Ivan Fyodorov may refer to:

Ivan Fedorov (politician), born 1988, mayor of Melitopol since 2020, abducted by Russian military in March 2022
Ivan Fyodorov (printer), sixteenth century, first Eastern Slavic printer
Ivan Fyodorov (navigator), Russian navigator, commanding officer of the expedition to northern Alaska, 1732
Ivan Fyodorovich Koshkin, died 1427, Russian aristocrat

See also
Ivan Fedotov (born 1996), Russian ice hockey player

Ivan Fyodorov


Molenbeek-Saint-Jean (fransk) eller Sint-Jans-Molenbeek (nederlandsk) er en kommune i Brysselregionen i Belgien. Kommunen ligger i regionens nordvestlige del og har (2015) indbyggere.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel hjemmeside

Kommuner i Belgien
Bruxelles

Molenbeek-Saint-Jean


Pierre Poujade (1 Aralık 1920, Saint-Céré, Fransa - 27 Ağustos 2003, La Bastide-l'Évêque, Fransa), Fransız politikacı.

1953 yılında yaptığı vergi grevi kısa zamanda geniş kitlelerde yankı buldu. Sıradan bir vatandaşken, yaptığı bu grevle ekonomi literatürüne geçti.

Poujade hareketi, vergi itaatsizliği olarak tanımlanabilecek vakalar arasında en mühimlerindendir. O dönemde Fransa'da, fakir bir halde bulunan ve birçoğu iflas etme eşiğinde olan esnaflar üzerine, Devlet'in bazı mali yükümlülükler yüklemesi sivil itaatsizlik olarak değerlendirilebilecek olayların vuku bulmasına sebebiyet vermiştir.

Söz konusu mali yükümlülükler; Devlet'in gerekli altyapıya sahip olmayan esnafa dolaylı vergileri tahsil ödevi yüklemesi, deflasyonist politikalar sebebiyle esnafın masraflarını müşteriye yansıtamaması ve mali kontrollerin sıklaştırılması olarak sayılabilir. Bütün bu sebeplerle esnaf kesiminin üzerindeki vergi baskısı artmış, kontrollerin sıkı olması vergi kaçırmayı da zorlaştırmıştır. Sonuç olarak Pierre Poujade adlı bir esnaf, kasabaya gelen vergi kontrol görevlilerine direnilmesinde öncülük etmiş, görevliler görevlerini yerine getiremeden dönmek mecburiyetinde kalmıştır. Daha sonra bu hareket Poujade önderliğinde büyüyerek Devletten esnafın durumunun iyileştirilmesini ve diğer kesimlere tanınan hakların esnaflara da tanınmasını talep etmeye başlamıştır. Zamanla bu hareket bir siyasi parti halini almıştır.

Siyasi parti olana kadar, Poujade hareketinin Devlete karşı sivil itaatsizlik olarak kabul edilebilecek iki tür eylem yaptığı görülmektedir; maliye memurlarına direnerek maddi ve şekli ödevleri yerine getirmemek, hükûmet üzerinde baskı kurarak gasp edildiğini düşündüğü haklarını geri almak. Zaman zaman, bu hareketin mensuplarının vergi grevine gittikleri de görülmüştür. Bütün bu mücadele sonucunda, Devlet, esnaf üzerindeki bazı mali yükleri kaldırmak mecburiyetinde kalmıştır. Poujade hareketi gerek kullandığı yöntemler gerekse de ulaştığı sonuçlar bakımından başarılı bir vergi itaatsizliği örneği olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Devletin uygulamış olduğu yanlış maliye politikaları sonucu esnaf kesimi üzerindeki vergi tazyiki artmış, bir noktadan sonra aynı sıkıntıyı çeken bütün esnaflar bir kıvılcımı bekler olmuştur. Bu kıvılcım tıpkı diğerleri gibi bir esnaftan gelmiş ve çok büyük bir destek sağlamıştır. Yapılan eylemler kamuya açık yapılmış, çok büyük destek gördüğü için Devlet'in müeyyide uygulama imkânı kalmamıştır. Gerçekten Poujade hareketi sivil itaatsizliğin mali hukuktaki çok önemli bir görünümü olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Poujade hareketi vergi itaatsizliğiyle bağlantılı kavramlardan verginin reddine önemli bir misaldir.

Kaynakça

1920 doğumlular
Occitanie doğumlular
2003 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Fransız siyasetçileri
Dördüncü Fransa Cumhuriyeti'nde siyasetçiler
Fransız Direnişi
Popülizm
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Ekonomik ve Sosyal Konsey üyeleri (Fransa)

Pierre Poujade


Pitzer College is a private liberal arts college in Claremont, California. One of the Claremont Colleges, the college has a curricular emphasis on the social sciences, behavioral sciences, international programs, and media studies. Pitzer is known for its social justice culture and experimental pedagogical approach.

History
Pitzer was founded in 1963 as a women's college by Russell K. Pitzer (1878–1978), a California citrus magnate, philanthropist, and Pomona College alumnus. In April 1963, John W. Atherton, the dean of faculty and a professor of English at Claremont Men's College (now Claremont McKenna College) was hired as Pitzer's first president, and over the next seventeen months he recruited students, faculty, and trustees and constructed Scott and Sanborn Halls just in time for the fall 1964 semester. During the College's first year, students and faculty created the curriculum and the school's system of governance. The College graduated its first class of students in 1965 and became co-educational in the fall of 1970. The first academic term in the fall of 1964 began with eleven professors and 153 students from sixteen states and five countries. Pitzer's sixth president, Melvin L. Oliver, is the first African American to lead any of the five Claremont Colleges.

Presidents
John W. Atherton, founding president (1963–1970)
Robert H. Atwell, second president (1970–1978)
Frank L. Ellsworth, third president (1979–1991)
Marilyn Chapin Massey, fourth president (1992–2002)
Laura Skandera Trombley, fifth president (2002–2015)
Thomas Poon, interim president (2015–2016)
Melvin L. Oliver, sixth president (2016–2022)
Jill A. Klein, interim president (2022-2023)
Strom C. Thacker, Seventh President (2023-)

Campus

Pitzer's campus is in Claremont, California, covering an area of approximately . The campus is located approximately  west of LA/Ontario International Airport and Los Angeles can be accessed via Metrolink. Access to campus is also provided via Interstate 10 and Interstate 210. The campus comprises sixteen buildings, including five residence halls. West and East Halls earned Platinum LEED certification when they opened 2012.

The Pitzer College campus occupies the northeast corner of the Claremont Colleges property, which contains seven institutions of higher education coordinated through the Claremont University Consortium. The Claremont Colleges comprise Pomona College (founded in 1887), Claremont Graduate University (1925), Scripps College (1926), Claremont McKenna College (1946), Harvey Mudd College (1955), Pitzer College (1963), and Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences (1997). At present, the campus is split approximately in half by Pitzer Road. Harvey Mudd College is adjacent to Pitzer's north, Scripps to the west, and Claremont McKenna to the south.

Contemporary architecture characterizes the majority of Pitzer's buildings, several of which were designed by Gwathmey-Siegel following major donations from Eli Broad, a board member emeritus and former chair of the Pitzer College Board of Trustees. A notable exception is the Grove House, a California bungalow built in 1902 for a local citrus grower during the height of the Arts and Crafts movement. The building, a popular campus hangout, was purchased for $1.00 and moved to Pitzer in 1977 under the direction of Professor emeritus Barry Sanders. The Grove House is home to a cafe, the Women's Center, the Hinshaw Gallery and the EcoCenter.

Most landscaping on the campus follows principles of xeriscaping. Several varieties of citrus and other fruit are grown throughout campus and an organic community garden, dedicated grove and chicken coop are located north of Mead Hall. The 10-acre John R. Rodman Arboretum, founded in 1984 in an attempt to save surviving native chaparral vegetation from demolition, is part of the campus. It contains 16 themed gardens with drought-tolerant, native landscaping.

The campus also includes auditoriums, sports courts, and science buildings.

Located directly northwest of the main campus, the Robert J. Bernard Biological Field Station, a resource of The Claremont Colleges, is an  nature preserve consisting of coastal sage scrub.

The Outback Preserve, located in the northeast section of campus, occupies just over three acres of the John Rodman Arboretum. The Preserve is home to one of the rarest ecosystems in the world: Alluvial Sage Scrub. Undergoing ecological restoration as part of the Outback Restoration Project, the Preserve is a living-learning laboratory. The project seeks to restore the Outback Preserve to a more intact alluvial sage scrub ecosystem, removing invasive plants and ensuring the success of native species. Each semester there are a small number of courses utilizing the Outback Preserve. Courses are open to all students at The Claremont Colleges.

The Firestone Center for Restoration EcologyPitzer owns and operates a  field station on secondary growth rainforest, the Firestone Center for Restoration Ecology. The facility is located approximately two kilometers east of Playa Dominical, Costa Rica. The property borders the Hacienda Barú nature reserve. The Center is home to programs in Pitzer's science, language and international studies curricula.

Rankings

The U.S. News & World Report College and University rankings 2022-2023 edition ranks Pitzer College at the 33rd best national liberal arts college overall, and tied for 108th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility" out of 216 evaluated liberal arts colleges. In 2015, Pitzer was recognized nationally as the 8th most selective liberal arts college; 20th most selective among all college and universities; 44th in best freshmen retention rate; and 55th for highest proportion of classes with fewer than 20 students.

In Forbes 2019 college rankings, Pitzer was named 54th best among the 650 top-ranked colleges, universities and service academies in the U.S. In addition, Pitzer was named the 44th best private college, the 22nd best liberal arts college, and the 11th best college in the West.

Academics
As a member of The Claremont College Consortium, Pitzer students have access to nearly all facilities available to students enrolled at the other colleges, in addition to all facilities administered by the Claremont College Consortium. Any student attending Pitzer can enroll in classes at the other four colleges, and can complete an off-campus major if the major is not offered by Pitzer.

Pitzer offers 41 majors and 22 minors, many of them cross-disciplinary, and each student is assigned a faculty advisor upon their arrival on campus. The College expects students to take an active part in planning their course of study and has few distribution requirements. The most popular majors, based on 2021 graduates. were:
Research and Experimental Psychology (22)
Environmental Science (20)
Organizational Behavior Studies (18)
Political Science and Government, General (18)
Economics (17)

The student/faculty ratio is 10:1, and 100% of Pitzer's tenure-track faculty hold a Ph.D. or the terminal degree in their field.

The college operates 58 study abroad programs, including 41 international exchanges and 6 domestic exchanges. Pitzer College also operates its own study abroad programs in Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Italy, Nepal, Tanzania/South Africa/Zimbabwe, and Vietnam.

Pitzer has ranked as a top producer of Fulbright US Student Program awardees for 13 consecutive years thus far and is one of the nine baccalaureate institutes who have been top producers of Fulbright US students every year for at least the past decade. From 2010 to 2015, The Chronicle of Higher Education listed Pitzer first in Fulbright Fellowships among all undergraduate institutions nationwide. In 11 of the 12 years from 2003 until 2015, Pitzer alumni received more Fulbright Fellowships per capita than alumni from any other college or university in the nation. In 2015, Pitzer students and alums were awarded 21 Fulbright awards.

Admission

Nearly two decades after becoming the first college on the West Coast to adopt an SAT-optional admission policy, Pitzer College  switched to a test-free admission policy for at least three years, beginning with the admission cycle for fall 2022.  Admission to Pitzer College is rated as "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report, for the Class of 2027, Pitzer College accepted 15.9% of applicants (enrolling fall 2023) with an average high school GPA of 4.07. Of the 32% of enrolled freshmen submitting SAT scores, the middle 50% range was 1370–1460 for the composite score, 668–730 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 680–750 for math, while of the 28% of enrolled freshmen submitting ACT results, the middle 50% range for the composite score was 30–33.

Student body
Pitzer College enrolls approximately 1000 students, making it the third largest of the five undergraduate Claremont Colleges (Claremont McKenna and Pomona have larger student bodies, while Harvey Mudd and Scripps are smaller). Pitzer College ranks 25th nationwide among all Baccalaureate Colleges for percentage of its students who study abroad, and Pitzer has the highest rate of study abroad among the Claremont Colleges. Students of color constitute over 49.6% of the total student body and Pitzer enrolls 10% international students, the third largest among the Claremont Consortium behind Pomona College (12%) and Claremont Mckenna College (16%).

Community involvement

The Pitzer College community is known for its involvement outside of the classroom. Its students, faculty, and staff donate over 100,000 hours to community service annually. The College has been named to the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll seven times.

Much of Pitzer's community engagement occurs in the Community Engagement Center (CEC). The CEC runs the Pitzer in Ontario Program, a comprehensive semester-long service learning and cultural immersion program with a strong theoretical foundation in the human sciences informed by the best practices in the field of experiential education. The program integrates extensive internship experiences in city, private or non-profit organizations with interdisciplinary coursework that provides the theoretical framework from which social and urban issues can be effectively evaluated. Through living in Ontario, students have the opportunity to engage firsthand the diversity of voices, perspectives, and agendas that are driving those demands, and to come to a better understanding of the many layers of engaged citizenship.

At the Campus Compact 20/20 Visioning Summit on October 17, 2006, the Corporation for National and Community Service recognized Pitzer as one of 28 California campuses distinguished for community service and Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. Pitzer College received Mother Jones Magazine 2006 Campus Activism for Thinking Outside of the Box.

Pitzer College students including former Speaker of the California State Assembly Fabian Nunez '97 helped in founding the Pomona Economic Opportunity Center. Through the Community Engagement Center, dozens of Pitzer students volunteer each semester with programs at Camp Afflerbaugh and California Youth Authority Chino.

Events and traditionsKohoutek Music and Arts Festival began in 1974 and is a student-run multi-day outdoor music and arts festival held each spring on the Pitzer campus. The event, which is free and open to all Claremont Colleges community members, is named after Comet Kohoutek, discovered by Czech astronomer Lubos Kohoutek. Past groups that have headlined Kohoutek include: O.A.R, Blackalicious, The Roots, Tea Leaf Green, Breakestra, Zolar X, Lyrics Born, Akron/Family, Zion I, and Toubab Krewe. Last year's headliners were Matt & Kim, Blu, and Mr. Lif and featured a performance by special guests Mandrill. The festival generally includes a number of non-music components including off-campus and student vendors, fire performances, a farmers market, and other activities.Groove at the Grove: refers to those concerts or other performances held on Thursday nights at the Grove House, but the term may be used at other times as well. The event represents Pitzer's most consistent contribution to the weeknight arts and music scene at the Claremont Colleges. Acts set up on the front steps of the Grove House with the audience standing immediately in front of the structure. Numerous student and professional groups have performed at the event, including We Are Scientists.Hammocks on The Mounds: refers to the hanging of hammocks on the Pitzer Mounds, the uneven grassy area located directly north of McConnell Center. The hammocks are generally donated by students and/or alumni, or purchased by the student government.Orientation Adventure or OA is the College's pre-Welcome Week program for incoming First-Year, Transfer, and New Resource students. The program offers multi-day thematic trips throughout California, led by student leaders. Over the program's history themes have included backpacking, sustainability, coastal biking, grassroots movements, surfing, and Los Angeles arts & music. Trips generally vary in length from three to four days and destinations of past trips have included: Sequoia National Park, Kings Canyon National Park, Chávez National Center, San Gabriel River Trail, Newport Beach, Los Angeles, San Onofre, community gardens, and San Diego.Murals provide unique visual atmosphere to Pitzer college. Murals are painted by students, staff, and guests artists on the interiors and exteriors of campus buildings. Diverse themes include portraits, politics, literature, and purely whimsical imagery.Snackie Snack occurs weekly, and is a free late-night snack served by the Pitzer Activities (PAct) Programming Board. During exam periods, Snackie Snack is served by the president and members of the cabinet."Reggae Fest" began in 2003 as a fall concert event. Sometimes referred to as "BobFest", the event occurs during the first weekend in November and features Reggae, Dancehall, Afrobeat, and World music. The festival runs over the course of a single day and features 5-9 live, professional bands, free food and beverages. The event has been hosted by California reggae personality Junor Francis each year since its inception. In 2016, the Pitzer College Student Senate suspended funding for the event amid concerns that it was culturally appropriative and disrespectful toward Jamaican culture.

Student life

Residence halls

The majority of Pitzer students live on campus in one of five residence halls: Atherton Hall, East Hall, West Hall, Mead Hall, Pitzer Hall and Sanborn Hall. Each hall is equipped with laundry rooms, common rooms for meetings or social gatherings, study rooms, full kitchens and has a full-time in-residence hall director. All Pitzer residence halls, balconies included, are non-smoking.

Through the Faculty in Residence Program, each year two members of the Pitzer faculty live in one of the two faculty apartments in the residence halls on campus, and design and run events for students. The assistant dean of students also lives on campus.

First- and second-year students are not permitted to bring cars to campus, although exceptions can be made on a case-by-case basis.Atherton Hallis a four-story building adjacent to the Gold Student Center. Atherton accommodates 62 students. Rooms are double occupancy with two rooms sharing an adjoining vanity, bathroom, and shower. Common areas include a living room, six study rooms, and laundry facilities. The basement level of Atherton Hall is home to the mailroom, a music practice room, the Lenzner Family Gallery, art studio with classroom, and the Writing Center.Pitzer Hallis a four-story building southeast of the Gold Student Center that houses 78 students. Rooms are double occupancy, with two rooms sharing an adjoining vanity, bathroom and shower. Common areas include a living room, eight study rooms, and laundry facilities. The first floor houses the Office of Admission. One of the two Faculty in Residence apartments is also in Pitzer Hall.Sanborn Hallis a two-part three story building east of the Gold Student Center. Sanborn houses 178 students. Rooms are double occupancy with two rooms sharing an adjoining vanity, bathroom and shower. Common areas include a living room, nine study rooms, laundry facilities, and a kitchen. One of the two Faculty in Residence apartments is also in Sanborn.West and East Halls are made up of four buildings that house 300 sophomores, juniors and seniors in suite-style living. Opened in fall 2012, West and East Halls are the newest residential living areas on Pitzer's campus. Living in W.E. Halls is set on the northwest part of campus. W.E. Hall has 67 suites that have two double-occupancy rooms with a shared bathroom. There are also ten suites that have four single rooms with a shared bathroom and common room. Only junior and seniors are eligible to live in single rooms.Mead Hall''' is a three-story, six-tower complex which houses 225 students. Each suite shares a common living room with four or eight residents in each unit. Common areas include a community kitchen, laundry facilities and a television lounge. Mead is home to Career Services, Center for Asian Pacific American Students, The Rabbit Hole (substance abuse education and outreach program), the Marquis Library, and the Writing Center. This hall offers a Substance Free Tower and a Community Involvement Tower that exemplifies one of the college's educational objectives: awareness of the social and ethical implications of action. Residence life in the Involvement Tower is generally self-governed within the parameters of Pitzer's residential life policies, subject to amendment by Pitzer College Student Senate. Students are required to attend Tower meetings and participate in Pitzer's community or the community at large.

Club and intramural sports
Pitzer students also participate in the Claremont Colleges club sports programs that compete nationally.

Gold Student Health and Wellness Center
Originally opened in 1995, the Gold Student Health and Wellness Center was completely renovated and reopened in 2014. It is a hub of campus life activity for the entire Pitzer community. The Center is home to the College's gym, a yoga studio, a Pilates studio, and the student-run Shakedown Café. There is also incorporated club meeting space, multipurpose programming space, and the offices of some Student Affairs staff.

Residential Life Project
The Residential Life Project is expected to be completed in three phases over the next 10 to 15 years. Phase I, which included Sanborn, Pitzer, and Atherton Halls, was completed and inaugurated in September 2007 and received LEED Gold recognition from the United States Green Building Council in 2008. Robert Redford and Ed Begley, Jr. were the keynote speakers at the dedication ceremony of the Residential Life Project. The College broke ground on Phase II, which incorporates four new residence halls, a demonstration kitchen, an archive, a board room and program/faculty offices, in December 2010. It was completed in 2012 and earned LEED platinum certification.

When Pitzer's Residential Life Project is complete, the College expects to become the first college in the nation to have all Gold or Platinum LEED certified residence halls.

Student clubs and organizations
Pitzer has more than 50 student clubs and organizations on campus, in addition to over 200 others within the Claremont Colleges consortium.

The Green Bike Program (GBP), a student run bicycle collective, maintains a full service shop, as well as fleet of recovered and reused bicycles that are raffled off free of charge each semester for student use. The GBP works to provide an alternative mode of transportation to combat the predominant and destructive car culture in Southern California, as well as to reduce consumption and consumerism while increasing the practical use of recycled and reused materials. The GBP maintains a strong DIY ethic, and has become a social hub for both student and community activism.The Student Life, the primary student newspaper of the Claremont Colleges, covers Pitzer.

Athletics

Athletics history
Pitzer College began competing with Pomona College in 1970, when it was seven years old. The interim arrangement became permanent two years later.

Cost and financial aid
For the 2015-16 academic year, tuition is $48,400, a double room is $8,770, the 16-per-week meal plan is $6,440. About thirty-seven percent of Pitzer students receive financial assistance in loans, work study, scholarships, and/or institutional grants. Pitzer utilizes the Federal FAFSA and the CSS Profile to determine financial need, and Pitzer has stated a commitment to meeting 100% of every student's demonstrated financial need. The average financial aid package at Pitzer is $40,250. Since 2004, the College has significantly reduced the average amount of indebtedness of its students to $19,422, well below the national average of more than $35,000.

Notable alumni

Anne Archer 1969, actress
Matthew Berkowitz, filmmaker
David Bloom 1985, anchor, NBC News
Max Brooks 1994, author and lecturer, son of Mel Brooks and Anne Bancroft
Dennis Cooper, novelist, poet, critic, and performance artist
John Darnielle 1995, novelist and lead singer of The Mountain Goats
Eric Douglas American actor and stand-up comedian, son of Kirk Douglas, brother of Michael Douglas
Todd A. Eachus '85, former majority leader, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Mablean Ephriam '71, former prosecutor for the city of Los Angeles, television personality and actress
Kevin de León 2003, president of the California State Senate
Eli Erlick 2016, transgender activist, director of Trans Student Educational Resources
Susan Feniger 1976, celebrity chef and restaurateur
Tom Freund 1993, singer-songwriter and musician
Amy Gerstler 1978, poet and winner of the 1991 National Books Critics Circle Award for Bitter AngelJenniphr Goodman 1984, writer/director of The Tao of SteveSteven González 1985, Chief Justice of the Washington State Supreme Court
Matthew Karatz 1994, deputy mayor of Los Angeles
John Landgraf 1984, FX Network president
J.Lately (Jeremy Namkung) 2009, rapper
Dana Levin 1987, poet
Hunter Lovins, co-founder of Rocky Mountain Institute
Setha Low 1969, anthropologist, director of The Public Space Research Group
Jonah Matranga 1991, singer-songwriter and musician, former frontman for Far and Gratitude.
Sandra Mitchell 1973, award-winning author, professor and philosopher of science
Sharon Monsky 1975, founder of the Scleroderma Research Foundation
Dee Mosbacher, documentary filmmaker, gay rights activist, and psychiatrist
Debbie Mucarsel-Powell, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida's 26th congressional district
Matt Nathanson 1995, singer-songwriter and musician
Ashwin Navin 1998, CEO of Sambaa.
Fabian Núñez, former Speaker of the California State Assembly
Susan Patron 1969, children's author and winner of the 2007 Newbery Medal for The Higher Power of LuckyNick Simmons 2011, reality television personality, son of Gene Simmons and Shannon Tweed
Sophie Simmons reality television personality, daughter of Gene Simmons and Shannon Tweed
Michael Simpson 1986, Grammy Award-winning producer/composer; one half of the Dust Brothers
Rob Magnuson Smith 1991, author
Debra Wong Yang 1981, former United States Attorney for Central District of California; first Asian-American woman U.S. attorney
Sarah Penna 2006, Entrepreneur/Co-Founder; Big Frame & Frolic

Notable faculty
Halford Fairchild, Psychology and Black Studies
Judith Grabiner, Mathematics, history of mathematics and science. Awarded the 2014 Beckenback Book Prize for her book A Historian Looks Back: The Calculus as Algebra and Selected Writings (MAA Spectrum, 2010); Inaugural member of the 2012 Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Bert Meyers, Poetry and Literature
David Moore, Psychology, Director of the Claremont Infant Study Center and winner of the American Psychological Association's 2016 Maccoby Book Award for The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics (2015)
Gregg Popovich, men's basketball coach 1979–1986, 1987–1988
Naomi Replansky, Poet in residence
Dana Ward, Emeritus Professor of Political Studies – Founder of the Anarchy Archives, Executive Director of the International Society of Political Psychology (1998–2004).
Phil Zuckerman, Sociology and Secular Studies; expert in secularity, atheism, apostasy, and Scandinavian culture. Author of several books including Living the Secular Life'' (2014). Frequent contributor to the Huffington Post and sought after commentator for discussions on secularism by multiple media outlets.

See also
Pomona-Pitzer College Athletics

References

External links

Website of The Student Life, the 5C newspaper
Official athletics website

1963 establishments in California
Claremont Colleges
Claremont, California
Universities and colleges established in 1963
Liberal arts colleges in California
San Gabriel Valley
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Universities and colleges in Los Angeles County, California
Private universities and colleges in California

Pitzer College


Interacțiunea electroslabă este descrierea unificată a două din cele patru interacțiuni fundamentale din Univers: interacțiunea electromagnetică și interacțiunea slabă. Aceste forțe, care apar ca foarte diferite în intensitate la energiile joase întâlnite în fizica atomică și fizica nucleară, devin comparabile la energii de ordinul a 100 GeV, caracteristice fizicii particulelor elementare. Teoria interacțiunii electroslabe a fost dezvoltată, în mod independent, de Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam și Steven Weinberg.

Interacțiune
Forță
Fizica particulelor

Interacțiunea electroslabă


Yves Quéré (nascido em 1931 em Commercy)  é um físico francês e membro da Academia de Ciências.

Quéré é Professor Emérito da École Polytechnique, onde foi eleito Presidente do Departamento de Física e Presidente do Senado de Professores, e depois nomeado Diretor de Educação.

Biografia e vida pessoal
Engenheiro de minas (Paris) com doutorado em ciências, trabalhou no Commissariat à l'énergie atomique e depois na École polytechnique.

Em 1961, casou-se com France Jaulmes, escritora e teóloga. Eles têm três filhos.

Com Jean-Michel Molkhou, Philip Boenhoffer e Frédéric Fortineau, ganhou o 1º Prémio no CEM (European Chamber Music Competition).

Trabalho científico
A sua investigação centra-se na física dos materiais e em particular no estudo da interação das partículas com os sólidos e os efeitos da irradiação, situando o seu trabalho na fronteira entre a investigação académica e as aplicações.

Este trabalho teve como foco:

 Os efeitos da radiação em sólidos. Tendo descoberto o fenômeno do crescimento de urânio em temperatura muito baixa irradiado por nêutrons e explicado teoricamente (com Jean Blin) o "inchaço exagerado" por gases de fissão em combustíveis nucleares, ele desenvolveu (com Florence Rullier) o deslocamento seletivo de átomos em um binário liga, notadamente supercondutora e estudou (com Jean Leteurtre, Libero Zuppiroli e Jacques Dural) o "fluxo induzido" (por irradiação) de vários materiais metálicos e iônicos.
 O estudo de defeitos pontuais em metais e, em particular, de lacunas em prata. Ele descobriu e estudou a forte interação com os átomos de oxigênio incluídos.
 A canalização de prótons e partículas alfa em cristais. Tendo desenvolvido (com Jean Mory e Georges Désarmot) o método "canaligráfico", ele demonstrou o poder de decanalização da maioria dos defeitos cristalinos e, em particular, os deslocamentos para os quais estabeleceu a teoria e mediu o efeito.
 O desenvolvimento (com René Boucher et al.) de baterias de longa duração para marcapassos e vários dispositivos antitumorais baseados em elementos transurânicos.

Honras
Membro da Academia Francesa de Ciências desde 18 de fevereiro de 1991, foi seu delegado para as relações internacionais por oito anos. Yves Quéré foi eleito em 2000 como co-presidente do InterAcademy Panel (IAP), que é a assembleia das cerca de 100 Academias de Ciências de todo o mundo. Com Georges Charpak e Pierre Léna, esteve envolvido desde 1996 na renovação do ensino das ciências na escola, "La Main à la pâte", onde esteve particularmente envolvido na divulgação internacional (Europa, América Latina, China, África francófona...)

Foi nomeado membro da Pontifícia Academia das Ciências em 20 de dezembro de 2003. Ele foi promovido ao posto de Comandante da Légion d'Honneur em 13 de julho de 2007.

Publicações
É autor de cerca de uma centena de publicações e de vários livros, entre os quais:

 Punctual defects in metals (Masson, 1967)
 Physics of Materials (Ellipsse) and Physics of Materials (John Wiley)
 Teaching science (Odile Jacob, 2002)
 The Wisdom of the Physicist, (L'œil neuf, 2005)
 Children and science, with Georges Charpak and Pierre Léna (Odile Jacob, 2005)
 Teaching, communicating, (Le Pommier, 2008)
 Sixteenth notes (Le Pommier, 2010)
 Language and science, with Alain Bentolila (Plon, 2014)
 A shell in the hollow of the ear (Odile Jacob, 2018)

Referências

Membros da Pontifícia Academia das Ciências
Membros da Academia de Ciências da França
Professores da École Polytechnique
Alunos da École Polytechnique
Físicos da França

Yves Quéré


An Mapania moseleyi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Mapania moseleyi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mapania, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mapania

Mapania moseleyi


Mısır mitolojisinde tanrıça Nuit (veya Nut), Şu ve Tefnut'un kızları, Geb'in eşi, yeryüzünün tanrısıdır. Gündüz gökyüzünün ve bulutların yaratıldığı yerin tanrıçasıdır. Daha sonraki dönemlerde, yalnızca gündüz değil genel olarak gökyüzünün tanrıçası oldu. Güneş ve Ay onun vücudu etrafında dolaşarak, gündüz ve geceyi meydana getirirlerdi. Nut'u gökyüzünde Hava Tanrısı olan Shu tutuyordu. Nut'un kocası olan Tanrı Geb ise dünyaya hükmediyordu. Nut'un piramitlerde ki kazı çalışmalarında çıkartılmış olan heykeli Louvre Müzesi'ndedir.

Nuit'in Geb'den dört çocuğu oldu. Osiris ve onun eşi İsis, Set ve onun eşi Nephthys.

Mısır tanrıçaları
Hava ve gök tanrıçaları
Kişiselleştirmeler
Gece tanrıçaları
Ana tanrıçalar

Nuit


Dilek Gürsoy (nascida em 1976) é uma cirurgiã cardíaca alemã de ascendência turca. Em 2012, ela se tornou a primeira cirurgiã na Europa a implantar um coração artificial. Ela foi homenageada como uma das 100 mulheres da BBC em dezembro de 2022.

Vida pregressa
Dilek Gürsoy nasceu em 1976, em Neuss, na Alemanha, filha de pais que emigraram em 1969 de Fatsa, Ordu, na Turquia, para trabalhar na Alemanha como trabalhadores convidados (Gastarbeiter). Um de seus dois irmãos morreu durante a infância. Seu pai morreu de morte súbita cardíaca quando ela tinha dez anos. Sua mãe, Zeynep, trabalhava na linha de montagem da fábrica de Pierburg. Dilek foi criada por sua mãe, que aprendeu a ler e escrever sozinha, porque não teve permissão para ir à escola em sua infância na Turquia. Durante a pré-escola no jardim de infância, ela aprendeu a língua alemã e conheceu um casal alemão, que serviu de guia no mundo alemão e na sociedade de sua cidade natal. Ela fez o primário I na Martin-Luther-Grundschule e o ensino médio no Quirinus-Gymnasium, em Neuss. Ela foi a primeira da família a ir para a universidade, onde se concentrou em cirurgia cardiovascular. Desde a infância, ela dizia que queria ser cirurgiã.

Carreira médica
Após se formar na Universidade de Düsseldorf, ela trabalhou como médica assistente, especialista e diretora médica assistente. Além disso, ela trabalhou com Reiner Körfer, em Bad Oeynhausen, Essen e Duisburgo, na Alemanha, para desenvolver um novo tipo de coração artificial sem fios e fontes externas de energia. Em 2017, ela trabalhou em Bremen.  Desde março de 2019, ela trabalha como cirurgiã consultora e como diretora do programa LVAD no departamento de cirurgia cardíaca da Helios-clinic em Siegburg.

Prêmios
Depois de ficar curiosa sobre o trabalho de Dilek, a chanceler da Alemanha, Angela Merkel, a convidou para uma conversa em 21 de setembro de 2017. Em 18 de novembro de 2019, ela foi nomeada ao prêmio "Medizinerin des Jahres 2019" ("Médicas do Ano de 2019") pelo Clube Médico Alemão por ter sido a primeira médica na Europa a implantar um coração artificial. Ela também foi homenageada como uma das 100 mulheres da BBC em dezembro de 2022.

Vida privada
Dilek gosta de morar em sua cidade natal, Neuss. Ela volta para a cidade natal nos finais de semana, quando tem que trabalhar em outra cidade.

Ela é torcedora do Borussia Mönchengladbach, é sócia do clube e possui ingresso para a temporada.

Referências

Alemães de ascendência turca
Nascidos em 1976
Pessoas vivas
!CS1 alemão-fontes em língua (de)
!CS1 turco-fontes em língua (tr)
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2022
Alunos da Universidade de Düsseldorf

Dilek Gürsoy


Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (13. maj 1905 – 11. februar 1977) var en indisk politiker, der var Indiens præsident fra 1974 til 1977. Han var medlem af Det Indiske Kongresparti. Ahmed var den anden indiske præsident, der døde i embedet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Indiens præsidenter
Politikere fra Indien

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed


Mary Elizabeth Scanlon CBE (* 25. Mai 1947 in Dundee) ist eine schottische Politikerin und Mitglied der Conservative Party.

Scanlon besuchte die Craigo Secondary School in Montrose und ging dann an die Universität Dundee, die sie als Master in Wirtschaftslehre und Politik sowie mit einem Diplom in Personalmanagement abschloss. Zwischen 1983 und 1988 war sie als Dozentin für Ökonomie und Management am Perth College tätig und wechselte dann bis 1994 an das Dundee Institute of Technology. Zuletzt war sie bis 1999 Dozentin am Inverness College der Universität der Highlands and Islands.

Politischer Werdegang
Erstmals trat Scanlon bei den Unterhauswahlen 1992 zu nationalen Wahlen an. In ihrem Wahlkreis North East Fife erhielt sie jedoch nur die zweithöchste Stimmenanzahl und verpasste damit den Einzug in das Britische Unterhaus. Bei den Unterhauswahlen 1997 bewarb sie sich dann um das Direktmandat des Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber, erhielt aber nur die vierthöchste Stimmenanzahl.

Bei den Parlamentswahlen 1999 kandidierte Scanlon im Wahlkreis Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber, konnte aber nur 14,6 % der Stimmen auf sich vereinen. Da Scanlon auch auf der Regionalwahlliste der Konservativen für die Wahlregion Highlands and Islands stand, zog sie infolge des Wahlergebnisses als einer von sieben Regionalkandidaten in das neugeschaffene Schottische Parlament ein. Bei den Parlamentswahlen 2003 verpasste sie abermals das Direktmandat von Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber deutlich, verteidigte jedoch ihren Parlamentssitz für Highlands and Islands.

Am 21. März 2006 verstarb die Abgeordneter des Wahlkreises Moray, Margaret Ewing, weshalb am 27. April 2006 Nachwahlen in diesem Wahlkreis stattfanden. Um bei dieser Wahl kandidieren zu können, gab Scanlon ihr Mandat zurück, das bis zum Ende der Legislaturperiode von ihrem Parteikollegen David Petrie übernommen wurde. Bei der Nachwahl erhielt Scanlon nur die zweithöchste Stimmenanzahl. Das Direktmandat gewann Richard Lochhead von der SNP. Abermals bewarb sich Scanlon bei den Parlamentswahlen 2007 um das Mandat des Wahlkreises Moray, verpasste dieses jedoch deutlich. Hingegen errang sie ihr zuvor aufgegebenes Listenmandat für Highlands and Islands zurück und zog wieder in das Parlament ein. Bei den Parlamentswahlen 2011 verteidigte sie ihr Mandat. Zu den Parlamentswahlen 2016 trat Scanlon nicht mehr an und schied zum Ende der Wahlperiode aus dem schottischen Parlament aus.

Scanlon ist langjährige gesundheitspolitische Sprecherin der Conservative Party. Im Schattenkabinett der Konservativen war sie als Gesundheitsministerin vorgesehen.

Weblinks
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Mitglied der Scottish Conservative Party
Commander des Order of the British Empire
Schotte
Brite
Geboren 1947
Frau

Mary Scanlon (Politikerin, 1947)


Sklop kuća Dešković u mjestu Pučišćima, Trg sv. Jeronima 4, predstavlja zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Sklop kuća Dešković južno od župne crkve u Pučišćima nastaje tijekom 18. st. objedinjavanjem kuća Ivellio i kaštela Pinezić uz kulu s renesansnim obrambenim elementima. Kamene dvokatnice s potkrovljima pokrivene kamenom pločom na reprezentativnoj strani imaju zatvoreno dvorište s terasom i balkonom na drugom katu, a u začelju prema prostranom vrtu trijem na lukovima. U kući je rođen kipar Branislav Dešković (1883. – 1939.). Sklop je nedavno preuređen u reprezentativni hotel.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3241 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Pučišćima

Sklop kuća Dešković u Pučišćima


Podlesni  es un jútor del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del río Kubán, 19 km al este de Gulkévichi y 159 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai.  Tenía 34 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Ventsy-Zariá.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Подлесный (Сельское поселение Венцы–Заря, Гулькевичский район).
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Gulkévichi del krai de Krasnodar

Podlesni (Ventsy-Zariá, Gulkévichi, Krasnodar)


Patrol Craft Escort (PCE) war die Bezeichnung der US Navy für Geleit-U-Jagd-Boote, einen während des Zweiten Weltkrieges entwickelten und eingesetzten Militärschiffstyp, der eine preisgünstigere und schneller einsatzfähige Alternative zu den größeren Geleitzerstörern darstellen sollte.

Da Mitte 1942, also ein halbes Jahr nach Kriegseintritt der Vereinigten Staaten, immer noch nicht genügend Geleitzerstörer zur effektiven Absicherung der alliierten Konvois gegen deutsche und japanische U-Boote zur Verfügung standen, wurde die Fertigung der PCE-Klasse beschlossen. Diese Geleit-U-Jagd-Boote waren zwar kleiner als Geleitzerstörer, dafür jedoch wesentlich schneller und günstiger zu bauen. Sie basierten auf den vielseitig einsetzbaren Minensuchbooten der Admirable-Klasse, die seit Anfang 1942 produziert wurden.

Die Einheiten wurden in vier Unterklassen eingeteilt, die jedoch nahezu baugleich sind: Die PCE-827-Klasse umfasste 15 Schiffe, die allesamt im Rahmen des Lend-Lease-Abkommens an die Royal Navy übergeben und dort als Kil-Klasse genutzt wurden. Die PCE-842-Klasse stellte mit 40 gebauten PCEs die größte Baureihe dar. Die 13 Einheiten der PCE(R)-848-Klasse ("R" für Rescue) wurden als kleine Hospitalschiffe genutzt. Die PCE-905-Klasse wurde nie wie geplant eingesetzt, da die Schiffe bereits während des Baus zu Admirable-Minensuchern umgerüstet wurden bzw. man den Großteil stornierte. Insgesamt wurden 68 Geleit-U-Jagd-Boote fertiggestellt.

Die PCEs waren mit 56 Metern (184 Fuß, 6 Inch) Länge zwar nur wenig größer als die gewöhnlichen U-Jagd-Boote der PC-461-Klasse, besaßen jedoch mit etwa 900 Tonnen die doppelte Verdrängung. Sie erreichten eine Geschwindigkeit von 15,7 Knoten und hatten 99 bzw. 100 Mann Besatzung. Im Gegensatz zu den gewöhnlichen U-Jagd-Booten, die nur in Küstennähe verwendet wurden, wurden die PCEs aufgrund ihrer Geleitaufgaben auch in Hochsee eingesetzt, wo sie heftig mit dem Seegang zu kämpfen hatten und deshalb auch stabiler gefertigt werden mussten als die üblichen Patrouillenschiffe. Die Standardbewaffnung der Schiffe umfasste ein 3"/50-Schiffsgeschütz, drei 40-mm-Zwillingsgeschütze, fünf 20-mm-MGs, zwei Wasserbombenablaufgestelle, vier Wasserbombenmörser und einen Hedgehog.

Mehrere PCEs wurden zu Führungsschiffen für Landungsoperationen (Amphibious Control Vessels, PCE(C)) umgebaut; des Weiteren wurden drei Einheiten der PCE(R)-848-Klasse zu Kommunikationsschiffen umgerüstet, da die dort vorhandenen großen Sanitätsräume ideal für den Einbau von technischen Geräten geeignet waren.

Nach dem Weltkrieg wurden die meisten PCEs schnell ausgemustert. Viele wurden an verbündete Staaten abgegeben, darunter 8 an Südkorea, 7 an Mexiko, 5 an die Philippinen, je 3 an die Republik China und Südvietnam und je 2 an Burma, Ecuador und Kuba. Die drei südvietnamesischen Boote gelangten 1975 ebenfalls auf die Philippinen, dort wurde aus den PCE- und Admirable-Einheiten die Miguel-Malvar-Korvettenklasse geschaffen. Vier Einheiten wurden zeitweise von der US Coast Guard genutzt. In den 1950er-Jahren erhielten dann die bei der Navy verbliebenen Boote neben der bisherigen Nummer auch eigene Namen.

Neben den oben genannten vier Klassen wurde auch die Anfang der 1950er-Jahre im Rahmen des Military Defense Assistance Pact für die niederländische Marine gebaute PCE-1604-Klasse (Roofdier-Klasse) von der Navy als PCE klassifiziert, diese unterscheidet sich jedoch erheblich von den restlichen Einheiten und wird daher gesondert betrachtet.

Schiffsliste
PCE-827-Klasse (Kil-Klasse):
 HMS Kilbernie (BEC1) (PCE-827)
 HMS Kilbride (BEC2) (PCE-828)
 HMS Kilchatten (BEC3) (PCE-829)
 HMS Kilchernan (BEC04) (PCE-830)
 HMS Kildary (BEC5)  (PCE-831)
 HMS Kildwick (BEC6)  (PCE-832)
 HMS Kilham (BEC7)  (PCE-833)
 HMS Kilkenzie (BEC8)  (PCE-834)
 HMS Kilhampton (BEC9)  (PCE-835)
 HMS Kilmacolm (BEC10)  (PCE-836)
 HMS Kilmarnok (BEC11)  (PCE-837)
 HMS Kilmartin (BEC12)  (PCE-838)
 HMS Kilmelford (BEC13)  (PCE-839)
 HMS Kilmington (BEC14)  (PCE-840)
 HMS Kilmore (BEC15)  (PCE-841)

PCE-842-Klasse:

 USS PCE-842 (ursprünglich als PCE(Rescue) geplant, später Marfa genannt, 1961 als Tang Po an Südkorea, 1967 von Nordkorea versenkt)
 USS PCE-843 (ursprünglich als PCE(Rescue) geplant, später Skowhegan genannt)
 USS PCE-844 (ursprünglich als PCE(Rescue) geplant, 1947 als Pedro Sainz De Barandas an Mexiko)
 USS PCE-845 (ursprünglich als PCE(Rescue) geplant, später Worland genannt, 1994 als künstliches Riff versenkt)
 USS PCE-846 (ursprünglich als PCE(Rescue) geplant, später Eunice genannt, 1960 als Esmeraldes an Ecuador)
 USS PCE-847 (ursprünglich als PCE(Rescue) geplant, 1947 als David Porter an Mexiko)
 Nummer 848 bis 860 siehe PCE(R)-848-Klasse
 PCE-861 bis PCE-866 nicht gebaut
 USS PCE-867 (1948 als Yung Tai an die Republik China)
 USS PCE-868 (1947 als Virgilio Uribe an Mexiko)
 USS PCE-869 (1946 als Yung Hsin an die Republik China, später Wei Yuan)
 USS PCE-870 (später Dania genannt, 1961 als Pyok Pa an Südkorea)
 USS PCE-871 (1947 als Blas Godinez an Mexiko)
 USS PCE-872 (1947 als Caribe an Kuba)
 USS PCE-873 (umklassifiziert zu PCE(C), 1974 als Han San an Südkorea)
 USS PCE-874 (später Pascagoula genannt, 1960 als Manabi an Ecuador)
 USS PCE-875 (1947 als Tomas Marin an Mexiko)
 USS PCE-876 (als YDG-8 in Dienst gestellt, später Lodestone (ADG-8))
 USS PCE-877 (umklassifiziert zu PCE(C), später Trainingsschiff und umbenannt in Havre)
 USS PCE-878 (später Minenleger Buttress (ACM-4))
 USS PCE-879 (als YDG-9 in Dienst gestellt, später Magnet (ADG-9), 1976 als Zielschiff versenkt)
 USS PCE-880 (später Ely genannt)
 USS PCE-881 (1948 als Cebu an die Philippinen)
 USS PCE-882 (umklassifiziert zu PCE(C), 1974 als Ro Ryang an Südkorea)
 USS PCE-883 (später YDG-10 und Deperm (ADG-10), 1982 als Zielschiff versenkt)
 USS PCE-884 (1948 als Negros Occidental an die Philippinen)
 USS PCE-885 (1948 als Leyte an die Philippinen)
 USS PCE-886 (umklassifiziert zu PCE(C), später Banning genannt)
 PCE-887 bis PCE-890 nicht gebaut
 USS PCE-891 (1948 als Pangasinan  an die Philippinen)
 USS PCE-892 (später Trainingsschiff und Somerset genannt, 1961 als Ryul Po an Südkorea)
 USS PCE-893 (1947 als Siboney an Kuba)
 USS PCE-894 (später Farmington genannt, 1965 als Yan Taing Aung an Burma)
 USS PCE-895 (später Crestview genannt, 1961 als Dong Da II an Südvietnam, 1975 auf die Philippinen geflohen und in Sultan Kudarat umbenannt)
 USS PCE-896 (umklassifiziert zu PCE(C), 1964 an die Coast Guard, 1974 an Südkorea)
 USS PCE-897 (1948 als  Iloilo an die Philippinen)
 USS PCE-898 (umklassifiziert zu PCE(C), 1974 als Okpo an Südkorea)
 USS PCE-899 (später Lamar genannt, 1964 an die Coast Guard)
 USS PCE-890 (später Groton genannt)
 USS PCE-891 (als USS Parris Island (AG-72) in Dienst gestellt)
 USS PCE-892 (später Portage genannt)
 USS PCE-893 (später Batesburg genannt, 1961 als Sa Chon an Südkorea)
 USS PCE-894 (später Gettysburg genannt)

PCE(R)-848-Klasse:

 USS PCE(R)-848 (zu einem Kommunikationsschiff umgebaut, 1944 bei Neuguinea durch einen Luftangriff beschädigt)
 USS PCE(R)-849 (zu einem Kommunikationsschiff umgebaut, später Somersworth genannt, zum Experimentalschiff EPCE(R) umklassifiziert)
 USS PCE(R)-850 (zu einem Kommunikationsschiff umgebaut, später Fairview genannt, zum Experimentalschiff EPCE(R) umklassifiziert)
 USS PCE(R)-851 (später Rockville genannt, zum Experimentalschiff EPCE(R) umklassifiziert, 1969 als San Andres an Kolumbien)
 USS PCE(R)-852 (später Brattleboro genannt, zum Experimentalschiff EPCE(R) umklassifiziert, 1966 als Ngoc Hoi an Südvietnam, 1975 auf die Philippinen geflohen und in Miguel Malvar umbenannt)
 USS PCE(R)-853 (später Amherst genannt, 1970 als Van Kiep II an Südvietnam, 1975 auf die Philippinen geflohen und in Datu Marikudo umbenannt)
 USS PCE(R)-854
 USS PCE(R)-855 (später Rexburg genannt, zum Experimentalschiff EPCE(R) umklassifiziert)
 USS PCE(R)-856 (später Whitehall genannt)
 USS PCE(R)-857 (später Marysville genannt, zum Experimentalschiff EPCE(R) umklassifiziert)
 USS PCE(R)-858 (1946 als USCGC Jackson (WPC-120) an die Coast Guard)
 USS PCE(R)-859
 USS PCE(R)-860 (1946 als USCGC Bedloe (WPC-121) an die Coast Guard)

PCE-905-Klasse (Admirable-Minensucher):

 USS Execute (AM-232) (PCE-905, 1962 als DM-03 an Mexiko, später General Juan N. Méndez)
 USS Facility (AM-233) (PCE-906, 1962 als DM-04 an Mexiko)
 USS Gavia (AM-363) (PCE-907, 1946 als Yung Chun an die Republik China)
 USS Fixity (AM-235) (PCE-908)
 USS Flame (AM-236) (PCE-909)
 USS Fortify (AM-237) (PCE-910)
 USS Adjutant (AM-351) (PCE-911)
 USS Bittern (AM-352) (PCE-912)
 USS Breakhorn (AM-353) (PCE-913)
 USS Cariama (AM-354) (PCE-914)
 USS Chukor (AM-355) (PCE-915)
 USS Creddock (AM-356) (PCE-916, 1967 als Yan Gyi Aung an Burma)
 USS Dipper (AM-357) (PCE-917)
 USS Dotterel (AM-358) (PCE-918)
 USS Drake (AM-359) (PCE-919, unmittelbar nach Fertigstellung zum Hilfsschiff YDG-11 umgerüstet, später Ampere (ADG-11))
 USS Driver (AM-360) (PCE-920)
 PCE-921 bis PCE-934 nicht gebaut
 PCE-935 bis PCE-946 zu PCE(R) umgerüstet, aber nicht fertiggestellt
 PCE-947 bis PCE-976 nicht gebaut

Weblinks

 GlobalSecurity.org - PCE - Patrol Escort
 uboat.net - Patrol Craft Escort class
 NavSource: Submarine Chaser

Militärschiffsklasse (Vereinigte Staaten)
Patrouillenbootsklasse

PCE-Klasse


සටහන: සමහරවිට,  '90ගණන් යන්න, 1990ගණන්, 1890ගණන් හෝ, විවිධ සියවස්හී අනෙකුත් එවැනි දශක සඳහා කෙටියෙදුම් ලෙසින් භාවිතා වෙයි– දශක ලැයිස්තුව බලන්න

90 දශකය


Fındıklı, Samsun ilinin Salıpazarı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Köy 1984 yılına kadar Cevizli Köyü'nün bir mahallesiydi. 1984 yılında kendi mahallesini oluşturdu. Gerçek ismi Kuzköy'dur. Ama resmiyette Cevizli Köyü'nün ismiyle bağlantılı olsun diye ismi Fındıklı koyulmuştur.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 60 km, Salıpazarı ilçesine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Fındıklı Köyü toprakları tarım açısından oldukça zengindir, köy halkı geçimini fındıktan sağlamaktadır, yılın her temmuz, ağustos ayı fındık toplama mevsimidir.

Köyün en kalabalık olduğu dönemlerde fındık toplama mevsimidir, fındık toplama mevsiminde köy nüfusu %200 - %300 artmaktadır.

Akarsu bakımından da oldukça zengindir. Karanlık göl, hibe gölü, koca köprü, çanaklı göl, sütlü göl bu akarsuların belirli bölümlerine verilmiş isimlerdir.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Fındıklı Mahallesi (Köyü) Web Sitesi
Fındıklı Mahallesi (Köyü) İnstagram
Fındıklı Mahallesi (Köyü) Facebook

Salıpazarı'nın mahalleleri

Fındıklı, Salıpazarı


El Arroyo Valizas es un pequeño curso de agua uruguayo ubicado en el departamento de Rocha.

Une a la Laguna de Castillos con el Océano Atlántico, recorre alrededor de 11 km, en su tramo final se encuentra un balneário denominado Barra de Valizas.

El tramo comprendido entre el puente sobre la ruta 10 y la desembocadura en el océano sirve como límite al parque nacional Cabo Polonio.

Referencias

Ríos y arroyos de Rocha

Arroyo Valizas


Trade justice is a campaign by non-governmental organisations, plus efforts by other actors, to change the rules and practices of world trade in order to promote fairness. These organizations include consumer groups, trade unions, faith groups, aid agencies and environmental groups.

The organizations campaigning for trade justice posit this concept in opposition to free trade. Supporters of free trade, typically those in economics, business, lobbying, and the mainstream press, trust in the "invisible hand" of the market to provide on its own for the needs of societies around the world. Fundamental to their beliefs is the value of individual liberty, believed to be the least infringed upon when the market is used to replace most of the centralized government's responsibilities of allocating resources. They tend to support neoliberal policies of privatization, deregulation, and tax cuts, and on the international trade level, policies that loosen restrictions on corporations' ability to trade and make profits across borders. Rupert argues that because free trade advocates placed themselves on the side of "science," they would label activists as ignorant, protectionist, and selfish. Activists would be designated as "anti-globalization," a term first coined by New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman.

Trade justice advocates are not anti-globalization, but are instead against corporate-centered trade liberalization which ignores labor, environmental, and human rights. They argue that truly free trade does not and will never exist, and that governmental policies on trade should be in the public interest, rather than the interest of wealthy entities who they argue try to influence trade negotiation to benefit their individual interests. Rupert argues that they are cautious of the spread of neoliberal policies to the point where the power of private corporations will be enhanced to the point of "business totalitarianism". Advocates of trade justice argue that growing inequity and serious gaps in social justice, and the global export of terrorism, are symptoms of an economic system that permits harms to be exported to other countries, while importing their goods. They point to extinction, deforestation, social unrest, as consequences of globalization, and in particular of an "unfair" globalization. In the past, the responses sought by critics of the international trade system included various penalties on "unfair" goods. This argument generally made little headway against the long-term movement towards free trade; imposition of penalties for "dumping" was sometimes motivated by domestic political reasons such as the United States imposition of steel tariffs in 2001).

Today, the trade justice movement concentrates more on the abolition of agricultural subsidies and dumping, and to a much lesser extent on offsetting penalties on "unfair" goods. Indeed, although there are many who are still critical of free trade in general, there is a trend towards campaigning against what is seen as hypocrisy by developed countries in using protectionism against the poorest countries, especially in agricultural products, while requiring them to leave their own producers without protection.

Trade justice movement

The Trade Justice Movement in the UK was the first formal coalition of groups to use the term "trade justice" (partly because in the UK, "fair trade" usually refers to Fairtrade certification and is a consumer model of change rather than an overtly political movement calling for government action). The term trade justice has been widely adopted internationally by campaign groups, for example by the over 100 national platforms of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty where it is one of the four main demands. In many countries "fair trade" is used as well as or instead of "trade justice".

The global institutions that are most often targeted in trade justice campaigns against the alleged injustices of the current international trade system are the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB). Campaigners also lobby their own governments with the intention of creating pressure on them to prioritise poverty reduction when making international trade rules. In trading blocs such as the European Union (EU), the campaigns seek to influence policy across a number of member state governments.

"Trade Justice" and "Fair Trade" were originally used by those supporting social justice and the alleviation of the intense poverty found in many developing nations. They contrasted "fair trade" with 'unfair' international trade practices. It is associated particularly with labour unions and environmentalists, in their criticism of disparities between the protections for capital versus those for labour and the environment. The use of the term has expanded beyond campaigns to reform current trading practices, and the major institutions such as the World Trade Organization which embody them. Now it has become a movement to allow consumers to choose not to participate in these practices. Fairtrade labelling or "Fairtrade certification" allows consumers to identify goods especially commodities such as coffee, that meet certain agreed standards of fairness.

Framing
Ayres argues that generating a clear consensus between different groups in the trade justice movement is straightforward for "diagnostic framing"– identifying the problem and its many identifiable negative effects. They can agree that free trade policies have contributed to the rising debt of developing countries, the widening wealth gaps, economic instability, environmental degradation, human rights abuses, and poverty. Organizations have difficulty consolidating a "prognostic framing"– how advocates should go about actually solving the problems they have identified. Some hope to reform the WTO and include rights considerations in trade agreements, while others hope for more extreme measures. When it comes to strategies, some lean more towards collaborating with existing powers through NGOs, while others hope to make change through grassroots organization and protesting.

Issues

Academics such as Thomas Alured Faunce argue that the insertion of a constructive ambiguity such as valuing innovation in bilateral trade agreements (and then according normative and ongoing lobbying power to such textual negotiating truces by formally linking them with non-violation nullification of benefits provisions) may undermine democratic sovereignty with regard to construction of domestic policy, particularly in areas such as the environment and public health. This view is strenuously contested by trade law officials and many domestic policy makers.

"The mostly widely referred to demand of trade justice campaigners is access to the markets of developed countries or rich countries. When developing countries export to developed country markets, they often face tariff barriers that can be as much as four times higher than those encountered by developed countries. Poverty claims that those barriers cost poor countries $100 billion a year – twice as much as they receive in aid."

The term "trade justice" emphasizes that even if the playing field were level, instead of tilted against developing countries, the poorest developing countries in particular would still struggle to gain from trade if forced to trade under free trade terms.  This is because of their overwhelming lack of competitiveness – poor countries do not have huge stocks of exports waiting to be shipped to rich countries, instead most small farmers want to be able to sell their goods locally.

Subsidies
Most trade justice campaigners focus in some way on the agricultural subsidies of rich countries that make it difficult for farmers in poor countries to compete.  For example, they argue that the European Union's agricultural export subsidies encourage overproduction of goods such as tomatoes or sugar, which are then sold cheaply or 'dumped' in poor countries. Local farmers cannot sell their goods as cheaply and go out of business.

The campaign points to the treatment of agriculture at the WTO, which has institutionalized these injustices. In the few instances where developing countries have used the complex and expensive WTO process to declare subsidies (e.g. US cotton subsidies) excessive, developed countries ignore these rulings, which the WTO itself does not enforce. Recently rich countries have begun to talk about cutting export subsidies, but they often demand greater access to poor country markets in return.

The Impact of Trade on the Environment
According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), there is both a positive and negative impact of trade on the environment. On the one hand, economic growth from trade can negatively affect the environment in two ways. First, economic growth increases pollution due to natural resource extraction. As the world looks to transition towards a more environmentally friendly economy, global demand for lithium-ion batteries – a key component in electric vehicles – is expected to reach 2.2 million tonnes by 2030. The extractivism required to mine lithium leads to air, water, and soil pollution due to the toxic chemicals used during the mining process, and the depletion of local water reserves. Second, trade liberalization can lead to specialization in pollution-intensive sectors if environmental regulations are different across countries (pollution haven hypothesis). Conversely, economic growth stemming from trade increases the capacity of a country to manage the environment more efficiently and stricter environmental regulations in certain countries have a spillover effect that will force suppliers to adapt to environmentally conscious markets. These environmental policies create markets for environmental goods to be exported to countries that follow the same standards.

Challenges for Environmental Protection in Trade
Environmental justice efforts are a significant component of the trade justice movement. The principle of free trade based on economic opportunity for all ignores the environmental degradation that comes as a result. Moreover, power imbalances within the WTO, the United Nations and other international governing bodies have allowed developed countries to control environmental trade regulations. This has led to disagreements regarding whether environmentalism protects the global South and its resources or is an imperialist tool to stunt the economic and industrial growth of developing nations. In particular, the former argument states that "robust environmental regulation" is needed to protect the "natural resource base upon which the South relies for survival." However, others claim that international governing bodies cannot set environmental policy based on equality rather than equity; these policies cannot overlook the fact that the global North's consumption habits are the primary cause of environmental degradation. Environmental burdens must be distributed proportionately for environmentalism to not be used as a neo-imperial tool. This perspective has been enhanced by controversies of the Summers memo and many instances of improper waste disposal in the Global South based on weak political infrastructures that allow large organizations to avoid strict regulation."While Southern elites can insulate themselves to some extent from the consequences of the waste trade by moving into more pristine communities with better access to clean air and water and uncontaminated land, it is the poor who must suffer the consequences of environmental degradation. Far from being a luxury, environmental protection is necessary to preserve the health, safety and well-being of the Southern poor."Despite a push by the OECD to increase demand for environmental products and technology, thereby complementing trade with environmental policy, examples as recent as fall 2021 show nations disregarding these considerations. A leaked document from the UK's Department for International Trade says that trade negotiators should prioritize economic growth over the environment in trade deals. This document comes after it was found that the UK dropped climate related promises to finalize a trade deal with Australia.

Ultimately, the debate continues as environmentalists prioritize environmental protection over economic growth and governing bodies and organizations stall to implement binding policy. Many researchers and environmental groups demand increased transparency and participation from non-governmental stakeholders in policy adjudication.

The Future of Environmental Trade
The challenge for the Trade Justice movement, particularly from an environmental perspective, is embedding principles of environmental stewardship that inspires a new generation of trade agreements. Previous free trade deals have favoured investor rights that disregard environmental concerns. Professors from Saint Mary's University in Halifax argue that future treaties must have rules with enforceable commitments and dispute settling bodies, such as those found at the WTO, and not the voluntary actions undertaken in treaties like The Paris Agreement. The authors assert that multilateral forums found in the UN are perceived as places where progressive agendas go to die as they are hindered by opposition or disinterest from powerful states who prioritize their national interests over the common good. A solution is to strengthen the language surrounding environmental regulations in treaties to match those found in the investment rights sections of trade deals.

See also
Corporate development
Dumping (pricing policy)
Economic development
Fair trade
International development
Social development
Sociocultural evolution
Trade and development

References

External links

International development
Economic ideologies
Environmental justice
Fair trade
Social justice
World economy

Trade justice