The flag of the United Nations is a sky blue banner containing the United Nations' emblem in the centre. The emblem on the flag is coloured white; it is a depiction of the world map in the azimuthal equidistant projection (centred on the North Pole), which is surrounded by a pair of olive branches. The emblem was officially adopted on 7 December 1946, and the flag containing the emblem was officially adopted on 20 October 1947.

Design

The flag of the United Nations consists of the white emblem on the sky blue background. The emblem depicts a azimuthal equidistant projection of the world map, centred on the North Pole, with the globe being bisected in the centre by the Prime meridian and the International Date Line, thus ensuring that no country is at prominence within the flag. The projection of the map extends to 60 degrees south latitude, and includes five concentric circles. The map is inscribed in a wreath consisting of crossed conventionalized branches of the olive tree.

The size of the emblem on the flag is one half the width of the flag itself. The flag proportions of the aspect ratio of the flag height to its width, are equal 2:3, 3:5 or to the same proportions as the national flag of any country in which the UN flag is flown. White and blue are the official colours of the United Nations. The light blue background colour code is Pantone Matching System 2925. It approximates sky blue.

The olive branches are a symbol for peace, and the world map represents all the people and the countries of the world.

History

The organizers of the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, California wanted an insignia that could be made into a pin to identify delegates. United States Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Jr. was chairperson of the U.S. delegation, and realized that a temporary design might become the permanent symbol of the United Nations. He formed a committee headed by Oliver Lundquist that developed a design consisting of a world map surrounded by leaves from a design created by Donal McLaughlin.

McLaughlin had previously worked as chief of graphics for the Office of Strategic Services that preceded the CIA. The azimuthal equidistant projection used in his design was heavily influenced by the maps created during World War II by Richard Edes Harrison, a popular cartographer working for Fortune and Life..

The blue that appears in the background of the insignia was chosen to be "the opposite of red, the war colour", although the exact shade has never been officially specified by the United Nations. The original colour the group chose in 1945 was a gray blue that differs from the current United Nations flag. The globe used in the original design was an azimuthal projection focused on the North Pole with the United States, the host nation of the conference, at the centre. The projection that was used cut off portions of the Southern Hemisphere at the latitude of Argentina, which was acceptable at the time, as Argentina was not planned to be an original member of the United Nations. The projection was later altered so that no country will be at prominence within the flag. The new logo was now designed so that the globe is bisected in the centre by the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line. The earlier version of the emblem had the globe 90 degrees turned eastward compared with the present flag, which has the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line forming the vertical diameter. According to press statements, the change was made to move North America away from the centre of the emblem.

In 1946, a UNO committee was tasked to make a definite design, which was presented 2 December 1946. The emblem was adopted by the plenary session of the UNO on 7 December 1946, and the flag was officially adopted on 20 October 1947.

Use
According to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, the emblem and the flag of the United Nations can be used by the personnel and material of UN peacekeeping missions as a protective sign to prevent attacks during an armed conflict.

The United Nations flag may also be flown as a garrison flag with other country flags. Garrison size is 10 feet by 30 feet.

Derived flags

Agencies and organizations

===National flags===
The UN flag is the origin of a family of national flags. Because of the UN's association with peace and cooperation, UN-inspired flags are often adopted by states that have experienced conflict or instability. Many states with UN-inspired flags either were or were a part of United Nations trust territories.

Usage outside of the United Nations
 The UN flag is depicted in the background of former UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld on Sweden's 1,000 SEK banknote, the currency's highest denomination. The banknotes have been in circulation since October 2015.

See also
 Flag of Earth

Notes

References

External links

 UN Flag Code, 20 November 2020
 United Nations Flag Code

United Nations
United Nations
United Nations

Flag of the United Nations


An Habenaria glazioviana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin ngan Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. An Habenaria glazioviana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria glazioviana


Juan Manuel Bernal Chávez (Ciudad de México; 22 de diciembre de 1967) es un actor mexicano.

Biografía
Estudió primero la carrera de contaduría en el Instituto Politécnico Nacional, pero la abandonó al descubrir su verdadera pasión: la actuación. Estudió esta carrera en la UNAM.

Debutó como actor de televisión en 1994 en la telenovela de Carla Estrada Más allá del puente. Colaboró con la productora en varias más de sus telenovelas, como Lazos de amor, Alondra y Te sigo amando. También intervino en películas de destacados directores, como en Hasta morir de Fernando Sariñana y El callejón de los milagros de Jorge Fons.

En 1997 realizó su última telenovela en Televisa, Desencuentro producida por Ernesto Alonso. Al año siguiente ingresó a TV Azteca y actuó en la telenovela Tentaciones. Continuó participando en producciones de la empresa como Romántica obsesión, El candidato, La calle de las novias y Amores, querer con alevosía entre otras. Continuó desarrollando una impecable carrera en cine, en películas como Cilantro y perejil (por la que fue nominado al Ariel a Mejor actor de cuadro), La habitación azul, Sin ton ni Sonia y Cansada de besar sapos. Así mismo participó en la producción norteamericana Blueberry. También ha intervenido en series como Mujer, casos de la vida real y Capadocia. En teatro ha participado en obras como La flor amenazada en 1997, por la que recibió el Premio a Revelación Masculina en Teatro; y Pop Corn en 1999, con esta obra volvió a ser galardonado, esta vez como Mejor Actor de Comedia en Teatro.

En 2011 volvió a las telenovelas con un papel antagónico en la telenovela Bajo el alma.

Filmografía

Películas
 Sonora (2019) .... Sánchez
Si yo fuera tú (2018) .... Antonio
Los Boxtrolls (2014) .... Archibaldo Hurtado / Madame Frou Frou (voz)
 Obediencia perfecta (2014) .... Padre Ángel de la Cruz
 Cuatro lunas (2013) .... Héctor
 Más allá del muro (2011)
 Asalto al cine (2011) .... Gerente
 Tlatelolco, verano del 68 (2013)
 Chicogrande (2010) .... Médico gringo
 High School Musical: El desafío (2008) .... Padre de Cristóbal
 Vacaciones navideñas (2007)
 Gente bien... atascada (2007)
 Cansada de besar sapos (2006) .... Roberto
 Chicken Little (2005) .... Runt el Benjamón (voz)
 Motel (2004) .... Alejandro Mora
 Medalla al empeño (2004) .... Empleado
 Blueberry (2004) .... Jeremy
 Sin ton ni Sonia (2003) .... Orlando
 El espejo (2003) .... Fabián
 La habitación azul (2002) .... Antonio
 Demasiado amor (2002) .... Golpeador
 Sin dejar huella (2000) .... El Primo
 No existen diferencias (1999) .... Tomás
 Cilantro y perejil (1998) .... Jorge
 Alta tensión (1997)
 Una para llevar (1997) .... Pickpocket
 El futuro es ahora (1997)
 En cualquier parte del mundo (1995)
 El callejón de los milagros (1995) .... Chava
 El plato fuerte (1995)
 Hasta morir (1994) .... El Boy

Telenovelas
 Así en el barrio como en el cielo (2015) .... Jesús López López, el Gallo
 Vivir a destiempo (2013) .... Patricio Delgado
 Amor cautivo (2012) .... Nicolás Santa Cruz
 A corazón abierto (2011) .... Santiago Sánchez
 Bajo el alma (2011) .... Armando Bravo
 Secretos del alma (2008-2009) .... Carlos Lascuráin
 La heredera (2004-2005) .... Dionisio Xavier Sergio Torres
 Mirada de mujer, el regreso (2003) .... Mauro
 Amores, querer con alevosía (2001) .... Mario Rodríguez
 La calle de las novias (2000) .... Román Mendoza
 El candidato (1999-2000) .... Jerónimo Manrique
 Romántica obsesión (1999) .... Alejandro Villalba
 Tentaciones (1998) .... Diego Segovia Villegas
 Desencuentro (1997) .... Sergio Estévez
 Te sigo amando (1996-1997) .... Alberto Torres-Quintero
 Lazos de amor (1995) .... Gerardo Sandoval
 Alondra (1995) .... Rigoberto Escobar
 Más allá del puente (1994) .... Chinino

Series de TV
 La cabeza de Joaquín Murrieta (2023) ... Joaquín Murrieta
 Monarca (2019) ... Joaquín Carranza
 Sitiados: México (2019)
 Su nombre era Dolores, la Jenn que yo conocí (2017)
 Phineas y Ferb (2009) .... Bobbi Fabuloso
 Capadocia (2008) .... Federico Márquez
 Noche eterna (2008) .... Ariel
 Cambio de vida (2008) (episodio "Siempre amigos")
 Mujer, casos de la vida real (1996-1997)

Teatro
 Antes te gustaba la lluvia (2014)
 Rock n' Roll (2011)
 El teniente o lo que el gato se llevó (2004)
 Pop Corn (1999)
 La flor amenazada (1997)

Reconocimientos

Premios Ariel

Premios TVyNovelas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Actores de televisión de México
Actores de cine de México
Actores de teatro de México
Actores de Ciudad de México

Juan Manuel Bernal


Doval puede referirse a:

Personajes
 Gerardo Doval y Rodríguez Formoso abogado y político español, de ideología liberal y romanonista, miembro del Congreso de los Diputados de España por la ciudad de Lugo.
 Gerardo Doval Rodríguez, diputado y senador español.
 Narciso Horacio Doval, futbolista argentino.
 Fernando Rodríguez Doval, político mexicano.
 Lisardo Doval Bravo (1888-1975), militar español y oficial de la Guardia Civil.

Doval


CDC eller cdc har flere betydninger:
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - USAs sundhedsmyndighed
 Control Data Corporation - tidligere supercomputer virksomhed

CDC


Bernardino Scotti (Milão, 6 de outubro de 1656 - Roma, 16 de novembro de 1726) foi um cardeal do século XVIII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Milão em 6 de outubro de 1656. Dos condes Scotti. Filho do Conde Vincenzo Scotti e Teodora Cusana Borromeo. Ele também está listado como Bernardino de 'Conti Scotti; e seu sobrenome Scotto.

Educação
Estudou direito. (Nenhuma informação educacional adicional encontrada).

Início da vida
Ingressou no Collegio degli Avvocati de Milão em 1680. Dotado das abadias de S. Giovanni al deserto e de S. Gottardo di Modoezia. Mudou-se para Roma e tornou-se advogado consistorial encarregado das causas dos santos, 1682. Auditor do cardeal Pietro Ottoboni no pontificado do papa Alexandre VIII. Referendário dos Tribunais da Assinatura Apostólica de Justiça e da Graça, mantendo o cargo de advogado consistorial, 18 de novembro de 1689. Relator da SC da Sagrada Consulta. Secretário da Congregação das Águas, 1694. Votante do Tribunal da Assinatura Apostólica de Justiça, setembro de 1694. Auditor da Sagrada Rota Romana, junho de 1693; tomou posse em 29 de março de 1694 (?). Consultor da SS.CC. dos Ritos e da Imunidade Religiosa. Secretário da SC de Imunidade Religiosa, 23 de maio de 1694. Em 1702, foi nomeado datário do cardeal Francesco Barberini, legado a latere perante o rei Felipe V da Espanha. Em 1711, foi nomeado datário do cardeal Giuseppe Renato Imperiali, legado a latere em Milão perante o príncipe Carlos da Áustria, mais tarde imperador Carlos VI. Governador de Roma e vice-camerlengo da Santa Igreja Romana, de 10 de dezembro de 1711 a 16 de dezembro de 1715; pró-governador até 23 de junho de 1717.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal e reservado in pectore no consistório de 29 de maio de 1715; publicado no consistório de 16 de dezembro de 1715. Concedeu dispensa por não ter recebido as ordens menores no momento de sua criação cardinalícia, 16 de dezembro de 1715. Recebeu o chapéu vermelho e o título de S. Pietro in Montorio, 5 de fevereiro de 1716 Pró-prefeito do Tribunal da Assinatura de Justiça, 21 de junho de 1717. Renunciou ao pró-governo, 26 de junho de 1717. Recebeu o subdiaconato, 24 de outubro de 1717; diaconato, 28 de outubro de 1717.

Sacerdócio
Ordenado em 31 de outubro de 1717. Prefeito do Tribunal da Assinatura Apostólica de Justiça, em 26 de novembro de 1718. Participou do conclave de 1721 , que elegeu o Papa Inocêncio XIII. Camerlengo do Sagrado Colégio dos Cardeais, de 20 de janeiro de 1723 a 12 de janeiro de 1724. Participou do conclave de 1724 , que elegeu o Papa Bento XIII. Faleceu ao regressar de uma viagem ao Santuário de Nossa Senhora do Loreto. Ele restaurou e embelezou as igrejas de S. Maria de' Miracoli e S. Carlo al Corso. O cardeal Caracciolo ajudou com grandes somas e material os venezianos na guerra de Corfu e na guerra dos suíços.

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 16 de novembro de 1726, em seu palácio romano, perto da igreja de S. Tommaso degli Angeli. Transferido para a igreja de Ss. Carlo e Ambrogio, dei Lombardi , Roma; em 18 de novembro de 1726; a capella papalis ocorreu no dia seguinte; e foi sepultado nessa mesma igreja, junto à porta lateral, num túmulo com as suas armas cardeais e um simples epitáfio. Está homenageado na igreja de S. Urbano, onde os Capuchinhos, em agradecimento e reconhecimento ao seu grande benfeitor, ergueram uma placa fúnebre.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Clemente XI

Bernardino Scotti


Onthophagus tesquorum é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Semenov & Medvedev em 1927.

Referências

Ligações externas

tesquorum
Coleópteros descritos em 1927

Onthophagus tesquorum


Rudolf 1. (også Rudolph 1., Rodolphe 1.) kan henvise til flere regenter med dette navn:

 Rudolf af Burgund (død 936) – konge af Det Vestfrankiske Rige 923–936
 Rudolf 1. af Tyskland (1218–1291)
 Rudolf 1. af Bøhmen (ca. 1281–1307)
 Rudolf 2. (1552–1612), Tysk-romersk kejser og konge af Ungarn som Rudolf 1.
 Rudolf 1. af Anhalt-Zerbst (1576–1621) – fyrste af Anhalt-Zerbst 1603–1621

Rudolf 1.


Šušanj, bivše naseljeno mjesto u gradu Zenici, BiH
 Šušanj (Bar, Crna Gora), naseljeno mjesto u općini Bar, Crna Gora

Šušanj (razdvojba)


Travnik veya Trafnik (Kiril: Травник, Osmanlı döneminde Vizirtravnik veya Vizirtrafnik), Bosna-Hersek'in merkezinde, Saraybosna'nın 90 km batısında yer alan şehir.

Merkez Bosna Kantonu'nun başkentidir. Travnik vezirler şehir olarak bilinir. Çünkü Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na onlarca devlet adamı yetiştirmiştir. Şehirde bir fotoğraf karesine 40 cami sığdığı söylenir. Gerçekten de şehir bir Osmanlılık göstergesi olarak sayısız türbe ve camiye sahiptir. Bir zamanlar Bosna Eyaleti'nin merkeziydi. Travnik ayrıca Nobel ödüllü yazar Ivo Andrić'in doğduğu kenttir.

Kardeş Şehirler

  (2011)
  Trabzon, Türkiye

Dış bağlantılar
 Travnik-Grad.com - Kentin resmî olmayan internet sitesi
 Resmî belediye sitesi
 Travnik

Kaynakça

Travnik
Bosna-Hersek'teki şehirler
Merkez Bosna Kantonu

Travnik


La Beata Inés
La Beata Inés fue una religiosa agustina descalza nacida en la villa de Benigánim. Vivió en el . Murió el 21 de enero de 1696 y fue la primera mujer valenciana en merecer el honor de los altares, hoy se la considera la gran mística y figura de la iglesia valenciana. En ella se conjugaban una gran simplicidad de carácter y mentalidad con una elevadísima y perfecta observancia y práctica de la religión y las virtudes cristianas. Su vida fue toda un continuo éxtasis, estando constantemente rodeada de raptos espirituales, apariciones y sucesos milagrosos. Su figura es receptora de una inmensa devoción por parte del pueblo valenciano y en especial de su villa natal. Así pues su fiesta de alguna manera es reflejo de ese gran amor que se le profesa y se convierte en un acto de alabanza a Dios agradeciendo a la Beata Inés su poderosa intercesión.

Historia
La historia de la festividad a la Beata en Benigànim se inició a partir del año 1888 en que tuvo lugar la beatificación de la Madre Inés y la iglesia autorizó los cultos en honor de la religiosa beniganense. Organizada en ese año la Hermandad Inesina, que hoy perdura con más de 1.500 miembros, se empezó a celebrar la fiesta a la beata en su onomástica, el día de su muerte el 21 de enero. Igualmente se celebraron festejos solemnes en los dos veranos siguientes a la beatificación y en agosto de 1896, celebrando el segundo centenario de la muerte de la religiosa, en las cuales ante la presencia del beato cardenal Ciríaco María Sancha se bendijo la capilla-sepulcro de la agustina entronizando su cuerpo en su sepulcro. En los años cuarenta pasó a formar parte de la fiesta el acto de la procesión y en 1955 hizo su entrada en Benigánim el grupo procesional de la Beata que se venera en la actualidad. Desde entonces ha ido conformándose la fiesta en su morfología actual y cabe destacar que en febrero de 1988, con motivo del centenario de la beatificación tuvieron lugar unos solemnes festejos que abarcaron varios días en que se aglutinaron numerosos
 actos religiosos.

La Fiesta
el 21 de enero es la gran fiesta de Benigànim. En este día la iglesia celebra la memoria de la Beata Inés y en su villa natal se celebra con alborozo esta grandiosa festividad. Benigànim se llena de miles de devotos que acuden para rendir homenaje a la Beata Inés. Es una celebración única en donde confluyen la intensa religiosidad con el arte y la cultura popular en una celebración que tramita su declaración de interés turístico. Destaca muy en especial la procesión vespertina con calles engalanadas y las tradicionales representaciones de la beata, lo que se conoce como "milacres".

Novena
Se celebra del 12 al 20 de enero, y es el acto más antiguo, durante estos nueve días tiene lugar el rezo del Rosario, ejercicio de la novena a la beata y celebración de la Eucaristía junto con otros actos como la unción de enfermos. Se cuenta entre los actos más populares así como de mayor afluencia.

Hoguera
La noche del 20 de enero, víspera de la fiesta tiene lugar la quema de una monumental hoguera en la plaza de la Beata frente al monasterio de las agustinas descalzas. Una costumbre popular valenciana que tiene como fin purificar Benigánim para los festejos del día 21.

21 de enero. Día y fiesta de la Beata Inés

  Despertà de la Aurora
Es uno de los actos más tradicionales. Celebrada en la madrugada del día 21 consiste en que un grupo de vecinos marche por las calles cantando coplas populares a diversos santos ante sus retablos cerámicos, conventos, iglesias o capillas diseminados por el entramado urbano.

  "Despertà de tronaors" y primera misa
A las siete de la mañana se celebra otra despertà, en este caso más ruidosa con cohetes. A la misma hora en la iglesia de la Beata se celebra la primera misa con notable afluencia de fieles.

 Misa de comunión general
A las ocho de la mañana tiene lugar la segunda Eucaristía que oficia el predicador de la novena. La afluencia de devotos en numerosísima, hasta el punto de que en ocasiones algunos han de seguir la misa desde la calle.

  Misa mayor
Celebrada en la plaza de la Beata agrupa a más de un millar de personas que abarrotan la plaza e incluso el templo. Es el acto central de la mañana que suele presidir algún personaje destacado de la iglesia.

Procesión
A las cinco de la tarde se inicia el acto más destacado, conocido y participativo de la fiesta. Es la solemne procesión de la Beata Inés de Benigànim. Este acto en el que suelen participar alrededor de unas 11.000 personas, supera el número de habitantes de Benigànim.
Los recorridos por los que transcurre el desfile procesional varían cada año, y las calles de este son profusamente engalanadas por los vecinos que como todo un acontecimiento se han preparado durante meses. Pintan el suelo, cuelgan banderas y colocan adornos que manualmente han preparado ideando con su imaginación ricos ornamentos florales… también iluminan las calles con ingeniosas lámparas que junto al resto del conjunto disfrazan la calle para recibir el paso de un acto de fe, y el paso de su paisana más querida, estos trabajos son como una particular ofrenda que los vecinos brindan a la que cariñosamente es llamada la beateta.
Asistiendo a la procesión se pueden observar en esquinas y bajos cuadros plásticos llamados "milacres" que recrean escenas de la vida de la beata, consisten en la elaboración de un decorado que simule un espacio del s.XVII o de algún momento histórico relacionado con la santa en el interior del escenario unos personajes ataviados con vestidos adecuados a cada escena, permanecen en posición estática durante el transcurso de la procesión completando la escenificación.

Festividades cristianas
Fiestas de la provincia de Valencia
Benigánim

Fiesta de la Beata Inés de Benigánim


Claude Lefebvre (* 11. November 1931 in Ardres im Département Pas-de-Calais; † 2. Mai 2012) war ein französischer Komponist und Dichter.

Leben
Lefebvre studierte Komposition bei Darius Milhaud am Conservatoire de Paris und anschließend bei Pierre Boulez an der Musik-Akademie der Stadt Basel. 1966 wurde er Professor für Analyse und Komposition am Konservatorium in Metz und unterrichtete gleichfalls an der Universität Metz.

Er war Initiator und künstlerischer Leiter des 1972 gegründeten Metzer Centre européen pour la recherche musicale und Leiter des Festivals Rencontres européennes de musique contemporaine in Metz.

1980 erhielt er den Grand prix de la SACEM für Kammermusik und 1985 wurde er mit dem Chevalier des Arts et Lettres ausgezeichnet. Lefebvre war verheiratet und hatte zwei Töchter.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Metz)
Hochschullehrer (Metz)
Träger des Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Ritter)
Komponist (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Claude Lefebvre (Komponist)


Tuanku Sir Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad  (Jawi: ; 24 August 1895 – 1 April 1960) was the first Paramount Ruler or Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the Federation of Malaya, eighth Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Seri Menanti and second Yang di-Pertuan Besar of modern Negeri Sembilan.

Early career

Born at Seri Menanti on August 24, 1895, he was the second son of Tuanku Muhammad ibni Tuanku Antah, first Yang di-Pertuan Besar of modern Negeri Sembilan and seventh Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Seri Menanti (1888–1933) by his second wife, Tunku Puan Chik.

He received his primary education at the Jempol Malay School, going on to the Malay College between 1907 and 1914.  He worked at the Federal Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur for a period of one year before being appointed Assistant Collector of Land Revenue in Seremban.  He served in the Malayan Volunteer Infantry as a Second Lieutenant, to be promoted Lieutenant in 1918.

On the death of his elder brother, Tunku Abdul Aziz, in 1917, he was groomed as heir to the throne and received the title of Tunku Muda Serting.

He was later appointed as Assistant Malay Officer in Klang before being transferred to Sepang. He was then assigned to work in Ulu Selangor as Assistant Collector of Land Revenue. As a result of his perseverance and diligence, he was promoted to Assistant District Officer. The turning point of his career was in 1925, when he served for a short period in the Kuala Lumpur Supreme Court.

In 1925, he accompanied his father, who was then the ruler of Negeri Sembilan, on a trip to the United Kingdom for the British Empire Exhibition in Wembley and to visit His Majesty King George V. During the journey to the United Kingdom, he decided that he wanted to study law. With the approval of his father Tuanku Muhammad, he stayed in the United Kingdom until he completed his studies and received a degree in law.

He stayed on to qualify as a barrister from Inner Temple.  Three years later, in 1928, he was admitted to the bar. In London, he was elected first President of the Kesatuan Melayu United Kingdom, one of the earliest Malay nationalist groups.

Upon returning to Malaya in December 1928, he served in the Malayan Civil Service in various parts of the country. For the first few years, he worked hard until he became a Magistrate. Subsequently, he was appointed District Officer.

Election as Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan

In 1933, following the death of his father, he succeeded him onto the throne of Negeri Sembilan. At that time, he was already an advocate, hence making him the only Malay ruler with an advocate and solicitor's qualifications.

Tuanku Abdul Rahman (as he became) admitted to British interrogators that he had made speeches in favour of the Japanese during the latter's military occupation of Malaya (1942–1945) but this had been done under duress and that the Japanese forcibly removed certain of his royal privileges.

Although he subsequently signed the Malayan Union treaty, he repudiated it later and upon the suggestion of Sultan Badlishah of Kedah, engaged a London-based lawyer to represent the case of the Malay rulers against the Malayan Union plan of Clement Attlee's government.

Election as Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Tuanku Abdul Rahman was elected first Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Paramount Ruler of independent Malaya on 31 August 1957 for a five-year term by eight votes to one, defeating the more senior Sultan Abu Bakar of Pahang.

He had been the ruler of Negeri Sembilan for 24 years before being elected as the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

Installation
Tuanku Abdul Rahman was installed as the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of independent Malaya on 2 September 1957 at the throne room of the Istana Negara.

As Malay rulers do not traditionally possess crowns, he was installed by kissing the royal kris of state (keris kerajaan) to the beat of the nobat, a tradition which has been followed by every Yang di-Pertuan Agong since.

In honour of Tuanku Abdul Rahman, all subsequent Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia have also used the headdress with Dendam Tak Sudah (literally Unending Revenge) style, the fashion employed in Negeri Sembilan.

Death and funeral
Tuanku Abdul Rahman died in his sleep at Istana Negara in Kuala Lumpur in the early morning of  1 April 1960.  The lying in state was held at the Banquet Hall of the Istana Negara.  On 2 April 1960, a state funeral procession was held in Kuala Lumpur, whereupon Abdul Rahman's teak coffin was then taken by train to Seremban and later by hearse to the Istana Besar, Seri Menanti.  He was buried at the Royal Mausoleum in Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan on 5 April 1960.

Legacy
Tuanku Abdul Rahman's portrait is still featured on the obverse of Malaysian Ringgit banknotes since the First series which was first issued in 1967.

Sekolah Tuanku Abdul Rahman (; abbr. STAR) is a premier, all-boys fully residential school in Malaysia funded by the Government of Malaysia and is named after the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the Federation of Malaya, Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Tuanku Muhammad. It is located in Ipoh, Perak and was built in 1957.

Belief in democracy
Tuanku Abdul Rahman believed strongly in parliamentary democracy and one of his most memorable quotes was to a foreign dignitary from the Middle East who in 1959 complained about Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj's "high handed" manner and wanted the King to sack him. To this, the King replied: "Alas I can't sack him; he is elected by the people, and as Prime Minister of the country he can sack me!"

Family life

Tuanku Abdul Rahman married four times. His marriages were to:
 in 1919 to Dulcie Campbell, a Eurasian nurse who embraced Islam and took the name Cik Maimunah (divorced)
 in 1920 to Tunku Maharun binti Tunku Mambang, a member of the Negeri Sembilan royal family (divorced)
 in 1929 to Tunku Kurshiah binti Tunku Besar Burhanuddin, a cousin, who became first Raja Permaisuri Agong or Queen of Malaya
 in 1948 to Tunku Zaidah binti Tunku Zakaria, another cousin.

Tuanku Abdul Rahman fathered three sons and five daughters. His second wife, Tuanku Maharum gave birth to his firstborn son, Tuanku Munawir. Cik Engku Maimunah, his first wife, gave birth to two sons and two daughters. The eldest is Tunku Aida, followed by Tuanku Ja'afar, Tunku Sheilah and Tunku Abdullah. Tunku Kursiah, his third wife, gave birth to two daughters. His fourth wife, Tunku Zaidah, gave birth to his youngest child, a daughter.

Two of his sons succeeded him as Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan:
 Tuanku Munawir (son of Tunku Maharun), who reigned from 1960 to 1967 as the ninth Yang di-Pertuan Besar.
 Tuanku Ja'afar (son of Dulcie Campbell), who succeeded his brother in 1967, as the tenth Yang di-Pertuan Besar, and reigned till 27 December 2008. He served as the tenth Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1994 to 1999.

His grandson, Tuanku Muhriz, currently reigns as the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan.

His daughter, Sultanah Bahiyah, from his third marriage to Tunku Kurshiah served as Sultanah of Kedah upon the accession of her husband, Sultan Abdul Halim, in 1958 until her death in 2003. She also served as the fifth Raja Permaisuri Agong of Malaysia from 1970–1975.

Issue

Hobbies and interests
Tuanku Abdul Rahman had a keen interest in sports such as cricket, football and tennis. However, his favourite sport was boxing. In fact, when he was young, he loved wearing boxing gloves to box with his sons.

Awards and recognitions

National Honours
:
 Recipient of the  Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (1958)

Foreign Honours
 :
  Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) – Sir (1934)
  Recipient of the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal (1935)
  Recipient of the King George VI Coronation Medal (1937)
  Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953)
  Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) – Sir (1957)

  Member First Class of the Family Order of Laila Utama (DK) - Dato Laila Utama (1959)

Places named after him
Several places were named after him, including:
 Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, a road in Kuala Lumpur
 Medan Tuanku district in downtown Kuala Lumpur
 Medan Tuanku Monorail station
 Sekolah Tuanku Abdul Rahman, a boys school in Ipoh, Perak
 Tuanku Abdul Rahman Mosque in Sarikei, Sarawak
 Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium in Paroi, Negeri Sembilan
 SK Tuanku Abdul Rahman, a primary school in Gemas, Negeri Sembilan
 SMK Tuanku Abdul Rahman, a secondary school in Gemas, Negeri Sembilan
 SMK Tuanku Abdul Rahman, a secondary school in Nibong Tebal, Penang
 SMK Tuanku Abdul Rahman, a secondary school in Rawang, Selangor
 Tuanku Abdul Rahman Residential College, a residential college at University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur

Notes

External links
 Malaysia National Library's Tuanku Abdul Rahman biography.
 Council of Rulers' Tuanku Abdul Rahman biography (in Malay).
 Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Malaysian Monarchy)

Monarchs of Malaysia
Abdul Rahman
1895 births
1960 deaths
Minangkabau people
Abdul Rahman
Abdul Rahman
Malaysian people of Minangkabau descent
Malaysian Muslims
Members of the Inner Temple
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
20th-century Malaysian politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
20th-century monarchs in Asia

Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan


Bezirk Salzburg steht für:
 Salzburg, Statutarstadt mit Bezirksrang
 Bezirk Salzburg-Umgebung, Landbezirkshauptmannschaft der Stadt

Bezirk Salzburg


Alison Pill (born November 27, 1985) is a Canadian actress. A former child actress, Pill began her career at age 12, appearing in numerous films and television series. She transitioned to adult roles and her breakthrough came with the television series The Book of Daniel (2006). That same year, she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in The Lieutenant of Inishmore (2006).

Pill had prominent roles in the films Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen (2004), Plain Truth (2004), Milk (2008), Midnight in Paris (2011), Hail, Caesar! (2016), Vice (2018), the television series In Treatment (2009), The Pillars of the Earth (2010), The Newsroom (2012–2014),  American Horror Story: Cult (2017), Star Trek: Picard (20202022), Devs (2020), and Them (2021), playing Kim Pine in Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010) and Scott Pilgrim Takes Off (2023).

Early life
Pill was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Her father, a professional engineer, is Estonian. Pill attended Vaughan Road Academy, in its Interact program, designed for studying dance, music, athletics, and theatre.

Career

1997–2007

Pill decided to become an actor when she was 10 years old. As a member of the Toronto Children's Chorus, she was chosen to narrate one of their performances. Her mother tried to discourage Pill by getting her a job as a background performer on the series Kung Fu: The Legend Continues. By the time she was 11, she had played a guest role on an episode of the children's series The New Ghostwriter Mysteries. At 12, she landed roles in two TV movies and a mini-series, a guest appearance on the TV series Psi Factor and voiced the character "Cornflower" on the animated series "Redwall" (1999–2001). After roles in two more television movies, she landed her first feature film role, a small-budget Canadian movie called The Life Before This in 1999, followed by the role of Jacob's older sister Marfa in Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang. Pill played roles in four more TV movies before the age of fourteen. The next year, she landed a small role in Skipped Parts in 2000 starring Drew Barrymore and Mischa Barton, then appeared in four more TV movies and features that year, including playing Farrah Fawcett's daughter in the TNT network movie Baby and a lead role in the Canadian film The Dinosaur Hunter, which was originally intended to be shown at a dinosaur museum and on a provincial education channel, but which made its way to the Burbank International Film Festival, winning Pill an award for Best Child Actress. She landed the role of young Lorna in the ABC-TV biopic Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows in 2001, based on the memoir by Garland's daughter, Lorna Luft. That year, Pill also played Sissy Spacek's daughter in the TV flick Midwives.

In 2003, she played Katie Holmes's sister in the indie feature Pieces of April. Pill won the lead in the CTV-TV movie Fast Food High, about a teenager who gets a job at a fast food restaurant and tries to set up a union. She also landed a supporting role in Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen in 2003, starring Lindsay Lohan. Pill ventured off into stage acting, with the New York City staging of None of the Above as the first item in her theatre credentials. This was followed by The Distance From Here, On the Mountain, Blackbird, and Mauritius. In 2006, she starred as Grace Webster in the short-lived NBC drama The Book of Daniel. That same year, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance as Mairead in Martin McDonagh's The Lieutenant of Inishmore. Because of her busy work schedule, Pill's schooling was done through a program for youngsters in the business. Since graduating from high school, Pill moved to New York to pursue a career in theatre, but continued to work in movies such as Dan in Real Life in 2007.

2008–present
Pill had a major supporting role as campaign manager Anne Kronenberg in the 2008 film Milk. In 2009, she performed with Erin Hill & her Psychedelic Harp playing the Twilight Zone-inspired "Meredith Moon" and "The Real North Pole" sci-fi Christmas Harp. Pill was cast as April on In Treatment. In 2009 she replaced Elliot Page in a role in Jack & Diane but due to postponement of the project neither ended up in it by the time it ran in 2012.

She later played Kim Pine in the movie Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, as well as in Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation. She portrayed Empress Maud in the miniseries The Pillars of the Earth. In theatre, Pill starred with Abigail Breslin in Broadway's The Miracle Worker. She has worked with Woody Allen twice, as Zelda Fitzgerald in Midnight in Paris and as Hayley in To Rome with Love.

She has starred in short films including Denise in 2012 with Chris Messina and Santa Baby; she sang and danced in Santa Baby. In 2016, she appeared in Cover Up by Satya Bhabha with Jason Ritter, to be released at the LA Shorts Fest, and Woman in Deep, where she played a woman who calls a suicide prevention hot line and is put on hold, directed by Janicza Bravo. In a new theatre production of Wait Until Dark, Pill starred as a blind woman who must fend for her life. She also starred in Bong Joon-ho's post-apocalyptic film Snowpiercer, alongside Chris Evans and Tilda Swinton, which was released in 2013.

From 2012 until its ending in 2014, she appeared in Aaron Sorkin's HBO series The Newsroom as Maggie Jordan. Pill appeared in Cooties starring Elijah Wood. In Zoom, Pill played Emma, an aspiring comic book artist. She had a part in Hail, Caesar! as Eddie Mannix's wife. Pill starred in Goon: Last of the Enforcers as Eva Glatt, Glatt's love interest in first movie Goon, now married to Glatt. Pill was part of the cast of The Family as Willa Warren. In 2016, Pill co-starred with Jessica Chastain in the EuropaCorp thriller Miss Sloane. In 2017, she joined American Horror Story: Cult, starring as Ivy Mayfair-Richards, one of the main characters of the storyline. In 2018 she played former Vice President Dick Cheney's daughter Mary in the Oscar-nominated film Vice.

In 2020, she was part of the TV series Devs directed by Alex Garland on FX on Hulu, playing Katie, the chief designer of the Devs system.

In 2021, she starred in the film All My Puny Sorrows with Sarah Gadon, as two Mennonite sisters who leave their religious lives behind. Alison won Best Actress in a Canadian Film by Vancouver Film Critics Circle  for her role in the movie.

Pill was also part of the TV series Them, playing Betty Wendell.

Since 2020, Pill has played Dr. Agnes Jurati in CBS All Access's Star Trek series, Star Trek: Picard, centered on an older Jean-Luc Picard, the Starfleet captain from Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Personal life
Pill was engaged to actor Jay Baruchel from 2011 to 2013. Baruchel made their engagement public when he thanked Pill as his fiancée during an acceptance speech at the Genie Awards in Ottawa, Ontario. Baruchel alluded to their break-up in a Twitter posting on February 16, 2013.

Pill married actor Joshua Leonard May 24, 2015, having become engaged that January. They have a daughter, Wilder, born November 19, 2016.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Web

Theater

Discography

with Sex Bob-Omb
Soundtrack

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Alison Pill profile in The New York Observer

1985 births
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
Canadian child actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian stage actresses
Canadian television actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Living people
Actresses from Toronto
Canadian people of Estonian descent
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States

Alison Pill


Moquilea guianensis est une espèce d'arbres néotropicale de la famille des Chrysobalanaceae. C'est l'espèce type du genre Moquilea Aubl..

En Guyane, on l'appelle Cèdre (Créole).

Il est connu au Guyana sous le nom de Swamp kauta.

Description
Moquilea guianensis est un arbre souvent petit à moyen, atteignant jusqu'à  de haut.
Les jeunes branches sont glabres, discrètement lenticellées.

La feuille porte des stipules caduques, mesurant moins de  de long.
Le pétiole est long de , canaliculé, glabre, dépourvu de glandes.
Le limbe mesure , et est coriace, glabre sur les deux faces, de forme oblongue-elliptique à oblongue, avec un acumen finement pointu de  de long à l'apex, et cunéiforme à sub-cunéiforme à la base,
avec des glandes dispersées sur la face inférieure, surtout vers base du limbe.
La nervure médiane est saillante sur le dessus, glabre.
Les 8-12 paires de nervures secondaires, sont planes sur le dessus, et saillantes en dessous.

L'inflorescence en panicule ou racèmes terminaux ou axillaires.
Le rachis et les branches sont presque glabres (seulement quelques poils courts).
Les bractées et bractéoles sont caduques et longues de .
Le pédicelle est long de .

Les fleurs sont longues de , sur les branches primaires et secondaires de l'inflorescence.
Le réceptacle floral est cupuliformes, presque glabres à l'extérieur, densément velu à l'intérieur.
Les lobes du calice sont glabres ou légèrement pubérulents, aigus, à bords ciliolés.
Les 5 pétales ont des marges ciliées.
On compte environ (14-)35(-40) étamines, bien exsertes au-delà des lobes du calice, insérées autour d'un cercle complet, avec des filets glabres, libres presque jusqu'à leur base, et dépassant nettement les lobes du calice.
L'ovaire à base densément velue, est inséré à la base du réceptacle, avec le style  villeux, de même taille que les filets.

Le fruit est oblong à globuleux, mesurant jusqu'à  de diamètre.
L'épicarpe (exocarpe) est lisse et glabre, devenant noir au séchage.
Le mésocarpe est fin, charnu, fibreux.
L'endocarpe est fin, fragile, et glabre à l'intérieur.

Répartition
Moquilea guianensis est présent au Venezuela (delta de l'Orénoque), au Guyana, au Suriname, en Guyane, et dans l'ouest de l'(Amazonie péruvienne et brésilienne.

Écologie
Moquilea guianensis pousse au Venezuela dans les forêts ripicoles autour de  d'altitude.

On le rencontre en Guyane dans les forêts de terre ferme (non inondée) et il fleurit ent mars/avril/mai.

Protologue
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose le protologue suivant :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Chrysobalanaceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Moquilea guianensis


Beatrix Karl (10 de dezembro de 1967) é uma acadêmica e política austríaca. Ex-membra do Conselho Nacional, atuou como Ministra da Ciência e Pesquisa (2010–2011) e Ministra da Justiça (2011–2013) no primeiro governo Faymann.

Biografia
Karl nasceu em 1967 em Graz, Estíria, e cresceu em Bad Gleichenberg. Ela estudou direito na Universidade de Graz, concluindo o mestrado em 1991 e o doutorado em 1995. Ela então trabalhou no Instituto Max Planck de Direito Social e Política Social em Munique. A partir de 2001 foi professora assistente e professora titular desde 2003, na sua alma mater.

Em outubro de 2017, Karl foi nomeada vice-reitor da Escola Universitária de Formação de Professores da Estíria com responsabilidade pela investigação e desenvolvimento.

Carreira
Karl concorreu sem sucesso nas eleições estaduais da Estíria de 2005 pelo Partido Popular Austríaco (ÖVP). Nas eleições legislativas austríacas de 2006, ela ganhou um assento no Conselho Nacional e foi reeleita em 2008. De 2009 a 2010 foi secretária geral da organização trabalhista do ÖVP.

Em 26 de janeiro de 2010, Karl foi nomeada para o gabinete de Werner Faymann, sucedendo Johannes Hahn como Ministro da Ciência e Pesquisa. Ela fez planos para reintroduzir taxas para todos os estudantes universitários, entre outras medidas de redução de custos.

Ela se mudou para liderar o Ministério da Justiça em uma remodelação do gabinete em abril de 2011. Karl foi amplamente criticada depois que um jovem de 14 anos, que havia sido detido incorretamente, foi agredida sexualmente na prisão. Os críticos a acusaram de ignorar a presunção de inocência, especialistas afirmaram que a detenção preventiva prolongada para menores era inaceitável. Mais tarde, ela admitiu que seu ministério havia lidado mal com a situação.

Karl não permaneceu no segundo governo Faymann e retomou sua participação no parlamento até a eleição de 2017. Ela também foi candidata nas eleições para o Parlamento Europeu de 2014, mas o ÖVP não ganhou assentos suficientes para ela ingressar no Parlamento Europeu.

Em 2018, ela foi selecionada como comissária do governo da Áustria para a Expo 2020 em Dubai.

Ela é Dama de Honra da Ordem de São Jorge.

Ligações externas

Ministros da Áustria
Alunos da Universidade de Graz
Professores da Universidade de Graz
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1967
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Beatrix Karl


STS-89 was a Space Shuttle mission to the Mir space station flown by Space Shuttle  Endeavour, and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 22 January 1998.

Crew

Crew notes
STS-89 was originally scheduled to return Wendy B. Lawrence but returned David A. Wolf (Mir 24–25 / STS-86) and left Andrew Thomas on Mir. Thomas returned on STS-91.

Mission highlights

STS-89 launched on January 22, 1998 and was the eighth of nine planned missions to Mir and the fifth involving an exchange of U.S. astronauts. Astronaut David Wolf, who had been on Mir since late September 1997, was replaced by Astronaut Andrew Thomas. Thomas spent approximately 4 months on the orbiting Russian facility before returning to Earth when Discovery docked to Mir in late May during STS-91.

During the mission, more than  of experiments, supplies and hardware were transferred between the two spacecraft.

Experiments and payloads
SPACEHAB Payloads included the Advanced X-Ray Detector (ADV XDT), Advanced Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (ADV CGBA), EORF, Mechanics of Granular Materials (MGM) Experiment, Intra-Vehicular Radiation Environment Measurements by the Real-Time Radiation Monitor (RME-1312), Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS), VOA and the Volatile Removal Assembly prototype for the ISS Water Recovery System

In-cabin payloads included the Microgravity Plant Nutrient Experiment (MPNE), Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX), Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (CEBAS), TeleMedicine Instrumentation Pack (TMIP), Global Positioning System Development Test Objective (GPS DTO), Human Performance (HP) Experiment, MSD, EarthKAM, Orbiter Space Vision System (OSVS) Shuttle Condensate Collection (RME-1331), Thermo-Electric Holding Module (TEHM), Space Linear Acceleration Mass Measurement Device (DSO 914), Co-Culture Experiments (CoCult) and the Biochemistry of 3-D Tissue Engineering (BIO3D).

Getaway Special experiments included the University of Michigan G-093 – Vortex Ring Transit Experiment (VORTEX), the German Aerospace Center and University Giessen G-141 – Structure of Marangoni Convection in Floating Zones Payload, the German Aerospace Center and the Technical University of Clausthal G-145 Glass Fining Experiment and the Chinese Academy of Sciences G-432 canister containing 5 crystal growth and material sciences experiments.

Mission insignia
The insignia depicts Endeavour docked to Mir above the planet Earth. The white inside line in the shape of the number eight and the nine stars symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence. The International Space Station is in the background.

See also

List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-89 Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
Spacecraft launched in 1998

STS-89


Kızılkese, Samsun ilinin Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 176 km, Vezirköprü ilçesine 61 km, Durağan'a 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Kızılkese Köyü Derneği

Vezirköprü'nün mahalleleri

Kızılkese, Vezirköprü


Monel Tiberiu Cârstoiu (n. 10 aprilie 1988, Pitești) este un fotbalist român, care evoluează pe postul de mijlocaș defensiv la clubul din Liga a II-a, FC Caransebeș.

Legături externe
Profil pe Romaniansoccer.ro

Fotbaliști români
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai FC Argeș Pitești

Monel Cârstoiu


Gwadar (Balochi, , ) is a port city located on the southwestern coast of the Pakistani province of Balochistan and serves as the capital of the South Balochistan region. The city is located on the shores of the Arabian Sea, opposite to Oman and has a population of over 90,000 according to the 2017 census. It was an overseas possession of the Oman from 1783 to 1958. It is about  southwest of Turbat. The sister port city of Chabahar in Iran's Sistan and Baluchestan provinces is about  to the west of Gwadar. On 2 April 2021, it was declared the capital of the south Balochistan region.

The main industrial concern is a fish-processing factory. Gwadar became part of the sultanate of Muscat and Oman in 1797, and it was not until 1958 that the town and adjoining hinterland were exchanged from Oman to Pakistan.

Gwadar came in the focus of attention after the Kargil War when Pakistan felt the need of having a military naval port and the Karachi-Gwadar Road (Coastal Highway) was built for defence purposes. For most of its history, Gwadar was a small to medium-sized settlement with an economy largely based on artisanal fishing. The strategic value of its location was first recognized in 1954 when it was identified as a suitable site for a deep water port by the United States Geological Survey at the request of Pakistan while the territory was still under Omani rule. Until 2001, the area's potential to be a major deep water port remained untapped under successive Pakistani governments, when construction on the first phase of Gwadar Port was initiated in 2007. The first phase costed $248 million. The port initially remained underutilized after construction for a variety of reasons, including lack of investment, security concerns, and the Government of Pakistan's failure to transfer land as promised to the port operator, Port of Singapore Authority.

In April, 2015, Pakistan and China announced their intention to develop the $46 billion China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which in turn forms part of China's ambitious One Belt, One Road. Gwadar features heavily in CPEC, and is also envisaged to be the link between the One Belt, One Road and Maritime Silk Road project. $1.153 billion worth of infrastructure projects will be invested into the city as part of CPEC, with the aim of linking northern Pakistan and western China to the deep water seaport. The city will also be the site of a floating liquefied natural gas facility that will be built as part of the larger $2.5 billion Gwadar–Nawabshah segment of the Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline project. In addition to investments directly under the aegis of CPEC in the Gwadar city, the China Overseas Port Holding Company in June, 2016, began construction on the $2 billion Gwadar Special Economic Zone, which is being modelled on the lines of the special economic zones of China. In September, 2016, the Gwadar Development Authority published a request for tenders for the preparation of expropriation and resettlement of Old Town Gwadar.

Etymology
The word "Gwadar" is a combination of two Balochi words – guad meaning wind and dar meaning gateway or door (), thus Gwadar means "the gate of wind".

History

Ancient
The inhabitation of Gwadar, like most of the other areas of Balochistan, appears to be ancient. The area shows inhabitation as early as the Bronze Age with settlements around some of the area's oasis. It is from this settlement pattern that the word Makran, the original name of Balochistan, is derived. For a period, it was a region of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. It is believed to have been conquered by the founder of the Persian Empire, Cyrus the Great. The capital of the satrapy of Gedrosia was Pura, which is thought to have been located near the modern Bampūr, in Iranian Balochistan. During the homeward march of Alexander the Great, his admiral, Nearchus, led a fleet along the modern-day Makran coast and recorded that the area was dry, mountainous, and inhabited by the "Ichthyophagoi" (or "fish-eaters"), an ancient Greek rendering of the ancient Persian phrase "Mahi Khorana," which has itself become the modern word "Makran". After the collapse of Alexander's empire the area was ruled by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander's generals. The region then came under Mauryan rule around 303 BCE, after Seleucus made peace with Emperor Chandragupta and ceded the territory to the Mauryans.

Omani rule

The region remained on the sidelines of history for a millennium until the Arab-Muslim army captured Makran in CE 643 and over the intervening (and nearly equivalent) amount of time the area was contested by various powers. This was then followed by almost two centuries of local rule by the various Baloch tribes. The city was visited by Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis in the 1550s and mentioned in his book Mirat ul Memalik (The Mirror of Countries), 1557. According to Seydi Ali Reis, the inhabitants of Gwadar were Baloch and their chief was Malik Jelaleddin, son of Malik Dinar.

In the 15th century the Portuguese conquered parts of India and Oman. They planned to proceed with annexation of the coastal area of Makran. They attacked Gwadar under the leadership of Vasco de Gama, but under the supervision of Commander Mir Ismaheel Baloch, the Portuguese were defeated by the Baloch. A few times the Portuguese looted and set the coastal villages on fire, but they failed to capture Gwadar. Cannons of the Portuguese army were found lying near the Central Jail of Gwadar. The grave of Mir Ismaheel Baloch is situated near the Mountain of Batal Gwadar, constructed by Mir Ismaheel Baloch himself during life. He died in 873 Hijri, heirless.
By the end of the 16th century, Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great conquered the city along with all of Balochistan after the Battle of Sehwan. It remained under Mughal control until early 18th century.

Towards the end of the 18th century, the Khan of Kalat, Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch, granted suzerainty over Gwadar to Sultan bin Ahmad, the ruler of Muscat. When the sultan subsequently retook Muscat, he was to continue his rule in Gwadar by appointing a wali (or "governor"). This wali was then ordered to subjugate the nearby coastal town of Chabahar (now in Iran). The Gwadar fort was built during Omani rule. In the middle of the 18th century, Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch captured Gwadar and its surrounding areas after defeating the Gichki Baloch tribe and included it in the Kalat Khanate. However, realizing that maintaining control of the area will be difficult without the support of the Gichkis, Mir Nasir entered into an agreement with the local Gichki Chief, which allowed the Gichkis to maintain administrative control of the area, in return for furnishing half the collected revenues to Kalat, this arrangement continued till 1783. When Saiad Sultan fell out with his brother, the ruler of Muscat, and asked for help, Mir Noori Naseer Khan handed over Gwadar, as part of his share of revenues, to Saiad Sultan for his maintenance with the understanding that the area be returned to Kalat, when Saiad Sultan acquires the throne. Saiad Sultan ascended to the throne of Muscat in 1797 but never returned Gwadar enclave to Kalat. The ensuing struggle between the heirs of the Sultan and Khan of Kalat for possession of Gwadar, allowed the British to intervene. Telegraph lines were later extended into the town courtesy of the British. The main two Wali of Gwadar were Saif Bin Ali (First) and Eshan Azim (Last) from 1783-1958.

The British after extracting concessions from the Sultan for the use of the area facilitated Muscat to retain Gwadar. Later on, the British claimed that the area was granted to the Sultan by Mir Nasir, however, local accounts and the declassified documents of that time challenge this claim. From 1863 to 1879, Gwadar was the headquarters of a British Assistant Political Agent. Gwadar was a fortnightly port of call for the British India Steamship Navigation Company's steamers and included a combined Post & Telegraph Office.

Pakistan
In 1952, Makran acceded to the newly created Dominion of Pakistan and was made a district – but Gwadar at that time was not included in Makran. In 1958, Gwadar and its surrounding areas were transferred by Oman to Pakistan by the efforts of Prime Minister of Pakistan Feroz Khan Noon and his wife Viqar-un-Nisa Noon. It was given the status of a Tehsil of Makran district.  On 1 July, 1977, Makran District was upgraded into a division and was divided into three districts of Turbat (Kech since 1994–95), Panjgur and Gwadar.

Gwadar underwent major development from 2002 to 2007. In 2002, Pakistan's National Highway Authority (NHA) began construction of the 653 km-long Makran Coastal Highway linking Gwadar with Karachi via Pasni and Ormara and onwards with the rest of the National Highways of Pakistan, which was completed in 2004. In 2003, the Gwadar Development Authority was established to oversee the planning and development of Gwadar and Gwadar Industrial Estate Development Authority was established to promote industrial activities in mega port city of Gwadar. In 2004, NHA began construction of the 820-km long M-8 motorway linking Gwadar with Ratodero in Sindh province via Turbat, Hoshab, Awaran, and Khuzdar and onwards with the rest of the Motorways of Pakistan. In 2006, the Gwadar Development Authority conceived, developed, and adopted a 50-year Master Plan for Gwadar, which was inspired by the Chinese port city of Shenzhen. In 2007, the Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan acquired  to construct a new greenfield airport, the New Gwadar International Airport , at an estimated cost of US$246 million. It is expected to be operational by September 2023.

On 3 June, 2022, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif inaugurated the 19.49 km, six-lane Gwadar East Bay Expressway, which was developed as an early harvest project under the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. The expressway connects the Gwadar Port with the Makran Coastal Highway, thus improving connectivity and helping the transportation of goods towards Karachi. Other developments include 100MW Electricity import from Iran, multiple Housing Schemes, 5-star Hotels, Expo Centre, Desalination Plants on Arabian Sea, Pak-China Friendship Hospital, Aramco Oil Refinery (foreign investment from Saudi Arabia) and an ICC Standard Cricket Stadium.

Geography

Topography

Gwadar is situated on the southwestern Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan in Gwadar District of Balochistan province. Like Ormara further east, Gwadar is situated on a natural hammerhead-shaped tombolo peninsula forming two almost perfect, but naturally curved, semicircular bays on either side. The city is situated on a narrow and sandy  isthmus which connects the Pakistani coast to rocky outcroppings in the Arabian sea known as the Gwadar Promontory, or Koh-e-Batil, which reach an elevation of  and extend  east to west with a breadth of . The  wide isthmus upon which Gwadar is located separates the two almost perfect semicircular bays from one another. The western bay is known as the Paddi Zirr, and is generally shallow with an average depth of , and a maximum depth of . To the east of the isthmus is the deepwater Demi Zirr harbour, where the Gwadar Port was built.

Population
As Gwadar was part of Sultanate of Oman during the British rule, it was excluded from all the censuses of British India. According to the records of Oman from 1945, the Gwadar city had a population of 5,875. The population of the city has risen to approximately 85,000 as of 2014. In the 2017 census, Gwadar city had a total population of 90,762. Currently in 2020 it is estimated to be 138,000.The population of Gwadar is predominantly Baloch.

Climate

Gwadar has a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh), characterised by little precipitation and high variation between summer and winter temperatures. Oceanic influence from the cool currents of the Arabian Sea moderates temperatures, resulting in notably cooler summer temperatures compared to areas inland and cities in the Persian Gulf such as Dubai. The Arabian Sea also moderates winter temperatures, resulting in warmer winter nights as compared to inland areas.

The mean temperature in the hottest month (June) remains between 31 °C and 32 °C. The mean temperature in the coolest month (January) varies from 18 °C to 19 °C. The uniformity of temperature is a unique characteristic of the Makran Coastal region. Occasionally, winds moving down the Balochistan plateau bring brief cold spells, otherwise the winter is pleasant. In Gwadar, winters are shorter than summers. Although Gwadar is situated outside the monsoon belt, it receives light monsoon showers in summer (June–August). However, in winter, Western Disturbance can cause heavy rainfall. Annual rainfall is only 100 mm (3 inches). In June 2010, Gwadar was lashed by Cyclone Phet with record-breaking rains of 372 mm and winds up to .

Administration
Gwadar serves as the headquarters for both the Gwadar District and Gwadar Tehsil. Gwadar Tehsil is administratively subdivided into five union councils.

On 2 April 2021, Gwadar was granted the title of capital of South Balochistan by the Balochistan government.

Neighbourhoods
Gwadar is divided into 5 union councils, which are further subdivided into wards:

 Gwadar Central
Gazrawan
Komagri
Mohallah Zahoor Shah
Saleh Muhammad
Sohrabi
Usmania
 South Gwadar
Kamari
Mohallah Karim Bakhsh
Mohallah Shahdu Band
Mullah Band
Murad Bakhsh
Sarabi
Sheikh Umar
Tobagh
 North Gwadar
Lal Baksh
Mohalla Baloch
Mohalla Mir Abdul Ghafoor
Mujahid
 Pishukan
 Surbandar

Culture

Gwadar's location and history have given it a unique blend of cultures. The Arabic influence upon Gwadar is strong as a consequence of the Omani era and its close proximity to the Arabian peninsula. Remnants of Oman era buildings can also be found in the city.

Strategic importance
Central Asia and South Asia, encompassing the Caspian region, Central Asian republics, Afghanistan and Iran, and the energy-rich 'lake' called the Caspian Sea, is a significant region because of its huge monetary prospective and geographically vital positioning, which has formed the region as a centre piece in the international arena. Iran has also declared support for the development of Gwadar and its port.

Economy

Gwadar Free Zone
The construction on a $20 billion 10-square kilometre tax exempt industrial zone began on 20 June 2016. The zone includes a 300MW coal powerplant exclusive for the industrial zone. Despite Chinese investment, much of this development, including the power plant, remains unfinished.

Gwadar Port

The Chinese share of revenue generated from Gwadar Port would be 91% while Pakistan will get 9% share. China has a great strategic interest in Gwadar. In 2013, the state-owned China Overseas Port Holdings Limited acquired Gwadar Port. The port is strategically important for China as sixty percent of China's oil comes from the Persian Gulf by ships traveling over  in two to three months, confronting pirates, bad weather, political rivals, and other risks up to its only commercial port, Shanghai. Gwadar will reduce the distance to a mere  and also operate year-round.

China is heavily dependent on Persian Gulf oil which passes through the Strait of Malacca all the way through the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Once the oil reaches China's east coast ports, it is transported thousands of kilometres inland to western China. The Gwadar port–Karakoram Highway (KKH) route is sometimes said to be safer, cheaper and shorter than transporting the oil by ocean tanker. However, research suggests that transporting oil by roadways from Gwadar to China would be very expensive, would encounter numerous logistical difficulties such as mountainous terrain, earthquakes, disputes with India, and potential terrorist attacks, and would barely make any impact on China's overall energy security, though Pakistan intends to build an oil pipeline to northern Pakistan that may allay much of these concerns.

Chinese goods flowing in the opposite direction may be able to find an easier, shorter and secure route to the Middle East. The city is also being developed as an export processing zone for foreign companies to manufacture in Gwadar before exporting to various countries in the region.

New Gwadar International Airport

Due to the Chinese interest in the Gwadar Port, Pakistan believes that Gwadar will become a regional hub. Prime Minister Imran Khan laid down the foundation stone for the New Gwadar International Airport (NGIAP) at Gwadar on 29 March 2019. New Gwadar International Airport is located in Gurandani, and is around  northeast of Gwadar City proper, Balochistan Province. It is expected to cost $246 million and, with an area of , will be able to handle larger aircraft such as the Airbus A380. The new airport will cater to domestic and international flights, and will have an open skies policy.

It will be a greenfield airport, with a cargo terminal handling capacity of 30,000 tonnes a year. The single runway will measure   in length with a width of , to accommodate wide-bodied aircraft; if needed in the near future, there is the likely potential for a second runway to be constructed. The CAA Pakistan has awarded the design and construction contract to the China Communications Construction Company (CCCC), and the facilities are expected to be operational by September of 2023.

Twin towns and sister cities

Gwadar
 Puyang, China

Education
Literacy rate in Gwadar is estimated to be 25%. According to Pakistan District Education Rankings, a report by Alif Ailaan, district Gwadar is ranked nationally at 61, with an education score of 59.47 and learning score of 62.65. Enrollment levels are low in Gwadar because of fewer schools in the district. And the level of enrollment declines as we move up the classes.

The school infrastructure score of Gwadar is 29.91, giving it a national rank of 122. 33% of all the schools in the district cater to girls as compared to 67% schools for boys, putting girls at a greater disadvantage. Lack of science labs and subject specialists teachers are also a major concern.

Overcrowding, teachers teaching two classes at the same time, lack of science teachers and lack of playing grounds are the issues faced by the residents of Gwadar.

See also
 Gwadar Cricket Stadium
 Gwadar Fish Harbour
 Gwadar Shipyard
 Gwadar Oil City
 University of Gwadar

References

External links
 Official website

Coastal cities and towns in Pakistan
Former exclaves
Gwadar District
Peninsulas of Pakistan
Port cities and towns in Pakistan
Planned communities in Pakistan
Proposed special economic zones
Purchased territories
Port cities and towns of the Arabian Sea
Oman–Pakistan relations

Gwadar


Gjörðabækur öldunga Zíons eða Siðareglur Zíonsöldunga (rússneska: Протоколы сионских мудрецов; umritað: Protokoly síonskíkh múdretsov) er bók sem var rituð af leynilögreglu keisarastjórnarinnar í Rússlandi og gefin út árið 1903. Bókin er falsaður texti sem á að vera vitnisburður um alþjóðlegt samsæri Gyðinga til að ná heimsyfirráðum. Bókin var þýdd á mörg tungumál og hún varð metsölubók víða um heim. Frásögnin í Gjörðabókum öldunga Zíons er hornsteinn í hugarheimi Gyðingahatara og margar samsæriskenningar um meint alþjóðleg samsæri byggja beint eða óbeint á hugmyndum sem bókin breiddi út.

Texta bókarinnar var að miklu leyti stolið úr bókinni Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu eftir Maurice Joly frá árinu 1864. Sú bók var ádeila með háðslýsingum af uppspunnu ráðabruggi Napóleons 3. Frakkakeisara til að leggja undir sig heiminn. Bókin er safn fundargerða þar sem samsærismennirnir lýsa áætlunum sínum til að beita ofbeldi, stríðum, byltingum og áhrifum iðnbyltingarinnar og kapítalisma til að ná yfirráðum.

Adolf Hitler vísaði til Gjörðabóka öldunga Zíons í bókinni Mein Kampf til stuðnings kenningum sínum um að Gyðingar stæðu í alþjóðlegu samsæri til að ná heimsyfirráðum. Gjörðabækur öldunga Zíons urðu síðar mikilvægur hluti af áróðri Þriðja ríkisins. Bókin er einnig lykilhluti í samsæriskenningum bandarískra öfgahægrisinna um að Gyðingar stjórni ríkisstjórnum Vesturlanda á bak við tjöldin.

Söguágrip

Fyrstu útgáfur á rússnesku
Textinn sem nú er þekktur undir titlinum Gjörðabækur öldunga Zíons var birtur í rússneska keisaradæminu í tveimur útgáfum. Sú fyrri birtist í köflum í tímariti Pavels Krúshevan, Znamja, árið 1903. Síðar birtist bókin í heild sinni árið 1905 í ritstjórn Sergej Nílús og árið 1906 í ritstjórn þjóðernissinnaða rithöfundarins Georgíj Bútmí.

Í apríl árið 1902 hafði þegar verið vísað til Gjörðabókanna í grein sem birtist í tímaritinu Novoje Vremja. Því er talið að útgáfa bókarinnar hafi verið í umferð fyrir árið 1903, líklega sem handrit eða handprentað eintak.

Árið 1905 birti Sergej Nílús heildartexta Gjörðabókanna í tólfta og síðasta kafla bókar sinnar Velíkoja v malom í aníkhríst (ísl. Hið stóra í hinu smáa: Koma Andkristar og ríki Satans á jörðu). Nílús fullyrti að textinn hefði verið tekinn saman á fyrsta heimsþingi Zíonista sem var haldið árið 1897 í Basel í Sviss. Þessi fullyrðing Nílús hefur verið endurtekin af síðari dreifendum Gjörðabókanna en hún er ósönn.

Árið 1905 skipaði forsætisráðherra Rússlands, Pjotr Stolypín, rannsókn á uppruna ritsins, þar sem komist var að þeirri niðurstöðu að það væri fölsun sem hefði upphaflega birst í París í kringum aldamótin. Þegar Nikulási 2. Rússakeisara var tilkynnt um niðurstöðurnar skipaði hann að Gjörðabækurnar skyldu teknar úr umferð þar sem ekki væri hægt að "verja góðan málstað með slæmum aðferðum". Þrátt fyrir þá tilskipun var dreifingu ritsins haldið áfram og Nikulás las síðar sjálfur úr Gjörðabókunum fyrir fjölskyldu sína í fangavist eftir að þeim var steypt af stóli árið 1917.

Þýðingar á þýsku, ensku og frönsku

Gjörðabækur öldunga Zíons voru þýddar á þýsku árið 1909 og voru lesnar á þingfundi austurríska þingsins í Vín.

Dreifing Gjörðabókanna jókst eftir októberbyltinguna árið 1917 og fjöldaflótta rússneskra keisarasinna og gagnbyltingarmanna til Vestur-Evrópu. Verkið varð heimsþekkt þegar það var gefið út í Þýskalandi í janúar 1920.

Gjörðabækurnar urðu enn alræmdari þegar fjallað var um þær í leiðara breska dagblaðsins The Times þann 8. maí 1920. Í leiðaranum, sem bar titilinn Gyðingahættan, bæklingur sem vekur ugg. Beiðni um rannsókn var vísað til þessarar "furðulegu litlu bókar" og reynt að sýna fram á að texti hennar væri ósvikinn, meðal annars með vísan til þess að spár hennar hefðu ræst. Greinin var birt þegar hvítliðar voru að tapa borgarastyrjöldinni í Rússlandi og harðlínumenn innan breska Íhaldsflokksins vildu grafa undan trúverðugleika nýrra stjórnvalda í Kreml með því að bendla þau við alþjóðlegt Gyðingasamsæri.

Á næstu árum voru mörg helstu stefin úr Gjörðabókunum endurtekin í ritverkum Gyðingahatara (bæði stjórnmálaritum, fræðiritum og skáldverkum) um alla Evrópu.

Fyrsta þýðingin á frönsku kom út árið 1920 undir titlinum Gjörðabækur: Samantektir úr leynifundum öldunga Ísraels í útgáfu La Vieille-France. Frönsk þýðing Gjörðabókanna var aftur birt  árið 1922 af kaþólska prestinum Ernest Jouin í tímaritinu Revue internationale des sociétés secrètes undir titlinum Gjörðabækur ársins 1901, árið 1924 af blaðamanninum Urbain Gohier undir titlinum Gjörðabækur öldunga Ísraels og loks árið 1932 undir titlinum "Gjörðabækur" öldunga Zíons: Ósvikin útgáfa af bókafélaginu Éditions Bernard Grasset ásamt formála eftir franska einveldissinnann Roger Lambelin.

Jouin birti einnig úrdrátt úr bókinni á frönsku árið 1932.

Adolf Hitler vísaði til Gjörðabókanna í bók sinni, Mein Kampf, sem sönnun þess að Gyðingar ættu í alþjóðlegu samsæri gegn þjóðum heimsins. Hitler gerði texta Gjörðabókanna síðar hluta af áróðri Þriðja ríkisins.

Í Bandaríkjunum birti bílaframleiðandinn Henry Ford hluta úr Gjörðabókunum í dagblaði sínu, The Dearborn Independent. Ford taldi að Gjörðabækurnar væru "of hræðilega sannar til að geta verið skáldskapur, of djúpstæðar í þekkingu sinni á leynilegum gangverkum lífsins til að geta verið fölsun."

Gjörðabækur öldunga Zíons eru jafnframt lykilhluti af samsæriskenningu bandarískra öfgahægrimanna sem gengur út á að Gyðingar stjórni ríkisstjórnum heimsins á bak við tjöldin (Zionist Occupation Government).

Sannanir á fölsun bókarinnar

Allt frá birtingu verksins hafa verið uppi grunsemdir um að Gjörðabækur öldunga Zíons séu falsaðar. Ári eftir að The Times fjallaði um Gjörðabækurnar og færði rök fyrir að þær væru ósviknar birti blaðið aðra grein, undir titlinum Endalok gjörðabókanna, þar sem sýnt var fram á að þær væru ritfölsun. Sýnt var fram á að stórir hlutar bókarinnar væru teknir orðrétt upp úr bæklingnum Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu (ísl. Samræður í helvíti á milli Machiavelli og Montesquieu), sem var ádeila sem franski rithöfundurinn Maurice Joly hafði skrifað um stjórn Napóleons 3. Frakkakeisara og var gefin út í Brussel árið 1864. Árið 1934 bar jesúítapresturinn Pierre Charles verkin tvö saman, orð fyrir orð, og sýndi enn skýrar fram á að seinna verkið væri eftirlíking.

Orð sem eru eignuð Machiavelli (sem er látinn tákna Napóleon 3.) í frumritinu eru færð til í Gjörðabókunum og þau þess í stað eignuð öldungaráði Gyðinga.

Jacques Bainville, meðlimur í frönsku þjóðernissamtökunum Action française, vísaði til greinar The Times sem sýndi fram á ritfölsunina árið 1921. Umberto Benigni, sem hafði verið virkur í að dreifa Gjörðabókunum, skrifaði Ernest Jouin árið 1921, óskaði honum til hamingju með dreifingu sína á verkinu og sagði: "Því meira sem ég velti fyrir mér spurningunni, því sannfærðari verð ég bæði um efnislega fölsun verksins og um raunverulegt mikilvægi þess."

Þrátt fyrir að sýnt hafi verið fram á með óyggjandi hætti að Gjörðabækur öldunga Zíons séu falsaðar vísa Gyðingahatarar gjarnan með beinum eða óbeinum hætti til þeirra í dag til að sýna fram á tilvist "alþjóðlegs Gyðingasamsæris".

Þýðing á íslensku
Íslensk þýðing á Gjörðabókunum kom út árið 1951 undir titlinum Samsærisáætlunin mikla : siðareglur Zíonsöldunga. Íslenska útgáfan var birt af Jónasi Guðmundssyni, embættismanni og Alþingismanni úr Alþýðuflokknum, sem ritaði jafnframt formála og eftirmála að bókinni og birti valda kafla úr þýðingunni í tímariti sínu, Dagrenningu. Samtímamenn Jónasar gagnrýndu útgáfu verksins og bentu á að sýnt hefði verið fram á fölsun textans en Jónas hafnaði því að um væri að ræða fölsun og kvað bókina hafa verið ritaða á seinni hluta 18. aldar.

Heimildir

Tilvísanir

Bókaárið 1903
Gyðingahatur
Rússneskar bókmenntir
Samsæriskenningar

Gjörðabækur öldunga Zíons


باتريك سويزي (18 أغسطس 1952 - 14 سبتمبر 2009)، ممثل ومغني راقص ومنتج وكاتب أغنية أمريكي.

حياته
وُلد باتريك واين سويزي في 18 آب/ أغسطس عام 1952 في هيوستن- تكساس، وهو الطفل الثاني لباتسي سويزي، الراقص ومصمم الرقصات ومدرب الرقص، والرسامة الهندسية جيسي واين. لديه اثنان من الأخوة الأصغر سنًا منه هما الممثل دون وشون مايكل، بالإضافة إلى شقيقتين هما فيكي لين وبامبي.

عاش حتى سن العشرين في مدينة أوك فورست، وارتاد مدرسة سانت روز الابتدائية ومدرسة بلاك الإعدادية ومدرسة والتريب الثانوية. شارك خلال تلك المدة في العديد من النشاطات الفنية والرياضية كالتزلج على الجليد والباليه والمسرحيات المدرسية، كما لعب كرة القدم في مدرسته الثانوية وكان يأمل الحصول على منحةٍ دراسيةٍ لكرة القدم، إلّا أنّ إصابة قدمه أنهت مسيرته تلك.

في نفس الوقت تعلم ممارسة فنون الدفاع عن النفس كالتايكواندو والووشو والآيكيدو، وانتقل إلى مدينة نيويورك لاستكمال التدريب الرسمي في مدرستي هاركنس وجوفيري للباليه.

كان أول ظهورٍ له كراقص في Disney on Parade، تلاه ظهوره كبديلٍ لداني زوكو في إنتاج برودواي لـ Grease قبل لعبه أول دورٍ سينمائي له مجسدًا شخصية آيس في فيلم Skate town

ظهر بدور الجندي ستورجس في M*A*S*H في حلقة Blood Brothers عام 1981 وكذلك في الفيلم التلفزيوني Return of the Rebels في ذات العام، وشارك بعد ذلك بحوالي السنتين في السلسلة التلفزيونية القصيرة The Renegades بدور زعيم عصابةٍ يدعى بانديت.

أصبح سويزي معروفًا في عالم السينما بعد ظهوره في فيلم The Outsiders عام 1983، ولم تتوقف نجاحات هذا العام على ذلك، بل ظهر برفقة جين هاكمان في فيلم الإنقاذ Uncommon Valor،  وفي العام التالي اجتمع سويزي وهويل وصديق هويل، دارين دالتون، في فيلم Red Dawn. أمّا عن نجاحه التلفزيوني، فكان عام 1985 في مسلسل North and South والذي يُصوِّر فترة الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية.

كانت انطلاقته الكبرى عند ظهوره كمدرب الرقص جون كاسل في فيلم Dirty Dancing عام 1987 إلى جانب النجمة جينيفر غراي. هذا الفيلم الذي كان من المقرر أن يتم عرضه لأسبوعٍ واحد في المسارح ثم يتم إطلاقه، وكان من المتوقع ألّا يحصد الفيلم الكثير من الشهرة نتيجة ضعف الميزانية المتاحة له، إلّا أنّه حطّم كل تلك التوقعات محققًا نجاحًا دوليًا هائلًا، فكان أول فيلمٍ يُباع منه حوالي مليون نسخة، وتجاوزت أرباحه حوالي 214 مليون دولار في جميع أنحاء العالم، كما أُنتجت عدة إصداراتٍ بديلة بدءًا بالسلاسل التلفزيونية وصولًا إلى ألعاب الحاسوب، وترشح سويزي لجائزة الغولدن غلوب لدوره.

غنى سويزي أغنية She's Like the Wind برفقة ستايسي ويديليتز في فيلم Grandview, U.S.A عام 1984 وحققت الأغنية المركز الرابع بين الأغاني العشر الأكثر رواجًا في تلك الفترة.

بعد النجاح الذي حققه، ظهر في العديد من الأفلام منها Road House و Ghost خلال عامي 1989 و1990. وتم اختياره في عام 1991 كأكثر الرجال جاذبيةً من قبل مجلة People.

شارك عام 2003 بإنتاج فيلم One Last Dance والذي تألّق فيه برفقة زوجته الحقيقية ليزا نيمي ونخبةً من الفنانين الموهوبين.

سقط عام 1998 عن الحصان أثناء تصوير فيلم HBO's Letters في كاليفورنيا، وأُصيب بجروح ٍخطيرة، كما كُسرت إحدى ساقيه وتمزقت أربعة أوتاٍر في كتفه، فاضطروا إلى إيقاف التصوير لشهرين حتى استعاد عافيته، وقد بُثّ الفيلم عام 1999.

ظهر عام 2001 في الفيلم الشهير Donnie Darko. كما شارك بيلي بوب ثورنتون وتشارلز ثيرون عام 2002 في بطولة Waking Up in Reno، وشارك بدور آلان في King Solomon's Mines.

شارك بعرضٍ مسرحي آخر على مسرح برودواي في 27 تموز/ يوليو 2006 في Guys and Dolls بدور ناثان ديترويت إلى جانب نيل جيرزاك، في حين كان حضوره السابق على مسرح برودواي في كل من Goodtime Charley و Chicago.

لعب دور نجم روك في السلسلة Powder Blue عام 2008 لتكون أول مشاركةٍ له مع شقيقه الأصغر دون. وقد تألّق في دوره النهائي كوكيل مكتب تحقيقات فيدرالي يدعى تشارلز باركر في مسلسل The Beast والذي صُوّر في شيكاغو.

شُخِّصت إصابة سويزي بسرطان البنكرياس أثناء تصويره للحلقة الأولى من السلسلة، إلّا أنّه تابع عمله بينما يتلقى العلاج. وصدرت السلسلة في 15 كانون الثاني/ يناير 2009، لكن نظرًا لتدهور حالته الصحية لم يتمكن من المتابعة والترويج للعرض، لذا تم إيقاف عرض السلسلة في أوائل حزيران/ يونيو 2009 بسبب التقييمات السيئة له.

مُنح نجمة الشهرة في هوليوود لمساهماته في صناعة السينما وذلك عام 1997.

حياته الخاصة
التقى سويزي بليزا نيمي عام 1970، عندما كان يبلغ 18 عامًا من العمر بينما كانت ليزا تبلغ 14 عامًا، إذ كان يتابع دروس الرقص مع والده، وتزوجا بتاريخ 12 حزيران/ يونيو 1975 واستمر زواجهما قرابة 34 سنة. وقد ذكر سويزي في إحدى مقابلاته عام 2008 أن نيمي شكلت مصدر إلهامه لأغنية She's Like the Wind.

كان لديه شغفٌ بالبحث في جميع المعتقدات الدينية الأخرى وتعلم الكثير عنها. وبدأ في عام 1990 علاجًا لإدمانه على الكحول، كما انسحب من الأعمال التجارية وبدأ بتربية الخيول واشتُهر بحبه لحصانه «تامين» وهو أحد الخيول العربية الكستنائية.

المرض
في أواخر كانون الأول/ ديسمبر 2007 وبعد تصوير الحلقة الأولى من دوره في The Beast، بدأ سويزي يعاني من آلامٍ في معدته نتجت عن إصابته بانسدادٍ في القنوات الصفراوية، وبعد ثلاثة أسابيع في منتصف كانون الثاني/ يناير 2008 شُخِّصت إصابته بالمرحلة الرابعة من سرطان البنكرياس، وسافر إلى المركز الطبي للعلاج الكيميائي في جامعة ستانفورد للعلاج.

وفي الخامس من آذار/ مارس 2008 صرحت وكالة الأنباء رويترز بأنه يستجيب للعلاج بشكلٍ جيد، وأكد طبيبه أن ما يُشاع حول وفاته الوشيكة عارٍ عن الصحة تمامًا، واستمر سويزي بمواصلة مسيرته المهنية بنشاط.

نشرت العديد من الصحف في أوائل أيار/ مايو 2008 خضوعه لعمليةٍ جراحيةٍ لإزالة جزءٍ من معدته بعد انتشار السرطان فيها، وبأنه قد كتب وصيته ونقل ملكيته لزوجته. وفي بيانٍ أدلى به سويزي بتاريخ 28 أيار/ مايو قال إنّه يواصل الاستجابة بشكلٍ جيد للعلاج في المركز الطبي بجامعة ستانفورد. وفي أواخر أيار 2008 شوهِد في ملعب كرة السلة في لوس أنجلوس وكان ذلك ظهوره الأول منذ تشخيص مرضه.

في أواخر تموز/ يوليو 2008 أي بعد ستة أشهر من التقارير التي قدمها الأطباء بأن لديه عدة أسابيع فقط ليعيش، أدلى سويزي بتصريحٍ لأحد المراسلين في لوس أنجلوس يقول فيه: «أنا أطبخ، إنني معجزة يا صاح ولا أعرف لماذا». بينما كان قد صرح في الشهر السابق لذلك بأنّ علاجه يعمل وبأنّه ينتصر في معركته.

ظهر في أيلول/ سبتمبر من نفس العام على عدة شبكاتٍ إعلامية يناشد الناس التبرع لمرضى السرطان، وفي كانون الأول/ ديسمبر ظهر لينفي كل الشائعات حول انتشار السرطان في كبده. وفي مقابلةٍ له مع باربارا والتزر بُثت في كانون الثاني/ يناير 2009، اعترف بوجود كتلةٍ سرطانيةٍ صغيرة الحجم في كبده، وعندما سألته والتزر فيما إذا كان يستخدم أي علاجٍ آخر غير الكيميائي أجاب بأنّه يستخدم بعض الأعشاب الصينية.

وفاته
في 9 يناير 2009، نُقل سويزي إلى المستشفى بسبب التهاب رئوي. قيل أن الالتهاب الرئوي كان من مضاعفات العلاج الكيميائي لمرض السرطان الذي أصيب به. في 16 يناير خرج من المستشفى للراحة في المنزل مع زوجته. في 19 أبريل 2009، أبلغ الأطباء سويزي أن السرطان قد انتشر مرة أخرى إلى الكبد. كان سويزي مدخنًا شرهًا لمدة 40 عامًا، وقد اعترف ذات مرة أنه يدخن 60 سيجارة يوميًا. وذكر أن تدخينه المتكرر ربما «له علاقة» بتطور مرضه، واستمر في تدخين السجائر حتى أثناء خضوعه للعلاج من السرطان.

توفي سويزي وكانت أسرته إلى جانبه في 14 سبتمبر 2009 عن عمر يناهز 57 عامًا. وكانت وفاته بعد 20 شهرًا من تشخيص إصابته بالسرطان. أكد وكيل أعمال سويزي لشبكة سي إن إن أنه توفي بسبب سرطان البنكرياس. حرقت جثته ونثر رماده على مزرعته في نيو مكسيكو.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من لاس فيغاس (نيومكسيكو)
أشخاص من هيوستن (تكساس)
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
راقصون أمريكيون
راقصون أمريكيون في القرن 20
راقصون من تكساس
رومان كاثوليك أمريكيون
لاعبو آيكيدو أمريكيون
لاعبو تايكوندو أمريكيون
مدافن في نيومكسيكو
مغنون أمريكيون
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مغنون ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 20
مغنون ذكور في القرن 20
مغنون من تكساس
مغنون من نيومكسيكو
ممارسو التأمل التجاوزي
ممارسو ووشو أمريكيون
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلو مسرحيات موسيقية أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون من هيوستن (تكساس)
ممثلون من ولاية تكساس
ممثلون من ولاية نيو مكسيكو
ممثلون وممثلات في القرن 20
مواليد 1952
مواليد في هيوستن (تكساس)
موسيقيون من هيوستن
وفيات 1430 هـ
وفيات 2009
وفيات السرطان في كاليفورنيا
وفيات بسبب سرطان البنكرياس
وفيات في لوس أنجلوس

باتريك سويزي


Gökhan Akçura, (d. 1951), Türk yazar, araştırmacı, senarist, reklamcı, yayıncı, editör, radyo programcısı.

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil, Tarih ve Coğrafya Fakültesi tiyatro bölümünden mezun oldu. Aynı alanda öğretim görevlisi olarak çalıştı. 1980'den sonra üniversiteden ayrıldı ve reklamcılık, senaryo yazarlığı, yayıncılık ve editörlük yaptı. İstanbul Devlet Tiyatrosu'nda dramaturg olarak çalıştı. Serbest araştırmacı ve yazar olarak da çalışmalarını sürdürmektedir.

Akçura'nın sinema, tiyatro ve günlük yaşam tarihi ile ilgili birçok kitabı yayımlandı. 1998 yılında Albüm Dergisi'nin genel yayın yönetmenliğini yaptı. Birçok belgesel ve serginin hazırlanmasında katkıları oldu. Özellikle dokuz kitaplık Ivır Zıvır Tarihi dizisiyle ünlendi. Kurulduğundan itibaren dokuz yıl boyunca Açık Radyo'da "Arzın Merkezine Seyahat" adlı bir rock programı hazırlayıp sundu.

Kitapları
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi: Unutma Beni
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi: Gramofon Çağı
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi: Uzun Metin Sevenlerden misiniz?
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi: Turizm Yılı Sıfır
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi: Şen Gönüller Diyarı (1. baskısı Boğaziçi Yazıları adıyla çıkmıştır. 1993)
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi: Evvel Zaman Bisiklet(1. baskısı Bisiklet Kitabı adıyla çıkmıştır. 1993)
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi: Aile Boyu Sinema
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi: İnsanlar Alemi
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi Arşiv: Kedi Kitabı
 Ivır Zıvır Tarih Arşiv: Aşk Kitabı
 Ivır Zıvır Tarihi Arşiv: Yılbaşı Kitabı
 Zaman Makinesi: Aya Seyahat
 Zaman Makinesi: Hamini Gırtlak
 Zaman Makinesi: İstanbul Twist
 Kadınlarla Meşgul Olan Genç Kalır, Oğlak Yayınevi
 Melek Kobra: Hatıratım (Yayına hazırlayan)
 Bir Kumbara Öyküsü
 İzmir Şehir Tiyatrosu (2 cilt) - Devlet Tiyatroları İç Eğitim Dizisi, 1985. Yüksek Lisans Tezi
 Bedia Muvahhit - Bir Cumhuriyet Sanatçısı - İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları, 1993. ISBN 975-7580-12-0
 Muhsin Ertuğrul - İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları. 1992
 Engin Cezzar Kitabı -Yapı Kredi Yayınlar. 1996
 Türkiye Sergicilik ve Fuarcılık Tarihi - Tüyap/ Tarih Vakfı yayını, 2009
 Ada Sahillerinde Bekliyorum (Sergi Kataloğu) -Adalı Yayınları, 2010
 (Cumhuriyet Dönemi) Türkiye Matbaacılık Tarihi - Basev-Tarih Vakfı-YKY 2013
 Yüzyıllık Aşk (Türkiye'de Sinema ve Seyirci İlişkisi), Sergi Kataloğu, İstanbul Modern Yayını, İstanbul 2014
 (Geçmişten Günümüze) Piyalepaşa, Overteam-Myra yayını, İstanbul 2016
İstanbul Yazıları (Şehrin müzikli tarihinde kazı çalıymaları), Oğlak Yayınları, İstanbul 2019

Ayrıntılı bir bibliyografya çalışması için bak.:

http://www.mikrobeta.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/bsk-files-manager/288_288_GÖKHAN-AKÇURA-KAYNAKÇASI.pdf

Senaryoları
 Kızlar Sınıfı - 1984
 Ya Ya Ya Şa Şa Şa - 1985
 Aşık Oldum - 1985
 Çarşı Pazar İstanbul - 1990 (Belgesel)
 Eskici (Belgesel)

Hazırladığı Sergiler
1988 Aralık. Foks Kozmetik şirketi için Kadın Olmak Fevkalade Bir Şey (Türk Basınında Kozmetik İlanları 1900-1970) başlıklı serginin küratörlüğü. Resim ve Heykel Müzesi- Hareket Köşkü.

1990 Haziran.Reklamcılar Derneği için Geçmişe Bir Bakış sergisinin küratörlüğü. Büyük Tarabya Oteli

1992 Mart. Muhsin Ertuğrul 100 Yaşında başlıklı serginin küratörlüğü. Cemal Reşit Rey Salonu

1995 Haziran. Kağıt Üstünde Galata sergisinin küratörlüğü (Galata Şenliği çerçevesinde).

1995 Ekim. Sinemanın 100. Yılı sergisinde danışmanlık. Yapı Kredi Kültür Merkezi.

1998 Ekim. Türkiye'de Ambalaj Tasarımına Tarihsel Bakış sergisi küratörlüğü. TÜYAP Beylikdüzü

2003 Ekim. Kültür İnsanı Atatürk başlıklı fotoğraf sergisinin küratörlüğü. Anıt Kabir

2008 Nisan. Bir Kumbara Öyküsü sergisinin küratörlüğü. İş Bankası Müzesi

2010. İstanbul 1910-2010 başlıklı sergide "Popüler kültür danışmanlığı". Bilgi Üniversitesi Santralİstanbul

2010 Ada Sahillerinde Bekliyorum sergisinin küratörlüğü. Adalar Müzesi

2012 P & G'nin Türkiye'de 25 Yılı
sergisinin küratörlüğü. İstinye Park

2013 OTİ şirketi için Türkiye Turizminin 150 Yılı sergisinin küratörlüğü. Gezici sergi

2013 Oryantalizmin Binbir Yüzü sergisinin "Seyahat" bölümü küratörlüğü. Sabancı Müzesi

2013-14 Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı'nın Ellinci Yılı dolayısıyla açılan Seyyahinden Turizme (Türkiye Turizm Tarihinden Sayfalar) sergisinin küratörlüğü. Atlas Pasajı Sergi Salonu - Ankara CerModern

2014 Yüzyıllık Aşk (Türkiye'de Sinema ve Seyirci İlişkisi) sergisi küratörlüğü (Müge Turan'la birlikte), İstanbul Modern

2014 Yokuşun Başı. Demokrasi Mücadelesinde Tan Gazetesi 1935-1945 sergisi küratörlüğü. Tarih Vakfı. Halil Lütfü Dördüncü İş Merkezi Tanevi Salonu

2016 (Geçmişten Günümüze) Piyalepaşa. Polat Holding sponsorluğunda. Rahmi Koç Müzesi

2018 İstanbul'da Deniz Safası (Deniz Hamamından Plaja Nostalji). Pera Müzesi (Danışman)

Gösterileri
 Gökhan Akçura & Baba Zula Sunar : Killing İstanbul'da Gökhan Akçura'nın Baba Zula ile birlikte İstanbul Babylon gösteri merkezinde 22 Kasım 2006'da düzenlediği bir gösteri programı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ivır zıvır üstadı  Gökhan Akçura hakkında bir yazı.
 kitap.antoloji.com'da Gökhan Akçura'nın kitapları.
 acikradyo.com.tr'da Gökhan Akçura
 Akçura'nın "İnsanlar Alemi" kitabıyla ilgili bir gazete yazısı

1951 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
Türk dramaturglar
Türk senaristler
Türk reklamcılar
Kurgusal olmayan eserler veren Türk yazarlar

Gökhan Akçura


An Rimacola elliptica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Herman Montague Rucker Rupp. An Rimacola elliptica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rimacola, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Rimacola

Rimacola elliptica


Viracocha Inca, pravim imenom Hatun Tupac Inca († o. 1438.), osmi vladar (Sapa Inka) Carstva Inka i treći iz dinastije Cuzcohanan. Roditelji su mu bili Yáhuar Huácac i Mama Runtucaya. Sa ženom Mamom Runto imao je četvoricu sinova (Inca Rocca, Tupac Yupanqui, Pachacuti i Capac Yupanqui). S drugom ženom, Curi-chulpom, imao je dvojicu sinova, Inca Urcu i Inca Socsu.

Prema legendi, Viracochi Inci se pripisuje spašavanje carstva u ime bradatog boga Viracoche. Njegov otac ga je prognao u udaljenu provinciju kao kaznu za neprimjereno ponašanje. Tamo je kao kaznu vodio ovce na ispašu. Kada se pokajao zbog svojeg ponašanja, ukazao mu se bog Viracocha koji ga je upozorio na predstojeću invaziju divljeg naroda Chanca u Cuzco. Zahvaljujući pravovremenoj obavijesti, mladi se princ uspio na vrijeme pripremiti i upozoriti podanike te je u bitci potukao narod Chanca i trijumfalno se vratio u prijestolnicu gdje je uskoro postao novi Sapa Inka. Zasjevši na prijestolje, promijenio je ime u čast bogu Viracohi i posvetio mu jedan hram.

Godine 1438. narod Chanca je pokrenuo ofenzivu na Cuzco. Viracocha Inka se povukao s dvojicom nezakonitih sinova, Inca Urcom i Inca Socsom u Yuchuy Cuzco, dok je Capac Yupanqui ostao s bratom Inca Roccom i šestoricom poglavica braniti glavni grad. Nakon što su obranili grad, Viracocha je predstavio nelegitimnog sina Inca Urca kao svog nasljednika, zbog čega ga je nešto kasnije ubio polubrat Inca Rocca, a Viracocha je na to umro od tuge.

Inke

Viracocha Inca


Poraqueiba guianensis est une espèce rare d'arbuste, appartenant à la famille des Metteniusaceae (anciennement des Icacinaceae). Il s'agit de l'espèce type du genre Poraqueiba Aubl..

En Guyane, on on le connaît sous les noms de Umari (Portugais), Gris-gris, Minquart (Créole), Boliquin, Nion-oudou (Paramaka).

Au Suriname, on l'appelle Jakanta, Gewone jakanta (Sranan tongo), Marisiballi (Arawak).

Description
Poraqueiba guianensis est un petit arbre du sous-étage à la canopée, atteignant  de haut.
Les jeunes rameaux sont apprimés-pubescents, devenant rapidement glabres.
Le tronc, qui peut comporter des contreforts, porte une écorce lisse, de couleur gris cendré, avec des marques circulaires et des lenticelles orientées horizontalement, des tranches rouge orangé à brun rougeâtre, et des stries verticales plus foncées.
Le bois est lourd (densité : 0,90), de couleur brun-ocre, maillé, à grain fin, avec des vaisseaux isolés au nombre de , plutôt fins ()

Les feuilles sont simples alternes rapprochées, coriaces, avec des nervures pubescentes sur les 2 faces, glabres et luisantes dessus, séricées devenant rapidement glabrescentes dessous, à marges entières, de forme elliptiques ovales ou oblongues, à apex acuminées, à base aiguë à largement cunéiforme ou rarement obtuse à arrondie, longues de  pour  de large.
La nervure médiane en relief sur le dessus, et saillante en dessous.
Les ± 7-8 paires nervures latérales, sont légèrement en relief ou plates au-dessus, saillantes en dessous, arquées, avec des veinules proéminentes des deux côtés.
Les nervures tertiaires sont visibles des deux côtés, partant de la nervure médiane presque à angle droit, puis se courbant brusquement vers le bas pour rejoindre les secondaires.
Le pétiole est long de , canaliculé au-dessus, strié, souvent tordu.

Le inflorescences sont des grappes nombreuses portant 3-5 fleurs, un peu plus longues que les pétioles, atteignant  de long, soyeuses ; pédicelles courts,  de long ; glabres à l'intérieur des bractées et des bractéoles, d'environ  de long.

Les fleurs subsessiles, odorantes, soyeuses à l'extérieur, mesurent  de diamètre, et jusqu'à  de long.
Le calice est vert, avec 4 lobes sub-imbriqués, ovales, soyeux, mesurant environ .
La corolle est blanche, avec 4 pétales de forme oblongue-ovale, longs de  pour  de large, duveteux à l'extérieur, et à l'intérieur divisés en deux moitiés par une crête médiane charnue, glabre dans sa partie supérieure, et dans sa partie inférieure élargie, sulquée et pubescente, avec 3 rainures séparées par deux côtes charnues légèrement poilues.
Les 5 étamines longues de , s'insèrent dans les rainures des pétales (alterni-pétales), avec des filets aplatis, plus larges vers l'apex, et les anthères dressées introrses, nettement latérales sur le connectif.
L'ovaire est globuleux, long de , avec le style simple, long de , et le stigmate discoïde, punctiforme.

Les fruits sont des drupes luisantes, vertes devenant jaunes à maturité (devenant noirâtres au séchage), renfermant une pulpe farineuse également jaune, de forme oblongue ou ellipsoïde à demi courbe, acuminées, longues de  pour environ  de diamètre.

Répartition
Poraqueiba guianensis est présent au Suriname, en Guyane, et au Brésil (Pará, Amapá).

Écologie
Poraqueiba guianensis est un arbre occasionnel à assez commun en forêt de terre ferme (non inondée).
En Guyane, il fleurit en août, septembre, et fructifie en novembre.

Dans la "Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke" (Amazonas) il fleurit de juillet à décembre, et fructifie en janvier.

Phytogéographie
Poraqueiba guianensis témoigne des évolutions Phytogéographiques sur l'île de Marajo.

La composition chimique de Poraqueiba guianensis a permis d'expliquer l'évolution géographique de son groupe taxonomique.

Utilisations
Les fruits de Poraqueiba guianensis sont sucrés et farineux. Les fruits et graines de l'espèce proche Poraqueiba sericea Tul. sont commestibles.

Le bois de Poraqueiba guianensis a été étudié.

Chimie
Poraqueiba guianensis a fait l'objet d'analyses chimiques.
Il contient des tri-terpenoïdes sont un original (acide icacinique), et des sesquiterpenoïdes (emmotines), mais pas de lignanes.

Protologue

En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose le protologue suivant :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Poraqueiba guianensis


ආසාදිත රෝගයක් බෝවීම වැළැක්වීම සහ එහි වේගය පාලනය කිරීම සඳහා ඇති එක් ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් වනුයේ විවිධ රෝගයන්හි අ‍ාවේණික ලක්ෂණ පිළිබඳව අවබෝධයක් ලබාගැනීමයි. මෙහිදී එම රෝගය පිළිබඳව අධ්‍යයනය කළ යුතු තීරණාත්මක සාධකයන් වනුයේ රෝගකාරකයාගේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වය, රෝගියා රෝග කාරකයාත් සමග ගමන්කර ඇති දුර සහ බෝවන සුළු බවයි. ඒබෝලා වෛරසයෙහි මිනිසුන් ආසාදනය කරන වෛරසය රෝගියා ඉතා ඉක්මනින් අකර්මණ්‍යය කරන අතර ඉන්පසුව මරණය ළගාකර දෙයි. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වශයෙන් එම රෝගීන් හට රෝගය මුල්වරට ඇති වූ ස්ථානයෙන් ඔබ්බට වැඩි දුරක් ගමන් කිරීමේ අවස්ථාවක් නොමැත. මෙම වෛරසය සමෙහි ඇති තුවාලයක් මගින් හෝ ඇස වැනි පාරදෘශ්‍ය පටලයන් සහිත අවයවයන් හරහා ද සිරුරට ඇතුළු විය හැකිය. එබෝලා වෛරසය මගින් ආසාදනයට පත් වූ රෝගීන් මුල් අවස්ථාවේදී ඉතාමත් විශාල වශයෙන් බෝවන සුළු නොවන්නේ අදාල රෝගීන්ගේ සිරුර අභ්‍යන්තරයෙහි ලේ ගැලීමක් පමණක් සිදුවන බැවිනි. ඉහති කී ලක්ෂණයන් හි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වශයෙන් ඒබෝලා වෛරසයෙහි ව්‍යාප්තිය ඉතා සීඝ්‍රයෙන් සිදුවන අතර එක්තරා භූගෝලීය සීමාවක් සඳහා පමණක් එය සීමා වේ. මීට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ වශයෙන් එච්.අයි.වී වෛරසය මගින් අදාල රෝගියාගේ ප්‍රතිශක්තිකරණ පද්ධතියට පහර එල්ල කරමින් එම පුද්ගලයා ඉතා සෙමින් මණයට පත් කරයි. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වශයෙන් ඒඩ්ස් රෝගය ඇති බොහෝ පුද්ගලයින් තමාහට රෝගය දැනගැනීමට ප්‍රථම බොහෝ පුද්ගලයන් හට එය බෝ කරනු ලබයි. තවද එහි අනෙක් වෛරසවලට වඩා අඩු ප්‍රචණ්ඩත්වයක් තිබීම හේතු කොට ගෙන ආසාදිත රෝගීන් හට ආපධාවකින් තොරව දිගු ගමණක් සංචාරය කිරීමට හැකි බැවින් එමගින් වසංගත රෝග තත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට ඇති අවධානම වැඩිවී ඇත.

රෝග ව්‍යාප්තිය අඩුකර ගැනීම සඳහා තවත් ඵලදායි ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් වනුයේ ජාලයක් වශයෙන් ලෝකය කුඩාවී එකිනෙක හා සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති බව අවබෝධ කරගැනීමයි. වසංගත රෝග අවස්ථාවන්හි දී ආසාදිත පුද්ගලයන්හා ව්‍යාප්තව පවතින රෝගය ඇති වීමට ප්‍රවණතාවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයන් අතර අන්තර් ක්‍රියා ඇති වේ. ව්‍යාප්තව පවතින පුද්ගලයන් කෙරෙහි ඇති අන්තර් ක්‍රියාවලින් අවම වුවද ආසාදිත පුද්ගලයෙකු හා වරක් හෝ ඉතා සුළු වශයෙන් අන්තර් ක්‍රියා දැක්වීමෙන් රෝගය ඇති වීමට අවධානමක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් හට වඩා වේගයෙන් රෝග ව්‍යාප්ත විය හැකිය. මෙලෙස ආසාදිතයන් සහ ආසාදිත නොවූවන් අතර අන්තර් ක්‍රියා ඇති වීම අවම කිරීමට හැකිනම් රෝගයෙහි ප්‍රමාණය අඩුකරගත හැකිය. කෙසේ වුවද රෝග ව්‍යාප්තිය වළක්වා ගැනීම පිළිබඳව ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අවධානය යොමු කළ හොත් අසාදිත තත්වය අවම කරගත හැකිය. එච්.අයි.වී ආසාදනයට ලක්වූ මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය සඳහා ඇබ්බැහි වූවන් අතර ඉදිකටු භාවිතා කිරීමේදී සුපරික්ෂාකාරී වීම ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රමයක් වශයෙන් සාර්ථකත්වය ලගා වූවකි. ආසාදිත ගවයින් තේරීමට ලක්කර මරාදැමීම මගින් හෝ අවට ගවපට්ටිවල සිටින ගවයින් හට එන්නත් ලබාදීම මගින් ගවයන්ගේ කුර හා මුඛ රෝගය වැළැක්වීමට 2001 වසරේදී හැකියාව ලැබුණි.
වෛරස් රෝග

ඉබූලා වෛරස් රෝගය


Prințesa dolarilor (în ) este o operetă în trei acte, compusă de Leo Falla în 1907. Premiera operetei a avut loc în 2 noiembrie 1907 la Viena. Libretul a fost scris de Alfred Maria Willner și Fritz Grünbaum.

Subiect
La trei luni și jumătate după succesul operetei Fermierul vesel a lui Fall, a avut loc la 2 noiembrie 1907 premiera operetei Prințesa dolarilor, care a reprezentat un nou succes. Libretul scris de A. M. Willner și Fritz Grünbaum este o variațiune pe tema piesei shakespeariene Îmblânzirea scorpiei, adaptată la realitățile existente în America în secolul al XX-lea. Katherina a fost transformată în încrezuta Alice, fiica "regelui cărbunelui" John Couder, în timp ce Petrucchio a fost înlocuit cu mândrul Fredy Wehrburg. Punctul de plecare a operetei îl reprezintă confruntarea reprezentanților a două medii sociale radical diferite: aristocrați europeni în căutare de bani și milionari americani proaspăt îmbogățiți în căutarea unui blazon aristocratic și a unor relații sus-puse. Subiectul puțin plauzibil este salvat de muzica grațioasă și melodioasă a lui Fall. Cele mai bune momente ale operetei sunt valsul Hm la la la dansat de Alice și Fred în actul I, cântecul Wigl wagl wigl wagl, my monkey, interpretat de Alice și duetul lui Daisy și Hans În cerc mereu în cerc. Opereta s-a bucurat de un mare succes în Europa și peste ocean. Premiera sa în Polonia a avut loc pe 28 martie 1908, la Varșovia, iar rolul lui Alice a fost interpretat de Victoria Kawecka.

Personaje

 John Couder, milionar, președintele trustului cărbunelui
 Alice, fiica sa
 Daisy Gray, nepoata sa
 Tom, fratele lui Couder
 Dick, nepotul lui Couder
 Fred Wehrburg
 Hans von Schlick, baron
 Ila Valgodesco, cântăreț și circar din Europa
 Miss Thompson, menajera familiei Couder
 James, majordom în casa familiei Couder
 Bill, șoferul familiei Couder

Note

Bibliografie
 Bernard Grun: Dzieje operetki. Kraków: Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne, 1974.
 Lucjan Kydryński: Przewodnik operetkowy. Kraków: Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne, 1984. ISBN 83-224-0316-X.
 Lucjan Kydryński: Usta milczą dusza śpiewa. Opowieść o życiu i twórczości Franciszka Lehára. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Radia i Telewizji, 1992. ISBN 83-212-0621-2.

Operete

Prințesa dolarilor


An Fimbristylis scabrida in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher. An Fimbristylis scabrida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis scabrida