Against All Odds is a 1984 American neo-noir  romantic thriller film directed by Taylor Hackford and starring Rachel Ward, Jeff Bridges and James Woods alongside Jane Greer, Alex Karras, Richard Widmark and Dorian Harewood. A remake of Out of the Past (1947), a film in which Greer played the femme fatale, this film's plot is about an aging American football star who is hired by a mobster to find his girlfriend.

The film's soundtrack, nominated for a Grammy Award, featured songs from Big Country, Kid Creole & the Coconuts, Stevie Nicks and Genesis breakout stars Mike Rutherford, Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins; the last wrote and performed the title song, which was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Original Song and for a Golden Globe Award as Best Original Song, as well as winning the Grammy for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male.

Plot

Professional football player Terry Brogan is released by his team, the Outlaws. Aging, injured and in need of money, he is contacted by an old acquaintance, gambler and nightclub owner Jake Wise. Jake wants Terry to locate his girlfriend, Jessie Wyler, who also happens to be the daughter of the Outlaws' owner. Terry is reluctant to take on the job, but needs the money and knows Wise is capable of blackmailing him for a point-shaving incident.

Terry contacts Jessie's mother, but ends up mostly trying to convince Mrs. Wyler and her business partner Ben Caxton to reinstate him on the team. While she expresses no interest in his football career, she will pay him more than Jake would if he will instead find Jessie for her.

Hank Sully, the Outlaws team trainer, strongly advises Terry to stay away from Jake and offers to help Terry land a coaching job. Terry is convinced his days as a player are not over and decides to work for Jake to tide him over until he can try to continue his playing career.

Terry finds Jessie living in Cozumel, Mexico. He makes multiple attempts to approach her, but she rebuffs him, as she believes that he has been sent by either Jake or her mother. Terry tires of pursuing her and packs to leave, but Jessie appreciates that he has not revealed her whereabouts. She invites him to see where she is staying and they become lovers. Terry confides to her the leverage Jake has over him.

Terry and Jessie remain happily together for a few weeks. Meanwhile, Terry continues to tell Jake he has been unable to locate Jessie. Jake sends Sully to investigate. He catches the lovers alone at the ruins of Chichen Itza. After a confrontation and ensuing struggle between Terry and Hank, Jessie fatally shoots Sully. She wants to flee, as the two will be unable to offer an explanation that will allow them to avoid jail. Terry refuses and Jessie quickly abandons him.

After disposing of Sully's body, Terry returns to Los Angeles. There he is astonished to discover that Jessie has returned to Jake. Jake invites Terry to his nightclub where he tells him that he wants him to break into the office of Steve Kirsch, the Outlaw's corrupt lawyer, who is also involved in Jake's gambling operation.
After leaving the nightclub, Terry goes to Jake's house to see Jessie. After a desperate confrontation, she admits both her love for him and the hold Jake now has over her after learning she was directly involved in Sully's death.

Terry breaks into the office only to find Kirsch dead. Terry fights off a security guard, then hides Kirsch's body. He tracks down Kirsch's secretary, Edie, tells her what has happened, and warns that she is also in danger. Edie tells him about a secret box that contains the information to bring down the entire syndicate and local politicians. They return to the office to retrieve the box.

Jake tells Jessie that he's had Kirsch killed and framed Terry for the murder. She goes to her mother's house and informs Caxton that Jake has been handling bets on his old football team using information he had been given by Sully and Kirsch. What she doesn't know is that Caxton is actually Jake's boss at the syndicate.

Caxton takes charge. He arranges to meet Terry at the site of a new construction project that he and Mrs. Wyler are backing. Terry is able to disarm Caxton's henchman Tommy. He says his price for turning over the files is that Caxton must take down Jake. Caxton indicates he is receptive to that idea, whereupon Jake pulls his own gun and threatens to kill Jessie, forcing Terry to drop his weapon. While the men have their attention focused on each other, Jessie retrieves the dropped gun and shoots Jake, killing him.

Having killed both Jake and Sully, she must agree to terms set by Caxton to avoid going to jail. Caxton's terms include Jessie returning to her estranged mother's side and ending her relationship with Terry.

Months later, Terry stays in the background while attending a publicity function for Caxton's and Mrs. Wyler's construction project. He just wants a last look at Jessie before leaving Los Angeles to resume his football career in Miami. Forced to acknowledge he is no longer a part of Jessie's life, Terry predicts that one day Jessie will break free of the hold that Caxton and Mrs. Wyler have on her. In the meantime, all Terry and Jessie can do is stare at one another from a distance.

Cast

Soundtrack

Production notes
 The film featured two cameo appearances by stars of Out of the Past on which the film is based: Jane Greer, who played Kathie Moffat in the first movie, plays Rachel Ward's mother (Greer held the infant Jeff Bridges in 1951's The Company She Keeps in a scene with his real life mother, Dorothy Bridges), and Paul Valentine, who played hood Joe Stephanos in the first movie, played a councilman in Against All Odds.
Jeff Bridges' age and appearance in this film was used as a reference to re-create a 35-year-old version of him for the characters of Kevin Flynn and CLU in the film Tron: Legacy (2010).

Reception

Critical response

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying it dragged in places due to "a lot of plot", but was redeemed by the subtle use of "social criticism". Janet Maslin of The New York Times highlights the effective contrast of Woods and Bridges.

Box office
In the United States and Canada, Against All Odds finished No. 2 at the box office in its opening weekend, staying in the top 10 through its first five weeks; overall, it grossed (domestically) $21.7million at the box office.

Accolades

See also
 List of American football films

References

External links

1980s English-language films
1980s romantic thriller films
1984 thriller films
1984 crime films
1984 films
American neo-noir films
American romantic drama films
American romantic thriller films
Columbia Pictures films
Films directed by Taylor Hackford
Films scored by Michel Colombier
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Mexico
Remakes of American films
1980s American films

Against All Odds (1984 film)


Dikasterij za međureligijski dijalog (lat. Dicasterium pro dialogue inter religiones) je jedan od dikasterija Rimske kurije.

Povijest
Na nedjelju Duhova 1964. papa Pavao VI. osnovao je poseban odjel Rimske kurije za odnose s osobama drugih religija. U početku poznat kao "Tajništvo za nekršćane", 1988. je godine dobio novi naziv Papinsko vijeće za međureligijski dijalog. Apostolskom konstitucijom pape Franje Praedicate Evangelium, od 19. ožujka 2022., konačno postaje Dikasterij za međureligijski dijalog.

Priroda i namjena dikasterija
Dikasterij za međureligijski dijalog promiče međureligijski dijalog, u skladu s duhom Drugog vatikanskog koncila, posebice koncilske deklaracije Nostra Aetate (NA).

U duhu deklaracije Nostra Aestate, objavljene 28. listopada 1965., za vrijeme Drugog vatikanskog koncila, dikasterij dobiva sljedeće odgovornosti:

 promicanje uzajamnog razumijevanja, poštovanja i suradnje između Katoličke crkve i vjernika drugih religija,
 poticanje istraživanja religija,
 promicanje obuke pojedinaca za vođenje dijaloga.

Dikasterij za međureligijski dijalog (DMD) nije odgovoran za područje relacija između Katoličke crkve i Hebreja, odnosno Židova. To je odgovornost zasebnog povjerenstva osnovanog pri Dikasteriju za promicanje jedinstva kršćana.

Metodologija dikasterija

 Dijalog je postavljen na dualni komunikacijski sustav. Uključuje govorenje i slušanje, davanje i primanje, radi međusobnog razvoja i obogaćivanja. Riječ je o dijalogu koji je svjedočanstvo vlastite vjere, ali ujedno i otvorenost prema vjeri drugih. To nije izdaja poslanja Crkve, niti je to nova metoda obraćenja na kršćanstvo.

Tako je utvrđeno još u enciklici pape Ivana Pavla II. Redemptoris Missio. Istodobno, to se stajalište očitovalo u dva dokumenta koja je objavio ovaj dikasterij: Odnos Katoličke crkve prema sljedbenicima drugih religija, promišljanja i usmjerenja dijaloga i poslanja (1984.), te Dijalog i navještaj (1991.), potonji je objavljen zajedno s tadašnjom Kongregacijom za evangelizaciju naroda, danas Dikasterijem za evangelizaciju.

 Iako je Papinsko vijeće središnji ured za dijalog u Katoličkoj crkvi, takav se dijalog uglavnom vodi kroz mjesne Crkve. Mnoge mjesne Crkve imaju povjerenstva za dijalog na regionalnoj i nacionalnoj razini. Dikasterij za međureligijski dijalog blisko surađuje s tim povjerenstvima, potičući njihovo formiranje tamo gdje još ne postoje.

 U obzir se uzima ekumenska dimenzija međureligijskog dijaloga. Vijeće održava stalne odnose s odgovarajućim uredom Svjetskog vijeća Crkava.

 Dikasterij za međureligijski dijalog ograničava svoj rad u području religijskih pitanja. Njegova nadležnost ne proteže se na društveno-politička pitanja. Rimska kurija ima različite odjele, s posebnim nadležnostima. O pojedinim pitanjima raspravlja se na međudikasterijalnim sastancima.

Djelatnosti dikasterija

 Prijem posjetitelja: Dikasterij prima brojne posjete predstavnika religijskog svijeta. Pozivaju ih na dijalog s osobljem dikasterija. Ponekad olakšavaju audijencije kod Pape. Osim toga, održavaju se susreti s biskupima koji dolaze u Rim, u povodu njihova  "Ad limina" pohoda, te s drugim skupinama posjetitelja.
 Posjeti: prefekt i tajnik posjećuju mjesne Crkve, kako bi se neposrednije upoznali s lokalnim prilikama i potaknuli oblike dijaloga. U takvim se prigodama susreću s predstavnicima drugih religija i raznih institucija kako bi bolje promicali razumijevanje i suradnju.
 Sastanci: Dikasterij organizira sastanke ili još češće sudjeluje na sastancima koje promoviraju druga tijela, na regionalnoj, nacionalnoj ili internacionalnoj razini. Ovi sastanci mogu biti bilateralni ili multilateralni.
 Publikacije: objavljene su knjige i brošure o različitim aspektima međureligijskog dijaloga (s tim vrijedi podsjetiti na  "le dialogue interreligieux dans l'ensignement officiel de l'eglise catholique"; Dikasterij obično objavljuje zbornike konferencija koje organizira. Od 1995. godine objavljuje se popis organizacija za međureligijski dijalog (Interreligious Dialogue Directory). Osim toga, bilten Pro Dialogue izlazi redovito tri puta godišnje, a sadrži crkvene dokumente o dijalogu, različite članke i informacije o aktivnostima dijaloga u svijetu.

Povjerenstvo za odnose s muslimanima
U Dikasteriju za međureligijski dijalog (DMD) postoji posebno Povjerenstvo za odnose s muslimanima. Sastoji se od predsjednika, dopredsjednika i tajnika, a uključuje i malu grupu od osam savjetnika. Bavi se proučavanjem različitih aspekata odnosa između kršćana i muslimana.

Zaklada Nostra Aetate
Dikasterij za međureligijski dijalog (DMD) je osnovao i zakladu koja ima za cilj promicanje dijaloga, posebice dodjeljivanjem stipendija znanstvenicima drugih religija koji žele proučavati kršćanstvo.

Kronologija uprave

Prefekti/e

 Kardinal Paolo Marella (19. svibnja 1964. – 26. veljače 1973.)
 Kardinal Sergio Pignedoli (6. ožujka 1973. – 15. lipnja 1980.)
 Nadbiskup Jean Jadot (27. lipnja 1980. – 8. travnja 1984.) (propredsjednik)
 Kardinal Francis Arinze (8. travnja 1984. – 27. svibnja 1985.) (propredsjednik)
 Kardinal Francis Arinze (27. svibnja 1985. – 1. listopada 2002.)
 Nadbiskup Michael Louis Fitzgerald, M.Afr. (1. listopada 2002. – 15. veljače 2006. imenovan apostolskim nuncijem u Egiptu; Papa Franjo ga je 2019. imenovao kardinalom)
 Kardinal Paul Poupard (11. ožujka 2006. – 25. lipnja 2007.)
 Kardinal Jean-Louis Tauran (25. lipnja 2007. – 5. srpnja 2018.)
 Kardinal Miguel Ángel Ayuso Guixot, MCCI (25. svibnja 2019. – )

Tajnici/e

 Svećenik Pierre Humbertclaude, SM (1964. – 1973.)
 Svećenik Pietro Rossano (1973. – 1982.; imenovan pomoćnim biskupom Rima i rektorom Papinskog lateranskog sveučilišta)
 Svećenik Marcello Zago, OMI (1983. – 1986.)
 Nadbiskup Michael Louis Fitzgerald, M. Afr. (1987. – 2002.; imenovan predsjednikom istog dikasterija)
 Nadbiskup Pier Luigi Celata (2002. – 2012.)
 Biskup Miguel Ángel Ayuso Guixot, MCCI (2012. – 2019.; imenovan prefektom istog dikasterija)
 Svećenik Indunil Janakaratne Kodithuwakku Kankanamalage (3. srpnja 2019. – )

Dotajnici/e

 Svećenik Joseph Cuoq, M. Afr. (1965. – 1969.)
 Svećenik Pietro Rossano (1966. – 1973.; imenovan tajnikom)
 Svećenik John Bosco Masayuki Shirieda, SDB (1974. – 1999.)
 Svećenik Felix Anthony Machado (1999. – 2008.; imenovan nadbiskupom dijeceze Nashika)
 Svećenik Andrew Thanya-anan Vissanu (2008. – 2012.)
 Svećenik Indunil Janakaratne Kodithuwakku Kankanamalage (2012. – 2019.; imenovan tajnikom istog dikasterija)
 Svećenik Paulin Batairwa Kubuya, SX (11. studenog 2019. – )

Povezane stvari

 Papinski institut za arapske i islamske studije
 Sveta Stolica
 Rimska kurija
 Papinsko vijeće za dijalog s nevjernicima
 Dikasterij (Rimska kurija)
Rimska kurija
Sveta Stolica

Dikasterij za međureligijski dijalog


Atburðirnir á Compton's cafeteria í Tenderloin hverfinu í San Francisco sumarið 1966 eru einn af hornsteinum hinsegin sögu í Bandaríkjunum. Stonewall-uppþotin í New York 27. júní 1969 eru yfirleitt kölluð upphaf opinberrar mannréttindabaráttu samkynhneigðra í Bandaríkjunum en átökin á Compton's cafeteria eru upphaf mannréttindabaráttu trans fólks. Í New York kastaði Marsha P. Johnson fyrsta steininum í uppþotunum á Stonewall en í San Francisco var það dropi sem fyllti mælinn, þegar trans kona skvetti úr kaffibolla framan í lögregluþjón á Compton's.

Tenderloin hverfið í San Francisco
Tenderloin hverfið var miðpunktur hinsegin lífs borgarinnar. Þar voru samkomustaðirnir, þangað kom fólk víðsvegar að til að skemmta sér og margir bjuggu líka í Tenderloin: samkynhneigðir, tvíkynhneigðir, dragdrottningar og trans fólk. Yfirvöld í San Francisco kölluðu hverfið "a haven for undesirables" - athvarf hinna óæskilegu.

Compton's cafeteria, samastaður dragdrottninga og kynlífsverkafólks
Compton's cafeteria var veitingasala á horni Turk street og Taylor street sem var opin allan sólarhringinn, vinsæll viðkomustaður fyrir þau sem voru úti á lífinu og dýrmætt skjól fyrir kynlífsverkafólk til að hvílast um stund. Dragdrottningarnar stunduðu margar hverjar kynlífsvinnu, sem var hættuleg næturvinna, og bjuggu við stöðuga ógn af höndum viðskiptavina og lögreglu. Þær voru lágu vel við höggi því klæðskipti (e. cross dressing) voru ólögleg, alveg eins og samkynhneigð, og lögreglan hafði því nægar lagalegar ástæður til að þjarma að hinsegin íbúum og gestum í Tenderloin hverfinu. Slíkar ofsóknir lögreglu höfðu staðið frá því í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni og er þá ótalin hin siðferðislega fordæming samfélagsins sem hópurinn bjó við.

Starfsfólk Compton's reyndi ýmislegt til að losna við þessa viðskiptavini sem gerðu lítið annað en að kaupa sér einn kaffibolla og hangsa yfir honum eins lengi og hægt var í bið eftir því að vinkonurnar mættu á staðinn. Þeim var sýnd margvísleg fyrirlitning, jafnvel látnar borga meira en aðrir og þegar allt kom fyrir ekki var hringt á lögregluna, sem taldi ekki eftir sér að koma og taka fast á hinsegin fólkinu. Þannig var sótt að þessum hópi úr öllum áttum.

Heimildarmyndin Sqreaming Queens: The Riot at Compton's Cafeteria
Talið er að upp undir 100 manns hafi barist við lögreglu þessa ágústnótt í San Franciso. Vopnin voru háir hælar og handtöskur, stólar og sykurkör og hver einasti gluggi í kaffiteríunni vinsælu var brotinn í mél. Lítið sem ekkert er til af opinberum heimildum um uppþotið á Compton's cafeteria og aldrei hefur tekist að staðfesta nákvæma dagsetningu en árið 1991 fann sagnfræðingurinn og trans konan Susan Stryker fyrir tilviljun frásögn af atburðinum í hinsegin skjalasafninu í San Francisco. Hún fór að leita að frekari gögnum og náði á endanum að hafa upp á og taka viðtöl við nokkrar af konunum sem tóku þátt. Í framhaldinu af þessari rannsóknarvinnu gerðu Susan Stryker og Victor Silverman heimildarmyndina Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton's Cafeteria árið 2005 og fengu Emmy-verðlaun fyrir. Myndin er öllum aðgengileg á YouTube.

Tilvísanir

Hinsegin saga
Saga Bandaríkjanna
1966

Compton's Cafeteria


Eclipsa de Soare care va avea loc la 8 aprilie 2024 va fi o eclipsă totală de Soare.

Este a 15 eclipsă totală din secolul al XXI-lea, dar a 18-a trecere a umbrei Lunii peste Pământ, în acest secol.

Vizibilitate

Această eclipsă va fi vizibilă într-o imensă zonă a Americii de Nord, începând de la Oceanul Pacific de Sud, trecând prin nordul Mexicului, centrul și Estul Statelor Unite ale Americii, sud-estul Canadei și terminându-se în nordul Oceanului Atlantic. Va fi prima eclipsă totaă de Soare  vizibilă din Mexic, după eclipsa de Soare din 11 iulie 1991.

Cea mai lungă durată a eclipsei va fi de 4 minute și 28 de secunde, în apropiere de orășelul Nazas, din statul Durango, din Mexic. În Statele Unite ale Americii, drumul totalității trece direct pe deasupra orașelor Dallas, Cleveland și Buffalo, între altele.

Vezi și
 Lista eclipselor de Soare din secolul al XXI-lea

Legături externe
   Harta eclipsei generale și informații despre eclipsă Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC

2024 în știință
Eclipse de Soare

Eclipsa de Soare din 8 aprilie 2024


Die Stadtkirche St. Nikolai in Grevesmühlen ist ursprünglich eine Backsteinkirche des Übergangsstils von der Romanik zur Gotik, die im Laufe der Jahrhunderte stark überformt wurde. Sie gehört heute zur Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirchgemeinde Grevesmühlen in der Propstei Wismar im Kirchenkreis Mecklenburg der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Norddeutschland.

Geschichte
Die Kirche wurde erstmals 1230 im Ratzeburger Zehntregister erwähnt und 1237 dem Propst des Klosters Rehna unterstellt. 1284 wird sie als Nikolaikirche unter Ratzeburger Bischof Konrad zum Tafelgut des Ratzeburger Kanonikats. Bereits 1540 wird in Grevesmühlen wie auch im übrigen Klützer Winkel die Reformation umgesetzt.

Baugeschichte
Wie bei den meisten Kirchen in Westmecklenburg wird der Kastenchor mit drei spitzgotischen Fenstern in der östlichen Abschlusswand das älteste Bauteil der Nikolaikirche gewesen sein. Er wurde 1870 abgebrochen, um das dreischiffige Kirchenschiff der Hallenkirche aus der Zeit der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts durch ein weiteres Joch und einen größeren Achtelchor zu erweitern. Das Kirchenschiff wies bis zur Umgestaltung 1870–1872 durch Theodor Krüger nur ein südliches Querschiff von zwei Jochen auf vor dem zweiten Joch des Langhauses auf. 1872 erhielt die Nikolaikirche anstelle der schmalen spitzgotischen Fenster, die paarweise in den Jochen angeordnet waren, große Fenster und gegenüber dem südlichen Querschiff als Anbau eine Vorhalle, die allerdings bei der Umgestaltung 1969 wieder entfernt wurde. Die Stelle ist an der Nordseite des Kirchenschiffs gut zu erkennen, weil die Wand von 1969 zwei rekonstruierte spitzgotische Fenster enthält, die den früheren Gesamtzustand andeuten. Der Kirchturm verfügte bis zum Brand von 1659 über eine hohe Turmspitze, die zwar nach dem Brand noch einmal erneuert wurde, aber einen Sturm kurz darauf wieder verloren ging. Seither wird der Turm durch das niedrige Spitzdach abgeschlossen. Die erhalten gebliebenen Lisenen, Rundbogen- und Kleeblattfriese deuten das wahre Alter der Kirche heute noch an.

Ausstattung
Noch gravierender waren die Umgestaltungen im Inneren der Kirche. Die alte Ausstattung wurde im Zuge der Umgestaltung der Nikolaikirche 1872 durch eine neugotische Gesamtausstattung ersetzt. Diese wurde bei der Umgestaltung 1969 wiederum komplett aufgegeben.

Altar
Der barocke Hauptaltar wurde 1870 entfernt und durch einen neugotischen Altar ersetzt, der als Aufsatz ein Gemälde mit der Darstellung der Kreuzigung von Theodor Fischer-Poisson erhielt. Dieser Altar, wie auch die dazu passende neugotische Kanzel und das neugotische Kirchengestühl, wurden 1969 entfernt und durch einen schlichten Altartisch ersetzt.

Triumphkreuz
Das gotische Triumphkreuz aus der Zeit um 1430 gehört nicht zur Altausstattung der Kirche, sondern stammt aus der Heiligen-Geist-Kirche in Wismar. Es wurde erst im Zuge der Umgestaltung von 1969 in der Nikolaikirche aufgestellt. Der Triumphbogen darüber zeigt als Rest der neugotischen Ausmalung Medaillons mit den Bildnissen der Zwölf Apostel.

Taufbecken

Die formschöne romanische Fünte stammt aus der Zeit um 1230 und ist aus Kalkstein von der Insel Gotland gehauen. Sie stand früher im Bereich der Vorhalle und wurde erst im Zuge der Umgestaltung 1969 in den Chor an ihren heutigen Standplatz verbracht. Sie ist damit heute das älteste Ausstattungsstück der Kirche.

Gemälde
In der Kirche finden sich drei alte Gemälde: eine Kreuzigungsszene von 1690 mit einer Inschrift aus  (bezeichnet in der Inschrift L.S., Kopie nach Peter Paul Rubens), Christus am Kreuz (um 1700, Kopie nach Rubens) und eine Kreuztragung des Malers J. Grube von 1846.

Glocken
Die beiden Glocken der Kirche mussten nach dem Brand der Kirche aus dem Metall ihrer Vorgängerinnen von dem Gießer Adam Danckwardt in Wismar 1666 neu gegossen werden. Eine von ihnen wurde Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs für Kriegszwecke eingezogen, kam jedoch nur bis zum Bahnhof und konnte 1919 wieder in den Glockenstuhl eingehängt werden. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg ging dann eine der beiden Bronzeglocken endgültig verloren und die verbliebene wurde später durch zwei Eisenglocken ergänzt.

Orgel
Die Kirche erhielt 1872 eine Orgel von Friedrich Friese in Schwerin.

Literatur
 Friedrich Schlie: Die Kunst- und Geschichts-Denkmäler des Grossherzogthums Mecklenburg-Schwerin. II. Band: Die Amtsgerichtsbezirke Wismar, Grevesmühlen, Rehna, Gadebusch und Schwerin. Schwerin 1898, Neudruck Schwerin 1992, S. 346–350. ISBN 3-910179-06-1
 Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der mecklenburgischen Küstenregion. (Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der DDR 5) Berlin: Henschelverlag Kunst und Gesellschaft 1990, ISBN 3-362-00457-1, S. 38f
 Ulrich Hermanns: Mittelalterliche Stadtkirchen Mecklenburgs. Denkmalpflege und Bauwesen im 19. Jahrhundert. Schwerin 1996 ISBN 3-931185-15-X

Weblinks

 Webseite der Kirchengemeinde St. Nikolai

Einzelnachweise

St. Nikolai
Kirchengebäude in Europa
Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Nordwestmecklenburg
Kirchengebäude der Propstei Wismar
Gotisches Bauwerk in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Gotische Kirche
Nikolaikirche
St. Nikolai

St. Nikolai (Grevesmühlen)


A neuroeffector junction is a site where a motor neuron releases a neurotransmitter to affect a target—non-neuronal—cell. This junction functions like a synapse. However, unlike most neurons, somatic efferent motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle, and are always excitatory. Visceral efferent neurons innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, and have the ability to be either excitatory or inhibitory in function. Neuroeffector junctions are known as neuromuscular junctions when the target cell is a muscle fiber.

Non-synaptic transmission is characteristic of autonomic neuroeffector junctions. The structure of the autonomic neuromuscular junction consists of several essential features including that: the terminal portions of autonomic nerve fibers are varicose and mobile, transmitters being released 'en passage' from varying distances from the effector cells; while there is no structural post-junctional specialization on effector cells, receptors for neurotransmitters accumulate on cell membranes at close junctions. Muscle effectors are bundles rather than single smooth muscle cells that are connected by gap junctions which allow electrotonic spread of activity between cells. A multiplicity of transmitters are utilized by autonomic nerves, and co-transmission occurs often involving synergistic actions of the co-transmitters, although pre- and post-junctional neuromodulation of neurotransmitter release also take place. It is suggested that autonomic neural control of immune, epithelial and endothelial cells also involves non-synaptic transmission.

These are tight junctions, but in the autonomic nervous system and enteric nervous system the connecting junctions become much "looser", allowing for easier diffusion. This looseness allows for a wider signal receiving whereas in tighter junctions, more neurotransmitters get metabolized or broken down. In skeletal muscles, the junctions are mostly of the same distance and size because they innervate such definite structures of muscle fibers. In the Autonomic Nervous System however, these neuromuscular junctions are much less well defined.

Analysis of non-noradrenergic/non-cholinergic (NANC) transmission at single varicosities or swellings indicates that individual synapses possess different probabilities for the secretion of transmitter as well as different complements of autoreceptors and mixtures of post-junctional receptor subunits. There is then a local determination of the quantitative properties of single synapses.

Nerve terminals are the terminal part of the axon filled with neurotransmitters and are the location from which neurotransmitters are released. Nerve terminals may take different forms in different tissues. Nerve terminals appear like a button in the CNS, end plates in striated muscle and varicosities in many tissues including the gut. Buttons, endplates or varicosities all function to store and release neurotransmitters. In many peripheral tissues, the varicose axon branches in its proximal course and carries a covering of Schwann sheath, which is interrupted and finally lost in its most terminal part. The unmyelinated, preterminal axons with very long varicose branches are present in small axon bundles and varicose terminal axons are present as single isolated axons. The small axon bundles run parallel to and between muscle bundles and the "en passage" varicose axons are the main sources of innervations to the gut smooth muscle bundles.

Nonsynaptic post-junctional receptors are mostly G-protein coupled metabotropic receptors that produce a slower response. They include metabotropic receptors for the classical neurotransmitters, monoamines, norepinephrine, purines and peptide transmitters. Post-junctional receptors also include some ionotropic receptors such as nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Nonsynaptic junctional transmission is the only mode of transmission involving the varicosities that show no synaptic contacts that includes almost all nerve terminals whose target is not a neuron. Most smooth muscles exhibit both fast and slow junction potentials typically mediated by different classes of metabotropic receptors with different kinetics.

The close junctional neurotransmission is characterized by synapse like close contact between the pre-junctional release site and the post-junctional receptors. However, unlike the synapse, the junctional space is open to the extravascular space; the pre-junctional release site lacks the distinguishing features of the presynaptic active zone and release of the soluble transmitters; and the post junctional receptors include metabotropic receptors or slower acting ionotropic receptors.

Almost all tissues that exhibit close junctional neurotransmission also show wide junctional neurotransmission. Thus, wide junctional transmission has been described in many smooth muscles such as vas deferens, urinary bladder, blood vessels, gut as well as the nervous systems including ENS, autonomic ganglia and the CNS.

Control of gastrointestinal (GI) movements by enteric motoneurons is critical for orderly processing of food, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes. Neuroeffector junctions in the tunica muscularis might consist of synaptic-like connectivity with specialized cells, and contributions from multiple cell types in integrated post-junctional responses. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) – non-muscular cells of mesenchymal origin—were proposed as potential mediators in motor neurotransmission. Neuromuscular junctions in GI smooth muscles may reflect innervation of, and post-junctional responses in, all three classes of post-junctional cells. Transduction of neurotransmitter signals by ICC cells and activation of ionic conductances would be conducted electronically via gap junctions to surrounding smooth muscle cells and influence the excitability of tissues.

Discovery
In the peripheral nervous system, local junctional transmission was recognized in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Until then, all chemical neurotransmission was thought to involve synapses and the innervations of tissue were considered synonymous with the existence of a synapse. Later, it was observed that at smooth muscle neuromuscular junctions in the gut and other peripheral autonomic neuroeffector junctions, neurotransmission takes place in the absence of any synapses and it was suggested that at these sites, neurotransmission involved non-synaptic transmission. Accordingly, nerve endings release their neurotransmitters in extracellular space in a manner similar to paracrine secretion. Target cells affected by a locally released transmitter even though located several hundreds to thousands of nanometers away from the release site are considered as being innervated.

The varicose axons were first visualized for adrenergic terminals using fluorescence histochemistry described by Falck and colleagues.

These varicose axons resemble strings of beads with varicosities 0.5–2.0 μ in diameter and 1 to 3 μ in length and separated by inter-varicosity axon 0.1 to 0.2 μ in diameter. The varicosities occur at 2–10 μm intervals and it has been estimated that a single adrenergic axon may have over 25,000 varicosities on its terminal part. There are also two types of contacts. These contacts are called large and small contacts, respectively. In the large contacts, the bare varicosities and the smooth muscles were separated by ~60 nm and in the small contacts the two were separated by ~400 nm. Overall, non-synaptic junctional space between the neural release site and the post-junctional receptors may show variable degrees of separation between the release site on the pre-junctional nerve terminal and the post-junctional receptors on the target cell.

The discovery of NANC inhibitory and excitatory transmission as well as the fact that such transmission has to be considered as occurring to smooth muscle cells coupled together in an electrical Autonomic postganglionic nerves terminate in systems syncytium and that the excitatory NANC transmission of collateral branches, each of which possesses of the order gives rise to a calcium-dependent action potential.

Research
Neuromuscular junctions in gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscles may reflect innervation of, and post-junctional responses in, all three classes of post-junctional cells. Transduction of neurotransmitter signals by ICC cells and activation of ionic conductances would be conducted electronically via gap junctions to surrounding smooth muscle cells and influence excitability.

Studies do not exclude the possibility of parallel excitatory neurotransmission to ICC-DMP (deep muscular plexus) and smooth muscle cells. Different cells may utilize different receptors and signaling molecules. ICC are innervated and transmitters reach high enough concentration to activate post-junctional signaling pathways in ICC. If ICC are important intermediaries in motor neurotransmission, then loss of these cells could reduce communication between the enteric nervous system and the smooth muscle syncytium, resulting in reduced neural regulation of motility.

In pioneering studies it was shown unequivocally that the innervation of smooth muscles is by varicose nerve terminals. However, it was not until the advent of the electron microscope that we were able to provide us with a comprehensive view of the relationship between these varicose endings and smooth muscle.

Besides activation of K+ channels by NO, some authors have suggested that Ca2+-activated Cl− channels, which are active under basal conditions, can be suppressed as part of the post-junctional response to NO. These studies do not exclude the possibility of parallel excitatory neurotransmission to ICC-DMP and smooth muscle cells. Different cells may utilize different receptors and signaling molecules. These findings make the point that ICC are innervated and transmitters reach high enough concentration to activate post-junctional signaling pathways in ICC. There is no reason to assume a priori that responses to neurotransmitters released from neurons and exogenous transmitter substances are mediated by the same cells, receptors or post-junctional (transduction) signaling pathways. Neurotransmitters released from varicosities may be spatially limited to specific populations of receptors, whereas transmitters added to organ baths may bind to receptors on a variety of cells.

Structure and function
Non-synaptic transmission is characteristic of autonomic neuroeffector junctions. The essential features are that: the terminal portions of autonomic nerve fibers are varicose and mobile; transmitters are released from varicosities at varying distances from the effector cells; and while there is no structural post-junctional specialization on effector cells, receptors for neurotransmitters accumulate on cell membranes at close junctions.  Besides smooth muscle, autonomic neural control of immune, epithelial, and endothelial cells also involves nonsynaptic transmission.
Smooth muscle effectors are bundles rather than single cells, that are connected by gap junctions which allow electrotonic spread of activity between cells. Many smooth muscle cells in a transverse section through a muscle bundle show regions of very close apposition to adjacent cells at which connexins form junctions between the cells. Unlike in cardiac muscle, where gap junctions are confined to the ends of cardiac myocytes, smooth muscle gap junctions occur along the length of the muscle cells as well as towards their ends. There are small bundles of three to seven varicose axons, partially or wholly enveloped in Schwann-cell sheath, both on the surface of the muscle as well as in the body of smooth muscle bundles. In addition, single varicose axons can be found on the surface and in the muscle bundles, and become divested of Schwann cells in the region of apposition between the varicosities and smooth muscle cells.

The active zone of individual sympathetic varicosities, delineated by a high concentration of syntaxin, occupies an area on the pre-junctional membrane of about 0.2 μm2; this gives a junctional gap between the pre-junctional active zone and post-junctional membranes that varies between about 50 and 100 nm. The post-junctional membrane beneath the varicosity can possess a patch about 1 μm2 of purinergic P2X1 receptors in high density, although this is not always the case. A nerve impulse gives rise to a transient increase in calcium concentration in every varicosity, primarily due to the opening of N-type calcium channels, as well as to a smaller increase in the intervaricose regions. The probability of secretion from a varicosity may depend on the number of secretosomes that the varicosity possesses, where a secretosome is a complex of syntaxin, synaptotagmin, an N-type calcium channel, and a synaptic vesicle.

A multiplicity of transmitters are utilized by autonomic nerves, and cotransmission occurs, often involving synergistic actions of the cotransmitters, although pre- and post-junctional neuromodulation of neurotransmitter release also take place. Cotransmission without co-storage occurs in parasympathetic nerves, where terminals staining for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter can also contain nitric oxide synthase, suggesting that they release NO as a gaseous neurotransmitter.

Neuroeffector Ca2+ transients (NCT) have been used to detect the packeted release of the neurotransmitter ATP acting on post-junctional P2X receptors to cause the Ca2+ influx. ATP released from varicosities is modulated by the concomitant release of noradrenaline that acts on the varicosities through α2-adrenoceptors to decrease the influx of calcium ions that accompanies the nerve impulse. NCT can also be used to detect the local effects of noradrenaline through its α2-adrenoceptor-mediated pre-junctional autoinhibitory effects on nerve terminal Ca2+ concentration and the probability of exocytosis (measured by counting NCTs). There is evidence that exocytosis from sympathetic varicosities depends on their history, and that the release of a packet of ATP transiently suppresses (or predicts the transient suppression of) subsequent release. The poverty of NCTs occurring within 5s of one another indicates that exocytosis from a varicosity transiently suppresses the probability of release from that varicosity. This could arise by autoinhibition (by the pre-junctional action of noradrenaline or purines) or due to a transient shortage of vesicles readily available for release.

ATP release (hence noradrenaline release, if there is strict corelease) is highly intermittent at these junctions (Brain et al. 2002), with a probability that a given action potential will evoke the release from a given varicosity of only 0.019. If there are n varicosities within the diffusion range of a particular varicosity, we can consider the number of such varicosities that might need to be present in order that, on average (using P =0.5 to give the median value), neurotransmitter will be released locally. During a five-impulse train, assuming that the last impulse in the train cannot autoinhibit the Ca2+ influx during the train, the expectation value of n can be found by solving [(1 − 0.019)4n] =(1 − 0.5), i.e. the probability that there will be no local release, given n varicosities within the diffusion range. This is n = [ln(0.5)/ln(0.981)]/4, or n≈9. If the density of varicosities is around 2.2 per 1000 μm3, this number of varicosities should occur within an average range (radius) of about 10 μm (noting that within such a radius there is a tissue volume of about 4200 μm3). Therefore, even in the presence of highly intermittent noradrenaline release, one would expect the average varicosity in this organ to be within 10 μm of a released packet of noradrenaline at some time during a five-impulse stimulus train (excluding the last impulse).

Junctional transmission is measured in seconds to minutes. The time course of the junctional potential has been divided into two most frequently observed time courses representing 'close' and 'wide' junctional transmissions. The "close" junctional transmission is associated with fast junction potential and the "wide" junctional transmission is associated with slow junction potential. The slow electrical potentials reach a peak in about 150 ms and then decline with a time constant between 250 and 500 ms. These responses typically last several seconds to minutes and may be depolarizing and excitatory, or hyperpolarizing and inhibitory, and have been called slow EJP or slow IJP, respectively.

Interstitial cells of Cajal
Over the past 20 years, many studies have given evidence that Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC): (i) serve as pacemaker cells with unique ionic currents that generate electrical slow waves in GI muscles; (ii) provide a pathway for active slow wave propagation in GI organs; (iii) express receptors, transduction mechanisms and ionic conductances allowing them to mediate post-junctional responses to enteric motor neurotransmission; (iv) regulate smooth muscle excitability by contributing to resting potential and affecting syncytial conductance; and (v) manifest stretch-receptor functions regulating excitability and regulating slow wave frequency.

If this channel is open, conductance changes in cell are reflected in smooth muscle; post-junctional integrated responses are triggered by neuroeffector junctions and interstitial cells.

Based on anatomic location and function, two main types of ICC have been described: myenteric ICC (ICC-MY) and intramuscular ICC (ICC-IM). ICC-MY are present around the myenteric plexus and thought to be pacemaker cells for slow waves in the smooth muscle cells. Calcium imaging studies in the colon have shown that ICC-MY is innervated by nitrergic and cholinergic nerve terminals, though the nature of the contacts has not been well defined. ICC-IM is located in between the smooth muscle cells. Enteric nerves have been reported to make synaptic contacts with ICC-IM. These contacts include areas of electron dense lining on the inner aspect of the varicosity membrane without any postsynaptic density on the membrane of ICC. Such contacts were not reported between the nerves and the smooth muscles. If ICC are important intermediaries in motor neurotransmission, then loss of these cells could reduce communication between the enteric nervous system and the smooth muscle syncytium, resulting in reduced neural regulation of motility.

Classical excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are concentrated and released from neurovesicles located in enteric nerve terminals or varicose regions of motor nerves, whereas nitric oxide is probably synthesized de novo as calcium concentration increases in nerve terminals upon membrane depolarization. Enteric nerve terminals make intimate synapses with ICC-IM, which are situated between the nerve terminals and neighbouring smooth muscle cells. ICC-IM play a critical role in the reception and transduction of cholinergic excitatory and nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmission. ICC-IM form gap junctions with smooth muscle cells and post-junctional electrical responses generated in ICC are conducted to the smooth muscle syncytium. By this contact, ICC can regulate the neuromuscular responses observed throughout the GI tract. Recent morphological evidence using anterograde tracing methods, has shown close apposition between vagal and spinal afferents and ICC-IM within the stomach wall (Fig. 5) and their absence in mutant animals that lack ICC-IM also supports a role for ICC-IM as possible integrators for in-series stretch-dependent changes in this organ.

References

External links
Diagram of a sympathetic neuroeffector junction

Neurology

Neuroeffector junction


فيروس بورنا هو جنس الفيروس الوحيد من الفيروسات البورنوية في رتبة الفيروسات السلبية الأحادية، ولها أصغر جينوم (8.9 كيلو قاعدة) من بين كل الفيروسات السلبية الأحادية وهو الوحيد في هذه الرتبة الذي له القدرة على التنسخ داخل نواة الخلية.

مع أن الفيروس اٍشتهر بتسببه في مرض بورنا لدى الأحصنة، أظهرت الاكتشافات الحديثة أن الفيروس البورناوي يمكن أن يلعب دورا لدى الاٍنسان في بعض الاٍضطرابات العصبية والعقلية، بما في ذلك الاكتئاب وتعكر المزاج ثنائي القطب.

المصادر

عائلات فيروسية
فيروسات سلبية أحادية

فيروسات بورنوية


Multimedia kart (MMC) bir sayısal depolama aygıtıdır.

MMC-Standardı 1997 yılında Siemens in yan kuruluşu olan Intgenix ve SanDisk tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Multimedia kartların kayıt ortamı Flash Bellek lerdir. 24 mm × 32 mm × 1,4 mm ölçülerine sahip olan kartlar yedi pine sahiptirler. Hafıza kapasiteleri 2 MB ila 4 GB arasındadır. Veri aktarım hızı ise 2,5 MB/s dir. MMC lerin yaygın kullanım alanları Dijital kamera lar, MP3 oynatıcılar, cep telefonu ve PDA lardır.

Multimedia kartlar ebat olarak SD kart lar ile uyumludurlar. Genellikle SD hafıza kartı için uyarlanmış aygıtlar ile problemsiz çalışırlar. Tam tersi ise genellikle mümkün değildir, zira SD-Kartlar daha kalındırlar. SD kartlar günümüzde MMC kartların yerini almış olmasına rağmen, 2004 yılındaMMCA (Multimedia Card Association) tarafından, yeni bir standart olan MMC 4.0 kullanıma sunulmuştur. Bu standart 4 veya 8 bitlik daha yüksek veriyolu genişliği ve dolayısı ile daha yüksek bir okuma ve yazma hızı (ideal durumda 52Mbyte/s) sunmaktadır.

RS-MMC
MMC nin yarısı ölçülerinde olan RS-MMC (Reduced Size MultiMedia Card), genellikle bazı yeni cep telefonlarında kullanılır. Bir çevirici yardımıyla normal MMC aygıtları ile kullanılabilir. Günümüzdeki en büyük RS-MMC 2048 MB (2 GB) kapasiteye sahiptir.

Ebatları 24 mm × 18 mm × 1,4 mm olan kart diğerleri gibi 7 pine sahiptir.

Multimedia Card micro

MMC-micro 2005 yılının başlarında piyasaya sürülmüştür.
Bu kartlar ortalama RS-MMC lerin üçte biri büyüklüğe sahiptir. Tam ebatları 12 mm × 14 mm × 1,1 mm dır.

Samsung bu kartlar ile 10 MByte/s okuma ve 7 MByte/s yazım hızına erişmiştir.
Bu kartlar özellikle cep telefonları ve sayısal kameralar için geliştirilmiştir. Çalışma gerilimleri 3,3 veya 1,8 Volttur.

512 MB kapasiteye sahip olan sürümleri piyasadadır. 2 GB kapasiteye sahip olan sürümleri ise henüz geliştirilme aşamasındadır.
Bir çevirici yardımıyla bu kartlar MMC olarak kullanılabilir.

Genel bakış

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090504081108/http://www.mmca.org/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071006092741/http://www.mmca.org/compliance/buy_spec/MMCA_System_SummaryV41.pdf

Bellekler

MMC kart


Ventura Misa y Bertemati (15 de mayo de 1802, Bayona, Pontevedra, España - 23 de enero de 1885, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, España) fue un empresario bodeguero y filántropo.

Biografía
De origen gallego instalado en Jerez de La Frontera, donde creó en 1844, junto con su hermano, Manuel Misa (Bayona, 1815 - Londres, Reino Unido, 1904), una importante firma para el comercio de los vinos.

Tanto en Jerez como en su ciudad natal, Bayona, hay sendas calles dedicadas a su recuerdo.

Referencias
Noticias históricas de las calles y plazas de Jerez de la Frontera. (Imprenta El Guadalete. Jerez de la Frontera, 1903).
Crónicas y estampas de la Baiona la Real, Salvador Fernández de la Cigoña. (Diputación de Pontevedra, 2008).
El baionés Manuel Misa y Bertemati, Salvador Fernández de la Cigoña. (Diputación de Pontevedra, 2015).
Nueve bodegueros del Marco del Jerez, (VV.AA., Quorum Editores. Jerez, 2010).

Bodegueros y vinateros del Marco de Jerez
Fallecidos en Jerez de la Frontera

Ventura Misa y Bertemati


Naboo, Yıldız Savaşları (Star Wars) serisinde geçen kurgusal evrene ait gezegenlerden biridir. Gezegende iki ırk yaşamaktadır; Bunlar su altı şehirlerinde yaşayan Gunganlar ve yüzeydeki kolonilerde yaşayan insanlardır. Naboo jeolojik açıdan eşsiz bir dünyadır. Gezegen, sayısız mağara ve tünel ağlarıyla oyulmuş büyük kaya kütleleri kümesidir. Bu yapı, gezegen yapısının derinlerine inen bataklık göllerinin oluşmasını sağlamıştır.

Chommel sektörü içinde yer alan Naboo gezegeni, Qui-gon Jinn, Padmé Amidala, Jar Jar Binks ve Senatör Palpatine'in gezegenidir. Bölüm I'de Ticaret Federasyonu tarafından kuşatılmış ve Ticaret Federasyonu ile gezegen sakinleri arasında Naboo Savaşı çıkmıştır. Naboo, Star Wars serisi boyunca dört filmde gözükmektedir.

Kaynakça

Yıldız Savaşları gezegenleri

Naboo


Giustino Durano (1923-2002), acteur italien ;
 Marianne Durano (1991-), essayiste et philosophe française.

Durano


Bryophyta may refer to:

 Mosses – Bryophyta in the strict sense; a specific group of leafy nonvascular plants, now regarded as Division Bryophyta
 Bryophytes – Bryophyta in the broad sense; a group of plants regarded as a single division by some, but further split into:
mosses (Bryophyta)
hornworts (Anthocerotophyta)
liverworts (Marchantiophyta)

Bryophyta


Arīb al-Ma'mūnīya (, née en 181/797-98 et morte en 277/890-91, est une qayna (femme formée aux arts du divertissement) du début de la période abbasside, qui a été qualifiée de . Elle a vécu jusqu'à 96 ans et sa carrière s'étend sur les règnes de cinq califes.

Vie et œuvre
Arīb al-Ma'mūnīya est née à Bagdad (actuellement en Irak). On disait au Moyen Âge qu'elle était la fille du vizir Ja'far al-Barmaki, un membre important des Barmécides, et de l'une des domestiques de la famille, Fāṭima. Cette filiation a été remise en question par les érudits modernes. Quoi qu'il en soit, Arīb fut une esclave pendant une partie importante de sa jeunesse, qu'elle soit née en esclavage ou ait été vendue en esclavage à l'âge de dix ans après la chute de sa famille. Dans sa poésie, Arīb proteste à deux reprises contre son statut de servitude, et elle est affranchie par Abū Isḥāq al-Mu'taṣim (qui règne de 833 à 842). Elle serait auparavant devenue la chanteuse préférée du calife al-Maʾmūn ().

La principale source d'informations sur la vie d'Arīb al-Ma'mūnīya est le Livre des Chansons d'Abū 'l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī qui date du .

Comme ses pairs, nous dit-il, Arīb était versée dans la poésie, la composition et la performance musicale, ainsi que dans diverses autres compétences comme le backgammon, les échecs et la calligraphie. Son instrument de prédilection était l'oud, une préférence qu'elle transmettait à ses élèves, mais c'était surtout son chant et sa composition qui l'ont fait se démarquer. Citant Ibn al-Mu'tazz, l'une de ses sources clés, Abū 'l-Faraj fait référence à une collection de cahiers (dafātir) et de feuilles volantes (ṣuḥuf) contenant ses chansons. Celles-ci seraient environ au nombre de . En ce qui concerne son chant, Abū 'l-Faraj déclare qu'elle n'a connu aucune rivale parmi ses pairs. Il la regroupe avec les divas légendaires de la première période islamique, les chanteuses connues collectivement sous le nom de Ḥijāzīyāt.

L'œuvre survivante d'Arīb et les anecdotes associées suggèrent non seulement ses compétences poétiques, mais aussi une vie dans laquelle elle a eu un certain nombre de relations avec des amants et des mécènes masculins ; ces textes indiquent « qu'Arīb, comme beaucoup de ses pairs, était une concubine ainsi qu'une chanteuse lorsque les circonstances l'exigeaient ». Il semble qu'elle soit parvenue à entretenir un important entourage et qu'elle était une propriétaire terrienne. L'une des histoires les plus célèbres qui portent sur elle concerne un concours de chant qu'elle et ses chanteuses ont remporté contre sa jeune rivale  et sa troupe. Les témoignages suggèrent un personnage « volontaire, profondément intelligent, impatient avec ceux d'esprit moindre et, peut-être inévitablement, perplexe et souvent cynique ».

Voici un court extrait de l'œuvre poétique d'Arīb :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Date de naissance incertaine (VIIIe siècle)
Poétesse arabe
Décès en 890
Poétesse du haut Moyen Âge
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom
Chanteuse arabophone
Chanteuse irakienne
Musicienne irakienne
Poète arabe du IXe siècle
Musicienne du IXe siècle

Arib al-Ma'muniyya


Harry Bache Smith (Buffalo, 28 de diciembre de 1860 – Atlantic City, 1 de enero de 1936) fue un escritor, creador de canciones y compositor. El más prolífico de los escritores para escena de EE. UU., se dice que escribió más de 300 libretos y alrededor de seis mil canciones. Algunas de sus obras más conocidas fueron libretos para el compositor Victor Herbert. También escribió el libreto o las canciones para diversas versiones de Ziegfeld Follies.

Harry nació en Buffalo, Nueva York hijo de Josiah Bailey Smith (nacido en 1837) y Elizabeth Bach (nacida 1838). Según su autobiografía First Nights and First Editions (Boston: Little, Brown, 1931), el verdadero nombre de Harry fue Henry Bach Smith. Harry se casó dos veces. Su primera esposa fue Lena Reed (nacida el 21 de agosto de 1868), con quien se casó el 12 de octubre de 1887 en Chicago, Illinois. Harry y Lena tuvieron un hijo llamado Sydney Reed Smith (nacido el 15 de julio de 1892). La segunda esposa de Harry fue la actriz Irene M. Bentley (1870 - 3 de junio de 1940). Harry se casó con Irene el 23 de noviembre de 1906 en Boston, Massachusetts, después de que ella se divorciara el 12 de junio de 1906 de su primer esposo James Thomas Sothoron, Jr. (1867–1913). Irene se retiró de la escena en 1910, y murió en Allenhurst, Nueva Jersey. Está enterrada en el cementerio Woodlawn (Webster Avenue & East 233rd Street, Bronx, NY). Mientras estuvo en una breve vacación de año nuevo en Atlantic City, Nueva Jersey, Harry murió de un ataque al corazón (el 1 de enero de 1936) en su habitación del Hotel Marlborough-Blenheim. Más tarde ese mismo día su cuerpo fue enviado a una fineraria de Nueva York.

El hermano menor de Harry Robert Bache Smith (4 de junio de 1875 - 6 de noviembre de 1951) fue también un exitoso letrista. Harry trabajó en muchas producciones de teatro musical de su época.

Producciones selectas de Harry B. Smith
 Robin Hood - libreto de opereta escrito en el invierno de 1888-1889 (y reposición 1944)
 Rob Roy - ópera, libreto escrito en 1894
 The Serenade - musical, letra escrita en 1897
 The Fortune Teller - libreto de opereta escrito en 1898
 Foxy Quiller - opereta escrita en 1900
 The Belle of Bohemia - opereta escrita en 1900
 The Wild Rose - opereta escrita en 1902
 Miss Dolly Dollars - musical, libreto y canciones escritas en 1905
 The Spring Maid - musical, libreto y canciones escritas en 1910
 Sweethearts - libreto de opereta escrito en 1913 (y reposición de 1947)
 The Girl from Montmartre - musical, canciones escritas en 1913
 Very Good Eddie - musical, canciones adicionales escritas en 1915 (y reposición 1975-76)
 The Century Girl - musical, canciones adicionales escritas en 1916
 Love o' Mike - musical, canciones escritas en 1917
 Ladies First - musical, libreto y canciones escritas en 1918
 The Canary - musical, libreto escrito en 1918
 Florodora - reposición de 1920 (libreto revisado)
 Caroline - opereta; canciones escritas en 1923
 The Love Song - opereta; canciones en inglés escritas en 1925
 Princess Flavia - opereta; canciones en inglés escritas en 1925
 Countess Maritza - opereta; canciones en inglés escritas en 1926
 The Circus Princess - musical, canciones escritas en 1927
 Rogues and Vagabonds - musical escrito en 1930
 Three Little Girls'' - obra de teatro, canciones escritas en 1930

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Harry B. Smith en la Internet Broadway Database

Letristas de Estados Unidos
Compositores de Estados Unidos
Nacidos en Búfalo

Harry B. Smith


D-Moll er en montenegrinsk vokalgruppe, der vil repræsentere Montenegro i Eurovision Song Contest 2019 i Tel Aviv.

De blev udvalgt til at repræsentere Montenegro i 2019-konkurrencen efter at have vundet landets nationale komkurrence, Montevizija. De vil udføre deres sang, "Heaven", i første halvdel af den første semifinale.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2019
Montenegros Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Musikgrupper fra Montenegro

D-Moll


Barca este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Rimavská Sobota din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 586 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu ,  și .

Istoric
Localitatea Barca este atestată documentar din 1334.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Barca, Rimavská Sobota


Jess Molho (d. 4 Ekim 1976, İstanbul), Türk oyuncu ve sunucu.

Işık Lisesinden sonra Marmara Üniversitesi İktisat Bölümünü bitirmiş, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Radyo Televizyon Bölümünde de yüksek lisans eğitimini tamamlamıştır. 1994 yılından beri TV sunuculuğu yapmaktadır. Sihirli Annem, Çocuklar Duymasın, Dadı, Çarli İş Başında, Yaprak Dökümü, Mahşer, Sardunya Sokak, Acayip Hikayeler, Kardeş Payı, Köstebekgiller adlı dizilerde rol almış, Oryantal Star'ın da sunuculuğunu üstlenmiştir. "Süpürrr" isimli sinema filminde başrolü paylaşmıştır. Star TV'de yayınlanan Ünlüler Sirki adlı yarışma programında da trapez üzerinde gösteri yapmak üzere yarışmacı oldu. Daha sonra FOX'ta yayımlanan  Prenses Perfinya adlı dizide oynamıştır. Babası Türk Yahudisi, annesi İtalyandır ve kendisi ise çifte vatandaştır. Ünlüler Sirki'ndeki başarısından dolayı da çok sevilen Jess Molho bu programla kariyerinin dönüm noktasını yaşamıştır. 989 bölüm "Yemek Bahane" isimli sabah programını başarıyla sunmuş ve hemen ardından "Kabul Günü" isimli sabah programına başlayarak sunmuştur. Ayrıca Kanaltürk'te "Jess'le Hepsi 1 İnci" adlı "Adam Olacak Çocuk" benzeri bir programı sunmuştur. 2010-2014 yıllarında Türkmax kanalında İpek Durkal, Sena Keçeli, Turhan Alyakut ve Eyüp Kemal Sevinç ile Her Şey Tadında isimli uzun bir sabah - öğle kuşağı programı sundu ve 2014 Ocak ayında yerini Türkmax Gurme'ye bırakmasıyla program final yaptı. Bu program 2013 yılında 4. Antalya Televizyon Ödülleri komitesi tarafından "En İyi Gündüz Kuşağı Programı" ödülü almıştır. Son olarak TV8'de "O Ses Çocuklar", "Aramızda Kalmasın" ve "Ninja Warrior", Türkmax Gurme'de "Mutfaktakiler"i ve 24 TV'de "Ortaya Konuşalım"ı sunmuştur. Ekim 2023'ten beri TV8'de Demet Akalın ile beraber "Gel Konuşalım" programını sunmaktadır.

Filmografisi

Diziler
 Dadı - 2000
 Çarli İş Başında - 2000
 Çocuklar Duymasın - 2002
 Sihirli Annem (Yavuz) - 2004-2006 / 2011-2012
 Yaprak Dökümü (Görkem) - 2006
 Mahşer - 2007
 Sardunya Sokağı (Cemil) - 2007
 Memur Muzaffer (TV  muhabiri) - 2008
 Prenses Perfinya (Hakan) - 2008
 Yahşi Cazibe (Deniz) - 2010 Acayip Hikayeler - 2012
 Köstebekgiller (Fikri Güzel) - 2012
 İşler Güçler - 2012
 Kardeş Payı - 2014
 Gorbi - 2019

Filmler
 SüpüRRR (Alper) - 2009
 Çat Kapı Aşk (Aras) - 2017

Sunuculuk yaptığı programlar
 Yemek Bahane
 Kabul Günü
 Adam Olacak Çocuklar
 Her Şey Tadında
 O Ses Çocuklar
 Aramızda Kalmasın
 Ninja Warrior Türkiye
 Göz 6
 Göz 6 Panorama
 Mutfaktakiler
 Ortaya Konuşalım
 Gel Konuşalım

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1976 doğumlular
Türk televizyon sunucuları
Türk erkek dizi oyuncuları
Işık Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İtalyan asıllı Türkler
Türkiye Yahudileri
Türk asıllı İtalyanlar
Yahudi asıllı İtalyanlar
Marmara Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Yeditepe Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Yaşayan insanlar

Jess Molho


ක්ලෝඩ්-ලුවිස් නේවියර් () යනු ප්‍රංශ ජාතික යාන්ත්‍රික ඉංජිනේරුවරයකු වෙයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි
 data BnF : Claude Navier (1785-1836)

1785 births
1836 deaths
Corps des ponts
École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Fluid dynamicists
Military personnel from Dijon
French physicists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Dijon
Engineers from Dijon

ක්ලෝඩ්-ලුවිස් නේවියර්


La médaille d'honneur de la Police républicaine est une distinction de la Police républicaine béninoise qui relève de la compétence du ministère de l'Intérieur et de la Sécurité publique.

Historique

Attribution
Cette médaille est décernée par le ministre de l'Intérieur et de la Sécurité publique sur proposition du directeur général de la Police républicaine. L'attribution est notifiée par arrêté publié au Journal officiel.

La décoration est remise :
 à titre normal, aux fonctionnaires de police ayant accompli vingt années de service sans avoir fait l'objet d'une sanction disciplinaire ;
 à titre exceptionnel, aux fonctionnaires de police ayant accompli en service un acte de bravoure au péril de leur vie ;
 à titre posthume, aux fonctionnaires de police morts en service.

Description

Insigne
L'insigne en argent est rond d'un diamètre de . À l'avers, un motif, entouré de palmes, représente une pirogue voguant sur les flots. Dans le creux de la pirogue est portée l'inscription « Police républicaine » ; celle-ci est surmontée de deux récades entrecroisées et d'un arc bandé avec une flèche visant les cieux.

Au revers, les inscriptions « République du Bénin » et « Police
républicaine » sont apposées en couronne. À l'intérieur de la couronne se loge la devise « Patrie - Honneur - Loyauté ».

Ruban
Le ruban, large de , est formé de six bandes en diagonale de  de largeur chacune, de couleurs rouge, jaune et vert.

Lorsqu'une médaille d'honneur de la Police républicaine est décernée à titre exceptionnel, une étoile en argent est placée sur le ruban.

Barrette
La barrette comporte les mêmes bandes que celles du ruban.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Police républicaine (Bénin)

Bénin
Police au Bénin
Distinction au Bénin
Décoration civile béninoise

Médaille d'honneur de la Police républicaine (Bénin)


Ataköy, Zonguldak ilinin Devrek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Masalcıoğlu olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 70 km, Devrek ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Devrek belde ve köyleri

Ataköy, Devrek


Maardu Linnameeskond (også kendt som Maardu LM) er en estisk fodboldklub. Klubben har hjemme i Maardu.

Mesterskaber
Esiliiga (D2)
Vindere (3): 2017, 2018 og 2021

Historiske slutplaceringer

Klubfarver

Nuværende trup
Pr. 8. april 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 soccerway

Etableret i 1997
Fodboldklubber i Estland

Maardu Linnameeskond


Bradford Dillman (14. april 1930 - 16. januar 2018) var en amerikansk skuespiller og forfatter. Han havde medvirket i adskillige film særligt i slutningen af 1950'erne frem til slutningen af 1970'erne. Blandt andet havde han spillet med i to af filmene i Dirty Harry-filmeserien; Dirty Harry renser ud fra 1976 og Dirty Harry vender tilbage fra 1983.

Karriere
efter sin debut i A Certain Smile, medvirkede han i mange forskellige film Compulsion (1959) som han vandt en pris for på Cannes Film Festival, A Circle of Deception (1960), Crack in the Mirror (1960), titelrollen i Francis of Assisi (1961), A Rage to Live (1965), The Bridge at Remagen,(1969), Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), The Way We Were (1973), Gold (1974), Bug (1975), Dirty Harry renser ud (1976), The Swarm (1978), Piranha (1978), Dirty Harry vender tilbage (1983) og Lords of the Deep (1989).

Dillman havde også medvirket i mange tv-produktioner startende med Kraft Television Theatre i 1954. Han spillede sammen med Peter Graves i Court Martial i 1966. Han havde en gæsteoptræden i tv-serierne Ironside, The Big Valley, Shane, The Name of the Game, Columbo, Wild Wild West The Eleventh Hour, Wagon Train, The Greatest Show on Earth, Breaking Point, Mission Impossible, The Mary Tyler Moore Show og Three for the Road, og en todelt episode af The Man From U.N.C.L.E., som senere blev lavet om til en filmen The Helicopter Spies (1968).

Han havde spillet med i flere tv-film; Fear No Evil (1969), Moon of the Wolf (1972) og Deliver Us from Evil (1973).

Dillman havde en rolle i episoden "The Snare" i serien The Incredible Hulk, der var en hæder til Richard Connells novelle "The Most Dangerous Game". af mange fans bliver episoden betragtet som seriens bedste. Hans sidste kendte optræden som skuespiller var i en episode af Hun så et mord i 1995, der er en serie, hvor han i alt medvirkede otte gange. Han skrev en fodbold fanbog kaldet Inside the New York Giants i 1995, og en selvbiografi kaldet Are You Anybody?: An Actor's Life, der udkom i 1997.

Udvalgt filmografi

 A Certain Smile (1958)
 In Love and War (1958)
 Compulsion (1959)
 A Circle of Deception (1960)
 Crack in the Mirror (1960)
 Francis of Assisi (1961)
 Sanctuary (1961)
 A Rage to Live (1965)
 The Plainsman (1966)
 The Helicopter Spies (1968)
 Jigsaw (1968)
 The Bridge at Remagen (1969)
 Fear No Evil (1969, TV film)
 Black Water Gold (1970, TV film)
 Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came? (1970)
 Brother John (1971)
 The Mephisto Waltz (1971)
 Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)
 The Resurrection of Zachary Wheeler (1971)
 The Iceman Cometh (1973)
 Moon of the Wolf (1972, TV film)
 Deliver Us from Evil (1973, TV film)
 The Way We Were (1973)
 Chosen Survivors (1974)
 99% død (1974)
 Gold (1974)
 A Black Ribbon for Deborah (1974)
 The Disappearance of Flight 412 (1974, TV film)
 Bug (1975)
 Mastermind (1976)
 Dirty Harry renser ud (1976)
 One Away (1976)
 The Amsterdam Kill (1977)
 The Hostage Heart (1977, TV movie)
 The Lincoln Conspiracy (1977)
 The Swarm (1978)
 Piranha (1978)
 Love and Bullets (1979)
 Guyana: Crime of the Century (1979)
 Running Scared (1980)
 Dirty Harry vender tilbage (1983)
 Lords of the Deep (1989)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Cinema Retro's interview with Bradford Dillman

Skuespillere fra Californien
Forfattere fra USA
Personer fra San Francisco

Bradford Dillman


Federico Basavilbaso (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 24 de marzo de 1974) es un ex futbolista argentino que jugaba de centrocampista - carrilero de ida y vuelta por sector izquierdo. Su primer club fue Deportivo Español 1993-1996 (mejor campaña año 1995 4° puesto). En agosto de 1996 fue adquirido por el Club San Lorenzo de Almagro 1996-1999 (mejor campaña semifinales Copa Mercosur 1998). Finalmente fue transferido al Club Deportivo Tenerife 1999-2004.

Trayectoria
Comenzó su carrera como jugador, en la primera división del fútbol argentino, debutando en 1993, jugando para el Deportivo Español. Jugó para el club hasta agosto de 1996, año en el que fue transferido al San Lorenzo, en donde jugó hasta enero del año1999.

En enero de 1999 fue transferido a España para jugar en el CD Tenerife. Su retiro del fútbol se confirmó a finales del año 2004, a pesar de haber tenido diversas propuestas de continuidad, tanto de Argentina como del exterior. Regreso a la Argentina ese mismo año, recibiéndose de abogado en el año 2009. Actualmente es funcionario del Poder Judicial de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.

Clubes

Referencias

Futbolistas de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Español de Buenos Aires
Futbolistas del Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Tenerife en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Tenerife en los años 2000

Federico Basavilbaso


The year 1989 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Buildings and structures

Buildings opened

March – Louvre Pyramid in Paris, France, designed by I.M. Pei.
September – Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center, Dallas, Texas, USA, designed by I. M. Pei.
 Schwartz Center for the Performing Arts, Cornell University, designed by James Stirling

Buildings completed

Bankers Hall East tower in Calgary, Alberta
AT&T Corporate Center in Chicago, Illinois, Luigi Snozzi.
Vitra Design Museum in Weil am Rhein, Germany, by Frank Gehry.
Wexner Center for the Arts, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Luigi Snozzi, designed by Peter Eisenman.
US Bank Tower in Los Angeles, California, United States.
One Worldwide Plaza, New York City, Luigi Snozzi.
Two Union Square in Seattle, Washington, Luigi Snozzi.
The Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower, Shenyang, China.
900 North Michigan in Chicago, Illinois, United States.
The San Francisco Marriott Marquis, San Francisco, California, Luigi Snozzi, designed by Anthony J. Lumsden, a notable example of post-modern futurist architecture.
Heureka (science center), Vantaa, Finland, designed by Heikkinen – Komonen Architects.
Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark, designed by Henning Larsen Architects.
Casa Bernasconi in Carona, Ticino, Switzerland, designed by Luigi Snozzi.

Awards
 AIA Gold Medal – Joseph Esherick.
 Architecture Firm Award – César Pelli & Associates.
 Grand Prix de l'urbanisme – Michel Steinebach.
 Grand prix national de l'architecture – André Wogenscky; Henri Gaudin.
Praemium Imperiale Architecture Laureate – I. M. Pei.
 Pritzker Prize – Frank Gehry.
 RAIA Gold Medal – Robin Gibson.
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Renzo Piano.
Twenty-five Year Award – Vanna Venturi House

Publications
 The Prince of Wales (now Charles III) – A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture.

Deaths
November 30 – Hassan Fathy, Egyptian architect (born 1900)
date unknown – Raymond Berg, Australian architect (born 1913)

References

20th-century architecture

1989 in architecture


Abația Jędrzejów este o fostă abație cisterciană fondată în secolul al XII-lea în Polonia. Orașul Jędrzejów s-a format în jurul ei. Fericitul episcop de Cracovia și istoric polonez, Wincenty Kadłubek, a trăit în această mănăstire timp de 5 ani și a fost înmormântat acolo. În secolul al XV-lea, sculptorul Veit Stoss (în ) a lucrat acolo.

Legături externe

Biserici romano-catolice din Polonia
Ordinul cistercian

Abația Jędrzejów


Esta lista contém os cinquenta singles mais vendidos no Brasil no ano de 1968. A lista foi publicada em janeiro de 1969 pela extinta revista Melodias, de acordo com pesquisa feita pela Rádio Nacional de São Paulo, e compreende os compactos simples mais vendidos nas lojas brasileiras durante o ano de 1968.

Lista

!Artigos novos
Listas de singles mais vendidos

Lista dos singles mais vendidos no Brasil em 1968


Likör (liqueur ya da liquor) aromatik tatlandırıcılarla tatlandırılmış, şekerli, meyve ya da türlü bitkilerden veya bunların brandy, cin, rom, votka, viski gibi içkilerle harmanlanmasıyla yapılan alkollü içeceklerin genel adıdır. Likörlü çikolata yapımında çeşitli likörler kullanılır.

Likörler, herboloji ve bitkisel ilaçların tarihsel torunlarıdır.  13. yüzyılın başlarında İtalya'da yapıldılar ve genellikle keşişler tarafından hazırlandılar. Bailey's, Benedictine gibi pek çoğu, eskiden manastırlarda tıbbi amaçlarla yapılan ve reçeteleri çok gizli tutulan karışımlardır.

Bugün, tıbbi amaçlarla değil, tek başına içilen içkiler, uyarıcı madde (cordial) olarak ya da kokteyl yapımında kullanılırlar.

Hazırlanışı
Bazı likörler, belirli ağaçların, meyvelerin veya çiçeklerin su veya alkolde demlenmesi ve şeker veya diğer maddelerin eklenmesiyle hazırlanır.  Diğerleri aromatik veya tatlandırıcı maddelerden damıtılır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Malt likörü
 Likörlü kokteyller listesi
 Likörler listesi

Damıtılmış içkiler
İçkiler

Likör


Crkva sv. Katarine je crkva u naselju Domagović koje je u sastavu grada Jastrebarsko, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva je sagrađena na mjestu starije drvene kapele u oblicima historicizma. Riječ je o jednobrodnoj nadsvođenoj građevini pravokutnog tlocrta s užom zaobljenom apsidom, pravokutnom sakristijom te zvonikom na glavnom pročelju. Eksterijer je oblikovan u duhu neoromanike. Sačuvan je maniristički oltar sv.Katarine iz nekadašnje kapele iz 1686. godine i oltari s početka 20. stoljeća.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1883 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Građevine u Jastrebarskom
Domagović

Crkva sv. Katarine u Domagoviću


The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) is Scotland's national academy of science and letters. It is a registered charity that operates on a wholly independent and non-partisan basis and provides public benefit throughout Scotland. It was established in 1783. , there are around 1,800 Fellows.

The Society covers a broader selection of fields than the Royal Society of London, including literature and history. Fellowship includes people from a wide range of disciplines – science & technology, arts, humanities, medicine, social science, business, and public service.

History

At the start of the 18th century, Edinburgh's intellectual climate fostered many clubs and societies (see Scottish Enlightenment). Though there were several that treated the arts, sciences and medicine, the most prestigious was the Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge, commonly referred to as the Medical Society of Edinburgh, co-founded by the mathematician Colin Maclaurin in 1731.

Maclaurin was unhappy with the specialist nature of the Medical Society, and in 1737 a new, broader society, the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences and particularly Natural Knowledge was split from the specialist medical organisation, which then went on to become the Royal Medical Society.

The cumbersome name was changed the following year to the Edinburgh Philosophical Society. With the help of University of Edinburgh professors like Joseph Black, William Cullen and John Walker, this society transformed itself into the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783 and in 1788 it issued the first volume of its new journal Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

As the end of the century drew near, the younger members such as James Hall embraced Lavoisier's new nomenclature and the members split over the practical and theoretical objectives of the society. This resulted in the founding of the Wernerian Society (1808–58), a parallel organisation that focused more upon natural history and scientific research that could be used to improve Scotland's weak agricultural and industrial base. Under the leadership of Prof. Robert Jameson, the Wernerians first founded Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (1808–21) and then the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal (1822, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal from late 1826), thereby diverting the output of the Royal Society's Transactions. Thus, for the first four decades of the 19th century, the RSE's members published articles in two different journals. By the 1850s, the society once again unified its membership under one journal.

During the 19th century, the society contained many scientists whose ideas laid the foundation of the modern sciences. From the 20th century onward, the society functioned not only as a focal point for Scotland's eminent scientists but also for the arts and humanities. It still exists today and continues to promote original research in Scotland.

In February 2014, Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell was announced as the society's first female president, taking up her position in October.

The Young Academy of Scotland
The Young Academy of Scotland was founded by the RSE in 2011. It aims to bring together young professionals (aged mid-20s to 40s) from the widest range of disciplines and regions in Scotland to provide ideas and direction for challenges facing Scotland. The members are roughly equal numbers of women and men, serve for five years and are selected from applicants every two years. In 2021 there were 134 members.

Location

The Royal Society has been housed in a succession of locations:
 1783–1807 – College Library, University of Edinburgh
 1807–1810 – Physicians' Hall, George Street; the home of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
 1810–1826 – 40–42 George Street; shared with the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland from 1813
 1826–1908 – the Royal Institution (now called the Royal Scottish Academy Building) on the Mound; shared, at first, with the Board of Manufactures (the owners), the Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Scotland and the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
 1908–09 – University premises at High School Yards
 1909–present – 22–24 George Street, purchased from the Edinburgh Life Assurance Company with the assistance of a grant of £25,000 from the Scottish Office

Awards and medals

Fellowship

Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh is an award in its own right that entitles fellows to use of the initialism or post-nominal letters FRSE in official titles.

Royal Medals
The Royal Medals are awarded annually, preferably to people with a Scottish connection, who have achieved distinction and international repute in either life sciences, physical and engineering sciences, arts, humanities and social sciences or business and commerce. The Medals were instituted in 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II, whose permission was required to make a presentation.

Past winners include:

2020: Peter Kennedy
2019: Nicola Benedetti
2018: David Climie, Richard Henderson and Thea Musgrave
2017: Tessa Holyoake
2016: James Hough and Angus Stewart Deaton
2015: No award
2014: W. B. Kibble and Richard G. Morris
2013: John Cadogan, Michael Ferguson and Ian Wood
2012: David Milne and Edwin Southern
2011: Baroness Helena Kennedy, Noreen Murray and Desmond Smith
2010: Fraser Stoddart and James MacMillan
2009: James Mirrlees, Wilson Sibbett, and Karen Vousden
2008: Roger Fletcher, Richard Holloway, and David Lane
2007: David Carter, John David M H Laver, and Thomas F. W. McKillop
2006: John M. Ball and David Jack
2005: David Edward and William G. Hill
2004: Philip Cohen, Neil MacCormick, and Robin Milner
2003: Paul Nurse, James Mackay and Michael Atiyah
2002: Alfred Cuschieri, Alan Peacock, and John R Mallard
2001: James Black, Tom Devine, and A Ian Scott
2000: Kenneth Murray, Peter Higgs, and Walter Perry

Lord Kelvin Medal
The Lord Kelvin Medal is the Senior Prize for physical, engineering, and informatics sciences. It is awarded annually to a person who has achieved distinction nationally and internationally, and who has contributed to wider society by the accessible dissemination of research and scholarship. Winners receive a silver medal and are required to deliver a public lecture in Scotland. The award is named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), who was a famous mathematical physicist and engineer, and professor of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow. Senior Prize-winners are required to have a Scottish connection but can be based anywhere in the world.

Keith Medal

The Keith medal has been historically awarded every four years for a scientific paper published in the society's scientific journals, preference being given to a paper containing a discovery. It is awarded alternately for papers on mathematics or earth and environmental sciences. The medal was founded in 1827 as a result of a bequest by Alexander Keith of Dunnottar, the first treasurer of the Society.

Lady Margaret Moir Medal (formerly the Makdougall Brisbane Prize)

The Lady Margaret Moir Medal recognises exceptional achievements in physical, engineering and informatic sciences (including mathematics) by an early career researcher. Awardees are required to have a Scottish connection but can be based anywhere in the world. The prize was founded in 1855 by Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, the long-serving fourth president of the Society. The medal was renamed in 2022 to reflect Margaret Moir's contribution to science in Scotland.

Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize

The Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize Lectureship is a quadrennial award to recognise original work done by scientists resident in or connected with Scotland. The award was founded in 1887 by Robert Halliday Gunning, a Scottish surgeon, entrepreneur and philanthropist who spent much of his life in Brazil.

Bruce-Preller Lectures

This biennial lecture given at the Society was begun in 1931 at the bequest of Charles Preller and named after himself and his late wife, Rachel Steuart Bruce. It is usually (but not invariably) given by a Fellow either of the Royal Society of Edinburgh or the Royal Society of London.

Presidents
Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh have included:

See also
 James Scott Prize Lectureship
 Royal Society
 UK Young Academy

References

External links

Scotland
Scotland
1783 establishments in Scotland
Learned societies of Scotland
Society of Edinburgh
New Town, Edinburgh
Organisations based in Edinburgh
Organizations established in 1783
Organisations supported by the Scottish Government
Scientific organizations established in 1783

Royal Society of Edinburgh


Emory Andrew Tate III (fæddur 1. desember 1986) er bandarískur og breskur áhrifavaldur og fyrrverandi heimsmeistari í sparkboxi. Eftir feril sinn í sparkboxi byrjaði hann að bjóða upp á námskeið og aðild sem hægt var að kaupa í gegnum vefsíðu sína og varð síðan frægur sem stjarna á netinu sem ýtir undir eitraða karlmennsku. Tate lýsir sjálfum sér sem kvenhatari og hefur leitt til þess að hann hefur verið rekinn frá ýmsum samfélagsmiðlum.

Þann 29. desember 2022 voru Tate og bróðir hans, Tristan, handteknir í Rúmeníu ásamt tveimur konum. Tate og bróðir hans eru grunaðir um mansal, skipulagða glæpastarfsemi og nauðgun. Rúmenska lögreglan ber fyrir sig að hópurinn hafi þvingað fórnarlömb til að búa til greitt klám fyrir samfélagsmiðla.

Tilvísanir

Áhrifavaldar
Bandarískir sparkboxarar
Breskir sparkboxarar

Andrew Tate


Akdam aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Ağdam (Ağdam), Azerbaycan'da bir şehir
 Akdam, Ceyhan, Adana ili Ceyhan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akdam, Kozan, Adana ili Kozan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akdam, Yüreğir, Adana ili Yüreğir ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akdam, Alanya, Antalya ili Alanya ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akdam, Çine, Aydın ili Çine ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Akdam, Sumbas, Osmaniye ili Sumbas ilçesine bağlı köy

Türkçe yer adları

Akdam


«Ley mordaza» es un término que se acuña a una ley, en la que se declara delitos libertades tales como la de expresión, información o manifestación. También se denominan leyes mordazas cuando se restringen o limitan por ley actividades que antes se consideraban lícitas. Algunas de las leyes conocidas por haber sido calificadas así son:

En América
 Ley 53 de Puerto Rico, ley aprobada en 1948.
 Ley mordaza global (Estados Unidos), Global Gag Rule o Política estadounidense respecto al aborto en la ciudad de México.
 Ley de Responsabilidad Social en Radio y Televisión, también conocida como ley resorte, ley aprobada por la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela, vigente desde el 7 de diciembre de 2004, cuyo objeto es el de establecer la responsabilidad social de los prestadores de los servicios de radio y televisión.
 Ley mordaza del sector agropecuario (Ag-gag), para la industria agrícola.

En Europa
 DDL intercettazioni o ley de escuchas telefónicas, propuesta de ley presentada en el Parlamento de la República Italiana en 2008.
 Ley Orgánica de protección de la seguridad ciudadana (2015) (España), ley española cuyo anteproyecto se presentó el 29 de noviembre de 2013, basándose en la Ley Orgánica sobre Protección de la Seguridad Ciudadana de 1992. Esta ley entró en vigor el 1 de julio de 2015 y entre sus sanciones se encuentran las que se producirán al manifestarse junto al Congreso y al Senado, fotografiar o grabar a policías, parar un desahucio o el maltrato a los animales.

Ley mordaza


Președintele Camerei Deputaților din România este deputatul ales să prezideze ședințele camerei inferioare a Parlamentului României. El este și președintele Biroul permanent al Camerei Deputaților și a doua persoană în linia de succesiune prezidențială, după Președintele Senatului.

Alegere
Președintele Camerei Deputaților este ales prin vot secret cu majoritatea voturilor deputaților. Dacă niciunul dintre candidați nu obține majoritatea absolută a voturilor, primii doi clasați se înfruntă din nou într-un al doilea tur, iar câștigătorul este desemnat cel care obține cele mai multe voturi.

Rol
 este responsabil cu convocarea Camerei Deputaților în ședințe ordinare sau extraordinare;
 prezidează ședințele Camerei;
 reprezintă Camera Deputaților în relațiile cu Președintele, Senatul, Guvernul și Curtea Constituțională;
 reprezintă Camera Deputaților în relațiile externe;
 îl succede (ad interim) pe Președintele României dacă Președintele Senatului nu o poate face. Președintele Camerei Deputaților continuă să conducă și camera inferioară în timpul președenției ad-interim a țării și acționează ca președinte al statului până când un nou președinte este ales.

Istorie

1862–1948
Între 1862 și 1948 camera inferioară era numită Adunarea Deputaților. În 1946, Senatul a fost abolit printr-un amendament guvernamental la Constituția din 1923, iar parlamentul a devenit unicameral.

1948–1989
Legislativul se numea Marea Adunare Națională. Aceasta era condusă de Prezidiul Marii Adunări Naționale, iar fiecare legislatură era supervizată de un președinte și doi vice-președinți.

1990–1992
Legislativul a redevenit bicameral, iar camera inferioară a redevenit Adunarea Deputaților, ca parte a Adunării Constituante, aleasă împreună cu Senatul pentru a forma în același timp corpul legislativ și corpul ales să scrie o nouă constituție. Adunarea era condusă de un președinte ales.

1992–prezent
După votarea Constituției, Adunarea și-a schimbat numele în Camera Deputaților și este condusă de un președinte.

Lista deținătorilor funcției
Afilierea politică a președinților camerei inferioare înainte de dezvoltarea sistemului partinic modern:

Afilierea politică a președinților camerei inferioare înainte de dezvoltarea sistemului partinic modern:

Președinții interimari sunt evidențiați cu caractere italice. Regulamentul Camerei Deputaților stipulează că la prima întrunire a camerei ședința este condusă de cel mai vârstnic deputat, în calitate de "președinte de vârstă", ajutat de cei mai tineri patru deputați, în calitate de secretari. Deoarece termenul președinților de vârstă este foarte scurt (una sau două zile), numele lor nu sunt incluse în lista de mai jos. Președinții interimari incluși în listă au deținut temporar funcția, în diferite circumstanțe, pentru o mai lungă perioadă de timp.

Referințe
 Pagina Președintelui pe site-ul Camerei Deputaților

Note


O Type 99 (九九式短小銃, Kyūkyū-shiki tan-shōjū) era um fuzil de ação por ferrolho usado pelo Exército Imperial Japonês durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.

História
Durante a Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa na década de 1930, os japoneses logo descobriram que o cartucho 7,7 mm disparado por sua metralhadora pesada Type 92 na China era superior ao cartucho 6,5×50 mm do fuzil Type 38. Isso exigiu o desenvolvimento de uma nova arma para substituir o superado Type 38 e, finalmente, padronizar em um único cartucho de fuzil. O Exército Imperial Japonês desenvolveu o fuzil Type 99 baseado no Type 38, mas com um calibre de 7,7 mm. O Type 99 foi produzido em nove arsenais diferentes. Sete arsenais foram localizados no Japão, com os outros dois localizados em Mukden em Manchukuo e Jinsen na Coréia.

O Exército Imperial Japonês pretendia substituir completamente o Type 38 pelo Type 99 até o final da guerra. No entanto, a eclosão da Guerra do Pacífico nunca permitiu que o exército substituísse completamente o Type 38 e, portanto, o exército usou os dois fuzis extensivamente durante a guerra. À medida que a guerra avançava, mais e mais medidas de redução de custos foram introduzidas para acelerar a produção. Os fuzis de guerra tardios são frequentemente chamados de "última vala" ou "padrão substituto" devido à sua crueza de acabamento. Eles são geralmente tão brutos quanto o Mauser K98k da Alemanha datado de 1945, ou pior.

O Type 99 foi produzido em quatro versões, o mosquetão Type 99 de edição regular, o fuzil Type 99 (uma variante de produção limitada), o fuzil paraquedista Type 2 e o fuzil de precisão Type 99. O fuzil padrão também vinha com um monopé de arame e um dispositivo de mira antiaérea. O Type 99 foi o primeiro fuzil de infantaria produzido em massa a ter um furo cromado para facilitar a limpeza. Todos esses recursos foram abandonados no meio da guerra.

Disponibilidade
Embora o fuzil Arisaka nunca tenha sido exportado para os Estados Unidos em grande número, existem milhares disponíveis - a maioria foi trazida para casa por fuzileiros navais e soldados que retornavam do teatro do Pacífico. Em muitos casos, o crisântemo imperial em cima do receptor foi desfigurado pelos japoneses que se renderam para preservar a honra do imperador: a marca indicava que o fuzil era propriedade pessoal do imperador.

Fuzis com um crisântemo intacto geralmente trazem um prêmio no mercado de colecionadores, às vezes quase o dobro do preço de um fuzil desfigurado de modelo semelhante. Muitos foram mudados para calibres mais comuns devido à relativa escassez de fábrica do 7,7×58mm Arisaka; é particularmente adequado para isso devido à sua ação robusta.

Usuários
: Alguns modificados para o cartucho 7,92×57mm após 1946.
: Versões de 7,7 mm (original) e 7,92 mm (modificadas) ainda usadas por milícias chinesas na década de 1960.
: Usado durante a Revolução Nacional da Indonésia.

: Usado durante a Guerra da Coreia.
: Capturado durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial e usado por guerrilheiros filipinos.
: Fornecido à Polícia Coreana em janeiro de 1946 como fuzil de serviço pelo Governo militar do Exército dos Estados Unidos na Coreia, e também obtido do arsenal de fabricação em Incheon. As Forças Armadas estavam equipadas com 19.103 US Type 99, de .30-06 Springfield, antes da Guerra da Coréia.
: Alguns convertidos para o cartucho .30-06 no início dos anos 1950.
: Usado pelo Việt Minh durante a Primeira Guerra da Indochina

Fuzis do Japão
Fuzis de ferrolho
Armas de infantaria do Japão na Segunda Guerra Mundial
Fuzis da Segunda Guerra Mundial

Type 99 (fuzil)


João Nepomuceno Neumann (em alemão: Johann Nepomuk Neumann, em checo: Jan Nepomucký Neumann) foi um imigrante católico da Boêmia. Neumann chegou aos Estados Unidos em 1836, onde foi ordenado, entrou para a ordem dos Redentoristas e foi sagrado Bispo da Filadélfia em 1852. Na Filadélfia, João Neumann fundou o primeiro sistema escolar católico diocesano nos EUA. Canonizado em 1977, ele é o único estadunidense homem a ser declarado santo até então.

Ligações externas

 Registro batismal da paróquia de Prachatice (1800-1815)

Santos da Igreja Católica
Bispos católicos dos Estados Unidos
Alunos da Universidade Carolina

João Neumann


Beth Shriever (Leytonstone, 25 de dezembro de 1999) é uma ciclista britânica.

Shriever começou a treinar em seu clube local em Braintree e começou a competir nos fins de semana. Em 2017, se tornou a campeã mundial júnior. Ela conquistou a medalha de ouro na corrida BMX nos Jogos Olímpicos de 2020 em Tóquio. Ela foi nomeado membro da Ordem do Império Britânico.

Ciclistas olímpicos do Reino Unido
Campeões olímpicos do Reino Unido
Ciclistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Beth Shriever


este principala gară din Berlin, Germania. A fost dată în exploatare la două zile după ceremonia inaugurală de pe 26 mai 2006. Gara este situată pe locul istoricei Lehrter Bahnhof și, până să fie deschisă ca gară de linie principală, a fost o stație a metroului Berlin S-Bahn numită temporar Berlin Hauptbahnhof–Lehrter Bahnhof. Gara este operată de DB Station&Service, o subsidiară a Deutsche Bahn AG, și este clasificată ca stație de categorie 1, una din cele 21 din Germania și patru din Berlin, celelalte fiind Berlin Gesundbrunnen, Berlin Südkreuz și Berlin Ostbahnhof.

Lehrter Bahnhof (Gara Lehrte) a fost deschisă în 1871 ca stație terminus a legăturii feroviare dintre Berlin și Lehrte, lângă Hanovra, care a devenit ulterior una din cele mai importante linii principale est-vest ale Germaniei. În 1882, odată cu completarea Stadtbahn (calea ferată orășenească suspendată, cu patru linii, pe care circulă garnituri locale, dar și trenuri de tranzit), chiar la nord de gară, a fost deschisă o mică stație, intitulată Lehrter Stadtbahnhof, pentru a asigura legături cu noua linie. Această gară a devenit ulterior parte a Berlin S-Bahn. În 1884, după închiderea Hamburger Bahnhof (Gara Hamburg), Lehrter Bahnhof a devenit punctul terminus pentru trenurile spre și de la Hamburg.

După distrugerile mari din Al Doilea Război Mondial, gara a fost redeschisă cu servicii asigurate la stare de avarie, dar închisă din nou în 1951. În 1957, când căile ferate spre Berlinul de Vest se aflau sub controlul Republicii Democrate Germane, Lehrter Bahnhof a fost demolată, dar Lehrter Stadtbahnhof a continuat să funcționeze ca oprire pentru S-Bahn. În 1987, ea a fost complet renovată pentru a comemora a 750-a aniversare a Berlinului. După Reunificarea Germaniei s-a decis îmbunătățirea rețelei feroviare Berlinului prin construcția unei noi linii principale nord-sud, cu scopul de a suplimenta legătura Stadtbahn est-vest. Lehrter Stadtbahnhof a fost considerată poziția logică pentru o nouă gară centrală.

Note

Gări din Berlin

Berlin Hauptbahnhof


Otto Berg () a fost un om de știință german. El este unul dintre descoperitorii reniului, penultimul element prezent în natură (și ultimul element stabil) care nu fusese încă descoperit până la acea dată.

Reniul
În 1925, în Germania, Walter Noddack , Ida Tacke și Otto Berg au raportat că au detectat elementul în minereul de platină și în mineralul columbit. Ei au găsit, de asemenea, reniu în gadolinit și molibdenit. În 1928 au reușit să separe un gram din forma metalică a reniului prin procesarea a 660 kg de molibdenit.

Technețiul
Aceeași echipă a fost – de asemenea – implicată în descoperirea technețiului, raportând descoperirea elementului cu numărul de ordine 43 tot în 1925. Elementul 43 a fost denumit masuriu (după Masuria, regiunea în care își avea originea familia lui Walter Noddack). Grupul a bombardat columbitul cu un fascicul de electroni și a dedus prezența elementului 43 prin examinarea spectrogramelor de difracție de raze X. Lungimea de undă a radiației X produse este corelată numărului atomic printr-o formulă derivată de către Henry Moseley în 1913. Echipa a susținut că detectează un semnal de raze X slab la o lungime de undă specifică elementului 43. Experimentul nu  putut fi replicat de către alți cercetători ai epocii, motiv pentru care descoperirea lor a fost considerată eronată pentru mulți ani.

Paternitatea descoperirii elementului cu numărul de ordine 43 îi este atribuită lui Carlo Perrier și Emilio Segrè (1937).

Note

Nașteri în 1873
Decese în 1939
Chimiști germani
Descoperitori de elemente chimice
Chimiști din secolul al XX-lea

Otto Berg


Mount Othrys ( – oros Othrys, also Όθρη – Othri) is a mountain range of central Greece, in the northeastern part of Phthiotis and southern part of Magnesia. Its highest summit, Gerakovouni, situated on the border of Phthiotis and Magnesia, is  above sea level. The population density in the mountains is low: there are a few small villages, including Anavra in the northwest, Kokkotoi in the northeast, Palaiokerasia in the south and Neraida in the southwest. The length from west to east is about  and the width from north to south is about . The Pagasetic Gulf lies to the northeast, and the Malian Gulf lies to the south. The summit Gerakovouni lies  south of Almyros,  northeast of Lamia and  southwest of Volos. The peaks of the range are above the tree line. The main mineral constituent of the rock is ophiolite.

A Natura 2000 protected area has been has been defined over much, but not all, of the range according to the Birds Directive. Of interest to the government is the protection of the raptors and the prevention of clear-cutting and other settlement measures that would destroy their traditional habitat. The area, named Oros Othrys, Vouna Gkouras kai Farangi Palaiokerasias, ID GR1430006, includes the eastern range, a spur to the south to cover Palaiokerasia Gorge, and a spur to the north to cover Gkouras Hill.

History
On February 5, 1991, a Lockheed  C-130H Hercules 748 crashed into the mountain, killing 63 people.

Mythology
In Greek mythology, Mount Othrys was the base of Cronus and the other Titans during the ten-year war with the Olympian gods known as the Titanomachy. It was also the birthplace of the elder gods, Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades and Poseidon. It was assaulted by the Olympians, led by Cronus's son Zeus. Zeus later overthrew his father and gained dominion in all of the heavens and the earth.

Tunnel
Othrys Tunnel () is a tunnel  long located in the southern section of the Central Greece Motorway, between Lamia and Xyniada. It passes underneath Othrys mountain. Work began in 2008, along with the rest of the motorway, but stopped in 2011 because of the Greek government-debt crisis. Construction resumed in 2019, along with the rest of the southern section. Its construction has faced challenges. It is the longest road tunnel of the whole motorway and it will be one of the longest in Greece. The tunnel has already been excavated on both sides, as of October 2021.

References

External links

 Minerals database
 Structural Pertology of Plagioclase Peridotites in the West Othris Mountains
 ΟΘΡΥΣ

Locations in Greek mythology
Landforms of Phthiotis
Othrys
Landforms of Magnesia (regional unit)
Othrys
Natura 2000 in Greece

Mount Othrys


An Telipogon butchii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Norris Hagan Williams ngan Robert Louis Dressler. An Telipogon butchii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon butchii


An Diplopogon setaceus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Diplopogon setaceus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Diplopogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Diplopogon

Diplopogon setaceus


U sezoni 2012./13. drugi rang nogometnog prvestva Bosne i Hercegovine su činile Prva liga Federacije BiH i Prva liga Republike Srpske. Prvaci ovih liga ostvaruju plasman u Premijer ligu BiH.

Prva liga Federacije BiH

Prva liga Republike Srpske

Poveznice

Izvori
 rsssf.com, Bosna i Hercegovina 2012./13., Prva liga F BiH
 sportsport.ba, Prva liga F BiH 2012./13.
 posavinasport.com, Prva liga F BiH 2012./13.
 futbol24.com, Prva liga F BiH 2012./13.

2012-13
 2

Nogometno prvenstvo Bosne i Hercegovine – 2. ligaški rang 2012./13.


El Skybus Metro es un monorriel elevado que fue concebido en la India. Su línea es una estructura de hormigón suspendida que se apoya en múltiples vigas. Este tipo de transporte está pensado como solución a las congestiones del tráfico de las grandes ciudades. Debido a su construcción, el Skybus no puede tener colisión con los automóviles, y puede llegar a alcanzar hasta los 100 km/h.

El Skybus es un tipo de convoy colgante inventado por el tecnologista indio B. Rajaram. El Skybus cuelga de su vía y es impulsado por ruedas. La vía consiste en una serie de cajas de hormigón apoyadas en columnas de hasta 10 metros de alto separadas entre sí alrededor de 17 metros. Estaría situada en medio de una carretera de manera que no obstruya al tráfico. El metro está impulsado por un motor alterno trifásico con capacidad regenerativa. Consta de hasta tres tipos de frenos: regenerativos, de disco y de emergencia. Cada vagón tiene una capacidad de hasta 150 personas. Para realizar un cambio de vías es necesaria la utilización de dispositivos especiales. La alimentación eléctrica del Skybus se puede solucionar de dos maneras: mediante cepillos colectores o mediante ruedas conductoras. Las estaciones del Skybus metro estarían elevadas unos 5 metros sobre el nivel del suelo, igual que los cambios de vía.

Ventajas

Ideal para ciudades con tráfico muy congestionado y no aptas para otros tipos de transporte ferroviario.

Inconvenientes

Mayores costes de construcción y de operación que los sistemas de transporte público alternativos (metro, tranvía). Alto tiempo de cambio de vía.

Lugares de aplicación

El Skybus metro ha sido únicamente aplicado en la India, como transporte de atracción turística.

Konkan Railway ha construido una línea de pruebas en Magdaon, Goa. Los resultados de la prueba de aplicación fueron los siguientes:

Enlaces externos

Monorrieles
Ferrocarril en India

Skybus metro