Kitty Holley est une artiste peintre française née le  à Liège en Belgique.

Biographie
Née dans le milieu artistique de l'art abstrait des années cinquante, elle côtoie dès son enfance, les artistes Jean Dewasne, Edgard Pillet, Jesús-Rafael Soto, Cesar Baldaccini, Brassaï, Robert Jacobsen qui viennent à l'atelier de Montparnasse où elle vit avec ses parents, l'architecte Michel Holley, et Francine Holley peintre abstraite et pianiste confirmée.

Kitty Holley étudie à l'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts de Paris, UP6 (1969-1971) Unité expérimentale pédagogique enseignant l'architecture et les arts plastiques.

Dès 1972 elle travaille comme coloriste avec les architectes André Martinat, Jean Chaillet et Michel Holley et réalise, entre 1983 et 1991, une vingtaine de fresques murales en marbre ou en carrelage dans des halls d'entrée d'immeubles.

De 1993 à 2004, elle réalise une vingtaine de modèles de tapis en édition limitée pour Été Diffusion.

Son travail est très marqué par des années de pratique de danse et par des nombreux voyages. Elle explore différentes disciplines, du bharata natyam au butō, de la danse contemporaine avec Janine Solane et au Merce Cunningham Studio à New York en 1998 au Qigong dans les montagnes jaunes en Chine en 2004.

Avec la compagnie Sylvie Deluz elle crée une chorégraphie avec cinq danseurs L'Espace traversé au Théâtre Iséion à Montpellier en 1993.

Son expérience entre architecture et danse la prépare à son travail gestuel qui inscrit sa peinture dans l'espace. Première exposition personnelle en 1991.

L'installation Clusters exposée à la Galerie Marie Robin à Paris (2011) puis à l'École nationale supérieure des techniques avancées ENSTA à Saclay (2014-2015) met en scène sa réflexion autour des interactions entre l'art et les sciences.

Expositions personnelles
Les œuvres de Kitty Holley ont été exposées :
 à l'Alliance française de Pondichéry, Inde, en 1996.
 au Centre Cultural dos Correios à Rio de Janeiro au Brésil en 2001.
 au Musée du Donjon à Niort en 2003.
 au Musée Roybet Fould à Courbevoie en 2004. Lydia Harambourg «Francine et Kitty Holley», la Gazette de Drouot, 14 mars 2003.
 à la Galerie Georges Detais en 2004 .
 au Musée de l'Académie des Beaux Arts de Canton en Chine en 2006, Commissaire d'exposition Sam Quoc-Chan.
 au Centro cultural de Las Condes à Santiago du Chili en 2008, Commissaire d'exposition Pablo Poblète.
 à la Galerie Marie Robin en 2013. Lydia Harambourg, «Kakemonos» , La Gazette de Drouot, 2013.
 à la Galerie Kaytava de l'Institut Français d'Helsinki en Finlande, en 2014.
 à la Galerie Convergences en 2019.
 à la Galerie Giudecca Art Space, à Venise en 2022.

Récompenses et distinctions
 Prix Pierre Cardin 1996 section peinture décerné par l'Académie des Beaux-Arts de Paris.
 Médaille d'argent 2020 décernée par la Société académique Arts-Sciences-Lettres.

Ouvrages publiés

Parutions
 Revue Le Mur vivant n°73, Bobigny, 1984.
 L'Art sous toutes ses formes, Paris , éditions FUS-ART, 1992.
 Follow Traveler (Lü Ban), Kitty Holley, page culture, Canton, Chine, 2006.
 Art Gallery Magazine, Chine, My Oriental Nostalgic, 2009.
 Catalogue Clusters, 2011.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre française
Naissance en août 1949
Naissance à Liège

Kitty Holley


Beloniformes, 5 familyaya ve 38 cinse ayrılan 200 balık türünü kapsayan takım. Bu türlerin dörtde biri tatlısuda, diğerleri ise denizde yaşamaktadır. Bu takıma ait balıklar daima suyun üst kısımlarında yaşarlar. En tanınmışı Zargana balığı ve en ilginç türleri uçan balıklardır (Exocoetidae).

Beloniformes takımı Cyprinodontiformes takımı ile kardeş takımlardır. Eosen çağından kalma fosiller bu iki takımın 45 milyon yıl önce tek bir takım olmuş olduklarını göstermektedirler.

Sınıflandırma
 Beloniformes
   |-- Adrianichthyidae
   '--o Belonodei [Exocoetoidei]
      |--o Scomberesocidea
      |  |-- †Forficidae
      |  |-- Belonidae
      |  '-- Scomberesocidae
      '--o Exocoetoidea (Synnentognathi)
         |-- Uçan balıklar (Exocoetidae)
         '-- Hemirhamphidae

Dış bağlantılar
 Fishbase'de Beloniformes takımı (İngilizce)

Beloniformes


Crossostephium, monotipski rod glavočika smješten u podtribus Artemisiinae. Jedina vrsta je grm C. chinense, Prirodno se javlja u južnoj Kini, na otocima Ryuku, Tajvanu i Filipinima, gdje raste u blizini obalnih područja na vapnenačkim i koraljnim formacijama. Nekada je klasificiran pod rod Artemisia.

Sinonimi
 Absinthium chinense (L.) DC.
 Artemisia chinensis L.
 Chrysanthemum artemisioides (Less.) Kitam.
 Crossostephium artemisioides Less.
 Tanacetum chinense (L.) A.Gray ex Maxim.

Izvori

Artemisiinae
Flora južne-središnje Kine
Flora Filipina
Flora Japana
Flora otočja Kazan Retto
Flora Tajvana
Flora otočja Ryukyu
Flora Laosa
Flora Vijetnama

Crossostephium


Dieser Artikel behandelt das Literaturjahr 1759.

Ereignisse

Prosa

Frankreich

Voltaire veröffentlicht in Genf unter einem Pseudonym die satirische Novelle Candide oder der Optimismus, die in Frankreich sofort von der Zensur verboten wird. Diese Satire wendet sich unter anderem gegen die optimistische Weltanschauung Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz', der die beste aller möglichen Welten postulierte. Voltaire propagiert Skeptizismus und Pessimismus, die Leibniz' Postulat in den Kontext der Zeit rücken (Erdbeben von Lissabon 1755, Siebenjähriger Krieg) und in Frage stellen. Mit Witz und Ironie prangert Voltaire in seinem "conte philosophique" den überheblichen Adel, die kirchliche Inquisition, Krieg und Sklaverei an und verspottet die naive Utopie des einfachen Mannes von einem sorglosen Leben.

England

Die ersten beiden Bände des neunteiligen Romans The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman von Laurence Sterne erscheinen. Das Werk gilt als Vorläufer der experimentellen Literatur und ist ein Vorreiter der später von August Wilhelm Schlegel als romantische Ironie bezeichneten Schreibweise.

Samuel Johnson veröffentlicht den politisch-lehrhaften Roman History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia.

Die englische Schriftstellerin Sarah Fielding veröffentlicht den Roman The History of the Countess of Dellwyn.

Drama

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing verfasst das Trauerspiel Philotas.

Die Komödie La Femme qui a raison von Voltaire erscheint zehn Jahre nach ihrer Uraufführung im Druck.

Übersetzungen

Die erste deutsche Übersetzung von Montesquieus Persischen Briefen durch Christian Ludwig von Hagedorn erscheint unter dem Titel Des Herrn de Montesquiou [sic!] Persianische Briefe in Frankfurt und Leipzig.

Wissenschaftliche Werke

 23. Januar: Das französische Parlament verurteilt Helvétius De l'esprit (Vom Geist) und die Encyclopédie.
 4. März: Die Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers von Denis Diderot wird auf den kirchlichen Index Librorum Prohibitorum gesetzt. Daraufhin ziehen sich mehrere Mitarbeiter, darunter Turgot und Marmontel, von dem Projekt zurück. Auch Mitherausgeber Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert zieht sich aus dem Projekt zurück.

 Robert Symmer veröffentlicht seine chiliastische Theorie der Elektrizität (mit der Fluidumshypothese).

Geboren

 25. Januar: Robert Burns, schottischer Schriftsteller und Poet († 1796)
 28. Januar: Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm Meyer,  deutscher Jurist, Gelehrter, Bibliothekar, Publizist und Bühnenschriftsteller († 1840)
 1. Februar: Karl Friedrich Hensler, österreichischer Theaterdirektor († 1825)

 19. April: August Wilhelm Iffland, deutscher Schauspieler, Theaterdirektor und Dramatiker († 1814)
 27. April: Mary Wollstonecraft, englische Schriftstellerin und Frauenrechtlerin († 1797)

 10. November: Friedrich Schiller, deutscher Dichter, Dramatiker und Historiker († 1805)

Gestorben

 12. Juni: William Collins, englischer Dichter (* 1721)
 7. August: Georg Wilhelm Kirchmaier, preußischer Philosoph, Rhetoriker, Sprachwissenschaftler (* 1673)
 24. August: Ewald Christian von Kleist, preußischer Dichter und Offizier (* 1715)

 Hattori Nankaku, japanischer Dichter und Maler (* 1683)

Weblinks

 Österreichische Zeitungen des Jahres 1759 in AustriaN Newspaper Online (ANNO) der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek
!Literaturjahr 1759

Literaturjahr 1759


An Haworthia fasciata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Willdenow, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Adrian Hardy Haworth. An Haworthia fasciata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Haworthia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Haworthia

Haworthia fasciata


میستان  قرية صغيرة تـتبع بلدة جناح (بالفارسية: بخش جناح ) من توابع مدينة بستك وتقع في محافظة هرمزگان في جنوب غرب إيران. نقع هذه القرية في صجراء لاور ميستان.

السكان
يبلغ عدد سكان هذه القرية حسب تعداد السكان لعام 2006 للميلاد، (156) نسمة تشكل (30) عائلة، من أهل السنة والجماعة وعلى المذهب الشافعي. يتكلمون الفارسية باللهجة المحلية. بها مسجد، ومدرسة مشتركة، وعدد ثلاثة البرك لحفظ مياه الأمطار، إذا الأودية أثناء هطول المطر.

مهنة سكان القرية
يمتهن سكان القرية بمهنة تربية المواشي والأغنام، والزراعة. أراضيهم خصبة، وتزرع فيها شتى أنواع الخضروات والبقول، وبها كثير من الزروع وخاصة النخيل والخضروات ومن أهم المنتوجات الخس، والجرجير، والفجل، والباذنجان، والطماطم، والبصل، وكذلك تزرع البر والشعير والحبحب.

المصادر

 الكوخردى، محمد، بن يوسف، (كُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِيةَ عَلي ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران) الطبعة الثالثة، دبى: سنة 1997 للميلاد.
 محمدیان، كوخردى، محمد.  « شهرستان بستک وبخش کوخرد »  ج1. چاپ أول، دبی: سال انتشار 2005 میلادی. (فارسي)
 عباسی، قلی، مصطفی،  «بستک وجهانگیریه»، چاپ أول، تهران : ناشر: شرکت انتشارات جهان معاصر، سال 1372 خورشیدی.
 سلامى، بستكى، أحمد.  (بستک در گذرگاه تاریخ)  ج2 چاپ أول، 1372 خورشيدى.
 عباسی، قلی، مصطفی،  «بستک وجهانگیریه»، چاپ أول، تهران : ناشر: شرکت انتشارات جهان معاصر، سال 1372 خورشیدی.
 محمدیان، كوخردى، محمد،  (شهرستان بستک وبخش کوخرد) ، ج1. چاپ أول، دبی: سال انتشار 2005 میلادی.
 بالود، محمد.  (فرهنگ عامه در منطقه بستک)  ناشر همسايه، چاپ زيتون، انتشار سال 1384 خورشیدی.
 بنى عباسيان، بستكى، محمد اعظم،  « تاريخ جهانگيريه»  چاپ تهران، سال 1339 خورشيدى.
 بختيارى، سعيد، ،  « اتواطلس إيران » ، " مؤسسه جغرافيايى وكارتگرافى گيتا شناسى، بهار 1384 خورشيدى

انظر أيضاً
  كوخرد حاضرة إسلامية على ضفاف نهر مهران

وصلات خارجية
 التقسيمات الادارية لمحافظة هرمزگان

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة بستك
بلدة جناح
مدن إيران

ميستان


An Pinellia ternata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Peter Thunberg, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Tomitaro Makino. An Pinellia ternata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pinellia, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pinellia

Pinellia ternata


An Paspalum urvillei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Paspalum urvillei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Paspalum

Paspalum urvillei


An Crepidium reineckeanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mark Alwin Clements och David Lloyd Jones. An Crepidium reineckeanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crepidium

Crepidium reineckeanum


An Helictotrichon jahandiezii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni René Verriet de Litardière, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eva Hedwig Ingeborg Potztal. An Helictotrichon jahandiezii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Helictotrichon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Helictotrichon

Helictotrichon jahandiezii


Óssa, en , est un village du dème de Langadás, district régional de Thessalonique, en Macédoine-Centrale, Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village s'élève à .

Histoire
Au , le village était peuplé principalement de Bulgares et de Turcs et portait le nom bulgare de Visoka (Висока).

Le 16 novembre 1912, les troupes grecques entrent dans le village. Après la deuxième guerre balkanique le village est resté en Grèce.

En 1922, 245 réfugiés grecs de Thrace orientale s'installent à la place des Turcs émigrés.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Centrale

Óssa (Thessalonique)


was a town located in Kōnu District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of November 2021, the town had a population of 1,212 and a density of 17.16 persons per km². The total area was 70.61 km².

On March 31, 2005, Sōryō, along with the towns of Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Saijō, Takano and Tōjō (all from Hiba District), was merged into the expanded city of Shōbara.

External links
 Shōbara official website

Dissolved municipalities of Hiroshima Prefecture
Shōbara, Hiroshima

Sōryō, Hiroshima


Institut Mines-Télécom er et fransk ingeniør-institut tilknyttet Université Paris-Saclay.

Instituttet blev oprettet i 1996 (groupe des écoles des télécommunications) i 2008 (Institut Télécom) og har i dag omkring 13400 studerende.

Eksterne henvisninger

Uddannelsesinstitutioner i Frankrig
Tekniske universiteter

Institut Mines-Télécom


Yakadibi, Sinop ilinin Gerze ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 53 km, Gerze ilçe merkezine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Gerze belde ve köyleri

Yakadibi


The Tank, Infantry, Mk III, Valentine was an infantry tank produced in the United Kingdom during World War II. More than 8,000 of the type were produced in eleven marks, plus various specialised variants, accounting for approximately a quarter of wartime British tank production. The many variants included riveted and welded construction, petrol and diesel engines and a progressive increase in armament. It was supplied in large numbers to the USSR and built under licence in Canada. It was used extensively by the British in the North African campaign. Developed by Vickers, it proved to be both strong and reliable.

Name
There are several proposed explanations for the name Valentine. According to the most popular one, the design was presented to the War Office on St Valentine's Day, 14 February 1940, although some sources say that the design was submitted on Valentine's Day 1938 or 10 February 1938. White notes that "incidentally" Valentine was the middle name of Sir John Carden, the man who was responsible for many tank designs including that of the Valentine's predecessors, the A10 and A11. Another version says that Valentine is an acronym for Vickers-Armstrongs Limited Elswick & (Newcastle-upon) Tyne. The "most prosaic" explanation according to author David Fletcher is that it was just an in-house codeword of Vickers with no other significance.

Development
The Valentine started as a proposal based on Vickers' experience with the A9 and A10 specification cruiser tanks and the A11 (Infantry Tank Mk I). As a private design by Vickers-Armstrongs, it did not receive a General Staff "A" designation; it was submitted to the War Office on 10 February 1938. The development team tried to match the lower weight of a cruiser tank, allowing the suspension and transmission parts of the A10 heavy cruiser to be used, with the greater armour of an infantry tank, working to a specification for a  armour basis (the same as the A.11).

The tank was to carry a 2-pounder gun in a two-man turret (the A.11 was armed only  with a heavy machine gun), a lower silhouette and be as light as possible, resulting in a very compact vehicle with a cramped interior. Compared to the earlier Infantry Tank Mk II "Matilda", the Valentine had somewhat weaker armour and almost the same top speed. By using components already proven on the A9 and A10, the new design was easier to produce and much less expensive.

The War Office was initially deterred by the size of the turret, since they considered a turret crew of three necessary, to free the vehicle commander from direct involvement in operating the gun. Concerned by the situation in Europe, it finally approved the design in April 1939 and placed the first order in July for deliveries in May 1940. At the start of the war, Vickers were instructed to give priority to the production of tanks. The vehicle reached trials in May 1940, which coincided with the loss of much of the army's equipment in France, during Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk. The trials were successful and the vehicle was rushed into production as "Tank, Infantry, Mark III"; no pilot models were required as much of the mechanics had been proven on the A10, and 109 had been built by the end of September. During late 1940 and early 1941, Valentines were used in the cruiser tank role in British-based armoured divisions, and they were supplied to tank brigades of the Eighth Army in North Africa from June 1941.

Production

Metropolitan-Cammell Carriage & Wagon—an associate company of Vickers—and Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company (BRCW) were contracted to produce the Valentine. Metropolitan and the BRCW had built small numbers of the A10, their production runs were just finishing and they delivered their first Valentines in mid-1940. Metropolitan used two sites, with Wednesbury joined by their Midland site in production of the Valentine. Vickers output started at ten per month rising to 45 per month in a year and peaking at 20 per week in 1943, before production was slowed and then production of the Valentine and derivatives stopped in 1945. Vickers-Armstrong produced 2,515 vehicles and Metropolitan 2,135; total UK production was 6,855 tanks, with 2,394 exported from Britain to the Soviet Union under lend-lease.

To develop its own tank forces, Canada had established tank production facilities. An order was placed in 1940 with Canadian Pacific and after modifications to the Valentine design to use local standards and materials, the production prototype was finished in 1941. Canadian production was mainly at CPR Angus Shops in Montreal and 1,420 were produced in Canada, of which 1,388 were sent to the Soviet-Union. They formed the main Commonwealth export to the Soviet Union under lend-lease. The remaining 32 were retained for training. The use of local GMC Detroit Diesel two-stroke engines in Canadian production was a success and the engine was adopted for British production. British and Canadian production totalled 8,275, making the Valentine the most produced British tank design of the war.

Vehicle layout

The Valentine was of conventional layout, divided internally into three compartments; from front to back the driver's position, the fighting compartment with the turret and then the engine and transmission driving the tracks through rear sprockets. The driver's area contained only the driver and the driving controls. The driver sat on hull centre line, entering through either of two angled hatches over the seat, though there was an emergency exit hatch beneath his seat. The driver had a direct vision port—cut in what was one of the hull cross members—in front of him and two periscopes in the roof over his head. Driving was by clutch and brake steering through levers, whose control rods ran the length of the hull to the transmission at the rear.

Behind the driver was a bulkhead that formed another hull cross-member and separated him from the fighting compartment. The first tanks had a two-man turret, the gunner on the left of the gun and the commander acting also as the loader on the right. When three-man turrets were introduced, the commander sat to the rear of the turret. The turret was made up of a cast front and a cast rear riveted to the side plates which were of rolled steel.  All tanks carried the radio in the turret rear. Early tanks used the Wireless set No. 11 with a Tannoy for the crew; later tanks had Wireless Set No. 19, which included crew communications with long and short range networks.

Turret rotation was by electric motor controlled by the gunner, with a hand-wheel for manual backup. The restrictions that the two-man turret placed on the commander, made more so if they were a troop commander and responsible for directing the actions of two other tanks besides their own, were addressed by enlarging the turret for the Mark III so that a loader for the main armament could be carried. The turret ring diameter was not changed, so the extra space was found by moving the gun mounting forward in an extended front plate and increasing the bulge in the rear of the turret. This increased weight by half a ton on the  two-man turret.

A bulkhead separated the fighting compartment from the engine compartment. The engine, clutch and gearbox were bolted together to form a single unit. The first Valentines used a petrol engine and the diesel engine which distinguished the Mark II—at the time Tank Infantry Mark III*— from the Mark I, was based on the AEC Comet, a commercial road vehicle engine. The Mark IV used a GMC Detroit Diesel; these were the majority of those used in the desert campaigns. The gearbox was a 5-speed, 1-reverse Meadows connected to the multiplate steering clutches which then fed epicyclic reduction gearboxes on the sides of the tanks. The brakes themselves were on the outside of the drive sprockets. The suspension was made up of two units on either side; each unit made up of a single  diameter wheel and two  wheels. Improved tracks were added to later marks.

Combat history

North Africa

The Valentine was extensively used in the North African Campaign, earning a reputation as a reliable and well-protected vehicle. The first Valentines went into action in December 1941 with the 8th Royal Tank Regiment in Operation Crusader. The tank first served in Operation Crusader in the North African desert, when it began to replace the Matilda Tank. Due to a lack of cruisers, it was issued to armoured regiments in the UK from mid-1941. The Valentine was better armed and faster than the Cruiser Mk II. During the pursuit from El Alamein in late 1942, some tanks had driven more than  by the time the Eighth Army reached Tunisia.

The Valentine shared the common weakness of the British tanks of the period in that its 2-pounder gun lacked high-explosive (anti-personnel) ammunition and soon became outdated as an anti-tank weapon. Introduction of the 6-pounder in British service was delayed until the loss of equipment in France had been made good, so the 2-pounder was retained longer.

The small size of the turret and of the turret ring meant that producing mountings for larger guns proved a difficult task. Although versions with the 6-pounder and then with the Ordnance QF 75 mm gun were developed, by the time they were available in significant numbers, better tanks had reached the battlefield. Another weakness was the small crew compartment and the two-man turret. A larger turret, with a loader position added, was used in some of the 2-pounder versions but the position had to be removed again in variants with larger guns. Its relatively low height was an advantage in a battlefield with little cover, allowing it to take up a "good hull-down position in any convenient fold in the ground".

Madagascar
Six Valentines of 'B' Special Service Squadron of the Royal Armoured Corps took part in the 1942 Battle of Madagascar with six Tetrarchs of 'C' Special Service Squadron.

Northwest Europe
By 1944, the Valentine had been almost replaced in front-line units of the European theatre by the Churchill tank (the Infantry Tank Mark IV) and the US-made M4 Sherman tank. A few were used for special purposes or as command vehicles for units equipped with the Archer self-propelled gun. The Royal Artillery used the Valentine XI (with 75 mm gun) as an OP command tank until the end of the war.

Pacific
In the Pacific War, 25 Valentine Mk III and nine Valentine Mk IIICS tanks were employed by the 3rd New Zealand Division in the south-west Pacific campaign. Trials in New Zealand had found that the locally developed 2 pounder HE shell lacked power, especially compared to the 18-pounder shell of the 3-inch howitzer, so 18 Valentine Mk III were converted to Valentine Mk IIICS standard by having their main armament replaced by the QF 3-inch howitzer taken from Matilda Mk IVCS tanks, surplus to New Zealand requirements. Other modifications to the nine Valentine Mk IIICS tanks deploying to the Pacific included Infantry telephones (a means for infantry to talk to the tank commander). The converted tanks carried 21 HE and 14 smoke shells. The other nine 3-inch armed tanks and 16 normal Valentines (with 2-pounder guns) remained in New Zealand for training. The Valentine was retired from New Zealand service in 1960.

Eastern Front

Valentines, of all Marks except the Mark I, were sent to the USSR from 1941. The creation of Valentines tanks destined for use by the Soviet Union was a part of a campaign known as Aid to Russia Fund, headed by Clementine Churchill and heavily supported by the Communist Party of Great Britain. In Soviet service, the Valentine was used from the Battle of Moscow until the end of the war, mainly in the second line. Although criticised for its low speed and the 2-pounder gun, the Valentine was liked due to its small size, reliability and good armour protection. Initially the tracks gave some problems in winter; from freezing down to minus 20, snow packed into the tracks, though at below minus 20 it was not a problem. The problem was later solved.

Soviet Supreme Command asked for its production until the end of the war. In August 1945, as part of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria,  the 267th Tank Regiment (40 Valentine III and IX) of the 59th Cavalry Division Red Army, together with the 65th T-34-85 43rd Tank Brigade, passed from Eastern Gobi across the mountains Greater Khingan to Kalgan in China.

Cyprus
The last use of a Valentine in combat is thought to have occurred during the Cyprus crisis of 1963–64. A turretless Valentine from a quarry was used by Greek militia, fitted with an improvised armoured casemate from which a gunner could fire a Bren gun. The vehicle is owned by the Cypriot National Guard, who intend to place it in a proposed new military museum.

Variants

Valentine I (Tank, Infantry, Mk III): (308)
 The first model of the Valentine; production was by Vickers, Metro-Cammell and Birmingham Railway The tank had a riveted hull, was powered by AEC A189 135 hp petrol engine and equipped with a 2-pounder gun and a coaxial Besa machine gun. Its two-man turret forced the commander to act as the loader.
Valentine II (Tank, Infantry, Mk III*): (700)
 Until the Valentine name adopted in June 1941, known as "Tank, Infantry, Mark III*". This model used AEC A190 131 hp 6-cylinder diesel engine. To increase its range in the desert, an auxiliary jettisonable external fuel tank was installed to the left of the engine compartment.

Valentine III
 Modifications to the turret design – moving the front turret plate forward and a larger rear bulge – gave room for a loader to ease the duties of the commander. The side armour was reduced from  to  to save weight.
Valentine IIICS (Close Support)
 New Zealand modification of 18 Valentine III carried out by replacing the 2 pounder with a 3" Howitzer from Matilda IVCS tanks. They were used in Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands (see Battle of the Green Islands), and remained in service into the 1950s.
Valentine IV
 A Mark II using an American 138 hp GMC 6004 diesel engine and US-made transmission. Though it had slightly shorter range, it was quieter and highly reliable.
Valentine V
 As the Valentine III but with the GMC 6004 diesel and US-made transmission.
Valentine VI
 Canadian-built version of Mk IV; initially known as Tank, Infantry Mark III***. It used some Canadian and American mechanical parts and a GMC diesel engine. Late production vehicles had cast glacis detail, along with more use of cast sections instead of fabricated ones. The first fifteen were produced with a 7.92 mm Besa coaxial machine-gun, thereafter replaced by a coaxial 0.30-inch Browning machine-gun.

Valentine VII
 Another Canadian version, it was essentially the VI with internal changes and No. 19 Wireless replaced the No. 11 radio set.
Valentine VIIA
 Mark VII with jettisonable fuel tanks, new studded tracks, oil cooler and protected headlights.
Valentine VIII
 AEC diesel engine and turret modification to take 6-pounder gun; meant the loss of the coaxial machine-gun. Never built due to being inferior to Mk IX.
Valentine IX
 A V upgraded to the 6-pounder gun as VIII. Similar armour reduction as on the Mk VIII; on late production units an upgraded, 165 hp version of the GMC 6004 diesel was installed, somewhat improving mobility.

Valentine X(135)
 New turret design so that a Besa coaxial machine-gun could be mounted again. Welded construction; the 165 hp engine was used in place of the 130 hp engine in some production.
Valentine XI
An X upgraded with the OQF 75 mm gun and 210 hp version of the GMC 6004 diesel; welded construction. The Canadian cast nose introduced into British production, only used as a command tank.

Valentine DD
 Valentine Mk V, IX and Mk XI, made amphibious by the use of Nicholas Straussler's "Duplex Drive". Conversions by Metro-Cammell of 625 tanks delivered in 1943–1944. Used by crews training for the M4 Sherman DD tanks for the Normandy Landings as well as training in Italy and India. A few were used in Italy in 1945.
Valentine OP / Command
 Artillery Observation Post and Command Vehicle; extra radios, to give more space inside, the gun was removed and a dummy barrel fitted to the front of the turret. Used by battery commanders and observation post for Archer units.
Valentine CDL
 Continuation of Canal Defence Light experiments; conventional turret replaced with one containing a searchlight.
Valentine Scorpion II
 Mine flail; turretless vehicle with flail attachment never used operationally.
Valentine AMRA Mk Ib
 Armoured Mine Roller Attachment, a few used on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day.
Valentine Snake
 Mine exploder; using "Snake" mine-clearing line charge equipment; a few used operationally.
Valentine Bridgelayer
  Armoured bridgelaying vehicle; a turretless Mk II fitted with  long by  wide Class 30 (capable of bearing ) scissors bridge. 192 were produced, 25 of them supplied to the USSR. Used in action in Italy, Burma, north-west Europe and Manchuria.
Valentine with 6-pounder anti-tank mounting
 Experimental vehicle built by Vickers-Armstrong to examine the possibility of producing a simple tank destroyer by mounting the 6-pounder in its field carriage on the hull in place of the turret. Trials only, 1942 not required since the Valentine could be fitted with a 6-pounder in a turret.
Valentine flame-throwers
 Two Valentine tanks were modified to carry flame-throwers and were tested by the Petroleum Warfare Department to determine which system was best for a tank-mounted flame projector. One used a projector pressurised by slow burning cordite charges (designed by the Ministry of Supply) and one designed by AEC with the PWD using a projector operated by compressed hydrogen gas. Both carried the flame-thrower fuel in a trailer and the flame projector was mounted on the hull front. Trials started in 1942 and showed that the gas-operated system was better. From this test installation was developed the Crocodile equipment for the Churchill Crocodile flame-thrower used in the North West Europe campaign in 1944–45.
Valentine 9.75-inch flame mortar
 Experimental vehicle with the turret replaced by fixed heavy mortar intended to fire 25 lb TNT incendiary shells to demolish concrete emplacements. Trials only by the Petroleum Warfare Dept, 1943–45. Effective range was  (maximum range ). Few used in Normandy on D-Day to help clear buildings.
Burmark
 "Ark" design using Valentine hull for a light ramp tank to be used in Far East. The end of the war precluded further development.
Gap Jumping Tank
 Experiments with rockets late in the war to propel a Valentine tank across an obstacle such as a minefield.

Gallery

Operators

 Canadian Army received 30 of 1,420 tanks built in Canada. Valentines were used for training purposes.

 11th Infantry Battalion repaired two Valentine wrecks in Tobruk.
 1st Czechoslovak Independent Armoured Brigade Group received Valentines in spring 1943. These tanks were the first ones officially operated by the Czechoslovak exile army in WWII.

 Egyptian Army used Valentine tanks after WWII; used in Mandatory Palestine during 1948 Arab-Israeli War, then relegated to training.

 Imperial Iranian Ground Forces received some ex-Lend Lease tanks from the USSR after WWII.

 Captured Valentines were pressed into service with the Afrika Korps and were designated Infanterie Panzerkampfwagen Mk III 749 (e).

 New Zealand received
 100 Valentine II
 75 Valentine III, 18 converted to Valentine IIICS
 81 Valentine V
 11 Valentine Bridgelayers

 Polish 1st Armoured Division and various other units of Polish Armed Forces in the West operated Valentine tanks for training.

 The Portuguese Army received 36 Valentine Mk II in 1943, which were used by the  (Infantry Tank Battalion).

 Romanian Army captured four Mk III tanks from the Red Army, which were used for testing and anti-tank training.

 Red Army received 2,124 British-built and 1,208 Canadian-built Lend-Lease tanks. 270 and 180 lost during transportation.

 The Turkish Army received 200 Valentine IIIs between 1941 and 1944.

Vehicles based on Valentine chassis
 SP 17 pounder, Valentine, Mk I, Archer
 Carrier, Valentine, 25pounder gun Mk I, Bishop
 Tank, Infantry, Valiant (A38)

Surviving tanks

Around forty Valentine tanks and vehicles based on the Valentine chassis survive. Tanks in running condition are at the Bovington Tank Museum (Mark IX) and in private hands in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The Bovington collection has a Mark II and a Valentine Scissors Bridgelayer. Other examples are displayed at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in the UK; the Royal Military Museum in Brussels, Belgium; the Musée des Blindés, Saumur, France and the Kubinka Tank Museum, Russia; the South African National Museum of Military History. In the United States, the Military Vehicle Technology Foundation and the Virginia Museum of Military Vehicles own Valentines.

The Cavalry Tank Museum Ahmednagar, India have a Valentine Tank and a Valentine Bridgelayer.

A number of Valentine hulls are in private ownership in Australia, including one in the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum. These were sent there after the war for use as agricultural vehicles.

Two Canadian-built Valentines survive. Valentine Tank Mk VIIA, no. 838, built May 1943, was a Lend-Lease tank shipped to the Soviet Union. It fell through the ice of a boggy river near Telepyne, Ukraine (Russian: Telepino), during a Soviet counter-offensive on 25 January 1944. In 1990 a 74-year-old villager helped locate the tank and it was recovered and offered as a Glasnost-era gift to Canada. It was presented to the Canadian War Museum by independent Ukraine in 1992 and stands on display in the LeBreton Gallery. A Valentine built by Canadian Pacific resides at the Base Borden Military Museum in Barrie, Ontario.

A notable survivor is the only intact DD Valentine. This has been restored to running condition and is in the United Kingdom, privately owned by John Pearson. A number of DD Valentines that sank during training lie off the British coast; several have been located and are regularly visited by recreational divers. Two Valentines lie in the Moray Firth in Scotland and two lie  out of Poole Bay in Dorset. These tanks lie  apart in  of water. A further tank is known to lie in around  of water in Bracklesham Bay, south of Chichester in West Sussex; the hull and turret are clearly recognisable as it sits on a gravel mound.

In October 2012, a Valentine Mk IX tank that fell through ice while crossing a river in western Poland during the Soviet Army's march to Berlin was recovered. This, the only surviving Valentine Mk IX to have actually seen combat, is reportedly well preserved and could possibly be restored to operational condition.

See also
 Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Valentine production and performance data
 WWII Vehicles website about the Valentine
 The 3rd NZ Division Tank Squadron
 Valentine Tank videos
 Recovery of Valentine from Warta riverbed

Infantry tanks
World War II tanks of the United Kingdom
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Vickers
History of the tank

Valentine tank


Tamzin Maria Outhwaite (Ilford, Essex, 5 de noviembre de 1970) es una actriz inglesa, más conocida por haber interpretado a Rebecca Mitchell en Hotel Babylon y a Melanie Healy en la serie EastEnders.

Biografía
Es hija de Colin Frank y Anna Santi Outhwaite, una asesora financiera; tiene dos hermanos: Kes Colin y Jake Andrew Frank Outhwaite. Sus padres se divorciaron en 2003. Su primo es el productor de televisión Daniel Baldwin.

Es muy buena amiga de los actores John Partridge, James McAvoy, Adam Woodyatt, Nicholas Pinnock, Laurie Brett, Johnny Amobi, Natalie Appleton y la presentadora Lucy Alexander.

Salió con el productor de televisión Marty Benson, con quien se comprometió; sin embargo, la relación terminó en 2000.

En 2003 salió brevemente con el actor Nigel Harman.

En 2004 salió con el actor Leo Gregory; sin embargo, la relación terminó. Salió con el DJ Steve Ellington, pero después de dos años y medio la relación terminó. Poco después comenzó a salir con Jamie Baker, un snowboarder profesional, pero la relación terminó. En febrero de 2005 comenzó a salir con el actor Tom Ellis, con quien se casó el 11 de junio de 2006. Tienen dos hijas, Florence Elsie Ellis (25 de junio de 2008) y Marnie Mae Ellis (2012). A finales de agosto de 2013, la pareja anunció que se habían separado amigablemente y finalmente se divorciaron en abril de 2014.

Carrera
El 19 de octubre de 1998, se unió al elenco de la exitosa y aclamada serie EastEnders, donde interpretó a Melanie Healy hasta el 12 de abril de 2002. Después de 16 años lejos, el 9 de enero de 2018 Tamzin regresó a la serie como parte del elenco principal y su última aparición fue el 14 de noviembre del 2019 después de que su personaje muriera luego de ser golpeada por un camión.

En 2003 se unió al elenco de la serie Red Cap, donde interpretó a la sargento Jo McDonagh hasta el final de la serie en 2004.

En 2004 obtuvo el papel principal en la película Frances Tuesday, donde interpretó a Frances West.

En 2006 interpretó a Rhoda Bradley en la serie Vital Signs. Ese mismo año se unió al elenco principal de la serie Hotel Babylon, donde interpretó a Rebecca Mitchell. Un año después en 2007 apareció en la película Cassandra's Dream.

El 20 de diciembre de 2008, concursó junto con su esposo, Tom, en el programa de juegos All Star Mr & Mrs Christmas Special.

Ese mismo año apareció en la película Radio Cape Cod, donde interpretó a Jill Waters, y en la serie The Fixer, donde interpretó a Rose Chamberlain.

En 2009 interpretó a la detective inspectora Rebecca Flint en la miniserie de ciencia ficción y crimen Paradox.

En 2011 apareció en un episodio de la serie Law & Order: UK, donde interpretó a Miriam Pescatore.

En 2013 se unió al elenco principal de la serie New Tricks, donde interpretó a Sasha Miller hasta el final de la serie en octubre de 2015. Reemplazó la salida de la actriz Amanda Redman, quien interpretó a la detective superintendente Sandra Pullman. Anteriormente Tamzin había aparecido por primera vez en la serie en 2012, cuando interpretó a Victoria Kemp durante el episodio "Love Means Nothing in Tennis".

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Apariciones

Videos musicales

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Tamzin Outhwaite on TV.com
 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Tamzin Outhwaite
 BBC Drama Faces || Tamzin Outhwaite
 Tamzin Outhwaite Page
 Radio Cape Cod :: Tamzin Outhwaite Biography

Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Actrices de Inglaterra

Tamzin Outhwaite


An Tainia wrayana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Tainia wrayana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tainia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tainia

Tainia wrayana


ප්‍රහාරකයන්ගෙන් පහළොස් දෙනෙක් සවුදි අරාබියෙන් ද, දෙදෙනෙක් එක්සත් අරාබි එමිරේට් රාජ්‍යයෙන් ද තවත් අයෙකු ඊජිප්තුවෙන්ද අනෙක් පුද්ගලයා ලෙබනනයෙන්ද එක්ව සිටිය හ. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මරාගෙන මැරෙන ප්‍රහාරකයන් තොරතුරු වලට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධව මෙම ගුවන් යානා මංකොල්ලකරුවන් හොදින් අධ්‍යයනය හදාරා ඇති වැඩිහිටි පිරිස් හා විශ්වාසයන් හොදින් තහවුරු කරගත් පුද්ගලයන් බව පෙනේ.

ප්‍රහාරයෙන් පැය ගණනක් තුළ FBI විසින් ප්‍රහාරයට පැමිණි ප්‍රහාරකයන් කවුරුන් ද යන වග සහ ඔවුන්ගේ පෞද්ගලික තොරතුරු අණාවරනය කර ගන්නා ලදී.
මොහොමඩ් අට්ටා ගේ බඩු බඩුබාහිරාදිය අතර සියළු ගුවන් යානා මංකොල්ලකරැවන් 19 දෙනොගේ අනන්‍යතාවය හෙළි කරන ලිපි ලේඛණ සහ ප්‍රහාරය සම්බන්ධව තොරතුරු , ප්‍රහාරය‍ට හේතු, හා වටපිටාව පිළිබද හෙළි කරන තොරතුරු ඇතුළත් විය.

2001 සැප්තැම්බර් 27 වන දින  FBI විසින් ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් 19 දෙ‍නාගේ ජායාරූප ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් කරන ලදී. ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය මෙන් ම බොහෝ අයගේ අන්වර්ථ නාමයන් ද ඒ සමගම ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් කරන ලදී. විශේෂ නිළධාරින් 7000ක් පමණ යොදා ගනිමින් FBI විසින් මෙතෙක් පවත්වනු ලැබු විශාලම පරික්ෂණය පෙන්ට්බොම් ( Penttbom ) ලෙස කේත නාමයකින් හැදින් වු සැප්තැම්බර් ප්‍රහාරය පිළිබදව පරික්ෂණය යි. ඇ.එ.ජ රජය මෙන්ම  FBI විශ්වාස කරන්නේ මෙම ප්‍රහාරයට වගකිව යුතු වන්නේ ඔසාමා බින් ලාඩන් නායකත්වය අල්කයිඩා සංවිධානය වන බවයි. FBI  සදහන්කරන අන්දමට " අල්කයිඩා හා බින් ලාඩ්න් සැප්තැම්බර් 11 ප්‍රහාරයට වගකිව යුතු බවට සාක්ෂි ඉතා පැහැදිලිවත්  බිද හෙළිය නොහැකි ලෙසටත් සනාථ වී ඇත." බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයද එම මතය සනාථ කරනු ලැබු රටවල් අතරට එක් වේ.

ඔසාමා බින් ලාඩ්න්
2001 ප්‍රහාරය සදහා උනන්දු කල හේතුන් කිහිපයක් පරියේෂකයන් විසින් ඇ.එ.ජ විරැද්ධව ශුද්ධ යුද්ධයක් ප්‍රකාශ කිරිම සහ බින් ලාඩ්න් විසින් ආගමික නියෝගයක් අත්සන් තැබීමත් 1998 දී ඇමරිකානු සාමාන්‍යය ජනතාව ඝාතනය කිරිම සදහා  ඇරයුම් කිරිම ඒ අතර වේ.
සැප්තැම්බර්

සැප්තැම්බර් 11 ප්‍රහාරය-ගුවන් යානා කොල්ලකරැවන්


Dango Ouattara, né le  à Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso, est un footballeur international burkinabé qui évolue au poste d'ailier droit à l'AFC Bournemouth.

Biographie

Carrière en club
Formé à l'Académie Foot Plus, avant de jouer au Majestic FC, dans son Burkina Faso natal, Dango Ouattara rejoint le FC Lorient à l'été 2020. Après une année avec la réserve en National 2 — et une première convocation en équipe première pour le match de Coupe de France contre Le Puy Foot, le  — il signe son premier contrat professionnel avec le club le .

Ouattara fait ses débuts professionnels avec Lorient le , lors d'un match nul 1-1 chez l'AS Saint-Étienne, en Ligue 1, où il remplace Terem Moffi dans le temps supplémentaire. Connaissant sa première titularisation avec les lorientais le  lors d'un match de Ligue 1 contre le FC Nantes, le jeune attaquant est pleinement intégré à la rotation du club par Pélissier en cette fin d'année 2021, en concurrence notamment avec Armand Laurienté pour une place de titulaire.

Mais c'est néanmoins avec ce dernier qu'il est titulaire — au gré d'un changement de système, de 3-4-3 en 4-4-2 — à la fin du mois, lors d'un résultat remarqué en championnat contre le Paris Saint-Germain, où son équipe mène au score jusqu'aux dernières minutes de ce qui abouti finalement a un match nul 1-1. Face au futur champion de France, il brille notamment par son activité, sa vitesse et sa prise de la profondeur, faisant souffrir son vis-à-vis Nuno Mendes.

Le 19 janvier 2023, il rejoint l'AFC Bournemouth pour un contrat de cinq ans et demi.

Carrière en sélection
Dango Ouattara est une première fois convoqué en équipe du Burkina Faso par Kamou Malo en , n'entrant toutefois pas en jeu lors des matchs de qualification pour la Coupe du Monde.

Présélectionné pour la Coupe d'Afrique 2021 le décembre suivant, il joue son premier match avec la sélection le , lors d'un match au score nul et vierge en amical contre la Mauritanie. Ouattara est ensuite buteur quelques jours plus tard, lors d'une victoire 3-0 contre le Gabon.

Lors de la CAN 2021 au Cameroun, en demi-finale, il marque un but magnifique contre la Tunisie (1-0). Parti de son camp, il résiste à la charge de Oussama Haddadi et Dylan Bronn et marque l'unique but de la rencontre. Malheureusement, il se fait expulser à la 83ème minute.

Statistiques

Statistiques détaillées

Liste des matchs internationaux

Buts internationaux

Notes et références

Liens externes

Fiche de Dango Ouattara avec le FC Lorient

Footballeur international burkinabé
Naissance en février 2002
Naissance à Ouagadougou
Joueur du FC Lorient
Joueur de l'AFC Bournemouth

Dango Ouattara


L'ibis rouge est une espèce d'oiseaux grégaires en Amérique du Sud et aux Caraïbes.
 Ibis rouge est une maison d'édition française basée en Guyane, Martinique et Guadeloupe.
 L'Ibis rouge est un film français réalisé par Jean-Pierre Mocky et sorti en 1975.

Ibis rouge (homonymie)


الكلب الأصغر هي كوكبة صغيرة في نصف الكرة السماوية الشمالي تتألف من نجمين فقط، أحدهما نجم ساطع جدا ذو لون أبيض مصفر، (ألفا الكلب الأصغر)، ويطلق عليه العرب اسم الشعرى الشامية، ويسمى الغميصاء أيضا كما ذكره الصوفي، والآخر (بيتا الكلب الأصغر) نجم خافت أسمه مرزم الغميصاء، وهي من نجوم الشتاء وتغطي الكوكبة مساحة سماوية تبلغ نحو 183 درجة مربعة، وهذه الكوكبة معروقة منذ القدم حيث ذكرها كلاوديوس بطليموس في كتابه المجسطي ووصفها الفلكي عبد الرحمن بن عمر الصوفي في كتابه صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين بقوله: (وهما كوكبان بين النيرين اللذين هما على راس التوأمين وبين النير العظيم الذي على فم الكلب الأكبر يتاخر عنهما إلى المشرق).

وتقع هذه الكوكبة إلى جهة الشمال الشرقي من كوكبة الكلب الأكبر، وتعدّ كوكبة الكلب الأصغر هي أصغر الكلبين فالثانية تسمى الكلب الأكبر، فتظهر كوكبة الكلب الأصغر في السماء بعد ظهور كوكبة الجبار وكوكبة الكلب الأكبر بقليل.

انظر أيضا
 قائمة أسماء النجوم العربية
 الغميصاء(نجم)
 نجم لويتن

وصلات خارجية

المصادر

الأبراج الشرقية
الكوكبات الشمالية
الكوكبات المدرجة من قبل بطليموس
كوكبات
كوكبة الكلب الأصغر

الكلب الأصغر (كوكبة)


Ujandina (, ; , ) er en flod i Republikken Sakha i Rusland, en venstre biflod til Indigirka. Floden dannes ved sammenløbet af floderne Irgitjan og Baky. Ujandina er 586 km lang. Flodens afvandingsareal opgives til  km². i Den store sovjetiske encyklopædis 3. oplag fra 1969 til 1978, afvandingsarealet opgives til  km² i 2. oplag fra 1950-1958. Floden fryser til i oktober og er islagt indtil maj/juni.

Noter

Floder i republikken Sakha

Ujandina


Die Vivawest GmbH ist mit circa 120.000 Wohnungen in rund 100 Kommunen zwischen Köln und Ahlen einer der größten Wohnungsanbieter in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Sitz der Gesellschaft ist Essen. Die Hauptverwaltung befindet sich in Gelsenkirchen auf dem Gelände der ehemaligen Zeche Nordstern. Das Unternehmen ist aus der Zusammenführung der Evonik Immobilien GmbH, einem Tochterunternehmen der Evonik Industries AG, und der THS GmbH hervorgegangen.

In Kooperation mit der Bochum-Gelsenkirchener Straßenbahnen AG soll in deren Betriebsgebiet nach Auslaufen des 9-Euro-Tickets ab September 2022 ein Mieter-Ticket angeboten werden.

Zusammenführung
 Am 25. November 2011 beschloss die Gesellschafterversammlung der Evonik Immobilien GmbH die Umfirmierung zur Vivawest GmbH. Die Eintragung in das Handelsregister erfolgte am 14. Dezember 2011.
 Ab dem 1. Januar 2012 bündelten Vivawest GmbH und THS GmbH die Bewirtschaftung ihrer jeweiligen Wohnimmobilienbestände in dem Gemeinschaftsunternehmen Vivawest Wohnen GmbH.
 Im Juli 2012 wurden Vivawest GmbH und THS GmbH auch gesellschaftsrechtlich zusammengeführt und die neue Gesellschafterstruktur bekannt gegeben.

Gesellschafterstruktur
Größter Anteilseigner ist die RAG-Stiftung mit 40,0 Prozent. Die IG BCE hält 26,8 Prozent. Die Evonik Operations GmbH ist mit 7,5 Prozent am Unternehmen beteiligt. Weitere 7,5 Prozent hält der Evonik Pensionstreuhand e.V. zur langfristigen Absicherung der Firmenrenten der Evonik-Mitarbeiter. Fünfter Anteilseigner ist die RAG Finanz-GmbH & Co. KG mit 18,2 Prozent.

Vorgängergesellschaften

THS
Die THS GmbH hatte ihren Sitz in der ehemaligen Zeche Nordstern in Gelsenkirchen. Das Unternehmen wurde 1920 zunächst als Siedlungsbank unter dem Namen Treuhandstelle für Bergmannswohnstätten im rheinisch-westfälischen Steinkohlenbezirk GmbH in Essen gegründet. Die Aufgaben gingen schon bald über eine Darlehensvergabe hinaus und richteten sich schnell auf die Bereitstellung von preisgünstigen und qualitätsvollen Wohnungen für die Zechenbelegschaften im Ruhrgebiet. Durch Erwerb mehrerer Werkswohnungsgesellschaften sowie durch Zukauf und Gründung von Dienstleistungsfirmen ab den 1970er-Jahren entwickelte sich das Traditionsunternehmen im Laufe der Jahrzehnte zu einem wohnungswirtschaftlichen Dienstleistungskonzern mit 70.000 Wohnungen.

Evonik Immobilien
Die Wurzeln der Evonik Immobilien GmbH finden sich vor allem in den Aktivitäten der Bergbaugesellschaft Ruhrkohle AG und ihrer Vorläufergesellschaften sowie des Eschweiler Bergwerksvereins. In den Kohlerevieren im Ruhrgebiet und im Aachener Raum entstanden mit Beginn der Industrialisierung im 19. Jahrhundert ausgedehnte Zechensiedlungen, von denen viele in den Besitz der Ruhrkohle übergingen, die im Jahr 1969 gegründet wurde. Bei der Übernahme des Dortmunder Stahlunternehmens Hoesch AG durch die Friedrich Krupp AG wurden auch die ehemaligen Hoesch-Werkswohnungen an die damalige RAG übertragen. In den 1990er-Jahren entwickelte sich die Bewirtschaftung des Immobilienbestandes schließlich zu einer eigenen Geschäftsaktivität. Aus der RAG Immobilien entstand 2007 Evonik Immobilien mit 60.000 Wohnungen.

Stiftung
Wie andere Wohnungsgesellschaften nach großen Umstrukturierungen hat auch die Vivawest eine gemeinnützige Tochtergesellschaft ins Leben gerufen. Die Vivawest-Stiftung fördert nachbarschaftliche Projekte, insbesondere durch Einrichtung und Unterhalt von Gemeinschaftsräumen in ihren Siedlungen und in Stadtteilen mit Vivawest-Wohnungsbeständen.

Nach der Trennung von Gazprom als Sponsor von Schalke 04 ist Vivawest als neuer Partner eingestiegen.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website
 Nordsternturm

Einzelnachweise

Wohnungsunternehmen (Nordrhein-Westfalen)
Unternehmen (Essen)
Gegründet 2011

Vivawest


رومولوس (حوالي 771 إلى 717 ق.م.) ورموس (حوالي 771 إلى 753 ق.م.) حسب التقاليد هما مؤسسا روما. وهما أخوان توأم في الميثولوجيا الرومانية أمهما الكاهنة ريا سيلفيا والأب مارس إله الحرب.

في تاريخ بلوتارخ كان رومولوس أول ملك لروما، وكلاهما أرضعتهما أنثى ذئب وذلك حسب الأسطورة.

معظم الرومان تقبّلوا الرواية القائلة أن رومولوس وأخاه ريموس التوأم كانا طفلين متخلّى عنهما وقد أرضعتهما ذئبة، فلما كبرا أسّسا مدينة روما على هضبة تشرف على نهر التيبر، عُرفت فيما بعد باسم هضبة بالاتينا.

وفيما كانت الأسوار تُشاد حول الأكواخ والسقيفات البسيطة الجافية، استغرق ريموس في الضحك بسبب ارتفاعها البسيط. وأبدى ازدراءه بالقفز من فوقها. ويزعمون أن رومولوس قضى على أخيه من فوره، وأنه صاح إذ ذاك أن لا أحد سيهزأ بالمدينة الجديدة.

وقد حكم رومولوس روما زهاء أربعين سنة. وفي هذه المدة وسّع الحدود، وضم مزيداً من الحقول لزراعة بعض المحاصيل.

ويقول بعض المؤرخين أنه مات غيلة.

مراجع

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 لوبا كابيتولينا
 تيتوس تاتيوس

أشخاص مختلف على وجودهم
أشخاص من ألبا لونغا
أبناء آريز
أنصاف آلهة
توائم
توائم خياليون
رومان مؤلهون
ملوك روما
أساطير الرومان
مؤسسو مدن
رومان القرن 8 ق م

رومولوس ورموس


ŽNL Ličko-senjska u sezoni 2017./18. predstavlja jedinu županijsku ligu u Ličko-senjskoj županiji, te ligu petog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva. U natjecanju sudjeluje 9 klubova, koji igraju dvokružnu ligu. Prvak je postao "Velebit" iz Žabice.

Sudionici
 Bunjevac-Gavran Krivi Put
 Croatia 92 Lički Osik
 Gospić 91
 Lika 95 Korenica
 Novalja
 Perušić
 Plitvice Mukinje (Plitvička Jezera)
 Sokolac Brinje
 Velebit Žabica

Ljestvica

Perušić odustao uoči početka proljetnog dijela, te je donesena odluka o novom rasporedu natjecanja.

Rezultatska križaljka
{| class="wikitable"  style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center"
!kratica !!klub !!BUG !!CRO !!GOS !!LIK !!NOV !!PER !!PLI !!SOK !!VEL
|-
|BUG ||align="left"|Bunjevac-Gavran Krivi Put
|bgcolor="gainsboro"| || 3:0 p.f. || 2:1 ||1:0 ||1:4 ||  || 2:0 ||1:0 ||1:3
|-
|CRO ||align="left"|Croatia 92 Lički Osik
|5:4 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  ||3:1 ||0:0 || 2:1 ||  || 4:1 || 4:0 ||1:2
|-
|GOS ||align="left"|Gospić 91
| 5:0 || 0:2 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  ||2:1 || 4:2 ||  || 4:1 ||2:1 ||0:1
|-
|LIKA ||align="left"|Lika 95 Korenica
| 1:0 || 0:6 || 2:1 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  ||4:1 ||  ||3:1 ||6:0 ||0:0
|-
|NOV ||align="left"|Novalja
| 3:0 p.f. ||4:1 ||0:6 || 1:2 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  ||2:3 ||1:1 || 9:1 || 3:2
|-
|PER ||align="left"|Perušić
|0:0 ||0:3 ||0:3 ||4:2 ||  ||bgcolor="gainsboro"| || || ||
|-
|PLI ||align="left"|Plitvice Mukinje (Plitvička Jezera)
|1:1 ||1:4 ||0:4 || 3:3 || 5:7 ||1:3 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  || 2:1 || 1:4
|-
|SOK ||align="left"|Sokolac Brinje
| 1:2 ||0:1 || 2:1 || 2:0 ||1:1 ||1:1 ||1:2 || bgcolor="gainsboro" | || 2:3
|-
|VEL ||align="left"|Velebit Žabica
| 4:1 || 5:0 || 5:1 || 3:0 ||4:0 ||3:0 ||3:1 ||4:0' || bgcolor="gainsboro" |
|-
!colspan="11"|
|-
|colspan="11" align="left"| podebljan rezltat - igrano u prvom dijelu lige (1. – 9. kolo)
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano u drugom dijelu lige (10. – 18. kolo)
|}Ažurirano 7. lipnja 2018.
Izvori:

 Najbolji strijelci
Izvor:  Strijelci 10 i više golova u ligi.  Ažurirano: 7. lipnja 2018.

Povezani članci
 Kup Nogometnog saveza Ličko-senjske županije 2017./18.
 4. NL NS Rijeka 2017./18.

Vanjske poveznice
 Nogometni savez Ličko-senjske županije

Izvori
 nogometnisavezlsz.hr, natjecanja 2017./18.
 nogometnisavezlsz.hr, Bilteni 2017./18.
 nogometnisavezlsz.hr, Bilten - Natjecateljska godna 2017/2018., br. 1 (222/2017.); (ŽNL Ličko-senjska 2017./18. - raspored jesenskog dijela prvenstva), objavljeno 1. rujna 2017., preuzeto 27. rujna 2017.
 Bilten, br. 27 (127/2018), objavljeno 30. svibnja 2018., preuzeto 7. lipnja 2018.

2017-18
Ličko-senjska-1

ŽNL Ličko-senjska 2017./18.


Karriss Artingstall (23 de novembro de 1994) é uma boxeadora britânica, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Artingstall conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após confronto na semifinal contra a japonesa Sena Irie na categoria peso pena. A nível nacional, Artingstall ganhou medalhas de ouro nos campeonatos júnior de 2012 e 2013 e nos campeonatos de elite de 2018.

Pugilistas olímpicos do Reino Unido
Pugilistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Karriss Artingstall


Çatalpınar, Ordu ilinin bir ilçesidir. Fatsa'ya 20 kilometre, Altınordu'ya 56 km uzaklıktadır. Geçim kaynakları tarım ve hayvancılıktır. Fındık yetiştirilir.Burada fındık yetiştirilmeden önceki geçim kaynağı mısır idi.

Etimoloji
İlçenin ilk adı Çatak'tır. Bu isim 1900 'lü yıllarda buradan geçen yolcuların konakladığı bir han bulunurdu. Ordu'nun Aybastı  ve  Fatsa ilçelerinden gelenler burada çatıştıkları için yerleşim yeri Çatak  adını almıştır. Çatak daha sonra belde olunca, ilçeyi bir çatal gibi arasına alan Bolaman ve Keş ırmaklarından esinlenerek yerleşim yerinin adı daha sonra Çatalpınar olarak değiştirilmiştir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Çatalpınar


الزغامرة قرية فلاحية تابعة اٍداريا لبلدية بني عباس ، لا يتجاوز عدد سكانها 300 نسمة.

مراجع

بلديات ولاية بشار
قرى ولاية بشار
معالم مدينة بني عباس

الزغامرة


Artal II de Pallars Sobirá ( ? - 1124 ) fue conde de Pallars Sobirá (1081-1124).

Orígenes familiares
Era hijo del conde Artal I de Pallars Sobirá.

Hechos destacados
Durante su gobierno se consumó jurídicamente la partición en dos del antiguo condado de Pallars. Guerreó contra los sarracenos, permaneciendo en cautiverio durante varios años.

Nupcias y descendencia
Se casó antes de 1083 con Aldonza. De este matrimonio nació:

 Artal (?-1167), conde de Pallars Sobirá

Fue sucedido por su hijo mayor Artal III de Pallars Sobirá.

Referencias

Condes de Pallars
Nobles de España del siglo XI
Nobles de España del siglo XII
Historia de Cataluña: siglo XI
Historia de Cataluña: siglo XII

Artal II de Pallars Sobirá


NGC 5730 est une galaxie spirale magellanique située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5730 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en 1787.

On ne s'entend pas sur la classification de cette galaxie, la base de données NASA/IPAC et Wolfgang Steinicke la classent comme une galaxie irrégulière.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5730 est V-VI et elle présente une large raie HI. C'est aussi une galaxie à sursaut de formation d'étoiles.

À ce jour, trois mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

La distance de Hubble de NGC 5731 est de . Comme NGC 5730 et NGC 5731 sont rapprochées sur la sphère céleste, elles forment une paire de galaxies qui sont possiblement interaction gravitationnelle.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5730 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5730
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale magellanique
Galaxie à sursaut d'étoiles
Objet céleste découvert en 1787
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 5730


Tırnak işareti (" "), bir noktalama işaretidir. Kelime veya kelime gruplarının bir başına bir de sonuna gelecek şekilde (ikili olarak) kullanılır. Tırnak işareti içindeki bir cümlede yeniden tırnak içine alınması gereken sözler tek tırnak işareti içine alınır.

Kullanımı
Kitapların ve yazıların adları ile başlıkları tırnak içine alınır:
 Yahya Kemal'in bazı şiirleri "Kendi Gök Kubbemiz" adı altında yayımlandı.
 "Yazım Kuralları" bölümünde bazı uyarılara yer verilmiştir.

Metin içerisinde geçen bazı özel isimler vurgulanmak istendiğinde kullanılır:
 Yıllardır "Varlık" dergisini büyük bir zevkle okurum.

Metin içerisinde özellikle belirtilmek istenen kısımlar tırnak içine alınabilir:
 Yeni bir "barış taarruzu" başladı.

Not: Cümle içerisinde özel olarak belirtilmek istenen sözler, kitapların ve yazıların adları ve başlıkları tırnak içine alınmaksızın koyu yazılarak veya eğik yazıyla (italik) dizilerek de gösterilebilir:

 Höyük yerine Anadolu'da tepe sözcüğü kullanılır.
 Cahit Sıtkı'nın Şairin Ölümü şiirini Yahya Kemal çok sevmişti.

Tırnak işareti bir metin içerisinde başkalarından veya başka metinlerden aktarılan sözlerin (alıntıların) başına ve sonuna konur:
 Atatürk "Yurtta sulh cihanda sulh." sözüyle barışa verdiği önemi dile getirmiştir.
 Tilkiye "Tavuk kebabı yer misin?" diye sormuşlar; "Adamı güldürmeyin." demiş.

Karşılıklı konuşmalarda uzun çizgi (—) işareti yerine  kullanılabilir:
 Bir yaz günü aslan su içip serinlemek amacıyla göl başına gelmiş. O sırada yaban domuzu da suya eğiliyormuş. Aslan: "Çekil bakalım da su içelim." diye kükremiş. "Ne demek çekil?" demiş yaban domuzu.

Cümle içinde geçen yabancı sözcükler tırnak içine alınır.
 Köpeğin İngilizce karşılığı "dog"dur.

Not: Birden fazla paragrafı kapsayan alıntılarda, her paragraf ayrı ayrı tırnak içine alınır.

Diğer noktalama işaretleri ile birlikte kullanımı

Tırnak içine alınan ifade tam bir cümle ise kendi noktalama işaretlerini korur. Bu cümlenin sonuna gelen ünlem, soru, nokta, virgül gibi noktalama işaretleri tırnak işaretinin "içine" konur:

 Kurda "Neden boynun kalın?" demişler; "İşimi kendim görürüm de ondan." demiş.

Bir alıntı yapılacağı "şöyle söylemiş, demiş ki" ve benzeri şekillerde anons edildiğinde, alıntıdan önce iki nokta konur:

 Ne güzel söylemiş D. H. Lawrence: "Çok biliyoruz ama az duyuyoruz."
 Kral Eğleniyor piyesi başarı kazanamayınca Alphonse Daudet der ki: "Doğru, kral eğleniyor; fakat kraldan başka eğlenen yok!"

Tırnak içerisine alınmış sözcüklerden sonra gelen ekler ayrıca kesme işareti (') ile ayrılmaz ve tırnak ile ek arasında boşluk bırakılmaz.
 Reşat Nuri Güntekin'in "Acımak"ını okumanızı tavsiye ederim.

Tırnak arasındaki ifade içerisinde yeniden tırnak kullanılması gerekirse tek tırnak işareti (') kullanılır:
 Annem kardeşime "Neden öğretmenine 'Annemler veli toplantısına katılamayacak.' dedin?" diye sordu.
 Edebiyat öğretmeni "Şiirler içinde 'Han Duvarları' gibisi var mı?" dedi ve Faruk Nafiz'in bu güzel şiirini okumaya başladı.

Ayraç (parantez) ile tırnak işaretinin kullanılacağı yerlerin birbirine karıştırılması hâlinde anlama bakılır. Tırnak işareti içindeki kısım çıkartıldığında anlam bozulurken, parantez içindeki kısım çıkartıldığında anlam bozulmaz:

 Hatasız (kusursuz) kul olmaz.
 Cahit Sıtkı'nın "Otuzbeş Yaş" adlı şiirini ilk kez ortaokulda okumuştum.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 tek tırnak işareti
 denden işareti

Noktalama işaretleri

Tırnak işareti


Giuseppe Maria Buondelmonti (né à Florence le  et mort à Pise le ) est un poète, orateur et philosophe italien.

Biographie
Giuseppe Maria Buondelmonti naquit à Florence, d'une famille noble, le . Dès son enfance il apprit successivement les langues anciennes et plusieurs langues vivantes, les mathématiques, la philosophie. À peine âgé de dix-neuf ans, il fut transféré à l'Université de Pise, et la quitta bientôt pour entrer dans l'Ordre de Malte, où il fut commandeur, mais non profès. Revenu à Florence vers 1736, il se perfectionna dans l'étude des langues française et anglaise.Il recherchait la société des savants, non-seulement de l'Italie, mais des pays étrangers, avec lesquels il entretenait une correspondance fort suivie. Il fut chargé de prononcer l'éloge funèbre du grand-duc de Toscane Jean-Gaston de Médicis, dernier rejeton de la maison de Médicis, dont les obsèques eurent lieu le . Buondelmonti prononça l'oraison funèbre de l'empereur Charles VI le . Il fut encore chargé de l'oraison funèbre d'Élisabeth-Charlotte d'Orléans, veuve du duc Léopold  de Lorraine , et mère de l'empereur François  : elle fut imprimée à Florence, 1745, in-4°. En 1741, Buondelmonti se rendit à Rome pour assister aux derniers moments d'un de ses oncles paternels. Après deux ans de séjour dans cette ville, il retourna à Florence, puis à Pise afin de soigner ses maladies. Il y mourut le , âgé de 43 ans.

Œuvres
Outre les oraisons funèbres dont il a été parlé, on a de lui :

 Lettera sopra la misura, ed il calcolo de' piaceri e de' dolori, insérée dans le recueil de dissertations publiées par Andrea Bonducci.
 Il Riccio rapito, traduction en prose de La Boucle de cheveux enlevée de Pope, qui fut ensuite mise en vers sciolti par le même Bonducci, et publiée à Florence en 1739, in-8°.
 Ragionamento sul diritto della guerra giusta, Florence, 1756, in-8°. Ce discours ayant été inséré d'une manière très-fautive dans le Magazzino Toscano, l'auteur jugea à propos de le faire réimprimer.
 Des poésies insérées dans divers recueils. Il a laissé des observations inédites sur plusieurs articles de l'Encyclopédie, et des éclaircissements sur un passage de l'Essai sur l'entendement humain par John Locke.

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Poète italien du XVIIIe siècle
Philosophe italien du XVIIIe siècle
Membre de l'Académie d'Arcadie
Membre de l'Accademia della Crusca

Giuseppe Maria Buondelmonti


Bayezid Paşa (Amasyalı Bayezıd Paşa) Osmanlı Devleti'nin Fetret Devri'nde, 1413'te Sultan I. Mehmed Çelebi saltanatında sadrazam olmuş; devleti toparlama süreci içinde yanında bulunmuş ve sonra da II. Murad döneminde Düzmece Mustafa'ya Sazlıdere'de yenilip teslim olup onun emriyle öldürüldüğü Temmuz 1421'e kadar başvezirlik yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı
Amasyalı Yahşi Bey'in oğludur. Amasya'da doğduğu için lakabı Amasyalı olmuştur. Sarayda yetişmiştir. I. Bayezid döneminde bazı askeri görevler yapmıştır. Çelebi Mehmet'in Amasya'da sancak beyliği yaptığı dönemde onun baş danışmanlarından biri olmuştur.

Yıldırım Bayezid'in Timur'a esir düştüğü 1402 Ankara Savaşında, 15 yasındaki genç Şehzade Mehmet'i Timur'un kuşatmasından kurtararak Amasya'ya getirmeyi başarmıştır. Beyazıd Paşa, Mehmet Çelebi'nin Amasya'da Osmanlı birliğini yeniden kurmaya çalıştığı, kendileri de sultan sıfatıyla çeşitli merkezlerde üslenmiş kardeşlerine karşı mücadele verdiği dönemde onun hizmetinde bulunmuştur.

Mehmet Çelebi'nin 1412 yılında Bursa'ya girerek I. Mehmed adıyla Osmanlı Hükümdarı olmasından sonra da Vezir olmuş ve Karamanoğulları Beyliği üzerine yapılan bir seferde önemli hizmetlerine karşılık ayrıca Rumeli beylerbeyi olarak atanmış, bu iki vazifeyi ölümüne kadar muhafaza etmiştir.

Beyazıd Paşa gayretleriyle Şeyh Bedreddin isyanlarını bastırmış olan devlet adamıdır. Bu isyan hareketleri Şeyh Bedrettin liderliğinde Rumeli'de Deliorman bölgesinde, Karaburun'da Börklüce Mustafa, Manisa'da da Börklüce'nin sağ kolu Torlak Kemal önderliğinde gelişmekteydi. Eflak hükümdarının da desteğiyle Tuna'nin güneyine geçen Şeyh Bedrettin asileri çevresinde toplayarak kuvvetlerini arttırmıştı.

Börklüce Mustafa'nın da beş bin kişiyle İzmir sancakbeyini yenmesi üzerine isyan ciddileşti. Saruhan sancak beyinin de Börklüce'ye yenilmesi üzerine Sultan I. Mehmet Çelebi harekete geçti ve veliaht şehzade Murat ve vezir-i azam Beyazıd Paşa'yı Börklüce'nin üzerine gönderdi. Hayli şiddetli geçen Karaburun yarımadası çarpışmalarında Beyazıd Paşa isyancıların çoğunu imha etti, esirleri de idam ettirdi. Bizzat Börklüce Mustafa da idam edildi. Manisa civarında Torlak Kemal ile 3000 asi de yakalanıp öldürüldü. Anadolu'daki isyan bastırıldıktan sonra Şeyh Bedrettin'in yanındakilerin çoğu kaçtılar.

Beyazıd Paşa, Rumeli'ye geçerek, Şeyh Bedrettin ve taraftarlarını Deliorman'da küçük bir çarpışmadan sonra kolaylıkla yakaladı. Şeyh Bedrettin'i kardeşi Mustafa Çelebi'ye karşı Rumeli'ye geçmiş bulunan Sultan I. Mehmet Çelebi'nin bulunduğu Serez'e yolladı. Sultan Şeyh Bedrettin'i Heratlı Mevlana Haydar başkanlığındaki mahkemede yargılatarak, 1420'de Serez çarşısında astırdı. Böylece, Mustafa Çelebi hadisesi ile aynı zamanda vuku bulan ve Osmanlı Devleti'ni çok zor duruma sokan bu ayaklanmalar, Beyazıd Paşa'nın sayesinde ortadan kaldırıldı.

I. Mehmet Çelebi'nin ölümünden sonra, oğlu II. Murat tahta geçti, ancak bu arada Vezir olan Beyazıt Paşa padişahın ölümünü, onun vasiyeti üzerine, oğlu şehzade Murad gelinceye kadar kırk gün süreyle gizledi ve böylece çıkması muhtemel bir fitneyi önledi.

Mayıs 1421'de tahta geçen II. Murat zamanında da Beyazıd Paşa Vezir mevkiini korumuştur. Çelebi Mehmet'in ölümünün duyulmasından sonra serbest bırakılan ve hemen meşru hükümdarla mücadeleye başlayan Şehzade Mustafa'nın (Düzmece Mustafa) üzerine gönderilmiştir. Beylerbeyi olarak, kuvvetleriyle Rumeli'ye geçerek Mustafa Çelebi'ye karşı koymuştur.

İki taraf, bugün Keşan'in bir köyü olan Saros Körfezi kıyısındaki Sazlıdere mevkiinde karşılaştığında, muharebe esnasında elindeki kuvvetler Mustafa Çelebi tarafına geçince, Beyazıd Paşa teslim olmuştur. Fakat kendisine itimat edilmeyerek Mustafa Çelebi'nin yanındaki İzmiroğlu Cüneyt Bey'in ısrarlarıyla (Temmuz 1421'de) boynu vurulmuştur.

Mezarı Sazlıdere'dedir.

Eserleri
Amasya'da Bayezid Paşa Camii'ni, imaret ve medrese yaptırmış ve 1418 tarihli vakfiyeleri vardır . Oğlu İsa Bey ümeradan olup Bursa'da mescidi ve imareti vardır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi, (1961) Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi say.9.
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (2003) Osmanlı Tarihi I. Cilt: Anadolu Selçukluları ve Anadolu Beylikleri Hakkında bir Mukaddime ile Osmanlı Devleti'nin Kuruluşundan İstanbul'un Fethine Kadar, Ankara:Türk Tarih Kurumu 2003 (8. Baskı) ISBN 975-16-0011-1 s.364-365, 378-379, 543, 553-554
 Yayin Kurulu, "Beyazid Paşa" (1999) Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlilar Ansiklopedisi, C.1 s.302, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Yayıncılık A.Ş. ISBN 975-08-0071-01.

Fetret Devri'nde kişiler
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
1421 yılında ölenler
15. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
Osmanlı sadrazamları
İdam edilmiş Osmanlılar
Başı kesilerek idam edilmiş kişiler
Resim aranan kişiler

Bayezid Paşa


La edición 77.º del Campeonato de Wimbledon se celebró entre el 24 de junio y el 5 de julio de 1963 en las pistas del All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club de Wimbledon, Londres, Inglaterra.

El cuadro individual masculino lo iniciaron 128 jugadores mientras que el femenino lo iniciaron 96 tenistas.

Hechos destacados
En la competición individual masculina se impuso el estadounidense  Chuck McKinley  logrando su único título en un torneo del Gran Slam al imponerse en la final al australiano Fred Stolle .

En la competición individual femenina la victoria fue para la australiana  Margaret Smith Court logrando el primero de los tres triunfos que obtendría en Wimbledon al imponerse a la estadounidense Billie Jean King.

Palmarés

Cuadros Finales

Categoría senior

Torneo individual masculino

Torneo individual  femenino

Véase también
 Campeonato de Wimbledon
 Grand Slam

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Wimbledon (Web official)

Campeonato de Wimbledon 1963

Campeonato de Wimbledon 1963


Arheološki lokalitet kaštel Sutinsko je nalazište na lokaciji Veliki Komor, općina Mače zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Arheološko nalazište kaštel Sutinsko nalazi se na močvarnim livadama zapadno od potoka Sutinščice u naselju Veliki Komor, općina Mače, u središnjem dijelu Zagorja. Smješten je na važnom strateškom položaju južno od sutjeske Sutinsko. Lokalitet se sastoji od umjetnog zemljanog uzvišenja s vidljivim ostatcima temelja zidova četverougaone kule i obrambenim vodenim opkopom. Riječ je o tipičnom utvrđenju tipa nizinskog kaštela koji se na temelju pisanih isprava i materijalnih ostataka arhitekture datira u vrijeme 16. i 17. stoljeća. Lokalitet je 1910. godine istraživao Vjekoslav Noršić, a u stručnoj literaturi ga spominju Gj. Szabo i E. Laszowski.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom P-5300 zavedena je kao zaštićeno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka kulturna baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj

Arheološki lokalitet kaštel Sutinsko


La Biblioteca Nacional de Turquía, (Millî Kütüphane, en turco) está situada en Ankara, capital de Turquía, y fue fundada el 15 de abril de 1946. Posee una rica colección de casi tres millones de documentos, de los que casi un millón trescientos mil son libros, y más de 25.000 son manuscritos. El edificio principal de la biblioteca fue terminado en 1982.

Referencias

Turquía
Turquía
Nacional
Arquitectura de Turquía del siglo XX
Cultura de Ankara

Biblioteca Nacional de Turquía


An Eriocaulon lineare in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Kunkel Small. An Eriocaulon lineare in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon lineare


The Dawn of Yangchen ou Chronicles of the Avatar Book 3 é um romance publicado em 2022 pelo autor F.C. Yee pela editora norte-americana Amulet Books. É baseado na série animada de televisão Avatar: The Last Airbender. O livro conta com colaboração de Michael Dante DiMartino, co-criador da animação original.

É o terceiro livro da série Chronicles of the Avatar.

Sinopse
A inexperiência de Yangchen pode vir a ser seu maior trunfo...

Atormentada pelas vozes dos Avatares antes dela desde que ela consegue se lembrar, Yangchen ainda não conquistou o respeito sentido pelo Avatar Szeto, seu antecessor. Em uma época em que a lealdade é comprada em vez de conquistada, ela tem poucos motivos para confiar em seu conselho. Quando Yangchen viaja para Bin-Er no Reino da Terra em negócios políticos, um encontro casual com um informante chamado Kavik leva a uma parceria cautelosa. Bin-Er é uma cidade governada por comerciantes shang corruptos que ficaram ressentidos com o mercurial Rei da Terra e seus caprichos. Para se livrar de sua influência, os Shangs têm uma solução em mente: uma misteriosa arma de destruição em massa que colocaria o poder diretamente em suas mãos. Enquanto Yangchen e Kavik tentam frustrar o plano dos Shangs, sua improvável amizade se aprofunda. Mas para Yangchen traçar seu curso como um Avatar singularmente poderoso, ela deve aprender a confiar em sua própria sabedoria acima de tudo.

Produção
A obra foi anunciada oficialmente em 24 de março de 2022, com F.C. Yee retornando como escritor, sendo marcado para ser lançado em 19 de julho do mesmo ano, com o livro contando com 366 páginas. Em entrevista para o site CBR, Yee respondeu uma sabatina com perguntas sobre o futuro livro. Yee comentou que a experiência em escrever a obra foi diferente das outras anteriores, alegando que o pico da pandemia de COVID-19 influenciou bastante no processo de escrita.

Lançamento
O livro chegou as bancas em 19 de julho de 2022 nos Estados Unidos. Ainda não há previsão de lançamento para as livrarias brasileiras.

Recepção
Megan Peterson, para o site Subjectfy Media, escreveu uma review positiva do livro, afirmando que "... F.C. Yee aprofunda o mundo de Avatar: The Last Airbender ao nos dar um olhar maravilhosamente realista sobre o que seria realmente ser 'ponte entre dois mundos'.", acrescentando que o que a deixou animada em escrever a review é que "este livro leva sua audiência (infanto-juvenil) a sério".

Para o site Temple of Geek, Kristen Chavez comenta que "... The Dawn of Yangchen é um conto atraente que dá um maior contexto para a lendário Avatar Nômade do Ar."

No site da Amazon, o livro possui uma avaliação pública de 4,8/5, baseada em 1.084 avaliações.
Avatar: The Last Airbender
Romances LGBT
Romances de fantasia dos Estados Unidos

Livros infantojuvenis dos Estados Unidos
Livros baseados em Avatar: The Last Airbender

Avatar, the Last Airbender: The Dawn of Yangchen


Papa Leon XII. za vrijeme svoga pontifikata (1823. – 1829.) održao je 8 konzistorija na kojima je imenovao ukupno 25 kardinala.

Konzistorij 3. svibnja 1824. (I.)
 Giovanni Battista Bussi, generalni saslušatelj Apostolske komore, beneventanski izabrani nadbiskup
 Bonaventura Gazzola, O.F.M.Ref., biskup Montefiasconea

Konzistorij 27. rujna 1824. (II.)
 Karl Kajetan von Gaisruck, milanski nadbiskup, kraljevina Lombardija-Venecija (Austro-Ugarska)
 Patrício da Silva, O.E.S.A., lisabonski patrijarh, Portugal
 Teresio Ferrero della Marmora, bivši biskup Saluzza

Konzistorij 20. prosinca 1824. (III.)
 Pedro de Inguanzo y Rivero, toledski nadbiskup, Spain
 Ludovico Micara, O.F.M.Cap.

Konzistorij 21. ožujka 1825. (IV.)
 Gustave-Maximilian-Juste de Croy, ruanski nadbiskup, Francuska
 Mauro Cappellari, O.S.B.Cam., opat i generalni vikar svoga reda.

Konzistorij 13. ožujka 1826. (V.)
 Jean-Baptist-Marie-Anne-Antoine de Latil, remski nadbiskup, Francuska
 Francisco Javier de Cienfuegos y Jovellanos, seviljski nadbiskup, Španjolska

Konzistorij 2. listopada 1826 (VI.)
 Pietro Caprano, ikonijski naslovni nadbiskup, tajnik Svete kongregacije za širenje vjere
 Alexander Rudnay Divékújfalusi, ostrogonski nadbiskup, Austro-Ugarska
 Giacomo Giustiniani, imolski nadbiskup-biskup, nuncij u Španjolskoj
 Vincenzo Macchi, nisibiski naslovni nadbiskup, nuncij u Francuskoj
 Giacomo Filippo Fransoni, nazianski naslovni nadbiskup, nuncij u Portugalu
 Benedetto Barberini, prefekt kućanstva Njegove Svetosti
 Giovanni Antonio Benvenuti, apostolski pro-legat u provinciji Forli
 Giovanni Francesco Marazzani Visconti, prefekt Apostolske palače
 Tommaso Bernetti, rimski guverner i vice-kamerlengo Svete Rimske Crkve
 Belisario Cristaldi, rizničar Apostolske komore

Konzistorij 25. lipnja 1827. (VII.)
 Ignazio Nasalli, cirski naslovni nadbiskup, bivši nuncij u Švicarskoj
 Joachim-Jean-Xavier d'Isoard, dekan Svete Rimske rote

December 15, 1828 (VIII.)
 Antonio Domenico Gamberini, orvietski biskup
 Juan Francisco Marco y Catalán, rimski guverner i vice-kamerlengo Svete Rimske Crkve

Biskup Timoteo Maria Ascensi, O.C.D., iz Osima i Cingolija, trebao je biti imenovan kardinalom u ovom konzistoriju, ali je umro 6. prosinca 1828., prije njegova održavanja.

Bilješke

Vidi još
 Kardinalski zbor
 Konzistorij

Izvori

Leon 12
Kardinalski zbor

Kardinalska imenovanja pape Leona XII.


Héctor Ortega Gómez (Ciudad de México, 12 de enero de 1938 - Ibídem, 3 de junio de 2020) fue un primer actor, director de cine y guionista mexicano. Forma parte de la última etapa de la Época de oro del cine mexicano.

Biografía
Se formó en el ámbito teatral; su primer trabajo como actor fue en la película de 1964 En este pueblo no hay ladrones, donde interpretó a un mesero afeminado. Intervino después en películas como Los días del amor, La montaña sagrada, El hombre del puente, Las fuerzas vivas, Cuartelazo, Mariana, Mariana, La leyenda de una máscara, Mujeres insumisas, Por la libre y No eres tú, soy yo entre otras.

También actuó en diversas telenovelas como Colorina, Cicatrices del alma, Cenizas y diamantes, La última esperanza, La sombra del otro, El privilegio de amar, Amigos por siempre, Mi destino eres tú, Aventuras en el tiempo, Alegrijes y rebujos, La verdad oculta, Querida enemiga y Zacatillo, un lugar en tu corazón. La última telenovela en la que participó fue Hijas de la luna, en 2018. Entre las curiosidades de su carrera está que cuatro veces interpretó sacerdotes, en Cicatrices del alma, Amorcito corazón, Simplemente María y en Hijas de la luna.

En el teatro ejerció como actor y como director. Actuó en obras como ¡Ay Cuauhtémoc no te rajes!, El huevo de Colón, obras que también dirigió; y 1822: El año que fuimos imperio por la que recibió el Premio a Mejor Actor otorgado por la Asociación Mexicana de Críticos Teatrales. Dirigió obras como Silencio: locos trabajando, en las que participaron actores como Héctor Suárez, Fernando Luján, Martha Navarro y Susana Alexander. Dirigió a Manuel "El Loco" Valdés, Héctor Lechuga y Alejandro Suárez en Ensalada de locos, y en 1983 montó una de las obras más importantes de su carrera, La muerte accidental de un anarquista, que también protagonizó.

También destacó como guionista y dramaturgo; escribió, junto a Alfonso Arau, Francisco Córdova y Emilio Carballido el argumento y guion original de la película El águila descalza en 1969. Adaptó, junto a Arau nuevamente, Alfonso de la Cabada y el caricaturista Eduardo del Río "Rius", la historieta Los Supermachos para la película Calzonzin inspector en 1973. Para la película Cuartelazo de 1976, escribió el argumento original y lo adaptó junto a Alberto Isaac y María Antonieta Domínguez.

Debutó como director de cine en 1976 con la película La palomilla al rescate. Ese mismo año filmó su segunda película, Vacaciones misteriosas.

En junio de 2006 presentó su libro Revistas Políticas. Las últimas revistas cómico políticas del siglo y del milenio.

Murió el miércoles 3 de junio de 2020 a los 81 años de edad.

Filmografía

Películas
 En este pueblo no hay ladrones (1965)
 El águila descalza (1971) .... Trabajador factoría/Policía de tránsito
 El jardín de la tía Isabel (1971)
 Pubertinaje (1971)
 Los cacos (1972)
 El rincón de las vírgenes (1972) .... Gobernador
 El vals sin fin (1972)
 Los días del amor (1972) .... General Terrazas
 El profeta Mimi (1973) .... Padre de Mimi
 Aquellos años (1973)
 El premio Nobel del amor (1973)
 The Holy Mountain (1973) .... Drug Master
 Calzonzin inspector (1974) .... Periodista
 Cinco mil dólares de recompensa (1974)
 Las fuerzas vivas (1975) .... Leandro
 Tívoli (1975) .... Lic. Félix Pantoja
 La palomilla al rescate (1976)
 El hombre del puente (1976) .... Secretario del presidente
 Cuartelazo (1977) .... Belisarío Domínguez
 Duro pero seguro (1978)
 Adriana del Río, actriz (1979)
 Herencia maldita (1987)
 El misterio de la casa abandonada (1987) .... Librero
 Mariana, Mariana (1987) .... Sacerdote
 Cuentos de Principes y Princesas (1987)
 Punto de arroz (1988)
 Santa sangre (1989) .... Doctor
 El costo de la vida (1989)
 ¡Maten a Chinto! (1990) .... Inés
 Tú decides sobre el sida (1990)
 El motel de la muerte (1990)
 La leyenda de una máscara (1991) .... Juan J. Luna
 Fray Bartolomé de las Casas (1993)
 Mujeres insumisas (1995) .... Urtiz
 Algunas nubes (1995) .... Escritor
 Cuestión de gustos (1996) .... Tío Eustaquio
 La paloma de Marsella (1999)
 Las delicias del poder (1999) .... Santos Barboza
 Por la libre (2000) .... Felipe
 Otaola o la república del exilio (2001) .... Indalecio
 Francisca (2002)
 La hija del caníbal (2003) .... El Caníbal
 Cobrador: In God We Trust (2006) .... Periodista 1
 No eres tú, soy yo (2010) .... Edmundo

Telenovelas
 No todo lo que brilla es oro (1978)
 Colorina (1980-1981) .... Toribio
 Los años felices (1984-1985) .... El Padrino
 Cicatrices del alma (1986-1987) .... Padre René
 Cenizas y diamantes (1990-1991) .... Gabino
 La última esperanza (1993) .... Don Moy
 La sombra del otro (1996) .... Dr. Frank Gluck
 No tengo madre (1997) .... Ezequiel
 El privilegio de amar (1998-1999) .... Valentín Fonseca
 Mi destino eres tú (2000) .... Anselmo Sánchez Pérez
 ¡Amigos x siempre! (2000) .... Crispín Ávila
 Aventuras en el tiempo (2001) .... Kent Wolf
 Navidad sin fin (2001-2002) .... Gregorio
 Alegrijes y rebujos (2003-2004) .... Don Darvelio Granados
 La verdad oculta (2006) .... Santiago Guzmán / Fausto Guillén / Mario Genovés
 Las dos caras de Ana (2006-2007) .... Leopoldo "Polo" Ribadavia
 Querida enemiga (2008) .... Toribio Ugarte
 Zacatillo, un lugar en tu corazón (2010) .... Abundio Zárate
 Amorcito corazón (2011-2012) .... Padre Crisóstomo
 Por ella soy Eva (2012) .... Richard Fairbanks
 Por siempre mi amor (2013-2014) .... Doctor
 Simplemente María (2015-2016).... Sacerdote
 Hijas de la luna (2018).... Padre Camilo

Series de TV
 Detective de hotel (1973)
 Mi colonia la esperanza (1983)
 Hora marcada (1989) .... Lalo (episodio "El motel")
 Mujer, casos de la vida real (1997)
 ¿Qué nos pasa? (1998)
 Diseñador ambos sexos (2001) Capítulo 8: ¿Quién diablos es Jordy? y cap. 9 Cita a ciegas .... Papá de Jean Phillipe
 Vecinos (2007) .... Don Severiano (episodio "La última conquista")
 Hermanos y detectives (2009)
 Gritos de muerte y libertad (2010) .... Don Agustín Pomposo (episodio "Retrato de una Leona")
 Como dice el dicho (2013)....Don Laco

Reconocimientos

Premios Ariel

Diosas de Plata

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Actores de México
Actores de cine de México
Actores de televisión de México
Actores de teatro de México
Directores de cine de México
Directores de teatro de México
Dramaturgos de México
Guionistas de cine de México
Ensayistas de México del siglo XXI
Fallecidos en Ciudad de México

Héctor Ortega


Die Helmholtz-Lagrangesche Invariante (nach Helmholtz und Lagrange) stellt in der paraxialen Optik den Zusammenhang zwischen Abbildungsmaßstab und Winkelverhältnis dar:

mit
 y bzw. y' = Objekt- bzw. Bildgröße (jeweils ' für die Bildseite)
  = Abbildungsmaßstab
 n bzw. n' = objekt- bzw. bildseitiger Brechungsindex
 σ bzw. σ' = objekt- bzw. bildseitiger Strahlwinkel.

Bei einer optischen Abbildung ist demnach das Produkt aus Objekt/Bild-Größe, Brechungsindex und Strahlwinkel auf der Objekt- und der Bildseite gleich.

Eine ähnliche Grundaussage der paraxialen Optik ist die Abbesche Invariante.

Einzelnachweise

Paraxiale Optik
Hermann von Helmholtz als Namensgeber

Helmholtz-Lagrangesche Invariante


Kondensationskerner er små partikler (typisk 0,0002 mm eller 1/100 af størrelsen på en skydråbe) som vanddamp kan kondensere på. Vanddamp kondenserer meget lettere, når man har kondensationskerner i atmosfæren. Uden kondensationkerner kan vanddamp, som bliver underkølet til under 0 °C, kondensere til små vanddråber, og i temperaturer over frysepunktet må luften overmættes til omkring 400 %, før dråber bliver dannet. For at få dannet skyer og nedbør så hurtigt, som de opstår i atmosfæren, må man altså have kondensationskerner.

Størrelse, mængde og opbygning
En typisk regndråbe er omkring 2 mm i diameter, en typisk skydråbe er omkring 0,02 mm, og en typisk skykondensationskerne (aerosol) er i størrelsesorden 0,0001 mm (0,1 mikrometer) eller større i diameter. Tallet på kondensationskerner i luften kan måles og er normalt mellem 100 og 1000 per kubikcentimeter. Den totale masse af skykondensationskerner som går op i atmosfæren hvert år er beregnet til omtrent 2×1012 kg. Store mængder af disse partikler fører til dis i områder med lavere luftfugtighed. Denne tørre dis har også en effekt på klima ved enten at absorbere eller reflektere stråling (albedo).

Der findes mange forskellige typer atmosfæriske partikler, som vanddamp kan kondensere på. Partiklerne kan være støv, ler, sod eller sort karbon fra græs- eller skovbrande, søsalt, sod fra industriudslip, udstødning fra trafik, sulfat fra vulkansk aktivitet, planteplankton eller oxidering af svovldioxid og andre organiske materialer. Desuden kan de kemiske partikler blande sig med andre partikler (særlig sulfat og organisk karbon). Nogen partikler (som sod og mineraler) er ikke så gode som kondensationskerner, men fungerer vel som iskerner i de koldere dele af atmosfæren.

Tallet på kondensationskerner og hvad, de er lavet af, kan påvirke både strålingsegenskaberne og levetiden for skyer, og dermed have en indvirkning på klimaændringer. Detaljerne omkring dette er endnu uklare.

Iskerner

Iskerner er partikler, som kan danne iskrystaller i atmosfæren, og gør det muligt for is at blive dannet ved omkring −10 °C. Uden iskernerne skal temperaturen være −40 °C, før der bliver dannet is. Der er mange processer i atmosfæren, som kan danne ispartikler. Den enkleste er, når vanddamp sublimerer direkte på faste partikler. Når man har iskerner, kan det også føre til, at underkølet vand fryser, når de kommer i kontakt med partiklerne.

Ispartikler kan spille en vigtig rolle i skydynamik og er kendt for at have en vigtig rolle i at elektrificere skyerne, som så kan føre til lyn. De er også vigtige i dannelse af regndråber.

Det er mange forskellige partikler i atmosfæren, som kan blive iskerner, både naturlig og menneskeskabte. Disse inkluderer mineraler, sod, organisk materiale og sulfat. Det er derimod stor forskel mellem de forskellige stoffer på hvor effektivt, is kan opstå på dem under forskellige atmosfæriske forhold. Vi kender kun lidt til fordelingen af disse partikler, hvor stor rolle de spiller for det globale klima og om menneskelig aktivitet eventuelt har ændret på disse effekterne.

Kondensation

I atmosfæren er svovlsyre og organiske partikler de almindeligste kondensationskerner. Forhold som vanddamptryk og temperatur omkring en partikel afgør, om vanddamp vil kondensere eller vand fordampe. På grund af Kelvineffekten (baseret på krumningen af dråber) vil mindre partikler behøve højere relativ fugtighed for at komme i ligevægt end større partikler. Relativ fugtighed (%) for ligevægt kan udtrykkes i ligningen:

hvor ps er mætningsvanddamptrykket over en partikel i ligevægt (omkring en krummet vanddråbe), p0 er mætningsvanddamptrykket over en horisontal flade af den samme væske og S er mætningsforholdet.

Kelvins ligning for mætningsvanddamptryk over en krummet overflade er:

hvor p0 er mætningsvanddamptrykket over en horisontal flade, rp er dråberadiusen, σ er overfladespændingen, ρ er tætheden for væsken, M er den molekylære masse, T er temperaturen og R den molare gaskonstant.

Der findes tre regimer for kondensationspartikler. Det første regime kaldes frit molekylært regime, som har dp< 10 nm (partikeldiameter) eller Kn >> 1 (Knudsentallet). Frit molekylært regime er karakteriseret ved meget små partikler, som har samme frie bevægelse og som har stort rum at flytte sig i, før de kolliderer med en anden partikel. Massefluksligningen for et sådant regime er:

hvor a er partikelradiusen, P er trykket, kb er Boltzmankonstanten, T er temperaturen, Ca er termalfarten og α er massetilpasningskoefficienten. Man tænker sig i udviklingen af denne ligning, at trykket og diffusionskoefficienten er konstant.

Kontinuumregimet er for større partikler med dp> 200 nm eller Kn << 1. I dette regime er partiklerne store nok til at "se" omgivelserne sine som et kontinuum. Den molekylære flux i dette regime er:

hvor a er partikelradiusen for partiklen A, MA er den molekylære masse for partikel A, DAB er diffussionskoefficienten mellem partiklerne A og B, R er den ideelle gaskonstant, T er temperaturen i Kelvin og P er trykket i det uendelige og på overfladen.

Overgangsregimet indeholder alle partiklerne, som er mellem de to regimer over her (10 nm < dp < 200 nm) eller Kn ≈ 1. Denne delvis empiriske ligning skildrer massefluxen:

hvor Icont er massefluxen for kontinuumregimet og Kn er Knudsentallet. Denne ligning kaldes Fuchs-Sutugins interpolationsformel. Ingen af disse ligninger medtager effekten af frigivet varme.

Planteplanktonets rolle

Sulfatpartikler (SO42- og dråber af metansulfonsyre) optræder som kondensationskerner. Disse sulfatpartikler bliver delvis dannet af dimetylsulfid (DMS) produceret af planteplankton i havet. Algeopblomstring i havoverfladen opstår i næsten alle områder og medvirker til tilførslen af DMS i atmosfæren. En teori er, at en stigning i global temperatur vil føre til øget algeopblomstring og derfor flere kondensationskerner i atmosfæren, men der er ikke fundet beviser, som støtter denne teori endnu.

Litteratur

 R. Charlson, James Lovelock, M. Andreae and S. Warren (1987). Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature, 326, 655-661.
 Pruppacher, H. R., J. D. Klett. Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Second Edition, Springer, 976. .
 Seinfeld, John, Spyros Pandis (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, Second Edition, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1203. .

Eksterne henvisninger
 www.agu.org
 www.grida.no
 DMS og klima

Vand

Kondensationskerne