Air Berlin PLC & Co. Luftverkehrs KG (), branded as airberlin or airberlin.com was a major German airline. At its peak, it was Germany's second-largest airline, as well as Europe's tenth-largest airline in terms of passengers carried. It was headquartered in Berlin and had hubs at Berlin Tegel Airport and Düsseldorf Airport. It was a member of the Oneworld airline alliance.

The airline was founded by American interests in 1978 to provide airline service to West Berlin, a territory that could not legally be served by West German airlines such as Lufthansa due to political restrictions on East German airspace. Air Berlin became a German-owned company in 1991, shortly after the reunification of Germany, and eventually joined the Oneworld alliance in 2012. After years of losses, Air Berlin filed for insolvency on 15 August 2017 and ceased operations on 27 October 2017.

History

1978–1990: American charter airline in West Berlin

Originally registered as Air Berlin USA, the company was founded in 1978 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Lelco, an American agricultural enterprise headquartered in Oregon, to operate charter flights on behalf of German tour operators from Berlin Tegel Airport, mostly to Mediterranean holiday resorts.

The co-founders of Air Berlin USA were:
 Kim Lundgren, a former Berlin-based flight engineer of Pan American World Airways;
 John MacDonald, a former station manager of United States supplemental and charter airline Saturn Airways at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in the 1960s and subsequent general manager Europe and vice president at the Berlin Tegel Airport base of the former United States supplemental carrier and charter airline Modern Air from 1968 until 1974;
 Mort Beyer, Modern Air's executive vice president from 1967 until 1971 as well as the airline's president and vice president of the National Air Carrier Association in 1971 and founder of United States aviation consultancy Avmark.

Lelco was the agriculture business of Kim Lundgren's family in the United States.

As a United States airline, Air Berlin was able to access the West Berlin airline market. During the Cold War, Berlin's special political status meant that the air corridors into and out of Tegel Airport could only be used by airlines registered in France, the United Kingdom or the United States. The airline's headquarters were initially at Tegel Airport. Leonard Lundgren was the first chairman.

After the company was issued an airline licence and acquired two Boeing 707 jet airliners previously owned by Trans World Airlines, Air Berlin USA commenced revenue services on 28 April 1979 with a flight from Berlin-Tegel to Palma de Mallorca. Plans were made to start long-haul flights on West Berlin-Brussels-Florida routes, in cooperation with Air Florida (an agreement to that effect had been signed in February 1979).

In 1980, two Boeing 737-200s were leased from Air Florida. In 1981, Air Berlin USA continued its weekly scheduled Boeing 707 service on the Berlin Tegel Airport - Brussels - Orlando route; however, by 1982, the 707s had been phased out, and during most of the 1980s, Air Berlin USA operated only a single 737-200 or (from 1986) a 737-300. In 1990 and 1991, two Boeing 737-400s were also placed into service.

1990–2000: New investors and expansion

German reunification led to significant changes to the European aviation market, and in particular in Berlin: German airlines now gained access to the city. In 1991, Air Berlin (which had 90 employees at the time) was restructured as Air Berlin GmbH & Co. Luftverkehrs KG, a German-registered company, with several German investors joining Kim Lundgren, the original founder, thereby bringing the ownership in line with German foreign-control requirements. Joachim Hunold (de), a former sales and marketing director with LTU International, now led the company.

Following an order for ten Boeing 737-800s, Air Berlin grew and by 1999, the fleet grew to twelve aircraft. In 2001, Air Berlin and Hapag-Lloyd Flug became the first airlines in the world to have their Boeing 737-800s fitted with blended winglets, wingtip devices that are intended to improve fuel efficiency.

Air Berlin introduced scheduled flights (which could be booked directly with the airline rather than via a tour operator) in 1997, initially linking a number of secondary German airports to Mallorca. By 2002, 35 percent of Air Berlin's tickets were sold directly. In the same year, the airline expanded beyond holiday destinations as low-fare flights marketed as "City Shuttle" to London, Barcelona, Milan and Vienna started. Besides Berlin-Tegel, these routes were opened at six German airports (Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Münster/Osnabrück, Nuremberg, and Paderborn/Lippstadt) that until then had not been served by one of the rising European low-cost carriers. In what later became a hallmark for Air Berlin as a "semi-low cost carrier", the airline offered complimentary meals and seat reservations, in contrast to its competitors Buzz, Hapag-Lloyd Express, Ryanair and Virgin Express.

2000–2006: Becoming Germany's second-largest airline
In November 2001, the delivery flight of a Boeing 737-800 fitted with winglets set a record: the aircraft with the registration code D-ABBC flew 8,345 kilometres non-stop from Seattle (Boeing Field), USA to Berlin (TXL), Germany in 9 hours, 10 minutes.

In January 2004, Air Berlin announced it would cooperate with Niki, a Vienna-based airline. As part of the deal, Air Berlin took a 24% stake in Niki.

In 2005, Air Berlin signed a partnership agreement with Germania. As part of the deal, Air Berlin leased some of Germania's aircraft and crew, and Germania became almost exclusively a charter airline. Plans were made for Germania to be associated with Air Berlin under a management contract. However, the contract was not signed. At the beginning of March 2008, Germania's joint owners could not reach agreement on the takeover by Air Berlin, so Germania remained an independent airline. A joint Air Berlin/Germania subsidiary dubbed Air Zürich and planned to be based at Zurich Airport was proposed in 2005, but did not materialize.

In 2005, the Group reorganised its corporate structure. It established Air Berlin plc (registered in England) into which it reversed Air Berlin GmbH & Co. Luftverkehrs KG and subsidiaries. It was suggested that the reason for the group to establish a UK-based PLC instead of a German-based AG was to avoid the need to have a supervisory board and employee representation as required by the German law of Mitbestimmung or co-determination.

In 2006, Air Berlin went public on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Originally scheduled for 5 May 2006, the IPO was postponed to 11 May 2006. The company said the delay was due to rises in fuel costs and other market pressures limiting investor demand. It reduced the initial share-price range from 15.0–17.5 euros to 11.5–14.5 euros. The stock opened at €12.0, selling a total of 42.5 million shares. Of these, 19.6 million were new shares increasing capital in the company, and the remainder to repay loans extended by the original shareholders and invested in the company earlier in 2006. After the IPO, the company claimed to have over 400 million euros in cash to fund further expansion, including aircraft purchases.

In August 2006, Air Berlin acquired German domestic airline dba. Flight operations at dba were continued as a fully owned subsidiary of Air Berlin until 14 November 2008, when the dba brand was discontinued due to staff strikes (dba staff were subsequently offered positions with Air Berlin).

On 28 November 2006, Air Berlin ordered 60 Boeing 737-800 aircraft, and 15 smaller Boeing 737-700 aircraft. The value of the 75 aircraft was 5.1 billion dollars (based on list prices at the time.) Delivery of the aircraft started in 2007. All of these aircraft were equipped with blended winglets, to improve fuel efficiency.

2007–2012: Takeovers, expansion and new alliances

In March 2007, Air Berlin took over German leisure airline LTU, gaining access to the long-haul market and becoming the fourth-largest airline group in Europe in terms of passenger traffic. This deal led to the introduction of Airbus A321 and Airbus A330 aircraft into Air Berlin's fleet. On 1 May 2009, the LTU brand was discontinued.

On 7 July 2007, Air Berlin announced an order for 25 Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner long-haul aircraft, with further options and purchase rights. Three additional aircraft of this type were to be leased from ILFC.

On 21 August 2007, Air Berlin acquired a 49 percent shareholding in Swiss charter airline Belair, the remainder being owned by tour operator Hotelplan. Following the deal, Belair's long-haul business was terminated, and the fleet was replaced by Airbus A320 family aircraft operating scheduled flights on behalf of Air Berlin as well as charter flights for Hotelplan.

On 20 September 2007, Air Berlin announced it intended to buy its competitor Condor in a deal that envisaged Condor's owner, Thomas Cook Group, taking a 30% stake in Air Berlin. However, the rapidly increasing price of jet fuel and other considerations led to the abandonment of the deal in July 2008.

In January 2008 Air Berlin introduced a new logo and corporate design. The logo is a white oval shape on a red background (suggesting an aircraft window) where the letter "a" is a white circle and two white stylised wings. The text "Air Berlin" was in lower case and written as one word. Sometimes the slogan "Your Airline" was featured as part of the logo.

In June 2008, CEO Joachim Hunold offended Catalan language speakers, when he claimed in an article included in Air Berlin's in-flight magazine that the government of the Balearic Islands was trying to impose the use of Catalan on Air Berlin flights from and to Majorca. He claimed that Air Berlin was an international airline and was not obliged to use Catalan. Hunold went on to criticise the language policy in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, claiming that at the time many children could not speak any Spanish. The Balearic Islands' President, Francesc Antich, explained that his government had simply sent a letter to encourage airlines operating in the Balearic Islands to include Catalan among the languages used for onboard announcements.

On 18 June of the same year, Air Berlin announced that it would reduce its long-haul services by 13 percent and its domestic services by 10 percent to increase profitability.

In September 2008, Air Berlin confirmed merger talks with competitor TUIfly, but added it was speaking with all parties. Air Berlin had, until 2007, been flying many code-share TUI flights. At the end of March 2009, Air Berlin PLC and TUI Travel PLC signed a deal by which their German flight businesses were to operate a long-term strategic alliance. Originally, each company was to take a 19.9% stake in the other and the German cartel authorities were petitioned for approval. After the Bundeskartellamt expressed concerns, the cross-ownership plan was not implemented. Instead, TUI Travel PLC purchased a 9.9% stake in Air Berlin PLC using a capital increase at a subsidiary to do so.

At the end of March 2009, a strategic partnership agreement with TUI Travel was signed, with Air Berlin and its competitor TUIfly purchasing 19.9 percent of the other's shares. Following the deal, Air Berlin took over all German domestic TUIfly routes, as well as those to Italy, Croatia and Austria. Also, all of Tuifly's Boeing 737-700 aircraft were added to Air Berlin's fleet. TUIfly was to abandon all scheduled flights and rely exclusively on the charter business.

In March 2009, ESAS Holding A.S., a Turkish company, bought approximately 15 per cent of the voting shares in Air Berlin.

Also in 2009, Air Berlin added Hartmut Mehdorn to the board of directors after his retirement at Deutsche Bahn.

In April 2010 Air Berlin expanded its codeshare arrangements with Russia's S7 Airlines. Air Berlin and S7 Airlines had cooperated since October 2008. New services included codeshare flights via Moscow to Irkutsk, Perm and Rostov.

In July 2010, Air Berlin announced an increase in its shareholding in the Austrian airline Niki. Air Berlin indirectly acquired 25.9% of the shares in Niki from Privatstiftung Lauda (private Lauda foundation) and in doing so increased its shareholding in Niki from 24% to 49.9%. In connection with the increase of its shareholding, Air Berlin was to grant the private Lauda foundation a 40.5 million-euro loan. The private foundation had the options to repay the loan in three years with cash or through the transfer of the remaining 50.1% of Niki's shares.

In July 2010, it was also announced that Air Berlin would join Oneworld, the global airline alliance. In preparation for joining the alliance, Air Berlin made codeshare agreements with Finnair and American Airlines starting with the 2010/2011 winter schedule.

Air Berlin founded Follow Me Entertainment GmbH in September 2010 as a joint venture with kick-media ag. This joint-venture company markets image and sound media, books, games as well as events, concerts, tournaments and sponsoring.

On 1 April 2011 Air Berlin completed the integration of LTU. All Air Berlin Group technical services were consolidated in a new company called airberlin technik GmbH. It also added new routes, more frequent flights and additional long-haul flights from Düsseldorf.

On 15 June 2011, Air Berlin and British Airways reached a codeshare agreement covering some flights within Europe, starting from 5 July 2011. The agreement applied to flights to over 40 European destinations served by the two airlines.

CEO Joachim Hunold resigned from his position on 1 September 2011 and was succeeded by the former CEO of Deutsche Bahn AG, Hartmut Mehdorn, who led the company on an interim basis until January 2013.

In November 2011 Air Berlin and Pegasus Airlines (Turkey's largest private airline) launched Air Berlin Turkey, aiming at the charter market between Germany and Turkey. Pegasus Airlines is 16.5% owned by ESAS Holding AS. The new airline was absorbed into Pegasus Airlines on 31 March 2013.

In the third quarter of 2011, the turnover of the company amounted to 1.4 billion euros, an increase of 11%. However, operating profit decreased by almost to 50%, around 97 million euros. As a result, a new bond to raise additional capital was issued.

In November 2011 Air Berlin took over the remaining 50.1% stake in NIKI as repayment of a loan and became its sole owner. The brand name was retained and Niki Lauda was given a position on the board of Air Berlin.

Air Berlin announced on 19 December 2011 that the Abu Dhabi airline Etihad Airways had increased its share of Air Berlin from 2.99% to 29.1%, for a sum of 73 million euros, making Etihad the company's largest shareholder. The deal supplied more cash to Air Berlin, and provided Etihad access to Air Berlin's European network.

2012–2015: Restructuring amid continuing losses

The cooperation of the frequent-flyer programs topbonus and Etihad Guest was announced in March 2012. In June 2012, the collaboration concluded with the bonus programs airberlin business points and Etihad Airways Business Connect for SMBs.

On 20 March 2012, the entry into Oneworld was officially completed. The Oneworld network offered over 800 destinations in 150 countries. At the same time, the airline introduced the Platinum status for its frequent-flyer program topbonus. In May 2012 Air Berlin presented its new fare structure "Your Fare" including "Just Fly", "Fly Classic" and "FlyFlex" for flights from 1 July 2012. On 11 May 2012 Air Berlin opened its triweekly non-stop flight from Berlin to Los Angeles in the summer schedule, a destination which until then had only been served from Düsseldorf. On 18 December 2012 Air Berlin announced that topbonus, its frequent flyer program, would be sold to Etihad Airways; only a 30-percent minority share would be retained. Air Berlin also announced the expansion of the existing codeshare agreement with Etihad Airways on 20 December 2012.

In January 2013, the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced with a new business class which enabled a fully flat position for the first time. On 7 January 2013 Air Berlin appointed Austrian Wolfgang Prock-Schauer, former Chief Strategy and Planning Officer, as the company's CEO, replacing Hartmut Mehdorn.

Air Berlin started flights between Berlin and Chicago on 23 March 2013. It cancelled the seasonal non-stop flights to Las Vegas, San Francisco and Vancouver. In March 2013 Air Berlin announced the closure of its seasonal hub for leisure destinations at Nuremberg Airport. Only ten year-round direct routes remained.

On 24 September 2014, Air Berlin cancelled the remaining 15 orders for their Boeing 787s as well as 18 remaining orders for Boeing 737-800s as part of their restructuring programme. In October 2014, the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt denied Air Berlin authorization to operate 34 routes as a codeshare with co-owner Etihad from the 2014/2015 winter schedule as they would contravene the bilateral traffic rights between Germany and the UAE.
Also in October 2014, Air Berlin announced the termination of flights to Palma de Mallorca from both Bremen Airport and Dortmund Airport, therefore withdrawing entirely from these two German airports.

Air Berlin announced a net loss for 2014 of €376m (€316m loss in 2013). The airline's revenues in 2014 stagnated at €4.16 billion.

In September 2015, Air Berlin phased out the last Boeing 737-700s owned by the company. The remaining aircraft of this type would operate on a wet lease basis from TUIfly until 2019. All Boeing 737-800s were to be phased out by 2016 as Air Berlin plans to focus their short- and medium-haul fleet on the Airbus A320 family to cut costs. In November 2015, Air Berlin announced the closure of its Palma de Mallorca Airport hub by ceasing all of the hub's seven Spanish domestic routes by 3 April 2016. Some days earlier, the airline announced plans to add flights from Düsseldorf to Boston, Dallas/Fort Worth, San Francisco and Havana by spring 2016. However, the planned route to Dallas/Fort Worth was cancelled a few weeks later due to low demand. On 30 December 2015, the administrative court in Braunschweig ruled in favour of the German civil aviation authority (the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt) and against Air Berlin regarding some of their codeshare operations with Etihad Airways. The shared sale and advertising of 31 out of 83 routes which were marketed by both were declared illegal and ordered stopped by 15 January 2016 as they were not covered by the bilateral air-traffic agreement between Germany and the UAE. The Luftfahrt-Bundesamt had allowed these flights until a definite legal ruling was made.

2016–2017: Restructuring efforts
In April 2016, Air Berlin announced a record loss of €446 million for 2015; the airline's revenues had decreased to €4.08 billion. Amongst the reasons considered for Air Berlin's poor performance were: crippling debt of over €800m; unclear and rapid strategy changes on routes and advertising; several CEOs over recent years; a five-year-plus delay to the new hub Berlin Brandenburg Airport; failed negotiations to profit from lower fuel prices and the overall harsh competition in the airline industry. In July 2016, Air Berlin confirmed that it no longer owned any of the aircraft it operates, having sold and leased back the last of the aircraft it had previously owned. A few weeks later it was reported that Air Berlin and Etihad Airways were in talks with Lufthansa regarding the latter's acquisition of some of Air Berlin's routes outside of the Berlin and Düsseldorf hubs as well as some staff and aircraft leases. Also in July 2016, Air Berlin announced the increase of flights to the United States from 55 to 78 nonstops per week for 2017. Besides some frequency increases, Los Angeles and San Francisco were to be served from Berlin as well as by the then existing Düsseldorf routes. And a new Düsseldorf-Orlando route was announced. A few days later, the airline announced the introduction of a business class on its short- and medium-haul flights.

In December 2016, Air Berlin announced Stefan Pichler's departure after serving two years as CEO and replacement by former head of Germanwings, Thomas Winkelmann on 1 February.

The "new Air Berlin" project
On 28 September 2016, Air Berlin announced The new airberlin, a restructuring project including the reduction of its destinations from around 140 to 70, the focus on the Berlin and Düsseldorf hubs and on the smaller bases in Stuttgart and Munich, the closure of six other bases, the targeting of business travellers, focus on domestic German flights and on flights to Italy, Scandinavia and eastern Europe, the expansion of its long-haul network, and the loss of up to 1,200 jobs.

Air Berlin, including its subsidiaries Belair and Niki, planned to cut 40 of its fleet of 118 narrowbody jets, leaving Air Berlin with its own fleet of 75 aircraft. The new fleet would be 17 Airbus A330-200 for long-haul operations and 40 Airbus A320 family aircraft and 18 Bombardier Q400 aircraft for European routes. A separate, tourist-destination-oriented unit with 35 aircraft was to be formed, perhaps operating with a partner (TUIfly was the assumed partner as they already operate several aircraft for Air Berlin) – or sold altogether. Plans to wet lease the remaining aircraft were realised with the December 2016 announcement that 38 Airbus A319/A320 aircraft would be wet leased to Lufthansa Group's Eurowings (33 aircraft) and Austrian Airlines (five), effective February 2017 for a period of six years.

In October 2016, Air Berlin announced plans to close four of its seven airberlin Technik maintenance facilities and lay off 500 of their staff. On 5 December 2016, Air Berlin announced plans to sell its entire 49-percent stake in its Austrian subsidiary Niki to its own minority owner, Etihad Airways. It was also announced that Niki will take over several routes to southern European, north African and Turkish leisure destinations from Air Berlin as part of the new joint-venture. Also in December 2016, Air Berlin announced the transfer of its entire fleet of 21 A321-200s to Niki and Niki's transfer of all its 5 A319-100s and 13 A320-200s to Air Berlin. Air Berlin would discontinue its wet lease with TUIfly.

In January 2017, Air Berlin announced that for summer 2017, most leisure routes were to be either transferred to Niki or cancelled altogether and that some domestic and European city routes were to be dropped, leaving little more than the Berlin-Tegel and Düsseldorf hub operations. On 28 April 2017, a loss of € −781.9 million was announced for 2016, from a revenue of €3.79 billion. Also in late April 2017, Air Berlin confirmed the creation of Air Berlin Aeronautics GmbH, a new subsidiary which was to have its own operational licence (AOC) to take over the wet lease operations handled by Air Berlin on behalf of Eurowings and Austrian Airlines. Therefore, the "actual" Air Berlin would focus on operations under its own brand name. In May 2017, Air Berlin announced it would buy Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter entirely, in which it had a controlling stake since 2009.

Bankruptcy
After Etihad stopped financial support, Air Berlin entered insolvency procedures on 15 August 2017. On 9 October 2017, Air Berlin told its staff that it would cease all remaining operations under its own AB flight numbers due to its negative financial outlook and bankruptcy proceedings. On 12 October 2017, Lufthansa agreed to buy 81 aircraft and employ 3,000 Air Berlin employees for €210 million, taking over the subsidiaries Niki and Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter with a total of 1700 employees. On 24 October 2017, the Berliner Zeitfracht Group confirmed it would take over the Leisure Cargo Düsseldorf company and its 60 employees. The creditors' committee approved a corresponding submission. Leisure Cargo conveys freight space on passenger flights. On 27 October 2017, it was announced that a 'consortium' of maintenance, repair, and operations provider Nayak Aircraft Services GmbH & Co. KG and Berliner Zeitfracht Group would purchase airberlin Technik, keeping over 300 employees.

The final long-haul flight, from Miami to Düsseldorf, was operated on 15 October 2017. On 27 October 2017, Air Berlin's final flight was operated by Airbus A320 D-ABNW. It departed from Munich at 21:36 and landed at Berlin Tegel at 22:45. On 28 October 2017, it was announced that EasyJet would absorb 1,000 employees and lease 25 Airbus A320 aircraft for flights from Berlin Tegel for €40 million.

Just over six years after filing for bankruptcy and ceasing all flight operations, Air Berlin's trademark rights were sold to Marcos Rossello, noting that he does not plan on mixing Air Berlin into a new branding for his own existing Sundair.

Corporate affairs

The airline was headquartered at the Airport Bureau Center in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Berlin.

Ownership
Air Berlin PLC shares were publicly traded on Xetra and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in the regulated market. Trading in the regulated unofficial market occurred at the exchanges in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Munich and Stuttgart. Since December 2011, Etihad Airways was the largest shareholder in Air Berlin. As of December 2015, the major shareholders (over 5%) were:

Business trends

Air Berlin was loss-making for several years. The key figures for the whole Air Berlin Group (including Niki) for the full years of operation leading up to its closure were (as at year ending 31 December):

Flight school
Air Berlin trained its own pilots since 2007 in a joint venture with the TFC Käufer flight school. Commercial pilot training lasted around 24 months. The Air Berlin flight school was the first flight school in Germany to be awarded a training licence by the German Department of Aviation for the new Multi-Crew Pilot Licence concept in February 2009.

Technical services
Air Berlin had its own maintenance and overhaul branch, airberlin technik with facilities in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Munich, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Hamburg, and Nuremberg, which employed 1300 staff as of October 2016. The technical branch was a certified EASA Part-145 maintenance organization with approximately 1200 employees providing services to both Air Berlin group aircraft and customers throughout Europe. airberlin technik was recognized and approved by various National Airworthiness Authorities such as USA FAA-145, Canadian CAA-145, Aruba EASA-145, Federal Aviation Authority of Russia, GCAA, United Arab Emirates. In October 2016, Air Berlin announced it would close the technical bases in Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Nuremberg while laying off 500 staff due to restructuring measures.

Destinations
Prior to its shutdown, Air Berlin flew to scheduled year-round and seasonal destinations in Europe.

Codeshare agreements
Air Berlin codeshared with the following airlines:

 Air Serbia
 Air Seychelles
 airBaltic
 Alitalia
 American Airlines
 Austrian Airlines
 Bangkok Airways
 British Airways
 Bulgaria Air
 Czech Airlines
 Darwin Airline
 Etihad Airways
 Eurowings
 Finnair
 Flybe
 Hainan Airlines
 Iberia
 Japan Airlines
 Jet Airways
 Lufthansa
 Meridiana
 Niki
 Pegasus Airlines
 Royal Jordanian
 S7 Airlines
 SriLankan Airlines
 Swiss International Air Lines
 Virgin Australia

Fleet

Latest fleet

At the time of closure, Air Berlin's fleet comprised the following aircraft:

Historic fleet

During its 40 years of operation, Air Berlin operated the following aircraft types:

Services

Aircraft cabins

Long-haul flights
Air Berlin long-haul aircraft featured business and economy class sections. At the beginning of 2012, Air Berlin started the renewal of its long-haul cabin, equipping both economy class and business class with new seats and a new in-flight entertainment system. Fully automatic seats that could tilt up to 170 degrees were provided in business class, along with an anti-thrombosis edition and an adjustable headrest, and more legroom and a narrower seat back in economy class. All seats have an 8.9-inch monitor with a touch screen and offer movies, series, music, audiobooks and games. In January 2013 the airline again presented a new business class which replaced the one introduced a year earlier. The new business class had single seats, offering travellers even more privacy. The new seats had a full-flat function, a massage function, and featured a 15-inch monitor.

Short- and medium-haul flights
Business class was not offered on its short- and medium-haul flights until Air Berlin announced its introduction in August 2016. All short- and medium-haul aircraft began to feature business class in row 1 with expanded services including an empty middle seat.

Passenger services

In contrast to European pure low-cost carriers, Air Berlin offered free in-flight snacks and drinks until September 2016. Newspapers and magazines were available on domestic German flights. Full hot meals were complimentary on long-haul flights. On all Air Berlin routes with a flight time of 60 minutes or longer, gourmet meals were offered, which were, according to the airline, created by chefs at "Sansibar", a famous restaurant on the island of Sylt. The airline also offered in-flight entertainment, assigned seating and guaranteed flight connections.
Air Berlin's basic fares were nonrefundable and not changeable, so unused flights were a complete loss for the purchaser.

Frequent flyer program
Air Berlin's frequent flyer program was called topbonus. Points, known as miles, could be collected on flights operated by Air Berlin, Niki, Oneworld airline partners, and selected other airlines. Accrued miles could be redeemed for award flights, or for an upgrade to business class. In addition to the entry-level "topbonus Card Classic" there were cards with Silver, Gold, and Platinum status, corresponding to Oneworld Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald statuses. A Service Card and a Credit Card, for which a charge was made, were also available.

Etihad purchased a 70% stake in topbonus for €184 million in 2012. Following the insolvency of Air Berlin, topbonus also filed for insolvency on 25 August 2017.

See also
List of airlines of Germany
List of companies of Germany
Transport in Germany

Notes
Notes

Citations

References

Bibliography

 (various backdated issues relating to Air Berlin, 1979–2007)

External links

Official Air Berlin information about their bankruptcy

American companies established in 1978
American companies disestablished in 1990
German companies established in 1991
German companies disestablished in 2017
Defunct airlines of the United States
Defunct airlines of Germany
Airlines established in 1978
Airlines disestablished in 1990
Airlines established in 1991
Airlines disestablished in 2017
1978 establishments in the United States
1978 establishments in West Germany
1990 disestablishments in the United States
1991 establishments in Germany
2017 disestablishments in Germany
Companies based in Berlin
German brands
Aviation in Berlin
European Low Fares Airline Association
Former Oneworld members
Etihad Airways Partners

Air Berlin


Margem esquerda da Ucrânia (ucraniano: Правобережна україна, Prawoberezhna Ukraina: Правобережная украина, Prawobhnaya Ukraina; russo: Правобережная Украина, Тогобочная Украина, Заднепровский край; polaco: Prawobrzeżna Ucrina; eslovaco: Pravobrežná Ukrajina; húngaro: Jobb Parti Ukrajna) é um nome histórico e territorial para uma parte da Ucrânia moderna a margem direita (oeste) do rio Dnieper, correspondente aos oblasts modernos de Vinnytsia, Zhytomyr, Kirovohrad, bem como as partes ocidentais de Kiev e Cherkasy. Foi separada da margem esquerda durante a Ruína.

A Ucrânia da margem direita faz fronteira com as regiões históricas de Volínia e Podólia a oeste, Moldávia a sudoeste, Yedisan e Zaporójia ao sul, Ucrânia da margem esquerda a leste e Polésia ao norte.

As principais cidades da região incluem Cherkasy, Kropyvnytskyi, Bila Tserkva, Zhytomyr e Oleksandriia.

História

A história da margem direita e esquerda da Ucrânia está intimamente associada à Rebelião Khmelnytski de 1648-1657. O território fazia parte da Comunidade Polaco-Lituana sob a Casa de Vasa até a guerra russo-polonesa desencadeada pelo Tratado de Pereyaslav de Khmelnytski, 1654, com a aliança Moscóvia. Após o conflito de 13 anos, o vitorioso Czarado da Rússia incorporou a margem esquerda da Ucrânia junto com a cidade de Kiev em 1667 após a Trégua de Andrusovo. Enquanto isso, a margem direita da Ucrânia permaneceu na Comunidade Polaco-Lituana até as Partições da Polônia no final do século XVIII. Como parte da Província da Pequena Polônia da Coroa Polonesa, foi dividida em duas voivodias: Kiev e Bracław. Em 1669, Hetman Petro Doroshenko permitiu que a Ucrânia da margem direita fizesse parte do Império Otomano. A Podólia mais meridional na margem direita da Ucrânia foi invadida pelos otomanos em 1672. Após a vitória em 1683 das potências cristãs na Batalha de Viena, em 1699 o Tratado de Karlowitz devolveu essas terras à Comunidade Polaco-Lituana. Durante o século XVIII, duas revoltas cossacas aconteceram. Em 1793, a margem direita da Ucrânia foi anexada pelo Império Russo na Segunda Partição da Polônia, tornando-se parte da guberniya ('governorado') da Pequena Rússia.

No Séc. XIX, a população da margem direita da Ucrânia era principalmente ucraniana, mas a maior parte da terra era de propriedade da nobreza polonesa ou ucraniana polonizada. Muitas das vilas e cidades pertenciam ao Pátio de Assentamento e tinham uma população judaica substancial, enquanto a nobreza de língua polonesa era principalmente católica romana. A maior parte do campesinato tornou-se greco-católica apenas no Séc. XVIII, e após as Partições da Polônia, em grande parte convertida à Ortodoxia muito antes do desestabelecimento da Unia em 1839. A margem direita da Ucrânia foi posteriormente dividida em quatro províncias (guberniyas), cada uma com administração própria: Kiev, Volínia, Kherson e Podólia.

Hetmans (1685-1699)

 Andriy Mohyla (1684–1689)
 Hryshko Ivanovitch (1689–1692)
 Samiylo Samus (1693–1699)

Ver também

 Margem esquerda da Ucrânia

Referências

Subdivisões do Império Russo
História da Ucrânia
Geografia da Ucrânia
República das Duas Nações
Império Otomano

Margem direita da Ucrânia


Caster Semenya (n. 7 ianuarie 1991, Ga-Masehlong, provincia Limpopo) este o atletă sud-africană specializată pe distanțe medii, campioană mondială în 2009 și vicecampioană olimpică în 2012 în proba de 800 m.

Carieră
S-a născut în Ga-Masehlong, un sat din provincia Limpopo, în apropierea orașului Pietersburg (acum Polokwane). A crescut în Fairlie, un sat izolat din aceeași provincie. Din copilărie a fost foarte băiețoasă, purtând pantaloni, bătându-se cu băieții și jucând fotbalul. A început să practice alergarea ca antrenament pentru fotbal, apoi un profesor a convins-o pe ea să se dedice atletismului.

În luna iulie 2008 și-a făcut debutul internațional la Campionatul Mondial pentru juniori de la Bydgoszcz, dar nu a nu a putut ajunge în finala. Câteva luni mai târziu a cucerit medalia de aur la Jocurile din Commonwealth pentru tineret cu timpul de 2:04,23. La Campionatul African pentru juniori din 2009, la vârsta de 18 ani, a obținut aurul în probele de 800 m, și 1500 m cu timpurile de 1:56,72 și respectiv 4:08,01. Astfel a doborât atât recordul său personal, cât și recordul național la juniori și la seniori, precum și recordul competiției. După aceste rezultate, Asociația Internațională a Federațiilor de Atletism (IAAF) i-a cerut să facă un "test de verificare a sexului". Știrea s-a scurs în presă trei ori înainte de finala Campionatului Mondial de la Berlin, unde ea a câștigat detașat titlul mondial cu timpul de 1:55,45.

Controversa a apărut imediat, finalista italiană Elisa Cusma declarând: "Pentru mine, ea este bărbat". Gestionarea situației de către IAAF a fost criticată de oameni politici și activiști din Africa de Sud, care au acuzat forul de specialitate de rasism. Câteva săptămâni mai târziu, tabloidul australian Daily Telegraph a susținut că a avut acces la rezultatele testelor: potrivit cotidianul, chiar dacă a fost crescută ca o fată și are organe genitale externe feminine, Semenya nu are ovare nici uter, ci unele testicule necoborate, care produc de trei ori mai mult testosteron decât o femeie medie. În cele din urmă, Federația Sud-Africană de Atletism și IAAF au ajuns la un acord, conform căruia ea reține medalia sa și premiul în bani.

În anul 2010 a fost autorizată să concureze de IAAF, dar rezultatele testelor au rămas confidențiale. Totuși, nefiind în formă, nu a participat nici la Campionatul Mondial pentru juniori, nici la Campionatul African, și s-a retras din Jocurile din Commonwealth din cauza unei accidentări la spate. În anul 2011, IAAF a înlocuit testele de verificare a sexului cu o limită superioară de 10 nmol/L a nivelului de testosteron, de trei ori mai mare decât nivelul constatat pentru 99%  dintre femeile. În consecința, Semenya a început să ia medicamente pentru a cobora nivelul său de testosteron. La Campionatul Mondial din 2011 a cucerit argintul cu timpul de 1:56,35, după ce a fost depășită de rusoaica Maria Savinova.

În anul următor a fost portdrapelul Africii de Sud la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012. În proba de 800 m a fost laureată cu argint cu timpul de 1:57,23, fiind depășită din nou de Maria Savinova. În timpul alergării, fostul campion și comentator Colin Jackson a speculat că Semenya a lăsat-o pe Savinova sa câștige proba, din teamă expunerii mediatice, ceea ce a fost negat de Semenya. Savinova a fost suspectată ulterior de dopaj în timpul Jocurilor. La Campionatului Mondial din 2015 de la Beijing a avut o performanță dezamăgitoare, neputând trece de semifinală.

În 2015, Curtea de Arbitraj Sportiv (CAS) a anulat restricția privind nivelul de testosteron al atletelor și a suspendat regulile privind hiperandrogenia timp de două ani. De când nu mai ia medicamente, Semenya a regăsit formă: în aprilie 2016 a câștigat probele de 400 m, 800 m și 1500 m într-o singură după-amiază în cadrul Campionatului Sud-African. În luna iulie, la reuniunea de la Monaco din Liga de diamant, și-a îmbunătățit recordul personal cu timpul de 1:55,33, cel mai bun timp mondial la această distanță de după 2008. În august, a câștigat proba olimpică de 800 metri cu timpul de 1:55,28, stabilind un nou record personal și național.

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1991
Nașteri pe 7 ianuarie
Atleți sud-africani
Sud-africani în viață
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Medaliați olimpici cu aur sud-africani
Medaliați olimpici cu argint sud-africani

Caster Semenya


Centrul European de Prevenire și Control al Bolilor (ECDC) este o agenție a Uniunii Europene, înființată în 2005, cu sediul în Stockholm, Suedia, care are drept scop consolidarea sistemelor de apărare ale Europei împotriva bolilor infecțioase.

ECDC supraveghează,  analizează, interpretează și furnizează date de consiliere științifică privind 52 de boli și afecțiuni transmisibile declarabile, precum și date privind epidemiile și amenințările la adresa sănătății în țările UE, folosind Sistemul european de supraveghere (TESSy). ECDC asigură identificarea timpurie și analiza infecțiilor emergente în UE, transmite avize științifice guvernelor țărilor din UE și instituțiilor UE în caz de epidemii. În plus coordonează Programul european de formare în domeniul epidemiologiei de intervenție (EPIET) și Programul european de formare în domeniul microbiologiei aplicate în sănătatea publică (EUPHEM).

Printre activitățile recente ale ECDC se numără supravegherea bolii virale Ebola,  virusului Zika,  virusului West Nile,  riscurilor potențiale pentru sănătatea publică legate de virusul Zika în timpul Jocurilor Olimpice care vor avea loc în 2016 la Rio de Janeiro,  controlul vectorilor (țânțari, căpușe  etc).

Note

Legături externe
 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Situl oficial

Agenții ale Uniunii Europene


Un séparateur spirale est un procédé mécanique de tri, notamment des grains de blé, qui combine l'effet de la force centrifuge et de la gravité au long d'une vis sans fin.

Fonctionnement
Les éléments à séparer se répartissent sur des goulottes en spirale sous l'effet de la force centrifuge, qui s'exerce différemment selon la taille et la forme. Les plus ronds et les plus gros sont repoussés vers l'extérieur, tandis que les plus petits s'accumulent au centre de la spirale. Ils sont ainsi les premiers à sortir en bas de la vis, et il est possible de récupérer un gradient continu des éléments du plus petit au plus gros.

Voir aussi
Bol vibrant

Machine

Séparateur spirale


Chris Leiferman né le  à Truman aux États-Unis est un triathlète professionnel, multiple vainqueur sur triathlon Ironman et Ironman 70.3.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Chris Leiferman est né et a grandi à Truman dans le Minnesota avec ses trois frères, tous pratiquaient le base-ball et la lutte, mais en plus Chris a pris des cours de danse de claquettes pendant ses classes de primaire.  Son frère ainé Adam ayant un présentiment l'inscrit à son insu à un triathlon en 2008 où il se révèlera très doué et sa passion pour ce sport commença là. Plus tard, il étudie à l'Université du Minnesota, la biologie de la faune. Pendant neuf mois Chris travaille avec son père comme électricien et déménage en 2010 à Longmont dans le comté de Boulder (Colorado) où il a obtenu son diplôme en sciences de la santé et de l'exercice à l'Université du Colorado à Boulder, il est devenu en parallèle d'être un triathlète professionnel, entraîneur de natation.

Carrière de triathlon
Deux années après être passé professionnel, il obtient sa première victoire en 2016 au Canada à l'Ironman Mont-Tremblant devant Jordan Rapp avec cinq minutes d'écart. Il confirme deux mois plus tard, par un nouveau succès à l'Ironman 70.3 Austin. Il remporte en 2018 l'Ironman Louisville et l'Ironman Boulder devant l'Australien Joseph Gambles. Il finit  des championnat du monde d'Ironman à Kailua-Kona (Hawaï) en 2019. La même année il remporte l'Ironman 70.3 Boulder pour huit secondes devant le Bermudien Tyler Butterfield. En 2020 pour sa dernière saison, il devance à l'Ironman Floride son compatriote Matt Hanson pour le trophée.

Vie privée
Le  à Littleton, Chris épouse la triathlète amateur et agente immobilière Zana Buttermore-Baca, qu'il a connu durant ses études à Boulder. Ensemble, ils créent une marque de pommade apaisante pour les douleurs de selle destinée à être appliquée après la douche d'après course cyclisme ou triathlon.

Palmarès
Le tableau présente les résultats les plus significatifs (podium) obtenus sur le circuit international de triathlon depuis 2014.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ironman
 Ironman 70.3
 Wildflower

Liens externes

Triathlète américain
Naissance dans le comté de Martin (Minnesota)
Naissance en août 1986

Chris Leiferman


Louis-Félix Chabaud fue un escultor, grabador y medallista francés, nacido el  en Venelles y fallecido el  en Aix-en-Provence. Sus esculturas más reconocidas adornan la Ópera Garnier de París.

Datos biográficos
Hijo de un agricultor, Louis-Félix Chabaud asistió a la escuela comunal de Venelles hasta los doce años cuando entró a trabajar como aprendiz con un panadero y posteriormente con un marmolista en Aix, el Sr. Raimond. Comenzó sus estudios en la Escuela de Bellas Artes de Aix-en-Provence con Ramus y los terminó en París bajo la tutela de James Pradier.

El  obtuvo el primer gran premio de Roma en la categoría de grabado de medallas y piedras finas con la obra titulada "Mercure formant le caduceo" - Mercurio armando el caduceo. Se trasladó a Roma, donde permaneció durante cuatro años, pensionado del Estado francés en la villa Médicis bajo la dirección de Jean Alaux. De regreso a París expuso en el Salón de 1853 y obtuvo el tercer Premio con l'Agriculture- La Agricultura (bronce) y Cérès embrassant Triptolème - Ceres abrazando a Triptólemo. En 1855 fue igualmente premiado por una serie de medallas: Agricultura, Napoleón III y cabeza de mujer. En 1857 fue nuevamente premiado por una escultura en yeso representando una figura alegórica de la caza, que fue adquirida por el Estado francés. En 1859 doce camafeos en piedras finas le dieron el premio de grabado y recibió en 1863 una medalla de tercera clase por una estatua de la Agricultura y por un bajorrelieve titulado La abolición de la esclavitud.

Obras

Entre las obras de Louis-Félix Chabaud se incluyen las siguientes:

 Para la Ópera Garnier de París, creó muchas esculturas:
 Veintidós lámparas de bronce tituladas estrellas del día y estrellas de la noche colocadas en las balaustradas de las fachadas laterales; estas estatuas de mujeres sin velo provocaron al principio cierto escándalo.

 Cuatro pares de candelabros colocados en el vestíbulo principal, ilustrando los cuatro métodos de iluminación: gas, electricidad, lámpara de aceite y velas.
 Varias máscaras situadas sobre los arcos en el vestíbulo principal de las cuales una representa a Charles Garnier en la forma de Mercurio y otra a la señora Garnier en la forma de Anfitrita.
 Bajorrelieve para el Palacio de Justicia en Marsella
 Estatua alegórica de la Agricultura colocada en la parte superior de la fuente de la Rotonda en Aix-en-Provence. Las otras dos esculturas son de Hippolyte Ferrat (la alegoría de las Bellas Artes) y Joseph Ramus.
 El genio de las artes en la fachada del Palacio de las Artes en Marsella
 Tres grupos de dos niños portando cartuchos donde están grabados los nombres de los artistas de la Provenza:: Vernet, Granet y Papety

<center>Obras de Louis-Félix Chabaud

<small> Pulsar sobre la imagen para ampliar. </center>

 Notas y referencias

 Bibliografía
 Paul Masson (bajo la direction de), Encyclopédie départementale des Bouches-du-Rhône, Archives départementales des Bouches-du-Rhône, Marsella, 17 volúmenes}} aparecidos de 1913 a 1937, tomo XI Biographies (Le bilan du siecle XIX}}), p. 118-119.
 Jean-Marc Héry, Louis Félix Chabaud, paradoxes d'un sculpteur oublié de l'Opéra de Paris'', éd. Mare et Martin.

Enlaces internos
 Premio de Roma

Enlaces externos

Escultores de Francia del siglo XIX
Escultores de Provenza-Alpes-Costa Azul
Grabadores de Francia del siglo XIX
Premio de Roma en grabado
Nacidos en Bocas del Ródano

Louis-Félix Chabaud


Sooriyabandara Mudiyanselage Chathura Charulochana Kumara Sooriyabandara (Sinhala: සූරියබණ්ඩාර මුදියන්සේලාගේ චතුර චාරුලෝචන කුමාර සූරියබණ්ඩාර)  popularly knows as Chathura Sooriyabandara, is a Sri Lankan journalist. He attended the Maliyadeva Adarsha Maha Vidyalaya , Kurunegala for his education.

biography
Chathura Sooriyabandara was born on 2nd October 1998 in a city Kurunegala, in Sri Lanka.

Reference

Chathura Sooriyabandara Official : Youtube

Chathura Sooriyabandara : Youtube

Chathura Sooriyabandara : Facebook

Chathura Sooriyabandara : Instagram

Chathura sooriyabandara


Proba de haltere categoria 85 de kg masculin de la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro a avut loc la data de 12 august, la Pavilionul 2 al Riocentro.

Recorduri
Înaintea acestei competiții, recordurile mondiale și olimpice erau următoarele.

Rezultate

 s-a aflat pe list de start dar a fost respins după ce a fost testat pozitiv cu o substanță interzisă la 25 iulie.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Rezultate

Haltere la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016

Haltere la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 - masculin 85 kg


Bina otomasyonu, bir binanın HVAC (ısıtma, havalandırma ve iklimlendirme), elektrik, aydınlatma, gölgeleme, Erişim Kontrolü, Güvenlik Sistemleri ve Bina Yönetim Sistemi (BYS) veya Bina Otomasyon Sistemi (BOS ) gibi birbiriyle ilişkili diğer sistemlerin otomatik merkezi kontrolüdür. Bina otomasyonunun temel amacı,  kullanıcı konforunu artırmak, bina sistemlerinin verimli çalışmasını sağlamak, enerji tüketimini azaltmak, işletme ve bakım maliyetlerini azaltmak ve güvenliği artırmaktır.

Bina otomasyonu, bir binadaki sistemleri izlemek ve kontrol etmek için tasarlanmış elektronik cihazların bilgisayar ağı olan dağıtılmış bir kontrol sistemine örnektir.

BAS temel olarak binanın sıcaklığını belirli bir aralıkta tutar, oda doluluk programına göre aydınlatma sağlar, tüm sistemlerdeki cihazların performansını ve arızalarını izler ve bina bakım personeli için arıza alarmları sağlar.   BAS ile kontrol edilen binanın, kontrol edilmeyen bir binaya kıyasla bina enerji ve bakım maliyetleri daha az olmalıdır. 2000 yılından sonra inşa edilen ticari, kurumsal ve endüstriyel binaların çoğu  BAS içerir. Birçok eski bina, genellikle enerji ve sigorta tasarrufu ve önleyici bakım ve arıza tespiti ile ilgili diğer tasarruflarla finanse edilmiş yeni bir BAS ile güçlendirilmiştir.

BAS tarafından kontrol edilen bir binaya genellikle, "akıllı bina" , konut ise  " akıllı ev " adı verilir. 2018'de dünyanın ilk akıllı evlerinden biri Finlandiya'nın Klaukkala şehrinde , KONE tarafından oluşturulan Kone Residential Flow çözümünden yararlanılarak  inşa edilmiştir.

Çok katlı yeşil binaların neredeyse tamamı enerji, hava ve su tasarrufu özellikleri için bir BAS içerecek şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Elektrikli cihaz talep yanıtı, iyi yalıtılmış binalarda gerekli olan  gelişmiş havalandırma ve nem izleme gibi  BAS'ın tipik bir işlevidir. Çoğu yeşil bina, mümkün olduğunca çok sayıda düşük güçlü DC cihazı kullanır. Hiçbir net enerji tüketmemesi amaçlanan  pasif ev tasarımı bile, tipik olarak ısı yakalama, gölgeleme ve havalandırma ile cihaz kullanımını planlamak için bir BAS gerektirecektir.

Otomasyon sistemi
Bina otomasyon sistemi terimi, bir binanın ısıtma, havalandırma ve klima (HVAC) sistemini kontrol etmek için kullanılan herhangi bir elektrik kontrol sistemini ifade eder. Modern BAS ayrıca iç ve dış aydınlatmanın yanı sıra güvenliği, yangın alarmlarını ve  binadaki elektrikle ilgili her şeyi kontrol edebilir. Eski HVAC kontrol sistemleri (kablolu termostatlar veya pnömatik kontroller gibi ) modern sistem esnekliğinden ve entegrasyonundan yoksun bir otomasyon şeklidir.

Veri yolları ve protokoller
Bina otomasyon ağları veri yolundan,  girdi / çıktı cihazlarından ve  kullanıcı ara yüzünden oluşur. .ASHRAE'nin açık protokolü BACnet veya açık protokol LonTalk, bu tür aygıtların çoğunun birlikte nasıl çalışacağını belirler. Modern sistemler, bilgisayar ağ dünyasında SNMP tabanlı protokollerle onlarca yıllık geçmişe dayanan olayları izlemek için SNMP kullanır.

Giriş ve çıkış türleri

Sensörler
Analog girişler, değişken bir ölçümü okumak için kullanılır. Örneğin sıcaklık, nem ve basınç sensörleri ; termistör, 4–20 mA, 0–10 volt veya platin dirençli termometre (direnç sıcaklık detektörü) veya kablosuz sensörler olabilir.

Dijital giriş, bir cihazın açık olup olmadığını gösterir. Doğası gereği dijital girişin bazı örnekleri, 24 V DC / AC sinyali, akım anahtarı, hava akış anahtarı veya volta içermeyen röle kontağıdır. Dijital girişler, belirli bir süre boyunca darbelerin frekansını sayan darbe tipi girişler de olabilir. Örneğin türbin debimetre,  bir girişe darbelerin frekansı olarak dönüş verilerini iletir.

Müdahalesiz yük izleme , devrenin elektriksel veya manyetik özelliklerinden cihazı veya diğer yükleri keşfetmek için dijital sensörlere ve algoritmalara dayanan bir yazılımdır. Ancak olayı analog bir yolla tespit eder. Bu yöntem  son derece uygun maliyetlidir  ve sadece tanımlama için değil, aynı zamanda başlangıç geçişlerini, hat veya ekipman arızalarını vb. tespit etmek için  de kullanışlıdır.

Kontroller
Dijital çıkışlar, değişken frekanslı sürücü, I-P ( akımdan pnömatiğe ) dönüştürücü veya bir valf veya damper çalıştırıcı gibi bir cihazın hızını veya konumunu kontrol eder. Örnek olarak bir ayar noktasını korumak için% 25'e kadar açılan bir sıcak su vanası verilebilir. Başka bir örnek olarak , sert bir başlatmayı önlemek için bir motoru yavaşça hızlandıran değişken frekanslı bir sürücü verilebilir.

Analog çıkışlar, röleleri ve anahtarları açıp kapatmak ve komut üzerine bir yükü sürmek için kullanılır. Bir fotosel dışarının karanlık olduğunu gösterdiğinde park yeri ışıklarının yanması buna bir örnektir.24VDC / AC'nin vanayı çalıştıran çıkıştan geçmesine izin vererek bir vanayı açması da buna bir örnektir. Analog çıkışlar, belirli bir süre boyunca  darbe frekansı yayan  bir darbe tipi çıkışlar da olabilir. Örnek olarak, kWh'yi hesaplayan ve buna göre bir darbe frekansı yayan bir enerji ölçer verilebilir.

Altyapı

Kontrolör
Denetleyiciler (kontrolörler), küçük, giriş ve çıkış kapasitesine sahip, amaca yönelik  bilgisayarlardır. Çeşitli boyutlarda olabilen bu kontrolörler, genellikle binalarda bulunan cihazları ve kontrolörlerin alt ağlarını kontrol etme yeteneğine sahiptirler.

Girişler, bir kontrol cihazının sıcaklık, nem, basınç, akım akışı, hava akışı ve diğer önemli faktörleri okumasına izin verir. Çıkışlar, denetleyicinin komut ve kontrol sinyallerini bağımlı cihazlara ve sistemin diğer bölümlerine göndermesine izin verir. Girişler ve çıkışlar dijital veya analog olabilir. Üreticiye bağlı olarak dijital çıktılara bazen ayrık da denir.

Bina otomasyonu için kullanılan kontrolörler üç kategoride gruplanabilir: Programlanabilir mantık kontrolörleri (PLC'ler), sistem/ağ kontrolörleri ve terminal birimi kontrolörleri. Bununla birlikte, üçüncü şahıs sistemlerini (örneğin bağımsız bir AC sistemi) merkezi bir bina otomasyon sistemine entegre etmek için ek bir cihaz da mevcut olabilir.

Terminal ünitesi kontrolörleri genellikle aydınlatma ve/veya paket çatı ünitesi, ısı pompası, VAV kutusu, fan coil vb. gibi daha basit cihazların kontrolü için uygundur. Kurulumcu,  tipik olarak kontrol edilecek cihaza  önceden programlanmış mevcut kişiliklerden en uygun olanını seçer. Kurulumcu yeni kontrol mantığı oluşturmak zorunda değildir.

Doluluk
Doluluk, bir bina otomasyon sistemi için iki veya daha fazla işletim modundan biridir. Dolu Olmayan, Sabah Isınma ve Gece Ayarı modları da diğer yaygın modlardır.

Doluluk genellikle günün saatlerine bağlıdır. Kullanım modundaki BAS'ın amacı,  bir binanın bir tarafındaki kullanıcıların diğer taraftaki kullanıcılardan farklı bir termostata sahip olması için, genellikle bölge tabanlı kontrolle  yeterli sıcaklık ve aydınlatma sağlamaktır.

Bölgedeki bir sıcaklık sensörü, gerektiğinde ısıtma veya soğutma sağlayabilmesi için kontrolöre geri bildirim sağlar.

Aydınlatma
Günün saatine, doluluk sensörüne, fotosensörlere ve zamanlayıcılara bağlı olarak aydınlatma açılabilir, kapatılabilir veya kısılabilir. Tipik bir örnek, son hareket algılandıktan sonra bir alandaki ışıkları yarım saat süreyle açmaktır. Bir binanın dışına yerleştirilen bir fotosel, karanlığı ve günün saatini algılayabilir ve dış ofisler ile otoparktaki ışıkları modüle edebilir.

Gölgeleme ve camlama
Gölgelendirme ve camlar bina sistemindeki temel bileşenlerdir. Bina sakinlerinin görsel, akustik ve termal konforunu etkiler ve bina sakinlerine dış mekan görünümü sağlar. Otomatik gölgeleme ve camlama sistemleri ile güneş ısısı kazanımlarını ve parlamayı kontrol edilir.  Sistem, değişen dış mekan verilerine (güneş, rüzgar gibi) ve değişen iç ortama (sıcaklık, aydınlatma ve yolcu talepleri gibi) aktif ve hızlı bir yanıt verir. Bina gölgeleme ve camlama sistemleri, hem enerji tasarrufu hem de konfor açısından termal ve aydınlatmanın iyileştirilmesine katkıda bulunabilir.

Dinamik gölgeleme
Dinamik gölgelendirme cihazları, gün ışığı ve güneş enerjisinin dış ortam koşullarına, gün ışığı taleplerine ve güneş pozisyonlarına göre yapılı ortama girmesini sağlar. Yaygın ürünler arasında jaluziler ve panjurlar bulunur. Düşük bakım maliyeti nedeniyle çoğunlukla cam sisteminin iç tarafına monte edilirler, ancak dış cephede veya her ikisinin bir kombinasyonu olarak da kullanılabilirler.

Merkezi Tesis
Klima santrallerine su sağlamak için merkezi bir tesise ihtiyaç vardır. Soğutulmuş su sistemi, sıcak su sistemi ve kondenser su sistemi ile acil durum gücü için transformatörler ve yardımcı güç ünitesi kullanılabilir.

Soğutulmuş su sistemi
Soğutulmuş su genellikle bir binanın havasını ve ekipmanını soğutmak için kullanılır. Soğutulmuş su sisteminde soğutucu lar ve pompalar bulunacaktır. Analog sıcaklık sensörleri, soğutulmuş su besleme ve dönüş hatlarını ölçer. Soğutucu(lar), soğutulmuş su kaynağını soğutmak için sırayla açılır ve kapanır.

Kondenser su sistemi
Soğutma kuleleri ve pompalar , soğutuculara soğuk kondenser suyu sağlamak için kullanılır. Soğutuculara kondenser su beslemesinin sabit olması gerektiğinden, sıcaklığı kontrol etmek için soğutma kulesi fanlarında yaygın olarak değişken hızlı sürücüler kullanılır. Uygun soğutma kulesi sıcaklığı, soğutucuda uygun soğutucu kafa basıncını sağlar. Kullanılan soğutma kulesi ayar noktası, kullanılan soğutucuya bağlıdır. Analog sıcaklık sensörleri, kondenser su besleme ve dönüş hatlarını ölçer.

Sıcak su sistemi
Sıcak su sistemi, binanın klima santrali veya VAV kutusu ısıtma bobinlerine ve evsel sıcak su ısıtma bobinlerine (kalorifer) ısı sağlar. Sıcak su sisteminde kazanlar ve pompalar bulunur. Sıcak su besleme ve dönüş hatlarına analog sıcaklık sensörleri yerleştirilmiştir. Isıtma suyu devre sıcaklığını kontrol etmek için genellikle bir tür karıştırma vanası kullanılır. Kazan(lar) ve pompalar, beslemeyi sürdürmek için sırayla açılır ve kapanır.

Alarmlar ve güvenlik
Tüm modern bina otomasyon sistemleri alarm özelliklerine sahiptir. Bildirim,  bir bilgisayar (e-posta veya metin mesajı), çağrı cihazı, cep telefonu sesli araması, sesli alarm veya bunların tümü aracılığıyla yapılabilir. Sigorta ve sorumluluk amaçlarıyla tüm sistemler, kimin, ne zaman ve nasıl bilgilendirildiğinin kayıtlarını tutar.

Güvenlik sistemleri bir bina otomasyon sistemine kilitlenebilir. Doluluk sensörleri varsa hırsız alarmı olarak da kullanılabilirler. Güvenlik sistemleri genellikle kasıtlı olarak sabote edildiğinden dolayı bazı dedektörler veya kameralar pil yedeğine,  kablosuz bağlantıya ve bağlantı kesildiğinde alarmları tetikleme özelliğine sahip olmalıdır. Modern sistemler genellikle bu tür pilleri şarj edebilen ve kesintide yedek iletişim gibi  kablosuz uygulamalar için kablosuz ağları ücretsiz tutan Ethernet üzerinden güç kullanır.

Yangın alarm panelleri ve ilgili duman alarmı sistemleri genellikle bina otomasyonunu geçersiz kılmak için kabloludur. Örneği,: duman alarmı etkinleştirilirse, binaya hava girmesini önlemek için tüm dış hava damperleri kapanır ve bir egzoz sistemi yangını izole edebilir. Benzer şekilde, elektrik arıza tespit sistemleri, tetiklediği alarmların sayısı veya bunun rahatsız ettiği kişilerden bağımsız olarak tüm devreleri kapatabilir. Fosil yakıt yakma cihazları ayrıca, yavaş basınç düşüşleri tespit edildiğinde (bir sızıntıyı olabilir) veya binanın hava beslemesinde fazla metan tespit edildiğinde kapanan doğal gaz besleme hatları gibi kendi aşırı sürüşlerine sahip olma eğilimindedir.

Oda otomasyonu
Oda otomasyonu, bina otomasyonunun bir alt kümesidir ve benzer bir amacı vardır; merkezi kontrol altında bir veya daha fazla sistemin konsolidasyonudur, ancak bu durumda bir odadadır.

Oda otomasyonunun en yaygın örneği, oda işlevini tanımlayan çok sayıda cihazın ( video konferans ekipmanı, video projektörleri, aydınlatma kontrol sistemleri, genel seslendirme sistemleri vb.) ) odanın elle çalıştırılmasını çok karmaşık hale getirir. Oda otomasyon sistemlerinin, her işlemi kontrol etmenin birincil yolu olarak bir dokunmatik ekran kullanması yaygındır.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Kontrol Mühendisliği
 dijital ev

Kaynakça

Sürdürülebilir şehir planlaması
Bina otomasyonu

Bina otomasyonu


සොලොමන් සොසයිපිල්ලේ සිරිල් යනු  ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දෙමළ දේශපාලනඥයෙක් සහ හිටපු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකි.

දේශපාලන ජීවිතය
අප්‍රේල් 2004 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයේදී සිරිල්  යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සඳශා අපේක්ෂකයෙකු වූ නමුදු තේරී පත්වීමට සමත් නොවීය. කෙසේවෙතත්, 2008 අප්‍රේල් හිදී සිරිල් පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට තේරී පත්වූයේ  2008 මාර්තු මාසයේදී  පාම කේ. සිවනේසන් ඝාතනය කෙරුණු විටය.

දෙමළ ජාතික සන්ධානය විසින් අප්‍රේල් 2010 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය සඳහා අපේක්ෂකයෙක් වශයෙන් සිරිල් තෝරා නොගැනුණි.

ආශ්‍රිත

1942 උපත්
ජීවත්වන්නන්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 13වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්
ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය රෝමානු කතෝලිකයන්
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දෙමළ දේශපාලනඥයින්
දෙමළ ජාතික සංධානයෙහි දේශපාලනඥයින්

සොලොමන් සිරිල්


A 2.ª edição do Volta à Arábia Saudita é uma corrida de ciclismo de estrada por etapas que se celebra entre 1 e 5 de fevereiro de 2022 na Arábia Saudita.

A corrida faz parte do UCI Asia Tour de 2022, calendário ciclístico dos Circuitos Continentais da UCI, dentro da categoria 2.1.

Equipas participantes
Tomaram parte na corrida 15 equipas: 8 de categoria UCI WorldTeam, 5 de categoria UCI ProTeam e 2 de categoria Continental. Formaram assim um pelotão de 96 ciclistas dos que acabaram XX. As equipas participantes foram:

Percorrido
O Volta à Arábia Saudita dispõe de cinco etapas para um percurso total de 831,3 quilómetros.

Desenvolvimento da corrida

1.ª etapa

2.ª etapa

3.ª etapa

4.ª etapa

5.ª etapa

Classificações finais
 As classificações finalizaram da seguinte forma:

Classificação geral

Classificação dos pontos

Classificação dos jovens

Classificação por equipas

Evolução das classificações

UCI World Ranking
O Volta à Arábia Saudita outorgará pontos para o UCI World Ranking para corredores das equipas nas categorias UCI WorldTeam, UCI ProTeam e Continental. As seguintes tabelas são o barómetro de pontuação e os dez corredores que obtiveram mais pontos:

Referências

Ligações externas

 Página oficial

2022
Arabia Saudita
Desporto na Arábia Saudita em 2022

Volta à Arábia Saudita de 2022


Candelaria ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Zambales.

Baranggays
Candelária ist politisch in 16 Baranggays unterteilt.

Ort auf den Philippinen
Zambales

Candelaria (Zambales)


إريش ريبيك  لاعب كرة قدم ألماني سابق من مواليد 13 يونيو 1937 في فوبرتال في ألمانيا، كما سبق له التدريب في كرة قدم فدرّب منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم في كأس الأمم الأوروبية لكرة القدم 2000.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من فوبرتال
لاعبو فيكتوريا كولن 1904
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمانيون غربيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون غربيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من شمال الراين-وستفاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم من فوبرتال
لاعبو نادي فوبرتالار
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو آينتراخت فرانكفورت
مدربو الدوري الألماني
مدربو باير 04 ليفركوزن
مدربو بايرن ميونخ
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2000
مدربو بوروسيا دورتموند
مدربو روت فايس إيسن
مدربو كأس القارات 1999
مدربو كرة قدم ألمان
مدربو كرة قدم ألمانيون غربيون
مدربو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي كايزرسلاوترن لكرة القدم
مدربون فائزون بدوري أوروبا
مواليد 1937
مواليد في فوبرتال

إريش ريبيك


The Higher Education and Training Awards Council () (HETAC), the legal successor to the National Council for Educational Awards (NCEA), granted higher education awards in Ireland beyond the university system from 2001 to 2012. HETAC was created in 2001, subject to the policies of the National Qualifications Authority of Ireland, and, specifically, granted qualifications at many Institutes of Technology and other colleges. HETAC was dissolved and its functions were passed to Quality and Qualifications Ireland (QQI) on 6 November 2012.

History

NCEA

In 1967 the Steering Committee on Technical Education recommended the creation of a body to control non-university higher qualifications, and in 1969 the Higher Education Authority similarly recommended the establishment of a "Council for National Awards" to better organise the non-university higher education sector; the HEA recommendations were tentative, to be refined after application to the work of the newly-established National Institute for Higher Education, Limerick. Following these recommendations, the National Council for Educational Awards (NCEA) was founded in April 1972 on an ad-hoc basis. The Minister for Education, Padraig Faulkner, specified its terms of reference, including the promotion and coordination of industrial, professional, commercial and scientific education, and the conferring of certificates, diplomas and degrees.  The NCEA granted the first National Certificates, 93 in number, in 1972; these were awarded at five Regional Technical Colleges. The NCEA granted its first bachelor degrees, to four students in Physical Education, in 1974.

Early on it was decided that the NCEA would be the only extra-university award-conferring institution in the State for higher education, rather than having a multitude of competing institutions, with authority to grant awards at all academic levels including degree level. Hence it was the award-granting body for NIHE Limerick, for example. Despite this, the Fine Gael-Labour (National Coalition) government limited the NCEA to sub-degree awards only from early 1976, and the later Fianna Fáil government of 1977 restored its full powers in November 1977, and placed the NCEA on a statutory footing in 1980 by commencing the National Council for Educational Awards Act, 1979.

In 1982 the first master's degree is awarded at NIHE Limerick in Arts, Business Studies and Engineering, and in 1985 the first doctorate degree was awarded at NIHE Dublin.

The founding director of the National Council for Educational Awards was Padraig Mac Diarmada, whose educational vision and philosophy contributed to further development of higher and continuing education in Ireland and whose vision enabled students to attain educational qualifications which would never have been envisioned by them prior to 1972. The last director (CEO) of the council was former Holy Trinity NS (Donaghmede) national school teacher and former INTO President Séamus Puirséil (Seamus Purcell).

Establishment of HETAC
HETAC was created in 2001 under the Qualifications (Education and Training) Act, 1999 (Section 21). It inherited the work of the NCEA, validating and awarding qualifications up to degree level, for the institutes of technology and a wide range of third-level institutions.

The first chief executive of HETAC was the former head of the NCEA, Seamus Puirseil. He was succeeded in 2008 by Gearóid Ó Conluain, formerly Deputy Chief Inspector of Department of Education and Science.

Merger into QQI
In October 2008 the Irish Government announced its intention to amalgamate HETAC with FETAC and NQAI, the two other bodies established under the Qualifications Act, while also incorporating the functions for the external review of Irish universities then carried out by the Irish Universities Quality Board. The Minister appointed an interim board for the new agency. This board appointed Dr. Padraig Walsh as chief executive Designate in September 2010. In February 2011, Dr. Walsh became chief executive of HETAC, pending the establishment of the new statutory agency.

Awards
In 2004 HETAC completed the transition from awards derived from the NCEA standards to a new awards system based on the National Framework of Qualifications. A rough correspondence between the awards of the two systems is shown below.

Recognised institutions
The providers of courses which lead to HETAC awards were called "recognised institutions", recognised under the Qualifications (Education & Training) Act, 1999 (Section 24). Some of these institutions were granted "delegation of authority" (often referred to as "delegated authority") which allowed them to make HETAC awards in their own name, this was limited to the Institutes of Technology and often to certain award levels at certain institutions.

Section 24 (1)(a)

Regional Technical Colleges
 Athlone Institute of Technology
 Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown
 Institute of Technology, Carlow
 Cork Institute of Technology
 Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology
 Dundalk Institute of Technology
 Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology
 Letterkenny Institute of Technology
 Limerick Institute of Technology
 Institute of Technology, Sligo
 Institute of Technology, Tallaght
 Institute of Technology, Tralee
 Waterford Institute of Technology

Non-RTC bodies
 National College of Ireland

Section 24 (1)(b)
(Other bodies, public and private sector)
 The American College, Dublin
 Development Studies Centre, Kimmage
 Dorset College
 Dublin Business School
 FISC Ireland Ltd.
 Galway Business School
 Garda Síochána College
 Grafton College of Management Sciences
 Griffith College
 Hibernia College
 ICD Business School
 Institute of Public Administration
 Irish Academy of Public Relations
 Leinster Academy, Leinster Rugby IRFU
 Military College
 Milltown Institute
 National College of Ireland
 National Tourism Development Authority (formerly CERT)
 Newpark Music Centre
 The Open Training College
 Portobello Institute
 Setanta College
 St. Nicholas Montessori College, Ireland
 St. Patrick's, Carlow College
 Thomas Crosbie Holdings Ltd
 Tipperary Institute (Since 2011 part of Limerick Institute of Technology)

Former Providers
Institutions whose degrees were formerly awarded by HETAC, or its forerunner the NCEA before 2002; some no longer exist.
 All Hallows College – degrees awarded by Dublin City University from 2008 to dissolution
 Burren College of Art awarded by NUIG from 2003
 Clonliffe College - humanities diplomas were validated by the NCEA
 Dublin Institute of Technology – until, in 1998, the DIT got degree-awarding status, its awards were made by TCD and the NCEA
 Froebel College of Education – moved to NUI Maynooth who validate its diplomas since
 HSI Limerick Business School – closed in 2011
 Irish Management Institute – since 2012 UCC validates its degrees
 Kimmage Mission Institute – moved to Milltown Institute in 2003
 LSB College – part of Dublin Business School since 2000
 Lee Business Institute, Cork
 Mid West Business Institute - taken over by Griffith College
 National College of Art and Design – degrees awarded by NCEA from 1984 to June 2003, NUI since
 Newman College, Dublin – closed in 1995
 Portobello College – now part of Dublin Business School
 St. John's College, Waterford - from 1977 NCEA validated diplomas in Theology and Philosophy
 St. Patrick's College, Thurles - diplomas from 1977, and degrees from 1988; since 2011 courses validated by University of Limerick)
 St. Peter's College, Wexford - NCEA validated Theology and Philosophy diplomas until closure in 1999
 Shannon College of Hotel Management – affiliated to NUI since 2001, and NUIG since 2009
 Skerry's Cork Business School – bought by Griffith College in 2005

See also
 Education in the Republic of Ireland
 Further Education and Training Awards Council

References

External links
 Quality and Qualifications Ireland (QQI), official site of HETAC's successor agency

Education in the Republic of Ireland


Alydar (1975-1990) est un cheval de course pur-sang anglais américain. Membre du Hall of Fame des courses américaines, il fut le grand et malheureux rival du champion Affirmed puis devint un étalon à succès avant de trouver la mort dans des circonstances suspectes.

Carrière de courses

Né au grand haras de Calumet Farm, doté d'un pedigree exceptionnel, Alydar est confié à l'entraîneur John Veitch et au jockey Jorge Velazquez. Son entourage le tient en très haute estime, si bien qu'il n'hésite pas à lui faire effectuer ses débuts directement dans une course principale, chose rare. Alydar fait donc sa première apparition sur un hippodrome, Belmont Park en l'occurrence, et ne peut faire mieux que cinquième des Youthful Stakes. Le vainqueur du jour est un dénommé Affirmed. En ce 15 juin 1977, donc, Alydar vient de faire connaissance avec son pire cauchemar et c'est la seule fois qu'il s'affronteront sans terminer premier et deuxième de la course. Car ces deux-là ne vont plus se quitter et 10 matchs plus tard (victoire aux points pour Affirmed : 7-3) leur rivalité deviendra légendaire. À 2 ans, ils s'affrontent 6 fois. Bilan : 4 victoires pour Affirmed, 2 pour Alydar. Les deux poulains sont faits l'un pour l'autre. Le premier est un adepte de la course en avant, le second aime venir de l'arrière-garde pour l'emporter au finish. Et comme ils sont les deux meilleurs poulains du pays, le public et les médias se passionnent pour leur rivalité.

Quand Affirmed et Alydar se présentent au départ des Hopeful Stakes, le premier Groupe 1 pour 2 ans, ils sont à une victoire partout. Affirmed s'impose de 3/4 de longueur. Dans les Futurity Stakes, autre épreuve majeure pour 2 ans, Affirmed l'emporte encore, mais cette fois de justesse, un nez. Alydar se rapproche, et tiendra sa revanche dans les Champagne Stakes, qu'il gagne nettement, d'une longueur. Mais c'est tout de même Affirmed qui sera nommé meilleur 2 ans de l'année, grâce à sa victoire dans la dernière scène du premier acte, les Laurel Futurity Stakes, d'une encolure. Les duettistes partent se reposer pour l'hiver, avant de reprendre leur mano à mano à 3 ans, avec pour cadre la Triple couronne.

Au début de l'année 1978, les deux rivaux décident de faire hippodrome à part, de se préparer chacun de son côté, avant des retrouvailles programmées dans le Kentucky Derby. Tandis qu'Affirmed file en Californie où il s'impose dans les importants Santa Anita Derby et Hollywood Derby, Alydar s'en va du côté de la Floride et du Kentucky, avec des victoires à la clé dans le Florida Derby, les Blue Grass Stakes et les Flamingo Stakes. L'heure est venue de se retrouver, au départ de la plus grande course américaine, le Kentucky Derby. Comme l'an passé, Affirmed s'impose en restant aux avants-postes, et Alydar termine deuxième, à une longueur et demi, après avoir bien terminé. Dans la deuxième manche de la triple couronne, les Preakness Stakes, c'est un remake, à un détail près : Alydar finit à une encolure de son rival. L'écart s'est resserré, mais dans l'ultime épreuve, les Belmont Stakes, Alydar compte bien passer devant, à la faveur de la distance plus longue (, contre  pour le Kentucky Derby et  pour les Preakness Stakes) qui devrait lui permettre de faire valoir sa longue accélération et de mettre à profit ses origines davantage garantes de tenue. Hélas pour lui, le scénario bien connu se reproduit inexorablement. Et si Alydar chatouille encore un peu plus son meilleur ennemi, Affirmed l'emporte d'un petit nez, après une lutte phénoménale tout au long de l'interminable ligne droite, des années-lumière devant le reste du peloton assistant de loin à cette bataille, l'une des plus célèbres de l'histoire des courses. Caramba, encore raté. Affirmed devient donc, un an après Seattle Slew, le onzième lauréat de la Triple Couronne et Alydar son résigné faire-valoir. Il n'y aura malheureusement pas de quatrième manche, mais Alydar se consolera peut-être en sachant qu'il est le seul cheval à jamais avoir réalisé un triplé d'accessits d'honneur dans ce challenge.

Et pourtant c'est l'éternel vaincu qui aura finalement le dernier mot, car cette année-là, Alydar remporte toutes ses autres courses. Les deux duettistes se retrouvent à l'été dans les Travers Stakes, pour un dixième et ultime affrontement, au dénouement ironique, puisque Affirmed une fois encore passe la ligne en tête, mais en gênant son éternel rival, qui est finalement déclaré vainqueur sur tapis vert. Alydar et Affirmed ne croiseront plus jamais le fer. D'autant qu'Alydar se blesse et met un terme à sa saison. On le revoit à 4 ans, mais ce n'est plus le même cheval et, malgré deux victoires, il met bientôt un terme à sa carrière. Tandis qu'Affirmed est introduit au Hall of Fame des courses américaines, Alydar, lui, devra patienter dix ans de plus pour recevoir cet honneur. Toujours dans son ombre, il aura pourtant été un grand champion, classé 27e sur la liste des 100 meilleurs chevaux de l'histoire des courses américaines au  (Affirmed étant ), potentiellement un vainqueur de Triple Couronne s'il n'avait pas été un peu moins bon qu'un autre poulain né, pour son plus grand malheur, un mois avant lui en Floride.

Résumé de carrière

La rivalité Alydar-Affirmed

*Affirmed a fini avec une longueur trois-quarts devant Alydar, mais a été rétrogradé pour avoir gêné son adversaire.

Au haras

De retour à Calumet Farm, Alydar réussit très bien sa reconversion au haras, où il commença à $ 40 000 la saillie, avant de passer à $ 250 000, et que le haras propose une formule inédite dans le monde de l'élevage : pour 2,5 millions de dollars, un éleveur pouvait envoyer une poulinière à Alydar chaque année, aussi longtemps que celui-ci serait opérationnel. Tête de liste des étalons américains en 1990, il est le père de nombreux champions, parmi lesquels deux cracks :

 Alysheba : Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, Woodward Stakes, Breeders' Cup Classic. Cheval de l'année (1988), membre du Hall of Fame.
 Easy Goer : Belmont Stakes, Travers Stakes, Jockey Club Gold Cup, Woodward Stakes. 2 ans de l'année (1988), membre du Hall of Fame.

Alydar fut aussi un excellent père de mères, ses filles donnant ainsi Gio Ponti (trois Eclipse Awards en 2009 et 2010), le Hall of Famer américain Lure et surtout le crack français Peintre Célèbre, vainqueur du Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe et du Prix du Jockey-Club, cheval de l'année en Europe en 1997.

Décès

Une enquête du Texas Monthly raconte les circonstances suspectes de la mort d'Alydar, survenue en novembre 1990, et l'enquête d'une procureure texane sur des fraudes bancaires qui l'ont conduite à accuser devant un tribunal le patron de Calumet Farm, John T. Lundy, d'avoir assassiner le cheval. Le soir du 13 novembre, alors que quelques heures plus tôt il a croisé son vieux copain Affirmed, lui aussi devenu étalon à Calumet Farm, Alydar est victime d'une fracture au postérieur droit alors qu'il est dans son box à Calumet Farm. Il est aussitôt opéré, mais doit être euthanasié deux jours plus tard. Aucune enquête n'est diligentée sur ce qui ressemble à un tragique mais banal accident. Pourtant, en 1992, une journaliste du magazine The Connoisseur mène l'enquête et avance qu'Alydar vaut peut-être plus cher mort que vif. En effet, si son tarif de saillie est censé assurer à Calumet Farm quelque 25 millions de dollars de revenus annuels, l'étalon effectue un grand nombre de sauts gratuitement, John T. Lundy distribuant les passe-droits à des amis et des associés. Et sachant que les primes d'assurance sur le cheval s'élève à 36,5 millions de dollars en cas de décès, Lundy aurait pu avoir intérêt à s'en débarrasser. L'homme était en effet pris dans une vaste affaire de fraude et de corruption, ayant obtenu dans des conditions frauduleuses d'astronomiques prêts de la part d'un banquier texan à qui il versait des pots-de-vins. Et quand le pot-aux-roses est découvert, Lundy est sommé de rembourser 15 millions de dollars en quelques mois. Par ailleurs, les assureurs d'Alydar réclament le paiement d'arriérés à Calumet Farm, et annonce que le cheval ne sera plus assuré à la fin de l'année 1990. La mort de l'étalon vedette tombe à point nommé en novembre. Quelques mois plus tard, le haras se déclare en faillite, laissant 127 millions de dollars de dettes. En 2000, John Lundy est condamné à quatre ans de prison pour fraudes et corruption, tandis que l'avocat du haras, Garry Matthews, écope de 21 mois de prison. Mais l'assassinat d'Alydar n'a pu être formellement prouvé, bien qu'un expert, professeur au MIT, a témoigné que le cheval n'avait pu se blesser tout seul, et finalement les faits sont couverts par la prescription, qui est de dix ans pour les fraudes à l'assurance. Les événements mystérieux liés à la mort d'Alydar sont décrites par le Texas Monthly comme .

Origines
Alydar est un fils du grand Raise a Native, brillant 2 ans à la carrière écourtée par une blessure, et appelé aux plus hautes destinées au haras jusqu'à devenir omniprésent, notamment par son fils Mr. Prospector, dans les pedigrees des meilleurs chevaux américains sur le dirt. La mère d'Alydar, Sweet Tooth, était l'une des bonnes pouliches de sa génération à 2 ans, se classant deuxième des Alcibiade Stakes. Elle fut surtout une exceptionnelle poulinière, donnant rien moins que trois vainqueurs de groupe 1 : sa fille Our Mims (par Herbager) remporte les Coaching Club American Oaks, les Alabama Stakes, le Delaware Handicap et prend le premier accessit des Kentucky Oaks tandis que son autre fille Sugar And Spice (Key To The Mint) empoche les Mother Goose Stakes. Sweet Tooth a également donné Foyt (Raise a Native), placé de groupe 2. Alydar appartient à la fameuse famille 9-c, il descend, comme la jument-base Mumtaz Mahal, d'une fille de Crab née en 1734.

Pedigree

Références

Cheval de course
Cheval de course né en 1975
Étalon pur-sang anglais
Membre d'un Hall of Fame des courses hippiques
Animal né en 1975
Animal mort en 1990
Famille 9-c

Alydar


Besim Üstünel, (1927, Gaziantep -  2 Haziran 2015, İstanbul), Türk siyasetçi.

İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi'ni bitirmiştir. Aynı Fakültede Doktora yapmıştır. Londra Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesini de bitirmiştir. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi'nde ve Ankara İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisi'nde Öğretim Üyeliği, DPT İktisadi Planlama Dairesi Başkanlığı, Cumhuriyet Senatosu İstanbul Üyeliği (12 Ekim 1975 - 12 Eylül 1980) ile Maliye Bakanlığı yapmıştır. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi, Galatasaray Üniversitesi'nde de öğretim görevlisi olarak görev yapmıştır. Evlidir. Ders kitapları dışında, "Kalkınmanın Neresindeyiz?" isimli bir eseri bulunmaktadır.

Maliye Eski Bakanı Profesör Doktor Besim Üstünel tedavi gördüğü Florence Nightingale Hastanesi'nde öldü.

Kaynakça

1927 doğumlular
Gaziantep doğumlu siyasetçiler
2015 yılında ölenler
Türk ekonomi akademisyenleri
İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
TBMM İstanbul Cumhuriyet Senatörleri
Bürokrat Senatörler
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Parti Meclisi üyeleri
Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenter Meclisi Türk Grubu
İstanbul'da ölenler
Ulus Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Resim aranan siyasetçiler

Besim Üstünel


Jorge Enrique Kardinal Jiménez Carvajal CIM (* 29. März 1942 in Bucaramanga) ist ein kolumbianischer Ordensgeistlicher und emeritierter römisch-katholischer Erzbischof von Cartagena.

Leben
Jorge Enrique Jiménez Carvajal trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Kongregation von Jesus und Maria bei, legte die Profess am 17. Mai 1964 ab und empfing am 17. Juni 1967 die Priesterweihe. Er unterrichtete am Priesterseminar von Santa Rosa de Osos und war später Studiendirektor des Instituts für pastorale Theologie des CELAM. Von 1989 bis 1991 war er Generalsuperior seines Ordens für Kolumbien.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 9. November 1992 zum Bischof von Zipaquirá. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm der Erzbischof von Bogotá, Mario Kardinal Revollo Bravo, am 12. Dezember desselben Jahres; Mitkonsekratoren waren Paolo Romeo, Apostolischer Nuntius in Kolumbien, und Juan Francisco Sarasti Jaramillo, Bischof von Barrancabermeja.

Am 6. Februar 2004 wurde er zum Koadjutorerzbischof von Cartagena ernannt. Nach dem Rücktritt Carlos José Ruiseco Vieiras folgte er am 24. Oktober 2005 als Erzbischof von Cartagena nach.

Papst Franziskus nahm am 25. März 2021 seinen altersbedingten Rücktritt an.

Im Konsistorium vom 27. August 2022 nahm ihn Papst Franziskus als Kardinalpriester mit der Titelkirche Santa Dorotea in das Kardinalskollegium auf. Die Besitzergreifung seiner Titelkirche fand am 3. Oktober 2023 statt. Wegen der Überschreitung der Altersgrenze von 80 Jahren ist er bei einem Konklave nicht wahlberechtigt.

Veröffentlichungen

 Marktwirtschaft und soziale Gerechtigkeit für Lateinamerika. Lit, Münster 2000, ISBN 978-3-8258-4788-3.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kardinal (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Koadjutorerzbischof
Person (Cartagena, Kolumbien)
Eudist
Kolumbianer
Geboren 1942
Mann

Jorge Enrique Jiménez Carvajal


Ready Steady Cook is a BBC daytime TV cooking game show. It debuted on 24 October 1994 and the last original edition was broadcast on 2 February 2010. The programme was hosted by Fern Britton from 1994 until 2000 when celebrity chef Ainsley Harriott became the new host. In August 2000, when Harriott took over, the duration of the programme was extended from 30 to 45 minutes.

On 2 September 2019, it was confirmed that Rylan Clark-Neal would host a revived daytime series on BBC One in 2020. On 7 September 2021, it was announced by the BBC that the series ended after two series.

Format

Ingredients
Two members of the public provided two celebrity chefs with a bag of ingredients they had bought, usually to a set budget of £5. Essential ingredients such as bread, milk, eggs etc. are provided by the show. The two teams were designated "red tomato" and "green pepper" (referred to as "red kitchen" and "green kitchen" after the August 2007 revamp, though the tomato and pepper motifs still featured on the guests' aprons and in the show's logo).

Occasionally, the permitted budget was increased: a so-called Bistro Bag allowed for ingredients of up to £7.50, while the Gourmet Bag could have a value of up to £10. On some occasions, they used a £3.50 Budget Bag. Also on a few shows, a Lucky Dip Bag was used, which contained ten items. The chef closed their eyes and picked out half of the items at the beginning. At the halfway mark, the chef randomly picked a sixth item, which might have helped or hindered the chef. The chefs had no prior knowledge of the ingredients they had to prepare. Another format was used on occasion in which both kitchens were given the same ingredients and the toss of a red and green die determined who had first pick.

The Main Course
The chefs had to make several dishes out of the said ingredients in 20 minutes, with the help of the contestants and the programme host. As the contestants taste the prepared food, the host asks the chef some questions about their dish. Prior to the September 2006 season it was customary for the chefs to name their creations, which usually included a pun.

The preparations were voted on by the studio audience, who each held up a card showing either a red tomato or green pepper. In the newer episodes, the audience members pushed a button on their seat keypad to indicate who they would like to win. The winner received a cash prize of £100, which celebrity guests donated to charity (an example the regular guests sometimes followed) but this was changed to a plate towards the end of the series. The runner-up used to receive a hamper which included a variety of items, such as a set of knives, pasta and sauces, olive oil and balsamic vinegar but later received a Ready Steady Cook mug due to budget restraints.

Quickie bag
The quickie bag section of the show then followed. This was introduced in 2000, the same year Ainsley Harriott became presenter (having previously been one of the celebrity chefs on the programme during Fern Britton's tenure as host), extending the programme from 30 to 45 minutes. The contents of the quickie bag used to be decided on by the series producer and a home economist. Their decision was based on produce that was currently in season or unusual ingredients that had not featured on the show recently. In late August 2007, the quickie bag changed format with the bag being brought in by an audience member, who challenged the chefs to prepare the dish.

The two chefs each had a chance to describe what they would cook using the bag of ingredients and the audience members voted to choose which dish they would like to see prepared. The winner then had 10 minutes to complete the described dishes, with the help of the other chef and Ainsley. The hectic preparation of the chosen chef's suggested dishes often includes a slight element of chaos and ad-libbing along the way. A viewer's question relating to a cooking problem is usually put to the chefs, further adding to the pressure upon them to complete their dishes in the time allowed.

Variations on the format
 Classic Bag – The original format where the contestant brought in a bag of ingredients costing up to £5.
 Budget Bag – Similar to the 'Classic Bag' but the ingredients could only cost up to £3.50.
 Bistro Bag – Ingredients worth £7.50.
 Gourmet Bag – Worth £10.
 Doubling Up Bag – Both contestants bring in the same ingredients. The host used a coin or die with a Green Pepper and Red Tomato on to decide which chef would decide what to do with the ingredients first. The other chef must do something different.
 Forfeit Bag – The chefs had to choose a card at random with a forfeit which prohibited their use of a certain store cupboard ingredient such as No Fresh Herbs, No Spices, No Citrus or No Wine.
 Gamble Bag – The chefs were presented with three mystery ingredients and are given the opportunity to swap one of their ingredients with one of these mystery ingredients. They do not have to swap but if they do, they cannot change their minds once the new ingredient is revealed.
 Lucky Dip – The Chefs were presented with a bag of ten items from which they had to pick five at random. After 10 minutes had passed, they then chose a sixth ingredient, which depending on what the chef has started cooking, can help or hinder them.

Celebrity Ready Steady Cook
Originally as a spin-off that ran alongside the original, Celebrity Ready Steady Cook had celebrities, often competing against a family member or friend, provide the bag of ingredients to the same budget of £5. Later series would see the public completely replaced with celebrity guests.

Celebrity appearances include: David Tennant, Wendy Richard, Kate Winslet, Honor Blackman, James May, Richard Hammond, Paul O'Grady as alter-ego Lily Savage, Cliff Richard, Twiggy, Rakie Ayola, Fiona Bruce, Gail Porter, Midge Ure, Edd China, Amanda Redman, Ade Edmondson and Alan Davies.

Featured chefs
Original version:

 Ross Burden
 Gino D'Acampo
 Garrey Dawson
 James Martin
 Nick Nairn
 Paul Rankin
 James Tanner
 Tony Tobin
 Brian Turner
 Phil Vickery
 Lesley Waters
 Kevin Woodford
 Antony Worrall Thompson

Revived series
In September 2019, the BBC announced that Ready Steady Cook would return.

Returning in March 2020, Celebrity MasterChef finalist Rylan Clark-Neal serves as host. He is joined by chefs Ellis Barrie, Romy Gill, Anna Haugh, Akis Petretzikis, and Mike Reid.

Ready Steady Cook introduced various sustainability efforts, including favouring glass over plastic, initiating a recycling programme, donating leftover food to a local food bank, and using locally sourced seasonal ingredients and Fair Trade items when available.

The second series following the revival started airing in March 2021. Clark-Neal returned as host, with the chef team largely remaining the same. Jeremy Pang replaced Mike Reid as Reid was unable to return to the UK from Australia during the pandemic. For the first time, the chefs decided the winner as the show was filmed without an audience.

Series overview

Original series

Revived series

Celebrity Ready Steady Cook

Specials

Daytime Celebrity Christmas specials

International versions

Books

References

External links

 Ready Steady Cook (2020 revival)

 Ready Steady Cook at BFI

 Celebrity Ready Steady Cook at BFI

1994 British television series debuts
2021 British television series endings
1990s British cooking television series
2000s British cooking television series
2010s British cooking television series
2020s British cooking television series
1990s British game shows
2000s British game shows
2010s British game shows
2020s British game shows
BBC television game shows
British television series revived after cancellation
Cooking competitions in the United Kingdom
English-language television shows
Television series by Banijay

Ready Steady Cook


Ringerike Grand Prix er et landevejs cykelløb, der afholdes hvert år i nærheden af Hønefoss, i regionen Ringerike, Norge. Løbet blev klassificeret som et UCI 2.2 løb på UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen fra 1975 til 2010, dengang var det et etapeløb. I 2011 blev det ændret til et endagsløb, som fra 2011-2012 ikke var et UCI-løb, mens Tour of Norway, der afholdes i hele Østnorge, erstattede det i UCI-kalenderen. I 2013 kom løbet tilbage på UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen som et endagsløb og blev klassificeret som 1.2.

Vindere

Referencer

Etableret i 1975

Ringerike Grand Prix


Zimbabwes fodboldlandshold repræsenterer Zimbabwe i fodboldturneringer og kontrolleres af Zimbabwes fodboldforbund.

Referencer

Fodboldlandshold i Afrika

Zimbabwes fodboldlandshold


Giro dell'Emilia 2016 var den 99. udgave af cykelløbet Giro dell'Emilia. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 24. september 2016. Løbet blev vundet af Esteban Chaves fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Jakob Fuglsang kørte for
Matti Breschel kørte for
Chris Anker Sørensen kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
UCI Europe Tour 2016

Giro dell'Emilia 2016


Masato Tanaka (28 de febrero de 1973) es un luchador profesional japonés, más conocido por sus apariciones en Frontier Martial Arts Wrestling de Japón y en la Extreme Championship Wrestling en los Estados Unidos, donde fue campeón del mundo de una sola vez tras haber ganado el ECW World Heavyweight Championship.

Tanaka ha sido ocho veces campeón mundial al haber logrado una vez el Campeonato Mundial Peso Pesado de la ECW, una vez el Campeonato Mundial Peso Pesado de AWA Superstars of Wrestling y seis veces el Campeonato Mundial Peso Pesado de ZERO1.

En lucha
 Movimientos finales
 Super Fly (Frog splash)
 Complete Dust (Inverted sitout front powerslam)
 Diamond Dust (Diving somersault inverted facelock derivado en cutter o stunner) - 1999-presente; innovado
 Sliding D (Sliding forearm smash a la cara de un oponente sentado) - innovado
 Thunder Fire Powerbomb (Standing one shoulder powerbomb)
 Tornado DDT, a veces contra una mesa o una silla

 Movimientos de firma
 Roaring Elbow (Discus elbow smash)
 Niagara Driver (Sitout one shoulder crucifix powerbomb)
 Shotgun Stunner (Vertical suplex stunner)
 Big boot
 Brainbuster
 Double underhook tornado DDT
 Elbow smash
 Modified surfboard
 Running Death Valley driver
 Running lariat
 Simultáneos cutter y DDT a dos oponentes
 Spear a un oponente cargando
 Varios tipos de suplex:
 Belly to back
 Bridging German
 Inverted, a veces desde una posición elevada
 Sleeper
 Vertical

 Apodos
 "Dangan"
 "The Enforcer"

Campeonatos y logros
 DDT Pro-Wrestling
 KO-D Openweight Championship (1 vez)
 D-Oh Grand Prix (2020)

 Extreme Championship Wrestling
 ECW World Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)
 ECW World Tag Team Championship (2 veces) – con Balls Mahoney (1) y Tommy Dreamer (1)

 Frontier Martial Arts Wrestling
 FMW Brass Knuckles Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)
 FMW Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship (2 veces) – con Hayabusa (1) y Tetsuhiro Kuroda (1)
 FMW/WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – con Gedo
 FMW Independent Heavyweight Championship (2 veces)
 FMW/WEW 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – con Gedo & Jado
 FMW Street Fight Six-Man Tag Team Championship (3 veces) – con Hayabusa & Hisakatsu Ōya (1), Hayabusa & Kōji Nakagawa (1) y Tetsuhiro Kuroda & Kōji Nakagawa (1)
 FMW/WEW World Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)

HUSTLE
 HUSTLE Hardcore Hero Championship (1 vez)
 HUSTLE King Memorial Tag Tournament (2006) - con Shinjiro Otani & Tadao Yasuda

New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Intercontinental Championship (1 vez)
NEVER Openweight Championship (1 vez)

Premier Wrestling Federation
PWF Universal Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – con Shinjiro Otani

Pro Wrestling WORLD-1
WORLD-1 Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)

 Pro Wrestling ZERO-ONE / Pro Wrestling ZERO1-Max / Pro Wrestling ZERO1
 Zero1 World Heavyweight Championship (6 veces)
 AWA Superstars of Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)
 NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (4 veces) – con Shinjiro Otani (2), Wataru Sakata (1) y Zeus (1)
 NWA United National Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)
 Fire Festival (2006)
 Fire Festival (2007)
 Fire Festival (2008)
 Fire Festival (2012)
 Furinkazan (2011) - con Hayato Fujita
 Estasi Cup Championship (2014) - con Ikuto Hidaka & Tatsumi Fujinami

 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Situado en el Nº21 en los PWI 500 de 2000
 Situado en el N°100 en los PWI 500 de 2006
 Situado en el Nº203 en los PWI 500 de 2012
 Tokyo Sports Grand Prix
 Equipo del año (2002) - con Shinjiro Otani
 Espíritu de lucha (2008)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
ZERO1 USA English language website
ZERO1 Japanese language website
Profile
Career overview
Wrestling Titles.com
View from the Rising Sun

Luchadores de la NJPW
Exluchadores de la ECW
Luchadores profesionales de Japón
Campeones de la ECW
Campeones del IWGP Intercontinental Championship

Masato Tanaka