Cupa DACIA se desfășoară ca parte a Campionatului Național de Raliuri din România și este una dintre cele mai longevive competiții monomarcă din automobilismul european. Înființată în 2007, Cupa DACIA a format peste 200 de sportivi și este o rampă de lansare pentru tinerele talente ale raliurilor. Primele 9 ediții s-au desfășurat exclusiv cu modelul Logan Cup 1.6 MPi, iar în 2016 a fost introdus oficial și modelul Sandero 0.9 TCe. Competiția este organizată de Mach 1 Sport, o companie cu o vastă experiență în automobilism sportiv, condusă de pilotul George Grigorescu.

Concept
Cupa DACIA a venit ca răspuns la nevoia tinerilor aspiranți de a avea o cale accesibilă, sigură și fiabilă pentru a debuta în lumea raliurilor, fără a face rabat de la performanță. Încă de la prima ediție, competiția promovează tehnologia în motorsport prin dezvoltarea unui produs modern "Made in Romania", optimizat pentru performanțe de vârf și costuri mici de întreținere.

Regulamentele Cupei DACIA asigură ca toate mașinile participante să fie identic configurate din punct de vedere tehnic, lăsând astfel loc unei reale lupte de concentrare și competență. Cupa DACIA pune accent pe fairplay, pe experiența umană autentică și pe evidențierea fiecărui sportiv în parte.

Start în motorsport. Aleargă românește!
Sezonul 2016 a marcat aniversarea unui deceniu de existență a Cupei DACIA și a adus o serie de schimbări pozitive în structura competiției. Odată cu introducerea noului model Sandero 0.9 TCe pregătit pentru raliuri s-a creat o nouă perspectivă asupra automobilismului sportiv, impunând o imagine dinamică și tânără. Noul produs este o soluție atractivă atât pentru debutanți, cât și pentru prezențele constante din competițiile automobilistice, fiind competitivă și în clasamentele superioare ale campionatului, precum clasa 9 sau Două Roți Motrice.

Cupa DACIA și-a asumat astfel sloganul "Start în motorsport. Aleargă românește!" și a început o campanie intensivă de promovare și informare în mediul online, pentru promovarea sportului, dar și a siguranței rutiere în rândul tinerilor. Interacțiunea publicului cu sportivii este încurajată la fiecare etapă iar Cupa DACIA a devenit un "acasă" în motorsportul românesc. Popularitatea crescută în rândul piloților a făcut ca 20%-25% din totalul mașinilor care au luat startul în Campionatul Național de Raliuri 2017 să fie înscrise în Cupa DACIA.

Sportivi
Familia Cupei DACIA este formată din peste 200 de piloți și copiloți, femei și bărbați, de toate vârstele și ocupațiile. Dintre aceștia, cea mai remarcabilă evoluție a avut-o pilotul clujean Simone Tempestini, Campion Mondial de Raliuri la Juniori în 2016 și dublu campion național de raliuri (2015, 2016). El a debutat în 2012 în cadrul Cupei DACIA, de la 16 ani.

Alți piloți cu rezutate remarcabile sunt Raul Badiu (Campion două roți motrice 2015), Florin Tincescu, Edwin Keleti, Vlad Cosma, Sebi Barbu.

Pilot de raliuri de la 16 ani
Cupa DACIA este una dintre singurele modalități reglementate prin care tinerii care au început o carieră în karting pot evolua către alte discipline ale automobilismului, păstrând continuitatea. Piloții sau copiloții pot debuta încă de la 16 ani, respectând o serie de reguli suplimentare, printre care obligativitatea de a avea alături un sportiv cu experiență, validat de Comisia de Raliuri a Federației Române de Automobilism Sportiv.

Mașini
Începând cu cea de-a zecea ediție - Cupa DACIA 2016 - sportivii pot participa în competiție cu oricare dintre cele două modele de mașini de raliu: Dacia Logan 1.6 MPi (din 2007) și Dacia Sandero 0.9 TCe (din 2016). Nu există clasamente separate pentru cele două modele.

Dacia Logan Cup 1.6 MPi
1598 cmc

4 cilindri - 8 supape

95 CP/5500 rpm

145 Nm/3000 rpm

Dacia Sandero 0.9 TCe
898 cmc

3 cilindri - 12 supape

115 CP/6000 rpm

220 Nm/3800 rpm

Istoric câștigători

Curse auto

Cupa Dacia


Sara Lombardo () é uma matemática aplicada italiana, cujos tópicos de pesquisa incluem dinâmica não linear, vagalhões e sólitons, sistemas integráveis eálgebras de Lie automórficas. É professora de matemática na Universidade de Loughborough e decana associada com responsabilidades de ensino.

Formação e carreira
Estudou física matemática na Universidade de Roma "La Sapienza", obtendo uma láurea em física em 2000. Completou seu doutorado na Universidade de Leeds em 2004, com a tese Reductions of integrable equations and automorphic Lie algebras, orientada por Alexander Vasilievich Mikhailov.

Após posições de pesquisa de pós-doutorado na Universidade de Leeds, Universidade de Kent, Universidade de Manchester e Universidade Livre de Amsterdã, foi membro do corpo docente da Universidade de Northumbria em 2011, onde foi chefe de matemática. Foi para a Universidade de Loughborough em 2017.

Reconhecimento
É membro da Advance HE e do Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. Foi uma das vencedoras de 2020 do Suffrage Science award em matemática e computação.

Referências

Ligações externas

Professores da Universidade de Loughborough
Matemáticos da Itália
Matemáticas da Itália
Alunos da Universidade La Sapienza
Alunos da Universidade de Leeds
Pessoas vivas

Sara Lombardo


Fundamentalni pastoral, dio pastoralnog bogoslovlja. Obrađuje osnovna pitanja pastoralne teologije. Polazi se od znanstvene utemeljenosti discipline u kontekstu ostalih teoloških grana s osvrtom na opći povijesni razvoj te povijesni razvoj po nižim zemljopisnim odrednicama (europski, hrvatski). Student fundamentalnog pastorala izučavanjem i sudjelovanjem u teološko-socijološkim analizama i konzultacijama stječe sposobnost pastoralno-teološkog promišljanja, osobito s težištem na župnu zajednicu.

Izvori

Pastoralna teologija

Fundamentalni pastoral


Jung Hae-in (Seul, 1 de abril de 1988) é um ator e modelo sul-coreano. Ele fez sua primeira aparição na mídia no videoclipe do sub-grupo musical feminino AOA Black em "Moya" em 2013 e estreou oficialmente na série de televisão sul-coreana Bride of the Century no ano seguinte.

Hae-in ganhou reconhecimento notório por seu papel na série de televisão While You Were Sleeping de 2017 e por seu papel coadjuvante em Prison Playbook. Ele teve seu primeiro papel como protagonista no drama coreano Something in the Rain, e seguiu com One Spring Night em 2019. Jung ganhou um reconhecimento ainda maior como protagonista nas séries D.P. (2021) e Snowdrop (2021).

Carreira

Início de carreira
Hae-in adquiriu sua primeira experiência de atuação através de um musical na faculdade, no entanto, sua determinação de se tornar um ator foi estabelecida quando ele estava no serviço militar sul-coreano e perdeu cerca de 12 quilos, a fim de alcançar seu sonho. Ele estreou no ramo artístico com vinte e seis anos de idade.

Jung estreou oficialmente em 2014 na série de televisão Bride of the Century e, em seguida, apareceu no filme independente The Youth. No mesmo ano, ele foi escalado para a série histórica The Three Musketeers. Ele então apareceu em pequenos papéis e fez várias aparições menores em filmes e séries de 2014 a 2016. Uma de suas aparições memoráveis foi em Guardian: The Lonely and Great God como o parceiro amoroso de Kim Go-eun.

2017-presente: Aumento de popularidade e papéis principais
Em 2017, Jung ganhou popularidade notável com sua atuação na série de romance de fantasia While You Were Sleeping. Durante a exibição, ele foi uma das personalidades mais pesquisadas no site coreano Naver. Ele participou de dois filmes históricos, The King's Case Note e Conspiracy: Age of Rebellion, lançados no mesmo ano. Ele foi escalado para o elenco da série de comédia Prison Playbook, onde recebeu elogios por seu desempenho interpretando um capitão do Exército condenado por agredir um soldado em sua unidade que mais tarde veio a falecer.  Em 2018, Jung fez uma aparição em outro filme histórico Heung-boo: The Revolutionist, onde interpretou o personagem do Rei Heonjong. Ele conseguiu seu primeiro papel principal no drama de romance Something in the Rain ao lado da atriz Son Ye-jin. Após a exibição do drama, o ator teve um grande aumento na popularidade na Ásia. Mais tarde naquele ano, Jung foi escalado para o filme de romance de época Tune in for Love ao lado de Kim Go-eun.

Em 2019, Jung estrelou no filme juvenil Start-Up e também no drama de romance One Spring Night ao lado de Han Ji-min, dirigido pelo diretor e roteirista de Something in the Rain. Em 2020, Jung estrelou o drama A Piece of Your Mind ao lado de Chae Soo-bin. No mesmo ano, ele se juntou ao drama produzido JTBC e Disney+, Snowdrop, ao lado de Jisoo, que foi dirigido pelo escritor e produtor de Sky Castle. A estreia foi em dezembro de 2021.

Em 2021, Jung estrelou na série D.P. da Netflix. como um soldado da Polícia Militar encarregado de perseguir desertores. No mesmo ano, ele se juntou ao curta-metragem original da Watcha, Unframed, com Lee Je-hoon dirigindo e escrevendo o roteiro. Em 2022, Jung vai estrelar no drama do Disney+, Connect, que está programado para ir ao ar em dezembro. Jung está programado para estrelar na segunda temporada de D.P. na Netflix.

Vida

Educação
Jung Hae-in nasceu em 1º de abril de 1988 em Seul, Coreia do Sul. Ele se formou no Departamento de Entretenimento de Radiodifusão da Universidade de Pyeongtaek, onde participou de várias atividades, incluindo peças musicais.

Alistamento militar
Hae-in alistou-se no exército quando tinha vinte e um anos de idade. Ele assinou um contrato com a agência FNC Entertainment depois de ser dispensado das forças armadas e se formar na faculdade.

Filmografia

Filmes

Séries de televisão

Séries de streaming

Referências

Artistas da Coreia do Sul
Atores da Coreia do Sul
Atores masculinos premiados
Atores de cinema da Coreia do Sul
Artistas da FNC Entertainment

Jung Hae-in


Bjarne Solbakken (1977-), skieur alpin norvégien
 Håvard Solbakken (1973-), fondeur norvégien
 Markus Solbakken (2000-), footballeur norvégien
 Ola Solbakken (1998-), footballeur norvégien
 Ståle Solbakken (1968-), footballeur et entraîneur norvégien

Patronyme norvégien
Homonymie de patronyme norvégien

Solbakken


Boćarski savez Bosne i Hercegovine je krovna organizacija boćanja u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Povijest

Proglašenjem nezavisnosti BiH i odcjepljenjem od SFRJ osnovan je Boćarski savez BiH.
Nositelji boćarskog športa u Bosni i Hercegovini su Hrvati, prije svega iz Hercegovine.

Članice

Prva liga: BK Ante Rozić Mostar, BK Bura Posušje, BK Grude, BK Dračevo, BK Ljubuški, BK Posušje, BK Radišići Ljubuški, BK Široki Široki Brijeg.

Druga liga: BK Banja Luka, BK Bosna Sarajevo, BK Čapljina,  BK Hrvatski radiša Međugorje, Herceg Etno selo, BK Napredak-Willa Sarajevo, BK Neum, BK Zenica, BK Sveti Stipan Sovići, BK Zrinjski Mostar, BK Rastok Prolog.

Natjecanja

BS BiH organizira prvu i drugu ligu, te Kup BiH.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica
 Federalno ministarstvo pravde BiH  Udruženje građana Boćarski savez Herceg-Bosne, Mostar

Boćanje
Boćanje

Boćarski savez Bosne i Hercegovine


Romain Founie, né le , est un joueur de pétanque français.

Biographie

Il se positionne en milieu ou pointeur.

Clubs
 ?-? : Puycasquier (Gers)
 ?-? : Auch La Hourre (Gers)
 ?-? : Cugnaux (Haute-Garonne)
 ?-? : Amicale Pétanque Mirande (Gers)
 ?-2010 : Lalanne-Arqué (Gers)
 2011-2013 : Bron Teraillon (Rhône)
 2014 : Pétanque Arlancoise (Puy-de-Dôme)
 2015- : ABC Draguignan (Var)

Palmarès

Séniors

Coupe des Confédérations
 Vainqueur
 Triplette 2013 (avec Thierry Grandet et Jean-Michel Puccinelli) :  Équipe de France

Championnats de France
 Champion de France
 2016 (avec Ludovic Montoro et Michel Hatchadourian) : ABC Draguignan
 Finaliste
 Doublette 2011 (avec Christophe Sarrio)

Coupe de France des clubs
 Vainqueur
 2017 (avec Yolanda Matarranz, Lucie Rousseaux, Christine Saunier, Dylan Rocher, Stéphane Robineau, Robin Rio, Ludovic Montoro, Henri Lacroix  et Jean-Michel Raffalli (coach)) : ABC Draguignan

Masters de pétanque
 Finaliste
 2014 (avec Christophe Sarrio, Sébastien Rousseau et Jérémy Darodes)

Millau

Mondial à pétanque de Millau (2003-2015)
 Vainqueur
 Triplette 2008 (avec Hector Milesi et Stéphane Le Bourgeois)
 Tête à tête 2012
 Tête à tête 2013

Références

Liens externes

Joueur français de pétanque
Champion de France de pétanque
Naissance en juillet 1984
Lieu de naissance inconnu
Article à illustrer Pétanque

Romain Fournie


Amebelodon is a genus of extinct proboscidean belonging to Amebelodontidae (the so-called shovel-tuskers). The most striking attribute of this animal is its lower tusks, which are narrow, elongated, and distinctly flattened with the degree of flattening varying among the different species. Two valid species are currently placed within this genus, which was endemic to North America. Other species once assigned to Amebelodon are now assigned to the genus Konobelodon, which was once a subgenus.

Taxonomy

Amebelodon first appeared in the Great Plains and Gulf Coast regions of North America during the late Miocene, roughly 9 million years ago, and apparently became extinct on this continent sometime around 6 million years ago. The youngest record of Amebelodon is from a 5-million-year-old site in North America. The species Amebelodon floridanus was relatively small, a little smaller than living elephants, and was common in fossil sites from 9 to 8 million years ago. Other larger but somewhat younger common North American species include Amebelodon fricki. One lineage of species once assigned to Amebelodon, including Amebelodon britti and North African Amebelodon cyrenaicus, is now placed in a separate genus called Konobelodon, formerly considered to be a subgenus.

Paleobiology
Like other typical gomphotheres, Amebelodon possessed two sets of tusks, one upper set, (much like those found on modern elephants), and one lower set that extended from the very front of the lower jaws. However, as mentioned above, the lower tusks of the Amebelodon were distinctive in that they were relatively long, slender, and flattened. Because of the resemblance of these lower tusks to shovels, Amebelodon is commonly referred to as a "shovel-tusked" gomphothere (another shovel-tusked gomphothere that may or may not be closely related to Amebelodon is Platybelodon). There has long been an assumption that these lower tusks were actually used as shovels by the animal during feeding, presumably to dig up water plants. However, an analysis of wear patterns has shown that these lower tusks were most likely used in a variety of ways in addition to shoveling, including scraping bark from trees. Overall, the evidence indicates that this animal was a versatile browser (an animal that eats broad-leaved plants rather than grass), feeding in both wet and dry settings in a variety of ways. For reasons that are not clearly explained in the literature, Amebelodon is usually portrayed with a short, flap-like trunk (this is true of the associated picture). However, considerable evidence indicates that Amebelodon actually had a long, flexible trunk very much like that found in modern elephants, and that it probably was important for feeding, drinking, etc.

Range
Amebelodon was once thought to be widespread, but a study of Konobelodon in 2012 shortened the genus' range span, with the specimens found in China moved to the genus Protanancus.

References

External links
Reconstruction

Amebelodontidae
Miocene proboscideans
Miocene mammals of North America
Prehistoric placental genera
Tortonian genus first appearances
Messinian genus extinctions
Fossil taxa described in 1927

Amebelodon


Economia azul é um termo da economia relacionado com a explotação (português do Brasil) ou exploração (português de Portugal), preservação e regeneração do ambiente marinho. Seu escopo de interpretação varia entre as organizações. No entanto, o termo é geralmente usado para abordar o desenvolvimento sustentável dos recursos costeiros.

A Economia azul pode incluir uma ampla gama de setores econômicos, desde a pesca mais convencional, aquicultura, o transporte marítimo, turismo costeiro, marinho e marítimo, ou outros usos tradicionais, até atividades mais emergentes, como energia renovável costeira, serviços de ecossistemas marinhos (isto é, carbono azul), mineração marinha e bioprospecção .

Definições

De acordo com o Banco Mundial a economia azul é o "uso sustentável dos recursos oceânicos para o crescimento econômico, a melhora dos meios de subsistência e empregos, preservando a saúde do ecossistema oceânico".

A Comissão Europeia define-a como "Todas as atividades econômicas relacionadas com os oceanos, mares e costas. Abrange uma ampla gama de setores estabelecidos e emergentes interligados."

A Comunidade das Nações a considera "um conceito emergente que incentiva uma melhor administração de nossos oceanos ou recursos 'azuis'".

A Conservação Internacional acrescenta que "a economia azul também inclui benefícios econômicos que podem não ser comercializados, como armazenamento de carbono, proteção costeira, valores culturais e biodiversidade".

O Center for the Blue Economy diz que "é um termo amplamente usado em todo o mundo com três significados relacionados, mas distintos - a contribuição geral dos oceanos para as economias, a necessidade de abordar a sustentabilidade ambiental e ecológica dos oceanos, e a economia do oceano como uma oportunidade de crescimento para países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento".

Um representante das Nações Unidas definiu a Economia Azul como uma economia que "compreende uma série de setores econômicos e políticas relacionadas que, em conjunto, determinam se o uso dos recursos oceânicos é sustentável. Um importante desafio da economia azul é entender e gerenciar melhor os vários aspectos da sustentabilidade oceânica, desde a pesca sustentável até a saúde do ecossistema e a prevenção da poluição. Em segundo lugar, a economia azul nos desafia a perceber que a gestão sustentável dos recursos oceânicos exigirá colaboração além das fronteiras e setores, por meio de uma variedade de parcerias e em uma escala que não foi alcançada anteriormente. Esta é uma tarefa difícil, especialmente para os Pequenos Estados Insulares em Desenvolvimento e os Países Menos Desenvolvidos que enfrentam limitações significativas." A ONU observa que a Economia Azul ajudará a alcançar os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da ONU, dos quais um objetivo, 14, é " vida abaixo da água ".

A World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) inicia o relatório Principles for a Sustainable BLUE ECONOMY com dois sentidos dados a este termo: "Para alguns, economia azul significa o uso do mar e seus recursos para o desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. Para outros, refere-se simplesmente a qualquer atividade econômica do setor marítimo, seja ela sustentável ou não." Como o WWF revela em seu objetivo do relatório, ainda não há uma definição amplamente aceita do termo economia azul, apesar da crescente adoção de alto nível como conceito e meta de formulação de políticas e investimentos.

Termos relacionados

Economia oceânica
Um termo relacionado à economia azul é economia oceânica e vê-se algumas organizações usando os dois termos de forma intercambiável. No entanto, esses dois termos representam conceitos diferentes. A economia oceânica simplesmente lida com o uso dos recursos oceânicos e visa estritamente fortalecer o sistema econômico do oceano. A economia azul vai além de ver a economia oceânica apenas como um mecanismo de crescimento econômico. Ela se concentra na sustentabilidade do oceano para o crescimento econômico. Portanto, a economia azul engloba aspectos ecológicos do oceano junto com aspectos econômicos.

Economia verde
A economia verde é definida como uma economia que visa a redução dos riscos ambientais, e que visa o desenvolvimento sustentável sem degradar o meio ambiente. Está intimamente relacionado com a economia ecológica. Portanto, a economia azul é uma parte da economia verde. Durante a Cúpula Rio+20 em junho de 2012, os pequenos estados insulares em desenvolvimento do Pacífico afirmaram que, para eles, "uma economia verde era de fato uma economia azul".

Crescimento azul
Um termo relacionado é crescimento azul, que significa "apoio ao crescimento do setor marítimo de forma sustentável". O termo é adotado pela União Europeia como uma política marítima integrada para atingir os objetivos da estratégia Europa 2020.

Potencial

Além das atividades oceânicas tradicionais, como pesca, turismo e transporte marítimo, a economia azul envolve indústrias emergentes, incluindo energia renovável, aquicultura, atividades extrativas do fundo do mar, biotecnologia marinha e bioprospecção. A economia azul também tenta abraçar os serviços dos ecossistemas oceânicos que não são capturados pelo mercado, mas fornecem uma contribuição significativa para a atividade econômica e humana. Eles incluem sequestro de carbono, proteção costeira, eliminação de resíduos e a existência de biodiversidade.

O relatório da WWF de 2015 coloca o valor dos principais ativos oceânicos acima de US$ 24 trilhões. A pesca está agora super explorada, mas ainda há muito espaço para aquicultura e energia eólica offshore. A aquicultura é o setor de alimentos que mais cresce, com o fornecimento de 58% dos peixes para os mercados globais. A aquicultura é vital para a segurança alimentar, especialmente dos países mais pobres. Só na União Europeia a economia azul empregou 3.362.510 pessoas em 2014.

Problemas
O Banco Mundial especifica três desafios que limitam o potencial para desenvolver uma economia azul.
 Tendências econômicas atuais que degradam rapidamente os recursos oceânicos.
 A falta de investimento em capital humano para o emprego e desenvolvimento em setores inovadores da economia azul.
 Cuidados inadequados com os recursos marinhos e serviços ecossistêmicos dos oceanos.

Setores

 Aquacultura (pisciculturas, mas também algacultura )
 Biotecnologia marítima
 Bioprospecção
 Pesca
 Dessalinização
 Transporte marítimo
 Turismo costeiro e marítimo (Turismo Azul)
 Mineração marinha
 Petróleo e gás offshore
 Energia eólica offshore (também das marés e das ondas )
 Construção naval e reparação naval
 Sequestro de carbono
 Proteção costeira
 Depósito de lixo
 Existência de biodiversidade
 Desenvolvimento dos oceanos

Veja também

 Zona econômica exclusiva
 Zona económica exclusiva de Portugal
 Zona econômica exclusiva do Brasil

Referências

Recursos naturais
Ecologia industrial
Escolas de pensamento econômico
!Artigos com excertos

Economia azul


Rokurokubi (ろくろ首, 轆轤首) is a type of Japanese yōkai (apparition). They look almost completely like humans with some differences. There is a type whose neck stretches and another whose head detaches and flies around freely (nukekubi). The Rokurokubi appear in classical kaidan (spirit tales) and in yōkai works.

Etymology
The word rokurokubi may have derived from the word rokuro which refers to a potter's wheel, a water well's pulley (since it elongates) or an umbrella handle (which also elongates).

Head flight

The nukekubi are rokurokubi whose heads come off and float about. These were the last of the rokurokubi whereas the other kind came before. Nukekubi sometimes perform bad deeds such as attacking at night and drinking their victims' blood. It is theorized that the nukekubi has a weakness when it is sleeping and the head is floating around: if the body moves, then the head cannot be re-united to the body. Classical literature about rokurokubi describe tales of people witnessing and encountering floating heads at night time.

Sometimes, the action of the head separating from the body is seen as the soul wandering away from the body, i.e. somnambulism. For example, in the Sorori Monogatari (曾呂利物語, 1663 CE), in the chapter A Woman's Wild Thoughts Wandering Around (女の妄念迷ひ歩く事, Onna no Mōnen Mayoiaruku Koto) the head separating from the body interpreted to be the woman's soul wandering while asleep. In the same book, a man saw a nukekubi that changed into a chick and a woman's head, so he took his sword and chased the head. The head fled into a home and people said that they heard a voice from inside say, "I had a scary dream. I was chased by a man with a sword. I ran away all the way back home and then I woke up." (refer to picture).

A different story appears in Shokoku Hyaku Monogatari (諸国百物語, 1677 CE) which drew a lot of inspiration from the Sorori Monogatari. In About Rokurokubi in the Province of Echizen (ゑちぜんの国府中ろくろ首の事, Echizen no Kuni Fuchū Rokurokubi no Koto), there is a story of a man who chases a nukekubi (who was a woman's soul detached from her body) all the way home. It is said that the woman had been shamed by a crime she has committed, so as a result, she left her husband, shaved her hair, and committed suicide.

Hokusō Sadan (北窻瑣談, 1910 CE) is an Edo period essay by Tachibana Nankei (橘春暉). Here too, it was interpreted to be an illness resulting in a detaching soul. The story goes: in the first year of Kansei, in Echigo Province (now Fukui Prefecture), there was a house maidservant whose head rolled off the pillow while she was asleep, detached from the body. Later in the story, it was explained that it was not really the head, but rather the soul making the appearance of a head.

In Kokon Hyaku Monogatari Hyōban (古今百物語評判, 1686 CE), a book of ghost stories that explains yōkai tales by Yamaoka Genrin, there is a chapter called How Priest Zetsugan saw Rokurokubi in Higo (絶岸和尚肥後にて轆轤首を見給ふ事, Zetsugan Oshō Higo nite Rokurokubi wo Mitamou Koto). In Higo Province (now Kumamoto Prefecture), the head of an innkeeper's wife leaves her body and floats in the air. It returned to normal the next day, but there was a line around her neck. The author made references to examples from Chinese books and then commented "as these kinds of things were often seen in South-East Asia, not just limited to the creation of the heaven and earth, it is difficult to fathom them with ordinary common sense such as the idea that octopuses do not have eyes and as these things are unheard of in the capital, everything strange is in faraway lands." In the same book, there is a story which tells of a woman in the village of Tawa, Nagao, Ōkawa District, Kagawa Prefecture (now Sanuki) who is a rokurokubi and has a ring-like bruise around her neck.

In the Churyō Manroku (中陵漫録) is a tale which describes a "Rokurokubi Village" in the recesses of Mount Yoshino where all the residents, even children, wore scarves to cover a line around their necks.

In the Kasshi Yawa (甲子夜話, c. 1821 CE) by Matsura Seizan is a story which tells of a woman in Hitachi Province who has a terminal illness. A peddler has told her husband that the liver of a white dog will cure her. The husband kills the pet dog and gives his wife the dog's liver as a medicant. The woman is cured but her next-born daughter is a rokurokobi. When the rokurokubi's head detached and flew in the air, the white dog appeared, bit the head and killed the rokurokobi.

Although rokurokubi and nukekubi are usually female, in Shousai Hikki (蕉斎筆記), an Edo period tale, there is a nukekubi that is male. A priest is sleeping in his temple when a head appeared and approached his chest. He grabs it and throws it away and it left. In the morning, the manservant asks to take leave and when asked why, the manservant asks, "did a head come visit last night?" The priest answered yes, the manservant then explained that "I have the nukekubi illness and I fear it will interfere with my work too much from now on." The manservant went away to his home in Shimōsa Province where this "illness" was thought to be common.

In the essay Mimibukuro by Negishi Shizumori, a woman who was rumored to be a rokurokubi is married, but manages to live well since the rumor was nothing more than a rumor. She was not actually a rokurokubi, so she achieved a happy ending, which is unusual for tales about rokurokubi because bad fortune almost always results when the true identity of a rokurokubi is discovered.

In the Edo period encyclopedia, Wakan Sansai Zue Rokuokubi like creatures from Chinese lore are described. They are written as 飛頭蛮 meaning flying head barbarians. They use their ears like wings and they eat insects. The ones from China and Japan were believed to be foreigners. The foreigner nukekubi also appears in Rokurokubi by Lafcadio Hearn. In his story, the spirits masquerade as a family of woodcutters from the city who kill and eat travelers and mostly men.

Neck extension

Starting in the Edo period, tales were written about people's necks stretching when they were asleep. Examples of these tales are Buya Zokuda (武野俗談), Kanden Kōhitsu (閑田耕筆) and Yasō Kidan (夜窓鬼談).

It is thought that the idea of an extending neck originated from people misinterpreting visual depictions of nukekubi, the earlier kind of rokurokubi. There was the idea that nukekubi had a string attaching the head to the body and when this string was depicted in visual depictions, people misinterpreted this string as an elongated neck.

In the Kasshi Yawa (甲子夜話), there is a tale which tells of a female servant with a pale face who is suspected to be a rokurokubi. One night, her master checks on her while she is sleeping and sees something like steam gradually rise from her chest. The steam becomes thick and obscures her head and then suddenly it appears as though her neck has risen up and stretched. Perhaps due to being surprised from seeing her master, the girl stirs, turns over and her neck returned to normal. This servant had a pale face, but otherwise looked completely normal, but despite this, she was fired and in fact has had trouble staying in any job, always being fired shortly after being employed. For the soul to leave the body and create the shape of a neck, as seen in this story and the before mentioned Hokusō Sadan, is sometimes interpreted to be "ectoplasm" in parapsychology.

In the late Edo period yomihon (illustrated novel), Rekkoku Kaidan Kikigaki Zōshi (列国怪談聞書帖) by Jippensha Ikku the author suggests the elongated necks of rokurokubi originate in the spiritual principle, karma. In Ikku's work, Kaishin, a monk from Enshū and a woman called Oyotsu elope together. However, when Oyotsu collapsed from an illness, they ran out of money, so he killed her. When Kaishin eventually returned to secular life, he slept with a girl he met at an inn. When they sleep together, the girl's neck stretched and her face becomes that of Oyotsu, who then told him about her resentment. Kaishin felt regretful of his actions and proceeded to tell Oyotsu's father everything. The girl's father then told Kaishin that he has also killed a woman before. He stole her money and with it, he opened his inn. He had a daughter soon after who, due to karma, became a rokurokubi. Kaishin then reentered the priesthood. He built a grave for Oyotsu, said to be the Rokurokubi no Tsuka (Rokurokubi Mound), which told the story to future generations.

In some stories, rokurokubi are not a yōkai, but rather people who have an affliction that affects the body. For example, the Edo period author Ban Kōkei in his work "Kanden Kōhitsu" told a tale of a geisha at the Yoshiwara brothel whose neck would elongate in her sleep. It stated that her neck stretched due to her "heart becoming loose".

Oral tradition
Rokurokobi also appear in the oral tradition of Japanese myths. For example, there is a myth about an old highway between the villages of Iwa and Akechi in Gifu Prefecture where it is said that a snake shapeshifted into a rokurokubi. Another example is a myth from the oral tradition of the Koikubo area of Iida, Nagano Prefecture where it is said a rokurokubi appeared in someone's home.

In the Bunka period, a kaidan story became popular, where there was a prostitute whose neck would smoothly stretch and would lick the oil of paper lanterns when she slept with guests, showing how rokurokubi were spoken of as things that women would transform into or an illness that they would be afflicted with. In this period, rokurokubi were also popular in freak shows. The Shohō Kenbunroku (諸方見聞録) records a freak show in 1810 (Bunka 7) in Edo, now Tokyo where a male rokurokubi with an elongated neck appeared.

Tales of rokurokubi appeared even in the early Meiji period. There was a tale of how a merchant and his wife from Shibaya town, Ibaraki, Osaka Prefecture who witnessed their daughter's neck stretch every night. Despite their supplications in Shinto and Buddhism, their daughter did not get better and eventually the whole town learned of it. The couple couldn't bear it anymore, so they left, leaving no clues as to where they went.

Magic shows
The rokurokubi is also a kind of Japanese magic trick using curtains and life-sized dolls without heads. It's reported that a doll without a head wearing a kimono in seiza is put in front of the curtain. There's a rope behind the curtain and a female performer connected to it who shows only her face. As she stands and squats, the fake neck would stretch and contract, as if it were a rokurokubi.

Explanations and pictures about what's behind this trick were written in magazines of the Meiji period (1800s), giving a date for how early these shows first appeared. This was a time period when mystery phenomena were vigorously exposed by the scientifically-minded, so for magic tricks to be revealed is fitting with the zeitgeist.

In the Taishō period, there were businesses arranging rokurokubi to appear in show tents in festivals and fairs at temples and shrines and they were quite popular.

Similar tales from other nations
The type of rokurokubi whose necks separate from the rest of the body is said to have derived from stories of the Chinese yōkai, the hitōban (飛頭蛮) a yōkai whose head separates from the body and floats about. Like the rokurokobi, the hitoban has a line around its neck. Chinese stories also tell of a yōkai called a rakutō (落頭) whose head comes off and floats about while the torso remains at rest on the futon. There is a tale that in the Three Kingdoms period, an Eastern Wu general, Zhu Huan employed a female servant who was a rakutō. It's said that she used its ears like wings. Another tale relates that in the Qin era, there was a clan from the south called rakutōmin (落頭民) who could fly around with only their heads.

There are legends of creatures including Palasik, Kuyang, and Leyak from Indonesia, Penanggalan in Malaysia, and Krasue in Thailand. The heads of these creatures would separate from the body and float about with the entrails attached.

The Chonchon is a mythical creature of South America which takes the form of a human head flying around in the air, sucking the life out of people.

The manananggal is a creature of Philippines mythology. This female monster is slightly different since its whole body from the waist up detaches and grows giant bat-like wings.

The yōkai researcher, Tada Katsumi states that these stories arrived in Japan in the Muromachi to Azuchi-Momoyama periods, when there was still trade with southern China and Southeast Asia. In the Edo period, when Japan adopted an isolationist policy an original Japanese yōkai, the rokurokubi evolved.

In popular culture
 The Pokémon Misdreavus is based on the nukekubi.
 In Hellboy: Sword of Storms,  Hellboy has encounters with both nukekubi and rokurokubi.
The Touhou Project character Sekibanki is a rokurokubi.

See also
 Dullahan
 Nure-onna

Notes

References

Female legendary creatures
Mythological hematophages
Mythic humanoids
Mythological monsters
Yōkai

Rokurokubi


La couronne d'Écosse est, depuis 1540, la couronne représentant l'autorité des rois d'Écosse. Elle fait partie des Honneurs de l'Écosse.

Fabrication
La couronne actuelle a été fabriquée en 1540 pour le roi Jacques V à partir d'une précédente couronne qui a été mentionnée dans les Heures de Jacques IV d'Écosse.

Description
Construite en or massif, la couronne est constituée d'une base avec des fleurs de lys alternant avec des croix fleuries. Les arcs de la couronne sont décorés de feuilles de chêne doré et rouge. À l'intersection des arches se trouve un globe bleu avec des étoiles dorées. Le globe est surmonté d'une grande croix, décorée d'or et d'émail noir avec des perles. La couronne est incrustée de 22 pierres précieuses, dont des grenats et des améthystes, 20 pierres précieuses et 68 perles.

Un bonnet rouge se trouve dans la couronne.

Utilisations
La couronne a été portée pour la première fois par Jacques V lors du couronnement de sa deuxième épouse, Marie de Guise en 1538. Elle a ensuite été portée par Marie Stuart lors de son couronnement en 1543 puis par son successeur  en 1567.

Après l'Union des Couronnes en 1603, elle a été portée par les rois d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande,  et . Depuis la mort de Charles II en 1685, elle n'est plus portée.

Le , à la suite de son couronnement à Londres, la couronne est présentée à la reine Élisabeth II pendant une visite officielle à Édimbourg. Le porteur héreditaire de la couronne est le duc d'Hamilton.

Le , à l'occasion de la mort d', la couronne est placée sur son cercueil alors qu'il repose dans la cathédrale Saint-Gilles d'Édimbourg.

Héraldique

En plus d'apparaître dans les armoiries royales du Royaume-Uni utilisées en Écosse et dans les versions écossaises du Royal Cypher, la couronne apparaît dans la version des armoiries royales britanniques utilisées par le Scotland Office, et apparaît également dans les armes utilisées par l'ancien exécutif écossais.

Elle apparaît aussi sur l'écu des armoiries du comté historique écossais du Kincardineshire, car c'est dans ce comté où les Honneurs d'Écosse étaient cachés pendant les Guerres des Trois Royaumes.

Bibliographie

 The Honours of Scotland, site officiel de la famille royale britannique.
 James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 7 (Édimbourg, 1907), p. 278.
 James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 7 (Édimbourg, 1907), p. 285.
 The Scottish Parliament Parliamentary News Release
 The Scottish Parliament Media Briefing Note
 The Coat of Arms of Kincardineshire
 The Royal Scottish Motor Yacht Club

Références

Couronne
Honneurs de l'Écosse

Couronne d'Écosse


(4115) Peternorton ist ein Hauptgürtelasteroid, der am 29. September 1982 von Nikolai Stepanowitsch Tschernych vom  Krim-Observatorium aus entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid wurde nach dem Software-Entwickler Peter Norton benannt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser

(4115) Peternorton


Camera Internațională de Comerț (ICC; Franceză: Chambre de commerce internationale) este cea mai reprezentativă organizație de afaceri din lume.
Cei 6 milioane de membri din peste 100 de țări au interese care acoperă fiecare sector al întreprinderii private.

ICC are trei activități principale: stabilirea regulilor, soluționarea litigiilor și promovarea politicilor. Întrucât companiile membre și asociațiile sale sunt implicate în afaceri internaționale, ICC are autoritate de neegalat în stabilirea unor norme care să guverneze desfășurarea afacerilor în străinătate. Deși aceste reguli sunt voluntare, ele sunt observate în nenumărate mii de tranzacții în fiecare zi și au devenit parte a comerțului internațional.

Legături externe

Camere de Comerț

Camera Internațională de Comerț


The Secret of Chimneys is a work of detective fiction by British writer Agatha Christie, first published in the UK by The Bodley Head in June 1925 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company later in the same year. It introduces the characters of Superintendent Battle and Lady Eileen "Bundle" Brent. The UK edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6) and the US edition at $2.00.

At the request of George Lomax, Lord Caterham reluctantly agrees to host a weekend party at his home, Chimneys. A murder occurs in the house, beginning a week of fast-paced events with police among the guests.

The novel was well received at first publication, described as more than a murder mystery, as it is a treasure hunt. Later reviews found it a first-class romp and one of the author's best early thrillers. The most recent review says the novel requires a hefty suspension of disbelief. The later reviewers note that descriptions of characters use the terminology of the times in which it was written, and might be considered racist decades later.

Plot summary
When they meet up in Bulawayo, Anthony Cade agrees to take on two jobs for his friend James McGrath. Anthony heads for London to deliver the draft of a memoir to a publisher, who has pledged to pay £1000 if it is delivered by a certain date; and to return a packet of compromising letters to the woman who wrote them. In England, politician George Lomax persuades Lord Caterham to host a house party at Chimneys. George's cousin Virginia Revel is invited, as is Hiram Fish, a collector of first edition books, along with the principals in a political scheme to restore the monarchy in Herzoslovakia – while assuring that newly discovered oil there will be handled by a British syndicate.

On Cade's first day in London, he is approached by two Herzoslovakian men who try to acquire the manuscript. The first, a Count supporting the Royalist faction, tries to buy the manuscript, offering to outbid the publisher, to suppress any embarrassing information it might contain; Cade politely but firmly refuses. The second, a member of a violent revolutionary group, demands Cade hand it over at gunpoint; Cade disarms the man and sends him away. Later that night, Cade discovers his waiter sneaking into his hotel room; the waiter escapes with the packet of letters. The publisher calls Cade the next day, telling him that their employee Mr Holmes will arrive to pick up the memoir. This was written by the late Count Stylptitch of Herzoslovakia; now that oil has been discovered, the nation is in turmoil between republicans and royalists. On advice, Cade puts a dummy package in the hotel safe.

The thief brings one letter to Virginia Revel at her home, as it is her name signed to each letter. Unaware she did not write the letters, and that her husband is dead, he attempts to blackmail her. On a whim, she pays some money, and promises more the next day. When she arrives home the next day, she finds him shot to death in her house, and Anthony Cade on her door step. Cade removes the body, dumping it along a road in the country and hiding the gun up a tree, to avoid a scandal and allow Virginia to proceed to Chimneys.

At Chimneys, Prince Michael, presumed heir to the vacant throne of Herzoslovakia, is killed the night of his arrival. Cade was at Chimneys that same evening, leaving footprints outdoors but not indoors. He boldly introduces himself to Superintendent Battle, explaining the story of the memoirs, and persuading Battle of his innocence in the murder. After seeing that the dead prince is the same man as "Mr Holmes", Cade pursues his own ideas in finding the murderer, while Battle leads the main investigation. The next heir to the throne, Nicholas, cousin to Michael, was raising money on his expectations in America. Cade checks out the governess, a recent addition to the household; he travels to France to speak with her prior employer.

The Koh-i-Noor diamond had been stolen from the Tower of London and replaced by a paste copy some years earlier, by a French jewel thief named King Victor. Chimneys is one place where it may be hidden, though many searches have not found it. King Victor was released from prison in France a few months earlier, so Battle expects he will seek to recover it. The night Cade is in France, there is a break-in at Chimneys. Virginia Revel hears the noise, and sees one or two men taking old armour apart. She and Bill Eversleigh do not catch the thief. The next night, the three wait for a second attempt; they catch M. Lemoine of the Sûreté, on the track of King Victor. Battle has been waiting for him. The stolen letters reappear in Cade's room. It is revealed the letters were coded messages written to King Victor by an accomplice. Battle realizes the thieves want him to decode the letter that points to the location of the stolen gem. This is done, revealing the clue: "Richmond seven straight eight left three right". Battle follows the Richmond clue to a brick in a hidden passage, which in turn reveals a puzzling conundrum. Cade slips out to Dover, to find an address on a slip of paper given him by Boris Anchoukoff, valet to the late prince. He finds the meeting of King Victor's gang; Hiram Fish, really a Pinkerton detective on the thief's trail for his crimes in America; and the real M Lemoine tied up as a hostage.

At Chimneys, all are gathered to hear the mysteries explained. In the library, Boris finds Miss Brun with a pistol, attempting to get the jewel. They struggle; the gun goes off in her hand, killing her. Miss Brun had killed Prince Michael, because he had recognized her as someone else. She was the last queen consort of Herzoslovakia, thought to have been murdered with her husband in the revolution; but she escaped. She wrote the coded letters to Captain O'Neill, an alias of King Victor, and signed them with the name of Virginia Revel, who had been living in Herzoslovakia with her husband, a British diplomat. Cade introduces the real M Lemoine to the group, while Hiram Fish snares King Victor, who has been posing as the French detective and in America as Nicholas. Anthony Cade gave "Mr Holmes" the dummy package; he gives the real memoirs to Jimmy McGrath to earn his £1000. Cade and Fish solve the conundrum; it points to a rose bush on the grounds, where the Koh-i-Noor is subsequently recovered. Anthony presents himself as the missing Prince Nicholas, ready to ally with the British syndicate. He offers himself as Herzoslovakia's next king. Earlier that day, he married Virginia, who will be his queen.

Characters
(Other identities assumed by characters in the course of the novel are given [in square brackets]).

Inhabitants of "Chimneys" and guests at the house party
Clement Edward Alistair Brent, 9th Marquis of Caterham, Lord Caterham
Lady Eileen "Bundle" Brent, eldest daughter of Lord Caterham
Virginia Revel, cousin of George Lomax, daughter of a peer, society beauty and young widow of Timothy Revel, former British envoy to Herzoslovakia; she is 27 years old.
Hiram P Fish, collector of first editions, invited to the house party by Lord Caterham [an American agent on the trail of King Victor]
Herman Isaacstein, financier of a British oil syndicate
Tredwell, the butler
Miss Genevieve Brun, French governess for Lady Eileen's two younger sisters Dulcie and Daisy [former Queen Varaga of Herzoslovakia]

Friends in South Africa
Anthony Cade, British-educated adventurer, down on his luck when the novel opens; 32 years old, and 14 years since he was last in England.
James McGrath, Canadian man always seeking gold, asked to deliver a package to London

British Government
The Honourable George Lomax, of the Foreign Office
Bill Eversleigh, works for George Lomax and is one of the house party

Herzoslovakians
Prince Michael Obolovitch of Herzoslovakia [Mr Holmes from Balderson and Hodgkins, publishers] [Count Stanislaus], second murder victim
Captain Andrassy, his equerry
Boris Anchoukoff, his valet
Baron Lolopretjzyl, London representative of the Loyalist Party of Herzoslovakia
Prince Nicholas Obolovitch of Herzoslovakia [Anthony Cade, adventurer] [James McGrath], raised and educated in England
Dutch Pedro, an agent of the "Comrades of the Red Hand"

Police and criminal investigators
Inspector Badgworthy, local police.
Dr Cartwright, pathologist
Constable Johnson, newest addition to the local police, related to the station master at the train, thus aware of all arrivals and departures by train.
Superintendent Battle of Scotland Yard, always on the spot.
Monsieur Lemoine of the Sûreté, French detective also in pursuit of King Victor.
Professor Wynwood, decoder.

Others
Giuseppe Manuelli, Italian waiter at the Blitz Hotel, thief and blackmailer, first murder victim
King Victor, international jewel thief recently released from prison in France [Monsieur Chelles, guest at local inn, The Cricketers] [Monsieur Lemoine of the Sûreté] [Captain O'Neill] [Prince Nicholas Obolovitch of Herzoslovakia in America], a man quite proud of his skills in thievery and disguise, voiced in his role as M Lemoine; wanted by three nations
Angèle Mory, former dancer at the Folies Bergère, jewel thief with King Victor's gang, later Queen Varaga of Herzoslovakia [Miss Brun, French governess to the Brent girls]. She murdered Prince Michael, and was killed by her own gun in the struggle with Boris.

Literary significance and reception
The Times Literary Supplement reviewed the novel in its issue of 9 July 1925 and, after setting up the story, stated favourably that "there is ... a thick fog of mystery, cross-purposes and romance, which leads up to a most unexpected and highly satisfactory ending".

The reviewer for The Observer wrote on 28 June 1925: "Mrs Christie plunges lightheartedly into a real welter of murders, innocently-implicated lookers-on, Balkan politics (of the lighter Ruritanian kind), impersonators, secret societies, ciphers, experts, secret hiding-places, detectives (real and pretended), and emerges triumphantly at the end, before her readers are too hopelessly befogged. Nobody is killed who matters much. The right people marry, after it all, having first endeared themselves to us by their frivolous attitude to the singularly animated doings around them." The reviewer concluded that Christie's "ingenuity and clear-headedness are really remarkable."

The review in The Scotsman of 16 July 1925 began, "Despite Herzoslovakian politics and a background of oil and finance, this new novel by Agatha Christie gets a grip of the reader when it comes down to the business of disposing of a corpse, innocently come by but not to be repudiated without danger of grave scandal" and went on to say, "It is an exciting story with a bewildering array of potential murderers and a curious collection of detectives, amateur and professional, and with a crook of international importance and (alleged) consummate ability." The review concluded: "There is more than murder in this story; there is a treasure hunt in it, not for gold but a diamond, and the story is suitably staged for the main part at Chimneys, that historic mansion whose secret will be found in Chapter XXIX, though the wise in these matters may have discovered it a little earlier".

Robert Barnard said it is important to remember when this novel was written "If you can take all of the racialist remarks, which are very much of their time, this is a first-class romp, all the better for not being of the 'plot to take over the world' variety. It concerns the throne and crown jewels of Herzoslovakia, and combines such Hope-ful [sic] elements with bright young things and some effective caricatures." His final decision on the novel overall was that it was "By far the least awful of the early thrillers."

Charles Osborne: "The Secret of Chimneys is one of the best of Agatha Christie's early thrillers (...). Her attitude to democracy is so unsympathetic, at least as expressed by a character of whom Mrs Christie evidently approves, that it reveals an unexpectedly authoritarian aspect of the author's nature".

In his analysis of Christie's Notebooks published in 2010 and 2012, Christie expert and archivist John Curran wrote that "a hefty suspension of disbelief is called for if some aspects of the plot are to be accepted." Curran considered the novel an "enjoyable but preposterous romp ... littered with loose ends, unlikely motivations and unconvincing characters" and regarded Christie's The Man in the Brown Suit and The Seven Dials Mystery "if not more credible, at least far less incredible" than Chimneys.

References and allusions

References to actual places
The Blitz Hotel is in part a reference to London's Ritz Hotel, though the location of the Blitz matches that of the Savoy Hotel, where César Ritz had been manager, and which is close to the Embankment. Christie uses the same location (and the same name for it) in the 1924 short stories Blindman's Buff and The Man Who Was No. 16, which later formed part of the 1929 collection Partners in Crime.

References in other works
The fictional country of Herzoslovakia makes a return appearance in the short story The Stymphalean Birds which was first published in the April 1940 issue of the Strand Magazine and later appeared in the 1947 collection The Labours of Hercules. It is also briefly mentioned in the 1940 novel One, Two, Buckle My Shoe.

Christie later used the "Chimneys" mansion, along with the characters of Bill Eversleigh, Bundle, George Lomax, Tredwell, and Lord Caterham from this book, in the 1929 novel The Seven Dials Mystery.

Allusions to real events
The novel was written in 1925. The characters in the story refer to events that occurred about 7 years earlier, that is, at the end of the Great War when the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires were broken up. The war is never mentioned directly. Instead, in Chapter 19, Superintendent Battle says: "Just over seven years ago, there was a lot what they called reconstruction going on especially in the Near East." At the same time, many royal persons were in England, including the Queen of Herzoslovakia, and Count Stylptitch; all the Balkan states were interested parties in discussions taking place. It is at this time that the Koh-i-noor diamond disappeared in the plot. Later, in an unspecified year, the Herzoslovakians rose up against the king and his commoner wife. About that time, Mrs Virginia Revel and her husband Tim were part of the diplomatic mission from the UK to Herzoslovakia, so that Mrs Revel had met Prince Michael; she was the only such person at the house party, to know Prince Michael, but not the only person in the house. The time immediately after the war was when the theft, solved in this novel, happened.

Publication history
 1925, John Lane (The Bodley Head), June 1925, Hardback, 310 pp
 1925, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), Hardback, 310 pp
 1947, Dell Books (New York), Paperback (Dell mapback number 199), 224 pp
 1956, Pan Books, 1956, Paperback (Pan number 366), 222 pp
 1958, Pan Books, 1958, Paperback (Great Pan G106)
 1958, The Bodley Head, 1958, Hardback, 224 pp
 1978, Panther Books, 1978, Paperback, 224 pp
 1989, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), 1989, Paperback, 272 pp
 2007, Facsimile of 1925 UK first edition (HarperCollins), 5 November 2007, Hardcover,

This was the last novel published under Christie's six-book contract with the Bodley Head which had been agreed back in 1919. Christie had signed without literary agent representation and had come to resent its terms which she stated were unfair. Her future books in the UK were all published by William Collins & Sons (with the sole exception of The Hound of Death) once a new and more favourable contract had been signed with them by her newly appointed agent, Edmund Cork of Hughes Massey. Cork became a lifelong friend.

This novel was much admired by her future mother-in-law, Mrs Marguerite Mallowan, who penned a note in a leather-bound copy she commissioned of this book together with The Murder of Roger Ackroyd and The Hollow. The note read "Passing a bookshop while I was in Paris in 1932, I bought The Secret of Chimneys, now almost unobtainable. I had just heard of Agatha Christie. Though not a reader of detective stories, her book captivated me so much that I never left it until I had finished it. Soon after she married my son, whom she had met in Mesopotamia while he was working under Sir Leonard Woolley. Later I read The Murder of Roger Ackroyd which, I think, made her reputation universal. Lastly came The Hollow, a book dear to me as revealing her artistic, simple and sincere temperament. This is the reason for my choice of these three books to be bound together. I wish them to be a testimony of my admiration for her art, and above all, of my gratitude for her loving kindness through all the years I have known her". The copy of the book was sold at auction in September 2006.

Book dedication
In the Bantam edition, the dedication is to "Punkie", who is Madge, Christie's older sister. In other editions the dedication reads:"To my Nephew. In memory of an inscription at Compton Castle and a day at the Zoo."

The "nephew" was Jack Watts (1903–1961), the son of Christie's brother-in-law and sister James and 'Madge' Watts. Christie became very close to her nephew after his birth when she was thirteen and joined her mother in looking after him at his home, Abney Hall, when her sister and brother-in-law went on skiing holidays to St Moritz and at Christmas. She writes enthusiastically about her memories of this time in the foreword to her 1960 collection of short stories The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding. The references to Compton Castle and the zoo are obscure. It is possible that the house "Chimneys" is based on Compton Castle, but Abney Hall is equally probable. Christie gives no description of "Chimneys" in the book, merely stating that "Descriptions of that historic place can be found in any guidebook."

Dustjacket blurb
The dustjacket front flap of the first edition carried no specially written blurb. Instead, both the front and back flap carried advertisements for Christie's five other Bodley Head books together with one or two short quotes from reviews of those books.

International titles
This novel has been translated to various languages other than its original English. At least seventeen languages are known to have translated versions of this novel, some published as recently as 2014 and 2015. This is in keeping with the author's reputation for being the most translated author.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

Stage adaptation (1931)
The Secret of Chimneys was adapted by Christie into a stage play in 1931 but its planned performance was cancelled. Nonetheless, a copy was placed in the British Library where it was located and a copy provided to Christie's daughter, at whose request its existence was not revealed publicly. Twenty years later, another copy surfaced in Canada, where it received its world premiere on 16 October 2003.

Television adaptation (2010)
An adaptation was produced for the fifth series of Marple, with Julia McKenzie as the lead. The adaptation retains Chimneys as the setting. However, the substitution of Miss Marple as the main detective is only the first of many changes made to the story, which amalgamates and renames several characters, turns the political connection (transferred from the fictitious Herzoslovakia to Austria) into one of several red herrings, and comprehensively changes both the murderer's identity and motive. It also features elements from the Miss Marple short story, "The Herb of Death".

Its cast includes Edward Fox as Lord Caterham, Anthony Higgins as Count Ludwig, Jonas Armstrong as Anthony Cade, Charlotte Salt as Virginia Revel and Dervla Kirwan as Bundle. Dervla Kirwan, in her late thirties, played Bundle, who, though still the daughter of Lord Caterham, was cast as the sister of 23-year-old Lady Virginia Revel (Charlotte Salt), an unrelated character in the original story. Of the two, Lady Virginia appeared to have more in common with the Bundle of the novels. The Radio Times observed that this production was "classic Agatha Christie, even though it's only distantly related to her original ... purists will be utterly flummoxed – and the plot has more holes in it than the murder victim".

Graphic novel adaptation (2007)
The Secret of Chimneys was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 20 August 2007, adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Laurence Suhner (). This was translated from the edition first published in France by Emmanuel Proust éditions in 2002 under the title of Le Secret de Chimneys.

References

External links

The Secret of Chimneys at the official Agatha Christie website

Novels by Agatha Christie
1925 British novels
The Bodley Head books
British novels adapted into television shows
Bulawayo in fiction
Superintendent Battle
Works about treasure hunting

The Secret of Chimneys


Lamination is the technique/process of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance, or other properties from the use of the differing materials, such as plastic. A laminate is a permanently assembled object created using heat, pressure, welding, or adhesives.  Various coating machines, machine presses and calendering equipment are used.

Materials
There are different lamination processes, depending primarily on the type or types of materials to be laminated. The materials used in laminates can be identical or different, depending on the process and the object to be laminated.

Textile
Laminated fabric are widely used in different fields of human activity, including medical and military. Woven fabrics (organic and inorganic based) are usually laminated by different chemical polymers to give them useful properties like chemical resistance, dust, grease, windproofness, photoluminescence (glowing and other light-effects e.g. in high-visibility clothing), tear strength, stiffness, thickness etc. Coated fabrics may be considered as a subtype of laminated fabrics. Nonwoven fabrics (e.g. fiberglass) are also often laminated. According to a 2002 source, the nonwovens fabric industry was the biggest single consumer of different polymer binding resins.

Materials used in production of coated and laminated fabrics are generally subjected to heat treatment. Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics (e.g. formaldehyde polymers) are equally used in laminating and coating textile industry.
In 2002 primary materials used included polyvinyl acetate, acrylics, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethanes, and natural and synthetic rubbers. Copolymers and terpolymers were also in use.

Thin-films of plastics were in wide use as well. Materials varied from polyethylene and PVC to kapton depending on application. In automotive industry for example the PVC/acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene (ABS) mixtures were often applied for interiors by laminating onto a polyurethane foam to give a soft-touch properties. Specialty films were used in protective clothing, .e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyurethane etc.

Glass

An example of a type of laminate using different materials would be the application of a layer of plastic film—the "laminate"—on either side of a sheet of glass—the laminated subject.  Vehicle windshields are commonly made as composites created by laminating a tough plastic film between two layers of glass. This is to prevent shards of glass detaching from the windshield in case it breaks.

Wood
Plywood is a common example of a laminate using the same material in each layer combined with epoxy. Glued and laminated dimensional timber is used in the construction industry to make beams (glued laminated timber, or Glulam), in sizes larger and stronger than those that can be obtained from single pieces of wood. Another reason to laminate wooden strips into beams is quality control, as with this method each and every strip can be inspected before it becomes part of a highly stressed component.

Building material
Examples of laminate materials include melamine adhesive countertop surfacing and plywood. Decorative laminates and some modern millwork components are produced with decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper, set before pressing them with thermoprocessing into high-pressure decorative laminates (HPDL). A new type of HPDL is produced using real wood veneer or multilaminar veneer as top surface. High-pressure laminates consists of laminates "molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000 lb per sq in.(70 kg per cm2) and more commonly in the range of 1,200 to 2,000 lb per sq in. (84 to 140 kg per cm2). Meanwhile, low pressure laminate is defined as "a plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per square inch (approximately 27 atmospheres or 2.8 × 106 pascals).

Paper

Corrugated fiberboard boxes are examples of laminated structures, where an inner core provides rigidity and strength, and the outer layers provide a smooth surface. A starch based adhesive is usually used.

Laminating paper products, such as photographs, can prevent them from becoming creased, faded, water damaged, wrinkled, stained, smudged, abraded, or marked by grease or fingerprints. Photo identification cards and credit cards are almost always laminated with plastic film. Boxes and other containers may be laminated using heat seal layers, extrusion coatings, pressure sensitive adhesives, UV coating, etc.

Lamination is also used in sculpture using wood or resin. An example of an artist who used lamination in his work is the American Floyd Shaman.

Laminates can be used to add properties to a surface, usually printed paper, that would not have them otherwise, such as with the use of lamination paper.  Sheets of vinyl impregnated with ferro-magnetic material can allow portable printed images to bond to magnets, such as for a custom bulletin board or a visual presentation.  Specially surfaced plastic sheets can be laminated over a printed image to allow them to be safely written upon, such as with dry erase markers or chalk.  Multiple translucent printed images may be laminated in layers to achieve certain visual effects or to hold holographic images.  Printing businesses that do commercial lamination keep a variety of laminates on hand, as the process for bonding different types is generally similar when working with thin materials.

Metal
Electrical equipment such as transformers and motors usually use an electrical steel laminate coatings to form the core of the coils used to produce magnetic fields. The thin lamination reduces the power loss due to eddy currents. Fiber metal laminate is an example of thin metal laminated by, a glass fiber-reinforced and epoxy-glued sheets.

Microelectronics
Lamination is widely used in production of electronic components such as PV solar cells.

Photo laminators
Three types of laminators are used most often in digital imaging:
 Pouch laminators
 Heated roll laminators
 Cold roll laminators

Film types
Laminate plastic film is generally categorized into these five categories:
 Standard thermal laminating films
 Low-temperature thermal laminating films
 Heat set (or heat-assisted) laminating films
 Pressure-sensitive films
 Liquid laminate

See also
 Laminated bow
 Converting
 Cladding (metalworking)
 Composite laminates
 Composite material
 Carbon-fibre reinforced plastic
 Glass-reinforced plastic
 Delamination
 Void (composites)

References

Composite materials
Airship technology
Glass applications
Articles containing video clips

Lamination


භූගෝලීය කලාප යනු ලෝක ගෝලය මත ඇති අක්ෂාංක කලාප 5 කි. මෙහි වෙනස්කම් සදහා කාලගුණයද, හිරුගේ බලපෑමද හේතුවේ.

උතුරු ශීත කලාපය - ආක්ටික් වෘත්තය
උතුරු සෞම්‍ය කලාපය - ආක්ටික් වෘත්තය හා කර්කටක නිවර්තනය අතර
සමකාසන්න කලාපය - කර්කටක හා මකර නිවර්තන අතර
දකුණු සෞම්‍ය කලාප - මකර නිවර්තනය හා ඇන්ටාටික් වෘත්තය අතර
දකුණු ශීත කලාපය - ඇන්ටාක්ටික් වෘත්තය

සමකාසන්න කලාපය, නිවර්ත කලාපය (Tropic) ලෙසද හදුන්වයි. සුර්යය කිරණ වසර පුරා මේ කාලාපයට පතිත වී ගිම්හාන සුර්යා නිවෘත්තිය (Summer Solstice) උදාවේ. මෙ කලාපය පෘථිවියේ උෂ්ණාධික කලාපය වේ. තෙත් හා වියළි වශයෙන් සෘතු 2 ක් ඇත. මේ කලාපයේ රටවල් වන්නේ අප්‍රිකාව, දකුණු ඉන්දියාව, දකුණු ආසියාව, ඉන්දුනීසියාව, ගිනිදේශය, උතුරු ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව, මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව සහ දකුණු ඇම‍රිකාවය.

සෞම්‍ය කලාපය තුළ හිරු එළිය කෙලින්ම පතිත නොවුණත් සෞම්‍ය කාලගුණයත් ඇත. සෘතු 4 ක් ඇත. වසන්ත, ගිම්හාන, සරත්, ශීශිර යන ඒවාය. උතුරු සෞම්‍ය කලාපයට අයිති වන්නේ මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, යුරෝපය, උතුරු ආසියාව, සහ උතුරු ඇමරිකාවයි. දකුණු සෞම්‍ය කලාපයට අයිති වන්නේ දකුණු ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, නවසීලන්තය, දකුණු ඇමරිකාව, දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවයි.

ශීත කලාප තුළ මැදියම් හිරු පැයීම (midnight sun) වසරකට වරක් සිදු වේ. එක් දිනක් තුළදීම හිරු කිරණ ළගා වීම සිදු වේ. මෙම කලාප පෘථිවියේ ඇති සීතලම කලාපය වේ. උතුරු ශීක කලාපයට කැනඩාව, ඇලස්කාව, ග්‍රීන්ලන්තය, උතුරු ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියාව, උතුරු රුසියාව සහ ආක්ටික් වෘත්තය අයත්වේ. දකුණු ශීක කලාපයට ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව, විලි හා ආජන්ටිනාවේ දකුණු කොටස් අයත් වේ.

සටහන්

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භූගෝලීය කලාප


The Isle of Bute (;  or ), known as Bute (), is an island in the Firth of Clyde in Scotland, United Kingdom. It is divided into highland and lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault.

Formerly a constituent island of the larger County of Bute, it is now part of the council area of Argyll and Bute. Bute's resident population was 6,498 in 2011, a decline of just over 10% from the figure of 7,228 recorded in 2001 against a background of Scottish island populations as a whole growing by 4% to 103,702 for the same period.

Name
The name "Bute" is of uncertain origin. Watson and Mac an Tàilleir support a derivation from Old Irish  ("fire"), perhaps in reference to signal fires.  This reference to beacon fires may date from the Viking period, when the island was probably known to the Norse as . Other possible derivations include Brittonic budh ("corn"), "victory", , or , his monastic cell. There is no likely derivation from Ptolemy's Ebudae.

The island was also known during the Viking era as Rothesay, possibly referring to the personal name Roth or Roderick and the Old Norse suffix  ("island"). This name was eventually taken by the main town on the island, whose Gaelic name is  ("town of Bute").

Geography

 Bute lies in the Firth of Clyde. The only town on the island, Rothesay, () is linked by ferry to the mainland. To its north is the coastal village of Port Bannatyne; hamlets on the island include Ascog, Kilchattan Bay, and Kingarth.

The interior of the island is hilly, though not mountainous, with conifer plantations and some uncultivated land, particularly in the north. The highest point is Windy Hill at . The centre of the island contains most of the cultivated land, while the island's most rugged terrain is found in the far south around Glen Callum. Loch Fad is Bute's largest body of freshwater and runs along the fault line.

The western side of Bute is known for its beaches, many of which enjoy fine views over the Sound of Bute towards Arran and Bute's smaller satellite island Inchmarnock. Hamlets on the western side of the island include Straad, around St. Ninian's Bay, and Kildavanan on Ettrick Bay.

In the north, Bute is separated from the Cowal peninsula by the Kyles of Bute. The northern part of the island is more sparsely populated, and the ferry terminal at Rhubodach connects the island to the mainland at Colintraive by the smaller of the island's two ferries. The crossing is one of the shortest, less than , and takes only a few minutes but is busy because many tourists prefer the scenic route to the island.

North Bute forms part of the Kyles of Bute National Scenic Area, one of 40 in Scotland.

Geology
Bute straddles the divide between highland and lowland Scotland with the Highland Boundary Fault cutting NNE-SSW through the island between Rothesay Bay and Scalpsie Bay. To the north of this line are metamorphosed sandstones and mudstones (i.e. psammites and pelites) which constitute the Southern Highland Group of the Dalradian. To its south are the conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones and siltstones of the Devonian age Stratheden Group (a division of the Old Red Sandstone) and of the Carboniferous age Inverclyde Group. Associated with the latter are Carboniferous extrusive igneous rocks, mainly lavas and tuffs of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation. These occur north of Ascog, northeast of Scalpsie and south of Kilchattan Bay.

The metamorphic rocks of the Dalradian sequence are divided locally into a couple of groups, themselves subdivided into formations, each of which contains 'members'. The youngest strata are at the top of the list:
Trossachs Group
Ardscalpsie Formation
Quien Hill Grit Member
Loch Dhu Slate Member (includes 'Rothesay Limestone')
Southern Highland Group
St Ninian Formation
Toward Quay Grit Member
Bullrock Greywacke Member
Dunoon Phyllite Formation

The Palaeozoic sedimentary and extrusive igneous sequence in stratigraphic order (i.e. youngest at top) is as follows. All are of Carboniferous age except the Bute Conglomerate, which is late Devonian and separated from the overlying Kinnesswood sandstones and mudstones by an unconformity.
Strathclyde Group
Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation
Birgidale Mudstone Formation
Inverclyde Group
Clyde Sandstone Formation
Ballagan Formation
Kinnesswood Formation
Stratheden Group
Bute Conglomerate Formation

A couple of thin coal seams are recorded within the volcanic sequence inland of Ascog.

The centre of the island is cut by a couple of east–west trending late Carboniferous dykes of quartz-microgabbro and the whole island by a much more numerous swarm of Palaeogene age microgabbro dykes aligned NNW-SSE in the north but also WSW-ESE and NNE-SSW in the south. sills and other intrusive bodies are present in the extreme south.

Raised beaches are present around most of Bute's coastline, lying around 8m above current sea levels. Higher marine platforms with partial cover of sand and gravel are recognised further inland, dating from earlier parts of the Devensian ice age. Till derived from the ice age is widespread inland while isolated peat deposits particularly in the north. Alluvium floors numerous stream valleys. Small areas of blown sand are to be found landward of some sandy bays.

History

Neolithic Era

Evidence of early occupation exists in the form of cairns at the north end of the isle, such as the long cairn or Cairnbaan and the white cairn at Lenihuline Wood. Other prehistoric structures are to be found such as a fort complex at Dunagoil. The Kingarth sun circle is estimated to be around 3000 years old.

A well known artifact is the Queen of the Inch necklace, which is an article of jewellery made of jet found in a cist that dates from circa 2000 BC.

Dal Riata Era
Bute was absorbed into the Cenél Comgaill of Dál Riata and colonised by Gaelic peoples. Saint Maccai (died 460) was said to have founded a monastery on the island.Other well known Gaelic missionaries associated with the island of the 5th and 6th centuries include Cathan whilst the Irish Text Martyrology of Tallaght makes a reference to Blane, the Bishop of Kingarth on Bute, "in Gall-Ghàidheil".

The island subsequently fell under Norse control and formed part of the Kingdom of the Isles, ruled by the Crovan dynasty.

Kingdom of the Isles
However, in the 12th century, the island, along with Arran, was granted by David I to Somerled, Lord of Argyll, Kintyre and Lorne. At about the turn of the 13th century, Bute appears to have come into possession of the family of the Steward of Scotland, during a time of internal strife amongst Somerled's descendants.

During the 13th century, Bute was the target of two Norwegian attempts to reassert authority in the Isles. For instance, Rothesay Castle fell to a Norwegian-backed King of the Isles in 1230, and fell again to the Norwegians in 1263. In 1266, the Norwegian king, Magnus VI, ceded the Kingdom of the Isles to the Scottish king, Alexander III, in return for a very large sum of money, by the Treaty of Perth. Alexander Stewart had been the chief military commander of Scottish forces, and was now rewarded by Alexander (the king) by being confirmed in possession of Bute and Arran.

Under Scottish rule

In 1549, Dean Monro wrote of "Buitt" that it was:

very fertyle ground, namelie for aitts, with twa strenthes; the ane is the round castle of Buitt, callit Rosay of the auld, and Borrowstone about it callit Buitt. Before the town and castle is ane bay of sea, quhilk is a gude heavin for ships to ly upon ankers. That uther castle is callit the castle of Kames, quhilk Kames in Erishe is alsmeikle as to say in English the bay Castle. In this ile ther is twa paroche kirks, that ane southe callit the kirk of Bride, the uther northe in the Borrowstone of Buitt, with twa chappells, ane of them above the towne of Buitt, the uther under the forsaid castle of Kames.

Under Scottish Rule, Bute and Arran were governed as a unit, the shrievalty aligning with the comital jurisdiction. The latter merged into the crown, as a result of the Alexander Stewart's great-grandson, Robert, inheriting the throne via his mother. A corresponding title, Duke of Rothesay was created by Robert's son for the heir apparent, without landlordship of the land. Robert had already granted the sheriffdom to his bastard son, heritably; consequently, in the early 18th century, the latter's senior descendant acquired the (non-comital) title Earl of Bute. The "McCurdy" clan hailed from The Isle of Bute before they left and eventually settling in the States of New York and Pennsylvania after the potato famine of the 16th Century.

During the seventeenth century there were accusations of witchcraft: in 1630 an unknown number of women confessed to the crime and were confined in the dungeon at Rothesay Castle, left without food or water and died from starvation. Other instances are recorded but the most fervent activity occurred during the Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62 when at least four Bute witches were executed; one woman who was convicted at that time escaped but the sentence was enacted when she returned to the island in 1673.

When the comital powers were abolished by the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 and counties formally created, on shrieval boundaries, by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, Bute and Arran became the County of Bute. Later reforms merged Bute, without Arran, into the wider region of Argyll and Bute.

World War II

Bute played a major role during World War II, and its naval involvements were especially significant. HMS Cyclops was the depot ship for the 7th Submarine Flotilla and was home-based in Rothesay Bay.  A few miles further north at Port Bannatyne the luxury 88-bedroomed Kyles Hydro Hotel, overlooking the Port, was requisitioned by the Admiralty to serve as the HQ for midget submarine (X-craft) operations. In particular, it was from here (hotel renamed HMS Varbel) that the top secret and audacious attack on the Tirpitz was masterminded.

Much of the training of X-craft submariners was undertaken in the waters around Bute, and especially in the secluded waters of Loch Striven to the north of Port Bannatyne.  Bute at War.  Bute accommodated many officers and NCOs of the Polish Armed Forces in the West. Officially a military camp, it was unofficially thought of as a prison for Władysław Sikorski's political enemies.

21st century

On 2 July 2018, the island was shocked by the murder and rape of 6-year-old girl Alesha MacPhail after she was taken from her bed by a 16-year-old male. The 16-year-old, Aaron Campbell, was caught, charged and convicted, and given a life sentence.

Several major wildfires started on 18–19 April 2019 in the north of the island, involving a substantial area of moorland and conifer plantation.

Transport

Bute is connected with the Scottish mainland by two Caledonian MacBrayne ferries:
Rothesay to Wemyss Bay
Rhubodach to Colintraive

During summer, the paddle steamer Waverley calls at Rothesay on regular cruises.

There is a regular bus service along the eastern coast road, and a daily service connecting the island with Argyll and the western Highlands and Islands. Many independent holidaymakers use the island as a stepping stone from Glasgow and Ayrshire to western Scotland using this route. In summer an open-top bus tours the island leaving from Guildford Square by the ferry at 1030, 1200, 1430 and 1600.

The main ferry to the island leaves from Wemyss Bay, a village on the A78, the coast road between Glasgow and Ayr. Wemyss Bay is connected by rail to Paisley (for Glasgow International Airport) and Glasgow Central station. Glasgow Prestwick Airport (used by Ryanair and cargo airlines Air France Cargo and Cargolux) is connected directly to Wemyss Bay by FASTBUS 585, which runs twice an hour.

There is an ad hoc link between Glasgow Pacific Quay and Port Bannatyne Marina by Loch Lomond Seaplanes, journey time 17 minutes.

There is also another route that runs from Loch Fad to Loch Lomond, however this route has not been set into action. This route is also run by Loch Lomond Seaplanes.

Education
The island has one secondary school, Rothesay Academy, which moved to a new modern joint campus with Rothesay Primary in 2007. The largest of the island's three primary schools is Rothesay Primary. The smallest school (with roughly 50 pupils) is North Bute Primary in Port Bannatyne.  The third primary school, St Andrews Primary, is a Catholic School aligned with St Andrew's Church, the only Catholic Church on the predominantly Protestant island.

Sport
Bute has many sports clubs and activities available.  There are three golf courses: Rothesay Golf Club, Kingarth Golf Club and Port Bannatyne Golf Club. The most successful sporting club on the island is Bute Shinty Club who play at the highest level of shinty (the Marine Harvest Premier League).

In 2006, Bute won promotion to the Premier League by winning the South Division One. Bute also won the Ballimore Cup and were runners up in the Glasgow Celtic Society Cup in 2006. The local amateur football team are known as the Brandanes, and the junior team are the Brandane Bulls.  Bute also has facilities for fishing, rugby, tennis, bowls, and cricket. Pétanque is played at Port Bannatyne; boules may be hired from the Post Office there.

The centre for sailing on Bute is at Port Bannatyne with two boatyards and the new marina, and a club which organises private moorings in these particularly protected waters of Kames Bay. There is Bute Sailing School with its own yacht.

There is a Kayak and SUP hire centre operating from the Old Quay in Kilchattan Bay during the summer holidays.

Economy
The Mount Stuart Trust owns  on the island: as of 2012 the trust was wholly controlled by five members of the Marquess of Bute's family, plus an accountant and lawyer, none of whom lived on Bute. As of 2019, all 12 of the trust's directors had addresses outwith the island.

Farming and tourism are the main industries on the island, along with fishing and forestry. Privately owned businesses include Port Bannatyne Marina and Boat Yard, the Ardmaleish Boatbuilding Company, Bute Fabrics Ltd, (an international weaver of contemporary woollen fabrics for upholstery and vertical applications.)

In December 2015 Bute became home to about 100 Syrians making the island one of the largest recipients of these refugees in the UK relative to its population. Argyll and Bute council stated that the island was chosen as a suitable location because it had "available social housing" and is "closer to the central belt" for medical support. These newcomers have proven to the community that they mean business, by starting up highly successful shops, like Helmi's Patisserie, Rayan's (a takeaway), and the newest business, Syriana Pizza (a food van).

In 2019, The Buteman, the island's weekly newspaper, closed after 165 years due to a fall in readership. This was replaced by the Isle of Bute News, run by the Dunoon Observer.

Attractions

Architectural attractions
The island has a ruined 12th-century chapel called St Blane's chapel which stands on a site associated with Saint Catan and Saint Blane, who was born on Bute. Another ruined chapel, dating from the 6th century, lies at St Ninian's Point.

The eccentric Mount Stuart House is often cited as one of the world's most impressive neo-Gothic mansions, bringing many architectural students from Glasgow on day trips. The third Marquess had a passion for art, astrology, mysticism and religion and the house reflects this in the architecture, furnishings and art collection. There is a marble chapel, much stained glass and walls of paintings. The house is open at Easter and from May to October. There are gardens with plants imported from many parts of the world, and a visitor centre. The gardens host a number of events throughout the year starting with an Easter Parade.

In 2003 the fashion designer Stella McCartney married in the chapel, generating intense media interest. Activities and workshops are often held there in the summer by a local organisation that provides after-school clubs and activities in the school holidays; there is also a farmers' market and a Christmas market held in the house and in the visitor centre. In 2016, a previously uncatalogued copy of Shakespeare's First Folio was authenticated in the Mount Stuart House library.

The Pavilion is a 1930s edifice housing a concert hall, workshops and café, and is noted for its architecture. The Pavilion is little changed from when it was built. The building has been going through renovations over the past 4–5 years, with the residents being told it would be finished within a few years. It is set to open this year.

Rothesay Castle was built 800 years ago by the hereditary High Steward of Scotland.

Ascog Hall Fernery and Gardens are a renovated Victorian residence and glass-house containing shrubs and plants from all over the Empire, including a fern believed to be over 1,000 years old.

The Old Post Office, now used only for sorting mail, is an historic working post office (open mornings only) which houses artefacts of the early post, some from before the advent of the postage stamp.

Tourist locations
Loch Fad is a deep freshwater loch stocked with pike and brown trout, and is available to visiting tourist fishermen. Boats are available to hire.

Scalpsie Bay has a colony of over 200 seals on its beach, which can only be reached on foot across the fields. The island also has many herds of deer, rich bird life and some large hares. Wild goats with large curled horns may be seen in the north of the island.

Port Bannatyne, a village towards the north of the island, is the centre for sailing and sea-fishing on the island. It has two boatyards and a marina for 200 vessels. Langoustines are fished with creels anchored in the bay. X-Class midget submarines were stationed in Kames Bay during World War II and there is a memorial to World War II dead. Port Bannatyne Golf Club is known for scenic views from the course.

The road from Port Bannatyne goes  along the shore of the Kyles of Bute to the small ferry to Colintraive on the Argyll mainland.

Rothesay

The 1920s Winter Gardens (now the "Discovery Centre") close to the Rothesay Pier houses a small cinema and tourist information office. Nearby are the Victorian toilets.

There are a variety of music, folk and poetry festivals, and walking trails and new cycling routes.

Heritage
There are some remote Bronze Age stone circles, an Iron Age fortified village, and early Christian remains (including St. Blane's Chapel). The Bute Museum of the island's history is situated behind Rothesay Castle.

Walks
The West Island Way is a waymarked long distance footpath that opened in September 2000 as part of Bute's millennium celebrations, and was the first waymarked long distance route on a Scottish island. It is  in length, running between Kilchattan Bay in the south of the island and Port Bannatyne in the north, with Rothesay as a central point.

Notable residents and visitors

Well known Bute people include:

 Nina Allan, writer
 Richard Attenborough, film director; owned the Rhubodach estate on the island at one time
 Andrew Bannatyne, politician, lawyer and businessman
 Blane, 6th Century Irish Missionary
 Cathan, 6th Century Irish Missionary
 Lieutenant Henry Robertson (Birdie) Bowers (1883–1912), polar explorer, who died with Scott in the Antarctic
 Aaron Campbell (2002), murderer
 Adam Crozier, former chief executive of the Royal Mail
 Johnny Dumfries, 7th Marquess of Bute, Formula One racing driver and 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans winner
 Thomas Bannatyne Gillies, New Zealand Supreme Court Judge
 Angela Haggerty, journalist, author and broadcaster
 George Leslie Hunter, colourist painter
 Ian Jack, writer, journalist
 Edmund Kean, Shakespearean actor
 Ashley Lilley, actress, played the role of Ali in the 2008 film adaptation of Mamma Mia
 Maccai, 5th Century Irish Missionary
 Sir William Macewen FRS (1848–1924), surgeon
 John William Mackail, writer and scholar
 Christopher Priest, writer
 Jane Ross, international footballer
 John Sterling, critic, journalist and poet
 Hector Whitelaw, shinty player and Scotland Vice-captain
 Bob Winter, Glasgow's Lord Provost (2007–2012)
 Lena Zavaroni (1963-1999), singer; raised in Rothesay

Popular culture
The island features in The Scottish Chiefs.

It was also a filming location for Black Mirrors episode, "Loch Henry".

See also

 List of islands of Scotland
 Bute mazer
 Kingarth

Notes

Citations

References

 Hewison, James King (1893) The Isle of Bute in the Olden Time. Edinburgh. William Blackwood and Sons. Retrieved 18 Sep 2011.
 Jennings, Andrew and Kruse, Arne (2009) "From Dál Riata to the Gall-Ghàidheil". Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. 5. Brepols.

 Watson, W. J. (1994) [1926]. The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh: Birlinn. .

External links

 Bute's historic sites at Canmore
 Port Bannatyne Marina and Boatyard
 Port Bannatyne to Glasgow Airlink
 Bute Sons & Daughters project
 Bute at War (Website detailing Bute's unique role during WWII)
 Visit Bute website for events, news, accommodation etc
 Bute FM (Community Radio Station)
 ButeWiki
 Port Bannatyne Petanque Club
 Sailing reviews and news
 Bute in Pictures, BBC News
 Bute on BBC Island Blogging
 The Gateway website to the Isle of Bute

Highland Boundary Fault
Islands of the Clyde
Burial sites of the Stuart of Bute family
Islands of Argyll and Bute
Firth of Clyde
Isle of

Isle of Bute


"ඇවතාර්:අවසන් වායුබන්ධක"(Avatar:The Last  Airbender) ඇමරිකාවේ Nickelodeon Animation Studios විසින් නිමවන ලද ළමා සජීවීකරණ ටෙලි වෘතාන්තයකි. එය අතුරුකතා 61කින් හා ඍතු 3කින් සමන්විත වූ අතර 2005සිට 2008දක්වා නිකලෝඩියන් රූපවාහිනී නාලිකාවේ විකාශය විය. මෙම කතාමාලාව සහනිර්මාතෘන් Michael Dante DiMartino , Bryan Konietzko යන දෙපල හා Aaron Ehasz ගේ උදවුවෙන් නිමවුණි. ඇවතාර්:අවසන් වායුබන්ධක දිගහැරෙන්නේ ආසියානු සංස්කෘතිය මුසු, සතර මහා භූතයින්(ආපෝ,තේජෝ,වායෝ,පඨවි) "බන්ධන" නම් අධිමානසික ශිල්ප ක්‍රම මගින් පාලනය කළහැකි සමහරුන් සිටින ලෝකයක ය. මෙම වෘතාන්තය ජපන් ඇනිමේ හා නූතන ඇමරිකානු සජීවීකරණ ශෛලීන් වල සංකලනයකි.  2013දි මෙහි අලුත්ම කතාමාලාව වන "The Legend Of Korra" කතාමාලාවද එළිදැක්වුනි.

මෙම කතාමාලාව දොළොස් හැවිරිදි ආන්ග් නම් වායුබන්ධකයා හා ඔහුගේ යහළුවන් අග්නි රාජ්‍යයේ අග්නි අධිරජු පරදා ලොවට සාමය ගෙන එන්නට දරන ප්‍රයත්නය වටා ගෙතුනකි. කතාමාලාවේ 1වෙනි කොටස 2005,නවම් මස 21වෙනිදා විකාශය වූ අතර, අවසන් කොටස 2008,ඇසල මස 19 වනදා විකාශය විය.

කතාමාලා විශ්ලේෂණය

ඇවතාර් කතාමාලාව ඇරඹෙන්නේ මිනිසුන්,දෙමුහුන් සතුන් හා දේවතාවන් එකට හා වෙන්වී වාසය කරන ලෝකයකය. මනුෂ්‍ය ශිෂ්ටාචාරය ජල (水),පෘථිවි (土),අග්නි (火),වායු (氣) ලෙස සිව් මහා ජාතීන් වලට බෙදී ඇති අතර එක් එක් ජාතීන්ගෙන් කිහිපදෙනෙකුට තමන් අයත් ජාතියේ මූලධාතුව සටන් කලා,චලන මගින් බන්ධනය කර පාලනය කල හැක. එක් එක් බන්ධන ශිල්ප අනුබන්ධන ශිල්ප වලටද බෙදෙන අතර ඒවායින් සමහරක් ලෙස ලෝහබන්ධනය (පෘථිවි),අකුණුබන්ධනය (අග්නි) හා රුධිරබන්ධනය (ජල) හැඳින්විය හැක. ආකාශබන්ධනය මළගිය ශිල්ප ක්‍රමයක් වන අතර වෘතාන්තයේ අවසන් කොටසට එනතුරුම දක්නට නොලැබේ.

කෙසේ හෝ මෙම මහා ධාතූන් සතරම බන්ධනය කල හැකි එකම එක ජීවියෙකු ද ලොවට උපදී. ඒ නම් ඇවතාර් ය. හේ හෝ ඈ දේවතා බලය රැගෙන මනුලොව පහලවූ සත්ත්වයෙකි. ඇවතාර් වරයකු මියගිය විට හේ සතර මහා භූත පිලිවෙලින් ඊළඟ ජාතියේ උපදී.
මෙම නැවත උපදින වාරයක් පාසාම හේ ස්වකීය බන්ධන බලයේ සිට අනෙක් බන්ධන ක්‍රම ද ප්‍රගුණ කොට සම්පූර්ණ ඇවතාර් වරයෙකු විය යුතුය. අවතාර්වරයෙකුට "ඇවතාර් අවස්ථාව" නම් ස්වයංක්‍රීය ආරක්ෂණ ක්‍රමයක් පිහිටන අතර එමගින් ඔහුට තම පෙර ආත්ම භවයන්හි ලබාගත් ශක්තීන් හා දැනුම භාවිතා කල හැක. එමෙන්ම චක්‍ර භාවනා ප්‍රගුණ කිරීමෙන් "ඇවතාර් අවස්ථාව" ඇවතාර් ට වුවමනා
ලෙස භාවිතා කිරීමටද හැක. මනුෂ්‍ය ජාතීන් අතර මෙන්ම දේවතාවුන් අතරද ඇති එකම සම්බන්ධය ඔහු නිසා හේ සැමවිටම ලෝක හා ජාතීන් අතර සාමය පවත්වා ගැනීමට උපකාරී විය යුතුය.

පාදක කතාව

කතාමාලාවට අවුරුදු 100කට පමණ පෙර සිදුවූ සිදුවීමකින් සියලුදේ ඇරඹේ.

වස් 100කට පෙර අග්නි අධිරජු සෝසින් තම රාජ්‍ය බලය ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට ලෝක යුද්ධයක් අරඹන අතර එවකට ඇවතාර් වන රොකු එය වලකාලයි. ඇවතාර් රොකු ගේ අභාවයෙන් පසුව වායු ආරාමයන්හි ඉපදුනු ඇවතාර් ආන්ග් හට තමන් ඇවතාර් බව නිසි වයසට පැමිණීමට පෙරම දැනගන්නට ලැබෙයි. ආන්ග් තමාට දැරීමට සිදුවන වගකීම් හා වෙන්වීම් වලට බියවී ආරාමයෙන් පැනයන අතර,අතරමගදී කුනාටුවකට අසුවී ආන්ග් හා ඔහුගේ පියාඹන ගවයා වන ආපා හිම කුට්ටියක් තුල ශිශිරතාරක නින්දෙන් හිරවේ. අග්නි අධිරජු සෝසින්, නව ඇවතාර් මරාදැමීමේ අදහසින් මුළු වායු ආරාම සතරේම මිනිසුන් සමූලඝාතනය කරන අතර එමගින් ආන්ග් මුළු ලෝකයේම අවසන් වායුබන්ධකයා බවට පත්වේ.

ලෝක යුද්ධය වසර සිය ගණන් දිවයන අතර එම කාලාන්තරයේ සෝසින්ගේ පුත් අසූලෝන් ද ඔහුගෙන් පසු ඔහුගේ බාල පුත් ඕසායි ද බලයට පත්වේ. වැඩිමහල් පුත් ඓරෝ, තම තරුණ කාලයේදී බා-සිං-සේ පෘථිවි නගරයට දින 600ක ප්‍රහාරයක් දියත් කරන ලද්දෙකි.

චරිත

ආන්ග් 安昂 (සැක් ටෛලර් ඓසන්)
යනු කතාමාලාවේ ප්‍රධාන චරිතය වන දොළොස්-හැවිරිදි විනෝදකාමී පිරිමි ළමයෙකි. අවිහිංසාවාදියෙකු මෙන්ම සටන් විරෝධියෙකු වුවද,හේ තම මිතුරන්ගේ ආරක්ෂාව තම වගකීමක් ලෙස ගනියි. ඔහු ග්‍රහලෝකයේ අවතාර්ගේ පුනරුප්පත්තිය බැවින් බොහෝ විට ගැටුම් විසඳීමේ විනිශ්චයකාර තනතුර ඔහු අත පැවරේ. වෘතාන්තයේ නිර්මාතෘන්ට අනුව ආන්ග්ගේ සිරුරේ ඇති ඊතලාකාර පච්ච මගින් ඔහු වායුබන්ධක විශාරදයෙක් බව කියවෙන අතර ලෝකයේ බාලම විශාරද වායුබන්ධකයා ඔහු වේ. ආන්ග්ට අනුව ලෝකයේ පහලවූ දක්ෂතම වායුබන්ධකයා ඔහුගේ ගුරුතුමාණන් වන ග්‍යාත්සෝ හිමියන්ය.

කටාරා 卡塔拉 (මෑ විට්මන්)
යනු දක්ෂිණ ජල ගෝත්‍රයට අයත්වන දහහතර-හැවිරිදි ජලබන්ධකයෙකි. ඈ තම අයියණ්ඩියත් සමග අග්නි අධිරජු පැරදවීමේ ආන්ග්ගේ ගවේෂණයට සහභාගී වන අතර අවසානයේදී ඔහුගේ ජලබන්ධක ගුරුතුමිය බවට පත්වේ. කටාරා තම ගෝත්‍රයේ අවසන් ජලබන්ධකයන් දෙදෙනාගෙන් කෙනෙකු වන අතර,(අනෙක් පුද්ගලයා "හාමා" ය) රුධිරබන්ධනය (කතාමාලාවෙදී දෙවරක් පමණක් භාවිතා වේ) භාවිතා කල හැකි ජලබන්ධකයන් දෙදෙනාගෙන් කෙනෙකු වේ. කටාරා ස්වභාවයෙන් කරුණාබර හා උදාර තැනැත්තියක් වුවද,පාවාදීම් හා ද්‍රෝහීකම් දුටුවිට ඉතා ඉක්මනින් සැලෙයි. කතාමාලාවේ පළමු සංස්කරණයේදී කටාරාගේ නම "කායා"(琪亞) වූ අතර පසුව එම නම ඇගේ මවට යෙදුණි.

සාකා 索卡 (ජැක් දෙසේනා)
පහළොස්-හැවිරිදි දක්ෂිණ ජල ගෝත්‍රික රණශූරයෙකි. ඔහුගේ නැගණියත් සමග ඔහුද අග්නි අධිරජු පැරදවීමේ සටනට ආන්ග් හා එක්වේ. තමාවම "මාංශ කෑමට පෙරේත" හා "උපහාසාත්මක" ලෙස   හඳුනාගන්නා සාකා, බොහෝවිට කතාවට හාස විශ්‍රාන්තිය ගෙනදෙයි. ඔහුගේ යහළුවන්ට මෙන් සාකා හට බන්ධන බලය නැති බැවින් හේ සැමවිටම ඔහුගේ ආයුධ ශක්තිය හා අසිපත මත යැපෙයි.

ටාෆ් බෙයිෆොං 北方拓芙 (ජෙසී ෆ්ලවර්)
2වෙනි ඍතුවේදී දක්නට ලැබෙන දොළොස්-හැවිරිදි පෘථිවිබන්ධක ප්‍රවීඥයෙකු වන අන්ධ ගැහැණු ළමයෙකි. වගුරුබිමකදී ආන්ග් දකින දර්ශනයකට පසුව ඈ ඔහුගේ පෘථිවිබන්ධන ගුරුවරිය වේ. උපතින් අන්ධ වුවද,තම පෘථිවිබන්ධනය භාවිතයෙන් පොළොවින් ගමන් ගන්නා කම්පන තරංග ඔස්සේ "දැකීමට" ඇයට හැකිය. මෙම දක්ෂතාවය මගින් ඈ හට අනෙකෙකුගේ හෘද ස්පන්දනය අසා අනෙක් පුද්ගලයා පවසන්නේ සත්‍යයක්ද අසත්‍යයක්ද යන්න කීමට හැක. ඇය පසුකාලයේදී ලෝහවල ඇති පෘථිවි ගුණාංග භාවිතයෙන් "ලෝහබන්ධනය" සොයාගනියි.

සූකෝ 蘇科 (ඩාන්ටේ බස්කෝ)
යනු දහසය-හැවිරිදි අග්නිබන්ධක, පිටුවහල් කරනලද අග්නිරාජ්යයේ කුමරෙකි. ඔහු පලවන ඍතුවේදී දුෂ්ටයා ලෙසද, දෙවන ඍතුවේදී දුෂ්ටයෙක් නොවන්නෙකු ලෙසද, තෙවන ඍතුවේදී වීරයෙකු ලෙසද දක්නට ලැබෙයි. හේ දැඩි අධිශ්ටානයක් සහිත මුරණ්ඩු පුද්ගලයකු වන අතර, තුන්වන ඍතුව වනතෙක්ම කරුණාව,දයාව දක්වන්නේ ඉතා දුලබ ලෙසය. ඔහු තම අහිමිවූ ගෞරවය ලබාගැනීම සඳහා උමතු ගවේෂණයක් කරන අතර අවසානයේදී එහි සැබෑ අරුත ඔහුට පැහැදිලි වෙයි. මුල් කාලවලදී ඔහු තමාගේම ද්වේශය,ආත්මානුකම්පාව,පවුල් ගැටළු හා හොඳ සහ නරක අතර අතරමං ව වාසය කලද, පසුව ඔහු තම කිරීටය අතහැර සාමය වෙනුවෙන් ඇවතාර් හට එකතුවේ. කතාමාලාව අවසානයේ ඔහු නව අග්නි අධිරජු බවට පත්ව අන් දේශයන් සමග නැතිවූ සාමය නැවත නගාලන්නට උදවුවන බවට දිවුරුම්දෙයි.

ආපා 阿柏 (ඩී බ්‍රැඩ්ලි බේකර්)
ආන්ග්ගේ පියාඹන ගවයා සහ, ඔහුව ලොව වටේ රැගෙනයන ප්‍රවාහන මාධ්‍යය වේ. හේද ආන්ග් සමගම අවු100ක ශිශිරතාරක නින්දට වැටෙන අතර ආන්ග් සමග ඉතා දැඩි බැඳීමක් ඇතිකරගනී. ඔහුට පියාසර කිරීමේ හැකියාව පවතින අතර තම වලිගයෙන් බලවත් සුළං පහරවල් මැවීමට හැකියාව ඇත. ආන්ග් ට අනුව,ප්‍රථම වායුබන්ධකයන් වූයේ පියාඹන ගවයින්ය.

මෝමෝ 模模  (ඩී බ්‍රැඩ්ලි බේකර්)
යනු ආන්ග් දක්ෂිණ වායු ආරාමයෙන් සොයාගන්නා නුවණැති හා කුතුහලය සහිත පියාඹන ලීමර් සතෙකි. ආහාර සඳහා ඔහු බොහෝවිට ආපා හෝ අනෙක් සතුන් සමග පොරබදයි. ඔහුට ආන්ග්ගේ කතාවහර තෙරුනද අන් අයගේ කතාබස වැටහ නොගනී. "Tales of Ba Sing Se" පරිච්ඡේදයේ දී, මෝමෝ ගේ නම ලිය ඇත්තේ 模模 (mó mó)ලෙසය. මෝමෝ යනු ජපන් බසින් "පීච් ගෙඩිය" යන්න(ආන්ග් ඔහුව නම් කිරීමට තැත් කරන වෙලාවේදී ඔහු සාකාගෙන් පීච් ගෙඩියක් උදුරාගනියි)නමුත් ,එය අන් තැන්වල ලියා ඇත්තේ 桃,නොහොත් චීන බසින් පීච් යන අරුත දෙන අකුරෙනි.

ඓරෝ 艾洛 (Mako Iwamatsu/ග්‍රෙග් බෝල්ඩ්වින්)
අග්නි රාජ්‍යයේ හිටපු ජනරාල් වරයෙකි. ඔහුව හඳුන්වන අන්වර්ථ නාමය "දටහිරෙහි මකරා" වන අතර, සූකොගේ මහප්පා හා අදුරුතුමාද වේ. ඔවුන්ගේ පියාගේ අභාවයෙන් පසු රජකම ලැබීමට තිබුනේ ඔහුට වුවද, ඔහුගේ රජපෙලපත ගෙනයාමට ඇති නොහැකියාව පෙන්වා ඔහුගේ සොයුරා වන ඕසායි රජකම ගත්තේය. මතුපිටින් හේ විනෝදශීලී,කරුණාබර,සර්වසුභාවාදී,විකාර මහල්ලෙක් ලෙස පෙනුනද,ඇතුලතින් ඔහු ශක්තිමත් හා භක්තිමත් රණකාමියෙකි. ඓරෝ ධවල පියුමේ සංගමය (Order of the White Lotus) යන රහසිගත සමිතියේ ප්‍රබල සාමාජිකයෙකු වේ. අන් අග්නිබන්ධකයින් මෙන් නොව,ඓරෝ තම ශක්ති ප්‍රභවය ලෙස ද්වේශය භාවිත නොකර,මකරුන්ගෙන් ලබාගත් අග්නිබන්ධන රහසක් මත යැපෙයි.

අසූලා (ග්‍රේ දීලීල්)

යනු සිව්දස-හැවිරිදි අග්නි අධිරාජ්‍යයේ කුමරිය වන අතර සූකෝ ගේ නැගණියයි. ඈ කතාමාලාවේ ප්‍රධානම දුෂ්ට චරිතයකි. අසූලා උපතින්ම අග්නිබන්ධන ප්‍රවීඥයෙකු වන අතර ලොව ජීවත්වන අකුණුබන්ධකයින් කිහිපදෙනා අතරින් කෙනෙකි. ඈ අන් ඇය හැසිරවීමේ ප්‍රයෝගකාරී විශාරදයක වන අතර ඈ තම යටත් වැස්සන් හා යහළුවන් එකසේ භීතිය  මගින් පාලනය කරයි. ඈ සුපරික්ෂාකාරී,කපටි හා මනෝන්මාදාත්මක සර්වතෝභද්‍ර වාදියෙකි. ඇගේ සමර්ථ උපාය දක්ෂ ඥාණයෙන් සමස්ත පෘථිවිරාජ්‍යයම තම අණසක යටතට ගැනීමට ඇයට හැකිවිය. තෙවන ඍතුව අවසන, ගැඹුරු මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක ගැටළු හා තම මිතුරියන්ගේ පාවාදීමෙන් බිඳීගිය මනසක් සහිත වූ ඈ සිහිවිකල වන්නීය. අවසානයේදී සූකෝ හා කටාරා එකතුවී ඇය පරදාලයි.

යොමුවන්

රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා

ඇවතාර්:අවසන් වායුබන්ධක


තත්පරය (SI සංකේතය: s) යනු අන්තර්ජාතික ඒකක පද්ධතිය (SI) අනුව කාලයෙහි පාදක ඒකකය සහ
අනෙකුත් මිනුම් පද්ධති වල කාලය සඳහා ඒකකයක්ද වන අතර (කෙටි කර දැක්වීම s හෝ sec;) පැයක් හැටෙන් බෙදීම දෙවරක් සිදු කළ විටද, විනාඩියක් හැටෙන් බෙදීම එක්වරක් සිදු කළ විටද ලැබෙන්න වෙයි.  1000 (අල්-බිරුනි විසින් තත්පරය භාවිතා කළ කාලයේදී) සහ 1960 අතරතුර, තත්පරය අර්ථදැක්වුනේ මධ්‍යන්‍යය සූර්ය දවසකින් 1/86,400 ලෙසින් විය (මෙම අර්ථදැක්වීම, සමහරක් තාරකාවිද්‍යාත්මක සහ නීතිමය සන්දර්භයන්හී තවමත් භාවිතා වෙයි).  1960 සහ  1967 අතරතුර, එය අර්ථදැක්වුනේ, 1900 දී සූර්යයා වටා පෘථිවියෙහි කක්ෂ කාලාවර්තය අනුසාරයෙන් වන අතර,
වර්තමානයේ එය වඩාත් නිරවද්‍ය ලෙසින් අර්ථදැක්වෙන්නේ පරමාණුක කරුණු ඇසුරෙනි.  යාන්ත්‍රික, විදුලි හෝ පරමාණුක ඔරලෝසු භාවිතයෙන් තත්පර මැන ගත හැක.

මධ්‍යන්‍යය සූර්ය දවස සෙමින් නමුත් මිනිය හැකි ප්‍රමාණ වලින් දිගු වන බවත්, ඒ අතරම නිවර්තන වසරක දිග පිළිබඳ කිසිසේත් අනාවැකි කිව නොහැකි බවද  19වන සහ 20වන සියවස්හී තාරතාවිද්‍යාත්මක නිරික්ෂණ තුලින් එළිදරවු වී ඇත; එබැවින්, අර්ථ දැක්වීම සඳහා සුදුසු පදනමක් ලෙසින්  සූර්ය–පෘථිවි  චලනය තව දුරටත් නොසැලකෙයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 මිනිත්තු

තත්පරය