Le séparatisme kurde en Iran ou le conflit kurde-iranien est un conflit séparatiste de longue durée, entre l'opposition kurde en Iran occidental et les gouvernements iraniens, qui dure depuis l'émergence de Reza Chah Pahlavi en 1918.

Les premières activités séparatistes kurdes des temps modernes font référence aux révoltes tribales dans la province actuelle d'Azerbaïdjan occidental de l'État impérial d'Iran, qui ont commencé entre les deux guerres mondiales - les plus importantes d'entre elles étaient dirigées par Simko Shikak, Jafar Sultan et Hama Rashid. Beaucoup ont cependant fixé le point de départ du séparatisme politico-nationaliste kurde organisé en date de 1943, lorsque le Komala (peu après le Parti démocratique du Kurdistan d'Iran (PDKI)) commence ses activités politiques en Iran, dans le but d'obtenir une autonomie partielle ou complète des régions kurdes.

La transformation de la lutte politique tribale en lutte politique kurde en Iran a eu lieu au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le PDKI établissant la République de Mahabad pendant la crise iranienne de 1946. La tentative soutenue par l'Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques d'établir un État kurde en Iran occidental a échoué. Plus d'une décennie plus tard, des soulèvements tribaux périphériques sont lancés avec le soutien du PDKI jusqu'en 1966-1967. Dans l'épisode le plus violent du conflit, plus de  sont morts lors de la rébellion de 1979 et de l'insurrection du PDKI qui en a résulté. Bien que la lutte armée du PDKI ait pris fin à la fin de 1996, une autre organisation armée kurde émerge en Iran au début des années 2000. Le conflit Iran-PJAK en cours débute donc en 2004.

L'Iran n'a jamais utilisé le même niveau de brutalité contre sa propre population kurde, mais a toujours été fermement opposé au séparatisme kurde.

Histoire

Tribalisme et nationalisme primitif

Première révolte de Simko (1918-1922)
La révolte de Simko Shikak était un soulèvement kurde tribal armé soutenu par les Ottomans contre la dynastie qajar d'Iran de 1918 à 1922, dirigé par le chef kurde Simko Shikak. Cette rébellion tribale est parfois considérée comme la première tentative majeure d'établir un État kurde indépendant en Iran, mais les chercheurs considèrent la révolte comme une tentative d'un puissant chef tribal d'établir son autorité personnelle vis-à-vis du gouvernement central dans toute la région. Alors que des éléments du nationalisme kurde sont présents dans ce mouvement, les historiens conviennent qu'ils ne sont guère assez articulés pour justifier une affirmation selon laquelle la reconnaissance de l'identité kurde était un problème majeur dans le mouvement de Simko, et il a dû s'appuyer fortement sur des motifs tribaux conventionnels. II manquait d'organisation administrative et Simko s'intéressait principalement au pillage. Les forces gouvernementales et les non-Kurdes ne sont pas les seuls à souffrir des attaques, la population kurde subit également des vols et des agressions. Les hommes de Simko ne semblent pas ressentir de sentiment d'unité ou de solidarité avec d'autres Kurdes. L'historien Ervand Abrahamian décrit Simko comme « notoire » pour avoir massacré des milliers d'Assyriens et « harcelé » les démocrates. Pourtant, certains Kurdes vénèrent aujourd'hui Simko comme un héros du mouvement indépendantiste.

Rébellion de Simko de 1926 en Iran
En 1926, après avoir repris le contrôle de sa tribu, Simko commence une autre rébellion pure et simple contre l'État. Lorsque l'armée l'engage, la moitié de ses troupes ont fait défection vers l'ancien chef de la tribu et Simko s'enfuit en Irak.

Révolte du sultan Jafar
Jafar Sultan de la région de Hewraman prend le contrôle de la région entre Marivan et le nord de Halabja et demeure indépendant jusqu'en 1925. Après quatre ans sous domination iranienne, le chef tribal se révolte en 1929, mais est effectivement écrasé.

Révolte de Hama Rashid
La révolte de Hama Rashid fait référence à un soulèvement tribal à Pahlavi en Iran, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, après l'invasion anglo-soviétique de l'Iran. La révolte tribale éclate dans l'atmosphère générale d'anarchie dans tout l'Iran et sa principale faction a été dirigée par Muhammed Rashid, qui a duré de la fin de 1941 à avril 1942, puis reprend en 1944, entraînant la défaite de Rashid. Il est considéré comme l'un des facteurs qui ont conduit à la création du mouvement d'indépendance politique kurde en 1945-1966.

Séparatisme politique

Crise du Mahabad

Le danger de fragmentation dans l'Iran moderne est devenu évident peu après la Seconde Guerre mondiale lorsque l'Union soviétique refuse de renoncer au territoire iranien du Nord-Ouest occupé. La crise iranienne de 1946 comprenait une tentative séparatiste du PDKI et des groupes communistes d'établir le gouvernement fantoche soviétique et de déclarer la République de Mahabad au Kurdistan iranien (aujourd'hui la partie sud de la province d'Azerbaïdjan occidental). Il est né avec le gouvernement populaire d'Azerbaïdjan, un autre État fantoche soviétique. L'État lui-même englobait un très petit territoire, y compris Mahabad et les villes adjacentes, incapable d'incorporer le Kurdistan iranien du Sud, qui tombait à l'intérieur de la zone anglo-américaine et incapable d'attirer les tribus en dehors de Mahabad lui-même vers la cause nationaliste. En conséquence, lorsque les Soviétiques se sont retirés d'Iran en décembre 1946, les forces gouvernementales ont pu entrer à Mahabad sans opposition. Quelque  sont mortes pendant la crise.

La crise iranienne de 1946 comprenait une tentative du PDKI d'établir une république indépendante dominée par les Kurdes de Mahabad au Kurdistan iranien. Bien que plus tard, plusieurs insurrections marxistes se soient poursuivies pendant des décennies, dirigées par le PDKI et Komala, ces deux organisations n'ont jamais préconisé un État kurde distinct ou un grand Kurdistan comme l'a fait le Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK) en Turquie.

Révolte kurde de 1967
Au milieu des années 1960, une série de troubles tribaux kurdes ont éclaté dans l'ouest de l'Iran, fatigués de la renaissance du Parti démocratique du Kurdistan d'Iran (PDKI). En 1967-1968, les troupes du gouvernement iranien répriment une révolte kurde en Iran occidental, consolidant les soulèvements kurdes précédents dans la région de Mahabad-Urumiya.

Rébellion de 1979
La rébellion kurde de 1979 en Iran était une insurrection dirigée par le PDKI et le Komala au Kurdistan iranien, qui est devenue la rébellion la plus grave contre le nouveau régime iranien, après la révolution islamique. La rébellion prend fin en décembre 1982, avec  et .

Insurrection du PDKI
L'insurrection par le PDKI a eu lieu au Kurdistan iranien au début et au milieu des années 1990, initiée par l'assassinat de son chef en exil en juillet 1989. L'insurrection du PDKI a pris fin en 1996, après une campagne iranienne réussie d'assassinats ciblés de dirigeants du PDKI et de répression de ses bases de soutien en Iran occidental. En 1996, le PDKI annonce un cessez-le-feu unilatéral et agit depuis de manière discrète avant de nouveaux affrontements en 2015.

Insurrection du PJAK
Le conflit entre l'Iran et le Parti pour une vie libre au Kurdistan (PJAK) est une rébellion en cours du PJAK au cours de laquelle des centaines de militants kurdes et de forces iraniennes ainsi que des civils sont morts, qui dure officiellement depuis avril 2004. Le PJAK est basé dans la zone frontalière avec le Kurdistan irakien et est affilié au PKK marxiste de Turquie, bien que les PJAK eux-mêmes aient tendance à négliger cette relation présumée. Bien que parfois décrite comme une organisation exigeant plus de droits de l'homme pour les Kurdes en Iran, elle est considérée comme séparatiste par les médias iraniens et divers analystes occidentaux. L'objectif du PJAK est l'établissement d'une autonomie kurde et, selon Habeeb, ils ne constituent aucune menace grave pour le régime de la République islamique.

L'une des premières actions de l'administration américaine de Barack Obama est de déclarer le PJAK comme « organisation terroriste ». Le PJAK et le gouvernement iranien se mettent d'accord sur un cessez-le-feu, à la suite de l'offensive iranienne de 2011 sur les bases du PJAK. Après l'accord de cessez-le-feu, un certain nombre d'affrontements entre le PJAK et les Gardiens de la révolution islamique ont lieu en 2012 et, au milieu de 2013, les combats reprennent dans des incidents sporadiques, s'intensifiant en 2016.

Renouvellement des tensions de 2014 à aujourd'hui

Escalade et troubles

En janvier 2014, les forces iraniennes tuent un membre du Parti démocratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, alors qu'il diffusait des tracts.

En septembre 2014, lors d'un certain nombre d'affrontements, le PDKI engage la sécurité iranienne pour la première fois depuis de nombreuses années, tuant au moins six soldats iraniens. Il n'était pas clair si cela résultait d'un changement de politique du PDKI (qui a éludé la violence depuis 1996) ou d'une séquence isolée d'incidents.

En mai 2015, une attaque iranienne présumée (prétendument déguisée en combattants du PKK) contre la force du PJAK à la frontière entre l'Iran et le Kurdistan irakien fait six morts, soit deux membres du PDKI et quatre du PKK (ou prétendument des agents iraniens).

Le , des Kurdes de souche se sont soulevés à Mahabad, en Iran, à la suite de la mort inexpliquée, le , de Farinaz Khosravani, une femme de chambre kurde de . Les troubles et la violence se répandent dans d'autres villes kurdes d'Iran, telles que Sardacht, où la police affronte des centaines de manifestants le . Un manifestant aurait été tué dans les affrontements, et qu'en outre, le groupe d'insurgés kurdes PJAK avait attaqué un poste de contrôle iranien tuant deux membres du personnel iranien, selon le PJAK. Selon des sources de l'ARA, au , le nombre de manifestants tués s'élève à six. Les incidents suscitent également des réponses sévères de la part d'autres partis d'opposition kurde, y compris le Parti de la liberté du Kurdistan et le PDKI.

En juin 2015, une attaque du PDKI contre les forces des Gardiens de la révolution aurait fait six morts.

Insurrection de faible niveau (2016 à aujourd'hui)
Les affrontements militaires en Iran occidental font référence aux affrontements militaires en cours entre le PDKI et les Gardiens de la révolution iranienne, qui commencent en avril 2016. Le Parti de la liberté du Kurdistan (PAK) et Komalah expriment également leur soutien à la cause kurde de l'ICDP, les deux affrontant les forces de sécurité iraniennes en 2016 et 2017 respectivement. En parallèle, un groupe rebelle kurde iranien de gauche du PJAK reprend ses activités militaires contre l'Iran en 2016, après une longue période d'impasse.

Les affrontements de 2016 surviennent dans le contexte de ce que le PDKI décrit comme « un mécontentement croissant à Rojhelat ». Le commandant de la branche armée du PAK décrit que leur engagement et leur déclaration d'hostilités contre le gouvernement iranien sont dus au fait que « la situation au Kurdistan oriental (Kurdistan iranien) est devenue insupportable, en particulier avec les exécutions arbitraires quotidiennes contre les Kurdes [en Iran] ».

Références

Articles connexes
 Guerre civile syrienne
 Kurdistan iranien
 Conflit kurde en Turquie
 Conflit kurde en Irak

Guerre en cours

Séparatisme kurde en Iran


was a town located in Ika District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. It is on the northern tip of Lake Biwa.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,735 and a density of 70.62 persons per km². The total area was 67.05 km².

On January 1, 2010, Nishiazai, along with the towns of Kohoku and Torahime (both from Higashiazai District), and the towns of Kinomoto, Takatsuki and Yogo (all from Ika District), was merged into the expanded city of Nagahama. Higashiazai District and Ika District were both dissolved as a result of this merger.

References

Dissolved municipalities of Shiga Prefecture
Nagahama, Shiga

Nishiazai, Shiga


Atanoğlu, Artvin ilinin Borçka ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Atanoğlu köyü, eski adı Klaskuri olan Aralık köyünün bir mahallesiyken, 1956 yılında ayrı bir köy haline getirilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Atanoğlu köyü, Artvin il merkezine 48 km, Borçka ilçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır. Borçka - Camili kara yolu üzerindeki ikinci köydür.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Borçka belde ve köyleri

Atanoğlu, Borçka


Szweykowskia, monotipski biljni rod u porodici Plagiochilaceae. nekada je njezina jedina vrsta S. cucullifolia bila uključena u rod Plagiochila, iz koje su izdvojene uz nju i monospecifični rodovi Chiastocaulon, Pedinophyllum, Plagiochilion, Rhodoplagiochila i Steereochila

S. cucullifolia raste po američkim državama Kostarika, Panama, Venezuela, Kolumbija i Ekvador

Bazionim: Plagiochila cucullifolia J.B. Jack & Steph.

Izvori

Lophocoleineae

Szweykowskia


An Aechmea gracilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Lindman. An Aechmea gracilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea gracilis


الصَّوّان نوع من الحجر.
 الصِّوَان مصطلح معلوماتي، يعني الذاكرة المؤقتة التي يتم فيها خزن البيانات.
 صِوان: صدفة بجوف الأذن الظاهر.
 الصِّوان: خيمة كبيرة من قماش مزخرف تنصب في المناسبات المختلفة مثل الزواج أو العزاء أو الولائم.

صوان (توضيح)


Gheorghe Gh. Marinescu () a fost un general român care a luptat în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Gheorghe Gh. Marinescu s-a născut la 13.12.1893.
Grade: sublocotenent - 23.06.1913, locotenent - 01.07.1916, căpitan - 01.09.1917, maior - 24.11.1923, locotenent-colonel - 15.04.1933, colonel - 01.06.1938,general de brigadă - 20.03.1943.

Vechimea în gradul de colonel i-a fost rectificată la 9 mai 1941, prin hotărârea Consiliului Superior al Armatei, din 1 iunie 1938 în 24 ianuarie 1938.

A fost decorat la 4 august 1945 cu Ordinul Militar "Mihai Viteazul" cu spade, clasa III, "pentru curajul și inițiativa arătate în toate operațiunile dela 28 ianuarie - 31 ianuarie 1945, pentru cucerirea orașului Tissovet, apoi în luptele din munții Tatra Mică și valea Gronului. În luna februarie 1945, atacă zi de zi, pentru străbaterea munților Metalici, de la sud de valea Gronului, în care
lupte Div. 6 Infanterie, operează la altitudini de peste 1.200 m, puternic apărate de inamic. În luna martie 1945, prin atacuri repetate
cucerește rând pe rând localitățile Saiban, Lubețova, Poniki, Salcova, iar la 24 martie 1945, pătrunde în periferiile orașului Banska-Bistrița".

Generalul de brigadă Gheorghe Gh. Marinescu a fost trecut în cadrul disponibil la 9 august 1946, în baza legii nr. 433 din 1946, și apoi, din oficiu, în poziția de rezervă la 9 august 1947.

Prin Decretul Consiliului de Stat al Republicii Populare Romîne nr. 500/1964 i s-a conferit Ordinul "23 August" clasa a IV-a "pentru merite deosebite în opera de construire a socialismului, cu prilejul celei de a XX-a aniversări a eliberării patriei".

Decorații
  Ordinul "Steaua României" în gradul de ofițer (8 iunie 1940)
  Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul" cu spade, cl. a III-a (4 august 1945)
 Ordinul "23 August" clasa a IV-a (1964)

Note

Legături externe
  Generals.dk

Nașteri în 1893
Decese în 1966
Generali români din Al Doilea Război Mondial
Decorați cu Ordinul Steaua României
Decorați cu Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul"
Decorați cu Ordinul 23 August

Gheorghe Gh. Marinescu


رحمة بن مطر القاسمي (توفي عام 1760)، هو أول زعيم بارز للقواسم تذكره المصادر و حكم من 1722 إلى 1760 وقد وصف بأنه أقوى زعيم للقبائل على ساحل الخليج العربي . انضوى تحت لواء الدولة اليعربية وأسهم بفاعلية في حروبها حتى غدا قائداً لإحدى حملاتها على جزيرة هرمز سنة 1718. بعد وفاة سلطان الثاني بن سيف اليعربي أتيحت الفرصة لرحمة أكثر من السابق إذ غدا زعيم الكتلة الغافرية في صراعها على السلطة في عُمان مع الكتلة الهناوية المنافسة و قد نجح في تركيز نفوذه و مد سلطته على شبه جزيرة مسندم  ، ساعدته في تلك ظروف الاضطراب الداخلي و الحرب الأهلية العمانية، و خلال اندلاع الصراع بين أحمد بن سعيد و بلعرب بن حمير 1745 /1749 و قف القواسم إلى جانب بلعرب ، و شاركوه في الهجوم على مسقط ، و بعد انفراد أحمد بن سعيد في حكم عمان في عام 1749 و كان أول تحدي يواجهه هو التحدي القاسمي ، فقد حاول رحمة بن مطر الاندفاع نحو صحار ، و جرت معركة متعادلة بين الطرفين و بعد أن ثبّت الإمام أحمد بن سعيد سلطته في عمان  قرر إخضاع القواسم فجهز حملة في عامي 1758 1759 و قد حقق بعض الانتصارات إلا أن حدوث ثورة داخلية جعلته يضطر إلى سحب قواته . و توفي رحمه بن مطر في عام 1760 و خلفه أخوه راشد بن مطر القاسمي. أسس في عام 1160 هـ / 1747 دولة امتد نفوذها على طول الساحل الشرقي والشمالي للخليج العربي وبلغت حدودها الشواطئ الهندية والبحر الأحمر. استطاعت أن توطد أركانها بأسطول بحري ضخم كان يسيطر سيطرة شبه تامة على مياه الخليج والبحر العربي كله. اتخذ من الشارقة عاصمة له، ووقفت هذه العائلة على قدم المساواة في معاملاتها مع سلطان مسقط والأمير السعودي.

المراجع

أشخاص من سامراء
تاريخ قبيلة القواسم

رحمة بن مطر القاسمي


عبد الواحد محمد الدكالي  من فقهاء المالكية، ومن أبرزهم بالمغرب الإسلامي في القرن العاشر الهجري.. انتفع بعلمه الكثيرون خاصة في ليبيا وتونس، وكان مفتيًا على المذاهب الأربعة، ولم يكتف بالعلوم الشرعية، بل سلك أيضا منهج التصوف، ساعيًا بذلك إلى العمل بوصية الإمام مالك الداعية إلى الجمع بين التصوف والفقه، وكان شديداً على الممارسات الخاطئة لبعض المتصوفة، من رفاقه العلاّمة المالكي أحمد زروق، ومن أبرز تلامذته عبد السلام الأسمر..ولا تزال زاويته بمدينة مسلاتة بغرب ليبيا بعد قرابة خمسة قرون من وفاة الدكالي تعمل على تدريس القرآن والعلوم الإسلامية.

حياته
قدم والده من المغرب الأقصى إلى تونس عام 770هـ تقريبًا، ومنها انتقل إلى مصر عام 799هـ، ومن المرجح عند بعض المؤرخين أن يكون الشيخ عبد الواحد ولد في مصر بعد انتقال أسرته إليها، ولا يعرف بالتحديد متى ولد الشيخ إلاّ أن المؤرخون يرجحون أن يكون قد ولد أوائل القرن التاسع الهجري.

و لا يعرف أيضا العام الذي توفي فيه الشيخ عبد الواحد ولكن تلميذه عبد السلام الأسمر ذكر أنه عاش 130 عاما، ودفن في قرية زعفران بمدينة مسلاتة (غرب ليبيا).

مشائخه
من أهم مشائخه: الشيخ أحمد أبو التليس القيرواني، والشيخ فتح الله أبو راس مفتي القيروان على مذهب الإمامين مالك وأبو حنيفة، والشيخ أبو راوي الفحل من تلاميذ الشيخ أحمد بن عروس.
وقد قدمه أبناء الشيخ إلى بني وليد(ورفلة) في حي التربة' وهم معرفون بعائلة عبد الواحد الدوكالي الصقر .

علمه
يعدّ الشيخ عبد الواحد وفق العديد من المصادر التي تناولته ضالعاً وعلاّمة في الفقه على المذاهب الأربعة، عالماً في العقيدة، متقناً لعلوم اللغة العربية، علماً من أعلام التصوف وفق منهج السلف كما دعى إليه الأئمة مالك وأبو حنيفة النعمان والشافعي وأحمد بن حنبل، محاربًا لما اعتبره جهلاً لبعض المتصوفة، وهو من شيوخ الطريقة العروسيّة الشاذلية، رافق الشيخ أحمد زروق وكانت تجمعهما مودة كبيرة وكانا دائمي الالتقاء رغم عدم إقامتهما في مكان واحد، وقد التقيا أول الأمر في مصر، ومن المحتمل أن يكونا قد أخذا على نفس المشائخ في الأزهر، ثم ترافقا في رحلة العودة إلى ليبيا، واستمر الشيخ زورق في رحلتة إلى فاس قبل أن يعود من جديد ويستقر بمدينة مصراتة (غرب ليبيا).

من مناقبه
يصف رفاق الشيخ الدكالي بأنه قليل الكلام إلاّ في علم أو ذكر، كثير العبادة، غير محبّ للظهور، ولا يأكل من الطعام إلاّ ما يسدّ رمقه.

أثره ومكانته

تبوّأ الشيخ عبد الواحد الدكالي مكانةً علمية ودعوية مهمة، وله دور كبير في الحركة العلمية والتربوية في ليبيا، وهو من أبرز أعلام القرنين التاسع والعاشر من الهجرة في المغرب العربي، واشتغل معظم حياته التي امتدت 130 عاما بالدعوة الإسلامية والتعليم الشرعي.

مقالات ذات صلة
 أحمد زروق.
 عبد السلام الأسمر.
 عبد الواحد بن عاشر.
 محمد كامل بن مصطفى.
 منصور أبو زبيدة.
 علي أمين سيالة.
 مصطفى التريكي.
 ابوشعالة.
 مدرسة عثمان باشا.

مصادر

مالكية
علماء دين سنة ليبيون
أشاعرة
دعاة ليبيون
مجازون بالسند المتصل
أدارسة
أعلام التصوف
علماء حديث من المغرب
أزهريون
مواليد 770 هـ

عبد الواحد الدكالي


Uzunburun, Beylikova - Eskişehir ili Beylikova ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Uzunburun, Dikili - İzmir ili Dikili ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Uzunburun, Yunusemre - Manisa ili Yunusemre ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Uzunburun


5.1 surround sound ("five-point one") is the common name for surround sound audio systems. 5.1 is the most commonly used layout in home theatres. It uses five full bandwidth channels and one low-frequency effects channel (the "point one"). Dolby Digital, Dolby Pro Logic II, DTS, SDDS, and THX are all common 5.1 systems. 5.1 is also the standard surround sound audio component of digital broadcast and music.

All 5.1 systems use the same speaker channels and configuration, having a Front Left (FL) and Front Right (FR), a Center Channel (CNT), two surround channels (Surround Left - SL and Surround Right - SR) and the low-frequency effects (SW) channel designed for a subwoofer.

History
A prototype for five-channel surround sound, then dubbed "quintaphonic sound", was used in the 1975 film Tommy.

5.1 dates back to 1976, when Dolby Labs modified the track usage of the six analogue magnetic soundtracks on Todd-AO 70 mm film prints. The Dolby application of optical matrix encoding in 1976 (released on the film Logan's Run) did not use split surrounds, and thus was not 5.1. Dolby first used split surrounds with 70 mm film, notably in 1979 with Apocalypse Now. Instead of the five screen channels and one surround channel of the Todd-AO format, Dolby Stereo 70 mm Six Track provided three screen channels, two high-passed surround channels and a low-frequency surround channel monophonically blended with the two surround channels.

A system of digital 5.1 surround sound was also used in 1987 at the Parisian cabaret the Moulin Rouge, created by French engineer Dominique Bertrand. To achieve such a system in 1985, a dedicated mixing console had to be designed in cooperation with Solid State Logic, based on their 5000 series, and dedicated speakers in cooperation with APG. The console included ABCDEF channels: respectively, A left, B right, C centre, D left rear, E right rear, F bass.  The same engineer had already developed a similar 3.1 system in 1973, for use at the official International Summit of Francophone States in Dakar.

Digital sound and the 5.1 format were introduced in 1990, by Kodak and Optical Radiation Corporation, with releases of Days of Thunder and The Doors using the CDS (Cinema Digital Sound) format.

When digital sound was applied to 35 mm release prints, with Batman Returns in 1992, the 5.1 layout was adopted. The ability to provide 5.1 sound had been one of the key reasons for using 70 mm for prestige screenings. The provision of 5.1 digital sound on 35 mm significantly reduced the use of the very expensive 70 mm format.

5.1 digital surround, in the forms of Dolby Digital AC-3 and DTS, started appearing on several mid-1990s LaserDisc releases, among the earliest being Clear and Present Danger and Jurassic Park (the latter having both AC3 and DTS versions). Many DVD releases have Dolby Digital tracks up to 5.1 channels, due to the implementation of Dolby Digital in the development of the DVD format. In addition, some DVDs have DTS tracks, with most being 5.1 channel mixes (a few releases, however, have 6.1 "matrixed" or even discrete 6.1 tracks). Blu-ray and digital cinema both have eight-channel capability which can be used to provide either 5.1 or 7.1 surround sound. 7.1 is an extension of 5.1 that uses four surround zones: two at the sides and two at the back.

Application

Channel order
The order of channels in a 5.1 file is different across file formats. The order in WAV files is (not complete) Front Left, Front Right, Center, Low-frequency effects, Surround Left, Surround Right.

Music

In music, the main goal of 5.1 surround sound is a proper localization and equability of all acoustic sources for a center-positioned audience. Therefore, ideally five matched speakers should be used.

Speaker Placement
For playback the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommends the following configuration (ITU-R BS 775):
 five speakers of the same size for front, center and surround
 identical distance from the listeners for all five speakers
 angle adjustment regarding viewing direction of audience: center 0°, front ±22.5° for movies ±30° for music, surround ±110°

See also
 7.1 surround sound
 Ambisonics
 Stereophonic sound
 Timeline of audio formats

References

Consumer electronics
Entertainment
Film
High-definition television
Surround sound
Ultra-high-definition television

5.1 surround sound


El Día de la Tradición se celebra en Argentina el 10 de noviembre, fecha que fue elegida en conmemoración del natalicio del poeta argentino José Hernández (1834 - 1886), autor, entre otros, del poema narrativo El gaucho Martín Fierro y su continuación, La vuelta de Martín Fierro, que describen la vida de un gaucho.

Historia

La idea de institucionalizar un día que conmemore las tradiciones gauchas, fue del poeta Francisco Timpone, quien la propuso el 13 de diciembre de 1937, en una reunión de la Agrupación "Bases", institución que homenajeaba a Juan Bautista Alberdi que tenía sede en La Plata, provincia de Buenos Aires.

El 6 de junio de 1938 la agrupación solicitó al Senado de la Provincia de Buenos Aires que se declare al 10 de noviembre como «Día de la Tradición», por el natalicio en dicha fecha de José Hernández. Se propuso además una peregrinación cívica al Museo Gauchesco Ricardo Güiraldes, de San Antonio de Areco en homenaje efectivo a ese día.

La aprobación ante la Cámara de Senadores y Diputados fue unánime, declarada bajo la  ley nº 4756 / 39, promulgada el 18 de agosto de 1939, y se publicó en el Boletín Oficial (entrando en vigencia), el 9 de septiembre del mismo año. La referida ley se originó en el Senado y fueron sus autores Edgardo J. Míguenz y Atilio Roncoroni.

En su primera celebración los intendentes de La Plata y San Antonio de Areco realizaron el festejo. A partir de 1940, La Plata contuvo los festejos y la Agrupación publicaba cada año un libro en que resumía lo ocurrido.

La Ley 10220/84 modificó a la Ley 4756/39 el Art. 3° original, que pasó a decir: Declárase sede provincial permanente de la tradición a la localidad de San Antonio de Areco.

Por otro lado, por Ley Nacional N° 21154 de 1975, el Congreso Nacional extendió a todo el territorio argentino la vigencia del 10 de noviembre como «Día de la Tradición» (cumpliéndose lo que fue una aspiración inconclusa de la agrupación Bases) y declaró Ciudad de la Tradición a la Ciudad de San Martín, por ser el pueblo natal de José Hernández.

Referencias

Festividades laicas
Celebraciones del día de Argentina

Día de la Tradición


සි.ටී ස්කෑන් ක්‍රමය යනු සිරුරේ තෝරාගත් තලයක විස්තර දැක්වීමේ විකිරණ ක්‍රම වේදය (Tomography)  භාවිතයට ගැ‍ෙනන වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවේ එක් ප්‍රතිරූපණ ක්‍රමයකි. මෙහිදී  තනි අක්ෂයක් වටා භ්‍රමණය වන ද්විමාන එක්ස් කිරණ සමුහයක් මගින් අදාල රෝගියාගේ දේහ අභ්‍යන්තරය පිළිබදව ත්‍රිමාන ප්‍රතිබිම්භයක් ලබාගැනීම සදහා ඩිජිටල් ක්‍රමය යොදා ගැනේ. Tomography යන වදන ග්‍රීක භාෂාවෙන් පෙත්තක් යන තේරුම් ඇති tomos යන්නෙන් ද ලිවීම යන තේරුම ඇතිව graphein යන්නෙන් ද නිර්මාණය වී ඇත.

සි.ටී ස්කෑන් ක්‍රමය මුලින්ම හැදින්වූයේ EMI ස්කෑන් යන නමින් වන අතර එය ඇති වූයේ සංගීතය හා පටිගත කිරීම සදහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ EMI පරික්ෂණයේ ශාඛාවක් ලෙසටය. එය පසුකාලීනව Computed axial tomography  සි.ටී ස්කෑන් ලෙස හැදින් වේ.

සි.ටී. ක්‍රමයේදී ඉතා විශාල දත්ත ප්‍රමාණයක් මෙහෙය විය හැකි ක්‍රමෝපායක් ඇති අතර මෙහිදී එක්ස් කිරණ කදම්භයක් අවහිර කිරීමට ඇති හැකියාව මගින් විවිධ කොටස් නිරූපණය කරනු ලැබේ. අතීතයේදී මෙහිදී ලබාදුන් ප්‍රතිබිම්භ අක්ෂීය හෝ හරස්තල වල ඒවා වු අතර නුතන ස්කෑන් උපකරණ මගින් මෙම දත්ත විවිධ තල ඔස්සේ හෝ ත්‍රිමාණව දර්ශනය කරගත හැකිය.

සි.ටී ස්කෑන් ක්‍රමය සෞඛ්‍ය ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබුණ ද වෙනත් ක්ෂේත්‍රයන්හි ද දක්නට ලැබේ. උදාහරණ ලෙස විනාශ කළ නොහැකි ද්‍රව්‍ය පරීක්ෂා කිරීමේදී සහ University of Texas at Austin හි DigiMorph නම් ව්‍යාපෘතියේදී ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක සහ පාෂාණ ධාතුවිද්‍යාත්මක නිදර්ශක අධ්‍යයනය සදහා සි.ටී ස්කෑන් ක්‍රමය යොදා ගන්නා ලදී.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography

සි.ටී ස්කෑන් (Computed tomography)


HMAS Curlew (M 1121) was a  operated by the Royal Navy (as HMS Chediston) from 1953 to 1961, and the Royal Australian Navy from 1962 to 1991. During her Australian service, the ship operated off Malaysia during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation during the mid-1960s, then was modified for use as a minehunter. Delays in bringing a replacement class into service kept Curlew operational until 1990, and she was sold into civilian service in 1991.

Construction
The minesweeper was built by the Montrose Shipyard in Scotland, launched on 6 October 1953, and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 28 September 1954 as HMS Chediston.

Operational history

Royal Navy
Between August 1955 and October 1957, the ship was attached to Tay Division of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. After October 1957, the ship was placed in storage.

Royal Australian Navy
The ship was one of six sold to the Royal Australian Navy for A£5.5 million in 1961. Chediston was modified for tropical conditions, and commissioned on 12 August 1962 as HMAS Curlew.

During the mid-1960s, Curlew was one of several ships operating in support of the Malaysian government during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. This service was later recognised with the battle honour "Malaysia 1964–66".

In the late 1960s, Curlew and sister ship  were modified for use as minehunters.

Divers from Curlew inspected the wreck of .

Decommissioning and fate
The delay in bringing the Bay class minehunters into service kept Curlew operational until 1990. Curlew paid off on 30 April 1990 and was sold on 17 June 1991. In the late 1990s she appeared in the movies Paradise Road and The Thin Red Line.

As of mid-2003, Curlew was operating out of Port Huon, Tasmania as a fishing vessel. The ship was later used for accommodation at Port Huon.

In April 2018 she was purchased for $1. Her new owner intends to use the ship as a floating backpacker hostel in Brisbane.

Citations

References

Books

Journal articles

Websites

Ton-class minesweepers of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Scotland
1953 ships
Cold War minesweepers of the United Kingdom
Ton-class minesweepers of the Royal Australian Navy
Cold War minesweepers of Australia
Ships and vessels on the National Archive of Historic Vessels

HMAS Curlew


Olaylar
 4 Haziran - Çin'de Tang Hanedanı sona erdi.
 Rus-Bizans Savaşı gerçekleşti.
 Bizans-Rus Antlaşması yapıldı.
 Bavyera Dükalığı kuruldu (dağılışı 1623).

Doğumlar
 Râzî, Abbâsî halifesi (ö. 940)

Ölümler
 2 Mayıs - I. Boris, Tuna Bulgar Devleti'nin ve Ön Bulgarların ilk Hristiyan hanı
 24 Kasım - İsmail bin Ahmed, 892-907 arasında Samanî hükümdarı (d. 849).
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Árpád, Macar prensi (d. y. 845)

907


Grupno prvenstvo Splitskog nogometnog podsaveza u sezoni 1952./53. predstavlja četvrti rang nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije na području Dalmacije.

Sudinici i ljestvice

I grupa

II grupa

III grupa

IV grupa

V grupa

VI grupa

Poveznice
 Liga Splitskog nogometnog podsaveza 1952./53.

Izvori
 hrnogometdb, Sezona 1953., wayback arhiva
 Jurica Gizdić: Stobrečki Primorac, Stobreč, 2003.,
 Jurica Gizdić: Počelo je prije osam desetljeća, Kaštel Gomilica, 2004.,
 Martin Benzon, Slaven Jurić: Šezdeset godina NK "Omladinca" : (1914-1974), Vranjic, 1975.

1952-53
Split-grupno

Grupno prvenstvo Splitskog nogometnog podsaveza 1952./53.


Southport er en by i Sefton-distriktet, Merseyside, England, med et indbyggertal (pr. 2015) på 92.937. Byen ligger 309 km fra London.

Referencer

Byer i England
Merseyside

Southport


Mitrenga ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Dieter Mitrenga (1940–2017), deutscher Internist, Rheumatologe, Nephrologe und AIDS-Spezialist
 Urszula Mitrenga-Wagner (1948–2004), polnische Pianistin, Sängerin und Pädagogin

Mitrenga


Alchemilla abyssinica er fjölær jurt af rósaætt (Rosaceae). Hún er frá austur Afríku (Eþíópía, Kenía, Úganda).

Heimildir

Maríustakkar

Alchemilla abyssinica


Technicolor je serija procesa pokretnih slika u boji, čija prva inačica potiče iz 1916. godine, a praćena je poboljšanim inačica tijekom nekoliko desetljeća.

Bio je to drugi veliki proces u boji, nakon britanskog Kinemacolora, i najkorišteniji je proces snimanja u boji u Hollywoodu u razdoblju od 1920-ih do sredine 1950-ih godine. Technicolor je postao poznat i proslavljen zbog svoje vrlo zasićene boje i u početku je najčešće uporabljen za snimanje mjuzikla poput Čarobnjaka iz Oza (1939.) i Dole argentinskim putem (1940.), kostimskih slika poput Pustolovina Robina Hooda (1938.) i Zameo ih vjetar (1939.), i animiranih filmova poput Snjeguljice i sedam patuljaka (1937.), Gulliverovih putovanja (1939.) i Fantazije (1940.). Kako je tehnologija sazrijevala, koristila se i za manje spektakularne drame i komedije. Povremeno i za
film noir, poput Prepustite je nebu (1945.) ili Nijagara (1953.).

"Technicolor" je zaštitni znak za niz postupaka slike u boji koje je izumela Technicolorska korporacija pokretnih slika (podružnica tvrtke Technicolor, Inc.), sada dio francuske tvrtke Technicolor SA.

"Tech" u imenu tvrtke je bilo inspirirano Tehnološkim institutom u Massachusettsu, gdje su Herbert Kalmus i Daniel Frost Comstock 1904. godine bili na postdiplomskim studijama i kasnije radili kao instruktori.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica

Filmska umjetnost
Dobitnici Oscara za životno djelo

Technicolor


Baena, İspanya'nın güneyinde, on yedi özerk bölgesinden en kalabalık ikinci nüfusu sahip olan Endülüs'ün, Córdoba iline bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2002 yılı sayımlarına göre nüfusu 19.784 kişidir.32 mil güney doğusunda Córdoba şehri vardır.

Córdoba'nın belediyeleri

Baena


Daisuke Oku (7. februar 1976 - 17. oktober 2014) var en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||5||1
|-
|2000||12||1
|-
|2001||4||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
!Total||26||2
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Daisuke Oku


Sleeping Beauty ist ein australisches Filmdrama von Julia Leigh aus dem Jahr 2011.

Handlung
Die Studentin Lucy hält sich mit verschiedenen Nebenjobs mehr schlecht als recht über Wasser. So nimmt sie an Laborversuchen teil, arbeitet als Kellnerin, Bürogehilfin und Prostituierte. Ihr Leben ist von Gleichgültigkeit, Perspektivlosigkeit sowie emotionaler Abgestumpftheit gezeichnet. Nur gegenüber ihrem einzigen Freund, dem zurückhaltenden Birdmann, kann sie sich ein wenig öffnen. Über eine Zeitungsanzeige gerät sie an einen geheimnisvollen, exklusiven Club, in dem Frauen in Dessous ältere, dekadente Herrschaften bei Dinnerpartys bedienen. Von reicher Entlohnung und Neugier gelockt, sagt sie zu. Clara, die Chefin des Clubs, ist von Lucy angetan und bringt sie dazu, noch weiter zu gehen.

Betäubt von einer Droge, überlässt Lucy ihren wehrlosen Körper den sexuellen Phantasien einzelner Clubmitglieder, denen absolute Diskretion zugesichert wird. Die einzige Auflage ist, dass es nicht zum Geschlechtsverkehr kommt. Bald schon quält Lucy die Frage, was wohl während ihrer Bewusstlosigkeit mit ihr geschieht. Mit einer Minikamera zeichnet sie heimlich eine der Sitzungen auf, doch in dieser bleibt sie unangetastet. Ein lebensmüder Mann hat sich von Clara durch eine Überdosis des Schlafmittels vergiften lassen und ist im Bett neben Lucy liegend gestorben. Als Clara Lucy aus einer tiefen Ohnmacht herausholt, bemerkt sie den Toten neben sich, schreit ihr Entsetzen und ihre Trauer heraus und erwacht somit im mehrdeutigen Sinne.

Hintergrund
Der Titel des Films ist der englische Name des Märchens Dornröschen der Brüder Grimm.
Ähnliche Motive wie in Sleeping Beauty gab es bereits im Roman Erinnerung an meine traurigen Huren von Gabriel García Márquez, im Buch Die schlafenden Schönen von Yasunari Kawabata und in dessen Verfilmung Das Haus der schlafenden Schönen durch Vadim Glowna. Das Drehbuch der australischen Schriftstellerin und Drehbuchautorin Julia Leigh schaffte es 2008 auf die sogenannte Black List des damals führenden Universal-Produzenten Franklin Leonard; eine Liste mit bisher noch nicht verfilmten Lieblingsdrehbüchern von rund 250 Executive Producern aus der Filmindustrie. Mit der Hilfe von Jane Campion gelang schließlich die Realisierung des Projekts. Sleeping Beauty feierte am 11. Mai 2011 beim Filmfestival von Cannes als offizieller Teilnehmer des Wettbewerbs Premiere. In Deutschland war er am 5. Oktober desselben Jahres auf dem Filmfest Hamburg erstmals zu sehen.

Kritiken

Argumente
Den deutschsprachigen Kritikern fiel die "verstörende Passivität" der Hauptfigur Lucy auf, ihr "selbstzerstörerisches Lebenskonzept". Alles scheine an ihr abzuprallen, und sie halte die Wange hin: "Schlagt ruhig härter. Ich halte das aus." Nicht zufällig sei Jane Campion bei der Produktion behilflich gewesen, denn diese habe wiederholt Frauenfiguren porträtiert, "die in einer rückhaltlosen Unterwerfung ihre Erfüllung suchen."

Begeistert zeigte sich Carsten Baumgardt auf Filmstarts: "Julia Leigh legt mit ihrem 'Sleeping Beauty' das aufregendste Debüt der jüngeren Zeit hin und schuf ein atmosphärisches Meisterwerk, das auf faszinierende Weise verstört – ein schockierend schöner Film und eine echte Cannes-Entdeckung: düster, komplex, mutig und unwiderstehlich." Die Cinema war gefesselt von der Erzählung durch "Andeutungen und unheilvolle Zwischentöne". In der DVD-Kritik der Frankfurter Rundschau wurde die Vereinigung von Leere und Dekadenz angesprochen, "als wären Michelangelo Antonioni und Gustav Klimt zurückgekommen, um gemeinsam das definitive Porträt unserer Zeit zu schaffen." Mit "erlesenen Kompositionen" bestückt und "elegant inszeniert" fand Der Tagesspiegel den Film, aber er begnüge sich "mit der sorgsamen Auspinselung eines Settings, das sich zwischen Die Marquise von O. und Die Geschichte der O nicht recht entscheidet. Was von Reiz ist, wenn auch von zweifelhaftem." Julia Leigh erzähle "mit einer verblüffenden Passivität", meinte Die Welt, das Ergebnis sei "interessant anzusehen, aber letztlich zu brav".

Susan Vahabzadeh von der Süddeutschen Zeitung hielt das Werk für "eher spekulativ, ein wenig voyeuristisch und unausgegoren." Der Cannes-Bericht der Frankfurter Rundschau sah in den Zitaten aus Ingeborg Bachmanns Das dreißigste Jahr den Film einen Anspruch erheben, den er nicht annähernd einlöse. "Zu steril sind diese Bilder, zu achtlos schwelgen sie im Überschuss der schönen Nacktheit." Ähnlich sprach der Tages-Anzeiger von einer "sterilen Erniedrigungspoesie, in der man bald nur noch den Willen zur Kunst raunen hört".

Kritikenspiegel

Eher positiv
 Cinema, Nr. 3, S. 102, DVD-Kritik von Philipp Schulze
 Frankfurter Rundschau, 16. März 2012, S. 38, DVD-Kritik von Sascha Westphal: Was fehlt
Gemischt
 Der Tagesspiegel, 14. Mai 2011, S. 26, Cannes-Bericht von Jan Schulz-Ojala: Glaub an dich!
 Die Welt, 13. Mai 2011, S. 28, Cannes-Bericht von Hanns-Georg Rodek: Albtraum Kind
Eher negativ
 Frankfurter Rundschau, 13. Mai 2011, S. 36, Cannes-Bericht von Daniel Kothenschulte: Das so fremde eigene Leben
 Süddeutsche Zeitung, 13. Mai 2011, S. 15, Cannes-Bericht von Susan Vahabzadeh: Evolution und Erlösung
 Tages-Anzeiger, 14. Mai 2011, S. 35, Cannes-Bericht von Florian Keller: Mein Sohn, der Amokläufer

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Australischer Film
Filmdrama
Filmtitel 2011
Prostitution im Film

Sleeping Beauty (2011)


Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto Oy, kurz Junakalusto Oy oder Junakalustoyhtiö (abgekürzt JKOY), wörtliche Übersetzung Zugmaterial der Hauptstadtregion, ist eine finnische Leasinggesellschaft für Schienenfahrzeuge. Sie ist Eigentümerin der Sm5-Züge, die für den Schienennahverkehr in der Region Helsinki eingesetzt werden.

Das Unternehmen wurde 2004 als Aktiengesellschaft mit Sitz in Helsinki gegründet. Die Aktien sind im Besitz der Städte Helsinki (34 %), Vantaa (17 %), Espoo (12 %), Kauniainen (2 %) und der finnischen Staatsbahn VR (35 %).

Die Züge werden an den Aufgabenträger der S-Bahn, den Verkehrsverbund HSL verleast. Dieser gibt sie für den praktischen Betrieb an ein Eisenbahnverkehrsunternehmen weiter.

Die Aufteilung von Anschaffung und Besitz der Züge, Planung des Verkehrssystems und praktischem Betrieb der Züge auf jeweils eigene Organisationen wurde damit begründet, dies schaffe mehr Transparenz bei der Kostenaufteilung. Eine wichtige Rolle spielte auch die zu erwartende Freigabe des Schienenpersonenverkehrs in Finnland für den Wettbewerb. Da die Züge nicht Eigentum des Betreibers sind, wäre es im Falle einer Freigabe für HSL ein Leichtes, den Betreiber zu wechseln.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (finnisch, englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Leasinggesellschaft für Schienenfahrzeuge
Verkehrsunternehmen (Finnland)
Unternehmen (Helsinki)
Verkehr (Helsinki)
Finanzdienstleister (Finnland)

Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto


Hopper or hoppers may refer to:

Places
Hopper, Illinois
Hopper, West Virginia
 Hopper, a mountain and valley in the Hunza–Nagar District of Pakistan
Hopper (crater), a crater on Mercury

People with the name
 Hopper (surname), a list of people with the name

Insects
 Hopper, the immature form of a locust
 Grasshopper
 Hoppers, butterflies of the genus Platylesches
 Leafhopper, a member of the family Cicadellidae
 Treehopper, a member of the family Membracidae (typical treehoppers) or Aetalionidae

Mechanical parts
 Hopper, a storage container used to dispense granular materials through the use of a chute to restrict flow, sometimes assisted by mechanical agitation
 Hopper (particulate collection container), a large container used for dust collection
 A paintball loader
 A manufacturing line hopper
 Part of an agricultural aircraft to store the chemicals to be spread
 Part of a combine harvester
 Part of a wheel tractor-scraper to store the soil load
 Feeder (livestock equipment)

Transportation
 Hopper (spacecraft), a proposed spacecraft
 Hopper, a prototype test vehicle for the SpaceX Starship
 Hopper balloon, a kind of ultralight hot air balloon
 Hopper barge, a kind of barge
 Hopper car, a type of railway freight car
 Gravity wagon, or slant wagon, a type of wagon that is essentially a hopper; used in agriculture
 Space hopper, a toy: a ball with handles for bouncing on
 USS Hopper, a U.S. Navy destroyer

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional entities
Hopper, a character and the main antagonist in the animated film A Bug's Life
H.O.P.P.E.R.S. or Hoppers, the nickname of the fictional Huerta, California, from Jaime Hernandez's Locas graphic novels published in Love and Rockets
 Franz Hopper, a character in Code Lyoko
 Jim Hopper (Stranger Things), the police chief from the Netflix science-fiction horror series Stranger Things
Hopper 1, a Chemy in Kamen Rider Gotchard

Games
Hoppers (game), a peg solitaire game released by Think Fun
 Hopper, multiple clones of the video game Frogger
 Hopper, a fairy chess piece

Music
 Hopper (band), English indie rock band
 The Hoppers, a Southern Gospel family ensemble

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Dish Hopper (DVR), a service of Dish Network known for its AutoHop commercial-skipping feature

Other uses
 Hopper (food) or Appam or Aappam hoppers, a type of food in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Sri Lankan cuisine
 Hopper (microarchitecture), codename for a microarchitecture developed by Nvidia
  Hopper, one who harvests hops
 Hopper, a Lindy Hop dancer
 Hopper, an urban entry-level drug dealer or drug dealer's aide—typically a minor
 Bill hopper, a wooden box on the desk of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives in which bills or resolutions to be voted on are deposited
 Hopper crystal, a type of crystal formation shaped like a hopper wagon
 Hopper (company), a travel booking app and online travel marketplace that sells flights, hotels, rental cars, and short-term rentals.

See also
 Hop (disambiguation)
 HOP (disambiguation)
 Grasshopper (disambiguation)

Hopper


Anderson Roberto da Silva Luiz (født 1. februar 1978) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Anderson Roberto da Silva Luiz


Flygtningerelaterede ulykker i Europa i forbindelse med flygtningekrisen i 2015.

2015

27. august

Den 27. august 2015 opdagede østrigsk politi en efterladt lastbil, parkeret i vejsiden på Ost Autobahn A4 (Europavej E60) øst for Wien ved Parndorf. Lastbilen viste sig at indeholde ligene af 71 personer, der var døde af iltmangel, heraf var 59 mænd, 8 kvinder og 4 børn. Flere af ofrene er konstateret at være flygtninge fra Syrien.

24. august
Den 24. august kom 37 flygtninge til skade i en ulykke uden for landsbyen Nickelsdorf i Østrig. Der var i mellem 70 og 90 flygtninge i de to lastbiler som var involveret.

21. august
Den 21. august væltede en lastbil nær den østrigske landsby Amstetten, i den var 30 personer på det tidspunkt, 24 blev såret (3 alvorligt).

Referencer

Begivenheder i 2015
Relaterede ulykker i Europa

Flygtningerelaterede ulykker i Europa


Folcwald (del inglés antiguo: caudillo del pueblo) fue un rey legendario de los frisones de la era de Vendel (siglo V) y padre del caudillo Finn, y según algunas fuentes era hijo de Gaut, quien sería adorado como divinidad. Aparece como personaje en los poemas Widsith y Beowulf.

De todos los personajes que aparecen en Widsith, solo Finn acompaña al nombre de su padre, lo que parece indicar que era una persona distinguida y gran guerrero en un oscuro periodo de la Edad Media, aunque no con certeza ya que han desaparecido muchas fuentes contemporáneas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Beowulf en heorot.dk
 Widsith en rado.sk

Personajes de la mitología nórdica
Personajes de Beowulf
Historia de la provincia de Frisia

Folcwald


القَيْقَب أو الاسفندان جنس نباتي يوجد منه حوالي 125 نوعاً معظمها من الأشجار أو الشجيرات، ينمو في المناطق الشمالية في روسيا وأوروبا وكندا وغيرها. يسمى . كان سابقاً يصنف ضمن الفصيلة القيقبية إلى أن وضعت هذه الفصيلة عام 2009 ضمن الفصيلة الصابونية حسب نظام المجموعة الثالثة لعلم تطور سلالات مغطاة البذور.

في 15 فبراير 1965 اتخذت كندا شعاراً لها من الورقة التي يتغير لونها في الخريف.

الوصف النباتي

أغلب أنواع القيقب من الأشجار النفضية (أي التي تنفض أوراقها كل عام في نهاية الموسم)، وأنواع قليلة منها دائمة الخضرة، تنمو غالباً في آسيا. بعض أنواعها صغيرة ولا يزيد ارتفاعها عن 12 متراً. وهي أشجار قصيرة وتسمى جنبة (وهي كل شجرة يقل طولها عن 4 أمتار)، ولكن بعض الأنواع يكسر تلك القاعدة ويصل ارتفاعه إلى 30 متراً.
وتنمو أوراق القيقب في أزواج، كل ورقة في عكس اتجاه الأخرى. وهي ذات فلقتين ولها ألوان جذابة في الخريف. وتسمى ثمار القيقب بالثمار المجنحة أو الجناحية (حيث يمتد غلافها على شكل جناح رقيق طويل، وتعرف أيضاً باسم سمارا). وقد جعلتها أوراقها وألوانها الجميلة في الخريف من نباتات الزينة المشهورة.

أنواعه
 القيقب الأحمر  الذي ينمو في أمريكا الشمالية.
 القيقب الأحمر العروق
 القيقب الأمرد
 القيقب الإيبيري
 القيقب الإيطالي
 القيقب البنسلفاني
 القيقب التتري
 القيقب التركماني
 قيقب ثلاثي الشعب
 قيقب جبل الشيخ
 القيقب الجلدي
 قيقب حقلي
 القيقب الخماسي الأوراق
 القيقب الدائري
 القيقب الدائم الخضرة
 القيقب الدرعي
 القيقب الدلبي
 القيقب الدلبي الكاذب
 القيقب الرقيق الأوراق
 القيقب الرمادي
 القيقب السكري
 القيقب الشعري
 القيقب الشيطاني
 القيقب ضخم الأوراق
 القيقب العريض الأوراق  أو القيقب السوري
 القيقب الفضي سريع النمو
 قيقب كابادوكيا
 القيقب الكفي
 قيقب كبير الأسنان
 قيقب مانيتوبا
 القيقب المخملي
 القيقب المدبب
 القيقب المنتفخ العروق
 القيقب المنشوري
 قيقب مونبلييه
 القيقب النرويجي وموطنه أوروبا.
 قيقب وبري الثمار
 القيقب الياباني

شراب الاسفندان
يستخرج من القيقب السكري شراب الإسفندان  وهو نسغ (عصارة) سكري ذو لون بني ذهبي يستخرج من سوق القيقب السكري المعروف باسم القيقب الأمريكي بالتقطير في بداية فصل الربيع. يستعمل هذا الشراب في صناعة الحلوى، وفي إكساب الأطعمة والمشروبات نكهة طيبة. وقد تزرع للاستفادة من أخشابها في أوروبا واليابان وأمريكا الشمالية. تعد أشجارها ثمينة القيمة بسبب الطلب عليها، إذ تستخدم للزينة والتظليل.

معرض الصور

انظر أيضا
 قائمة أنواع القيقب

المراجع

 دائرة معارف مجلة ماجد

وصلات خارجية

أشجار
أصباغ نباتية
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
صابونية

قيقب


Otok đumbira () je trenutno nenaseljeni otok Britanskih Djevičanskih otoka u Karibima. To je jedan od posljednjih nerazvijenih otoka u privatnom vlasništvu na teritoriju. Otok se prostire na otprilike 104 ha. Na otoku su dva najbolja mjesta za ronjenje na Britanskim Djevičanskim otocima: "Alice in Wonderland" (Alisa u zemlji čudesa) i "Ginger Steppes". Otok je u vlasništvu Aggie Sailing Teama. Većina ljudi koji dođu roniti ne izlazi na otok, jer nema pristaništa i jako je zarastao.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Otoci Britanskih Djevičanskih otoka

Otok đumbira


Demiroluk, Adana ilinin Tufanbeyli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Çatalçam köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 3 Temmuz 1956'da köy statüsü kazandı. 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra yeniden mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 216 km, Tufanbeyli ilçesine 31 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Tufanbeyli'nin mahalleleri

Demiroluk, Tufanbeyli


Paruma es un estratovolcán de la cordillera de los Andes, en la frontera entre Bolivia y Chile. Forma parte de un cordón de varios otros estratovolcanes. Paruma está ubicado en el extremo oriental del cordón, teniendo al volcán Olca a su lado oeste. Paruma estuvo activo durante el Holoceno, con muchos flujos de lava morfológicamente jóvenes en sus flancos. También tiene fumarolas persistentes. Un flujo de lava en particular se extiende por 7 kilómetros hacia el sudeste del cerro Paruma. La última actividad conocida del cordón fue una erupción de uno de sus flancos entre 1865 y 1867.

Referencias
 Olca-Paruma en Global Volcanism Program

Enlaces externos

Estratovolcanes de Chile
Volcanes de la Región de Antofagasta
Estratovolcanes de Bolivia
Geografía del departamento de Potosí

Paruma


Tommy "Tom" Joe Vandergriff (* 29. Januar 1926 in Carrollton, Dallas County, Texas; † 30. Dezember 2010 in Fort Worth, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker der Demokratischen Partei, der 26 Jahre lang Bürgermeister von Arlington war und für eine zweijährige Legislaturperiode den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus vertrat.

Leben
Nach dem Besuch von Schulen in Carrollton und Arlington absolvierte Vandergriff ein Studium an der University of Southern California in Los Angeles, welches er 1947 mit einem Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) abschloss. Im Anschluss war er als Autohändler und Versicherungsvermittler tätig.

1951 begann er seine politische Laufbahn, als er als Kandidat der Demokratischen Partei erstmals zum Bürgermeister von Arlington gewählt wurde und dieses Amt 26 Jahre lang bis 1977 bekleidete. Während seiner Amtszeit wuchs die Bevölkerungszahl der Stadt von 8000 Einwohnern auf 120.000 Einwohner, insbesondere aufgrund der 1954 erfolgten Ansiedlung eines Automobilwerkes von General Motors. Am 23. April 1965 wurde das bisherige Arlington State College in das University of Texas System aufgenommen und führt seit 1967 den heutigen Namen University of Texas at Arlington. Zwischen 1972 und 2005 wuchs die Zahl der eingeschriebenen Studenten von 14.000 auf mehr als 25.000. Darüber hinaus kam es 1972 zur Übernahme der Texas Rangers, einem Major-League-Baseball-Team, das heute im Rangers Ballpark in Arlington spielt.

Bei den Kongresswahlen im November 1982 wurde Vandergriff zum Abgeordneten in das US-Repräsentantenhaus gewählt und vertrat in diesem vom 3. Januar 1983 bis zum 3. Januar 1985 den neugeschaffenen 26. Kongresswahlbezirk von Texas. Bei den Kongresswahlen im November 1984 erlitt er eine Niederlage gegen seinen republikanischen Herausforderer Dick Armey und schied damit nach nur einer Legislaturperiode wieder aus dem US-Repräsentantenhaus aus.

Im Anschluss nahm er seine Tätigkeit als Automobilhändler wieder auf, ehe er zwischen 1991 und 2007 – nunmehr seit 1990 als Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei – Richter am Bezirksgericht von Tarrant County war.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
Bürgermeister (Arlington, Texas)
Richter (Texas)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2010
Mann

Tom Vandergriff


Harput Ulu Cami, Artuklu hükümdarı Fahrettin Karaaslan tarafından 1156 - 1157 yılları arasında günümüzde Elazığ ili sınırı içindeki Harput'ta yaptırılan cami. Anadolu'da ki en eski camilerden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Hâlen ibadete açık olan caminin minaresi hafif sağ tarafa eğik konumdadır. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda elde edilen bulgularla birlikte, minarenin Pisa Kulesi'nden daha eğik bir açıyla temellendirildiği tespit edilmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

Ulu Cami
Elazığ'daki camiler

Harput Ulu Camii


Patronyme

 André Thibouville (1830- après 1910), facteur français d'instruments à vent ;
 Jean-Baptiste Thibouville (1832-1897), facteur français d'instruments à vent ;
  (1833-1902), facteur industriel français d'instruments de musique.

Toponyme

 Thibouville, commune française de l'Eure.

Autres
 Famille Thibouville, famille de facture d'instruments de musique à vent originaire de La Couture-Boussey.
 Thibouville-Cabart, ancienne manufacture d'instruments à vent (hautbois, basson...)
 Jérôme Thibouville-Lamy (J.T.L.), marque d'instruments de musique, en particulier à cordes produits à Mirecourt

Notes et références

Thibouville (homonymie)


ناتالي نيدهارت  مواليد 27 مايو 1982 مصارعة كندية وتعمل لدى اتحاد المصارعة للمحترفين وهي تحت اسم ناتاليا وهي ابنة المصارع جيمي نيدهارت وزوجة المصارع السابق تايسون كيد وتنتمي إلى جيل من المصارعين والدها مصارع سابق وخوالها جميعهم مصارعين ولكن اشهرهم بريت هارت وأوين هارت.

الحياة الشخصية
نتاليا هي من عائلة هارت التي لها تاريخ عريق بالمصارعة وهي ابنة المصارع «جيم نيدهارت» وحفيدة ل ستو هارت المصارع القديم وجميع اخوالها 8 مصارعين لكن اشهرهم بريت هارت وهو اسطورة من اساطير المصارعة وأوين هارت هو بطل من ابطال المصارعة لكنه لم يكمل ليصبح اسطوره مثل اخيه بسبب وفاته في سنه 1999 بعد سقوطه من اعلى الحلبة..ولدت نتاليا في كالغاري البرتا كندا سنة 1982 لديها أخ واخت ترتيبها 2 بينهم وفي 2013 تزوجت من ابن عمها المصارع تايسون كيد التي كانت لها علاقه معه منذ الصغر.

في المصارعة

الحركة النهائية
 جيرمان سوبليكس
 Sharpshooter
مدراء
 تايسون كيد
 ديفيد هارت سميث

لقب
 "The Anvilette
 The BOAT

اغاني

"Yea Baby"

"New Foundation"

بطولات
 صنفت في 2011 المرتبة #4 في أفضل 50 امرأة مصارعة
 أفضل مصارعة عام 2005 في اتحاد NWA
 بطولة الديفاز (مرة واحدة لمدة 70 يوم في 2010 - 2011)
 بطولة سيدات سماك داون (مرة وحدة لمدة 86 يوم في 2017)
 بطلة التاغ تيم مع تامينا (مرة واحدة لمدة 129 يوم في 2021)
 أول مصارعة في WWE تحطم الطاولة لتفوز بنزال طاولات، وقد فازت بنازلين طاولات خلال مسيرتها
 المصارعة الوحيدة في WWE التي تحصل بمفردها على بطولة في مباراة غير عادلة
 لديها أعلى عدد من الانتصارات بين المصارعات النساء في WWE

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مصارعات محترفات القرن 21
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعلام مصارعة محترفين كنديون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
أمريكيون من أصل كندي
أمريكيون من أصل يوناني
خريجو ستامبيد ريسلينغ
دبليو دبليو إي
رياضيون من تامبا (فلوريدا)
رياضيون من كالغاري
كاتبات عمود أمريكيات
كتاب عمود أمريكيون
كتاب عمود كنديون
كنديون من أصل أمريكي
كنديون من أصل يوناني
مصارعات كنديات محترفات
مصارعات محترفات أمريكيات
مصارعون محترفون في القرن 21
مصارعون محترفون من ألبرتا
مصارعون محترفون من كالغاري
مواليد 1982
مواليد في كالغاري
كاتبات عمود كنديات

ناتاليا (مصارعة)


Yedinci Mühür (İsveççe: Det sjunde inseglet), Ingmar Bergman'ın yönettiği 1957 yapımı İsveç filmi. 1957 Cannes Film Festivali'nde Jüri Özel Ödülü kazanmıştır.

Konusu
Orta Çağ'da savaştan bıkmış bir Şövalye, yanında bayraktarı ile Haçlı Seferleri'nden evine döner. Vebanın yol açtığı tahribatı görünce, böylesi bir ızdıraba neden olan Tanrı'dan kuşkulanmaya başlar. Çok geçmeden ölüm onu da ziyaret eder; ancak Şövalye kaderine boyun eğeceğine Ölüm'e meydan okuyarak onu bir satranç oyununa davet eder. Kaybederse canından olmaya razıdır.

Buna koşut bir öyküde ise, genç, masum ve iyimser bir çift bebekleri ile birlikte küçük bir akrobat grubu ile köy köy dolaşırlar. Yolculukları sırasında, bağnaz dinciler kırbaçlama törenleri düzenler ve Tanrı'nın emirlerini yerine getirmeye kendini memur etmiş umarsız kişiler şeytanın esiri köylüleri yakarken, hastalığa uğramış köylerdeki insanların korku içinde yaşadıklarını görürler. Acı çeken Şövalye bu çiftle karşılaştığı zaman, onların birbiri ile olan aşkıyla rahatlarken, meşum rakibi Ölüm, hepsinin kaderini tayin edecek olan son hamleyi yapmayı bekleyerek, uysal uysal bir kenarda oturmaktadır.

Bergman'ın, Tanrı'nın gövdesiyle bulutlanan bir dünyada insanın yaşamı üzerine varoluşçu eserlerinin ilki olan Yedinci Mühür, yönetmenin çocukluğunun etkisi altında geçirdiği ideallerin baskısını hissettiği bir dönemde yapılmıştı.

Bir rahip oğlu olan Bergman, tıpkı Şövalye gibi, modern dünya topyekûn savaşları ve nükleer psikozu ile dini bir bakışı yalanlıyor görünse de, inancın sorunlarından kendini kurtaramıyordu. Seyrek, stilize tematik diyaloğu, ağırbaşlı ses efektleri ve vakur, melankolik müziğiyle Yedinci Mühür, dinsel deneyimin hem daha hafif hem de daha karanlık yanlarının nüfuz ettiği, belki biraz saplantılı, ama yine de çarpıcı bir film olarak varlığını günümüzde de sürdürüyor.

Dış bağlantılar

1950'lerde fantastik filmler
İsveç fantastik filmleri
İsveç dramatik filmleri
İsveççe filmler
Latince filmler
İsveç siyah-beyaz filmleri
Kara komedi filmleri
Cannes Film Festivali Jüri Ödülü alan filmler
Sanatta İsa
Alegorik filmler
Ingmar Bergman'ın yönettiği filmler
Büyük Veba Salgını
Satranç ile ilgili eserler
1957 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Yedinci Mühür


වාණිඡ බැංකු විසින් සිය ගනුදෙනු කරැවන් වෙත ඔවුන්ගේ තැන්පතු වල වටිනාකම අනුව හර කාඩි පත් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ. මෙහි විශේෂ ලක්ෂනය වන්නේ අනුමත වෙළද ආයතන වලින් භාණ්ඩ මිළදී ගැනීමේ දී නියමිත වටිනාකම ගැනුමිකරැ‍ගේ ගිණුමෙන් විකුණුමිනරැගේ ගිණුමට මාරැ වීමයි. මේ සදහා දෙපාර්ශවයටම බැංකු ගිණුමි තිබිය යුතු වේ.

හර පත් වලට නිදසුන් ලෙස
♦ සම්පත් බැංකුව - සෙට්
♦ කොමර්ෂල් බැංකුව - කැට් සුපර්

හර පත් හා ණය පත් අතර මූලික වෙනස වන්නේ හරපත් තැන්පතු වටිනාකම පදනම් කරගෙන නිකුත් කිරීමත්, ණයපත ණය පදනම මත නිකුත් කිරීමත්ය. ව්‍යාපාරිකයන්ට මෙම කාඩ්පත් මගින් අවශ්‍ය භාණ්ඩ පහසු‍වෙන් මිලට ගැනීමටත් මුදල් ගෙනයාමේ අවදානම අඩු වීමත් යන වාසි අත් කරගත හැකිය.

හර පත් පද්ධති වර්ග

ආශ්‍රිත
 ණය පත් (Credit Card)
 පේපෑල් (PayPal)

හර පත


بلدية فالديغانغا (بالإسبانية: Valdeganga) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة البسيط التابعة لمنطقة كاستيا لا مانتشا وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية فالديغانغا 1.943 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني الإسباني للإحصاء).

أعلام
 خوسيه أنطونيو سالسيدو سانشيز
 خايمي روميرو

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية فالديغانغا

بلديات البسيط
أماكن مأهولة في البسيط

فالديغانغا


Helmut Jahn (January 4, 1940 – May 8, 2021) was a German-American architect, known for projects such as the Sony Center on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Germany; the Messeturm in Frankfurt, Germany; the Thompson Center in Chicago; One Liberty Place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Suvarnabhumi Airport, in Bangkok, Thailand, among others.

His recent projects included 50 West Street, a residential tower in New York City in 2016 and the ThyssenKrupp Test Tower in Rottweil, Germany in 2017. He was also behind 1000M in Chicago which began construction in 2019.

Life and career

Jahn was born Jan. 4, 1940 in Zirndorf, near Nuremberg, Germany. His father, Wilhelm Anton Jahn, was a schoolteacher in special education. His mother, Karolina Wirth, was a housewife. Jahn grew up watching the reconstruction of the city, which had been largely destroyed by Allied bombing campaigns.

He studied architecture at the Technical University of Munich from 1960 to 1965, and worked with  for a year after graduation. In 1966, he went to Chicago to further study architecture under Myron Goldsmith and Fazlur Khan at the Illinois Institute of Technology on a Rotary Scholarship, earning a Master's degree in 1967.

Murphy/Jahn
Jahn joined Charles Francis Murphy's architecture firm, C. F. Murphy Associates, in 1967 and was appointed Executive Vice President and Director of Planning and Design of the firm in 1973.  He took sole control in 1981, renaming the firm Murphy/Jahn (even though Murphy had retired). Murphy died in 1985.

Death
Jahn was killed on May 8, 2021, while riding his bicycle in Campton Hills, a suburb of Chicago. The collision happened near his home and horse farm in St. Charles, Illinois, a Chicago suburb.

Architectural style and influences
Generally inspired by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, yet opposed to the doctrinal application of modernism by his followers, in 1978, Jahn became the eighth member of the Chicago Seven. His architectural style shifted from the modernism of the Miesian tradition to a postmodernist one with high-tech stylizations. Jahn established his reputation in 1985 with the State of Illinois Center in Chicago which prompted him to be dubbed "Flash Gordon". In addition to the main seat in Chicago, the company has offices in Berlin and Shanghai.

On October 26, 2012, Helmut Jahn renamed Murphy/Jahn to simply JAHN.

Completed projects

Following is a partial list of completed projects:
1974 Kemper Arena, Kansas City, Missouri
1976 Kansas City Convention Center, also known as H. Roe Bartle Exhibition Hall, Kansas City, Missouri
1976 Auraria Learning Resources Center, Auraria Higher Education Center, Denver, Colorado
1976 John Marshall Courts Building, Richmond, Virginia
1977 Michigan City Public Library, Michigan City, Indiana
1977 Saint Mary's College Athletic Facility, Notre Dame, Indiana
1978 W.W. Grainger Headquarters, Skokie, Illinois
1978 Rust-Oleum Corporation International Headquarters, Vernon Hills, Illinois
1978 La Lumiere Gymnasium, La Porte, Indiana
1979 Imperial Bank Tower Costa Mesa, California
1980 Horizon Bank (515 5th Street Bank) Michigan City, Indiana
1980 Xerox Centre, (55 West Monroe St) Chicago
1981 United States Post Office, Oak Brook, Illinois
1981 De La Garza Career Center, East Chicago, Indiana
1981 Commonwealth Edison Company District Headquarters, Bolingbrook, Illinois
1982 Argonne Program Support Facility,  Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois
1982 Eagle River Vacation House (The Jahn House)  Eagle River, Wisconsin
1982 Area 2 Police Headquarters, Chicago
1982 Chicago Board of Trade Addition Chicago
1982 One South Wacker Chicago
1983 Agricultural Engineering Sciences Building Addition University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois
1983 Learning Resources Center, College of DuPage, Glen Ellyn, Illinois
1983 First Source Centre, South Bend, Indiana
1984 11 Diagonal Street, Johannesburg, South Africa
1984 Plaza East Office Towers, Milwaukee
1984 Shand Morahan Corporate Headquarters, Evanston, Illinois
1984 701 Building (Craig-Hallom Building), Minneapolis
1984 O'Hare 'L' Station, O'Hare International Airport, Chicago
1985 James R. Thompson Center, Chicago
1985 362 West Street, Durban, South Africa
1986 Parktown Stands 102, 103, 85, 879, Johannesburg, South Africa
1986 MetroWest Office Building (2 Energy Center), Naperville, Illinois
1986 Oakbrook Terrace Tower, Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois
1987 Park Avenue Tower, New York City
1987 425 Lexington Avenue, New York City
1987 United Airlines Terminal 1 at O'Hare International Airport, Chicago
1987 America Apartments – 300 East 85th Street, New York, NY
1987 One Liberty Place, Philadelphia
1987 Cityspire, New York City
1987 Citigroup Center, Chicago
1988 Wilshire/Westwood, Los Angeles
1989 Trade Hall 1 (Halle 1), Frankfurt, Germany
1989 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Headquarters, 130 Livingston Street, Downtown Brooklyn
1990 Bank of America Tower, Jacksonville, Florida
1990 Two Liberty Place, Philadelphia
1991 One America Plaza, San Diego
1991 Messeturm, Frankfurt, Germany
1992 Hyatt Regency, Roissy, Paris
1992 120 North LaSalle, Chicago, Illinois
1993 Hitachi Tower, Singapore
1993 Caltex House, Singapore
1994 Hotel Kempinski, Munich, Germany
1994 Kurfürstendamm 70, Berlin, Germany
1996 Fortis Bank Tower (Blaak 555), Rotterdam, Netherlands
1996 Principal Financial Group Corporate Four Building, Des Moines, Iowa
1997 RCID Administration Building, Buena Vista, Florida
1998 Generale Bank Nederland, Rotterdam, Netherlands
1999 European Union Charlemagne building, Brussels, Belgium
1999 Munich Airport Center, Germany
2000 Sony Center Berlin, Germany
2000 Cologne Bonn Airport, Cologne, Germany
2000 HA·LO Headquarters (presently the headquarters of Shure), Niles, Illinois
2000 Imperial Bank Tower Renovation, Costa Mesa, California
2001 Neues Kranzler Eck, Berlin, Germany
2002 Kaufhof Galeria, Chemnitz, Germany
2002 Shanghai International Expo Centre, Shanghai, China
2002 Bayer AG Konzernzentrale
2003 Deutsche Post Tower, Bonn, Germany
2003 IIT Student Housing, Chicago
2003 Highlight Munich Business Towers, Munich, Germany
2004 Mannheimer Corporate Headquarters, Mannheim, Germany
2004 Merck Serono Headquarters (Horizon Serono), Geneva, Switzerland
2005 Focus Media Center (Deutsche-Med-Platz), Rostock, Germany
2006 Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok, Thailand
2006 Seminaris Campus Hotel, Berlin, Germany
2007 Margot and Harold Schiff Residences, Chicago
2007 600 North Fairbanks, Chicago, USA
2008 Hegau Tower, Singen, Germany
2009 South Campus Chiller Plant, University of Chicago Chicago
2009 1999 K Street, Washington, D.C.
2010 Hafen Tower (Sign Tower), Speditionstrasse 1–3 Düsseldorf, Germany
2010 Veer Towers, Paradise, Nevada USA
2010 Weser Tower, Bremen, Germany
2010 Bonn Airport Parking, Cologne, Germany
2011 Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, Chicago, USA
2012 Leatop Plaza, Guangzhou, China
2012 Skyline Tower, Munich, Germany
2012 Japan Post, Tokyo, Japan
2013 Cosmopolitan Twarda 2/4, Warsaw, Poland
2014 Zunda Towers, Riga, Latvia
2016 Doha Exhibition and Convention Center, Qatar
2016 Shanghai Convention Center, Shanghai, China
2016 50 West Street, New York City, USA
2017 ThyssenKrupp Test Tower, Rottweil, Germany
2017 1900 Reston Station, Reston, Virginia
In his native town of Nuremberg, however, a project by Jahn was rejected by a citizens' referendum in 1996.

Select awards
1991 – "Ten Most Influential Living American Architects" from the American Institute of Architects.
1993 – "Outstanding Achievement/Architect Award" from the American Academy of Art, Chicago.
1994 – Officer's cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
2002 – Institute Honour Award of the American Institute of Architects for the Sony Center.
2005 – Murphy/Jahn, Inc. recipient of the AIA Architecture Firm Award.
2005 – Pratt Institute Legends Award
2012 – AIA Chicago Lifetime Achievement Award
2018 – ENR Safety Award of Merit: 1900 Metro Reston Plaza

Personal life

Jahn was interested in yachting, and in the late 1990s owned at least three yachts named Flash Gordon (one of his nicknames). In 1995, Jahn's Flash Gordon 2 won the annual Chicago to Mackinac Race, the oldest freshwater yacht race in the world. In 1998, Jahn invited his fellow Vietnam War veteran, George Henry, to race with him in the Waterbury Channel Open. In 1997, Flash Gordon 3 won the Admiral's Cup. It was the Farr 40 design yacht called Flash Gordon 6 that he had the most success winning the 2012 Farr 40 World Championship and they captured three straight North American Championship between 2015-2017.

He married Deborah Ann Lampe, an interior designer, in December 1970. Their son Evan was born in 1978.

Images

References

External links

Official website

Architect Helmut Jahn renames firm, promotes successor
Highlight towers
The New Modernism of Helmut Jahn

1940 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American architects
Technical University of Munich alumni
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Emigrants from West Germany to the United States
20th-century German architects
21st-century American architects
21st-century German architects
People from Fürth (district)
Road incident deaths in Illinois
People from St. Charles, Illinois
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Postmodern architects
Farr 40 class world champions
World champions in sailing for the United States

Helmut Jahn


La Ligne ferroviaire Ulak - Elga est une voie ferrée de 321 kilomètres située dans l'Extrême-Orient russe, desservant le  qui est le plus grand de Russie. Il s'agit d'une voie ferrée à Écartement russe construite et opérée par un acteur privé : Mechel.

Histoire

Caractéristiques
Débutant comme un embranchement sur le Magistrale Baïkal-Amour au niveau de la gare d'Ulak à proximité du , la voie ferrée est doublée d'une voie routière.

Exploitation

Projets

En termes de développement, il est prévu d'électrifier la ligne à moyen terme. A très long terme, la question d'une extension pour desservir Aïan et Okhotsk a déjà été évoquée, de la même façon que celle du Magistrale Amour-Iakoutie, qu'on souhaiterai étendre jusqu'à Magadan.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Mechel
 Magistrale Baïkal-Amour

Liens externes

Ligne de chemin de fer en Russie
Transport dans la république de Sakha
Transport dans l'oblast de l'Amour

Ligne ferroviaire Ulak - Elga


Lionel Abrahams (1926, Joanesburgo - 2004 ) foi um poeta, ensaista e editor sul-africano. Sua carreira literária iniciou tardiamente, tendo seu primeiro livro publicado aos 50 anos. Diferentes de muitos outros escritores da sua geração, a concepção de literatura de Abrahams enfatizava o valor estético, deixando de lado a política e o protestos contra o apartheid comum na obra de seus contemporâneos. Em suas poesias prevalece o tom introspectivo, a relação com as memórias, com o corpo debilitado.

Obras

Coleções de poesias
 Thresholds of Tolerance (1973)
 Journal of a New Man (1984)
 The Writer in the Sand (1988)
 A Dead Tree Full of Live Birds (1995)

Referências

Bilbiografia

Escritores da África do Sul

Lionel Abrahams


Als Peer Assessment () wird eine Methode bezeichnet, bei der Peers (= Personen, die die gleiche Rolle in einem bestimmten Kontext haben, wie beispielsweise Schüler einer Klasse), das Produkt eines Lernenden evaluieren. Falchikov (1986) beschreibt das Peer Assessment als eine Methode, bei der Peers reflektierte Kritik an dem Produkt eines anderen Lernenden üben und diesem Feedback zu vorher definierten Kriterien zur Verfügung stellen. Dabei kann das Ziel die abschließende Bewertung eines Endproduktes sein – summatives Peer-Feedback (auch Peer Grading genannt) – beispielsweise die Endnote für ein Referat. Das Ziel kann aber auch die Verbesserung des Ergebnisses durch Einflussnahme während der Produkterstellung bzw. während des Lernens sein – formatives Feedback – beispielsweise Feedback zum ersten Entwurf eines Referats. Peer Assessments mit formativem Peer-Feedback können aufgrund ihres iterativen Charakters als Lernmethode angesehen werden.

Das Peer Assessment Verfahren wird je nach Variation dem Feld des kooperativen oder kollaborativen Lernens zugeordnet, wobei Peer Assessment eine globale Bezeichnung ist. Es gibt je nach Forschungsbereich und Themenfeld (siehe Variationen) auch weitere Begriffe für Peer Assessment Verfahren, wie beispielsweise "Peer response", "Peer editing", & "Peer evaluation" oder die besondere Form des "Peer grading".

Typischer Ablauf
Ingo Kollar & Frank Fischer (2010) beschreiben das klassische Peer-Feedback Verfahren folgendermaßen: ein Peer erstellt ein Produkt. Anschließend meldet ein oder mehrere Peer-Assessoren Feedback zurück. Der Ersteller des Produktes muss dann aus dem Feedback sinnvolle Handlungsoptionen ableiten und das Produkt überarbeiten. Dies ist im Allgemeinen verschieden von der reinen Benotung, dem Peer Grading.

Variationen
Peer Assessments können stark variieren, je nach Art der Umsetzung. K. Topping erstellte hierzu 1998 eine Typologie/Liste von 17 Dimensionen anhand derer Peer Assessments variieren können:
 Themenfeld
 Das Ziel der Aktivität (Pädagogisch oder ökonomisch, beispielsweise Zeitaufwand für Lehrer)
 Der Fokus (Summative oder formative Evaluation)
 Das bewertete Produkt (Text, Präsentation oder andere)
 Verhältnis zur Bewertung von Lehrpersonal (Ersatzweise oder ergänzend)
 Offizielle Bedeutung (Inwieweit es sich auf eine Note auswirkt)
 Richtung der Bewertung (Einseitig, gegenseitig oder wechselseitig)
 Privatsphäre (Anonym, teil-anonym oder öffentlich)
 Persönlicher Kontakt (Inwieweit haben die Peers Kontakt miteinander oder dem Lehrer?)
 Synchronizität (Bezüglich aktuellen Produkten oder verzögert)
 Fähigkeit (Bspw. auf welchem Wissensstand sind die Teilnehmer?)
 Konstellation der Gutachter (Individuell, Paare oder Gruppen)
 Konstellation der Begutachteten (Individuell, Paare oder Gruppen)
 Ort (In der Lerngruppe/Klasse/Seminar oder außerhalb)
 Zeit (Unterrichtszeit, Freizeit oder informelle Zeit)
 Anforderungen (Obligatorisch oder freiwillig für Gutachter und Begutachtete)
 Belohnung (Kreditpunkte oder andere Belohnungen).

Theoretischer Ansatz
Häufig wird die Lerntheorie des Konstruktivismus als Grundlage für das Lernen in Peer-Feedback Verfahren herangezogen. Nach dem konstruktivistischen Ansatz wird Wissen, in Form von Schemata, auf Basis von sozialem Austausch individuell konstruiert. Der Peer-Assessor reagiert auf das Produkt des Begutachteten und wendet dabei aktiv Kriterien auf dieses an. Dabei konstruiert er beispielsweise neue Schemata für Fehler oder verbessert vorhandene Schemata über die Kriterien. Der Begutachtete reagiert dann wiederum auf das Feedback des Assessors. Dieses kann Wissenslücken aufzeigen und so die Konstruktion von neuem Wissen begünstigen. Die Produkte des Begutachteten und des Assessors dienen also jeweils als Gerüst (Scaffold), um das Verständnis von Kriterien zu verbessern.

Vorteile, Nachteile und Forschungsergebnisse
In einer Bewertung der Ergebnisse der Peer-Feedback Verfahren-Forschung der Jahre 1980 bis 1996 und in einer späteren Evaluierung folgerte K. Topping, dass Peer-Feedback Verfahren im Kontext des Erlernens von Schreibfähigkeiten mindestens genauso gute Ergebnisse liefern wie Lehrerfeedback und manchmal sogar bessere. Dies begründet sich auf einer Vielzahl an Vorteilen. Da es meist mehr Lernende als Lehrpersonal gibt, kann zeitnaher und häufiger sowie deutlich mehr Peer-Feedback als Expertenfeedback generiert werden. Mehr bedeutet zwar nicht unbedingt besser, aber Peer-Feedback weist häufiger auf unterschiedliche Probleme hin, als das es zu Überschneidungen kommt. Außerdem ist Peer-Feedback immer individualisiert. Gleichzeitig ist es auf das Wissen des Lernenden zugeschnitten, denn Peers können einander auf derselben Ebene Rückmeldung geben, während Expertenfeedback unverständlich sein kann. Außerdem kann die Art des Feedbacks, das ein Lernender erhält, sich je nach Quelle stark unterscheiden. Experten geben hauptsächlich gerichtetes Feedback, während Peers mehr ungerichtetes Feedback geben. Gerichtes Feedback enthält explizite Empfehlungen für Anpassungen, während ungerichtetes Feedback unspezifische Beobachtungen aufzeigt. Ungerichtetes Feedback führt zu komplexen Überarbeitungen, während gerichtetes eher zu oberflächlichen Überarbeitungen führt. Außerdem können Peer Assessments affektive und soziale Vorteile erbringen. Beispielsweise kann sich durch Peer Assessment die Einstellung zur Evaluation des Lernprozesses bei Lernenden positiv verändern und Verbesserungen von Gruppenarbeitsverhalten führen.

Die Ressource "Zeit des Lehrers" kann eingespart werden. Vor allem dann, wenn ausführliche Rückmeldung, beispielsweise zu Hausarbeiten oder Aufsätzen gegeben werden soll. Allerdings darf nicht vernachlässigt werden, dass Peer Assessments auch einen höheren Koordinationsaufwand bedeuten. Außerdem zeigt sich, dass Peer-Assessments effektiver sind, wenn die Peer-Assessoren vor dem Evaluieren Training erhalten. Dieses Training oder diese Entwicklung benötigt wiederum ein Zeitinvest des Experten oder Lehrers. Beim Peer Assessment kann es allerdings aufgrund der Gleichstellung der Peers zu Akzeptanzproblemen bezüglich des Peer-Feedbacks kommen. Denn es bestehen Unsicherheiten von Seiten der Lernenden gegenüber der Qualität von Peer-Feedback und der Kompetenz von Peer-Gutachtern. Dies ist möglicherweise ein Grund, warum, das Geben von Feedback als lernförderlicher angesehen wird, als das Erhalten von Peer-Feedback.

Siehe auch
 Bildungsforschung
 Pädagogische Psychologie

Weblinks
 Darstellung von Lehr-/Lernszenarien des Peer Assessment auf e-teaching.org
 E. Amo & F. Jareño (2011): Self, Peer and Teacher Assessment as Active Learning Methods, Research Journal of International Studies, 18, 41-47. (PDF-Datei; 99 kB)
 S. Loddington (2008): Peer assessment of group work: a review of the literature. (PDF-Datei; 804 kB)

Einzelnachweise

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Sheila Jackson Lee (born January 12, 1950) is an American lawyer and politician who is the U.S. representative for , having served since 1995. The district includes most of central Houston. She is a member of the Democratic Party, and served as an at-large member of the Houston City Council before being elected to the House.

Jackson Lee and Representative Lloyd Doggett became co-deans of Texas's congressional delegation after Eddie Bernice Johnson retired.

On March 27, 2023, Jackson Lee announced she was running for mayor of Houston in the 2023 election.

Early life and education

Jackson Lee was born Sheila Jackson in Queens, New York. Her father, Ezra Clyde Jackson, who was born in Brooklyn, was a comic book artist and the son of Jamaican immigrants; her mother, Ivalita Bennett Jackson, was a nurse, and came to New York at an early age from her birthplace of St. Petersburg, Florida. Jackson Lee graduated from Jamaica High School in Queens. She earned a BA in political science from Yale University in 1972 and a JD from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1975. She is a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

Early career in Texas
Jackson Lee made three unsuccessful attempts at local judgeships before becoming a Houston, Texas municipal judge from 1987 to 1990. Along with Sylvia Garcia, Jackson Lee was appointed by then Mayor of Houston Kathy Whitmire.

In 1989, Jackson Lee won the at-large position for a seat on the Houston City Council, serving until 1994. On the city council, she helped pass a safety ordinance that required parents to keep their guns away from children. She also worked for expanded summer hours at city parks and recreation centers as a way to combat gang violence.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

1994
In 1994, Jackson Lee challenged four-term incumbent U.S. Representative Craig Washington in the Democratic primary. Washington had come under fire for opposing several projects that would have benefited the Houston area. Jackson Lee defeated Washington, 63% to 37%. The victory was tantamount to election in this heavily Democratic, black-majority district. In the general election, she defeated Republican nominee Jerry Burley, 73%–24%.

1996–2008
During this period, Jackson Lee was never challenged in the Democratic primary. She was reelected with at least 76% of the vote in every election.

2010

For the first time in her congressional career, Jackson Lee was challenged in the Democratic primary; her opponents were Houston City Councilmember Jarvis Johnson and Sean Roberts. She defeated them, 67%–28%-5%.

It was reported that in October 2010 Jackson Lee was "asking the Department of Justice to investigate whether tea party groups are intimidating black and Hispanic voters in her district." She requested that Attorney General Eric Holder send poll monitors to make sure that no local group was stopping people from voting.

She won the general election with 70% of the vote, the lowest proportion of her career.

2012

In 2012, Jackson Lee was unopposed in the Democratic primary and won the general election with 75% of the vote.

2014

Jackson Lee defeated Republican nominee Sean Seibert, 71.78% to 24.76%. She received 76,097 votes to Seibert's 26,049. Green Party candidate Remington Alessi and independent Vince Duncan received the remainder.

2016

Four candidates competed in the March 1 Republican primary election. Lori Bartley, with 5,679 votes (33.7%), led the field and faced a runoff on April 24 with the second-placed contender, Reggie Gonzales, who drew 5,578 votes (33.1%). Two other contenders, Sharon Joy Fisher with 4,405 votes (26.1%) and Ave Reynero Pate (7.13%), took the remainder of the vote. Bartley defeated Gonzales, 58% to 42%.

In the general election, Jackson Lee defeated Bartley, 73.5% to 23.64%. She received 150,157 votes to Bartley's 48,306. Green Party candidate Tom Kleven received 5,845 votes.

2018

In the Democratic primary, Jackson Lee defeated Richard Johnson, 85.3% to 14.7%. In the general election, she defeated Republican nominee Ave Reynero Pate, 75.25% to 20.81%. Libertarian Luke Spencer and independent Vince Duncan received the remainder of the vote.

2020

In the Democratic primary, Jackson Lee defeated seven other candidates with 77% of the vote. In the general election, she defeated Republican Wendell Champion, 73.3% to 23.5%. Libertarian Luke Spencer and independent Vince Duncan received the remainder of the vote.

Tenure

Before the 110th Congress, Jackson Lee served on the House Science Committee and on the Subcommittee that oversees space policy and NASA. She is a member of the Congressional Black Caucus, and a CBC whip. She is known to be gaffe-prone and has a reputation for treating staffers poorly.

Foreign policy
In 2000, Jackson Lee favored permanently normalizing trade status for China, arguing that it would aid both human rights and Houston's economy.

Jackson Lee traveled to the 2001 World Conference against Racism in South Africa, and has backed sanctions against Sudan. On April 28, 2006, along with four other members of Congress and six other activists, she was arrested for disorderly conduct in front of Sudan's embassy in Washington. They were protesting the role of Sudan's government in ethnic cleansing in Darfur.

Jackson Lee has urged better relations between the U.S. and Venezuela, which she describes as a friendly nation. She said the U.S. should reconsider its ban on selling F-16 fighter jets and spare parts to Venezuela. The U.S. State Department bans such sales due to "lack of support" for counter-terrorist operations and Venezuela's relations with Iran and Cuba.

In July 2010, Jackson Lee said: "Today, we have two Vietnams, side by side, North and South, exchanging and working. We may not agree with all that North Vietnam is doing, but they are living in peace. I would look for a better human rights record for North Vietnam, but they are living side by side." It was noted that Vietnam had not been split for four decades, and that Vietnam's government does not consider South Vietnam to have ever been a sovereign state.

Jackson Lee condemned President Erdoğan's wide-ranging crackdown on dissent following a failed July 2016 coup in Turkey.

Immigration
Jackson Lee is active on immigration issues. She has proposed increasing border security and increasing opportunities for legalization among those living in the U.S. She has opposed a guest worker program, saying that the idea "connotate[s] 'invite, come,' and, at the same time, it misleads because you ask people to come for a temporary job of three to six years and they have to leave if they don't have another job and I would think that they would not."

Criticism of Tea Party
Speaking at the July 2010 NAACP national convention, Jackson Lee compared the Tea Party to the KKK.

WikiLeaks
In an October 2016 MSNBC interview, Jackson Lee mistakenly denounced Wikipedia when she meant WikiLeaks. The story concerned the Hillary Clinton email controversy. Jackson said, "You know that I'm going to first of all denounce the use of this intrusion by Wikipedia through the Russian intrusion" and "This is what it's about. Espionage just like what was said over these last couple of days. We need to be concerned about the intrusion of Russia and Putin in these elections."

Health care
In January 2011, Jackson Lee said that repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act would violate the Constitution, arguing that the act is constitutional under the Commerce Clause, and that repealing it would violate both the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments.

Al-Qaeda
At a March 2011 Homeland Security Committee hearing on radical Muslims in the U.S., Jackson Lee said that Peter King's hearings were helping al-Qaeda and "going the same route as Arizona." She complained that the hearings were scaring Muslim Americans and called them "an outrage".

Legislation
On September 27, 2013, Jackson Lee introduced the Essential Transportation Worker Identification Credential Assessment Act (H.R. 3202; 113th Congress), a bill that would direct the United States Department of Homeland Security to assess the effectiveness of the Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program. The bill would require an independent assessment of how well the TWIC program improves security and reduces risks at the facilities and vessels it is responsible for.

On January 4, 2021, Jackson Lee introduced the Sabika Sheikh Firearm Licensing and Registration Act (H.R. 127; 117th Congress), a bill that expanded requirements for firearm licensing to every firearm and banned any ammunition of .50 caliber BMG or larger.

LGBT rights
Jackson Lee voted present on the Defense of Marriage Act.

Jackson Lee supports LGBT rights. In 2009, she voted for the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a bill that expanded the federal hate crime law to cover crimes biased by the victim's sexual orientation or gender identity. In 2010, she voted for the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act.

Jackson Lee supports the Equality Act, a bill that would expand the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. She voted for the bill in 2019. Jackson Lee criticized Republican representatives who opposed the legislation on religious grounds.

Presidential election objections
In 2001, Jackson Lee and other House members objected to counting Florida's electoral votes, which George W. Bush narrowly won after a contentious recount in the 2000 presidential election. Because no senator joined the objection, it was dismissed by Senate President Al Gore.

In 2005, Jackson Lee was one of the 31 House Democrats who voted not to count Ohio's electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election. Without Ohio's electoral votes, the election would have been decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, with each state having one vote in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

During the 2017 United States Electoral College vote count, Jackson Lee objected to counting North Carolina's, South Carolina's and Wyoming's electoral votes in the 2016 presidential election. Because no senator joined her objections, they were dismissed.

Hurricane naming
In 2003, Jackson Lee complained that storm names were too white. "All racial groups should be represented", she said, and asked officials to "try to be inclusive of African-American names."

Foreign travel
In May 2015, Jackson Lee took a trip to Azerbaijan paid for by the Azerbaijani government.

Confederate flag
On July 9, 2015, Jackson Lee and others who were engaged in a debate over the Confederate battle flag produced an erroneous reproduction of the original flag. The original battle flag contained 13 stars representing each state of the Confederacy as of 1861. The flag that Jackson Lee presented to members of Congress contained 17 stars.

Staff turnover
In 1998, The Houston Press reported that five of Jackson Lee's staffers had quit that spring: "According to Lee's former Capitol office executive assistant and events scheduler Rhiannon Burruss, the congresswoman's abrasive ways not only drove off staff members but irritated Continental Airlines staffers to the point where one suggested she fly on a competitor instead."

In 2011, Jackson Lee was reported to have one of the highest staff turnover rates in Congress. The Huffington Post and Houston Chronicle reported that she had gone through 11 chiefs of staff in 11 years. A 2013 report concluded that "the veteran Texas Democrat had the highest turnover rate for all of Congress over the past decade." She again topped the 2017 edition of the biennial Washingtonian survey and 2018 turnover statistics.

Resignation from the CBCF
In January 2019, The New York Times reported that Jackson Lee planned to resign as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation. The move came in the wake of a lawsuit filed by a former staffer earlier in January that claimed the staffer was fired in retaliation for her planned legal action related to an alleged rape by a supervisor in 2015. The resignation came the day after the National Alliance to End Sexual Violence announced it would not support making Jackson Lee the lead sponsor of a law to reauthorize the federal Violence Against Women Act. She also stepped down from her chairmanship of the House Judiciary subcommittee.

Committee assignments

 Committee on the Judiciary
 Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security
 Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security
 Committee on Homeland Security
 Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies
 Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence
  Committee on the Budget

Caucus memberships
Jackson Lee is or has been a member of a number of caucuses, including:
The 9-11 Commission Caucus
The Building a Better America Caucus (BABAC)
The Congressional Caucus on Global Road Safety
The Congressional Human Rights Caucus.
The Congressional Algeria Caucus
The Congressional Pakistan Caucus
The US-Afghan Caucus
Veterinary Medicine Caucus
Congressional Progressive Caucus.
House Baltic Caucus
Congressional Arts Caucus
Afterschool Caucuses
Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus
United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
U.S.-Japan Caucus
Medicare for All Caucus

Personal life
Jackson Lee moved to Houston after her husband, Elwyn Lee, took a job at the University of Houston. Her husband is now Vice Chancellor and Vice President for Student Affairs of the University of Houston System and the University of Houston, respectively. They have two children.

Jackson Lee is a member of The Links.

Awards and recognition
Hilal-i-Pakistan (Crescent of Pakistan) Award (the highest civil award of Pakistan) from the President of Pakistan in 2020, recognizing her services to Pakistan.

See also
 Politics of Houston
 List of African-American United States representatives
 Women in the United States House of Representatives

References

External links

Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee official U.S. House website
Sheila Jackson Lee for U.S. Congress

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1950 births
21st-century American judges
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American politicians of Jamaican descent
American women lawyers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Houston City Council members
Living people
Municipal judges in the United States
Politicians from Queens, New York
Texas state court judges
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Women city councillors in Texas
Women in Texas politics
Yale University alumni
21st-century American women judges
African-American city council members in Texas

Sheila Jackson Lee


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Melinis minutiflora