Ibrahim Rugova (; 2 December 1944 – 21 January 2006) was a Kosovo Albanian politician, scholar, and writer, who served as the President of the partially recognised Republic of Kosova, serving from 1992 to 2000 and as President of Kosovo from 2002 until his death in 2006. He oversaw a popular struggle for independence, advocating a peaceful resistance to Yugoslav rule and lobbying for U.S. and European support, especially during the Kosovo War.

He founded the political party Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) in 1989. The LDK, which had the support of 90% of the ethnic Albanian population of Kosovo, advocated for Kosovo's independence by peaceful means. The party established a shadow government that provided basic government and social services to the Kosovo Albanian population, including education and health care, in effect creating a parallel state. In May 1992, Rugova was elected President of this parallel state. In March 2002, with the United Nations Mission in Kosovo administering the province, he was elected President of Kosovo. He held this position until his death in January 2006, and was posthumously declared a Hero of Kosovo. He is sometimes referred to as Ati Kombit ("Father of the Nation") in Kosovo.

Family and early life
Ibrahim Rugova was born on 2 December 1944 to a family that is a branch of the Kelmendi Albanian clan. At this time, the major part of Kosovo was unified with Albania (controlled by Benito Mussolini's Italy since 1941, and later by the Germans from 1943). Yugoslav control was re-established towards the end of November 1944 when the area was liberated by the Bulgarian Army and Yugoslav partisans who defeated Albanian collaborators. His father Ukë Rugova and his paternal grandfather Rrustë Rugova were summarily executed in January 1945 by Yugoslav communists. Rugova finished primary school in Istok and high school in Peja, graduating in 1967.

He strongly emphasized the heritage of ancient Dardania, an independent kingdom and later-turned Roman province that included modern-day Kosovo, to strengthen the country's identity and to promote his policy of closer relations with the West. He studied literature at the University of Prishtina and the University of Paris, and received a doctorate with a dissertation on Albanian literary criticism. As a student, he participated in a civil rights movement for the Albanians and formally joined the Communist League of Yugoslavia. Thereby, he worked as editor of prestigious literary and scholarly publications and research fellow at the Institute of Albanian Studies; in 1988, he was elected president of the Kosovo Writers Union.

He moved on to the newly established University of Pristina, where he was a student in the Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Albanian Studies and participated in the 1968 Kosovo Protests. He graduated in 1971 and re-enrolled as a research student concentrating on literary theory. As part of his studies, he spent two years (1976–1977) at the École Pratique des Hautes Études of the University of Paris, where he studied under Roland Barthes. He received his doctorate in 1984 after delivering his thesis, The Directions and Premises of Albanian Literary Criticism, 1504–1983.

Rugova was active as a journalist throughout the 1970s, editing the student newspaper Bota e Re ("New World") and the magazine Dituria ("Knowledge"). He also worked in the Institute for Albanian Studies in Pristina, where he became the editor-in-chief of its periodical, Gjurmime albanologjike ("Albanian Research"). He formally joined the Yugoslav Communist Party during this period. Rugova managed to make a name for himself, publishing a number of works on literary theory, criticism and history as well as his own poetry. His output earned him recognition as a leading member of Kosovo's Albanian intelligentsia and in 1988 he was elected chairman of the Kosovo Writers' Union (KWU).

Presidency

As president, Rugova continued to support his non-violent path to independence even as proponents of an armed resistance formed the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) to counter increasing Serbian oppression on the ethnic Albanians. In 1998, Rugova secured a second term as president, but was placed at odds with the KLA as the Kosovo War broke out. In 1999, he participated in the failed Rambouillet talks, as a member of the Kosovar delegation, seeking an end to the hostilities. Having resided in the capital Pristina during his entire presidency, Rugova was taken prisoner by the state authorities after NATO began its U.S.-led aerial campaign against Yugoslav atrocities in Kosovo. Rugova was exiled to Rome in May 1999 and returned to Kosovo in the summer of that year, shortly after the end of the war.

Rugova remained nominal president of the republic with Bujar Bukoshi as his Prime Minister; meanwhile, Hashim Thaçi, a former KLA commander, had been leading a provisional government since April that year. Effective power, however, was in the hands of the United Nations administration. In 2000, Rugova and Thaçi agreed to relinquish their positions and to work on creating provisional institutions of self-government until Kosovo's final status was decided. Rugova was elected president of Kosovo by the newly formed parliament in 2002 and again in 2005. While his pre-war popularity had certainly diminished, he remained the most powerful leader in the country until his death from lung cancer in 2006.

Political career

Rugova entered politics in 1989, when he assumed the leadership of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), a newly formed political party that opposed the nullification of Kosovo's autonomy in the former Yugoslavia. In 1992, Rugova won the first presidential election in the Republic of Kosova, an unrecognised state declared in secret by members of Kosovo's former assembly within Yugoslavia. Serbia, led by Slobodan Milošević, retained effective power in Kosovo throughout most of the 1990s, but did not secure the full cooperation of the Albanian population. The Republic of Kosova collected donations from Kosovars at home and abroad and set up parallel institutions, including independent, albeit often clandestine, educational and healthcare systems for the ethnic Albanians.

The 1980s saw escalating tension within Kosovo with dissatisfaction by Serbs regarding their treatment at the hands of the Kosovan authorities, and resentment from those same authorities towards the lack of powers devolved to them from Belgrade, Yugoslavia's capital. Since 1974, the Socialist Republic of Serbia's local authority had no constitutional rule over Kosovo. In 1989, unilateral measures taken by Serbian President Milošević shattered Kosovo's autonomy by reverting it to its pre-1974 status. A harsh system was imposed, leading to widespread violations of human rights and the repression of dissenters. An estimated 130,000 Kosovo Albanians were sacked from their jobs and the police in particular were almost completely purged of Albanians. There were numerous reports of extrajudicial beatings, torture and killings, attracting strong criticism from human rights groups and other countries.

Milošević's actions were strongly opposed by the Kosovo Albanian political élite (including the local Communist Party now stripped of authorities), by ethnic Albanians and by Milošević's counterparts in Yugoslavia's other republics. Members of the abolished Kosovo assembly met to declare an independent Kosovo, the Republic of Kosova, which was recognised by Albania. The local Serbian government responded by arresting 112 of the 120 members of the assembly and six members of the Kosovo government and charging them with "counter-revolutionary activity." Journalists who reported the assembly's declaration were also detained and imprisoned. Kosovo's intellectuals also opposed the changes; Rugova was one of 215 signatories of the "Appeal of Kosovo Intellectuals" against Milošević's decision to change Kosovo's status. He was immediately expelled from the Communist Party in retaliation.

In December 1989, Rugova and a number of other dissents set up the Democratic League of Kosovo as a vehicle for opposing Milošević's policies. Rugova became leader after the first candidate, Rexhep Qosja, a prominent nationalist writer, refused the job. The new party was an overwhelming success and within months, 700,000 people – virtually the entire adult population of Kosovo Albanians – had joined. The LDK established a "shadow government" and a "Parallel Social System" to provide education and health services to the Albanian population, which was either excluded from or chose not to use the equivalent services provided by the Serbian government. An underground Kosovo Assembly was founded with Bujar Bukoshi acting as Prime Minister from the safe distance of Germany. The shadow government's activities were mostly funded by the overseas Kosovo Albanian diaspora, based primarily in Germany and the United States. However, Rugova's government was recognised officially only by the government of Albania.

The Kosovo Albanians boycotted Yugoslav and Serbian elections on the grounds that they would legitimise the Milošević government, they also questioned its veracity. In May 1992, separate elections were held in Kosovo in which Rugova won an overwhelming majority and was elected President of Kosovo. Although there were questions about the fairness and propriety of the elections – they were held virtually in secret in Albanians' houses, there were repeated reports of harassment by state security forces, and there were allegations of vote-rigging – it was nonetheless generally accepted that Rugova was the legitimate winner of this election.

In 1991 the Yugoslav wars began following Slovenia and Croatia declaring themselves independent from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. By the summer of 1992, Yugoslavia was fully absorbed with the wars in Croatia and Bosnia, and had no spare military capacity to deal with conflicts elsewhere. Rugova supported Kosovo's independence but strongly opposed the use of force as a means of achieving it, fearing a Bosnia-style bloodbath. He instead advocated a policy of Gandhi-like passive resistance, stating on a visit to London that

The slaughterhouse is not the only form of struggle. There is no mass humiliation in Kosovo. We are organised and are operating as a state. It is easy to take to the streets and to head towards suicide, but wisdom lies in eluding a catastrophe.

The Serbian and Yugoslav governments subjected LDK activists and members to considerable harassment and intimidation, and argued that the shadow government was an illegal organisation. However, they did not try to shut down the LDK completely and they allowed him to travel abroad. It seems likely that Milošević saw Rugova as being useful in averting an uprising in Kosovo. The Yugoslav government would have found such a situation difficult to contain at the same time as supporting simultaneous wars in Croatia and Bosnia.

For his part, Rugova stuck to a hard line throughout the 1990s, rejecting any form of negotiation with Serbia's authorities other than on achieving outright independence of Kosovo. A compromise, or a setback in the eyes of his critics, came in 1996 when he reached an agreement with Serbia over educational facilities, under which the parallel shadow education system would not be integrated with that of Serbia.

The slide to war
Rugova's strategy of passive resistance attracted widespread support from the Kosovo Albanian population, who had seen the carnage wrought in Croatia and Bosnia and was wary of facing a similar situation. However, the Dayton Agreement of 1995, which ended the Bosnian War, seriously weakened Rugova's position. The agreement failed to make any mention of Kosovo and the international community made no serious efforts to resolve the province's ongoing problems. Radicals among the Kosovo Albanian population began to argue that the only way to break the impasse was to launch an armed uprising, in the belief that this would force the outside world to intervene. They blamed Rugova's policy of non-violence for Kosovo's failure to achieve independence. On 1 September 1996, Rugova and Slobodan Milošević signed the Milošević-Rugova education agreement in an attempt to resolve issues regarding the education of Kosovo Albanian children.

In 1997, the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) emerged as a fighting force and began carrying out attacks and assassinations against Serbian civilians, paramilitia and security forces as well as Albanians deemed to be "collaborators". The Serbian response was, as the KLA had predicted, forceful and often indiscriminate. By 1998, the KLA had grown into a full-scale guerrilla army, 100,000 Kosovo Albanians were refugees and the province was in a state of virtual civil war. Rugova was re-elected president in the same year and was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought by the European Parliament. However, he was by now clearly being eclipsed by the KLA. This was highlighted in February 1999 when he was passed over in favour of the KLA's political chief Hashim Thaçi, who was chosen by the underground Kosovo Assembly to head the Kosovo Albanian negotiating team in the discussions on the aborted Rambouillet Agreement.

At the end of March 1999, after negotiations at Rambouillet had broken down, NATO launched Operation Allied Force to impose a resolution of the Kosovo War. Rugova spent the first few weeks of the war under virtual house arrest, along with his family, in Pristina. At the start of April 1999, Rugova was forcefully taken to Belgrade, where he was shown on Serbian state television meeting Milošević and calling for an end to the war.

Rugova was allowed to leave Kosovo for temporary exile in Italy in early May 1999, not long before the war ended. He attracted further criticism for his slowness to return to Kosovo – it was not until July that he arrived back in the province. Nonetheless, he received a hero's welcome and returned to political life under the new United Nations administration in Kosovo.

Post-war

Despite the political damage suffered by Rugova during the war, he soon regained public esteem and won a decisive victory against his political rivals in the KLA. The guerrillas had been welcomed as liberators by Kosovo Albanians but subsequently alienated many by the perception that they were engaging in organised crime, extortion and violence against political opponents and other ethnic groups in Kosovo. When elections were held in Kosovo in October 2000, the LDK won a landslide victory with 58% of the vote. Its nearest rival, Hashim Thaçi's KLA-linked Democratic Party of Kosovo, polled only 27%. On Monday, 4 March 2002, Rugova was appointed president by the Kosovo Assembly, though this only took place at the fourth attempt after lengthy political negotiations. Rugova lived to see the Constitution of Kosovo adopted by a freely elected democratic Parliament.

As the new President of Kosovo – this time formally acknowledged as such by the international community – Rugova continued to campaign for Kosovo's full independence. However, he insisted that it had to be achieved by peaceful means and with the agreement of all parties. He also pursued a policy of very close relations with the United States, as well as with the European Union. His incremental approach was criticised by radicals, but he sought to bring along the supporters of the former KLA; in November 2004, he appointed Ramush Haradinaj, the former commander of the KLA, as Prime Minister. The following month, Rugova was again elected president by the Kosovo Assembly. Nonetheless, he still encountered violent opposition. On 15 March 2005, he escaped —unhurt —an attempted assassination when a bomb exploded in a waste container as his car passed by.

Rugova demonstrated a number of unusual traits during his time as president. He was readily identifiable by the silk neckscarf that he wore as a display of oppression in Kosovo and was known for his habit of giving visitors samples from his rock collection. His presents were carefully graded; the size of a crystal could reflect Rugova's feelings about the outcome of a meeting, prompting diplomats to compare notes afterwards about the size of the rocks presented to them. He was also a chain-smoker, and it may have been this habit that caused his eventual fatal condition.

Death
On 30 August 2005, Rugova left Kosovo and went to the United States Air Force Landstuhl Military Hospital in Germany for medical treatment after earlier treatment in Pristina and Camp Bondsteel, the main US base in Kosovo and the second-biggest in Europe. After a week at Landstuhl he returned to Kosovo. On 5 September 2005, he announced that he was suffering from lung cancer, but said that he would not be resigning from the post of president. He underwent chemotherapy, conducted by U.S. Army doctors, at his residence in Pristina but the treatment failed to resolve the cancer. He died four months later, on 21 January 2006. He was buried without religious rites on 26 January at a funeral attended by regional leaders and a crowd estimated to number one and a half million people.

There have been rumors that Rugova converted to Catholicism just before he died. These rumors have never been confirmed by his family nor other source, and one of his closest associates, Sabri Hamiti, in an essay published on the first anniversary of his death, refuted them. He said that Rugova referred to himself as a 'symbolic Muslim'. The Chancellor of the Catholic Church of Kosovo, Don Shan Zefi, in an interview for Kosovo's national television, said that there is no evidence of Rugova's conversion to Catholicism or baptism. Zefi denied that he had baptized Rugova. Though he had a state funeral service, the head of the Islamic Community of Kosovo, together with many imams conducted Islamic funeral prayers for Rugova. His grave, located at a hilltop in Prishtina, is oriented perpendicular to Mecca, in accordance with Muslim tradition.

Ukë Rugova
His son, Ukë Rugova is also active in politics and took part as a candidate in the 2010 Kosovan parliamentary election.

Books by and about Ibrahim Rugova
Prekje lirike, [Lyrical Touches], essays, Rilindja, Pristina, 1971;:
Kah teoria, [Towards Theory], essays, Rilindja, Pristina, 1978;
Bibliografia e kritikës letrare shqiptare 1944–1974, [Bibliography of Albanian Literary Criticism 1944–1974], Instituti Albanologjik, Pristina, 1976 (together with Isak Shema),
Kritika letrare (nga De Rada te Migjeni), [Literary Criticism], anthology with commentary, Rilindja, Pristina, 1979 (together with Sabri Hamiti);
Strategjia e kuptimit, [Strategy of Meaning], essays, Rilindja, Pristina, 1980;
Vepra e Bogdanit 1675–1685, [Bogdani's Oeuvre 1675–1685], monograph study, Rilindja, Pristina, 1982;
Kahe dhe premisa të kritikës letrare shqiptare 1504–1983, [Directions and Premises of Albanian Literary Criticism 1504–1983], monograph study, Instituti Albanologjik, Pristina, 1986;
Refuzimi estetik''', [Aesthetic Rejection], essays, Rilindja, Pristina, 1987;Pavarësia dhe demokracia, [Independence and Democracy], interviews and other occasional pieces, Fjala, Pristina, 1991;Çështja e Kosovës, [The Kosovo Issue], (together with Marie-Françoise Allain and Xavier Galmiche), Dukagjini, Peć, 1994; translation of the original La question du Kosovo – entretiens avec Marie-Francoise Allain et Xavier Galmiche, Preface de Ismail Kadare, Paris, 1994;Ibrahim Rugova: "La frêle colosse du Kosovo" , Desclée de Brouwer, Paris, 1999;Kompleti i veprave të Ibrahim Rugovës në tetë vëllime [Ibrahim Rugova's Oeuvre in eight volumes], Faik Konica, Pristina, 2005.
On the first anniversary of Rugova's death, the Kosovo Presidency published a book entitled President Rugova, with a Preface by President Fatmir Sejdiu ('The First Statesman of Kosovo') and a long introduction by Sabri Hamiti ('Memento for Rugova'). The book collects some of the President's major speeches/addresses as a leader and statesman.
Rugova: Vizioni nacional", a publicistic book by Vehbi Miftari, "AIKD", 2007
"Rugova: The symbol of independence", a publicistic book by Vehbi Miftari "AIKD", 2008
"Rugova – mendimi, kultura, politika", a book by Vehbi Miftari, 2010The Winter Of Great Despair by Jeton Kelmendi

Honours
1995 Peace Prize of Paul Litzer Foundation, Denmark.
1996 Honorary Doctorate of University of Paris VIII: Vincennes—Saint-Denis, France
1998 Sakharov Prize of the European Parliament.
1998 Homo Homini Award for human rights activism, People in Need
1999 Peace Prize, City of Münster
1999 Honorary Citizen of the Cities of Venice, Milan and Brescia (Italy).
2000 Peace Prize of the Democratic Union of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
2003 Prize European Senator of Honour.
2004 Honorary Doctorate of Tirana University.
2006 National Flag Order (posthumously), by President of Albania Alfred Moisiu
2007 Order "Hero of Kosovo" (posthumously), by President of Kosovo Fatmir Sejdiu
2013 R7 Motorway in Kosovo linking with Albania was named after him

 Notes

See also
Democratic League of Kosovo
History of Kosovo
Kosovo Liberation Army
Operation Allied Force

References

Sources
Obituaries:
The Economist on Ibrahim Rugova, 26 January 2006
Ibrahim Rugova, The Guardian obituary
Independence leader Rugova given hero's funeral, The GuardianKosovo Albanians Mourn Pro-Independence Leader, The New York TimesIbrahim Rugova, Kosovo Albanian Leader, Is Dead, The New York Times "Ibrahim Rugova – Profile", Vreme News Digest Agency No 257, 7 September 1996San Francisco Chronicle, 22 January 2006The Times, The Guardian, The Independent, Financial Times'' – 23 January 2006

Notes

Official website of the President of Kosovo
 Book of Condolence
 Democratic League of Kosovo
 Assembly of Kosovo
 Extended bio by CIDOB Foundation
Kosovo Albanians mourn lost leader

External links

|-

1944 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Kosovo
Deaths from lung cancer
Democratic League of Kosovo politicians
Kosovo Albanians
Kosovan democracy activists
Politicians from Peja
Nonviolence advocates
People from Istog
Presidents of Kosovo
University of Paris alumni
University of Pristina alumni
Kosovan independence activists
Sakharov Prize laureates

Ibrahim Rugova


La Barcarolle, op. 71, est une œuvre de Mel Bonis, datant de 1906.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose sa Barcarolle pour piano en mi bémol majeur en 1906. L'œuvre est dédiée à Gabrielle Monchablon. Elle a été publiée en 1906 par les Éditions Demets, puis rééditée en 2004 par les éditions Furore.

Analyse
Pour Christine Géliot, la première partie chante la barcarolle dans une mesure à  où la main droite chante la mélodie du gondolier. L'accompagnement comprend une grande richesse harmonique, le rubato et des mouvements . La seconde idée est proche de la première mais dans une ambiance plus calme et en la séparant en deux voix. L'idée est encore déclinée, jusqu'à atteindre le climax dans un mouvement vivo, avant une descente virtuose et une transition pianistique à la manière de Franz Liszt ou  Frédéric Chopin. La deuxième partie, en la majeur, quitte le rythme ternaire du , produisant un dépaysement. L'andantino puis le lent crescendo permettent d'opérer la modulation nécessaire au retour du premier thème. Ce retour mène à de nouveaux développements. Pour finir, la coda, brève, vivo et pianissimo, est surprenante.

Pour François de Médicis, la Barcarolle a une parenté avec l'écriture de Gabriel Fauré, mais aussi de Claude Debussy. Selon lui, les mesures 10 à 12 évoquent les mesures 27 et 28 de la Rêverie de Debussy, tandis que le motif de la mesure 12 rappelle un des motifs de La Damoiselle élue. Mel Bonis reste attachée aux fonctions tonales : son chromatisme mélodique ne remet pas en cause les piliers de l'harmonie traditionnelle. Elle introduit des modulations dans des tons éloignés et des couleurs originales, comme l'accord de septième majeure au tout début de la pièce.

Réception
L'œuvre est donnée en concert le 22 mai 1906, à la salle Berlioz, avec notamment son Quatuor avec piano , ses Variations pour deux pianos, sa Pavane et sa Sarabande. L'œuvre est interprétée par Gabrielle Monchablon elle-même.

L'œuvre est redonnée le 31 mai 1910 à la salle Érard, à Paris, toujours par Gabrielle Monchablon. Le concert est organisé par cette dernière et son époux Louis Fleury. L'œuvre est jugée  par Le Guide musical.

Éditions disponibles
 Barcarolle, éd. Demets, 1906 ;
 Œuvres pour piano, volume 4, pièces de concert, éd. Furore, 2004.

Discographie
 Pièces pour piano, Luba Timofeyeva (piano), Voice of lyrics, 1998
 Piano works, Veerle Peeters (piano), Etcetera Records, 2010
 Mémoires d'une femme, par Myriam Barbaux-Cohen, Art Produktion, ARS 38 349, , 2022
 Mel Bonis, pour le piano, Rok Palcic (piano), ZKP RTVSLO, 2022
 Mel Bonis, femmes de légende, Diana Sahakyan, Kaleidos Musikeditionen, 2022

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Œuvre réalisée en 1906
Œuvre en mi bémol majeur

Barcarolle op. 71 de Bonis


Philip M. Hine is a British occultist and writer. He became known internationally through his written works Condensed Chaos, Prime Chaos, and Pseudonomicon, as well as several essays on the topics of chaos magic and Cthulhu Mythos magic. He has facilitated workshops and seminars on modern magical practice in America and Europe and contributed to a wide range of occult journals, having been most active from 1986 to 1996.

Early life
Growing up in Blackpool, Hine became involved with chaos magic theory in West Yorkshire in the 1980s. This was after he "picked up the fabled white edition of Liber Null by Peter J. Carroll" at Sorcerer's Apprentice bookshop. During the early years of his studies of psychology and sociology he was influenced by the works of the Swiss psychiatrist  C. G. Jung.

Career
Hine was a founder and co-editor of occult magazine Pagan News in partnership with Rodney Orpheus. Hine subsequently published a series of booklets on urban shamanism in the late 1980s.

His earliest popular work was a small pamphlet which outlined a brief and simple definition of magic, a brief history of the school of practice called chaos magic, and an outline of some of its basic approaches, which presented a number of simple techniques. This was followed in 1993 by Prime Chaos, which focused on the construction and uses of more formalised ritual techniques

In 1995, he expanded his earlier pamphlet under the same title, Condensed Chaos. This book focuses on the basic techniques and the style of doing magic that has become associated with chaos magic. It has been described by William S. Burroughs as "the most concise statement of the logic of modern magic".

Views
Hine finds that the definition of "black magic" has been convoluted by people who define practices that they disapprove of as "black magic".

Personal life
As of 1997 he resides in South London.

Hine is bisexual.

Bibliography

Books

As editor

Contributions

Articles

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Bisexual male writers
English bisexual writers
Chaos magicians
English male non-fiction writers
English occult writers

Phil Hine


Isusovo preobraženje je posljednja Rafaelova slika na kojoj je radio od 1516. do svoje smrti 1520. godine. Ona predstavlja Isusovo preobraženje, događaj iz Isusova života opisan u Novom zavjetu u kojemu su Mojsije i Ilija, te glas Boga Oca, imali zadatak uvjeriti apostole kako je Isus doista Sin Božji, makar ga čeka muka i smrt. Neobično za prikazivanje ove teme, Rafael je prikazao još jedan prizor iz Evanđelja, čudo iscjeljenja, u donjem dijelu slike. Rafaelova slika je tako alegorija promjenjive prirode prikazivanja.

Povijest
Sliku je naručio kardinal Giulio de Medici, kasniji papa Klement VII. (1523. – 1534.), za oltar katedrale u Narbonni, Francuska. Naime, dvije figure koje kleče s lijeve strane obično su identificirane kao sveti Justus i Pastor koji imaju zajednički blagdan na blagdan Preobraženja, 6. kolovoza. Ti su sveci zaštitnici Medicijeve nadbiskupije i katedrale za koju je slika bila namijenjena.

Nakon Rafaelove smrti 6. travnja 1520. godine, likove u donjoj desnoj pozadini dovršili su njegovi učenici Giulio Romano i Giovan Francesco. No, umjesto da sliku pošalje u Francusku, kardinal Giulio ju je 1523. postavio na oltar crkve San Pietro in Montorio u Rimu. God. 1774. Stefano Pozzi je izradio kopiju ove slike u tehnici mozaika za rimsku Baziliku sv. Petra.

God. 1797., tijekom francuskih revolucionarnih ratova Napoleon Bonaparte je sliku odnio u Pariz gdje je izložena u muzeju Louvre. Tamo je snažno utjecala na neoklasicističke slikare kao što su Antoine-Jean Gros, Jacques-Louis David, te njihove učenike Girodeta i Ingresa, koji su smatrali kako Rafael utjelovljuje francuske umjetničke ideale. Slika je 1815. godine vraćena iz Pariza i nakon toga premještena na njenu sadašnju lokaciju – Vatikanski muzeji.

Odlike

Rafaelova renesansna slika prikazuje dvije uzastopne, ali različite, biblijske pripovijesti iz Evanđelja po Mateju, također povezane u Evanđelju po Marku.

Gornji dio slike pokazuje samo Preobraženje (na gori Tabor, prema tradiciji), s preobraženim Kristom koji lebdi ispred osvijetljenih oblaka, između proroka Mojsija s desne strane i Ilije, s lijeve strane s kojima razgovara. Ispod njih su klečeći Justus i Pastor, te ležeći apostoli Jakov, Petar i Ivan, tradicionalno smatrani za simbole vjere, nade i ljubavi, zbog čega su im halje odgovarajućih simboličnih boja plavo-žute, zelene i crvene.

U donjem dijelu, Rafael opisuje apostole koji pokušavaju osloboditi obuzetog dječaka od demona. No, nisu u stanju izliječiti bolesno dijete do dolaska nedavno preobraženog Krista koji izvodi čudo. Dijete više nije izmučeno od napadaja nego stoji na nogama, a usta su mu otvorena, što predstavlja odlazak demonskog duha. Jako je znakovito da je Rafael na svojoj posljednjoj slici prikazao iscjeljenje dječaka jer njegovo ime, "Rafael", na hebrejskom (רָפָאֵל) znači "Bog liječi".

Na najjednostavnijoj razini, kompozicija slike se može tumačiti kao dihotomija Kristove otkupljujuće snage, simbolizirana čistoćom i simetrijom gornje polovice slike, u kontrastu s nedostatcima čovjeka, što je simbolizirano mračnim, kaotičnim prizorima u donjoj polovici slike.

Rafaelovo Preobraženje se stilski može smatrati najavom manirizma, što se očituje stiliziranim, proturječnim pozama figura na dnu slike; ali i baroknog slikarstva, o čemu svjedoče dramatična napetost prožeta između likova, istaknuta snažnim kjaroskurom. Pokreti likova su dramatični, životni i naizgled se čak čini kako likovi bježe iz samog okvira slike. Javlja se ekspresivnost, po kojoj je Rafael bio i poznat, te metalne boje. Neke figure su okrenute leđima, što se rijetko viđalo u tadašnjoj umjetnosti. Imamo dojam da je svaki kutak slike ispunjen i da je radnja centrirana zbog kontrasta svjetla i tame koji odlično ide s teškom temom djela.

Rafael je vjerojatno smatrao ovu sliku svojim umjetničkim trijumfom. On koristi kontrast Isusovog predsjedanja nad muškarcima da zasjeni svoje naručitelje, Rimokatoličku crkvu. Još zanimljivije, Rafael koristi spilju koja uokviruje apostole u donjem dijelu slike da simbolično predstavi stil renesanse, podjećajući na sikstinsku kapelu; što je naglašeno ispruženim kažiprstom koji podsjeća na Michelangelovo Stvaranje Adama. Osim toga, u pozadini je suptilno ugrađen krajolik, ali koristi tamniju boju kako bi pokazao svoje udaljavanje od stila. Ipak, vizualna središnja točka je barokno izvedeno dijete i njegov čuvar otac. U svemu, Rafael je uspješno zadovoljio naručitelje, odao počast svojim prethodnicima i potaknuo kasnije prevladavajući barokni stil slikanja.

Bilješke

Poveznice

 Rafaelove sobe
 Visoka renesansa

Vanjske poveznice

Isusovo preobraženje na službenim stranicama Vatikanskih muzeja

Renesansne slike
Slike iz 1510-ih
Izlošci u Vatikanskim muzejima

Isusovo preobraženje (Rafael)


Beringija ili Beringov kopneni most danas je definirano kao kopneno i morsko područje na čijem se zapadu nalazi rijeka Lena u Sibiru; na istoku rijeka Mackenzie u Kanadi; na sjeveru Čukotsko more na 72° SGŠ; a na jugu Kamčatka. Beringija uključuje Čukotsko more, Beringovo more, Beringov prolaz, Čukotski poluotok, Kamčatku i Aljasku.

Beringija je prije bila kopneni most koji je povezivao Sjevernu Ameriku s Azijom. Širina Beringije iznosila je do 1000 km te je pokrivala područje veličine Alberte i Britanske Kolumbije. Od središnjeg dijela Beringije jedino su preostali Diomedovi otoci, Pribilofski otoci, Otok sv. Lovrijenca i Otok King.

Izraz Beringija skovao je švedski botanist Eric Hultén 1937. godine. Tijekom ledenih doba, Beringija, poput većine Sibira i cijele sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Kine, nije bila zaleđena zbog male količine snijega. Beringija je bila prekrivena stepom koja se prostirala stotinama kilometra na oba kontinenta.

Smatra se da je mala ljudska populacija koja je brojala najviše nekoliko tisuća članova tijekom posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma došla u Beringiju iz Sibira. Ta se populacija nastanila u Amerikama negdje nakon 16.500 BP. To se dogodilo za vrijeme otapanje američkih ledenjaka koji su blokirali put prema jugu, no prije nego što je došlo do potapanje Beringije oko 11.000 BP.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 CBC News: New map of Beringia 'opens your imagination' to what landscape looked like 18,000 years ago
 Shared Beringian Heritage Program
 International National Park in the Bering Strait
 Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
 D.K. Jordan, "Prehistoric Beringia"
 Paleoenvironmental atlas of Beringia: includes animation showing the gradual disappearance of the Bering land bridge
 Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
 Paleoenvironments and Glaciation in Beringia
 Study suggests 20000 year hiatus in Beringia
 The Fertile Shore

Povijesna geologija
Povijest Sjeverne Amerike
Povijest Azije
Beringovo more

Beringija


Zsófia Dolník-Domány (* 8. September 1988 in Senta, Vojvodina, Jugoslawien als Zsófia Domány) ist eine ungarisch-serbische Schachspielerin. Bis zum September 2004 spielte sie für den Schachverband von Serbien und Montenegro, seitdem für den ungarischen Schachverband.

Mit der ungarischen U18-Nationalmannschaft der weiblichen Jugend gewann sie, am zweiten Brett spielend, die Europameisterschaft 2006 in Balatonlelle. Beim Mitropa Cup der Frauen 2007 in Szeged spielte sie am ersten Brett der Mannschaft Ungarn D, also der vierten ungarischen Frauennationalmannschaft.

Vereinsschach spielt sie in Ungarn für die erste Mannschaft von Makói Spartacus Vasas Sportegyesület aus Makó, in der Slowakei für ŠO EuroPRESS Bátorove Kosihy, einem Verein aus Bátorove Kosihy (ungarisch Bátorkeszi), einer Stadt in der Slowakei mit ungarischer Bevölkerungsmehrheit. In der Division 3 der britischen Four Nations Chess League (4NCL) spielte sie in der Saison 2005/06 für den Verein Slough Sharks aus Slough.

Seit November 2008 trägt sie den Titel Internationaler Meister der Frauen (WIM). Die Normen hierfür erzielte sie bei zwei Caissa-IM-Turnieren (im September 2005 und August 2007) in Kecskemét sowie in der ungarischen Mannschaftsmeisterschaft 2007/08. Ihre Elo-Zahl beträgt 2175 (Stand: Juli 2022), ihre bisher höchste war 2215 im September 2011.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schachspieler (Ungarn)
Schachspieler (Serbien und Montenegro)
Schachspieler (Slough)
Schachspieler
Jugoslawe
Geboren 1988
Frau

Zsófia Dolník-Domány


The Portugal national football team () has represented Portugal in men's international football competition since 1921. The national team is controlled by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF), the governing body for football in Portugal. Portugal's home matches are played at various stadiums throughout Portugal, and its primary training ground and technical headquarters, Cidade do Futebol, is located in Oeiras. The head coach of the team is Roberto Martínez, and the captain is Cristiano Ronaldo, who also holds the team records for most caps and most goals.

Portugal's first participation in a major tournament finals was at the 1966 World Cup, which saw a team featuring Ballon d'Or winner Eusébio finish in third place. Portugal also made it to the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 1984, losing to hosts and eventual winners France. Under the team's first golden generation in the 1990s, Portugal began consistently featuring in the European Championship and World Cup; they made the semi-finals of the 2006 World Cup, finishing in fourth place, along with placing as runners-up at Euro 2004 as hosts, and reaching the semi-finals of Euro 2000 and Euro 2012. This was in great part due to the production of several players, such as Luís Figo, Rui Costa, Ricardo Carvalho, and Cristiano Ronaldo, who is regarded as one of the greatest players of all time.

In 2016, Portugal won its first-ever major trophy, Euro 2016, defeating hosts France in the final. With the win, Portugal qualified and made its only appearance in the FIFA Confederations Cup held in Russia, where they finished in third place. Portugal qualified for and hosted the brand new 2019 Nations League finals where they triumphed, defeating the Netherlands and earning their second major tournament victory in three finals.

Portugal is colloquially referred to as the Seleção das Quinas (a synecdoche based on the flag of the country) and has notable rivalries with Brazil, due to shared cultural traits and heritage, France, due to several important meetings between the two teams at Euro and World Cup, and Spain, known as A Guerra Ibérica in Portuguese or The Iberian War in English, with the rivalry between two countries going back to 1581.

History

Early World Cup attempts
Portugal were not invited to the 1930 World Cup, which only featured a finals stage and no qualification round. The team took part in the 1934 FIFA World Cup qualification, but failed to eliminate their Spanish opponents, aggregating two defeats in the two-legged round, with a 9–0 loss in Madrid and 2–1 loss in Lisbon for an aggregate score of 11–1.

In the 1938 FIFA World Cup qualification, the Seleção played one game against Switzerland held in neutral ground in Milan. They lost 2–1 and failed to qualify for the finals. The Second World War delayed the World Cup until 1950 and subsequently, the national team rarely played. A 10–0 home friendly loss against England, two years after the war, still stands as their biggest ever defeat.

1950s and early 1960s
Similar to 1934, Portugal were to play a two-legged round against Spain. After a 5–1 defeat in Madrid, they managed to draw the second game 2–2. With a 7–3 aggregate score, they did not qualify on the pitch, however they would later be invited to replace Turkey, which had withdrawn from participating. Portugal refused to participate.

In 1954 FIFA World Cup qualification, the team would play Austria; the Austrians won the first game with a 9–1 result. The best the Portuguese could do was hold the Austrians to a goalless draw in Lisbon, resulting in a 9–1 aggregate defeat. Four years later, Portugal won a qualifying match for the first time, a 3–0 home victory over Italy. Nevertheless, they finished last in a group that also featured Northern Ireland; only the first-placed team, Northern Ireland, would qualify.

1960 was the year that UEFA created the European Championship. The first edition was a knock-out tournament with the last four teams participating in the finals stage that only featured one leg while the earlier stages had two legs. In the first round, the Seleção das Quinas won 2–0 at East Germany and then 3–2 in Porto, advancing with a 5–2 two-legged win. Portugal faced Yugoslavia in the quarter-finals, losing 6–3 on aggregate.

Portugal faced England and Luxembourg in 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification and ended up second in the group, behind England, who would be the only team in Group 6 to qualify. In the 1964 European Championship, Portugal played against Bulgaria in the qualifying rounds. The Portuguese lost in Sofia and won in Lisbon. With the round tied 4–4, a replay was needed in a neutral country. In the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Portugal lost 1–0 thanks to a late strike from Georgi Asparuhov.

Third place at the 1966 World Cup
Portugal were drawn with Czechoslovakia, Romania and Turkey for 1966 World Cup qualification. They topped the group with only one draw and one defeat in six games and finally qualified for a FIFA World Cup, with a 1–0 away win against Czechoslovakia and Turkey and a 5–1 home win against the Turks being notable results.

At the World Cup, the team started out with three wins in the group stage after they beat Hungary 3–1, Bulgaria 3–0, and two-time defending champions Brazil 3–1. Secondly, they beat quarter-finalists North Korea 5–3, with Eusébio getting four markers to overturn a 3–0 deficit. Later, they reached the semi-finals where they were beaten by hosts England 2–1; in this game, Portugal would have played in Liverpool, but as England were the hosts, FIFA decided that the game would be played in London. Portugal then defeated the Soviet Union 2–1 in the third place match for their best World Cup finish to date. Eusébio was the top scorer of the World Cup with nine goals. Portugal would not qualify for another World Cup for 20 years.

1980s
Portugal won their Euro 1984 qualifying group that contained Finland, Poland and the Soviet Union with a win over the latter, allowing them to qualify and be placed in Group B alongside Spain, West Germany and Romania in the finals. In the first two matches, they drew 0–0 and 1–1 against West Germany and Spain, respectively. A 1–0 win over Romania resulted in a second place finish in group play. Portugal were paired against hosts France in the semi-finals. After a draw in regular time, Portugal initially led 2–1 in extra-time, but the hosts scored in the 114th and 119th minutes to eliminate the Portuguese 3–2 and go through to the final.

For 1986 World Cup qualification, the Seleção played against Czechoslovakia, Malta, Sweden and West Germany for the two spots that would guarantee them a ticket to Mexico. Needing a win in the last game against West Germany in Stuttgart, Portugal won the game to become the first team to beat West Germany at their home ground in an official match. The team exited early in the group stages after a win and two losses. They started with a 1–0 win against England, but later were beaten by Poland and Morocco 1–0 and 3–1 respectively. Their staying in Mexico was marked by the Saltillo Affair, where players refused to train in order to win more prizes from the Portuguese Football Federation. Mexico marked their last World Cup appearance until 2002.

1995–2006: The golden generation
At UEFA Euro 1996, Portugal finished first in Group D, and in the quarter-finals, they lost 1–0 to the Czech Republic.

Portugal failed to qualify for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. In Euro 2000 qualifying, Portugal finished second in their group, one point short of first-placed Romania. However, after finishing as the top runner-up nation in qualifying, Portugal nonetheless secured a spot in the finals. They then defeated England 3–2, Romania 1–0 and Germany 3–0 to finish first in Group A, then defeated Turkey in the quarter-finals. In the semi-finals against France, Portugal were eliminated in extra time when Zinedine Zidane converted a penalty. Referee Günter Benkö awarded the spot kick for a handball after Abel Xavier blocked a shot. Xavier, Nuno Gomes and Paulo Bento were all given lengthy suspensions for subsequently shoving the referee. The final eventually finished 2–1.

During 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying, Portugal won the group. Several problems and poor judgement decisions occurred during the preparation and tournament itself – shopping sprees by players were widely reported in the Portuguese press. Questionable managing choices and some amateurism, including the same lack of agreement on prizes. Portugal entered the tournament as favourites to win Group D. However, they were upset 3–2 by the United States. They then rebounded with a 4–0 smashing of Poland. Needing a draw to advance, they lost the last group game to hosts South Korea. Portugal underachieved and ended third in its group stage, subsequently eliminated. Manager António Oliveira was fired after the World Cup.

The next major competition, the UEFA Euro 2004, was held in Portugal. For preparation, the Football Federation made a contract with Luiz Felipe Scolari to manage the team until the tournament ended. Being a favourite to win it, the host nation lost the first game against Greece 1–2. They achieved their first win against Russia 2–0 and also beat Spain 1–0. They went on to play against England, in a 2–2 draw that went into penalties, with Portugal winning. Portugal beat the Netherlands 2–1 in the semi-finals, and suffered a second defeat from Greece, 1–0, in the final.

After the tournament ended, a lot of players belonging to the Geração de Ouro (Golden Generation), abandoned their international footballing careers, with only Luís Figo remaining in the team, despite a temporary retirement. The silver lining for Portugal was the emergence of Cristiano Ronaldo, who was selected in the UEFA Euro All-Star team. While Portugal were playing in the competition, Scolari agreed in a new two-year deal with the Federation.

Portugal finished first in the qualifying round for the 2006 World Cup, and topped Group D in the World Cup, with victories over Angola (1–0), Iran (2–0) and Mexico (2–1).
Portugal defeated the Netherlands 1–0 in the Round of 16 in Nuremberg in an acrimonious match marked by 16 yellow cards, with four players sent off. Portugal drew 0–0 after extra-time with England, but won 3–1 on penalties to reach their first World Cup semi-final since 1966. They then lost 1–0 against France, and faced hosts Germany in the third place play-off match in a 3–1 defeat.

2006–2014: Post-golden generation and mixed results
For Euro 2008 Portugal finished second in qualification behind Poland, and won their first two group games against Turkey and the Czech Republic, although a loss to co-hosts Switzerland set up a quarter-final matchup with Germany which the team lost 3–2. After the tournament, Scolari left to take over at Chelsea. Afterwards, Carlos Queiroz was appointed as the head coach of the Portugal national team.

Portugal came second in the qualifying stages for the 2010 FIFA World Cup under Queiroz, then beat Bosnia and Herzegovina in a play-off, thereby reaching every tournament in the decade. A 19-match undefeated streak, in which the team conceded only three goals, ended with a loss to eventual champions Spain in the round of 16, 1–0. Queiroz was later criticised for setting up his team in an overly cautious way. After the World Cup, squad regulars Simão, Paulo Ferreira, Miguel and Tiago all retired from international football. Queiroz was banned from coaching the national team for one month after he tried to block a doping test to the team while preparing for the World Cup, as well as directing insulting words to the testers. In consequence, he received a further six-month suspension. Several media outbursts from Queiroz against the heads of the Portuguese Football Federation followed, which partly prompted his dismissal. Paulo Bento was appointed as his replacement at head coach.

Bento's team qualified for Euro 2012; they were drawn with Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands in a widely speculated "group of death". They lost their first game 0–1 to Germany, then beat Denmark 3–2. The final group stage match was against the Netherlands. After Van der Vaart had given the Dutch a 1–0 lead, Ronaldo netted twice to ensure a 2–1 victory. Portugal finished second in the group and qualified for the knockout phase. Portugal defeated the Czech Republic 1–0 in the quarter-finals with a header from Ronaldo. The semi-final match was against Spain, who defeated Portugal 4–2 on penalties after a goalless draw.

In 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying, Portugal won 4–2 on aggregate in a play-off against Sweden with all four goals being scored by Ronaldo, and were drawn into Group G with the United States, Germany and Ghana. Their first match against the Germans was their worst-ever defeat in a World Cup, a 4–0 loss. They went on to draw 2–2 against the United States and won 2–1 against Ghana. However, the team were eliminated due to inferior goal difference to the Americans.

2016–present: Euro 2016 and first international glories

Portugal began the Euro 2016 qualifiers with a 0–1 home defeat against Albania, which resulted in Bento being dismissed from his managerial post to be replaced by Fernando Santos in September 2014. Under Santos, the team qualified as group winners and were drawn in Group F alongside newcomers Iceland, Austria and Hungary; the Portuguese advanced into the knockout stage as the third-best third place team following three straight draws. Portugal beat Croatia 1–0 in the Round of 16 after a goal from Ricardo Quaresma in extra time and then defeated Poland 5–3 on penalties to reach the semi-finals, where they defeated Wales 2–0 in regulation time with goals from Ronaldo and Nani to reach the final at the Stade de France against hosts France. The early stages of the final saw Ronaldo limp off the pitch injured; in extra time, substitute Eder turned hero when he scored the match's only goal in the 109th minute, defying all odds. Ronaldo won the Silver Boot, scoring three goals and providing three assists.

Following their Euro 2016 victory, Portugal participated in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Portugal faced Mexico on 17 June in their opening match, which ended in a 2–2 draw. Three days later, Portugal faced hosts Russia defeating them 1–0, with the only goal of the match being scored by Cristiano Ronaldo. On 24 June, Portugal defeated New Zealand 4–0 to top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition. Ronaldo was also man of the match in all three of Portugal's group stage matches. Portugal lost to Chile on penalties after a goalless draw in the semi-finals, but rebounded in the third place game, defeating Mexico 2–1 after extra time.

In the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying draw, Portugal were placed in Group B along with Switzerland, Hungary, Faroe Islands, Andorra and Latvia. Portugal would only lose one match against Switzerland 2–0. However, Portugal got their revenge on their last group stage match defeating Switzerland 2–0, to top their group and qualify for the 2018 World Cup.

In the 2018 World Cup, Portugal were drawn into Group B with Spain, Morocco and Iran. In their opening match on 15 June, Portugal were against Spain, which ended in a 3–3 draw, with Cristiano Ronaldo scoring a hat-trick. Ronaldo scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory against Morocco, breaking Puskás' record. Portugal faced Iran on 25 June, in their last group match, which ended in a 1–1 draw, leading Portugal to progress to the knockout round as group runners-up behind Spain. On 30 June, Portugal were eliminated following a 2–1 defeat to Uruguay in the round of 16.

Following the World Cup, Portugal were part of the inaugural UEFA Nations League, were the Seleção were placed in league A and were drawn into Group 3 with Italy and Poland. On 9 March 2018, UEFA announced that Portugal had expressed interest in bidding for the Nations League finals, which was later announced that the group winners would be appointed as the host. Portugal started the league defeating Italy in a home 1–0 victory, with André Silva scoring the match's only goal. In their second match, Portugal defeated Poland in a 3–2 away victory. In the two remaining matches, Portugal faced Italy and Poland in a 0–0 away draw and Poland 1–1 home, respectively, to advance to the Nations League finals, thereby automatically winning hosting rights, which were confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee on 3 December 2018. In the semi-finals on 5 June 2019, Cristiano Ronaldo made his return to the team scoring a hat-trick against Switzerland to secure the hosts a spot in the final. Four days later, in the finals at the Estádio do Dragão in Porto, Portugal defeated the Netherlands 1–0, with the only being scored by Gonçalo Guedes in the 60th minute.

Portugal were drawn in Group B for the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying with Lithuania, Luxembourg, Ukraine, and Serbia. Portugal won five games, drew two and lost one to qualify for the final tournament from the second place. In the process, Fernando Santos overtook Luiz Felipe Scolari's record as Portugal's coach with the most victories overall. Santos' team was drawn with France, Germany and Hungary in a widely speculated "group of death". Portugal advanced to the next round by defeating Hungary, drawing with France and losing to Germany. There, they faced Belgium and lost 0–1, finishing 13th overall, which is Portugal's lowest placement in Euros history.

Portugal were placed into Group A of the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers with Azerbaijan, Luxembourg, Republic of Ireland, and Serbia. After losing to Serbia at home on the last matchday, Portugal finished second and advanced to the play-off as opposed to qualifying directly. On 24 March 2022, Portugal beat Turkey 3–1 in the playoff semi-final, and five days later they defeated North Macedonia 2–0 in the play-off final to secure a berth in the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.

At the 2022 World Cup, Portugal defeated Ghana 3–2 in their first group game and then beat Uruguay 2–0  to qualify for the knockout stages. In the last group game, Portugal lost 2–1 to South Korea, but still managed to top their group. The match was marked by a controversy between national team captain Cristiano Ronaldo and national team coach Fernando Santos, with Ronaldo receiving criticism from his own coach for his reaction at being substituted. He was dropped from the starting line-up for Portugal's last 16 match against Switzerland, marking the first time since Euro 2008 that he had not started a game for Portugal in a major international tournament, and the first time Portugal had started a knockout game without Ronaldo in the starting line-up at an international tournament since Euro 2000. The Portuguese would eventually demolish Switzerland 6–1, their highest tally in a World Cup knockout game since the 1966 World Cup, with Ronaldo's replacement Gonçalo Ramos scoring a hat-trick. Tipped as favourites, Portugal employed the same strategy in the quarter-finals against Morocco but lost 1–0, making the Atlas Lions the first African semi-finalists at the World Cup. Following a disappointing World Cup campaign, which was marked by criticism over Santos defensive tactics and style of play, including the inability to utilise Portugal's attacking talent and the fracturing of his relationship Ronaldo, he was dismissed on 15 December.

On 9 January 2023, Roberto Martinez was announced as the head coach of Portugal, replacing Fernando Santos. Portugal were drawn in Group J for UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and Slovakia. On 11 September 2023, Portugal recorded their biggest win in international history by defeating Luxembourg 9–0.

After having Nike as its kit manufacturer since 1997, in 2023, the team chose to replace it by Puma SE, starting in 2025.

Team image

Kits

Portugal's traditional home kit is mainly red with a green trim, reflecting the colors of the nation's flag. Over the years, the particular shade of red has alternated between a darker burgundy and a lighter scarlet. Both green and red shorts have been used to complete the strip.

The team's away kits, on the other hand, have varied more considerably. White has typically been preferred as a dominant color, either with blue shorts, or red and green highlights. In recent times, all-black has been utilised, as has a turquoise-teal color, the latter of which was prominently featured during the title-winning Euro 2016 campaign.

Media coverage
Portugal's qualifying, Nations League and friendly matches are broadcast by free-to-air public broadcaster RTP and pay-TV network Sport TV.

Coaching staff

Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

2022

2023

Players

Current squad
The following 24 players were called up for UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying matches against Slovakia and Bosnia and Herzegovina on 13 and 16 October 2023, respectively.
Caps and goals correct as of: 16 October 2023, after the match against Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Recent call-ups

The following players have also been called up to the Portugal squad within the last 12 months.

RET

COV Player withdrew from the squad due to contracting COVID-19.
INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
PRE Preliminary squad.
RET Player retired from international football.
OTH Player withdrew from the squad due to other reasons.

Individual records

Players in bold are still active with Portugal.

Most appearances

Top goalscorers

Goal records
Most goals scored in one World Cup 9 – Eusébio (1966)
Most goals scored in World Cups 9 – Eusébio (1966)
Most goals scored in one European Championship 5 – Cristiano Ronaldo (2020)
Most goals scored in European Championships 14 – Cristiano Ronaldo (2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020)
Oldest goalscorer 39 years, 9 months and 10 days – Pepe (6–1 against Switzerland on 6 December 2022)
Youngest goalscorer 17 years, 9 months and 25 days – Fernando Chalana (2–1 against Cyprus on 5 December 1976)
Most hat-tricks 10 – Cristiano Ronaldo (includes four goals against Andorra on 7 October 2016 and Lithuania on 10 September 2019)
Most pokers 2 – Cristiano Ronaldo
Youngest player to score a hat-trick 20 years, 11 months and 4 days – André Silva (6–0 against Faroe Islands on 10 October 2016)

Other records
Most matches played in World Cup 22 – Cristiano Ronaldo (2006, 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022)
Most matches played in European Championship 25 – Cristiano Ronaldo (2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020)
Oldest player (outfield and goalkeeper) 40 years, 3 months and 25 days – Pepe (0–1 against Iceland on 20 June 2023)
Longest national career 20 years, 1 month, 26 days  – Cristiano Ronaldo (from 20 August 2003 to 16 October 2023)
Longest national career for an outfield player 20 years, 1 month, 26 days  – Cristiano Ronaldo (from 20 August 2003 to 16 October 2023)
Youngest debutant 17 years, 6 months and 24 days – Paulo Futre (5–0 against Finland on 21 September 1983)
Youngest player to reach 100 caps 27 years, 8 months and 11 days – Cristiano Ronaldo (1–1 against Northern Ireland on 16 October 2012)
Youngest player to reach 200 caps 38 years, 4 months and 15 days – Cristiano Ronaldo (0–1 against Iceland on 20 June 2023)

Competitive record

 Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place

FIFA World Cup

*Draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

UEFA European Championship

*Draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out. Red border colour indicates that the tournament was held on home soil.

UEFA Nations League

*Draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.
**Group stage played home and away. Flag shown represents host nation for the finals stage. Red border colour indicates the finals stage will be held on home soil

FIFA Confederations Cup

*Draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

Olympic Games

From 1968–1988 Portugal were represented by the national amateur football team. Football at the Summer Olympics has been an under-23 tournament since 1992.

*Draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

Minor tournaments

*Draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

All-time results

The following table shows Portugal's all-time international record, correct as of 29 March 2022.

Source: Portugal - Historical results

Honours

Major tournaments
 FIFA World Cup
 Third place: 1966

 FIFA Confederations Cup
 Third place: 2017

 UEFA European Championship
 Champions: 2016
 Runners-up: 2004

 UEFA Nations League
 Champions: 2019

Minor tournaments
 SkyDome Cup
 Champions: 1995

 Brazil Independence Cup
 Runners-up: 1972

Awards
 FIFA World Cup Most Entertaining Team: 2006

 Laureus World Sports Awards for Team of the Year:
 Nominations: 2017

Rivalries
 Portugal–Spain football rivalry
 France–Portugal football rivalry

Footnotes

See also

* List of national sport teams of Portugal

References

External links

 Portuguese Football Federation official website
 UEFA profile
 FIFA profile
 RSSSF archive of results 1921–2003
 RSSSF archive of most capped players and highest goalscorers
 RSSSF archive of coaches 1921–
 Full reports of all matches of the Portugal National Football Team 1921–1979

Portugal national football team
European national association football teams
UEFA European Championship-winning countries
UEFA Nations League-winning countries

Portugal national football team


Gilberto da Silva Melo ya da kısaca Gilberto (d. 25 Nisan 1976, Rio de Janeiro), orta saha pozisyonunda görev yapmış Brezilyalı millî futbolcudur.

Futbol kariyeri

Kulüp takımları kariyeri
Profesyonel kariyerine 1993 yılında América (RJ) kulübünde başladı. Daha sonra sırasıyla Flamengo, Cruzeiro, Internazionale, Vasco da Gama, Grêmio, São Caetano, Hertha Berlin, Tottenham Hotspur, Cruzeiro, Vitória ve América (MG) kulüplerinde oynadı.

Millî takım kariyeri
2003 yılında ilk kez Nijerya karşısında forma giyen oyuncu 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda Brezilya kadrosunda yer aldı ve Japonya ile oynanan maçta bir gol attı.

Dış bağlantılar

1976 doğumlular
Brezilyalı futbolcular
Brezilya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Rio de Janeiro doğumlu sporcular
Orta saha futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
Serie A futbolcuları
Bundesliga futbolcuları
FC Internazionale Milano futbolcuları
Série A (Brezilya) futbolcuları
Série B (Brezilya) futbolcuları
AD São Caetano futbolcuları

Gilberto da Silva Melo


An Panicum aciculare in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nicaise Auguste Desvaux. An Panicum aciculare in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Panicum

Panicum aciculare


Shabab Al Ahli Club ( ) er en fodboldklub fra de Forenede Arabiske Emirater baseret i Dubai, der for tiden spiller i De Forenede Arabiske Golf League. Shabab Al Ahli er en af de mest succesrige klubber i UAE .

Shabab Al Ahli Club blev grundlagt i 1958 i Dubai. Det er en Emirati klub, og dens præsident er Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum og vicepræsident Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, og klubbens bestyrelsesformand er Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, og næstformand er Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. Og Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed er også leder af Shabab Al Ahli Football Company.

Shabab Al Ahli FC har vundet syv ligatitler, en otte UAE's President Cup, 4 UAE Super Cup-titler og 3 UAE Ligacup-titler, hvilket giver i alt 22 nationale titler, hvilket gør dem til det næstbedste hold i UAE.

Eksterne henvisninger

Pages with unreviewed translations
Fodboldklubber i De Forenede Arabiske Emirater
Etableret i 1958

Shabab Al-Ahli Dubai FC


Na teoria dos sistemas mundiais, os países semiperiféricos são os países industrializados, em sua maioria capitalistas, que se posicionam entre a periferia e os países centrais. Os países da semiperiferia têm características organizativas tanto dos países centrais como dos países da periferia e, com frequência, estão localizados geograficamente entre as regiões centrais e periféricas, bem como entre duas ou mais regiões centrais competidoras. As regiões da semiperiferia jogam um papel importante na mediação de atividades econômicas, políticas e sociais que vinculam as áreas centrais e periféricas.

Essas regiões permitem a possibilidade de inovação tecnológica, reformas na estrutura social e organizacional e domínio sobre as nações periféricas. Essas mudanças podem levar um país semiperiférico a ser promovido a uma nação central. A semiperiferia é, no entanto, mais do que uma descrição, pois também serve como uma posição dentro da hierarquia mundial na qual as mudanças sociais e econômicas podem ser interpretadas.

A teoria dos sistemas mundiais descreve a semiperiferia como um elemento estrutural chave na economia mundial. A semiperiferia desempenha um papel comparativo vital com o papel desempenhado por Espanha e Portugal nos séculos XVII e XVIII como grupos comerciais intermediários no tecido econômico europeu.

Hoje, a semiperiferia é geralmente industrializada. Os países semiperiféricos contribuem para a fabricação e exportação de uma variedade de mercadorias.

Listas de países semiperiféricos
Segundo trabalho de 1976 publicado pelo sociólogo americano Immanuel Wallerstein, são os países semiperiféricos:

A seguir estão os países semiperiféricos de uma versão atualizada dos ensaios de Wallerstein, publicada em 1997:

A seguir estão os países semiperiféricos de acordo com o estudo de Chase-Dunn, Kawano e Brewer (2000):

E esta é a lista de países semiperiféricos de acordo com o estudo de Babones (2005), que aponta que esta lista é composta por países que "foram classificados de forma consistente em apenas uma das três zonas [centro, semiperiferia ou periferia] da economia mundial. especialmente todo o período de estudo de 28 anos ":

Ver também
 País em desenvolvimento
 Potência média
 Segundo Mundo

Relações internacionais
Economia política
Estudos do imperialismo

Países semiperiféricos


Mr. P. er en film instrueret af Nicole N. Horanyi.

Handling
Mr. P er koncentreret. Der ligger faglig stolthed i hans hurtige bevægelser. På den rette etage tager han bakken og lader den balancere på venstre hånds fingerspidser. Med hurtige skridt når han værelset, og med højre hånd banker han på døren. Siger med en lille melodi lagt i ordet: ?Roomservice?. Mr. P har leveret roomservice på det samme hotel i 20 år. Dette er hans historie.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2007

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Mr. P.


Anthony Kewoa Johnson  (født 6. marts 1984 i Dublin, Georgia i USA, død 13. november 2022) var en amerikansk MMA-udøver, der senest konkurrerede i light heavyweight-divsionen i Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Han var kendt for sin brutale knockoutkraft og skræmmende tilstedeværelse inde i octagonen. Før han trak sig tilbage, var han rangeret som første light heavyweight-udfordrer på den officielle UFC-rangliste, og blev rangeret som nummer 2 i verden af Sherdog og ESPN. Han havde også fleste 'sub-minute' KO-sejre i UFC's historie. Han optrådte i filmen Warrior fra 2011, som en kæmper ved navn Orlando "Midnight".

Tidlige liv
Anthony Kewoa Johnson blev født i Dublin i Georgia i USA. Han blev opforstret af sine bedsteforældre, der formelt adopterede ham i en alder af 2.   Tidligt i sit var hans helt sin bedstefar og fodboldspilleren Walter Payton. Han gik på West Laurens High School og derefter på Lassen College i Susanville, Californien på et bryde-stipendium,  og blev junior college national wrestling champion. Efter college arbejdede han som dørmand og startede til MMA i en alder af 20 år, efter at en ven foreslog det på grund af hans bryde-baggrund.

MMA-karriere

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Han fik sin UFC- debut på UFC Fight Night 10 og knockoutede Chad Reiner bare tretten sekunder ind i første omgang. Han havde taget kampen med mindre end en uges varsel, idet han erstattede en såret Steve Bruno, der havde meldt afbud på grund af en skade. Han blev også set i en tidligere video til The Ultimate Fighter, hvor han prøvede at komme med i 6. sæson, men af ubestemte grunde ikke blev en del af showet.

Johnson vendte tilbage til octagonen i begyndelsen af 2011. Han mødte Dan Hardy den 26. marts 2011 på UFC Fight Night 24 .  Johnson brugte overlegen brydning og kontrollerede Hardy hvor han vandt en enstemmig afgørelse

Johnson forventedes at møde Nate Marquardt i hvad der ville have været hans første hovedkamp den 26. juni 2011 på UFC på Versus 4, men blev tvunget ud af kampen på grund af en skade og erstattet af Rick Story.

Johnson mødte Charlie Brenneman på UFC på Versus 6. Han vandt kampen via første-omgangs-KO og blev tildelt Knockout of the Night-bonusprisen.

Titan Fighting Championships
Efter at være blevet frigivet fra UFC, kæmpede Johnson mod UFC-veteranen David Branch på Titan Fighting Championships 22 .  Johnson vandt kampen via enstemmig afgørelse (30-27 på alle dommerstemmer).

Johnson fik sin light-heavyweight-debut på Titan Fighting Championships 24 mod den tidligere King of the Cage Super Heavyweight-mester Esteves Jones. Johnson vandt via TKO efter bare 51 sekunder inde i anden omgang.

Uafhængige organisationer
Johnson kæmpede mod Jake Rosholt på Xtreme Fight Night 9.  Johnson vandt kampen via TKO via et hovedspark i anden omgang.

World Series of Fighting
Johnson mødte Bellator-veteranen DJ Linderman på WSOF 1 den 3. november 2012.  Han vandt kampen via KO i første omgang.

Tilbagevenden til UFC
Den 4. februar 2014 blev det meddelt, at Johnson havde underskrevet en fire-kamps-aftale om at vende tilbage til UFC.

I sin tilbagevendene kamp kæmpede han i light heavyweight.   Han mødte den toprangerede light-heavyweight kæmper Phil Davis i co-main-arrangementet på UFC 172.  På trods af at han var en næsten 3-til-1-underdog, var Johnson vellykket i sin tilbagevenden og besejrede Davis via enstemmig afgørelse efter at dominere alle tre omgange af kampen.

Johnson mødte herefter Antônio Rogério Nogueira i co-main-begivenheden den 26. juli 2014 på UFC på Fox 12.   Han vandt kampen via KO efter bare 44 sekunder ind i første omgang.  Sejren tildelte ligeledes Johnson sin første Performance of the Night bonuspris.

Karantæne fra UFC og tilbagevenden
Den 19. september 2014 kom det frem via nyhederne, at Johnson var mistænkt for vold i hjemmet mod moren til sine to børn.  Kort efter påstod Johnson at han var uskyldig.  På grund af mistanken offentliggjorde UFC en udmelding om, at Johnson havde fået karantæne på ubestemt tid, indtil sagen blev undersøgt.  Den 6. november 2014 ophævede UFC, Johnsons karantæne efter at sagen blev afskediget og han blev derfor tilladt at kæmpe igen.

Johnson kæmpede mod Alexander Gustafsson den 24. januar 2015 ved UFC på Fox 14 med løftet om at vinderen ville få en titelchance mod Jon Jones .  Johnson vandt den ensidige kamp via TKO i første omgang og blev den første til at stoppe Gustafsson via slag.  Sejren tildelte ligeledes Johnson sin anden Performance of the Night bonuspris.

Johnson skulle have mødt Jon Jones den 23. maj 2015 på UFC 187.  Men den 28. april blev det meddelt, at Jones var blevet frataget UFC Light heavyweight-titl og suspenderet på ubestemt tid. Johnson mødte i stedet Daniel Cormier om den ledige UFC Light heavyweight-titel. I begyndelsen af første omgang blev Johnson den første mand til at slå Cormier ned i en MMA kamp, men Johnson fortsatte med at tabe de efterfølgende omgange og blev til sidst submitted via rear naked choke.

Johnson skulle have mødt Jan Błachowicz den 5. september 2015 på UFC 191.  Imidlertid blev Johnson trukket fra kampen den 30. juli til fordel for en kamp mod Jimi Manuwa på arrangementet.  Efter at have domineret den første omgang med sin brydning, vandt Johnson via knockout tidligt i anden omgang.

Johnson mødte Ryan Bader den 30. januar 2016 ved UFC på Fox 18.  Bader gik næsten straks efter en nedtagning, hvilket Johnson forsvarede. Bader gik herefter efter en kimura fra ryggen, men Johnson forsvarede sig igen, før han flyttede til mount-position og vandt via knockout.  Sejren tildelte Johnson hans fjerde Performance of the Night-bonuspris.

Johnson skulle have mødt Glover Teixeira den 23. juli 2016 på UFC på Fox 20, men blev taget af programmet på grund af uafklarede årsager.  Kampen blev ombooket og fandt til sidst sted på UFC 202.  Johnson besejrede Teixeira ved at knockoute ham 13 sekunder inde i første omgang og blev tildelt sin femte Performance of the Night-bonuspris.

En revanchekamp med den nuværende mester Daniel Cormier var planlagt til at finde sted den 10. december 2016 på UFC 206 .  Cormier trak sig imidlertid ud af kampen den 25. november på grund af en skade, og som følge heraf blev Johnson fjernet fra programmet.  Kampen blev ombooket og fandt til sidst sted den 8. april 2017 på UFC 210.  Johnson tabte kampen via submission i anden omgang, da han forsøgte at bryde mod Cormier i løbet af kampen; en beslutning, der frustrerede hans hjørne. Efter kampen meddelte Johnson at han han pensionerede sig fra MMA og kampsport med det samme.

I 2017 skiftede Johnson til Combat Sports, en åben træningsklub og CSMMA, efter at Blackzilians ophørte med at operere på tværs af Florida-området.

Privatliv
Efter at have trukket sig fra MMA, lancerede Johnson et CBD olieselskab, Competitive Body Development. I begyndelsen af 2019 blev Johnson udnævnt til leder af fighter relations for Bare Knuckle Fighting Championships.

Johnson blev anholdt den 5. maj 2019 i Boca Raton, Florida efter en hændelse med sin kæreste. Johnsons kæreste hævder at Johnson under et skænderi vredt løftede hende op og bragte hende ind i et andet værelse. Hun påstod at være bange for sin sikkerhed og ringede derfor til politet. Politifolk ankom og anholdte Johnson og han blev kørt til Palm Beach County fængsel og sigtet for vold i hjemmet. Johnson blev derefter løsladt fra fængslet timer senere på den betingelse at han ville møde op i fremtidige domstole.  Den 15. maj blev det afsløret, at Johnson nægtede sig skyldig i sagen.

Mesterskaber og resultater

Amatørbrydning

 National Junior College Athletic Association
 Junior College National Champion 174   lb - repræsenterede Lassen Community College (2004)

MMA

 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 Fight of the Night (1 gang)
 Knockout of the Night (to gange)
 Performance of the Night (5 gange)

MMA-rekordliste

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Anthony Johnson – UFC.com

MMA-udøvere fra USA
Pages with unreviewed translations

Anthony Johnson


Çekirge, bir tür böcek.
 Çekirge, Bursa, Bursa ili Osmangazi ilçesine bağlı semt.

Çekirge (anlam ayrımı)


Maximilien Rubel (10 Ekim 1905, Çernivtsi - 28 Şubat 1996, Paris), çalışmalarını Karl Marx'ın eserleri ve hayatı üzerine yapmış olan Fransız tarihçidir.

Sorbonne Üniversitesi ve Viyana Üniversitesi'nde hukuk, sosyoloji ve felsefe okumuştur. Marx'ın eserlerinin tahrifini ve eksik yayımlanışını eleştirerek, bu eserlerin sistematik bir araştırma içinde okunuşunu, onu ideoloji haline getiren okumalardan ayırt etmek için "marxoloji" terimini geliştirmiştir. II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında direniş hareketinde aktif olarak yer almış, İspanya İç Savaşı'ndaki mücadeleyi ve de konsey komünistlerini desteklemiştir. Marx'ın düşüncesinin özünün anti-kapitalizm ve devlet karşıtlığı olduğunu savunarak aslında hem ortodoks Marksistlerin hem de ortodoks anarşistlerin tepkisini, fakat özellikle de Stalinizm eleştirisi yüzünden Fransız Komünist Partisi'nin tepkisini üzerine çekmiştir. Anton Pannekoek ve Socialisme ou Barbarie (ya Sosyalizm ya Barbarlık) çevresiyle ilişki içinde olmuş, Rene Lefeuvre'in anarşizm, konsey komünizmi ve eleştirel Marksizm üzerine kitaplar ve broşürler yayımlayan yayıneviyle (Spartacus) yakın temaslar kurmuştur. Türkçeye Marx'ın Sosyolojisi (çev. Zuhal Bilgin, Çiviyazıları, 2006) adlı kitabı çevrilmiş olan Rubel, yaşamının sonuna kadar anti-kapitalist ve devlet karşıtı görüşlerine sadık kalmıştır.

Başlıca eserleri
Marx critique du marxisme (1974, Payot).
Guerre et paix nucléaires (réédité en 1997, Paris-Mediterranee).
Karl Marx devant le bonapartisme (1960, Sulliver).

Dış bağlantılar
https://web.archive.org/web/20061216052105/http://www.plusloin.org/rubel/
http://www.marxists.org/archive/rubel/index.htm
Maximillien Rubel Internet archive (İngilizce)
Maximillien Rubel biography (İngilizce)

1905 doğumlular
Çernivtsi doğumlular
1996 yılında ölenler
Ukraynalı komünistler
Ukrayna Yahudileri
20. yüzyıl Fransız tarihçileri
Fransız komünistler
Fransa'daki Sovyet göçmenler
Fransa vatandaşlığına kabul edilenler
Ukrayna Yahudisi asıllı Fransızlar
Viyana Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Paris Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Marksist teorisyenler
Sol komünistler
Paris'te ölenler

Maximilien Rubel


إريسوس (Ερεσός) هي مدينة في ليسفوس في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 955 نسمة.

أعلام
 ثاوفرسطس
 صافو

مراجع

مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في لسبوس

إريسوس


Novine (eng. The Post) je američki politički triler iz 2017. godine čiji je producent i redatelj Steven Spielberg, a scenaristi Liz Hannah i Josh Singer. Radnjom smješten u rane 70-e godine prošlog stoljeća, u filmu su glavne uloge ostvarili Meryl Streep, Tom Hanks, Sarah Paulson, Bob Odenkirk, Tracy Letts, Bradley Whitford, Bruce Greenwood, Carrie Coon i Matthew Rhys. U središtu priče su novinari Washington Posta i New York Timesa koji su objavili tzv. Pentagonske papire - tajne dokumente koji se odnose na političko-vojnu involviranost SAD-a u državu Vijetnam.

Snimanje filma započelo je u svibnju 2017. godine u New Yorku. Film je svoju svjetsku premijeru imao u interaktivnom muzeju Newseum u Washingtonu dana 14. prosinca 2017., a u ograničenu kino distribuciju u SAD-u je krenuo 22. prosinca iste godine. U široku kino distribuciju krenuo je 12. siječnja 2018. godine (u hrvatskim kinima film se započeo prikazivati dan ranije, 11. siječnja).

Film Novine pobrao je hvalospjeve filmske kritike, a posebno su hvaljeni glumački nastupi Streep, Hanksa i Odenkirka. Mnogi su kritičari usporedili filmski portret Nixonove administracije s onom Donalda Trumpa. Nacionalno udruženje filmskih kritičara proglasilo je Novine najboljim filmom 2017. godine, a časopis Time te Američki filmski institut proglasili su ga jednim od deset najboljih filmova godine. Film Novine dobio je šest nominacija za nagradu Zlatni globus u kategorijama najboljeg filma (drama), najbolje glumice u drami (Streep), najboljeg glumca u drami (Hanks), najboljeg scenarija i najbolje originalne glazbe.

Radnja

Zataškavanje u kojem su sudjelovala čak četvorica različitih američkih predsjednika nagnala je Kay Graham (Streep), prvu žensku vlasnicu novina, i njezinog ambicioznog urednika Bena Bradleeja (Hanks) da se pridruže dotad neviđenoj bitci između novinarstva i vlade u objavljivanju tzv. Pentagonskih papira.

Glumačka postava

 Meryl Streep kao Kay Graham
 Tom Hanks kao Ben Bradlee
 Sarah Paulson kao Antoinette "Tony" Pinchot Bradlee
 Bob Odenkirk kao Ben Bagdikian
 Tracy Letts kao Fritz Beebe
 Bradley Whitford kao Arthur Parsons
 Bruce Greenwood kao Robert McNamara
 Matthew Rhys kao Daniel Ellsberg
 Alison Brie kao Lally Graham
 Carrie Coon kao Meg Greenfield
 Jesse Plemons kao Roger Clark
 David Cross kao Howard Simons
 Zach Woods kao Anthony Essaye
 Pat Healy kao Phil Geyelin
 John Rue kao Gene Patterson
 Rick Holmes kao Murray Marder
 Philip Casnoff kao Chalmers Roberts
 Jessie Mueller kao Judith Martin
 Stark Sands kao Don Graham
 Brent Langdon kao Paul Ignatius
 Michael Stuhlbarg kao Abe Rosenthal
 Christopher Innvar kao James Greenfield

Produkcija

U listopadu 2016. godine producentica Amy Pascal otkupila je prava na scenarij filma Novine autorice Liz Hannah. U veljači 2017. godine, Steven Spielberg je prekinuo pretprodukciju filma The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara nakon problema s dodjelom uloga pa je njegov raspored postao otvorenim za režiranje novog potencijalnog uratka. Mjesec dana kasnije službeno je objavljeno da se Spielberg nalazi u pregovorima za produkciju i režiju filma u kojem bi glavne uloge trebali odigrati Meryl Streep i Tom Hanks - uloge Katherine Graham i Bena Bradleeja. Film Novine na taj je način označio prvu zajedničku suradnju redatelja Spielberga, glumice Streep i glumca Hanksa.

Nakon što je pročitao scenarij, Spielberg je odlučio da ga je potrebno čim prije snimiti uz izjavu: "Kada sam pročitao prvu verziju scenarija, shvatio sam da ovo nije priča koja bi trebala biti ispričana za dvije ili tri godine - to je bila priča koja treba biti ispričana danas". Spielberg je odlučio raditi na filmu Novine dok je istovremeno vodio postprodukciju svog novog visokobudžetnog spektakla Igrač broj 1 (nešto slično već je bio ranije napravio s filmovima Schindlerova lista i Jurski park). Josh Singer dobio je zadatak prepraviti scenarij deset tjedana prije početka snimanja filma.

Tijekom produkcije nekoliko bivših novinara New York Timesa koji su bili uključeni u slučaj Pentagonskih papira uključujući Jamesa Greenfielda, Jamesa Goodalea, Allana Siegala i Maxa Frankela protivili su se snimanju filma zbog toga što su smatrali da uloga Timesa u objavi priče nije dovoljno istaknuta. Goodale, koji je u to vrijeme bio savjetnik Timesa, kasnije je prozvao film Novine "dobrim uratkom loše prikazane povijesti".

Snimanje filma započelo je 30. svibnja 2017. godine u New Yorku. Dana 6. lipnja 2017. objavljeno je da će u filmu radnog naziva The Papers nastupiti Alison Brie, Carrie Coon, David Cross, Bruce Greenwood, Tracy Letts, Bob Odenkirk, Sarah Paulson, Jesse Plemons, Matthew Rhys, Michael Stuhlbarg, Bradley Whitford i Zach Woods. Dana 25. kolovoza 2017. naslov filma promijenjen je u onaj pod kojim ga danas poznajemo - The Post. Spielberg je snimanje filma završio 6. studenog 2017. godine, a tjedan dana kasnije dovršena je i montaža zvuka uz originalnu glazbu (13. studenog).

Glazba

Redoviti glazbeni kompozitor Spielbergovih filmova, John Williams, skladao je glazbu i za ovaj film. Williams je prvotno trebao skladati glazbu za Spielbergov nadolazeći blockbuster Igrač broj 1, ali zbog toga što su oba filma imala sličan raspored postprodukcije, Williams je odlučio raditi na ovom projektu, dok je Alan Silvestri preuzeo posao glavnog skladatelja filma Igrač broj 1. Film Novine označio je dvadeset i osmu zajedničku suradnju Williamsa i Spielberga. Glazba iz filma Novine kombinacija je orkestralnih i samostalnih instrumenata uz blagu upotrebu elektronike.

Snimanje glazbe započelo je 30. listopada 2017. godine u Sonyjevom glazbenom studiju "Barbra Streisand" u Los Angelesu. Dana 22. prosinca 2017. godine u prodaju je puštena digitalna verzija soundtracka, a fizička verzija našla se u dućanima dana 12. siječnja 2018. godine.

Službeni soundtrack

Kino distribucija
Svoju svjetsku premijeru film Novine imao je 14. prosinca 2017. godine u interaktivnom muzeju Newseum u Washingtonu. U ograničenu kino distribuciju u SAD-u krenuo je 22. prosinca 2017., a u široku 12. siječnja 2018. godine. Dan ranije, 11. siječnja, započeo se prikazivati u hrvatskim kinima. Međunarodni distributeri filma u kinima su kompanije Universal Pictures, Reliance Entertainment i Entertainment One Films koje sve imaju distribucijski ugovor s kompanijom Amblin Partners.

Marketing
Prva službena fotografija filma Novine objavljena je 31. listopada 2017. godine. Kino najava za film svoju je ekskluzivnu premijeru imala 7. studenog 2017. godine na televizijskoj emisiji The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, a dan kasnije službeno je objavljen i plakat filma. Prvi televizijski spot pod nazivom Uncover the Truth (u slobodnom prijevodu "razotkrijte istinu") započeo se prikazivati na malim ekranima od 21. studenog 2017. godine.

Povijesna točnost

Film Novine uvelike smanjuje ulogu koju su novinari New York Timesa imali u objavi Pentagonskih papira, a uveličava umiješanost Washington Posta u cijeloj priči. U intervjuu za izdanje Columbia Journalism Review, bivši suradnici New York Timesa James Greenfield (koji je u vrijeme objave Pentagonskih papira bio glavni koordinator), James Goodale (glavni savjetnik Timesa u vrijeme objave) i Max Frankel (šef ureda Timesa u Washingtonu) kritizirali su film i njegov portret novina u kojima su radili. New York Times nije samo objavio Pentagonske papire prije nego što je to učinio Washington Post, već je tom objavom također i postavio temelj za pravnu bitku koja će uslijediti između medija i vlade SAD-a. Times je 1972. godine osvojio Pulitzerovu nagradu za doprinos javnosti, a tadašnji žiri novinara koji su je dodijelili u svojem su objašnjenju istaknuli ne samo važnost doušnika Daniela Ellsberga, već i hrabrost novinara Neila Sheehana, Hedricka Smitha, Foxa Butterfielda i E. W. Kenworthyja te istaknuli da je njihov rad bio "kombinacija istraživačkog novinarstva, analitike, istraživanja i kvalitetnog pisanja - sve to dovelo je do iznimnog rada za javnu službu, ne samo za čitatelje Timesa, već i za cijelu naciju". U članku za The Daily Beast, Goodale je istaknuo da je Times objavio Pentagonske papire odmah nakon što ih je Ellsberg dao Sheehanu te nadodao: "Film Novine daje nam lažno naslutiti da je Post bio glavni igrač u objavi Papira; kao da je Hollywood snimio film o Timesovoj trijumfalnoj ulozi u aferi Watergate".

Kritike
Na popularnoj internetskoj stranici Rotten Tomatoes film Novine ima 87% pozitivnih ocjena temeljenih na 203 zaprimljena teksta uz prosječnu ocjenu 8.1/10. Zajedničko mišljenje kritičara te stranice je: "Vremensko razdoblje koje nam donosi film Novine predstavlja praktički aktualne teme koje svojom režijom i uz pomoć fantastičnog glumačkog ansambla Spielberg oživljava na zavidan način". Na drugoj stranici koja se također bavi skupljanjem filmskih kritika, Metacritic, film Novine ima prosječnu ocjenu 83/100 temeljenu na 49 zaprimljenih tekstova.

Alonso Duralde iz TheWrapa hvalio je glumačka ostvarenja i Spielbergovu režiju premda je istaknuo da mu se scenarij u ponekim trenucima činio manjkavim: "Film Novine prolazi najteži test za povijesnu dramu: gledajući ga gledatelj shvaća da su odluke koje likovi u njemu donose u ono vrijeme bile iznimno teške, ali u isto vrijeme film stvara napetost u vezi svih detalja koji su bili potrebni kako bi se te iste odluke ostvarile". David Ehrlich iz IndieWirea dao je filmu ocjenu -5 uz opasku: "Nikome ne treba objašnjavati kako se povijest ponavlja, ali film Novine je bitan zbog toga što prikazuje ekstazu pokušaja borbe za pravdu; branjenje fundamentalnih osnova Ustava nije bilo ovako zabavno još od doba Hamiltona".

Pišući za Entertainment Weekly, Chris Nashawaty dao je filmu pozitivnu ocjenu uspoređujući ga s prijašnjim filmovima o novinarstvu, posebno s uratkom Svi predsjednikovi ljudi: "Spielbergova režija omoguće nam da vrlo lagano pratimo ove ključne dane američke povijesti. Ali ako postavite film Novine uz bok filmu Svi predsjednikovi ljudi shvatit ćete razliku između pasivnog i aktivnog objašnjavanja priče".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Dramski filmovi
Trileri
Američki filmovi 2010-ih
Filmovi Stevena Spielberga

Novine (2017.)


Viola altaica es una especie de violeta, originaria de Eurasia.

Descripción
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia, que alcanza un tamaño de 4 - 15 cm de altura. Con rizoma delgado, ramificado. Los tallos muy cortos, densamente cubiertos con numerosas hojas por lo general agrupadas. Estípulas ovales u oblongas, de 1-2.6 cm x 11.4 mm, pinnatífidas, lóbulo terminal más grande, oblongo-ovadas, los lóbulos laterales 2 o 3 en cada lado, lanceolados u oblongo-lanceolados, márgenes escasamente pubérulas, el pecíolo generalmente más largo que la hoja. La inflorescencia con flores generalmente solitarias, de color amarillo o púrpura, azul, grandes, de 2-4.5 cm de diámetro. Pedicelos de 5-16 cm, glabros. Sépalos oblongo-lanceoladas, de 8-13 x 3-4 mm. Pétalos superiores subovados-orbiculares, los laterales y anterior de un visible color púrpura-negro. El fruto es una cápsula oblongo-ovoide. Tiene un número cromosomático de n = 54.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en prados alpinos y subalpinos, en las laderas de bosques de montaña, en praderas, entre musgos y líquenes, a una altitud de 1500-4000 metros, en Xinjiang, Kazajistán, Kirguistán, Mongolia, Rusia, (Siberia), Suroeste de Asia (Cáucaso), el Sureste de Europa (Ucrania)].

Taxonomía
Viola altaica fue descrita por John Bellenden Ker Gawler y publicado en Botanical Register; consisting of coloured . . . 1: , pl. 54, en el año 1815.
Sinonimia
Mnemion grandiflorum Spach
Viola monochroa Klokov

Referencias

Enlaces externos

altaica

Viola altaica


Autwine est une ville fantôme du comté de Kay, dans l'État d'Oklahoma, aux États-Unis. Elle est anciennement connue sous les noms de Pierceton et Virginia City. La ville a été nommée en l'honneur d'un citoyen éminent et leader de la  nommé Antoine Roy. Elle a eu un bureau de poste sous le nom de Pierceton à partir du , et sous le nom d'Autwine du  au .

La ville a décliné en tant que centre agricole après que l'amélioration des routes dans la région ait conduit les agriculteurs à transférer leurs affaires vers les grands centres commerciaux. Aujourd'hui, il ne reste plus rien de l'ancien localité et la zone est utilisée pour l'agriculture.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Comté de Kay
Ville fantôme en Oklahoma

Autwine


Richard "Dick" Marcinko" (21. studenog 1940. – 25. prosinca 2021.), umirovljeni časnik Mornarice Sjedinjenih Država hrvatsko-slovačkog podrijetla, utemeljitelj i prvi zapovjednik DEVGRU-a i Crvene ćelije. Nakon umirovljenja postao pisac, radijski voditelj, motivacijski govornik i vojni savjetnik.

Marcinko je dobitnik Srebrne zvijezde i četiri Medalje brončane zvijezde za hrabrost. Koliko je bio opasan svjedoči činjenica da je tijekom Vijetnamskog rata komunistički Viet Cong raspisao nagradu od 50.000 piastri za njegovu glavu.

Rani život i obrazovanje
Rođen je u Landsfordu u Pennsylvaniji krajem 1940. u hrvatsko-slovačkoj obitelji. Otac je bio podrijetlom Hrvat iz Dubrava kraj Stoca u Hercegovini, a majka Romkinja iz Slovačke. Nakon što pada razred u srednjoj školi u New Brunswicku u New Jerseyu prijavljuje se u Marince, ali je odbijen jer nije imao završenu srednju školu. U rujnu 1958. primljen je u Marince kao radiovezist na mornaričku izobrazbu. Pri Školi za časničkog kandidatata diplomira 1965. te postaje ensign. Dodijeljen je SEAL timu 2 u lipnju 1966. U međuvremenu je završio preddiplomski studij međunarodnih odnosa u Mornaričkoj postdiplomskoj školi te diplomirao političke znanosti pri Sveučilištu Auburn u Montgomeryu.

Vijetnamski rat
1967. dolazi u Vijetnam s 2. vodom, SEAL tim 2 na šestomjesečnu rotaciju. Dana 18. svibnja 1967. Marcinko vodi svoj element u napadu na Ilo Ilo Hon (otok Ilo Ilo) koji završava potapanjem šest Vietkongovih sampana (borbenih čamaca) uz velike ljudske gubitke. Američka mornarica tu je akciju nazvala "najuspješnijom operacijom SEAL-ova u delti Mekong" i dugo je bila sinonim za brz i učinkovit prepad. Za vođenje u spomenutoj akciji Marcinko dobiva prvu od svoje četiri Medalje brončane zvijezde kao i Vijetnamski križ za hrabrost sa Srebrnom zvijezdom. Tijekom Tet ofenzive, Marcinko naređuje svome vodu da pomogne elementima Specijalnih snaga Vojske Sjedinjenih Država u Chau Docu, a ono što je počelo kao ulična bitka pretvorilo se u misiju spašavanja američkih medicinskih sestara i učitelja zarobljenih u crkvi i bolnici u gradu.

Nakon što je završetka dvogodišnje službe u Vijetnamu promaknut je u čin poručnika zapovjednika. 1973. odlazi u Kambodži gdje četrnaest mjeseci savjetuje i djelatno pomaže Kambodžanima u borbi protiv režima Crvenih Kmera. 1975. Rick napušta Kambodžu i preuzima zapovjedništvo SEAL tima 2 od 1974. do '76.

SEAL Team 6
Tijekom krize na Iranu 1979. godine, Marcinko je bio jedan od dva predstavnika Mornarice za radnu skupinu združenog načelničkog stožera poznatog kao TAT (Teroristički akcijski tim). Svrha TAT-a bila je izrada plana za oslobađanje američkih talaca u Iranu (neuspjeli pokušaj u travnju 1980.), uzrokujući tragičan ishod u operaciji Orlova kandža.

Nakon neuspjeha u Tehranu Američka mornarica uviđa potrebu osnivanja moćnijih protuterorističkih postrojbi za što zadužuje Marcinka. Marcinko je bio prvi zapovjednik nove jedinice i premda je mornarica u to vrijeme imala samo dva SEAL timova, Marcinko naziva jedinicu SEAL tim 6 kako bi zbunio Sovjetski Savez, uvjeravajući ih kako Sjedinjene Države imaju još tri SEAL timova za koje nisu znali. Osobno je izabrao SEAL-ove i Tim 6 je aktiviran sa 75 strijelaca. Iako je uobičajeno trajanje zapovjedništva dvije godine, Marcinko je bio zapovjednik Tima 6 od kolovoza 1980. do srpnja 1983.

SEAL tim 6 kasnije postaje protuteroristička jedinica Mornarice i uz Delta Force, njihovu inačicu iz Vojske, postaje jedna od glavnih vojno-protuterorističkih postrojba SAD-a.

Crvena ćelija
Nakon što odstupa iz zapovjedništva SEAL tima 6, Marcinko od admirala Jamesa Lyonsa dobiva zadatak osnivanja jedinice za ispitivanje ranjivosti Mornarice Sjedinjenih Država na terorizam, službenog imena OP-0D6 (neslužbeno "Crvena ćelija").
1984. Ćelija ima 13 bivših SEAL-ova iz Tima 6 koji provjeravaju sigurnost pomorskih stožera, nuklearnih podmornica, brodova, civilnih zračnih luka i američkog veleposlanstva. 'Ćelija nekoliko puta sudjeluje i u osiguranju predsjedničkog zrakoplova Air Force One.

Umirovljenje
Iz mornarice se povukao 1988., nakon 30 godina službe. Njegovi memoari Rogue Wars, objavljeni 1992., postali su bestseller u izboru New York Timesa. Uz memoare, napisao je i tri vojnička savjetnika temeljena na vlastitim iskustvima u mornarici. U međuvremenu se i nametnuo i kao plodni pisac ZF-a objavivši oko petnaest naslova od 1994. do danas. Radio je kao savjetnik pri izradi filmova G.I.Jane, Hrid i pete sezone popularne TV serije 24, dok je glumačke uloge ostvario u tri filma. Na temelju njegovih memoara američka trvtka Bethesda Softworks izradila je videoigru u kojoj je protagonist Marcinko poslan na misiju u Sjevernu Koreju kako bi onesposobio njezino nuklearno naoružanje.

Izvori

 Članak u Maxportalu, 1. rujna 2018.
 Richard Marcinko u mrežnoj pohrani filmova IMDb-u

Hrvati u SAD-u
Ratna mornarica SAD-a
Američki filmski glumci
Pisci znanstvene fantastike

Richard Marcinko


Fame er en amerikansk musical, der er baseret på musicalfilmen af samme navn fra 1980. Den er blevet opsat under to forskellige titler. Den første, Fame – The Musical, blev udtænkt og udviklet af David De Silva, med manuskript af José Fernandez, musik af Steve Margoshes og tekst af Jacques Levy. Den havde præmiere i 1988 i Miami. Den anden var Fame on 42nd Street, som blev opført Off-Broadway på Little Shubert Theatre on 42nd St. fra 2003 til 2004.

De Silva havde produceret den oprindelige film fra 1980 om en gruppe studerende på New York Citys High School of Performing Arts. Filmen blev en succes blandt kritikere og publikum, og den blev fulgt op med en tv-serie i seks sæsoner, samt musicalen, som er omskrevet meget i forhold til tidligere udgave, bl.a. med et næsten helt nye sange. Der liver refereret til fimlen flere gange i manuskriptet og i to af sangene.

Den handler om en gruppe studerende, der går på High School of Performing Arts. Blandt karaktererne er Carmen, der er besat af at blive berømt, den ambitiøse skuespiler Serena, komiker og bad boy Joe, den stille violinist Schlomo, den talentfulde men ordblinde danser Tyrone, den beslutsomme skuespiller Nick, den overvægtige danser Mabel og den fattige danser Iris.

Siden den første udgave af Fame – The Musical, er den blevet opsat af hundredvis af professionelle og amatører på en lang række sprog.

Referencer

Musicals

Fame (musical)


Karl Janotta fæddist 15. maí 1880 í Vínarborg (Austurríki) og lést árið 1966, var austurrískur stjórnmálamaður og vestræni.

Braut
Hann var sonur prófessors August Janotta. Hann stundaði nám við Teresiano framhaldsskólann, stofnun Maríu Teresu I keisaraynju af Austurríki, sem aðeins ungir aðalsmenn höfðu aðgang að.

Þrátt fyrir þetta umhverfi gerðist Janotta sósíalisti á sínum tíma í framhaldsskólanum eftir að hafa lesið framúrstefnulega skáldsögu Eduard Bellamy, Flashback to the Year 2000. Eftir fyrri heimsstyrjöldina starfaði hann sem borgarstjóri í Kaltenleutgeben
, nálægt Vínarborg.

Fyrir utan sósíalismann var hann upptekinn af baráttunni gegn alkóhólisma og spurningunni um alþjóðamálið, sem hann helgaði stóran hluta ævi sinnar.

Rit

Ido
 Wörterbuch Ido-Deutsch Linguo internaciona di la delegitaro (sistemo ido)
 Ido, die Weltsprache der Zukunft : systematische Grammatik nebst Lesestücken und Wurzelverzeichnis
 Linguo internaciona di la delegitaro Ido die Weltsprache der Zukunft ; systematische Grammatik nebst Lesestücken und Wurzelverzeichnis
 Þýðing á La libro del 100 marveli by Artur Fürst

Interlingue
 Occidental Die Weltsprache ; Einführg samt Lehrkursus, Lesestücken, Häufigkeitswörterverzeichnis u. a. Beiträge
 Leitfaden der Weltsprache Occidental
 Interlinguist Julius Lott
 Leitfaden der Weltsprache Occidental ; Lehrgang in 7 Kapiteln, Lesestücke und ausführliches Wörterverzeichnis Occidental-Deutsch. Mit einem Bilde des Schöpfers der Occidentalsprache
 Repetitorie del grammatica
 Litt manuale de Occidental
 Complet grammatica

Tilvísanir

Interlingue
Fólk fætt árið 1880
Fólk dáið árið 1966

Karl Janotta