الأثر المفاجئ  هو فيلم من أفلام الممثل الكبير والشهير والأسطورة كلنت ايستود. وكان بطلها بشخصية من أحد أشهر الشخصيات السينمائية «هاري القذر» وكان هذا خامس أفلام هذه الشخصية، في سنة 1983.

الميزانية والإيرادات
بلغت تكلفة إنتاج الفيلم حوالي 22 مليون دولار بينما حقق أرباحا تقدر بـ 67642693 دولار.

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

أفلام أحداثها في منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 1980
أفلام إثارة وحركة أمريكية
أفلام إثارة وحركة إنتاج عقد 1980
أفلام إثارة وحركة في 1983
أفلام إنتاج 1983
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1980
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1973
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1983
أفلام تقع أحداثها في سان فرانسيسكو
أفلام تقع أحداثها في كاليفورنيا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في وادي لاس فيغاس
أفلام عن الانتقام
أفلام عن الكلاب
أفلام متممة أمريكية
أفلام متممة إنتاج عقد 1980
أفلام محققي الشرطة
أفلام مصورة في سان فرانسيسكو
أفلام من إخراج كلينت إيستوود
أفلام من إنتاج كلينت إيستوود
أفلام وارنر برذرز
الاغتصاب والانتقام في الأفلام
هاري القذر (فيلم)

الأثر المفاجئ (فيلم)


Josamarant () er en pragtfinke, der lever i det nordlige Nigeria.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Vestafrika
Pragtfinker

Josamarant


Kriminalpolizei (hrv. kriminalistička policija), kolokvijalno, Kripo, naziv je ogranka policijskih snaga Njemačke, Austrije i dijela Švicarske koji se bavi progonom kao i prevencijom kaznenih djela.

U nacističkoj Njemačkoj Kripo je bio odjel kriminalističke policije za čitav Treći Reich. Danas u Saveznoj Republici Njemačkoj većinu istraga provodi državna policija (Landespolizei).
Policija
Kvartarne djelatnosti
Državne institucije

Kriminalpolizei


Denis Murphy (born 2 November 1948) is a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wansbeck from 1997 until 2010.

Early life
He attended the (Roman Catholic) St Cuthbert's Grammar School on Gretna Road in Newcastle upon Tyne. He then attended Northumberland College in Ashington.

He had previously led Wansbeck District Council. He is a member of the NUM and was the only member of the 1997 parliamentary intake to be backed by that union. Denis Murphy formerly worked down the mines himself. From 1965 to 1969, he was an apprentice electrician. From 1969 to 1994, he was an electrician at Ellington Colliery in Ellington, which closed in 2005.

Parliamentary career
On his proudest achievement in government since 1997 Denis Murphy said:  "I was proud of the major role I played to secure funding for the UK mining industry, safeguarding hundreds of jobs in my constituency and the future of the last deep mine in the Great Northern coalfield, Ellington colliery in Northumberland." Ellington Colliery subsequently closed on 26 January 2005.

 Voted for an amendment saying the case for renewing the UK's Trident nuclear submarine system "is not yet proven" and that a decision should be delayed.
 Signed Early Day Motion 2699 Freedom of Information, 10 December 2006.
 Has campaigned hard for a local rail service in his constituency, with talks advancing further in early 2007.

On 5 November 2009, Murphy announced his decision to stand down at the next general election. His successor in the constituency was Ian Lavery, the former President of the National Union of Mineworkers.

References

External links
 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Denis Murphy MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com – Denis Murphy MP
 Trident rebels
 BBC Politics

News items
 Fizzy drinks in schools in December 2005
 Ellington pit in February 2005
 Killer drivers in April 2003

1948 births
Living people
Councillors in Northumberland
English miners
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
People from Ashington

Denis Murphy (British politician)


, Naruto adlı manga ve anime serisinin kurgusal karakterlerindendir.

Hyuuga klanının yan ailesindenolan Neji, babası öldükten sonra yan ailenin başına geçmiştir. Yan ailenin görevi ana ailedekileri korumaktır. Küçükken tüm yan aile üyelerine bir mühür uygulanır ve kurallara karşı gelirlerse ana aileden biri mührü aktif hale geçirip, o kişiyi uyarabilir ya da öldürebilir. Bu mühürden Neji'de de vardır. Babası Hizashi Hyuuga ile amcası Hiashi Hyuuga ikiz kardeştir. Amcası daha büyük olduğu için babası yan ailenin başına, amcası da ana ailenin başına geçer. Neji küçüklüklerinden beri kuzeni Hinata'dan daha güçlü olmuştur. Babası, Neji'nin hiçbir zaman ana ailenin başına geçemeyeceğini bildiği için içindeki nefreti Hiashi anlar ve hemen mührü harekete geçirip onu uyarır. Hiashi, bir Bulut Köyü ninjasının Hinata'yı kaçırırken öldürür. Bu yüzden Kumokagure karşılık olarak Hiashi'nin canını ister. Hizashi abisi yerine gitmek ister ve bu şekilde de kendi canını feda eder. Babasının ölüm haberini alan Neji, babasını ana aile tarafından öldürüldüğünü zanneder. Bu yüzden de ana aileye hep nefret duyar. Hiashi, Neji'nin neden nefret duyduğunu öğrendiği zaman Neji'den özür diler ve ona babasının ona yazdığı bir mektup verir. Bu mektupta babasının neden öldürüldüğü anlatılmaktadır. Bu sayede Neji'nin nefreti yok olur.
Tenten ve Rock Lee, Neji'nin takım arkadaşlarıdır. Might Gai de takım lideri ve hocalarıdır. Yan aileden olmasına karşın çok güçlüdür ve aile tekniklerini kullanmakta kendini çok geliştirmiştir. Ayrıca akademiden birinci olarak mezun olmuştur. Naruto ile dövüşene kadar kendini herkesten güçlü gören kibirli biridir. Ancak Naruto ile dövüşürken Naruto'nun vazgeçmeyip kötü dövülmesine rağmen vazgeçmeyip yenilmesinden sonra kibirliliği ortadan kalkmıştır. Önemli olanın güç değil vazgeçmemek olduğunu anlamıştır ve animenin 117. bölümde düşmanlarıyla dovüşürken her zaman Naruto'nun vazgeçmeyişini hatırlayıp vazgeçmeden yenmenin bir yolunu bulmuştur. Kibirliliğinin yanında çok akıllı ve mantıklı hareket eden bir liderdir. Bölüm 364 itibarıyla Naruto ve Hinata'yı korurken ölmüştür.Alnındaki yan klanın mührü belirmiştir ve Neji ''Artık çok geç''' demiş,Hinata'ya ve Naruto'ya nasihatler vermiş,ve en önemliside ''Naruto!.Hinata seni korumak için ölmeye bile hazır''diyerek son nefesini vermiştir...

Hyūga Neji
Kurgusal erkek karakterler

Neji Hyūga


Wendy Brown (født 28. november 1955) er en amerikansk politisk teoretiker.

Hun er uddannet med en bachelor i økonomi og politik fra UC Santa Cruz, og en master og Ph.D. i politisk filosofi fra Princeton University. Hun har undervist i politisk teori og kritisk teori på UC Berkeley siden 1999.

Brown holder foredrag rundt omkring i verden og har har holdt æresstillinger på en lang række instituter. Hun er kendt for at have etableret nye paradigmer indenfor feministisk teori, med inspiration fra Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Weber og Michel Foucault.

Brown bor i Berkeley, Californien sammen med sin kone Judith Butler og sin søn.

Kvindelige filosoffer
Feminister fra USA

Wendy Brown


A petty officer (PO) is a non-commissioned officer in many navies. In many nations, they are typically equal to a sergeant in comparison to other military branches. Often they may be superior to a seaman, and subordinate to more senior non-commissioned officers, such as a chief petty officers.

Petty officers are usually sailors that have served at least several years in their respective navies. Petty officers represent the junior and mid-grade non-commissioned officer ranks of many naval services, and are generally responsible for the day-to-day supervision of ranks junior to them. They may also serve as technical specialists within their rating (military occupation).

Origin

The modern petty officer dates back to the Age of Sail in the Royal Navy. Petty officers rank between naval officers (both commissioned and warrant) and most enlisted sailors. These were men with some claim to officer rank, sufficient to distinguish them from ordinary ratings, without raising them so high as the sea officers. Several were warrant officers, in the literal sense of being appointed by warrant, and like the warrant sea officers, their superiors, they were usually among the specialists of the ship's company. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that the title derives from the Anglo-Norman and Middle French "", meaning "of small size, small, little".

Two of the Royal Navy petty officer's rates, midshipman and master's mate, were a superior petty officer with a more general authority, but they remained no more than ratings. However, it was quite possible for a warrant officer (such as the armourer), in his role as a superior officer, to be court-martialed for striking a midshipman. This is because the midshipman was regarded as future sea officer, with the all-important social distinction of having the right to walk the quarterdeck. Midshipmen wore distinctive uniforms, master's mates dressed respectably, and both behaved like officers.  The master's mate rating evolved into the rank of sub-lieutenant, and midshipman evolved into naval cadet. In the same administrative reforms of the 1860s that created the rank of Sub-lieutenant, two grades of Petty Officer were established for senior ratings - Petty Officer Second Class and Petty Officer First Class, the latter usually being achieved by men who had served as a PO 2nd Class with good conduct for six years. PO2s wore 'square rig' (the traditional sailor suit worn by junior ratings) while PO1s wore 'fore and aft' rig like chief petty officers and above. PO2s wore insignia of a fouled anchor (as for leading hands) but surmounted by a crown, while the insignia of a PO1 was a pair of crossed fouled anchors with a crown. The rank of Petty Officer Second Class was abolished in 1907 and the rank simply being titled as Petty Officer from then, with the uniform and insignia formerly used by PO1s.

Grades
 Petty officer third class
 Petty officer second class
 Petty officer first class
 Chief petty officer
 Senior chief petty officer
 Master chief petty officer

Usage in navies

Canada
There are two petty officer ranks in the Royal Canadian Navy. Petty officer, 2nd class (PO2) (maître de deuxième classe or m2 in French) is equivalent to a sergeant and petty officer, 1st class (PO1) (maître de première classe or m1) is equivalent to a warrant officer.

Petty officers are normally addressed as "Petty Officer Bloggins" or "PO Bloggins", thereafter as "PO". The "1st class" and "2nd class" designations are normally only used when such a distinction needs to be made, such as on a promotion parade or to distinguish two petty officers with similar names but different ranks. The NATO rank denotion for "petty officer, 2nd class" is OR-6 (petty officers, 2nd class with less than 3 years seniority are considered OR-5). The NATO rank denotion for "petty officer, 1st class" is OR-7.

India
A petty officer is a non-commissioned officer in the Indian Navy, equivalent to the NATO rank enlisted grade of OR-6. They are equal in rank to a sub inspector of police in the Indian Police Services, or sergeant in the Indian Army and Indian Air Force. A petty officer is superior in rank to a leading rate and subordinate to a chief petty officer, as is the case in the majority of Commonwealth navies.

A petty officer has the ability to work as a leader, capable of taking charge of a group of personnel, and taking roles in the training and recruitment of new members of the Indian Navy.

United Kingdom

In the Royal Navy, the rate of petty officer comes above that of leading rating and below that of chief petty officer. It is the equivalent of sergeant in the Royal Marines, British Army and Royal Air Force. Petty officer is the lowest of the senior rating grades. Petty officers, like all senior rates, wear "fore and aft" rig.

United States

The title of petty officer in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard has three separate "classes" (in order from junior to senior: 3rd class, 2nd class, 1st class) and three senior grades (chief petty officer, senior chief petty officer, master chief petty officer). Petty officer, first class is equivalent in paygrade to staff sergeant in the United States Army and Marine Corps, and technical sergeant in the United States Air Force and United States Space Force. Petty officer, second class is equivalent in paygrade to sergeant in the United States Army, Marine Corps, and Space Force, and staff sergeant in the United States Air Force. Petty officer, third class is equivalent in paygrade to corporal in the United States Army, corporal in the United States Marine Corps, senior airman in the United States Air Force, and specialist 4 in the United States Space Force.

In the Navy, Petty Officer, Third Class is the juniormost of the Non-Commissioned Officer ranks, and thus a sailor must demonstrate satisfactory performance in the previous rank (E-3) in the form of a favorable performance review(s) by his/her superiors, and the passing of an exam, in order to be promoted to PO3.

Enlisted rank has two components: rate (pay grade) and rating (job specialty). Both components are reflected in the title. A sailor in the rate of petty officer first class with a rating of Aviation Machinist's Mate, would be an Aviation Machinist's Mate 1st Class (abbreviated "AD1"). In the Navy, it is acceptable to refer to a Petty Officer as such, while in the Coast Guard, rating is always used.

Gallery

See also
Boatswain's mate (disambiguation)
List of United States Navy ratings
Royal Navy ratings rank insignia
United States Navy enlisted rates

References

Military ranks of the Commonwealth
Military ranks of Australia
Military ranks of Canada
Military ranks of the Royal Navy
Military ranks of the United States Navy
Naval ranks
Marine occupations

Petty officer


Low Moor bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Low Moor (Iowa)
 Low Moor (New Jersey)
 Low Moor (Virginia)

in England:
 Low Moor (Bradford)
 Low Moor (Lancashire)

Low Moor


Breitenburg, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 10,49 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1076 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Hermann Milde tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-breitenburg.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Breitenburg


An Crypsis vaginiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Peter Forsskål, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Philipp Filip Maximilian Opiz. An Crypsis vaginiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crypsis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Crypsis

Crypsis vaginiflora


Bulli ( ) is a northern suburb of Wollongong situated on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia.

History

Bulli is possibly derived from an Aboriginal word signifying "double or two mountains", but other derivations have been suggested.

Originally inhabited by Dharawal Aboriginal people, European wood cutters worked in the area from about 1815. The area was once abundant in Red Cedars, these are now still seen but thinly. The first permanent European settler was Cornelius O'Brien, who established a farm in 1823 and whose name was given in the pass at O'Briens Road south at Figtree.

Bulli soil is also the primary source of soil and foundation of Sydney Cricket Ground, which makes the SCG being seen traditionally as one of the most spin-friendly international cricket grounds in Australia.

Coal
The Bulli Coal Company opened a mine in 1862 on the escarpment and built cottages to house miners and their families. Coal was transported by rail from the mine to Bulli Jetty at Sandon Point where it was loaded onto ships.

The miners were paid in accordance with production, they were not paid a set wage. The first trade union in the Illawarra region was formed by miners at Bulli in 1879. Management retaliated by firing and evicting union miners and hiring non-union labour.

On 23 March 1887, a gas explosion in the mine killed 81 men and boys, leaving 50 women widows and 150 children without fathers. There was one survivor, a 17-year-old boy who became known as "Boy Cope". A memorial obelisk listing the names of those who perished is situated in Park Road, Bulli, adjacent to the railway line. The mine reopened later in the year.  The Bulli Mine Disaster was the worst in Australia's history until surpassed in 1902 by Mount Kembla.

The disaster was first examined by a coroner's inquest.  The verdict was delivered by the jury as: "Yes the Jury are of the opinion that William Wade and others came to their death in the Bulli Coalmine on 23rd or March 1887 by a gas explosion".  The jury then added a rider: "which was brought about by the disregard of the Bulli Colliery Special Rules and Coal Mines Act, in allowing men to work when gas existed". Following the coroner's inquest a royal commission was established under the chairmanship of Dr. James R. M. Robertson to inquire into the accident.

Air entering the mine was divided into two.  One part went to the western district, the other continued down the main tunnel and supplied the Hill End district which was where the explosion occurred. Within the Hill End District the air passed through each of six headings in turn before being ejected by a furnace at the foot of an upcast shaft.  Clearly this meant that any firedamp (usually methane) released by the earlier headings was drawn across the later headings where the men were working.  Along each heading were the areas where men extracted the coal.  They were known as bords.  When a bord had been worked out it was simply sealed off, but this meant that any firedamp accumulating there was not promptly removed. Each tunnel was used for three purposes: as a travelling road (for access to parts of the mine), as a haulage road (for bringing coal out) and as a ventilation passage.  To control the ventilation doors were used, but they had to be opened for the passage of trains of skips. Each opening disrupted the air currents throughout that section of the mine.

The mine has since long been levelled, with only concrete foundations revealing the location of the old office area and other buildings. Hidden along the cliff behind said foundations can be found the old mine entrances. These have been sealed with up to 12 feet of concrete, with a drainage line set in the concrete. To the east is the remnants of the sorting site, a few scattered foundations and a tar patch.

The old railway line from the mine to the coast has mostly been removed, but as you drive south into Bulli you will see the bridge it was set in, now used as a walkway over the highway after a fatal car accident involving a school child saw it restored. This bridge now features a welcome sign for the historic 'black diamond' district.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 6,105 people in Bulli.
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 2.2% of the population.
 80.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 4.8%.
 90.3% of people spoke only English at home.
 The most common responses for religion were No Religion 35.4%, Catholic 24.3% and Anglican 17.5%.

Education

There are two public primary schools named: Bulli Public School and Waniora Public School. There is also one private primary school named St Joseph's Catholic Parish Primary and one public high school in Bulli High School.

Landmarks

Bulli Beach (pictured below) is a popular surfing spot. The northern tip (Sandon Point) is a venue for regular surfing competitions.

Bulli's main historical feature is the railway station, situated between the escarpment and the surf beaches. The station was the first on the south coast and contains a museum which is open every Sunday.

Another historic feature is the Heritage Hotel, which was opened in 1889. This is in the heart of the 'Black Diamond' district.

The Illawarra Grevillea Park is an arboretum and botanic garden which opened in 1993. It houses the repository or living collection of the Grevillea Study Group of the Australian Plants Society (previously SGAP). It is a botanic garden containing plants native to Australia – its collections include grevilleas, prostantheras and rainforest plants. Staffed and run by volunteers, it is open 6 weekends a year.

Behind the Illawarra Grevillea Park is Slacky Flat Park which is home to some reasonably undisturbed remnant rainforest and numerous species of native birds and marsupials.

The town has a small chain of commerce in its central district west of the station, and includes a newsagent and several specialty stores. The town is home to St Joseph's Catholic Primary School (current principal Mrs Luisa Tobin), Bulli Public School, Waniora Public School and Bulli High School, New South Wales.

At Sandon Point and Tramway Creek immediately north of the promontory, there is some remnant bushland including turpentine forest. This is an important migratory bird location and a history walk has been set up along the road were the old railway used to go. This point is also the site of a midden area. For over fifteen years the local community has been campaigning against residential development of this coastal floodplain and wetland. This included over 150 submissions to a Commission of Inquiry which recommended against further major development. Minister for Planning, Frank Sartor, however has overridden his COI to give Stockland and the Anglican Village Retirement Trust approval to add over 1000 residential houses and units.

Heritage listings
Bulli has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 240 Princes Highway: Heritage Hotel
 Railway Street: Bulli railway station

Gallery

External links

 "Illawarra Coal" – An unofficial history of coal mining in the Illawarra
 The Illawarra Grevillea Park Page
Bulli Community Web Portal

References

Suburbs of Wollongong
Coastline of New South Wales
City of Wollongong
Mining towns in New South Wales
Coal mining disasters in Australia

Bulli, New South Wales


Entroncamento  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Centro bölgesine bağlı Médio Tejo altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 2 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 São João Baptista
 Nossa Senhora de Fátima

Portekiz'in belediyeleri
Médio Tejo

Entroncamento


Galdieria, rod crvenih algi smješren u vlastitu porodicu Galdieriaceae dio reda Cyanidiales. Sastoji se od pet priznatih vrsta

Vrste
 Galdieria daedala O.Yu.Sentsova
 Galdieria maxima O.Yu.Sentsova
 Galdieria partita O.Yu.Sentsova
 Galdieria phlegrea Pinto, Ciniglia, Cascone & Pollo
 Galdieria sulphuraria (Galdieri) Merola - tipična

Izvori

Cyanidiophytina

Galdieria


Chris Finch (Cambridge, 6 de novembro de 1969) é um treinador norte-americano de basquete profissional que é o atual treinador do Minnesota Timberwolves da National Basketball Association (NBA).

Anteriormente, ele foi assistente técnico do Houston Rockets, Denver Nuggets, New Orleans Pelicans e Toronto Raptors da NBA.

Carreira como jogador

Universitário
Finch se formou em 1992 no Franklin & Marshall College em Lancaster, Pensilvânia. Em 1991, como um dos melhores defensores da terceira divisão do país, ele ajudou a liderar a universidade final do Torneio da NCAA da Divisão III em Springfield, Ohio, onde a equipe perdeu para Wisconsin-Platteville. Finch está entre os líderes de todos os tempos da universidade em pontos, rebotes, assistências, bloqueios e roubos de bola.

Profissional
Finch passou toda a sua carreira de jogador com o Sheffield Forgers da então segunda divisão do basquete da Inglaterra, a National Basketball League. Antes da temporada de 1994-95, Finch e Sheffield se mudaram para a primeira divisão do basquete britânico, a Liga Britânica de Basquete.

Carreira como treinador

Sheffield Sharks
Finch começou sua carreira de treinador principal no Sheffield Sharks da Liga Britânica de Basquete, o mesmo time em que jogou durante sua carreira de jogador profissional. Ele os levou a vários títulos durante seu mandato, tornando a franquia a mais bem sucedida da história da liga. Depois de ganhar o título da temporada regular com Sheffield na temporada de 1998-99, ele foi nomeado o Treinador do Ano da BBL.

Gießen 46ers
Ele então se mudou para a Alemanha para um novo desafio, onde foi o treinador principal do Gießen 46ers da Liga Alemã. A equipe teve um ano horrível e Finch foi demitido depois de ter um recorde de 4-13, com a equipe à beira do rebaixamento.

Euphony Bree
Após seu tempo mal sucedido na Alemanha, Finch mudou-se para a Bélgica, onde foi o treinador principal do Euphony Bree. Ele levou Bree ao seu primeiro e único campeonato belga de basquete em 2005.

Dexia Mons-Hainaut
Em 2007, Finch mudou-se para o Dexia Mons-Hainaut da Bélgica. Com Finch no comando, Dexia Mons-Hainaut chegou à final da Eurocopa de 2007-08, onde perdeu para o  Barons Riga por um ponto.

Rio Grande Valley Vipers
Em 2009, Finch tornou-se o treinador principal do Rio Grande Valley Vipers da D-League. Sob o comando de Finch, os Vipers tiveram um recorde de 34-16, terminando em primeiro lugar na Conferência Oeste e conquistando a primeira vaga nos playoffs da franquia. Nos playoffs, os Vipers venceram Reno Bighorns e Austin Spurs em 3 jogos e varreram Tulsa 66ers nas finais para ganhar o primeiro título da franquia. Finch foi nomeado o Treinador do Ano da D-League.

Houston Rockets
Finch foi contratado como treinador assistente do Houston Rockets em 2011. Depois que Kevin McHale foi demitido em 2015 e J. B. Bickerstaff o substituiu interinamente, Finch foi nomeado auxiliar técnico principal.

Denver Nuggets
Em 8 de agosto de 2016, Finch foi oficialmente contratado pelo Denver Nuggets como auxiliar técnico principal de Michael Malone.

New Orleans Pelicans
Em 8 de junho de 2017, Finch foi oficialmente contratado pelo New Orleans Pelicans como auxiliar técnico principal de Alvin Gentry. Em 16 de novembro de 2020, Finch não teve seu contrato renovado pelos Pelicans.

Toronto Raptors
Em 4 de dezembro de 2020, ele foi anunciado oficialmente como novo membro da equipe técnica do Toronto Raptors, onde atuou como assistente técnico de Nick Nurse, que havia trabalhado junto nos Jogos Olímpicos de 2012.

Minnesota Timberwolves
Em 22 de fevereiro de 2021, o Minnesota Timberwolves nomeou Finch como o novo treinador principal da equipe. Em 11 de abril de 2022, ele recebeu uma extensão de vários anos.

Recorde como treinador

Carreira na seleção
Finch também treinou a Seleção Britânica no EuroBasket de 2009 e 2011 e nos Jogos Olímpicos de 2012. Ele renunciou depois que sua equipe foi eliminada das Olimpíadas para se concentrar em sua carreira de treinador da NBA.

Basquetebolistas de Ohio
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1969
Treinadores de basquetebol
Treinadores de basquetebol dos Estados Unidos

Chris Finch


الدكة بربر نادي كرة قدم من السودان مقره في مدينة بربر في ولاية نهر النيل، شارك النادي في بطولة كأس السودان عام 2005 وحل في المركز السادس.

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم في السودان

الدكة بربر


بيت غطاسهي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى نجد عكار.

المراجع

الشفت
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Pingvinerne fra Madagascar (eng: Penguins of Madagascar) er en amerikansk tegnefilm fra 2014.

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2014
Animationsfilm fra USA

Pingvinerne fra Madagascar (film)


Dennis Șerban (Bucarest, Rumanía, 5 de enero de 1976), es un exfutbolista rumano, actualmente ejerce de entrenador. Conocido por su amplia trayectoria en clubes de España.

Clubes

Futbolistas de Bucarest
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Rumania en los años 1990

Futbolistas del FC Farul Constanța
Futbolistas del Steaua de Bucarest
Futbolistas del Valencia Club de Fútbol en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Villarreal Club de Fútbol en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Villarreal Club de Fútbol en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Elche Club de Fútbol en los años 2000

Futbolistas del Rapid Bucarest
Futbolistas del Córdoba Club de Fútbol en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Polideportivo Ejido

Futbolistas del Fotbal Club Petrolul Ploiești
Futbolistas del Dinamo de Bucarest

Futbolistas del Athlitiki Enosi Larissas
Entrenadores de fútbol de Rumania
Nacidos en Bucarest

Dennis Șerban


La Selección de baloncesto de Libia es el equipo formado por jugadores de nacionalidad libia que representa a la Federación de baloncesto de Libia en las competiciones internacionales organizadas por la Federación Internacional de Baloncesto (FIBA) o el Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI), los Juegos Olímpicos, Campeonato mundial de baloncesto y FIBA África.

Áfrobasket

Véase también
 FIBA África

Libia
Baloncesto en Libia
Baloncesto

Selección de baloncesto de Libia


Feriye Sarayı ya da Feriye Sarayları, İstanbul Boğazı kıyılarında günümüzdeki Beşiktaş semtiyle Ortaköy semti arasında Çırağan Caddesi boyunca uzanan Osmanlı saraylarının eski adıdır. Saraylar günümüzde çeşitli kurumlar tarafından eğitim amacıyla kullanılmaktadır.

İstanbul Boğazı kıyılarında Osmanlı Hanedanı için yaptırılan ilk saray 1856 yılında kullanılıma açılan Dolmabahçe Sarayı idi. Daha sonra 1872 yılında Çırağan Sarayı yaptırıldı. Ancak bu iki saray da Osmanlı ailesine yetmeyince Çırağan Sarayı'yla Ortaköy Camii arasındaki kıyı şeridinde ek binalar yaptırıldı. Balyan Ailesine üye mimarlar tarafından yapılan bu binalara ikincil binalar ya da yan binalar anlamında Feriye Sarayları adı verildi.

Deniz tarafında üç ana bina, bir cariyeler koğuşu ve iki katlı küçük bir binadan oluşan yapılar topluluğunun arkasında, yol tarafında ek binalar yer almaktadır. Bu saraylarda padişahın uygun gördüğü hanedan mensupları ile kışlık dairesi bulunmayan kişiler otururdu. Saraylar yaklaşık 3,000,000 m2 büyüklüğündedir.

30 Mayıs 1876 Darbesi ile tahttan indirilen Abdülaziz 4 gün Topkapı Sarayı'nda kaldıktan sonra, kaldığı yerden hoşnut kalmadığı için Feriye Sarayına nakledildi. Ancak Feriye Sarayına yerleştikten kısa bir süre sonra kendi yaptırmış olduğu bu sarayda 4 Haziran 1876 günü bilekleri kesilmiş olarak ölü bulundu. 3 Mart 1924 tarihinde halifeliğin kaldırılmasına kadar Osmanlı hanedanının çeşitli üyeleri bu saraylarda yaşadı. Hanedan üyelerinin yurt dışı edilmeleri üzerine bir süre boş kalan sarayların eğitim kurumları tarafında kullanılmasına karar verildi. 1927 yılında binaların bir bölümüne Yüksek Denizcilik Okulu yerleşti. Kabataş Erkek Lisesi de 1928-1929 öğretim yılında Feriye Saraylarının diğer bir bölümüne taşındı. 1967 yılında Galatasaray Lisesi'ne kız öğrenci alınınca Feriye Saraylarının bir kısmı lisenin kız bölümü olarak kullanıldı. Binaların Ortaköy Camii'nin yakınındaki diğer bir bölümü ise bakımsızlıktan uzun yıllar boş kaldı.

Günümüzde Kabataş Erkek Lisesi hâlen 1928 yılından beri kullandığı binalarda öğretime devam etmektedir. Galatasaray Lisesi'nin kız bölümü olarak kullanılan binalar 1992 yılından bu yana Galatasaray Üniversitesi'nin ilk kısmı olarak kullanılmaktadır. 1981 yılında Yüksek Denizcilik Okulu'nun Tuzla'ya taşınarak İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi'nin Denizcilik Fakültesi hâline gelmesi üzerine boşaltılan binalarda 1982 yılından itibaren Ziya Kalkavan Mesleki ve Teknik Anadolu Lisesi hizmet vermeğe başladı. Daha sonrasında 2019 yılında MEB ve İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi arasında imzalanan protokol ile bu bina İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Mesleki ve Teknik Anadolu Lisesi'ne verildi ve lise burada hizmet vermeye başladı. Sarayların bakımsız bir halde uzun yıllar boş kalan diğer bir kısmı ise 1995 yılında Kabataş Eğitim Vakfı tarafından restore edildikten sonra Feriye Lokantası olarak hizmete açıldı.

22 Ocak 2013'te çıkan yangın sonucu çatısında çökme meydana gelen bina kullanılamaz hale geldi. Çok sayıda tarihi eser ve kitabın kül olduğu yangından sonra, 16 Ocak 2016 tarihinde onaylanan restorasyon projesinin tamamlandığı 22 Mayıs 2019 tarihinde duyuruldu.

Kaynakça

Balyan ailesinin eserleri
Beşiktaş'taki saraylar
Yıldız, Beşiktaş

Feriye Sarayı


An Nervilia fordii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Henry Fletcher Hance, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Nervilia fordii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Nervilia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Nervilia

Nervilia fordii


Die Jungbürgerfeier ist in der Schweiz, West-Österreich und Liechtenstein eine jährlich veranstaltete Feier für Bürger, die volljährig werden.

Schweiz

Organisation und Ablauf
In der Schweiz wird die Jungbürgerfeier (frz. réception des jeunes citoyens majoritaires) von der politischen Gemeinde bzw. Einwohnergemeinde veranstaltet. Die Jugendlichen werden vom Gemeindepräsidenten über ihre Rechte und Pflichten, besonders über die Möglichkeit in der Gemeinde mitzuwirken, informiert. Auch wird in einzelnen Gemeinden ein Gelöbnis abgenommen. Nach dem offiziellen Teil gibt es häufig einen Ausflug in der Region, ein Abendessen und/oder einen Musikanlass.

Teilnahme
Im 2012 waren in der Stadt Solothurn 41 von 113 Eingeladenen bei der Jungbürgerfeier anwesend. Es kommt vor, dass Gemeinden, wegen geringer Teilnehmerzahlen, ihre Jungbürgerfeiern gemeinsam durchführen.

In einigen Gemeinden, wie die des freiburgischen Sensebezirks, Thun, Kreuzlingen oder Domat-Ems, werden auch Leute, die das Schweizer Bürgerrecht nicht besitzen, eingeladen. Dieser Brauch wird oft dadurch motiviert, dass alle 18-Jährigen neue Rechte und Pflichten erhalten. Zudem sind im Kanton Freiburg viele Ausländer, auf Gemeindeebene, stimm- und wahlberechtigt.

Geschichtliches
Früher wurde die Jungbürgerfeier im Zusammenhang mit der Bundesfeier durchgeführt, beispielsweise in Dornach 1949.

Österreich
In Österreich werden ähnliche Anlässe wie in der Schweiz durchgeführt.
Ein Beispiel für das Gelöbnis ist:

Ich gelobe,
meinem Vaterland Österreich,
meinem Heimatland Tirol
und meiner Heimatgemeinde Nikolsdorf
die Treue zu halten.

Ich gelobe,
meine Rechte als Bürger eines demokratischen Staates zu wahren,
meine staatsbürgerlichen Pflichten zu erfüllen
und meinen Mitmenschen in Not beizustehen.

Liechtenstein
Im Fürstentum Liechtenstein wird seit 1962 eine landesweite Jungbürgerfeier organisiert, an welcher auch der Landesfürst oder sein Stellvertreter teilnehmen. Die Wohngemeinde organisiert für alle 18-jährige eine zusätzliche Feier.

Literatur
 Thomas Bachmann: Die Jungbürgerfeier in Basel. In: Basler Stadtbuch 2009, S. 84-87.

Einzelnachweise

Passageritus
Kultur (Schweiz)
Feste und Brauchtum (Österreich)
Kultur (Liechtenstein)
Jugend und Kultur
Kommunalpolitik (Schweiz)
Jugend (Österreich)
Jugend (Schweiz)

Jungbürgerfeier


Matisse Samoise, né le  à Gand en Belgique, est un footballeur belge qui joue au poste d'ailier droit à La Gantoise.

Biographie

En club
Né à Gand en Belgique, Matisse Samoise est notamment formé par La Gantoise, son club de cœur. Il fait sa première apparition en professionnel le , à l'occasion d'une rencontre qualificative pour la Ligue des champions face au Dynamo Kiev. Il entre en jeu à la place de Laurent Depoitre lors de ce match perdu par son équipe sur le score de trois buts à zéro. Samoise joue son premier match de Division 1A le  face au K Beerschot VA. Il entre en jeu à la place de Osman Bukari et se fait remarquer en inscrivant son premier but en professionnel participant à la victoire de son équipe, qui s'impose par cinq buts à un. Le 30 novembre 2020, Samoise prolonge son contrat avec son club formateur jusqu'en juin 2023. Il connait sa première titularisation en professionnel le 3 février 2021, contre le K SK Tongeren, en coupe de Belgique. Il se fait remarquer ce jour-là en délivrant une passe décisive pour Roman Bezus et en inscrivant le deuxième but de sa carrière, participant ainsi à la large victoire des siens (5-0 score final).

En sélection
En , Matisse Samoise est convoqué pour la première fois avec l'équipe de Belgique espoirs. En , il est à nouveau convoqué avec les espoirs belges.

Palmarès
 KAA La Gantoise
 Coupe de Belgique  (1) :
 Vainqueur : 2021-2022.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur belge
Joueur du KAA La Gantoise
Naissance en novembre 2001
Naissance à Gand

Matisse Samoise


Böğrüdelik, Cihanbeyli - Konya ili Cihanbeyli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Böğrüdelik, Yunak - Konya ili Yunak ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Böğrüdelik, Gürün - Sivas ili Gürün ilçesine bağlı köy

Böğrüdelik


An Restio conspicatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hans Peter Linder. An Restio conspicatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Restio, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Restio

Restio conspicatus


Papilio bianor es una especie de mariposa de la familia Papilionidae. Se encuentra en el este de Asia.

Descripción
Tienen un tamaño mediano a grande, con una envergadura de alas de 45 u 80 mm. El tipo de verano suele ser más grande que el tipo de primavera. Tiene una gran semejanza con Papilio maackii.

El macho suele ser negro con color estructural. Tiene el pelo de terciopelo negro en el ala delantera, y sin embargo, la hembra no lo tiene.

La hembra tiene manchas rojas en la parte trasera del ala.

Las larvas se alimentan de Zanthoxylum ailanthoides.

Distribución

Se encuentra en todo Japón (desde Hokkaido hasta Okinawa, Izu), Taiwán, Corea, China, y en parte del este de Rusia.

Subespecies

 P. b. dehaanii
 P. b. okinawensis (Yaeyama islands, Okinawa, Japan)
 P. b. ryukyuensis (Okinawa islands, Japan)
 P. b. amamiensis (Amami islands, Kagoshima, Japan)
 P. b. tokaraensis (Tokara islands, Kagoshima, Japan)
 P. b. hachijonis (Hachijo island, Izu islands, Japan)
 P. b. kotoensis Sonan, 1927 (Taiwán)
 P. b. thrasymedes Fruhstorfer 1909 (Taiwán)

Hábitat
Papilio bianor es común en los bosques, no es tan común en las zonas suburbanas y urbanas, a causa de su hospedaje en la planta huésped. Sin embargo, hay algunas plantas huésped, como  Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, que se puede ver incluso en el casco urbano.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

bianor
Taxones descritos por Pieter Cramer
Animales descritos en 1777
bianor papilio

Papilio bianor


Kromozom 17, toplamda 22 çift olan otozomal insan kromozomlarından onyedincisidir. İnsanlarda normalde bir çift halinde bulunur. 81 milyon baz çiftine ve toplam hücre DNA'sının %2,5 ya da %3'üne sahiptir. Kromozom 17, muhtemelen 1,200 ile 1,500 arasında gen içermektedir.

Genler
Kromozom 17 üzerinde bulunan genlerden bazıları:

 ACADVL: açil-koenzim A dehidrogenaz, çok uzun zincir
 ACTG1: aktin, gama 1
 ASPA: aspartoasilaz (Canavan hastalığı)
 BRCA1: göğüs kanseri 1, erken safha
 COL1A1: kollajen, tip I, alfa 1
 ERBB: v-erb-b2 eritroblastik lösemi viral onkogen homolog 2
 FLCN: follikulin
 GALK1: galaktokinaz 1
 GFAP: glial fibrilli asidik protein
 KCNJ2: potasyum içten düzenleyici kanal, altaile J, üye 2
 MYO15A: miyozin XVA
 NF1: nörofibromin 1
 PMP22: periferal myelin protein 22
 SHBG: Cinsiyet hormonu bağlayıcı globulin
 TP53: tümör protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni sendromu)
 USH1G: Usher sendromu 1G (otozomal çekinik)
 RAI1: retinoik asit teşvikleyici 1
 RARalpha: Retenoik Asit Reseptör Alfa
 GRB7: büyüme faktörü reseptörü bağlı protein 7

Hastalıklar
Kromozom 17 üzerinde bulunan genlerle ilgili olan hastalıkların bazıları:

 Alexander hastalığı
 Andersen-Tawil sendromu
 Birt-Hogg-Dubé sendromu
 mesane kanseri
 göğüs kanseri
 Canavan hastalığı
 Charcot-Marie-Tooth hastalığı
 Charcot-Marie-Tooth hastalığı, tip 1
 Ehlers-Danlos sendromu
 Ehlers-Danlos sendromu, arthrochalasia tip
 Ehlers-Danlos sendromu, klasik tip
 galaktozemi
 basınçlı felce yatkınlık ırsi nöropatisi
 Li-Fraumeni sendromu
 olgunlaşmış saldırı diyabet genç tip 5
 nörofibromatoz tip I
 sendromik olmayan sağırlık
 sendromik olmayan sağırlık, otozomal baskın
 sendromik olmayan sağırlık, otozomal çekinik
 osteogenez imperfecta
 osteogenez imperfecta, tip I
 osteogenez imperfecta, tip II
 osteogenez imperfecta, tip III
 osteogenez imperfecta, tip IV
Smith-Magenis sendromu
 Usher sendromu
 Usher sendromu tip I
 çok uzun zincir açil-koenzim A dehidrogenaz eksikliği

Kromozom 17 (insan)


Asiriologija (iz grčkog Ἀσσυρίᾱ, Assyriā i -λογία -logija) znanstvena je disciplina koja s arheološko-filološkog motrišta proučava razvoj istočnjačkih civilizacija (asirske, babilonske, perzijske, sumerske, elamitske i dr.), kod kojih je u uporabi bilo klinovo pismo. Početci asiriologije javljaju se sredinom 19. stoljeća u doba arheoloških otkrića u Dur-Šarukinu (danas Khorsabad) čije je iskopavanje vodio Paul-Émile Botta, i u Nimrudu čije je iskopavanje vodio Austen Henry Layard. U kasnijim istraživanjima (Babilon, Ur, Uruk, Karkemiš, Boğazkale, Mari itd.) istaknuli su se, uz ostale, Julius Oppert, Robert Koldewey, Reginald Campbell Thompson, Charles Leonard Woolley i Nikolaj Vasiljevič Nikoljski. Odgonetavanju klinova pisma postavio je temelje Georg Friedrich Grotefend 1802. godine; njegov rad nastavili su Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, Eberhard Schrader i dr.

Izvori

Vidi još
 Egiptologija
 Stari Istok
 Drevna Mezopotamija
 Kronologija Mezopotamije
 Akadsko Kraljevstvo
 Arameja
 Asirija
 Babilonija
 Kaldeja
 Sumer

Vanjske poveznice
 Asiriologija, Proleksis enciklopedija

Drevna Mezopotamija
Arheologija
Filologija
Grecizmi

Asiriologija


An Eragrostis macrochlamys in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pilg.. An Eragrostis macrochlamys in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis macrochlamys


Teracotona este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Arctiidae.

Specii

 Teracotona abyssinica
 Teracotona alicia
 Teracotona approximans
 Teracotona bicolor
 Teracotona buryi
 Teracotona clara
 Teracotona debilis
 Teracotona euprepia
 Teracotona euprepioides
 Teracotona flavipennis
 Teracotona frater
 Teracotona homeyeri
 Teracotona immaculata
 Teracotona indistincta
 Teracotona irregularis
 Teracotona jacksoni
 Teracotona kiboshoica
 Teracotona latifasciata
 Teracotona major
 Teracotona melanocera
 Teracotona metaxantha
 Teracotona mirabilis
 Teracotona multistrigata
 Teracotona murtafaa
 Teracotona natalica
 Teracotona neumanni
 Teracotona obscurascens
 Teracotona obscurior
 Teracotona obscurum
 Teracotona pallida
 Teracotona pallidior
 Teracotona pardalina
 Teracotona pitmanni
 Teracotona proditrix
 Teracotona pruinosa
 Teracotona quadripunctata
 Teracotona rhodophaea
 Teracotona roseata
 Teracotona rubiginea
 Teracotona rufipennis
 Teracotona seminigra
 Teracotona senegalensis
 Teracotona sordida
 Teracotona strigosa
 Teracotona subapproximans
 Teracotona subflava
 Teracotona submacula
 Teracotona subterminata
 Teracotona transluscens
 Teracotona trifasciata
 Teracotona uhrikmeszarosi
 Teracotona wittei

Referințe

Legături externe

Teracotona

Teracotona


Kalamarya veya Gelmeriye (, ) Selanik büyükşehiri sınırları içinde, Selanik merkezinin 5 km. kadar güneydoğusuna düşen, Yunanistan Makedonyası'nın Selanik merkezden sonra ikinci, Yunanistan genelinin ise dokuzuncu büyük belediyesidir.

Nüfusu artış eğiliminde olup, 1991'deki 87.000 nüfus günümüzde 95.000'e ulaşmıştır.

Kalamarya'nın bulunduğu bölge 1924 Nüfus Mübadelesi öncesinde neredeyse boş iken, Yunanistan'a göçen Anadolu Rumları içinde yaklaşık 100.000 kişilik bir kitleyi kabul eden Selanik şehrinin yeni yerleşim alanı ihtiyacının karşılanması amacıyla iskan ve inşa edilmiştir. Kalamarya'ya özellikle Pontus Rumları yerleştirilmiş ve şehir bu etnik özelliğini günümüze kadar koruyarak Yunanistan'da Pontus kültürünün başlıca merkezi haline gelmiştir.

Kaynakça

Yunanistan'daki şehirler

Kalamarya


Phythelios, monotipski rod zelenih algi iz porodice Micractiniaceae, dio razreda Trebouxiophyceae.

U porodicu je nekada uključivan i rod Errerella Conrad, 1913, a sinonim je za Micractinium, koji se danas uključuje u porodicu Chlorellaceae.

Izvori

Trebouxiophyceae

Phythelios


In the visual arts, color theory is the body of practical guidance for color mixing and the visual effects of a specific color combination. Color terminology based on the color wheel and its geometry separates colors into primary color, secondary color, and tertiary color. The understanding of color theory dates to antiquity. Aristotle (d. 322 BCE) and Claudius Ptolemy (d. 168 CE) already discussed which and how colors can be produced by mixing other colors. The influence of light on color was investigated and revealed further by al-Kindi (d. 873) and Ibn al-Haytham (d.1039). Ibn Sina (d. 1037), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (d. 1274), and Robert Grosseteste (d. 1253) discovered that contrary to the teachings of Aristotle, there are multiple color paths to get from black to white. More modern approaches to color theory principles can be found in the writings of Leone Battista Alberti (c. 1435) and the notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1490). A formalization of "color theory" began in the 18th century, initially within a partisan controversy over Isaac Newton's theory of color (Opticks, 1704) and the nature of primary colors. From there it developed as an independent artistic tradition with only superficial reference to colorimetry and vision science.

Classifications

Colors can be classified as:

 Warm and cold
 Receding and advancing
 Positive and negative
 Subtractive and additive

Color abstractions

The foundations of pre-20th-century color theory were built around "pure" or ideal colors, characterized by different sensory experiences rather than attributes of the physical world. This has led to several inaccuracies in traditional color theory principles that are not always remedied in modern formulations.

Another issue has been the tendency to describe color effects holistically or categorically, for example as a contrast between "yellow" and "blue" conceived as generic colors, when most color effects are due to contrasts on three relative attributes which define all colors:

 Value (light vs. dark, or white vs. black),
 Chroma [saturation, purity, strength, intensity] (intense vs. dull), and
 Hue (e.g. the name of the color family: red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta).

The visual impact of "yellow" vs. "blue" hues in visual design depends on the relative lightness and saturation of the hues.

These confusions are partly historical and arose in scientific uncertainty about color perception that was not resolved until the late 19th century when artistic notions were already entrenched. They also arise from the attempt to describe the highly contextual and flexible behavior of color perception in terms of abstract color sensations that can be generated equivalently by any visual media.

Many historical "color theorists" have assumed that three "pure" primary colors can mix into all possible colors, and any failure of specific paints or inks to match this ideal performance is due to the impurity or imperfection of the colorants. In reality, only imaginary "primary colors" used in colorimetry can "mix" or quantify all visible (perceptually possible) colors; but to do this, these imaginary primaries are defined as lying outside the range of visible colors; i.e., they cannot be seen. Any three real "primary" colors of light, paint or ink can mix only a limited range of colors, called a gamut, which is always smaller (contains fewer colors) than the full range of colors humans can perceive.

Historical background

Color theory was originally formulated in terms of three "primary" or "primitive" colors—red, yellow and blue (RYB)—because these colors were believed capable of mixing all other colors.

The RYB primary colors became the foundation of 18th-century theories of color vision, as the fundamental sensory qualities that are blended in the perception of all physical colors, and conversely, in the physical mixture of pigments or dyes. These theories were enhanced by 18th-century investigations of a variety of purely psychological color effects, in particular the contrast between "complementary" or opposing hues that are produced by color afterimages and in the contrasting shadows in colored light. These ideas and many personal color observations were summarized in two founding documents in color theory: the Theory of Colours (1810) by the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and The Law of Simultaneous Color Contrast (1839) by the French industrial chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. Charles Hayter published A New Practical Treatise on the Three Primitive Colours Assumed as a Perfect System of Rudimentary Information (London 1826), in which he described how all colors could be obtained from just three.

Subsequently, German and English scientists established in the late 19th century that color perception is best described in terms of a different set of primary colors—red, green and blue-violet (RGB)—modeled through the additive mixture of three monochromatic lights. Subsequent research anchored these primary colors in the differing responses to light by three types of color receptors or cones in the retina (trichromacy). On this basis the quantitative description of the color mixture or colorimetry developed in the early 20th century, along with a series of increasingly sophisticated models of color space and color perception, such as the opponent process theory.

Across the same period, industrial chemistry radically expanded the color range of lightfast synthetic pigments, allowing for substantially improved saturation in color mixtures of dyes, paints, and inks. It also created the dyes and chemical processes necessary for color photography. As a result, three-color printing became aesthetically and economically feasible in mass printed media, and the artists' color theory was adapted to primary colors most effective in inks or photographic dyes: cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY). (In printing, dark colors are supplemented by black ink, known as the CMYK system; in both printing and photography, white is provided by the color of the paper.) These CMY primary colors were reconciled with the RGB primaries, and subtractive color mixing with additive color mixing, by defining the CMY primaries as substances that absorbed only one of the retinal primary colors: cyan absorbs only red (−R+G+B), magenta only green (+R−G+B), and yellow only blue-violet (+R+G−B). It is important to add that the CMYK, or process, color printing is meant as an economical way of producing a wide range of colors for printing, but is deficient in reproducing certain colors, notably orange and slightly deficient in reproducing purples. A wider range of colors can be obtained with the addition of other colors to the printing process, such as in Pantone's Hexachrome printing ink system (six colors), among others.

For much of the 19th century artistic color theory either lagged behind scientific understanding or was augmented by science books written for the lay public, in particular Modern Chromatics (1879) by the American physicist Ogden Rood, and early color atlases developed by Albert Munsell (Munsell Book of Color, 1915, see Munsell color system) and Wilhelm Ostwald (Color Atlas, 1919). Major advances were made in the early 20th century by artists teaching or associated with the German Bauhaus, in particular Wassily Kandinsky, Johannes Itten, Faber Birren and Josef Albers, whose writings mix speculation with an empirical or demonstration-based study of color design principles.

Traditional color theory

Complementary colors

For the mixing of colored light, Isaac Newton's color wheel is often used to describe complementary colors, which are colors that cancel each other's hue to produce an achromatic (white, gray or black) light mixture. Newton offered as a conjecture that colors exactly opposite one another on the hue circle cancel out each other's hue; this concept was demonstrated more thoroughly in the 19th century. An example of complementary colors would be magenta and green.

A key assumption in Newton's hue circle was that the "fiery" or maximum saturated hues are located on the outer circumference of the circle, while achromatic white is at the center. Then the saturation of the mixture of two spectral hues was predicted by the straight line between them; the mixture of three colors was predicted by the "center of gravity" or centroid of three triangle points, and so on.

According to traditional color theory based on subtractive primary colors and the RYB color model, yellow mixed with purple, orange mixed with blue, or red mixed with green produces an equivalent gray and are the painter's complementary colors. These contrasts form the basis of Chevreul's law of color contrast: colors that appear together will be altered as if mixed with the complementary color of the other color. A piece of yellow fabric placed on a blue background will appear tinted orange because orange is the complementary color to blue.

However, when complementary colors are chosen based on the definition by light mixture, they are not the same as the artists' primary colors. This discrepancy becomes important when color theory is applied across media. Digital color management uses a hue circle defined according to additive primary colors (the RGB color model), as the colors in a computer monitor are additive mixtures of light, not subtractive mixtures of paints.

One reason the artist's primary colors work at all is due to the imperfect pigments being used have sloped absorption curves and change color with concentration. A pigment that is pure red at high concentrations can behave more like magenta at low concentrations. This allows it to make purples that would otherwise be impossible. Likewise, a blue that is ultramarine at high concentrations appears cyan at low concentrations, allowing it to be used to mix green. Chromium red pigments can appear orange, and then yellow, as the concentration is reduced. It is even possible to mix very low concentrations of the blue mentioned and the chromium red to get a greenish color. This works much better with oil colors than it does with watercolors and dyes.

The old primaries depend on sloped absorption curves and pigment leakages to work, while newer scientifically derived ones depend solely on controlling the amount of absorption in certain parts of the spectrum.

Another reason the correct primary colors were not used by early artists is they were not available as durable pigments. Modern methods in chemistry were needed to produce them.

Warm vs. cool colors

The distinction between "warm" and "cool" colors has been important since at least the late 18th century. The difference (as traced by etymologies in the Oxford English Dictionary), seems related to the observed contrast in landscape light, between the "warm" colors associated with daylight or sunset, and the "cool" colors associated with a gray or overcast day. Warm colors are often said to be hues from red through yellow, browns, and tans included; cool colors are often said to be the hues from blue-green through blue violet, most grays included. There is a historical disagreement about the colors that anchor the polarity, but 19th-century sources put the peak contrast between red-orange and greenish-blue.

Color theory has described perceptual and psychological effects to this contrast. Warm colors are said to advance or appear more active in a painting, while cool colors tend to recede; used in interior design or fashion, warm colors are said to arouse or stimulate the viewer, while cool colors calm and relax. Most of these effects, to the extent they are real, can be attributed to the higher saturation and lighter value of warm pigments in contrast to cool pigments; brown is a dark, unsaturated warm color that few people think of as visually active or psychologically arousing.

The traditional warm/cool association of a color is reversed relative to the color temperature of a theoretical radiating black body; the hottest stars radiate blue (cool) light, and the coolest radiate red (warm) light.

This contrast is further seen in the psychological associations of colors with the Doppler effect seen in astronomical objects. Traditional psychological associations, where warm colors are associated with advancing objects and cool colors with receding objects, are directly opposite those seen in astrophysics, where stars or galaxies moving towards our viewpoint on Earth are blueshifted (advancing) and stars or galaxies moving away from Earth are redshifted (receding).

Achromatic colors

Any color that lacks strong chromatic content is said to be unsaturated, achromatic, near-neutral, or neutral. Near neutrals include browns, tans, pastels, and darker colors. Near neutrals can be of any hue or lightness. Pure achromatic, or neutral colors include black, white and all grays.

Near neutrals are obtained by mixing pure colors with white, black or grey, or by mixing two complementary colors. In color theory, neutral colors are easily modified by adjacent more saturated colors, and they appear to take on the hue complementary to the saturated color; e.g., next to a bright red couch, a gray wall will appear distinctly greenish, this is a property of human vision.

Black and white have long been known to combine "well" with almost any other colors; black decreases the apparent saturation or brightness of colors paired with it and white shows off all hues to equal effect.

Tints and shades

When mixing colored light (additive color models), the achromatic mixture of spectrally balanced red, green, and blue (RGB) is always white, not gray or black. When mixing colorants, such as the pigments in paint mixtures, a color is produced which is always darker and lower in chroma, or saturation, than the parent colors. This moves the mixed color toward a neutral color—a gray or near-black. Lights are made brighter or dimmer by adjusting their brightness, or energy level; in painting, lightness is adjusted through mixture with white, black, or a color's complement.

It is common among some painters to darken a paint color by adding black paint—producing colors called shades—or lighten a color by adding white—producing colors called tints. However, it is not always the best way for representational painting, as an unfortunate result is for colors to also shift in hue. For instance, darkening a color by adding black can cause colors such as yellows, reds, and oranges, to shift toward the greenish or bluish part of the spectrum. Lightening a color by adding white can cause a shift towards blue when mixed with reds and oranges. Another practice when darkening a color is to use its opposite, or complementary, color (e.g. purplish-red added to yellowish-green) in order to neutralize it without a shift in hue and darken it if the additive color is darker than the parent color. When lightening a color this hue shift can be corrected with the addition of a small amount of an adjacent color to bring the hue of the mixture back in line with the parent color (e.g. adding a small amount of orange to a mixture of red and white will correct the tendency of this mixture to shift slightly towards the blue end of the spectrum).

Split primary palette

In painting and other visual arts, two-dimensional color wheels or three-dimensional color solids are used to represent the essential relationships between colors. The split-primary palette is a color-wheel model that attempts to explain, and to compensate for, the unsatisfactory results often produced when mixing the traditional primary colors, red, yellow, and blue.

Painters have long considered red, yellow, and blue to be primary colors. In practice, however, many of the mixtures produced from these colors lack chromatic intensity. Rather than adopting an updated set of primary colors, proponents of split-primary theory explain this lack of chroma by the purported presence of chemical impurities, small amounts of other colors, in the paints, or biases away from the ideal primary toward one or the other of the adjacent colors. Every red paint, for example, is said to be tainted with, or biased toward, either blue or yellow, every blue paint toward either red or green, and every yellow toward either green or orange. These biases are said to result in mixtures that contain sets of complementary colors, darkening the resulting color. In order to obtain vivid mixed colors, according to split-primary theory, it is necessary to employ two primary colors whose biases both fall in the direction, on the color wheel, of the color to be mixed, combining, for example, green-biased blue and green-biased yellow to make bright green. Based on this reasoning, proponents of split-primary theory conclude that two versions of each primary color are needed in order to mix a wide gamut of high-chroma colors.

In fact, the perceived bias of colors is not due to chemical impurities. Rather, the appearance of any given colorant is inherent to its chemical and physical properties, the purity of such a substance being unrelated to whether it conforms to our arbitrary conception of an ideal hue. Moreover, the identity of gamut-optimizing primary colors is determined by the physiology underlying human color vision. Although no set of three primary paints can be mixed to obtain the complete color gamut perceived by humans, red, yellow, and blue are a poor choice if high-chroma mixtures are desired. This is because painting is a subtractive color process, for which red and blue are secondary, not primary, colors.

Although flawed in principle, the split-primary system can be successful in practice, because the recommended blue-biased red and green-biased blue positions are often filled by near approximations of magenta and cyan, respectively, while orange-biased red and violet-biased blue serve as secondary colors, which tend to further widen the mixable gamut.

This system is in effect a simplified version of Newton's geometrical rule that colors closer together on the hue circle will produce more vibrant mixtures.  A mixture, however, produced from two primary colors will be much more highly saturated than one produced from two secondary colors, even though both pairs are the same distance apart on the hue circle, revealing the limitations of the circular model in the prediction of color mixing results.

Color harmony

It has been suggested that "Colors seen together to produce a pleasing affective response are said to be in harmony". However, color harmony is a complex notion because human responses to color are both affective and cognitive, involving emotional response and judgment. Hence, our responses to color and the notion of color harmony is open to the influence of a range of different factors. These factors include individual differences (such as age, gender, personal preference, affective state, etc.) as well as cultural, sub-cultural, and socially-based differences which gives rise to conditioning and learned responses about color. In addition, context always has an influence on responses about color and the notion of color harmony, and this concept is also influenced by temporal factors (such as changing trends) and perceptual factors (such as simultaneous contrast) which may impinge on human response to color. The following conceptual model illustrates this 21st-century approach to color harmony:

wherein color harmony is a function (f) of the interaction between color/s (Col 1, 2, 3, …, n) and the factors that influence positive aesthetic response to color: individual differences (ID) such as age, gender, personality and affective state; cultural experiences (CE), the prevailing context (CX) which includes setting and ambient lighting; intervening perceptual effects (P) and the effects of time (T) in terms of prevailing social trends.

In addition, given that humans can perceive over 2.8 million different colors, it has been suggested that the number of possible color combinations is virtually infinite thereby implying that predictive color harmony formulae are fundamentally unsound. Despite this, many color theorists have devised formulae, principles or guidelines for color combination with the aim being to predict or specify positive aesthetic response or "color harmony".

Color wheel models have often been used as a basis for color combination principles or guidelines and for defining relationships between colors. Some theorists and artists believe juxtapositions of complementary color will produce strong contrast, a sense of visual tension as well as "color harmony"; while others believe juxtapositions of analogous colors will elicit a positive aesthetic response. Color combination guidelines (or formulas) suggest that colors next to each other on the color wheel model (analogous colors) tend to produce a single-hued or monochromatic color experience and some theorists also refer to these as "simple harmonies".

In addition, split complementary color schemes usually depict a modified complementary pair, with instead of the "true" second color being chosen, a range of analogous hues around it are chosen, i.e. the split complements of red are blue-green and yellow-green. A triadic color scheme adopts any three colors approximately equidistant around a color wheel model. Feisner and Mahnke are among a number of authors who provide color combination guidelines in greater detail.

Color combination formulae and principles may provide some guidance but have limited practical application. This is due to the influence of contextual, perceptual, and temporal factors which will influence how color/s are perceived in any given situation, setting, or context. Such formulae and principles may be useful in fashion, interior and graphic design, but much depends on the tastes, lifestyle, and cultural norms of the viewer or consumer.

As early as the ancient Greek philosophers, many theorists have devised color associations and linked particular connotative meanings to specific colors. However, connotative color associations and color symbolism tends to be culture-bound and may also vary across different contexts and circumstances. For example, red has many different connotative and symbolic meanings from exciting, arousing, sensual, romantic, and feminine; to a symbol of good luck; and also acts as a signal of danger. Such color associations tend to be learned and do not necessarily hold irrespective of individual and cultural differences or contextual, temporal or perceptual factors. It is important to note that while color symbolism and color associations exist, their existence does not provide evidential support for color psychology or claims that color has therapeutic properties.

Monochromatic
The monochromatic formula chooses only one color (or hue). Variations of the color are created by changing the value and saturation of the color. Since only one hue is used, the color and its variations are guaranteed to work.

Current status
Color theory has not developed an explicit explanation of how specific media affect color appearance: colors have always been defined in the abstract, and whether the colors were inks or paints, oils or watercolors, transparencies or reflecting prints, computer displays or movie theaters, was not considered especially relevant. Josef Albers investigated the effects of relative contrast and color saturation on the illusion of transparency, but this is an exception to the rule.

See also

References

External links

 Understanding Color Theory by University of Colorado Boulder - Coursera
 Handprint.com: Color – a comprehensive site about color perception, color psychology, color theory, and color mixing
 Color Differences
 Color Theory in Landscape Design
 The Dimensions of Colour – color theory for artists using digital/ traditional media
 Color Thesaurus World's Largest Database of Color Names
 Stanford University CS 178 interactive Flash demo introducing trichromatic color theory.
 App that generates harmonious color palettes from photos based on color theory
 Color theory as it relates to interior decorating
 Applying Color Theory to Digital Media and Visualization – a book from CRC Press

Color
Color space

Color theory


Die in Österreich, Ungarn und im bayerischen Alpenraum gültige Gebirgsgruppengliederung für das Höhlenverzeichnis geht auf Hubert Trimmel zurück, der im Jahre 1962 dieses System verbal und visuell beschrieb.

Geschichte
Walter von Czoernig-Czernhausen verfasste 1926 ein Sammelwerk der Höhlen Salzburgs, dem allerdings administrative Grenzen zugrunde lagen. Das von Gustave Abel 1934 geschaffene Werk benutzte bereits das heutige, auf naturräumlichen Grenzen basierende System. Es war allerdings auf den Raum Salzburgs beschränkt. 1949 wurde das "österreichische Höhlenverzeichnis" geschaffen. Von Rudolf Pirker und Hubert Trimmel wurde 1954 ein Höhlenverzeichnis Niederösterreichs veröffentlicht. Schließlich verfasste Trimmel eine für ganz Österreich geltende Karte (1:500.000) und Beschreibungen der Umgrenzungen der Teilgruppen. Die Grenzen werden laufend kleineren Änderungen unterzogen.

Aufbau
Die Katasternummer einer Höhle besteht aus 4 Ziffern, das ist die Gebirgseinheit, in der sich die Höhle befindet und nach dem Schrägstrich kommt eine weitere, 1 bis 3-stellige Zahl, die fortlaufende Nummer der Höhle eines Gebiets. Die Kennziffer als Zahlenkombination nach dem Prinzip der Dezimalklassifikation hat den Vorteil, dass die ungefähre Lage einer Höhle leicht zu erkennen ist.
Die ersten vier Ziffern bedeuten:
 Ziffer: Großeinheit
 Ziffer: Hauptgruppe
 Ziffer: Untergruppe
 Ziffer: Teilgruppe

Beispiel: 1864/10 bedeutet
 1000 für Nördliche Kalkalpen
 1800 für Niederösterreichische Kalkalpen
 1860 für Gutensteiner Alpen
 1864 für Fischauer Vorberge
 1864/10 für Huzulenhöhle

Innerhalb einer Teilgruppe erfolgt die Nummerierung der Höhlen fortlaufend, und zwar altbekannte Höhlen alphabetisch, später entdeckte Höhlen nach der Reihenfolge ihrer Aufnahme in den Höhlenkataster.

In der folgenden Liste sind nur die Großeinheiten und die Hauptgruppen aufgeführt.

1000 Nördliche Kalkalpen
 1100 Vorarlberger und Allgäuer Alpen
 1200 Nordtiroler Alpen
 1300 Nordtiroler–Salzburger Kalkalpen
 1400 Nordtiroler und Salzburger Schieferalpen
 1500 Westliche Salzkammergutalpen
 1600 Östliche Salzkammergutalpen
 1700 Obersteirische Kalk- und Schieferalpen
 1800 Niederösterreichische Kalkalpen
 1900 Wienerwald, Wiener Becken und Alpenvorland östlich der Traisen

2000 Zentralalpen
 2100 Engadiner Hochalpen zwischen Rhein und Inn
 2200 Ötztaler Alpen
 2300 Stubaier Alpen
 2400 fällt aus
 2500 Hohe Tauern
 2600 Niedere Tauern
 2700 Norische Alpen
 2800 Cetische Alpen und oststeirisch-burgenländisches Hügelland
 2900 Leithagebirge und Hainburger Berge

3000 Südliche Kalkalpen
 3700 Gailtaler Alpen
 3800 Karnische Alpen
 3900 Karawanken und Steiner Alpen

6000 Variszisches Gebirge und Randgebiete
 6800 Böhmische Masse und Karpatenvorland

Kriterien der Abgrenzung und Einteilung der Gebirgsgruppen
Die Abgrenzung der Gebietseinheiten erfolgt – da ursprünglich für die Höhlenkunde, und damit für entwässerungsrelevante Kriterien erstellt – nach hydrographischen Linien, denen die Grenzen geologischer Einheiten untergeordnet sind.
Die hydrographischen Linien sind durchwegs streng orographisch, also Talzüge respektive Flüsse und Bäche und Pässe, nur vereinzelt werden aus wasserkundlichen Gründen auch Gratzüge oder auch andere Linien verwendet, besonders in Karstgebiet mit unklarer Hydrographie, oder aus vereinfachenden Gründen stückweise nur Straßenzüge.

In den Alpenvorländern und dem Alpen-Karpaten-Vorland werden die Gruppen sehr umfassende Landstriche, da sie für die Höhlenkunde kaum mehr eine Rolle spielen, oft wird das Vorland den letzten randalpinen Gruppen zugegeben. Dort werden in Gebieten ohne orographischer Auffälligkeit oft nur mehr grobe Anhaltspunkte geben. Ein Außengrenze der Alpen definierte Trimmel nur indirekt über die Benennung der Gruppen. Auch das Granit- und Gneishochland ist relativ grob gegliedert.

Administrative Grenzen weisen keine Bedeutung auf, mit Ausnahme der deutsch-österreichischen Grenze (Vorarlberg/Tirol/Salzburg zu Bayern, da die Systematik ursprünglich auch für den bayerischen Kataster erstellt wurde) gab Trimmel bei der Publikation aber jeweils die Staatsgrenze (Tschechien/Slowakei, Ungarn, Slowenien, Italien, Schweiz/Liechtenstein) als Grenze – doch lassen sich durchwegs alle Gruppen dort zwanglos nach dem zugrundeliegenden Schema fortsetzen.

Insgesamt war das System als großräumig anwendbar geplant (so die Kennziffern 1–3 für die Ost- und Südalpen und 6 für die variszischen Gebirge Mitteleuropas), wurde aber nur vereinzelt im Ausland fortgeführt.

Insgesamt unterscheidet sich die Gliederung von alpinistischen Systemen dadurch, dass die Voralpen (bergsteigerisch meist ohne sonderliche Bedeutung) genauso detailreich aufgeschlüsselt sind wie die Hochalpen.

Weitere Verwendung dieser Gebirgsgruppenteilung
Neben der Speläologie selbst ist die Einteilung unter Geologen und Montanisten viel verwendet worden.
 Künstliche Hohlräume (Stollen) werden mit diesem System klassifiziert (z. B. 1864/K1) – das K steht für "künstlich".
 Für die Aufnahme von Quellen im Rahmen der Karstgefährdungskarten wird ebenfalls diese Einteilung genutzt (z. B. 1713/Q1) – Q für "Quelle".
Außerdem wurde das System dann wegen seiner guten gewässerkundlichen Verwendbarkeit für die Umsetzung der EU-Gewässerbewirtschaftungspläne zugrunde gelegt, und ist heute in der österreichischen Hydrographie die Standardgliederung, insbesondere auch für die Grundwasserkörper.

Literatur

 Niederösterreichisches Höhlenkataster

Speläologie
Alpinismus

Gebirgsgruppengliederung für das österreichische Höhlenverzeichnis


منطقة قطنا منطقة سورية إدارية تتبع محافظة ريف دمشق  ومركزها مدينة قطنا، بلغ تعداد سكان المنطقة 207,245 نسمة حسب التعداد السكاني لعام 2004.

نواحي منطقة قطنا
ناحية مركز قطنا
ناحية بيت جن
ناحية سعسع
ناحية جديدة عرطوز

المراجع

قطنا

منطقة قطنا


LUSS Arco (ARD-29),  était un quai de réparation auxiliaire, un type de cale sèche flottante auxiliaire non automotrice de l'US Navy de classe ARD-12. En 1967 il a été rebaptisé Arco et, dans les années 1970, le navire a d'abord été prêté, puis vendu, à l'Iran.

Historique
Construit en 1944 par la  à Alameda en Californie, lARD-29 a été livré le  à l'US Navy pour servir à San Diego en Californie. Au début de 1945, la cale sèche a commencé à recevoir des modifications au Kaiser Shipyards à Richmond, en vue de son affectation à des bases avancées dans le Pacifique. ARD-29 a été remis en service le 23 juin 1945. Il a transité à Everett dans l'État de Washington, pendant environ un mois avant de se mettre en route pour le Pacifique le 22 juillet. Il s'est arrêté en route à, l'atoll de Kwajalein dans les Îles Marshall pour changer de remorqueurs, puis a continué vers les îles Mariannes le 24 août en remorque par l'. La cale sèche flottante est arrivée à la base navale de Guam le 2 septembre et a opéré là-bas et plus tard à Okinawa jusqu'à la fin de 1946, date à laquelle elle a été transféré à Pearl Harbor. ARD-29 a fourni des services de réparation aux navires de la flotte du Pacifique jusqu'au début de 1959. À cette époque, il a été remorqué à Guam où il a servi les 12 dernières années de sa carrière dans la marine. Au cours de cette affectation, il a été nommé Arco le 28 mars 1967. Le 1er novembre 1971, Arco a été prêté à la marine impériale iranienne. Le 15 septembre 1976, son nom a été rayé du Naval Vessel Register et elle a été vendu à l'Iran le 1er mars 1977.

À la fin de 2007, elle était toujours sur la liste active de la Marine de la république islamique d'Iran en tant que Drydock n°400.

Décoration
   American Campaign Medal
   Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
  World War II Victory Medal
  2 National Defense Service Medal

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes
 USS Arco (ARD-29) - Site NavSource Online
 Floating Docks (AFDB, AFDM, AFDL, ARD, ARDM, YFD) - Shipbuilder Site
 ARCO (ARD-29) - Site Naval Vessel Register

Liens connexes
 Liste des navires auxiliaires de l'United States Navy
 Théâtre du Pacifique de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Auxiliary Floating Drydock de l'US Navy
Bateau lancé en 1944
Navire construit en Californie
Bateau de l'US Navy de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Navire auxiliaire de l'US Navy de la guerre froide
Iran

USS Arco (ARD-29)


Mohamed El Garaa (en ), né le  janvier 1976 à Rabat, est un athlète handisport marocain concourant en F40 pour les athlètes de petite stature. Ses trois sœurs Hayat, Najat et Laila El Garaa sont également des sportives de haut-niveau.

Carrière
Mohamed El Garaa est médaillé de bronze en lancer du javelot F40 aux Championnats du monde d'athlétisme handisport 2006 à Assen ; il est également lors de cette compétition sixième du concours du lancer du poids F40.

Lors des Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2008 à Pékin, El Garaa termine dixième du concours du lancer du poids F40.

Aux Championnats du monde d'athlétisme handisport 2011 à Christchurch, il termine  du lancer du javelot F40,  du lancer du poids F40 et  du lancer du disque F40.

Références

Liens externes

Athlète handisport marocain
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2008
Naissance à Rabat
Naissance en janvier 1976

Mohamed El Garaa


1.000.000.000 (milliard) er:
 Det naturlige tal efter 999.999.999, derefter følger 1.000.000.001.
 Et heltal.
 Et lige tal.
 Det samme som den videnskabelige notation 109.

Bestemte tal

1.000.000.000


ديسنا (Десна) هو نهر في روسيا وأوكرانيا، وهو الرافد الأيسر لنهر دنيبر. وتعني الكلمة «اليد اليمنى» في اللغة السلافية الشرقية القديمة. طوله 1130 كلم (702 ميل)، ويغطي حوضه 88900 كم مربع (34324 ميل مربع).

طالع أيضاً
قائمة أنهار روسيا

مراجع

أنهار مقاطعة سمولينسك
أنهار مقاطعة بريانسك
أنهار مقاطعة تشرنيهيف
أنهار دولية في أوروبا
أنهار روسيا
روافد نهر الدنيبر
مواقع جذب سياحي في تشرنيغوف
مواقع جذب سياحي في مقاطعة تشرنيهيف
سياحة في تشرنيغوف
أنهار تشرنيغوف

ديسنا


Svjetski kup u alpskom skijanju 2016./2017.

51. sezona Svjetskog skijaškog kupa 2017. godine počela je 22. listopada 2016. u austrijskom Söldenu, a završila 19. ožujka 2017. u američkom Aspenu.

Skijaši su odvozili 36 utrka (8 spustova, 6 super-veleslaloma, 9 veleslaloma, 11 slaloma, 2 alpske kombinacije i 1 paralelni slalom). Najviše bodova (1599) osvojio je Marcel Hirscher iz Austrije.

Skijašice su odvozile 37 utrke (8 spustova, 7 super-veleslaloma, 9 veleslaloma, 10 slaloma, 3 alpske kombinacije i 1 paralelni i slalom). Najviše bodova (1643) osvojila je Mikaela Shiffrin iz Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.

Ukupni pobjednici

Konačni poredak

Skijaši

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Super-veleslalom

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En el fútbol, creador de juego es un concepto genérico usado para referirse a un jugador que controla el flujo de juego del equipo y, normalmente, los movimientos tácticos defensivos y ofensivos de este que lleven al gol, todo esto a través de su visión, técnica, control, creatividad y habilidad de pase.

En el fútbol inglés, el término se suele usar indistintivamente con el de mediocampista ofensivo, sin embargo, no todos los creadores de juego se limitan a la posición del mediocampo. Con numerosos creadores de juego desempeñándose en diversas posiciones en el terreno de juego, tanto en labores ofensivas como defensivas, yendo desde extremos y segundos delanteros, centrocampistas más puros, alternando entre el ataque y la organización de jugadas en el campo, o en un rol más libre, profundizado detrás de la línea del mediocampo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de creadores de juego no suelen destacar por sus habilidades defensivas, estando comúnmente acompañados de un mediocentro defensivo.

Características
Tal vez la cualidad más importante de un mediocentro organizador sea la capacidad de leer el juego, y ocupar una buena posición para hacer efectiva la recepción y distribución del balón; un mediocentro organizador debe saber cuándo hay que bajar el ritmo del partido -aguantando el balón o tocando en defensa- y cuándo es el momento de imprimir más velocidad al balón -dar pases en ataque y abrir el campo- La intuición es otro elemento clave del buen mediocentro creador de juego, ya que necesita saber dónde está cada jugador, y cuál es la mejor opción de pase sin tener mucho tiempo para detener el balón. Tiene que tomar decisiones en décimas de segundo. Un buen organizador es capaz de mantener la posesión esperando los desmarques de sus compañeros en ataque.

El papel del mediapunta es básicamente, proporcionar o facilitar una asistencia. En terminología futbolística, este concepto es a menudo conocido como el 'último pase' y se registra oficialmente como asistencia. El mediapunta suele tener una técnica muy depurada, una amplia variedad de regate, y/o una gran capacidad para conducir el balón en velocidad. Por supuesto, suelen tener una buena visión de juego y el último pase es su mejor arma. Muchas veces se animan a marcar goles con sus constantes llegadas al área desde segunda línea, o acompañando al delantero. Un ejemplo de esta posición fue Diego Armando Maradona, que ha sido descrito por la FIFA como un "creador de juego y goleador". Otro caso fue Valentino Mazzola quién no solo creaba fútbol sino que bajaba muy seguido a defender.

Nomenclaturas

En Italia
El fútbol italiano aporta una categorización pragmática cuando divide en dos tipos de jugadores mediocampistas, a saber: el Tetraquartista (mediocampista ofensivo) y el Regista (mediocentro central). Ambos, Registas y Tetraquartista son organizadores del fútbol y mientras que uno juega para los tres cuartos de cancha, el otro se queda detrás del círculo central.

El Tetraquartista, dorsal número 10, se posiciona por delante de mediocampo y su cometido es dar pases incisivos a la banda o hacia delante, procurando conducir el ataque, hilar jugadas ofensivas, y, a menudo, marcar goles. Ejemplos de tetraquartistas en Italia son: Gianni Rivera, Francesco Totti o Alessandro Del Piero.

El Regista o mediocentro organizador, con los dorsales 5, 6 u 8, operan desde una posición más retrasada, no pisan tres cuartos de la cancha y en ocasiones juegan por detrás de la línea del mediocampo, donde utilizan el espacio y la posesión del balón para orquestar los movimientos de todo el equipo, no sólo los ataques a puerta. En Italia estos jugadores son grandes distribuidores del juego a distancia y aportan organización a la salida al ataque desde la defensa. Ejemplos en Italia son: Giancarlo Antognoni, Andrea Pirlo o el español Balón de oro Luis Suárez Miramontes.

En España
Por su parte, en el fútbol español se habla de mediocentro organizador y media punta. Por tanto se hace una perfecta analogía con las nociones de registas y trequartistas. El fútbol español añade también la noción de mediocentro ofensivo para diferenciar a los trequartistas que no necesariamente llegan al gol.

En Inglaterra
El fútbol inglés utiliza una gran variedad de términos para catalogar a los futbolistas encargados de la elaboración del juego. Entre ellos se encuentran el de centre midfield y attacking midfield en perfecta analogía con los términos españoles de mediocentro organizador y ofensivo. Sin embargo, la terminología del fútbol inglés es más específica; por ejemplo, se habla del creador de juego como  Creador de juego y Creador de juego profundo. Estos términos se refieren a los registas o volantes que privilegian la fluidez y dinamismo del juego. Ambos términos se refieren al futbolista que elabora y distribuye, pero específicamente, es el creador de juego profundo el que se encarga de la distribución del juego a larga distancia y tras la línea de mediocampo. Otro término común en el fútbol inglés es el de holding midfielder, que se acerca a las nociones de volante de contención o volante de salida sudamericano.

Cuando en el fútbol inglés se habla del attacking midfield, se hace en directa relación con el mediocentro de ataque o volante de enlace que juega de una forma muy limpia y dinámica, y, a su vez, difiere del creative midfield que juega dentro de espacios más cerrados. Por otro lado, el attacking midfield es un trequartista a diferencia del creador de juego profundo, pero a su vez no es un media punta. Para el concepto de media punta, en inglés se utiliza el término deep-lying forward que se traduce como falso 9.

En Sudamérica
En el fútbol sudamericano existen varias denominaciones, por ejemplo el creador de juego, también el enganche -que literalmente significa gancho-. En el fútbol brasileño el organizador se llama meia-armador, mientras que el mediocampista ofensivo se llama meia-de-ligação.

En general en el fútbol sudamericano se habla de volantes. El volante de salida sería una especie de Regista italiano, pero con predominancia en la repartición de balones de radio inmediato y pases corto, pues el fútbol sudamericano no juega a la contra ni es tan dinámico como si lo es el fútbol italiano. Es importante la ubicación de los volantes de salida en el campo, pues como su nombre lo indica, deben ayudar a la salida y desahogo de la defensa rival, sobre todo si el equipo contrario sube sus líneas y presiona en el campo propio. Así deben ubicarse junto a los volante de corte o la línea de contención. Los volantes de salida en el fútbol sudamericano están llamados a ser la aduana del equipo y juegan protegidos en el fondo del medio campo y la defensa o por el bloque de mediocampistas que sube y baja en ataque y defensa. Estos volantes de salida sudamericanos se hacen indispensables cuando aportan claridad en la salida y manejan los tiempos de distribución. Ellos aseguran el control y la progresión de juego desde defensa al ataque. Grandes ejemplos fueron Cesar Cueto, José Luis Sierra, Didí, David Pizarro y en España Xavi Hernández. Se destacaban por utilizar el dorsal 6 o la 8.

Además del volante de salida en Sudamérica destaca el volante de creación parecido al tetraquartista italiano, pero con cualidades muy particulares para del estilo sudamericano. El volante de creación sudamericano es el clásico 10 del fútbol mundial -aunque en algunos países como México y Chile se les pueda otorga el número 8-. El volante de creación de igual forma que el volante de salida, aporta elaboración al juego, sin embargo el 10 juega más expuesto en el ataque y con la intención expresa de destruir la línea defensiva del equipo rival, más que administrar con lateralidad como lo hace el volante de salida. El volante de creación debe tener una gran visión de campo y saber habilitar de manera incisiva. El volante de salida administra y el volante de creación destruye. El volante de salida debe correr el campo y saber lateralizar, el volante de creación, debe ser incisivo y tener calidad con el pase entre líneas. Ahora esta característica de jugar más expuesto es propio del fútbol lírico o el joga bonito que privilegia el ataque frente a la defensa. Por otra parte el volante de creación es el jugador responsable del fútbol que juega su equipo. El estilo sudamericano permite un juego más improvisado en comparación al tacticismo europeo y el volante de creación representa un estilo que defiende el fútbol basado en individualidades. El 10 clásico es un rebelde por naturaleza que no acepta imposiciones desde la banca, sino más bien él le pone su impronta al equipo. En si, el volante de creación debe ser agente de elaboración en el ataque, debe ser creativo en el juego ofensivo e incisivo que asegure el control del balón, el tempo y el gol de sus compañeros. Un buen 10 clásico debe tener gran conducción en tres cuartos de cancha, saber jugar de espaldas, tener una privilegiada visión de campo y una enorme inteligencia para romper la línea defensiva rival con sus pases, así como manejar el tempo y la creatividad en la elaboración, porque su cometido es un rol eminentemente cerebral. Una característica que particulariza al volante de creación sudamericano y lo distancia del volante de enlace europeo, es la lentitud para armar la jugada. Ciertamente en Europa privilegia la claridad en ataque, lo que significa fluidez en el juego, sin embargo, el 10 clásico sudamericano, pisa el balón, conduce, levanta la cabeza, pues elabora de forma más compleja y enmarañada. El 10 clásico sudamericano confronta al sistema defensivo del rival con juego muy técnico y por cierto más elaborado en pro de triangular, driblear o entregar un pase filtrado capaz de desarmar la línea del offside. Privilegia la elaboración a la claridad, la creatividad ante la fluidez.

La nomenclatura sudamericana cuando se refiere a labores organizativas de juego habla tanto volante de salida como del volante de creación que tiene más relación con el estilo sudamericano porque privilegian la clarificación de jugadas antes que el dinamismo como en el fútbol Europeo. Pero también existen las categorías de volantes mixto y del volante de enlace que cumplen labores organizativas, pero con mayor dinámica representando un estilo más táctico. El volante mixto es un mediocampista de contención con mucho despliegue y que cumple labores organizativas cuando su equipo no se forma con un tetraquartista en cancha. El volante mixto cuando se despliega con el balón en los pies, aporta elaboración de fútbol con mucha dinámica, pero apenas su equipo pierde la pelota, ellos deben preocuparse de recuperar posiciones, pues en si, el volante mixto representa un estilo mucho más contenido.

Por último y siguiendo con el tema del volante de salida y el volante de creación sudamericanos, se les denomina a ambos como volantes tácticos. Como ya se dijo, son quienes manejan el tempo del equipo y lo dirigen como verdaderos directores técnicos dentro del campo. Si su equipo gana 2-0 en el segundo tiempo, el 10 querrá quitarle velocidad al juego y dormir la pelota con toques cortos laterales o hacia atrás. Esto porque no hay mejor manera de cuidar un resultado que tener la pelota. Si el juego está empatado, es probable que el 10 busque lateralizar hasta obligar al rival a salir de su encierro para ahí sí enviar un pase entre líneas. Y si su equipo va perdiendo, y el rival se agrupa atrás, el 10 agilizará un traslado más vertical hacia las inmediaciones del área contraria. Allí podrá intentar un remate desde afuera, abrir el juego hacia las bandas para generar centros sobre el área, o desnivelar con gambetas o regates.

El volante de enlace, también conocido como enganche, es un tetraquartista cuya principal labor es la organización de juego. Quizás no tiene tanto despliegue como lo tiene un volante mixto o en volante con llegada, pero si tiene dinámica y limpieza en la elaboración de jugadas. En muchas ocasiones estos jugadores son los únicos encargados de organizar el fútbol cuando su equipo prefiere tener una disposición defensiva. En si el volante de enlace es futbolista paradigmático para el resto de su equipo, porque debe ser la proyección del director técnico dentro la cancha y es esto lo que más le diferencia con el volante de creación, porque el enganche dirige limpiamente las jugadas proyectando por la táctica, en cambio el 10 clásico improvisa y enmaraña el fútbol en el mismo momento que va teniendo oportunidades. Esta diferencia no es menor, porque a la larga define que el fútbol del volante de enlace es más adecuado a la dinámica y el fútbol del volante de creación se detiene en la elaboración de la jugada y el manejo de los tiempos.

El volante con llegada -también llamado media punta- es un tetraquartista que cumple obligaciones defensivas y de ataque. A diferencia del volante de creación y el volante mixto, este jugador tiene la obligación de marcar goles, por tanto algunos analista lo cuentan como delantero y se vuelve un jugador muy valioso para distintos esquemas futbolísticos. El volante con llegada también cumple la función de repartir pelotas en la zona de ataque, pero no tiene el mismo grado de responsabilidades, ni mantiene el mismo ritmo de juego que un volante de creación. Un claro ejemplo es el argentino Federico Mancuello.

Organizadores y tácticas
Este tipo de centrocampistas no suelen destacar por su lucha o la capacidad defensiva. Sus virtudes son otras, como la de ser capaz de hacer jugar a un equipo, o decidir un partido con un balón al hueco. En una formación 4-4-2 un creador de juego por lo general juega al lado de un centrocampista de corte defensivo para asegurar que el equipo no es vulnerable al ataque. Sin embargo, con formaciones diferentes, un equipo puede jugar con varios organizadores. Por ejemplo, en el 4-3-3, puede haber un jugador de corte defensivo (mediocentro), que se posicione en el centro del campo, acompañado de dos interiores (mediocentros organizadores) que se encargan de hacer jugar al equipo. En el fútbol español suele haber un jugador que se encarga de organizar las jugadas ofensivas de su equipo, y se conoce como mediocentro organizador, motor del equipo o 'cerebro'. En las diferentes formaciones, puede haber más o menos jugadores con habilidades para crear juego, dependiendo de las características del equipo, de la táctica, y del rival.

Véase también
 Fútbol
 Guardameta.
 Centrocampista.
 Delantero.
 Goleador.
 Posiciones de fútbol
 Número de camiseta (fútbol)

Referencias

Posiciones de fútbol

Playmaker


الفرسان هو مسلسل مصري تاريخي من إخراج حسام الدين مصطفى بطولة أحمد عبد العزيز ومادلين طبر وأحمد ماهر ونوال أبو الفتوح وجمال عبد الناصر وجمال إسماعيل وعبد الله محمود
.

قصة المسلسل
يدور المسلسل حول مصر والعالم الإسلامي أثناء فترة هجوم المغول عليها منذ بداية سقوط خوارزم في يدهم وبيع محمود في سوق الرقيق وكيف صار من المماليك في مصر، حتى أصبح ملكا باسم (قطز)، ويتناول المسلسل تحطيم التتار في معركة عين جالوت.

تمثيل

الممثلون

ومشاركة
أحمد الحريري - عثمان الحمامصي: بهلوان أزبك أحد قادة جلال الدين - محمود الشاطبي - مصطفى هاشم - أحمد حجازي - زكي عبد المجيد - عبد الحميد أنيس - محمد سعيد - عادل صقر - جمال زغلول: ابن لجنكيز خان - عادل الشناوي - نبيل الغول - حسن صلاح - محمود عبد الغفار - خيري القليوبي - محمد نبيل- هشام محمد علي - عصمت حمدي - عبد الله كامل -بدر الدين حسني- علي عرابي- أنس المصري - همام تمام - محمود جليفون- زين علي فايق - سيد الصاوي - رشدي متولي - فؤاد بشارة - ماهر عبد الظاهر - محمد عبد الرازق - حسن عثمان - محمد عبده - مجدي عبد الحليم - طارق الباجوري - محمد درديري - أحمد فوزي - أنور حسونة - محمد إمام - إبراهيم وجدي - عبد السلام عبد العزيز - سليمان حسين - محمد وردة - عصام الشويحي - محمد الدقي - محمد أمين عطية - عادل زهدي - متولي علوان: شيخ معزول - أحمد حافظ بدر: قاتل جلال الدين - استيفان منير - أحمد عمار - محمد عتريس - مصطفى أبو العزايم - فاطمة شوشة - جمال حماد - محمد صلاح - أكرام فارس - عبد الرحمن حامد - محمد الفران - مجدي ياسين

الأطفال
 نانسي سيد أبو السعود.. هند
 مني فاروق.. ياسمين
 أحمد عزمي.. بيبرس
 الحسيني حلمي.. قطز
 محمد محمد جمال.. هولاكو
 محمد شادي.. بدر الدين أبن جلال الدين

فريق العمل

مراجع

 صفحة المسلسل علي موقع السينما
 مسلسل الفرسان على اليوتيوب
 حكاية حسنى مبارك مع أول مسلسل يصور في مدينة الإنتاج الإعلامى
 معركة عين جالوت.. كيف تناولت الأعمال الفنية المعركة الشهيرة في ذكراها

مسلسلات أحمد عبد العزيز
مسلسلات أحمد ماهر
مسلسلات تاريخية تلفزيونية مصرية
مسلسلات تهاني راشد
مسلسلات رياض الخولي
مسلسلات كريمة مختار
مسلسلات مشيرة إسماعيل
مسلسلات حمدي غيث

الفرسان (مسلسل)


Alfredo Dudley Bateman Quijano (*Bogotá, 14 de enero de 1909 - † Bogotá, 27 de mayo de 1988) fue un ingeniero e historiador colombiano de ascendencia inglesa.

Biografía
Fue el primer hijo de Blanca Quijano y Alfredo Bateman Ospina. Estudió bachillerato en el Instituto La Salle e Ingeniería Civil en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, de donde se graduó en 1935.Se casó con Elena Durán García y tuvieron cinco hijos: Elsa, Nohra, Alfredo, Jaime y Ricardo

Fue empleado en el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte durante más de 30 años donde ocupó diversos cargos de importancia, como Director del Departamento de Bienes y Comercio, Director General de Carreteras, Secretario General y Asesor del Ministro. También trabajó en el Instituto de Crédito Territorial como ingeniero, subgerente y director encargado.

Fue decano y profesor emérito de la facultad de ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia ,profesor en la Universidad Santo Tomás, de la Universidad de La Salle, donde fundó la facultad de ingeniería y de la que fue su primer Decano, en la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano y en la Facultad de Administración del Gimnasio Moderno, hoy Universidad de Los Andes.Profesor Emérito y Titular de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

Fue miembro de la Academia Colombiana de Historia, de la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua, de la Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia. miembro y Presidente de la Academia de Ciencias Exactas, físicas y Matemáticas y presidente de la Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros.

Recibió numerosos reconocimientos, como la Medalla Francisco José de Caldas en 1985,Comendador de la Cruz de Boyacá, Caballero de la Orden Universidad Javeriana, el premio Lorenzo Codazzi y la orden al mérito Julio Garavito en forma póstuma en 1989.

La Avenida Suba de Bogotá recibió su nombre en 1993.

Obras
Fue autor de varios libros, en especial biografías de científicos e ingenieros colombianos, destacándose principalmente la obra sobre el sabio Caldas, del libro "Vocabulario Geográfico de Colombia" que consiste en el primer diccionario de todos los lugares, montañas, ríos, etc. del país y de diversas publicaciones sobre historia e ingeniería.

 El observatorio astronómico de Bogotá: monografía histórica 1803-1953. (1954). Ed. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
 Vocabulario geográfico de Colombia, Volúmenes 1-3 (1955). Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia.
 Con Lino de Pombo y Luis María Murillo. Francisco José de Caldas: su vida, su personalidad y su obra, El descubrimiento de la hipsometría. (1958).Talleres Editoriales de la Librería Voluntad.
 Francisco José de Caldas: síntesis biográfica. (1969).Editorial Kelly.
 La campaña libertadora en 90 respuestas, 1819-1969. (1969).Caja de Crédito Agrario, Industrial y Minero (Bogotá).
 Francisco Javier Cisneros.(1970) Editorial Kelley.
 Con Alberto E. Ariza S, Andrés Soriano Lleras, y Ramón Zapata. Fray Ciriaco de Archila: primer prócer de la libertad absoluta en Colombia y fray José Simón de Archila, preceptor y libertador del León de Apure.(1970).Editorial Kelly.
 Páginas para la Historia de la Ingeniería Colombiana. (1972). Academia Colombiana de Historia.
 Con Eduardo Acevedo Latorre y Luis Guillermo Durán. Historia extensa de Colombia: Las ciencias en Colombia. Geografía. Cartografía, Volumen 24. (1974).Academia Colombiana de Historia.Lerner.
 Manuel Murillo Toro. (1978). Academia Colombiana de Historia.
 Ingeniería Legal Colombiana. (1982).
 La Ingeniería, las Obras Públicas y el Transporte en Colombia.(1986).Academia Colombiana de Historia.
 Estatuas y Monumentos de Bogotá.(2002).Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros.
 Con Alfonso Orduz Duarte, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros. Historia de los ferrocarriles de Colombia. (2005). Página Maestra.
 Con César A. Ferrari, Fabio Giraldo Isaza. Hábitat y el desafío de las microfinanzas. (2008). UN-HABITAT.
 La verdadera tumba de Colón y las Jornadas de Don Quijote.
 Apuntamientos para la historia de la ingeniería legal colombiana.
 Proyectos del Código de Construcción.

Enlaces externos

 Biografía de Alfredo Bateman de la Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia.

Referencias

Nacidos en Bogotá
Ingenieros de Colombia
Alumnado de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Profesores de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Historiadores de Colombia
Miembros de la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua

Alfredo Bateman