak tamamlamıştı. 1968-69 sezonu Milan'ın şampiyonluğuyla sonuçlandı.

1970'ler ve 1980'ler

1969-70 sezonuyla birlikte sonraki dört sezonda Hollanda takımları şampiyonluğa ulaştı. Önce Feyenoord, sonraki üç sezonda ise Ajax şampiyon olan takım oldu. 1973-74 sezonuyla birlikte ilk kez bir Almanya ekibi, Bayern München şampiyonluk yaşarken, devamındaki iki sezon da bu takımın şampiyonluğuyla sona erdi. 1976-77 sezonuyla birlikte İngiltere kulüplerinin şampiyonlukları yaşanmaya başlandı. Önce Liverpool, sonra Nottingham Forest ikişer kez üst üste, devamındaki sezonlarda ise sırasıyla Liverpool ve Aston Villa bu başarıya ulaştı. Almanya'dan Hamburger'in şampiyonluğunda geçilen 1982-83 sezonu sonrasında Liverpool bir şampiyonluk daha yaşadı. 1984-85 sezonunda, İtalyan ekibi Juventus ile Liverpool arasında 29 Mayıs 1985 günü Heysel Stadyumu'nda oynanacak final maçı öncesinde Liverpool taraftarlarının Juventus taraftarlarına saldırmasıyla oluşan panik esnasında, stadyumdan kaçmaya çalışan taraftarların üzerine stadyumun duvarının çökmesi ve bazı taraftarların sıkışması sebebiyle yaşanan olayda 39 kişi hayatını kaybetti. Maçı kazanan taraf Juventus olurken, yaşanan bu olayın ardından İngiliz takımlarına 5, Liverpool'a ise 6 yıl uluslararası karşılaşmalardan men cezası verildi.

1985-86 sezonundan itibaren sırasıyla Romanya'dan Steaua București, Portekiz'den Porto ve Hollanda'dan PSV, tarihlerindeki ilk Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası şampiyonluklarını elde etti. 1988-89 sezonunda Milan, 20 yıllık aranın ardından kupanın sahibi oldu.

Statü

Şampiyonlar Ligi'nin statüsü 1992'den beri defalarca değişmiştir. Bugün uygulanan sistem, 2003 yılından beri devam etmektedir.

UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde ön elemeler ve grup maçlarına doğrudan katılan takımlar da dahil, Lihtenştayn haricindeki 55 UEFA üyesi ülkeden toplam 78 takım mücadele etmektedir. Her ülke, UEFA ülkeler sıralaması'na göre belirlenen sayıda takımla katılır.

UEFA ülke puanı sıralamasına göre;

 1-4. sıradaki ülkeler, 4
 5-6. sıradaki ülkeler, 3
 7-15. sıradaki ülkeler, 2
 16. ve daha aşağıdaki ülkeler birer takımla şampiyonada temsil edilirler.

UEFA ülkeler sıralaması aynı zamanda hangi takımın turnuvaya hangi kademeden başlayacağını da belirler. Son şampiyon ile sıralamada ilk üçte yer alan ülkelerin lig şampiyonları, ikincileri ve üçüncüleri, 4. ile 6. arasındaki ülkelerin şampiyonları ve ikincileri, 7. ile 12. arasındaki ülkelerin şampiyonları grup maçlarına ön eleme oynamadan doğrudan katılırlar. Eğer son şampiyon kendi lig klasmanına girerse 13. sıradaki ülkenin de şampiyonu grup maçlarına doğrudan katılır. Diğer takımlar ön eleme turlarından başlarlar.

Maçlar salı ve çarşamba günleri yapılır. Temmuz - Ağustos aylarında 4 turdan oluşan ön elemeleri geçen 10 takım ile grup maçlarına doğrudan katılan 22 takım arasında, toplam 32 ekipli, dörder takımlı ve 8 gruptan oluşan grup aşaması oynanır. Gruplarda ilk 2'ye giren takımlar ikili eliminasyonlu sistemi ile müsabakalara devam ederler, üçüncüler ise UEFA Avrupa Ligi'ne katılıp 3. turdan (son 32 turu) devam ederler. 2. tur, çeyrek ve yarı final kedemeleri ikili eliminasyon usulüyle oynanır. Final maçı ise tarafsız sahada tek maç olarak oynanır.

UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi grup aşamasına, 1992-93 sezonundan beri (2014-15 dahil), toplam 31 ülkeden 130 farklı takım katılmıştır. 23 sezonda Manchester United(İNG) 19, Porto(POR) 19, Barcelona(İSP) 19, Real Madrid(İSP) 19, Bayern Münih(ALM) 18, Milan(İTA) 17 ve Arsenal(İNG) 17 kez ile gruplara en çok katılan takımlardır. Arsenal, 1998-99 sezonundan beri toplam 17 kez aralıksız katılmaktadır. İspanyol Real Madrid'in ise Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde beş yıl üst üste (1956-1960) şampiyon olması da ayrı bir rekordur.

Marş

UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi Marşı, en basit tanımla UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nin resmî marşıdır. 1992 yılında Kraliyet Filarmoni Orkestrası tarafından bestelenmiş, St. Martin Akademisi Korosu tarafından UEFA'nın resmî dilleri olan İngilizce, Fransızca ve Almanca dillerinde söylenmiştir. Bu marş her Şampiyonlar Ligi maçının başlangıcında, konsol oyunlarında, televizyon programlarında kullanılır.

Takımların Dağılımı

Şampiyonlar Ligi veya Avrupa Ligi şampiyonları kendi yerel ligleri aracılığıyla turnuvaya katılmaya hak kazanırsa, yukarıdaki erişim listesinde değişiklikler yapılacaktır.

 Şampiyonlar Ligi şampiyonluğu sahipleri kendi yerel ligleri aracılığıyla grup aşamasına geçerlerse, 11. ülke şampiyonları grup aşamasına girer ve önceki turlarda en yüksek dereceli federasyonların şampiyonları da buna göre yükselir.
 Avrupa Ligi şampiyonluğu sahipleri kendi yerel ligleri aracılığıyla grup aşamasına geçerlerse, 5. ülkenin üçüncü sıradaki takımı grup aşamasına girer ve ikinci ön eleme turunda en yüksek dereceli federasyonların ikincileri de buna göre yükselir.
 Şampiyonlar Ligi veya Avrupa Ligi şampiyonluğu sahipleri kendi yerel ligleri aracılığıyla eleme turlarına katılmaya hak kazanırsa, eleme turlarındaki yerleri boşalır ve önceki turlarda en yüksek dereceli federasyonların takımları buna göre yükselir.
 Bir ülkenin Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde en fazla beş takımı olabilir. Bu nedenle, hem Şampiyonlar Ligi hem de Avrupa Ligi şampiyonlukları aynı ilk dört ülkeden geliyorsa ve kendi yerel liglerini ilk dördün dışında bitirirse, ligin dördüncü sıradaki takımı Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde mücadele etmeyecektir. Bunun yerine Avrupa Ligi'nde mücadele edecek.

Para ödülü
UEFA, Play-off turunu geçen her takım 5.000.000 €, elenen her takım 3.000.000 € kazanır. Grup aşamasına katılım için 15.640.000 € ve grup aşamasındaki her galibiyet için 2.800.000 €, beraberlik için 900.000 € kazanır. Son 16 turuna katılan takımlara 9.600.000, Çeyrek finale çıkan takımlara 6.000.000, yarı finale çıkan takımlara 7.000.000, finali kaybeden takıma ise 10.500.000 ödeme yapılır. Kupayı kazanan takım ise 15.000.000 para ödemesi alır.

UEFA, takımlara dağıttığı parayı havuz'dan öder. Havuzun bütçesi ise şampiyonanın yayın hakları gelirleri ile belirlenir.

 Ön eleme turu: 200.000 €
 Birinci eleme turu: 300.000 €
 İkinci eleme turu: 400.000 €
 Üçüncü eleme turu: 500.000 €
 Grup aşaması için taban ücret: 15.640.000 €
 Grup maçı galibiyeti: 2.800.000 €
 Grup maçı beraberliği: 900.000 €
 Son 16 turu: 9.600.000 €
 Çeyrek final: 10.600.000 €
 Yarı final: 12.500.000 €
 İkinci: 15.500.000 €
 Şampiyon: 20.000.000 €

Sponsorluk
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi, bir uluslararası şirketler topluluğu tarafından sponsorluk alır. 1992 yılında kupanın statüsünde olduğu gibi sponsorluk kriterleri de yenilendi. Buna göre en fazla sekiz sponsorluk anlaşması yapılabilecek, her şirket için saha içerisinde dörder reklam panosu tahsis edilecek, logolar ise biletlerin belirli bir kısmında yer alacaktır.

Reklam panoları, Britanya'daki stadların reklam panolarının boyutları yüzünden bazı zamanlar eleştiri almaktadır. Old Trafford, Anfield, Celtic Park ve Stamford Bridge gibi saha ile iç içe olan klasik İngiliz tipi stadların önüne koyulan reklam panolarının ön koltukta oturan seyircilerin görüş açısını düşürdüğünden dolayı sık sık eleştirilir. Bu taraftarların arasında tekerlekli sandalye kullanmak zorunda olan engellilerin de olması ve bu insanların oturdukları yeri değiştirmelerinin zor olması da bu eleştirilerin ana kaynağıdır.

Turnuvanın şu andaki ana sponsorları şunlardır:
Heineken (Norveç, Fransa, İsviçre, Türkiye, Kazakistan ve Rusya'da alkollü içecek reklamı yasak olduğundan dolayı bu ülkelerde enjoy responsibly olarak panolarda gösterilir. Sadece Norveç ve Kazakistan'da yeşil fonun üzerine "UEFA Respect" sloganı gösterilir.)
MasterCard
PepsiCo
Pepsi/Pepsi Max, Gatorade, and Lay's/Walkers reklamı yapılan markalardır. Televizyonlarda Ruffles markasının reklamı da yapıldığı görülmüştür.
Sony'nin yan markası
PlayStation'ın reklamı yapılmaktadır.
FedEx
Just Eat/Takeaway
Socios.com (Yalnızca ABD'de sanal panolar üzerinden reklamı yapılmakta.)
Oppo
Türk Hava Yolları

Adidas turnuvanın ikincil sponsorudur ve tüm UEFA turnuvalarında olduğu gibi Adidas Finale ile resmî maç topu ve hakem forması gibi sportif ihtiyaçları karşılamaktadır. Konami ise Pro Evolution Soccer serisi ile 2010'dan 2018'e kadar resmî video oyunu sponsorudur. O seneden sonra Electronic Arts şirketi EA SPORTS FIFA serisi için FIFA 19'dan itibaren UEFA turnuvalarının lisansını almıştır. Hublot ise organizasyonda dördüncü hakemlerin kullandıkları elektronik tabela sponsorudur.

Sponsorluk

FIFA Dünya Kupası'ndaki gibi UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi de birden fazla şirket tarafından sponsorlanmakta. Şampiyonlar Ligi 1992'de oluşturulduğunda, en fazla sekiz şirketin sponsor olabileceğine ve her birine sahanın etrafında dört reklam panosu, maç öncesi ve sonrası röportajlarına ve belirli sayıda bilet verileceğine karar verildi. Turnuvanın sponsorlarına maç sırasında televizyon reklamlarında öncelik verileceğini temin eden bir anlaşmayla da beraber bu, ana sponsorların asıl odak olduğunu sağlama almış oldu.

Turnuvanın 2021-2024 arasında ana sponsorları:
 Oppo
 FedEx
 Türk Hava Yolları
 Heineken N.V.
 Heineken (Arnavutluk, Azerbaycan, Bosna Hersek, Fransa, Kazakistan, Kosova, Norveç ve Türkiye dışında)
 Heineken Silver
 Just Eat Takeaway
 10bis (sadece İsrail'de)
 Menulog (sadece Avustralasya'da)
 Bistro (sadece Slovakya'da)
 Just Eat
 Danimarka
 Fransa
 İrlanda
 İtalya
 İspanya
 İsviçre
 Birleşik Krallık
 Lieferando (sadece Almanya ve Avusturya'da)
 Pyszne (sadece Polonya'da)
 Grubhub ve Seamless (sadece ABD'de)
 SkipTheDishes (sadece Kanada'da)
 Takeaway (sadece Belçika, Bulgaristan ve Lüksemburg'da)
 Thuisbezorgd (sadece Hollanda'da)
 Mastercard
 PepsiCo
 Pepsi
 Pepsi Max
 Lay's (Avustralasya, Balkanlar, Türkiye, İrlanda ve Birleşik Krallık dışında)
 Smith's (sadece Avustralasya)
 Walkers (sadece Birleşik Krallık ve İrlanda'da)
 Ruffles (sadece Türkiye'de)
 Chipsy ( Hırvatistan, Arnavutluk, Sırbistan, Karadağ, Bosna Hersek, Kosova ve Kuzey Makedonya'da)
 Rockstar
 Sony
 PlayStation 5
 Socios.com (sadece ABD'de)
Adidas ikincil bir sponsor ve maç topunu sağlıyor, Macron ise hakemlerin formalarını sağlaıyor.. Hublot da dördüncü hakem tabelalarını sağlamakta.

Takımlar eğer alkol ve bahis sitelerine reklam yasağı uygulanan bir ülkeye maça gidiyorlarsa bu ürünlerin sponsorluk emareleri kullanılmaz. Bunun bir örneği Fransa'da oynanan Olympique Lyon-Liverpool maçında Liverpool'un sponsoru olan Carlsberg'ün logo ve diğer reklam emareleri Fransa'daki alkollü içecekler için reklam yasağından dolayı kaldırılmıştır.

2008 yılında ise yine Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde son 16 mücadelesinde oynanan Fenerbahçe-Sevilla maçında Sevilla, göğüs reklamında yasadışı bir bahis şirketinin (888.com) ismini taşıdığı gerekçesiyle sahaya reklamsız formayla çıkmak zorunda kalmıştı.
Ayrıca 2012-13 sezonunda çeyrek final rövanş mücadelesinde Galatasaray ile mücadele eden Real Madrid, formasında sponsor olarak taşıdığı Avusturya kökenli bahis şirketi Bwin şirketinin Türkiye'de yasal bir bahis şirketi olmaması nedeniyle sahaya reklamsız formayla çıkmıştır.

2020-21 sezonunda Yunanistan ekibi Olympiakos'un formasında Yunan bahis şirketi Stoiximan.gr'nin reklamını taşıyan ekip, Fransa ekibi Marsilya deplasmanına giderken bahis şirketinin ülkede ve Yunanistan sınırları dışında yasal olmamasından ötürü iroes adı altında taşımıştır.

Yayın hakları

Şampiyonanın Avrupa'da yayınlanmadığı ülke yoktur, Avrupa dışındaki ülkeler de dahil olmak üzere toplam 70 ülkede 40 dilde yayınlanır. 2009 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi Finali, 109 milyon kişi tarafından izlenmiş ve 106 milyon kişinin izlediği Super Bowl XLIII karşılaşmasını geçerek o yılın en yüksek reyting alan programı olmuştur.

İstatistikler ve rekorlar

Şampiyonlar

En çok maça çıkanlar

Aşağıdaki tabloya organizasyonun eleme aşamasındaki ve Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası'ndaki istatistikler dâhil değildir.

Kalın yazılan oyuncular ise hâlâ Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde oynamaktadır.

En çok gol atanlar

Aşağıdaki tablo, organizasyonun eleme aşamasında atılan golleri içermemektedir.Kalın yazılan oyuncular hâlâ futbolculuk kariyerini sürdürmektedir.</small>

Ayrıca bakınız
 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi tüm zamanların puan durumu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 RSSSF.com'da Avrupa kupaları arşivi
 ECHistory.com'da UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi tarihi
 The-Sports.org'da Tüm zamanların istatistik ve sonuçları
 UEFA.com'da Kasım 2004 - UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nin 50. yılı

UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi


Der Große Preis der Schweiz fand 1950 auf der Rennstrecke von Bremgarten statt und war das vierte Rennen der Automobil-Weltmeisterschaft 1950.

Training
Ferrari setzte im Training ein an der Hinterachse verbessertes Fahrzeug ein, konnte aber die totale Dominanz der Alfa Romeo nicht brechen. Juan Manuel Fangio sicherte sich mit 2:42,1 min die Pole-Position.

Rennverlauf
Fangio nutze seine Pole-Position und kam als Führender aus der ersten Runde zurück, die für Yves Giraud-Cabantous bereits das Aus durch einen Unfall bedeutete. Alberto Ascari musste seinen Ferrari ebenfalls früh mit einem Schaden an der Ölleitung abstellen. Danach lagen die Hoffnungen von Ferrari, einigermaßen mit den Alfa Romeo mithalten zu können, allein bei Luigi Villoresi, dem es auch gelang, Luigi Fagioli zu überholen, kurz danach seinen Wagen aber mit einem defekten Motor abstellen musste.

Um den vierten Platz kämpften Bira und Étancelin, bis dieser in der 25. Runde mit Getriebeproblemen aufgeben musste. Zuvor war Eugène Martin in der 19. Runde schwer verunglückt. Beim Versuch, sich Öl vom Visier zu wischen, bremste er zu spät und kam von der Strecke ab. Dabei wurde er aus dem Wagen geschleudert und verletzte sich schwer am Bein. Erst 1952 konnte er
wieder Rennen bestreiten.

In den Boxen explodierte beim Auftanken Bonettos die unter Druck stehende Tankanlage, wobei allerdings niemand verletzt wurde. Bonetto konnte weiterfahren.

Die drei Alfa Romeo lagen weiterhin unangefochten in Führung, als in der 33. Runde Fangio an die Box kam und mit defekter Elektrik aufgeben musste. So erbte Rosier den dritten Platz, was zusammen mit dem Großen Preis von Belgien desselben Jahres sein bestes Formel-1-Ergebnis bleiben sollte.

Meldeliste

Klassifikation

Startaufstellung

Rennen

WM-Stand nach dem Rennen

Die ersten fünf bekamen 8, 6, 4, 3 bzw. 2 Punkte; einen Punkt gab es für die schnellste Runde. Es zählen nur die vier besten Ergebnisse aus sieben Rennen. *) beinhaltet den Punkt für die schnellste Runde, gleichfarbig markierte Felder repräsentieren Fahrzeugübernahme (geteilte Punkte) und Werte in Klammern sind Streichresultate.

Einzelnachweise
 Mike Lang: Grand Prix 1950–1965. Haynes Publishing Group, Sparkford Sommerset 1981 (engl.)

Weblinks
 Großer Preis der Schweiz 1950 auf motorsportarchiv.de

1950
Schweiz
Grosser Preis der Schweiz 1950
Bremgarten-Rundstrecke

Großer Preis der Schweiz 1950


Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson (fæddur 1961) er íslenskur jarðfræðingur og prófessor í jarðeðlisfræði í Háskóla Íslands. Magnús lærði jarðeðlisfræði í London.

Magnús er fjórði í röðinni af fimm systkinum og er Már Guðmundsson, fyrrum seðlabankastjóri bróðir hans. Magnús er fjallgöngumaður og hefur verið formaður Íslenska Alpaklúbbsins og er núverandi formaður Jöklarannsóknarfélagsins. Hann skrifaði bókina Fjallamennska í samvinnu við Ara Trausta Guðmundsson veturinn 1981-1982.

Tenglar
H.Í. - Magnús Tumi
Svör Magnúsar á Vísindavefnum
Mbl.is - Alltaf að spá og spekúlera

Íslenskir jarðfræðingar

Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson


Putnam Investments (Putnam) is a investment management firm founded in 1937 by George Putnam, who established one of the first balanced mutual funds, The George Putnam Fund of Boston. As one of the oldest mutual fund complexes in the United States, Putnam has over $183 billion in assets under management, 79 individual mutual fund offerings, 96 institutional clients, and over seven million shareholders and retirement plan participants.

Overview
Putnam is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts and has offices in London, Tokyo, Frankfurt, Sydney, and Singapore. It is a subsidiary of Great-West Lifeco  and as of June 2017 managed $183 billion in assets across 80 mutual funds, 100 institutional clients, and 5 million shareholders and participants.

Great-West Lifeco is currently owned by the Power Financial Corporation. On May 31 2023, Great-West Lifeco announced that Franklin Templeton Investments would acquire Putnam for $925 million. Putnam subsidiary, PanAgora Asset Management would not be included in the acquisition.

History
The firm was founded in 1937 by George Putnam, who established one of the first balanced mutual funds: The George Putnam Fund of Boston.  Lawrence Lasser joined the company in 1969, and it became "one of the largest managers of mutual funds."

In 1997, Putnam Investments established a connection with Nippon Life Insurance in Osaka, Japan, and its subsidiary Nissay Asset Management Company.

2000 to 2006
The year 2000 marked the beginning of a gradual asset value decline that took Putnam's asset value from $400 billion to $192 billion.

In October 2003, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Massachusetts Secretary of State each filed separate civil complaints against Putnam, alleging that the company's portfolio managers, along with some preferred clients, had engaged in the rapid trading of some of Putnam's mutual funds.  A few days later, Lasser resigned, and Charles "Ed" Haldeman, director of one of the company's investment divisions, was promoted to chief executive.

Between 2003 and 2007, Haldeman initiated broad changes within the company.  He created a new set of guiding principles for the company and reduced the company's staff by 11 percent, including eliminating 25 of the highest-paid executive positions.  He reduced senior management compensation to half of what it was in 2000 and adjusted portfolio managers' compensation to encourage more long-term thinking and planning.

In early 2004, the company admitted allowing its portfolio managers and some investors to market time its funds. Under agreements with the SEC and the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Putnam paid $110 million in fines and restitution to settle charges with the state and federal regulators.  After allegations of improper trading became public, Putnam's investors withdrew at least $28 billion from its stock and bond funds over six months. By May, 70 civil actions had been filed against Putnam for allegedly engaging in improper trading.

In 2005, Putnam paid $40 million to settle charges made in 2003 that it "did not tell fund investors or directors about paying" brokerage firms for recommending its mutual funds to clients. Afterward, some investors withdrew their funds. This settlement was the final resolution in an investigation of Putnam's payments to 80 brokers conducted over three years.

In 2006, 48 percent of Putnam's mutual funds scored in the top 50 percent compared with funds in their peer group, an increase of 8 percent from two years prior. However, that same year,  an SEC lawsuit accused several former employees, including their transfer agency chief,  of "defrauding several mutual funds and a corporate retirement plan of $4 million" so they could "cover up an investment-processing error." The lawsuit was about an asset transfer to the Cardinal Health plan that was intentionally delayed by one day in January 2001. After failing to take advantage of a $4 million windfall, Putnam executives covered up the incident and attributed the loss to other mutual funds.

2007 to Present
In February 2007, Great-West Lifeco, which is controlled by Power Corporation of Canada, announced it would acquire Putnam Investments, a "troubled mutual fund manager," from the Marsh & McLennan Companies for the approximate price of $3.9 billion. The acquisition of Putnam was motivated by  Great-West Lifeco's 2005 decision to expand into the United States. The following month, Putnam received the 2007 Optimas Award for Ethical Practice in recognition of its then-recent efforts to create a more ethical company culture.

In June 2007, two of Putnam's former managing directors agreed to each pay a $400,000 civil penalty to settle charges of improper trading of mutual fund shares, according to the Securities and Exchange Commission. The two directors also agreed to a one-year suspension from any role as an investment advisor. They settled their charges without any admission or denial of guilt. That same month, Lasser, Putnam's former chief executive, agreed to pay $75,000 as a settlement against accusations by the Security and Exchanges Commission that he "failed to disclose that the investment company used fund assets to pay brokerage firms for preferred marketing agreements."

In 2008, Haldeman was replaced by Robert L. Reynolds who was named president and chief executive officer of Putnam Investments. In November, Reynolds told the Financial Times that he would restructure the company by merging several equity funds, basing compensation on performance, and laying off 47 workers including managers.

On September 18, 2008, Putnam directors voted to liquidate its $12.3 billion Putnam Prime Money Market Fund and return capital to its approximately 155 professional investors. According to a statement issued by the company, the decision came as a result of "significant redemption pressure." The fund's board of trustees decided that "selling assets to meet redemption [obligations] would risk losses for the remaining investors."

In 2009, according to a Putnam press release, Reynolds designed a 10-point plan and launched an effort calling for public and private collaboration to strengthen the nation's retirement system. That year, Putnam launched the industry's first suite of absolute return funds available to U.S. retail investors and re-entered the institutional defined contribution business with a 401(k) product offering.

In 2011, Putnam received the DALBAR Service Award for the 21st consecutive year for "industry leading service to shareholders and financial professionals."

Putnam was the first mutual fund company to implement the voluntary "Mutual Fund Protection Principles", an industry standard for compliance and investor protection. Putnam also has a Risk parity strategy called the Putnam Total Return.

See also
 List of mutual-fund families

References

External links

Companies based in Boston
American companies established in 1937
Financial services companies established in 1937
Mutual funds of the United States
American subsidiaries of foreign companies
1937 establishments in Massachusetts

Putnam Investments


La Règle du jeu (, en tchèque : Nord) est une mini-série télévisée tchèque, réalisée par Robert Sedláček et diffusée sur Česká televize en 2019. Elle est ensuite diffusée sur la plate-forme Prime Video.

Synopsis
À Bílina dans la région d'Ústí nad Labem au Nord de la Tchéquie, un ingénieur, Petr Svoboda, découvre sur le parking devant chez lui le corps d'une adolescente poignardée. Voyant qu'il prend l'affaire à cœur, Vítek, un ami d'enfance de Petr devenu policier, lui suggère d'entrer dans la police pour pouvoir enquêter. Petr suit une formation et six mois plus tard il est policier, sous les ordres d'Ivan Rezner. Mais il découvre que certains suspects haut placés comme Valenta sont protégés, et que la police est gangrenée par la corruption.

Fiche technique
 Scénario : Václav Hašek et Zdeněk Zapletal
 Réalisation : Robert Sedláček
 Photographie : Jan Šuster
 Montage :
 Musique : Michal Rataj
 Costumes :
 Décors : Anna Hornofová
 Production : Petr Bílek et Jan Lekeš
 Durée : 260 minutes (6 fois 52-58 minutes)
 Dates de diffusion : du  au  sur Česká televize

Distribution
 Jiří Mádl : Petr Svoboda
 Eliška Křenková : Lucie Svobodová
 Štěpán Benoni : Vítek Brázdil
 Aleš Bílík : Marek Hanus
 Martin Havelka : Ivan Rezner
 Petra Špalková : la procureure
 Luboš Veselý : Filip Suchý
 Roman Luknár : Jiří Svoboda
 Martin Pechlát : Rostislav Valenta
 Taťjana Medvecká : Mme Syrová
 Pavla Beretová : l'avocate
 Martin Myšička : le juge

Épisodes
Pomáhat a chránit
Střet zájmů
Nepřátelé státu
Otevřená válka
Justice
Jenom vítr

Notes et références

Liens externes

 La Règle du jeu sur Eurochannel

Série télévisée tchèque
Série télévisée des années 2010
Série télévisée policière
Série télévisée tournée en Tchéquie
Série télévisée en tchèque
Mini-série
Série télévisée créée en 2019

La Règle du jeu (série télévisée)


Rauvolfioideae, potporodica biljaka, dio porodice zimzelenovki. Podijeljena je na 11 tribusa. Najvažniji rod je ravolfija (Rauvolfia), vazdazeleni polugrmovi i grmovi iz tropske Amerike, Afrike i Azije.

Tribusi
 Alstonieae G.Don
 Alyxieae G. Don
 Amsonieae M.E. Endress
 Aspidospermateae Miers
 Carisseae Dumort.
 Hunterieae Miers
 Melodineae G. Don
 Plumerieae E.Mey.
 Tabernaemontaneae G.Don
 Vinceae Duby
 Willughbeieae A.DC. in DC.

Izvori

Zimzelenovke

Rauvolfioideae


Mimar Sedefkar Mehmed Ağa 1562'de Elbasan'dan İstanbul'a (Kostantiniyye) geldi. Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'ın türbesinde bir yıl bahçe bekçisi oldu, ardından Hasbahçe'ye girdi. Acemi oğlanlarının musikî meclisinden etkilenerek tezene çalmaya başladı.

1570'ten 1589'a kadar Mimar Sinan'nın öğrencisi oldu. Muhzırbaşı oldu. Mimar Sinan'ın ölümünün ardından Mimar Davud Ağa'dan, sonra da Dalgıç Ahmed Ağa'dan ilim öğrendi. 1590'da kulle sofisi oldu, Mısır'a gitti, oradan bütün Arabistan'ı dolaştı. İstanbul'a döndükten sonra sultanın emriyle Rumeli teftişine çıktı. Selanik, Arnavutluk, Malta, İspanya, Bosna, Frengistan, Budin, Erdel, Eflak, Boğdan, Kırım, Kefe, Silistre, Niğbolu, Semendire, Belgrat'ı görüp döndü. Diyarbakır'a müsellim olarak gitti, altı ay idare etti. Şam'da Havran nahiye hakimi oldu.

1598'de Su Nazırı, sekiz yıldan sonra 1606'da mimarbaşı oldu. 1609-1610 yıllarında At Meydanı'nda Sultanahmet Camii'nin temeli atıldı. Temel kazma işi 36 gün sürdü. Caminin tamamlanması 7 yılı buldu.

Kaynakça
 Orhan Şaik Gökyay, "Risale-i Mimariyye, Mimar Mehmet Ağa, Eserleri", Ord.Prof.İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı'ya Armağan içinde,s.113-215, TTK.

1562 doğumlular
Osmanlı mimarları
1617 yılında ölenler
Elbasan doğumlular

Sedefkâr Mehmed Ağa