The 101st United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from January 3, 1989, to January 3, 1991, during the final weeks of Ronald Reagan's presidency and the first two years of George H. W. Bush's presidency.

The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1980 United States census. Both chambers maintained a Democratic majority.

Major events

 January 20, 1989: George H. W. Bush became President of the United States
 February 23, 1989: Senate Armed Services Committee rejected President Bush's nomination of John Tower for Secretary of Defense
 March 24, 1989: Exxon Valdez oil spill
 December 20, 1989: Operation Just Cause launched to overthrow Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega

Major legislation

Enacted
 April 10, 1989: Whistleblower Protection Act, ,
 October 28, 1989: Flag Protection Act of 1989, ,
 May 22, 1990: Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989, ,
 July 26, 1990: Americans with Disabilities Act, ,
 August 18, 1990: Oil Pollution Act of 1990, ,
 August 18, 1990: Ryan White CARE Act of 1990, ,
 September 25, 1990: Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990, ,
 October 30, 1990: Native American Languages Act of 1990, ,
 October 30, 1990: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990. ,
 November 5, 1990: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, ,  (including Human Genome Project funding)
 November 12, 1990: Water Resources Development Act of 1990 (WRDA 1990),
 November 15, 1990: Administrative Dispute Resolution Act, ,
 November 16, 1990: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, ,
 November 28, 1990: Tongass Timber Reform Act,
 November 29, 1990: Negotiated Rulemaking Act, ,
 November 29, 1990: Immigration Act of 1990, ,
 December 1, 1990: Judicial Improvements Act of 1990, ,  (including Visual Artists Rights Act)

Vetoed
 October 22, 1990: Civil Rights Act of 1990, .  Override attempt failed in Senate, 66-34 (1 vote short of  needed to override).

Treaties ratified
 March 1, 1989: Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, an international treaty on copyrights, ratified

Party summary

Senate

House of Representatives

Leadership

Senate

 President: George H. W. Bush (R), until January 20, 1989
 Dan Quayle (R), from January 20, 1989
 President pro tempore: Robert Byrd (D)

Democratic majority
 Majority Leader: George J. Mitchell
 Majority Whip: Alan Cranston
 Policy Committee Co-Chair: Harry Reid
 Democratic Caucus Secretary: David Pryor
 Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: John Breaux
 Chief Deputy Whip: Alan J. Dixon

Republican minority
 Minority Leader: Bob Dole
 Minority Whip: Alan K. Simpson
 Republican Conference Chairman: John Chafee
 Republican Conference Secretary: Thad Cochran
 National Senatorial Committee Chair: Don Nickles
 Policy Committee Chairman: William L. Armstrong

House of Representatives

 Speaker: Jim Wright (D), until June 6, 1989
 Tom Foley (D), from June 6, 1989

Democratic majority
 Majority Leader:  Tom Foley, until June 6, 1989
 Dick Gephardt, from June 6, 1989
 Majority Whip:  Tony Coelho, until June 15, 1989
 William H. Gray III, from June 15, 1989
 Chief Deputy Majority Whip: David Bonior
 Democratic Caucus Chairman:  William H. Gray III, until June 15, 1989
 Steny Hoyer, from June 15, 1989
 Democratic Caucus Vice-Chairman: Steny Hoyer, until June 21, 1989
 Vic Fazio, from June 21, 1989
 Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Beryl Anthony Jr.

Republican minority
 Minority Leader:  Robert H. Michel
 Minority Whip:  Dick Cheney, until March 20, 1989
 Newt Gingrich, from March 20, 1989
 Chief Deputy Whip: Robert Smith Walker
 Republican Conference Chairman:  Jerry Lewis
 Republican Conference Vice-Chairman: Bill McCollum
 Republican Conference Secretary: Vin Weber
 Policy Committee Chairman: Mickey Edwards
 Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Guy Vander Jagt

Caucuses
 Congressional Arts Caucus
 Congressional Automotive Caucus
 Biomedical Research Caucus
 Congressional Black Caucus
 Congressional Fire Services Caucus
 Congressional Friends of Ireland Caucus
 Congressional Hispanic Caucus
 Congressional Pediatric & Adult Hydrocephalus Caucus
 Congressional Travel & Tourism Caucus
 Congresswomen's Caucus
 House Democratic Caucus
 Senate Democratic Caucus

Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district.

Senate
Senators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1990; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1992; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1994.

Alabama
 2. Howell Heflin (D)
 3. Richard Shelby (D)

Alaska
 2. Ted Stevens (R)
 3. Frank Murkowski (R)

Arizona
 1. Dennis DeConcini (D)
 3. John McCain (R)

Arkansas
 2. David Pryor (D)
 3. Dale Bumpers (D)

California
 1. Pete Wilson (R)
 3. Alan Cranston (D)

Colorado
 2. William L. Armstrong (R)
 3. Tim Wirth (D)

Connecticut
 1. Joe Lieberman (D)
 3. Chris Dodd (D)

Delaware
 1. William Roth (R)
 2. Joe Biden (D)

Florida
 1. Connie Mack III (R)
 3. Bob Graham (D)

Georgia
 2. Sam Nunn (D)
 3. Wyche Fowler (D)

Hawaii
 1. Spark Matsunaga (D), until April 15, 1990
 Daniel Akaka (D), from May 16, 1990
 3. Daniel Inouye (D)

Idaho
 2. James A. McClure (R)
 3. Steve Symms (R)

Illinois
 2. Paul Simon (D)
 3. Alan J. Dixon (D)

Indiana
 1. Richard Lugar (R)
 3. Dan Coats (R)

Iowa
 2. Tom Harkin (D)
 3. Chuck Grassley (R)

Kansas
 2. Nancy Kassebaum (R)
 3. Bob Dole (R)

Kentucky
 2. Mitch McConnell (R)
 3. Wendell Ford (D)

Louisiana
 2. J. Bennett Johnston (D)
 3. John Breaux (D)

Maine
 1. George J. Mitchell (D)
 2. William Cohen (R)

Maryland
 1. Paul Sarbanes (D)
 3. Barbara Mikulski (D)

Massachusetts
 1. Ted Kennedy (D)
 2. John Kerry (D)

Michigan
 1. Donald Riegle (D)
 2. Carl Levin (D)

Minnesota
 1. David Durenberger (R)
 2. Rudy Boschwitz (R)

Mississippi
 1. Trent Lott (R)
 2. Thad Cochran (R)

Missouri
 1. John Danforth (R)
 3. Kit Bond (R)

Montana
 1. Conrad Burns (R)
 2. Max Baucus (D)

Nebraska
 1. Bob Kerrey (D)
 2. J. James Exon (D)

Nevada
 1. Richard Bryan (D)
 3. Harry Reid (D)

New Hampshire
 2. Gordon J. Humphrey (R), until December 4, 1990
 Bob Smith (R), from December 7, 1990
 3. Warren Rudman (R)

New Jersey
 1. Frank Lautenberg (D)
 2. Bill Bradley (D)

New Mexico
 1. Jeff Bingaman (D)
 2. Pete Domenici (R)

New York
 1. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D)
 3. Al D'Amato (R)

North Carolina
 2. Jesse Helms (R)
 3. Terry Sanford (D)

North Dakota
 1. Quentin Burdick (D-NPL)
 3. Kent Conrad (D-NPL)

Ohio
 1. Howard Metzenbaum (D)
 3. John Glenn (D)

Oklahoma
 2. David Boren (D)
 3. Don Nickles (R)

Oregon
 2. Mark Hatfield (R)
 3. Bob Packwood (R)

Pennsylvania
 1. John Heinz (R)
 3. Arlen Specter (R)

Rhode Island
 1. John Chafee (R)
 2. Claiborne Pell (D)

South Carolina
 2. Strom Thurmond (R)
 3. Fritz Hollings (D)

South Dakota
 2. Larry Pressler (R)
 3. Tom Daschle (D)

Tennessee
 1. Jim Sasser (D)
 2. Al Gore (D)

Texas
 1. Lloyd Bentsen (D)
 2. Phil Gramm (R)

Utah
 1. Orrin Hatch (R)
 3. Jake Garn (R)

Vermont
 1. Jim Jeffords (R)
 3. Patrick Leahy (D)

Virginia
 1. Chuck Robb (D)
 2. John Warner (R)

Washington
 1. Slade Gorton (R)
 3. Brock Adams (D)

West Virginia
 1. Robert Byrd (D)
 2. Jay Rockefeller (D)

Wisconsin
 1. Herb Kohl (D)
 3. Bob Kasten (R)

Wyoming
 1. Malcolm Wallop (R)
 2. Alan Simpson (R)

House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama
 . Sonny Callahan (R)
 . William Louis Dickinson (R)
 . Glen Browder (D), from April 4, 1989
 . Tom Bevill (D)
 . Ronnie Flippo (D)
 . Ben Erdreich (D)
 . Claude Harris Jr. (D)

Alaska
 . Don Young (R)

Arizona
 . John Jacob Rhodes III (R)
 . Mo Udall (D)
 . Bob Stump (R)
 . Jon Kyl (R)
 . Jim Kolbe (R)

Arkansas
 . William Vollie Alexander Jr. (D)
 . Tommy F. Robinson (D then R), switched parties July 28, 1989)
 . John Paul Hammerschmidt (R)
 . Beryl Anthony Jr. (D)

California
 . Douglas H. Bosco (D)
 . Wally Herger (R)
 . Bob Matsui (D)
 . Vic Fazio (D)
 . Nancy Pelosi (D)
 . Barbara Boxer (D)
 . George Miller (D)
 . Ron Dellums (D)
 . Pete Stark (D)
 . Don Edwards (D)
 . Tom Lantos (D)
 . Tom Campbell (R)
 . Norman Mineta (D)
 . Norman D. Shumway (R)
 . Tony Coelho (D), until June 15, 1989
 Gary Condit (D), from September 12, 1989
 . Leon Panetta (D)
 . Chip Pashayan (R)
 . Richard H. Lehman (D)
 . Robert J. Lagomarsino (R)
 . Bill Thomas (R)
 . Elton Gallegly (R)
 . Carlos Moorhead (R)
 . Anthony Beilenson (D)
 . Henry Waxman (D)
 . Edward R. Roybal (D)
 . Howard Berman (D)
 . Mel Levine (D)
 . Julian Dixon (D)
 . Augustus Hawkins (D)
 . Matthew G. Martínez (D)
 . Mervyn Dymally (D)
 . Glenn M. Anderson (D)
 . David Dreier (R)
 . Esteban Edward Torres (D)
 . Jerry Lewis (R)
 . George Brown Jr. (D)
 . Al McCandless (R)
 . Bob Dornan (R)
 . William E. Dannemeyer (R)
 . Christopher Cox (R)
 . Bill Lowery (R)
 . Dana Rohrabacher (R)
 . Ron Packard (R)
 . Jim Bates (D)
 . Duncan L. Hunter (R)

Colorado
 . Pat Schroeder (D)
 . David Skaggs (D)
 . Ben Nighthorse Campbell (D)
 . Hank Brown (R)
 . Joel Hefley (R)
 . Dan Schaefer (R)

Connecticut
 . Barbara B. Kennelly (D)
 . Sam Gejdenson (D)
 . Bruce Morrison (D)
 . Chris Shays (R)
 . John G. Rowland (R)
 . Nancy Johnson (R)

Delaware
 . Tom Carper (D)

Florida
 . Earl Hutto (D)
 . James W. Grant (D then R), switched parties February 21, 1989
 . Charles E. Bennett (D)
 . Craig James (R)
 . Bill McCollum (R)
 . Cliff Stearns (R)
 . Sam Gibbons (D)
 . Bill Young (R)
 . Michael Bilirakis (R)
 . Andy Ireland (R)
 . Bill Nelson (D)
 . Tom Lewis (R)
 . Porter Goss (R)
 . Harry Johnston (D)
 . Clay Shaw (R)
 . Lawrence J. Smith (D)
 . William Lehman (D)
 . Claude Pepper (D), until May 30, 1989
 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R), from August 29, 1989
 . Dante Fascell (D)

Georgia
 . Lindsay Thomas (D)
 . Charles Floyd Hatcher (D)
 . Richard Ray (D)
 . Ben Jones (D)
 . John Lewis (D)
 . Newt Gingrich (R)
 . George Darden (D)
 . J. Roy Rowland (D)
 . Ed Jenkins (D)
 . Doug Barnard Jr. (D)

Hawaii
 . Pat Saiki (R)
 . Daniel Akaka (D), until May 16, 1990
 Patsy Mink (D), from September 22, 1990

Idaho
 . Larry Craig (R)
 . Richard H. Stallings (D)

Illinois
 . Charles Hayes (D)
 . Gus Savage (D)
 . Marty Russo (D)
 . George E. Sangmeister (D)
 . Bill Lipinski (D)
 . Henry Hyde (R)
 . Cardiss Collins (D)
 . Dan Rostenkowski (D)
 . Sidney R. Yates (D)
 . John Porter (R)
 . Frank Annunzio (D)
 . Phil Crane (R)
 . Harris W. Fawell (R)
 . Dennis Hastert (R)
 . Edward Madigan (R)
 . Lynn Morley Martin (R)
 . Lane Evans (D)
 . Robert H. Michel (R)
 . Terry L. Bruce (D)
 . Dick Durbin (D)
 . Jerry Costello (D)
 . Glenn Poshard (D)

Indiana
 . Pete Visclosky (D)
 . Philip Sharp (D)
 . John P. Hiler (R)
 . Jill L. Long (D), from March 28, 1989
 . Jim Jontz (D)
 . Dan Burton (R)
 . John T. Myers (R)
 . Frank McCloskey (D)
 . Lee H. Hamilton (D)
 . Andrew Jacobs Jr. (D)

Iowa
 . Jim Leach (R)
 . Tom Tauke (R)
 . David R. Nagle (D)
 . Neal Edward Smith (D)
 . Jim Ross Lightfoot (R)
 . Fred Grandy (R)

Kansas
 . Pat Roberts (R)
 . Jim Slattery (D)
 . Jan Meyers (R)
 . Dan Glickman (D)
 . Bob Whittaker (R)

Kentucky
 . Carroll Hubbard (D)
 . William Natcher (D)
 . Romano Mazzoli (D)
 . Jim Bunning (R)
 . Hal Rogers (R)
 . Larry J. Hopkins (R)
 . Chris Perkins (D)

Louisiana
 . Bob Livingston (R)
 . Lindy Boggs (D)
 . Billy Tauzin (D)
 . Jim McCrery (R)
 . Jerry Huckaby (D)
 . Richard Baker (R)
 . Jimmy Hayes (D)
 . Clyde C. Holloway (R)

Maine
 . Joseph E. Brennan (D)
 . Olympia Snowe (R)

Maryland
 . Roy Dyson (D)
 . Helen Delich Bentley (R)
 . Ben Cardin (D)
 . Tom McMillen (D)
 . Steny Hoyer (D)
 . Beverly Byron (D)
 . Kweisi Mfume (D)
 . Connie Morella (R)

Massachusetts
 . Silvio O. Conte (R)
 . Richard Neal (D)
 . Joseph D. Early (D)
 . Barney Frank (D)
 . Chester G. Atkins (D)
 . Nicholas Mavroules (D)
 . Ed Markey (D)
 . Joseph P. Kennedy II (D)
 . Joe Moakley (D)
 . Gerry Studds (D)
 . Brian J. Donnelly (D)

Michigan
 . John Conyers (D)
 . Carl Pursell (R)
 . Howard Wolpe (D)
 . Fred Upton (R)
 . Paul B. Henry (R)
 . Milton Robert Carr (D)
 . Dale Kildee (D)
 . J. Bob Traxler (D)
 . Guy Vander Jagt (R)
 . Bill Schuette (R)
 . Robert William Davis (R)
 . David Bonior (D)
 . George Crockett Jr. (D)
 . Dennis Hertel (D)
 . William D. Ford (D)
 . John Dingell (D)
 . Sander Levin (D)
 . William Broomfield (R)

Minnesota
 . Tim Penny (DFL)
 . Vin Weber (R)
 . Bill Frenzel (R)
 . Bruce Vento (DFL)
 . Martin Olav Sabo (DFL)
 . Gerry Sikorski (DFL)
 . Arlan Stangeland (R)
 . Jim Oberstar (DFL)

Mississippi
 . Jamie Whitten (D)
 . Mike Espy (D)
 . Sonny Montgomery (D)
 . Michael Parker (D)
 . Larkin I. Smith (R), until August 13, 1989
 Gene Taylor (D), from October 17, 1989

Missouri
 . Bill Clay (D)
 . Jack Buechner (R)
 . Dick Gephardt (D)
 . Ike Skelton (D)
 . Alan Wheat (D)
 . Tom Coleman (R)
 . Mel Hancock (R)
 . Bill Emerson (R)
 . Harold Volkmer (D)

Montana
 . Pat Williams (D)
 . Ron Marlenee (R)

Nebraska
 . Doug Bereuter (R)
 . Peter Hoagland (D)
 . Virginia D. Smith (R)

Nevada
 . James Bilbray (D)
 . Barbara Vucanovich (R)

New Hampshire
 . Bob Smith (R), until December 7, 1990, vacant thereafter
 . Charles Douglas III (R)

New Jersey
 . James Florio (D), until January 16, 1990
 Rob Andrews (D), from November 6, 1990
 . William J. Hughes (D)
 . Frank Pallone (D)
 . Chris Smith (R)
 . Marge Roukema (R)
 . Bernard J. Dwyer (D)
 . Matthew John Rinaldo (R)
 . Robert A. Roe (D)
 . Robert Torricelli (D)
 . Donald M. Payne (D)
 . Dean Gallo (R)
 . Jim Courter (R)
 . Jim Saxton (R)
 . Frank Joseph Guarini (D)

New Mexico
 . Steven Schiff (R)
 . Joe Skeen (R)
 . Bill Richardson (D)

New York
 . George J. Hochbrueckner (D)
 . Thomas Downey (D)
 . Robert J. Mrazek (D)
 . Norman F. Lent (R)
 . Raymond J. McGrath (R)
 . Floyd Flake (D)
 . Gary Ackerman (D)
 . James H. Scheuer (D)
 . Thomas J. Manton (D)
 . Chuck Schumer (D)
 . Edolphus Towns (D)
 . Major Owens (D)
 . Stephen Solarz (D)
 . Guy Molinari (R), until December 31, 1989 (resigned)
 Susan Molinari (R), from March 20, 1990
 . Bill Green (R)
 . Charles Rangel (D)
 . Theodore S. Weiss (D)
 . Robert Garcia (D), until January 7, 1990
 José E. Serrano (D), from March 20, 1990
 . Eliot Engel (D)
 . Nita Lowey (D)
 . Hamilton Fish IV (R)
 . Benjamin Gilman (R)
 . Michael McNulty (D)
 . Gerald Solomon (R)
 . Sherwood Boehlert (R)
 . David O'Brien Martin (R)
 . James T. Walsh (R)
 . Matthew F. McHugh (D)
 . Frank Horton (R)
 . Louise Slaughter (D)
 . Bill Paxon (R)
 . John J. LaFalce (D)
 . Henry J. Nowak (D)
 . Amo Houghton (R)

North Carolina
 . Walter B. Jones Sr. (D)
 . Tim Valentine (D)
 . Martin Lancaster (D)
 . David Price (D)
 . Stephen L. Neal (D)
 . Howard Coble (R)
 . Charlie Rose (D)
 . Bill Hefner (D)
 . Alex McMillan (R)
 . Cass Ballenger (R)
 . James M. Clarke (D)

North Dakota
 . Byron Dorgan (D-NPL)

Ohio
 . Tom Luken (D)
 . Bill Gradison (R)
 . Tony P. Hall (D)
 . Mike Oxley (R)
 . Paul Gillmor (R)
 . Bob McEwen (R)
 . Mike DeWine (R)
 . Donald "Buz" Lukens (R), until October 24, 1990
 . Marcy Kaptur (D)
 . Clarence E. Miller (R)
 . Dennis E. Eckart (D)
 . John Kasich (R)
 . Donald J. Pease (D)
 . Thomas C. Sawyer (D)
 . Chalmers Wylie (R)
 . Ralph Regula (R)
 . James Traficant (D)
 . Douglas Applegate (D)
 . Ed Feighan (D)
 . Mary Rose Oakar (D)
 . Louis Stokes (D)

Oklahoma
 . Jim Inhofe (R)
 . Mike Synar (D)
 . Wes Watkins (D)
 . Dave McCurdy (D)
 . Mickey Edwards (R)
 . Glenn English (D)

Oregon
 . Les AuCoin (D)
 . Robert Freeman Smith (R)
 . Ron Wyden (D)
 . Peter DeFazio (D)
 . Denny Smith (R)

Pennsylvania
 . Thomas M. Foglietta (D)
 . William H. Gray III (D)
 . Robert A. Borski Jr. (D)
 . Joseph P. Kolter (D)
 . Richard T. Schulze (R)
 . Gus Yatron (D)
 . Curt Weldon (R)
 . Peter H. Kostmayer (D)
 . Bud Shuster (R)
 . Joseph M. McDade (R)
 . Paul Kanjorski (D)
 . John Murtha (D)
 . Lawrence Coughlin (R)
 . William J. Coyne (D)
 . Donald L. Ritter (R)
 . Robert Smith Walker (R)
 . George Gekas (R)
 . Doug Walgren (D)
 . William F. Goodling (R)
 . Joseph M. Gaydos (D)
 . Tom Ridge (R)
 . Austin Murphy (D)
 . William F. Clinger Jr. (R)

Rhode Island
 . Ronald Machtley (R)
 . Claudine Schneider (R)

South Carolina
 . Arthur Ravenel Jr. (R)
 . Floyd Spence (R)
 . Butler Derrick (D)
 . Liz J. Patterson (D)
 . John Spratt (D)
 . Robin Tallon (D)

South Dakota
 . Tim Johnson (D)

Tennessee
 . Jimmy Quillen (R)
 . Jimmy Duncan (R)
 . Marilyn Lloyd (D)
 . Jim Cooper (D)
 . Bob Clement (D)
 . Bart Gordon (D)
 . Don Sundquist (R)
 . John S. Tanner (D)
 . Harold Ford Sr. (D)

Texas
 . Jim Chapman (D)
 . Charlie Wilson (D)
 . Steve Bartlett (R)
 . Ralph Hall (D)
 . John Wiley Bryant (D)
 . Joe Barton (R)
 . Bill Archer (R)
 . Jack Fields (R)
 . Jack Brooks (D)
 . J. J. Pickle (D)
 . Marvin Leath (D)
 . Jim Wright (D), until June 30, 1989
 Pete Geren (D), from September 12, 1989
 . Bill Sarpalius (D)
 . Greg Laughlin (D)
 . Kika de la Garza (D)
 . Ronald D. Coleman (D)
 . Charles Stenholm (D)
 . Mickey Leland (D), until August 7, 1989
 Craig Washington (D), from December 9, 1989
 . Larry Combest (R)
 . Henry B. González (D)
 . Lamar Smith (R)
 . Tom DeLay (R)
 . Albert Bustamante (D)
 . Martin Frost (D)
 . Michael A. Andrews (D)
 . Dick Armey (R)
 . Solomon P. Ortiz (D)

Utah
 . James V. Hansen (R)
 . Wayne Owens (D)
 . Howard C. Nielson (R)

Vermont
 . Peter Plympton Smith (R)

Virginia
 . Herbert H. Bateman (R)
 . Owen B. Pickett (D)
 . Thomas J. Bliley Jr. (R)
 . Norman Sisisky (D)
 . Lewis F. Payne Jr. (D)
 . Jim Olin (D)
 . D. French Slaughter Jr. (R)
 . Stanford Parris (R)
 . Rick Boucher (D)
 . Frank Wolf (R)

Washington
 . John Miller (R)
 . Al Swift (D)
 . Jolene Unsoeld (D)
 . Sid Morrison (R)
 . Tom Foley (D)
 . Norm Dicks (D)
 . Jim McDermott (D)
 . Rod Chandler (R)

West Virginia
 . Alan Mollohan (D)
 . Harley O. Staggers Jr. (D)
 . Bob Wise (D)
 . Nick Rahall (D)

Wisconsin
 . Les Aspin (D)
 . Robert Kastenmeier (D)
 . Steve Gunderson (R)
 . Jerry Kleczka (D)
 . Jim Moody (D)
 . Tom Petri (R)
 . Dave Obey (D)
 . Toby Roth (R)
 . Jim Sensenbrenner (R)

Wyoming
 . Dick Cheney (R), until March 17, 1989
 Craig L. Thomas (R), from April 26, 1989

Non-voting members
 : Eni Faleomavaega (D)
 : Walter Fauntroy (D)
 : Vicente T. Blaz (R)
 : Jaime Fuster (PPD)
 : Ron de Lugo (D)

Changes in membership

Senate

|-
| Indiana(3)
| nowrap  | Dan Quayle (R)
| Resigned January 3, 1989, to become U.S. Vice President.Successor was appointed and later elected to finish the term ending January 3, 1993.
| nowrap  | Dan Coats (R)
| January 3, 1989

|-
| Hawaii(1)
| nowrap  | Spark Matsunaga (D)
| Died April 15, 1990.Successor was appointed and later elected to finish the term ending January 3, 1995.
| nowrap  | Daniel Akaka (D)
| May 16, 1990

|-
| New Hampshire(2)
| nowrap  | Gordon J. Humphrey (R)
| Retired and resigned early December 4, 1990, having been elected to the New Hampshire Senate.Successor was appointed, having already elected to the next term.
| nowrap  | Bob Smith (R)
| December 7, 1990
|}

House of Representatives

|-
|
| Vacant
| Rep. Bill Nichols died during previous congress.New member elected April 4, 1989.
|  | Glen Browder (D)
| April 4, 1989

|-
|
|  | Dan Coats (R)
| Resigned January 3, 1989, to become U.S. Senator.New member elected March 28, 1989.
|  | Jill Long (D)
| March 28, 1989

|-
|
|  | James W. Grant(D)
| Changed party February 21, 1989.
|  | James W. Grant(R)
| February 21, 1989

|-
|
|  | Dick Cheney (R)
| Resigned March 17, 1989, to become U.S. Secretary of Defense.New member elected April 26, 1989.
|  | Craig L. Thomas (R)
| April 26, 1989

|-
|
|  | Claude Pepper (D)
| Died May 30, 1989.New member elected August 29, 1989.
|  | Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R)
| August 29, 1989

|-
|
|  | Tony Coelho (D)
| Resigned June 15, 1989.New member elected September 12, 1989.
|  | Gary Condit (D)
| September 12, 1989

|-
|
|  | Jim Wright (D)
| Resigned June 30, 1989.New member elected September 12, 1989.
|  | Pete Geren (D)
| September 12, 1989

|-
|
|  | Tommy F. Robinson(D)
| Changed party July 28, 1989.
|  | Tommy F. Robinson(R)
| July 28, 1989

|-
|
|  | Mickey Leland (D)
| Died August 7, 1989.New member elected December 9, 1989.
|  | Craig Washington (D)
| December 9, 1989

|-
|
|  | Larkin I. Smith (R)
| Died August 13, 1989.New member elected October 17, 1989.
|  | Gene Taylor (D)
| October 17, 1989

|-
|
|  | Guy Molinari (R)
| Resigned December 31, 1989.New member elected March 20, 1990.
|  | Susan Molinari (R)
| March 20, 1990

|-
|
|  | Robert Garcia (D)
| Resigned January 7, 1990.New member elected March 20, 1990.
|  | José E. Serrano (D)
| March 20, 1990

|-
|
|  | James Florio (D)
| Resigned January 16, 1990, after being elected Governor of New Jersey.New member elected November 6, 1990.
|  | Rob Andrews (D)
| November 6, 1990

|-
|
|  | Daniel Akaka (D)
| Resigned May 15, 1990, to become U.S. Senator.New member elected November 6, 1990.
|  | Patsy Mink (D)
| November 6, 1990

|-
|
|  | Donald "Buz" Lukens (R)
| Resigned October 24, 1990.
| rowspan=2 |Vacant
| rowspan=2 |Not filled this term

|-
|
|  | Bob Smith (R)
| Resigned December 7, 1990, to become U.S. Senator.
|}

Committees

Senate

 Aging (Special) (Chair: David Pryor; Ranking Member: H. John Heinz III)
 Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry (Chair: Patrick Leahy; Ranking Member: Richard G. Lugar)
 Agriculture Credit (Chair: Kent Conrad; Ranking Member: Slade Gorton)
 Agricultural Production and Stabilization of Prices (Chair: David Pryor; Ranking Member: Jesse Helms)
 Agricultural Research and General Legislation (Chair: Tom Daschle; Ranking Member: Pete Wilson)
 Conservation and Forestry (Chair: Wyche Fowler; Ranking Member: Kit Bond)
 Domestic, Foreign Marketing and Product Promotion (Chair: David Boren; Ranking Member: Thad Cochran)
 Nutrition and Investigations (Chair: Tom Harkin; Ranking Member: Rudy Boschwitz)
 Rural Development and Rural Electrification (Chair: Howell Heflin; Ranking Member: Mitch McConnell)
 Appropriations (Chair: Robert Byrd; Ranking Member: Mark O. Hatfield)
 Agriculture and Related Agencies (Chair: Quentin Burdick; Ranking Member: Thad Cochran)
 Commerce, Justice, State and Judiciary (Chair: Ernest Hollings; Ranking Member: Warren Rudman)
 Defense (Chair: Daniel Inouye; Ranking Member: Ted Stevens)
 District of Columbia (Chair: Brock Adams; Ranking Member: Phil Gramm)
 Energy and Water Development (Chair: J. Bennett Johnston; Ranking Member: Mark O. Hatfield)
 Foreign Operations (Chair: Patrick Leahy; Ranking Member: Bob Kasten)
 HUD-Independent Agencies (Chair: Barbara Mikulski; Ranking Member: Jake Garn)
 Interior and Related Agencies (Chair: Robert C. Byrd; Ranking Member: James A. McClure)
 Labor, Health, Human Services, Education and Related Agencies (Chair: Tom Harkin; Ranking Member: Arlen Specter)
 Legislative Branch (Chair: Harry Reid; Ranking Member: Don Nickles)
 Military Construction (Chair: Jim Sasser; Ranking Member: Chuck Grassley)
 Transportation and Related Agencies (Chair: Frank Lautenberg; Ranking Member: Al D'Amato)
 Treasury, Postal Service and General Government (Chair: Dennis DeConcini; Ranking Member: Pete Domenici)
 Armed Services (Chair: Sam Nunn; Ranking Member: John W. Warner)
 Strategic Forces and Nuclear Detterence (Chair: J. James Exon; Ranking Member: Strom Thurmond)
 Conventional Forces and Alliance Defense (Chair: Carl Levin; Ranking Member: Pete Wilson)
 Projection Forces and Regional Defense (Chair: Ted Kennedy; Ranking Member: William S. Cohen)
 Defense Industry and Technology (Chair: Jeff Bingaman; Ranking Member: Malcolm Wallop)
 Readiness, Sustainability and Support (Chair: Alan J. Dixon; Ranking Member: Slade Gorton)
 Manpower and Personnel (Chair: Alan J. Dixon; Ranking Member: John McCain)
 Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs (Chair: Donald W. Riegle Jr.; Ranking Member: Jake Garn)
 Housing and Urban Affairs (Chair: Alan Cranston; Ranking Member: Al D'Amato)
 International Finance and Monetary Policy (Chair: Paul Sarbanes; Ranking Member: Phil Gramm)
 Securities (Chair: Chris Dodd; Ranking Member: H. John Heinz III)
 Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (Chair: Alan Dixon; Ranking Member: Kit Bond)
 Budget (Chair: Jim Sasser; Ranking Member: Pete Domenici)
 Commerce, Science and Transportation (Chair: Ernest Hollings; Ranking Member: John C. Danforth)
 Aviation (Chair: Wendell H. Ford; Ranking Member: John McCain)
 Communications (Chair: Daniel Inouye; Ranking Member: Bob Packwood)
 Consumer (Chair: Richard H. Bryan; Ranking Member: Slade Gorton)
 Foreign Commerce and Tourism (Chair: Jay Rockefeller; Ranking Member: Conrad Burns)
 Merchant Marine (Chair: John Breaux; Ranking Member: Trent Lott)
 Science, Technology and Space (Chair: Al Gore; Ranking Member: Larry Pressler)
 Surface Transportation (Chair: J. James Exon; Ranking Member: Bob Kasten)
 National Ocean Policy Study (Chair: Ernest Hollings; Ranking Member: Ted Stevens)
 Energy and Natural Resources (Chair: J. Bennett Johnston; Ranking Member: James A. McClure)
 Energy Regulation and Conservation (Chair: Howard M. Metzenbaum; Ranking Member: Don Nickles)
 Energy Research and Development (Chair: Wendell H. Ford; Ranking Member: Pete Domenici)
 Natural Resources Development and Production (Chair: Jeff Bingaman; Ranking Member: Frank H. Murkowski)
 Public Lands, National Parks and Forests (Chair: Dale Bumpers; Ranking Member: Malcolm Wallop)
 Water and Power (Chair: Bill Bradley; Ranking Member: Conrad Burns)
 Environment and Public Works (Chair: Quentin N. Burdick; Ranking Member: )
 Environmental Protection (Chair: Max Baucus; Ranking Member: John H. Chafee)
 Nuclear Regulation (Chair: John Breaux; Ranking Member: Alan K. Simpson)
 Superfund, Ocean and Water Protection (Chair: Frank Lautenberg; Ranking Member: David Durenberger)
 Toxic Substances, Environmental Oversight, Research and Development (Chair: Harry Reid; Ranking Member: John W. Warner)
 Water Resources, Transportation and Infrastructure (Chair: Daniel Moynihan; Ranking Member: Steve Symms)
 Ethics (Select) (Chair: Howell Heflin; Ranking Member: Warren Rudman)
 Finance (Chair: Lloyd Bentsen; Ranking Member: Bob Packwood)
 Energy and Agricultural Taxation (Chair: David L. Boren; Ranking Member: William L. Armstrong)
 Health for Families and the Uninsured (Chair: Donald W. Riegle Jr.; Ranking Member: John H. Chafee)
 International Debt (Chair: Bill Bradley; Ranking Member: Bob Dole)
 International Trade (Chair: Max Baucus; Ranking Member: John C. Danforth)
 Medicare and Long Term Care (Chair: Jay Rockefeller; Ranking Member: David Durenberger)
 Private Retirement Plans and Oversight of the Internal Revenue Service (Chair: David Pryor; Ranking Member: H. John Heinz III)
 Social Security and Family Policy (Chair: Daniel Moynihan; Ranking Member: Bob Dole)
 Taxation and Debt Management (Chair: Spark Matsunaga; Ranking Member: William V. Roth Jr.)
 Foreign Relations (Chair: Claiborne Pell; Ranking Member: Jesse Helms)
 African Affairs (Chair: Paul Simon; Ranking Member: Nancy Kassebaum)
 East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Chair: Alan Cranston; Ranking Member: Frank H. Murkowski)
 European Affairs (Chair: Joe Biden; Ranking Member: Larry Pressler)
 International Economic Policy, Trade, Oceans and Environment (Chair: Paul Sarbanes; Ranking Member: Gordon J. Humphrey)
 Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (Chair: Daniel Moynihan; Ranking Member: Rudy Boschwitz)
 Terrorism, Narcotics and International Communications (Chair: John Kerry; Ranking Member: Mitch McConnell)
 Western Hemisphere and Peace Corps Affairs (Chair: Chris Dodd; Ranking Member: Richard G. Lugar)
 Governmental Affairs (Chair: John Glenn; Ranking Member: William V. Roth Jr.)
 Federal Services, Post Office and Civil Service (Chair: David Pryor; Ranking Member: Ted Stevens)
 General Services, Federalism and the District of Columbia (Chair: Jim Sasser; Ranking Member: H. John Heinz III)
 Government Information and Regulation (Chair: Jeff Bingaman; Ranking Member: Warren Rudman)
 Oversight of Government Management (Chair: Carl Levin; Ranking Member: William S. Cohen)
 Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (Chair: Sam Nunn; Ranking Member: William V. Roth Jr.)
 Indian Affairs (Select) (Chair: Daniel Inouye; Ranking Member: John McCain)
 Judiciary (Chair: Joe Biden; Ranking Member: Strom Thurmond)
 Antitrust, Monopolies and Business Rights (Chair: Howard M. Metzenbaum; Ranking Member: Strom Thurmond)
 Courts and Administration Practice (Chair: Howell Heflin; Ranking Member: Chuck Grassley)
 Constitution (Chair: Paul Simon; Ranking Member: Arlen Specter)
 Immigration and Refugee Affairs (Chair: Ted Kennedy; Ranking Member: Alan K. Simpson)
 Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks (Chair: Dennis DeConcini; Ranking Member: Orrin G. Hatch)
 Technology and the Law (Chair: Patrick Leahy; Ranking Member: Gordon J. Humphrey)
 Impeachment of Alcee L. Hastings (Select) (Chair: ; Ranking Member: )
 Impeachment of Walter L. Nixon (Select) (Chair: ; Ranking Member: )
 Intelligence (Select) (Chair: David L. Boren; Ranking Member: William S. Cohen)
 Labor and Human Resources (Chair: Ted Kennedy; Ranking Member: Orrin Hatch)
 Aging (Chair: Spark Matsuaga; Ranking Member: Thad Cochran)
 Children, Family, Drugs and Alcoholism (Chair: Chris Dodd; Ranking Member: Dan Coats)
 Education, Arts and Humanities (Chair: Claiborne Pell; Ranking Member: Nancy Kassebaum)
 Employment and Productivity (Chair: Paul Simon; Ranking Member: Strom Thurmond)
 Handicapped (Chair: Tom Harkin; Ranking Member: David Durenberger)
 Labor (Chair: Howard M. Metzenbaum; Ranking Member: Jim Jeffords)
 Nutrition and Human Needs (Select) (Chair: ; Ranking Member: )
 Rules and Administration (Chair: Wendell H. Ford; Ranking Member: Ted Stevens)
 Small Business (Chair: Dale Bumpers; Ranking Member: Rudy Boschwitz)
 Competition and Antitrust Enforcement (Chair: Tom Harkin; Ranking Member: Ted Stevens)
 Export Expansion (Chair: Barbara Mikulski; Ranking Member: Larry Pressler)
 Government Contracting and Paperwork Reduction (Chair: Alan Dixon; Ranking Member: Chuck Grassley)
 Innovation, Technology and Productivity (Chair: Carl Levin; Ranking Member: Trent Lott)
 Rural Economy and Family Farming (Chair: Max Baucus; Ranking Member: Bob Kasten)
 Urban and Minority-Owned Business Development (Chair: John Kerry; Ranking Member: Conrad Burns)
 Veterans' Affairs (Chair: Alan Cranston; Ranking Member: Frank H. Murkowski)

House of Representatives

 Aging (Select) (Chair: Edward R. Roybal; Ranking Member: Matthew J. Rinaldo)
 Agriculture (Chair: Kika de la Garza; Ranking Member: Edward Madigan)
 Conservation, Credit and Rural Development (Chair: Glenn English; Ranking Member: E. Thomas Coleman)
 Cotton, Rice and Sugar (Chair: Jerry Huckaby; Ranking Member: Arlan Stangeland)
 Department Operations, Research and Foreign Agriculture (Chair: Jerry Huckaby; Ranking Member: Pat Roberts)
 Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations and Nutrition (Chair: George E. Brown Jr.; Ranking Member: Bill Emerson)
 Forests, Family Farms and Energy (Chair: Harold Volkmer; Ranking Member: Sid Morrison)
 Livestock, Dairy and Poultry (Chair: Charles Stenholm; Ranking Member: Steve Gunderson)
 Tobacco and Peanuts (Chair: Charlie Rose; Ranking Member: Larry J. Hopkins)
 Wheat, Soybeans and Feed Grains (Chair: Dan Glickman; Ranking Member: Ron Marlenee)
 Appropriations (Chair: Jamie L. Whitten; Ranking Member: Silvio O. Conte)
 Commerce, Justice, State and the Judiciary (Chair: Neal Edward Smith; Ranking Member: Hal Rogers)
 Defense (Chair: John Murtha; Ranking Member: Joseph M. McDade)
 District of Columbia (Chair: Julian C. Dixon; Ranking Member: Dean A. Gallo)
 Energy and Water Development (Chair: Tom Bevill; Ranking Member: John T. Myers)
 Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs (Chair: David Obey; Ranking Member: Mickey Edwards)
 Interior and Related Agencies (Chair: Sidney Yates; Ranking Member: Ralph Regula)
 Labor, Health, Human Services, Education and Related Agencies (Chair: William H. Natcher; Ranking Member: Silvio O. Conte)
 Legislative (Chair: Victor Fazio; Ranking Member: Jerry Lewis)
 Military Construction (Chair: Bill Hefner; Ranking Member: Bill Lowery)
 Agriculture, Rural Development and Related Agencies (Chair: Jamie L. Whitten; Ranking Member: Virginia Smith)
 Transportation (Chair: William Lehman; Ranking Member: Lawrence Coughlin)
 Treasury, Postal Service and General Government (Chair: Edward R. Roybal; Ranking Member: Joe Skeen)
 VA, HUD and Independent Agencies (Chair: J. Bob Traxler; Ranking Member: Bill Green)
 Armed Services (Chair: Les Aspin; Ranking Member: William L. Dickinson)
 Investigations (Chair: Nicholas Mavroules; Ranking Member: Larry J. Hopkins)
 Military Installations and Facilities (Chair: Patricia Schroeder; Ranking Member: David O'B. Martin)
 Military Personnel and Compensation (Chair: Beverly B. Byron; Ranking Member: Herbert H. Bateman)
 Procurement and Military Nuclear Systems (Chair: Les Aspin; Ranking Member: Jim Courter)
 Readiness (Chair: Earl Hutto; Ranking Member: John R. Kasich)
 Research and Development (Chair: Ron Dellums; Ranking Member: William L. Dickinson)
 Seapower, Strategic and Critical Materials (Chair: Charles E. Bennett; Ranking Member: Floyd Spence)
 Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs (Chair: Henry B. Gonzalez; Ranking Member: Chalmers P. Wylie)
 Consumer Affairs and Coinage (Chair: Richard H. Lehman; Ranking Member: John P. Hiler)
 Domestic Monetary Policy (Chair: Stephen L. Neal; Ranking Member: Bill McCollum)
 Economic Stabilization (Chair: Mary Rose Oakar; Ranking Member: Norman D. Shumway)
 Financial Institutions Supervision, Regulation and Insurance (Chair: Frank Annunzio; Ranking Member: Chalmers P. Wylie)
 General Oversight and Investigations (Chair: Carroll Hubbard; Ranking Member: Stanford Parris)
 International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy (Chair: Walter E. Fauntroy; Ranking Member: Marge Roukema)
 Housing and Community Development (Chair: Henry B. Gonzalez; Ranking Member: Jim Leach)
 Policy Research and Insurance (Chair: Ben Erdreich; Ranking Member: Doug Bereuter)
 Budget (Chair: Leon Panetta; Ranking Member: Bill Frenzel)
 on the Budget Process, Reconciliation and Enforcement (Chair: Marty Russo; Ranking Member: Jack Buechner)
 Community Development and Natural Resources (Chair: Ed Jenkins; Ranking Member: Hal Rogers)
 Defense, Foreign Policy and Space (Chair: Marvin Leath; Ranking Member: Denny Smith)
 Urgent Fiscal Issues (Chair: Chuck Schumer; Ranking Member: Dick Armey)
 Human Resources (Chair: Barbara Boxer; Ranking Member: William F. Goodling)
 Economic Policy, Projections and Revenues (Chair: Jim Slattery; Ranking Member: Bill Thomas)
 Children, Youth and Families (Select) (Chair: George Miller; Ranking Member: Thomas J. Bliley Jr.)
 District of Columbia (Chair: Ron Dellums; Ranking Member: Stanford Parris)
 Fiscal Affairs and Health (Chair: Walter E. Fauntroy; Ranking Member: Thomas J. Bliley Jr.)
 Government Operations and Metropolitan Affairs (Chair: Alan Wheat; Ranking Member: Larry Combest)
 Judiciary and Education (Chair: Mervyn M. Dymally; Ranking Member: Dana Rohrabacher)
 Education and Labor (Chair: Augustus F. Hawkins; Ranking Member: William F. Goodling)
 Elementary, Secondary and Vocational Education (Chair: Augustus F. Hawkins; Ranking Member: William F. Goodling)
 Employment Opportunities (Chair: Matthew G. Martinez; Ranking Member: Steve Gunderson)
 Health and Safety (Chair: Joseph M. Gaydos; Ranking Member: Paul B. Henry)
 Human Resources (Chair: Dale Kildee; Ranking Member: Thomas J. Tauke)
 Labor-Management Relations (Chair: Bill Clay; Ranking Member: Marge Roukema)
 Labor Standards (Chair: Austin J. Murphy; Ranking Member: Tom Petri)
 Postsecondary Education (Chair: Pat Williams; Ranking Member: E. Thomas Coleman)
 Select Education (Chair: Major R. Owens; Ranking Member: Steve Bartlett)
 Energy and Commerce (Chair: John Dingell; Ranking Member: Norman F. Lent)
 Commerce, Transportation and Competitiveness (Chair: James J. Florio; Ranking Member: Don Ritter)
 Energy and Power (Chair: Phil Sharp; Ranking Member: Carlos J. Moorhead)
 Health and the Environment (Chair: Henry Waxman; Ranking Member: Edward Madigan)
 Oversight and Investigations (Chair: John Dingell; Ranking Member: Thomas J. Bliley Jr.)
 Telecommunications and Finance (Chair: Ed Markey; Ranking Member: Matthew J. Rinaldo)
 Transportation and Hazardous Materials (Chair: Tom Luken; Ranking Member: Bob Whittaker)
 Foreign Affairs (Chair: Dante Fascell; Ranking Member: William S. Broomfield)
 Africa (Chair: Howard Wolpe; Ranking Member: Dan Burton)
 Arms Control, International Security and Science (Chair: Dante Fascell; Ranking Member: William S. Broomfield)
 Asian and Pacific Affairs (Chair: Stephen Solarz; Ranking Member: Jim Leach)
 Europe and the Middle East (Chair: Lee H. Hamilton; Ranking Member: Benjamin A. Gilman)
 Human Rights and International Organizations (Chair: Gus Yatron; Ranking Member: Doug Bereuter)
 International Economic Policy and Trade (Chair: Sam Gejdenson; Ranking Member: Toby Roth)
 International Operations (Chair: Mervyn M. Dymally; Ranking Member: Olympia J. Snowe)
 Western Hemisphere Affairs (Chair: George W. Crockett; Ranking Member: Robert J. Lagomarsino)
 Government Operations (Chair: John Conyers; Ranking Member: Frank Horton)
 Commerce, Consumer and Monetary Affairs (Chair: Doug Barnard; Ranking Member: Dennis Hastert)
 Employment and Housing (Chair: Tom Lantos; Ranking Member: Buz Lukens)
 Environment, Energy and Natural Resources (Chair: Mike Synar; Ranking Member: William F. Clinger Jr.)
 Government Activities and Transportation (Chair: Cardiss Collins; Ranking Member: Howard C. Nielson)
 Government Information, Justice and Agriculture (Chair: Bob Wise; Ranking Member: Al McCandless)
 Human Resources and Ingovernmental Relations (Chair: Ted Weiss; Ranking Member: Larkin I. Smith)
 Legislation and National Security (Chair: John Conyers; Ranking Member: Frank Horton)
 House Administration (Chair: Frank Annunzio; Ranking Member: Bill Thomas)
 Accounts (Chair: Joseph M. Gaydos; Ranking Member: Barbara F. Vucanovich)
 Elections (Chair: Al Swift; Ranking Member: Bill Thomas)
 Libraries and Memorials (Chair: Bill Clay; Ranking Member: Paul E. Gillmor)
 Office Systems (Chair: Charlie Rose; Ranking Member: James T. Walsh)
 Personnel and Police (Chair: Mary Rose Oakar; Ranking Member: Pat Roberts)
 Procurement and Printing (Chair: Jim Bates; Ranking Member: Pat Roberts)
 Task Force on Legislative Service Organizations (Chair: Sam Gejdenson; Ranking Member: Barbara F. Vucanovich)
 Hunger (Select) (Chair: Mickey Leland; Ranking Member: Bill Emerson)
 Interior and Insular Affairs (Chair: Mo Udall; Ranking Member: Don Young)
 Energy and the Environment (Chair: Mo Udall; Ranking Member: James V. Hansen)
 General Oversight, Northwest Power and Forest Management (Chair: Peter H. Kostmayer; Ranking Member: Barbara F. Vucanovich)
 Insular and International Affairs (Chair: Ron de Lugo; Ranking Member: Robert J. Lagomarsino)
 Mining and Natural Resources (Chair: Nick Rahall; Ranking Member: Larry E. Craig)
 National Parks and Public Lands (Chair: Bruce Vento; Ranking Member: Ron Marlenee)
 Water and Power Resources and Offshore Energy Resources (Chair: George Miller; Ranking Member: Denny Smith)
 Judiciary (Chair: Jack Brooks; Ranking Member: Hamilton Fish IV)
 Administrative Law and Governmental Relations (Chair: Barney Frank; Ranking Member: Craig T. James)
 Civil and Constitutional Rights (Chair: Don Edwards; Ranking Member: F. James Sensenbrenner)
 Crime (Chair: William J. Hughes; Ranking Member: Bill McCollum)
 Courts, Intellectual Property and the Administration of Justice (Chair: Robert W. Kastenmeier; Ranking Member: Carlos J. Moorhead)
 Criminal Justice (Chair: Chuck Schumer; Ranking Member: George W. Gekas)
 Economic and Commercial Law (Chair: Jack Brooks; Ranking Member: Hamilton Fish IV)
 Immigration, Refugees and International Law (Chair: Bruce Morrison; Ranking Member: Lamar Smith)
 Merchant Marine and Fisheries (Chair: Walter B. Jones Sr.; Ranking Member: Robert W. Davis)
 Coast Guard and Navigation (Chair: Billy Tauzin; Ranking Member: Robert W. Davis)
 Fisheries, Wildlife Conservation and the Environment (Chair: Gerry Studds; Ranking Member: Don Young)
 Merchant Marine (Chair: Walter B. Jones Sr.; Ranking Member: Norman F. Lent)
 Oceangraphy (Chair: Dennis M. Hertel; Ranking Member: Norman D. Shumway)
 Oversight and Investigations (Chair: Thomas M. Foglietta; Ranking Member: Claudine Schneider)
 Panama Canal and Outer Continental Stuff (Chair: Roy Dyson; Ranking Member: Jack Fields)
 Narcotics Abuse and Control (Select) (Chair: Charles Rangel; Ranking Member: Lawrence Coughlin)
 Post Office and Civil Service (Chair: William D. Ford; Ranking Member: Benjamin A. Gilman)
 Census and Population (Chair: Thomas C. Sawyer; Ranking Member: Tom Ridge)
 Civil Service (Chair: Gerry Sikorski; Ranking Member: John T. Myers)
 Compensation and Employee Benefits (Chair: Gary L. Ackerman; Ranking Member: John T. Myers)
 Human Resources (Chair: Paul E. Kanjorski; Ranking Member: Dan Burton)
 Investigations (Chair: William D. Ford; Ranking Member: Rod Chandler)
 Postal Operations and Services (Chair: Mickey Leland; Ranking Member: Frank Horton)
 Postal Personnel and Modernization (Chair: Frank McCloskey; Ranking Member: Don Young)
 Public Works and Transportation (Chair: Glenn M. Anderson; Ranking Member: John Paul Hammerschmidt)
 Aviation (Chair: Jim Oberstar; Ranking Member: Bud Shuster)
 Economic Development (Chair: Gus Savage; Ranking Member: Bob McEwen)
 Investigations and Oversight (Chair: Glenn M. Anderson; Ranking Member: William F. Clinger Jr.)
 Public Buildings and Grounds (Chair: Douglas H. Bosco; Ranking Member: Tom Petri)
 Surface Transportation (Chair: Norman Mineta; Ranking Member: Bud Shuster)
 Water Resources (Chair: Henry Nowak; Ranking Member: Arlan Stangeland)
 Rules (Chair: Joe Moakley; Ranking Member: Jimmy Quillen)
 Rules of the House (Chair: Joe Moakley; Ranking Member: Gerald B.H. Solomon)
 The Legislative Process (Chair: Butler Derrick; Ranking Member: Lynn Morley Martin)
 Science and Technology (Chair: Robert A. Roe; Ranking Member: Robert S. Walker)
 Energy Research and Development (Chair: Marilyn Lloyd; Ranking Member: Sid Morrison)
 Investigations and Oversight (Chair: Robert A. Roe; Ranking Member: Don Ritter)
 International Scientific Cooperation (Chair: Ralph M. Hall; Ranking Member: Ron Packard)
 Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment (Chair: James H. Scheuer; Ranking Member: Claudine Schneider)
 Science, Research and Technology (Chair: Doug Walgren; Ranking Member: Sherwood L. Boehlert)
 Space Science and Applications (Chair: Bill Nelson; Ranking Member: Jim Sensenbrenner)
 Transportation, Aviation and Materials (Chair: Tim Valentine; Ranking Member: Tom Lewis)
 Small Business (Chair: John J. LaFalce; Ranking Member: Joseph M. McDade)
 Antitrust, Impact of Deregulation and Privatization (Chair: Tom Luken; Ranking Member: David Dreier)
 Environment and Labor (Chair: Esteban E. Torres; Ranking Member: John P. Hiler)
 Exports, Tax Policy and Special Problems (Chair: Norman Sisisky; Ranking Member: Andy Ireland)
 Procurement, Tourism and Minority Enterprise Development (Chair: Ike Skelton; Ranking Member: Silvio O. Conte)
 Regulation, Business Opportunity and Energy (Chair: Ron Wyden; Ranking Member: William S. Broomfield)
 SBA, the General Economy and Minority Enterprise Development (Chair: John J. LaFalce; Ranking Member: Joseph M. McDade)
 Standards of Official Conduct (Chair: Julian C. Dixon; Ranking Member: John T. Myers)
 Veterans' Affairs (Chair: Gillespie V. Montgomery; Ranking Member: Bob Stump)
 Hospitals and Health Care (Chair: Sonny Montgomery; Ranking Member: John Paul Hammerschmidt)
 Compensation, Pension and Insurance (Chair: Douglas Applegate; Ranking Member: Bob McEwen)
 Oversight and Investigations (Chair: Lane Evans; Ranking Member: Bob Stump)
 Education, Training and Employment (Chair: Tim Penny; Ranking Member: Chris Smith)
 Housing and Memorial Affairs (Chair: Harley O. Staggers; Ranking Member: Dan Burton)
 Ways and Means (Chair: Dan Rostenkowski; Ranking Member: Bill Archer)
 Health (Chair: Pete Stark; Ranking Member: Willis D. Gradison Jr.)
 Human Resources (Chair: Harold Ford Sr.; Ranking Member: E. Clay Shaw Jr.)
 Oversight (Chair: J.J. Pickle; Ranking Member: Richard T. Schulze)
 Select Revenue Measures (Chair: Charles Rangel; Ranking Member: Guy Vander Jagt)
 Social Security (Chair: Andrew Jacobs Jr.; Ranking Member: Hank Brown)
 Trade (Chair: Sam Gibbons; Ranking Member: Phil Crane)
 Whole

Joint committees

 Economic (Chair: Sen. Paul Sarbanes; Ranking Member: Rep. Lee H. Hamilton)
 Taxation (Chair: Rep. Dan Rostenkowski; Vice Chair: Sen. Lloyd Bentsen)
 The Library (Chair: Rep. Frank Annunzio; Vice Chair: Sen. Claiborne Pell)
 Printing (Chair: Sen. Wendell H. Ford; Vice Chair: Rep. Frank Annunzio)

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors
 Architect of the Capitol: George M. White
 Attending Physician of the United States Congress: William Narva, until 1990
 Robert Krasner, from 1990
 Comptroller General of the United States: Charles A. Bowsher
 Director of the Congressional Budget Office: James L. Blum Jr. (acting), until March 6, 1989
 Robert D. Reischauer, from March 6, 1989
 Librarian of Congress: James H. Billington
 Public Printer of the United States: vacant, until 1990
 Robert Houk, from 1990

Senate
 Chaplain: Richard C. Halverson (Presbyterian)
 Historian: Richard A. Baker
 Parliamentarian: Alan Frumin
 Curator: James R. Ketchum
 Secretary: Walter J. Stewart
 Librarian: Roger K. Haley
 Secretary for the Majority: C. Abbott Saffold
 Secretary for the Minority: Howard O. Greene Jr.
 Sergeant at Arms: Henry K. Giugni, until December 31, 1990; vacant thereafter

House of Representatives
 Chaplain: James David Ford (Lutheran)
 Clerk: Donnald K. Anderson
 Doorkeeper: James T. Molloy
 Historian: Ray Smock
 Reading Clerks: Meg Goetz (Democratic) and Paul Hays along with Bob Berry (Republican)
 Parliamentarian: William H. Brown
 Postmaster: Robert V. Rota
 Sergeant at Arms: Jack Russ

See also
 List of new members of the 101st United States Congress
 1988 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
 1988 United States presidential election
 1988 United States Senate elections
 1988 United States House of Representatives elections
 1990 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
 1990 United States Senate elections
 1990 United States House of Representatives elections

Notes

References

External links
 Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
 U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
 U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists

101st United States Congress


Yoichi Naganuma (født 14. april 1997) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Ehime FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yoichi Naganuma


Preustroj JNA je naziv za reorganizaciju JNA pod kodnim imenom "Jedinstvo" iz razdoblja 1987. – 1990., pod vođenjem admirala Branka Mamule.

Uvod
Obrambeni sustav SFRJ od usvajanja Koncepcije općenarodne obrane 1968. godine čine JNA i TO, a ova koncepcija ONO i DSZ osnažena je Ustavom iz 1974. godine koji je decentralizirao Jugoslaviju, odnosno republike i pokrajine su dobile prevlast nad saveznom državom. Skoro dvadeset godina (1968. – 1987.) JNA je imala ustroj i teritorijalnu organizaciju, koja se doduše povremeno mijenjala u manjim aspektima, ali je ipak zadržala ustroj koji se u literaturi redovno naziva republičkim ustrojem vojske.

Decentralizirane republike poslije Titove smrti 1980. godine oslobođene Titovog diktatorskog nadzora 1980-ih nastojale su se demokratizirati, počele su sporu transformaciju prema demokratskim društvima. Vojni vrh JNA je u Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj vidio najveću opasnost, protiveći se, nakon kraja hladnoga rata neminovnim promjenama u SFRJ i većoj samostalnosti republika. Općenito, na riječima, zauzimali su se za "ravnopravnost naroda i narodnosti".

Preustroj

U realnosti, JNA se osamostalila i postala samostalan čimbenik. Samostalna JNA odnosno njeni čelnici (Mamula i Kadijević) željeli su potpuni nadzor nad oružanom silom, te im je Teritorijalna obrana smetala jer se u biti radilo u slabijoj, ali republički nadziranoj postrojbi, iako su njeni zapovjednici formalno bili podložni lokalnim zapovjednicima JNA. Stoga je 1986. predložena, a u veljači prihvaćena inicijativa o preustroju JNA pod kodnim imenom vojišne organizacije Jedinstvo. Preustroj JNA stvorio je četiri vojne oblasti:

 Vojnopomorsku oblast sa sjedištem u Splitu - koju su ugrubo činili dio Istre, Primorje, Dalmacija i otoci, te crnogorsko primorje
 5. VO sa sjedištem u Zagrebu, koja su činile Slovenija i manji dio Hrvatske, tj. Hrvatska zapadno od crte Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag bez onoga uključenog u Vojnopomorsku oblast
 1. VO sa sjedištem u Beogradu koju je činio ostatak Hrvatske (istočno od crte Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag), BiH, Vojvodina i dio Srbije
 3. VO sa sjedištem u Skoplju koju je činio ostatatak Srbije, Crna Gora, Kosovo i Makedonija

Bit ovakvog preustroja je (Kadijević tumači) da se umjesto šest armija kopnene vojske formiraju tri vojišta čija je područna podjela potpuno zanemarila "administrativne" granice republika i pokrajina, kao da republike ne postoje. Sam pojam "administrativnih granica", koji rabi general Veljko Kadijević, ukazuju da je JNA prihvatila velikosrpsku političku platformu, da granice republika nisu granice država. Na taj način posredno se ne priznaje ni federativno uređenje Jugoslavije, dakle, niti sama Jugoslavija kao država.

Cilj, potčinjavanje JNA Srbiji i Miloševiću, se bliži

Paralelno kako se JNA preustrojavala i spremala za rat, u Srbiji početkom rujna 1987., nakon 8. sjednice Centralnog komiteta SK Srbije Milošević preuzima potpunu vlast u Srbiji, generali JNA su bili sumnjičavi prema Miloševiću i njegovoj politici. No, već sredinom 1988. godine, po svjedočenju generala Veljka Kadijevića, armijski je vrh nudio Miloševiću da, uz podršku JNA, postane novi premijer SFRJ. Potkraj 1980-ih pojačava se politička srbizacija JNA te ona početkom 1990-ih postaje oruđe velikosrpske politike srbijanskog predsjednika Slobodana Miloševića i sudjeluje u agresiji na Sloveniju, agresiji na Hrvatsku i agresiji na Bosnu i Hercegovinu.

U knjizi "Slučaj Jugoslavija", objavljenoj 2000. godine u Podgorici,  Branko Mamula potvrđuje kako je armijski vrh SFRJ planirao i izvodio aktivnosti koje su za cilj imale uspostavu vojne diktature (državnog udara) u Jugoslaviji i to znatno prije negoli su sjeverozapadne republike pale u ruke "nacionalistima", pa i prije nego što je u Srbiji kormilo preuzeo Milošević:

"Poznato je da je JNA, barem njezin značajan dio, do posljednjeg trenutka ostao čvrsto na pozicijama komunizma i čvrste jugoslavenske federacije. No, kako se opcija čvrste federacije u svojoj biti poklapala s najvažnijim ciljevima miloševićevskog velikosrpstva ("svi Srbi u jednoj državi") sasvim je razumljivo da je JNA ubrzo postala i njegovom snažnom braniteljicom".

Priprema za rat
Dan nakon naredbe o razoružanju TO od 14. svibnja 1990., 15. svibnja načelnik Generalštaba oružanih snaga potpisao je naredbu za preustroj i prekvalifikaciju snaga u Hrvatskoj i BiH. Naredbom ukinuta je Komanda obrane grada Zagreba, a umjesto nje osnovan je Zagrebački (10.) korpus. Korpus je osnovan od snaga na području Zagreba koje su do tada bile u sastavu Varaždinskog i Riječkog korpusa, Komande obrane grada Zagreba, 6. proleterske pješačke divizije iz Karlovca i postrojbi izravno podređenih Komandi 5. vojne oblasti. Jović je zapisao u svom dnevniku da su te promjene imale ulogu da se stvore korpusi koji "će biti sposobni da budu u funkciji kao na Kosovu", dakle da se JNA ojača i spremi za razračunavanje s "unutarnjim neprijateljem", odnosno s eventualnim demokratskim snagama koje bi na višestranačkim izborima pobijedile. Preustrojem JNA po velikosrpskim granicama, razoružavanjem teritorijalne obrane Hrvatske te ustrojavanjem oklopnih jedinica po uzoru na one na Kosovu, dojučerašnja narodna vojska pretvorila se u srpsku vojsku spremnu za rat, koji je počeo samo nekoliko mjeseci kasnije. Balvan-revolucija u kolovozu 1990., Bitka za Pakrac u ožujku 1991. godine.

Literatura
 Davor Marijan, Polemos, "JEDINSTVO" – POSLJEDNJI USTROJ JNA", br. 6, 2003.
 Davor Marijan, "Slom Titove armije", Golden marketing-Tehnička knjiga - Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb, 2008.,
 Martin Špegelj, Sjećanja vojnika, Znanje, Zagreb 2001.
 Veljko Kadijević, Moje viđenje raspada, Politika, Beograd 1993.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
HercegBosna.org - Rat u Hrvatskoj Davor Domazet-Lošo: Hrvatska i veliko ratište, Udruga Sv.Jurja, Zagreb 2002.
Primjena strategije u agresiji na Hrvatsku
Odgovor Hrvatske na primijenjenu strategiju
Simulirani rat
OSLOBODILAČKE OPERACIJE HRVATSKE VOJSKE - UVJERLJIVOST VOJNE MOĆI I(ILI) PROMJENA STRATEGIJSKOG ODNOSA
Davor Marijan: Smrt oklopne brigade, Naklada Zoro, Zagreb-Sarajevo 2002.
JNA U AGRESIJI NA REPUBLIKU HRVATSKU 1990. – 1992. GODINE
SLAVONIJA U RATNOJ 1991. GODINI
Oklopništvo prema planu "Jedinstvo"
ZAKLJUČAK

JNA
Domovinski rat

Preustroj JNA


Particle velocity (denoted  or ) is the velocity of a particle (real or imagined) in a medium as it transmits a wave. The SI unit of particle velocity is the metre per second (m/s). In many cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure as with sound, but it can also be a transverse wave as with the vibration of a taut string.

When applied to a sound wave through a medium of a fluid like air, particle velocity would be the physical speed of a parcel of fluid as it moves back and forth in the direction the sound wave is travelling as it passes.

Particle velocity should not be confused with the speed of the wave as it passes through the medium, i.e. in the case of a sound wave, particle velocity is not the same as the speed of sound. The wave moves relatively fast, while the particles oscillate around their original position with a relatively small particle velocity. Particle velocity should also not be confused with the velocity of individual molecules, which depends mostly on the temperature and molecular mass.

In applications involving sound, the particle velocity is usually measured using a logarithmic decibel scale called particle velocity level. Mostly pressure sensors (microphones) are used to measure sound pressure which is then propagated to the velocity field using Green's function.

Mathematical definition
Particle velocity, denoted , is defined by

where  is the particle displacement.

Progressive sine waves
The particle displacement of a progressive sine wave is given by

where
 is the amplitude of the particle displacement;
 is the phase shift of the particle displacement;
 is the angular wavevector;
 is the angular frequency.

It follows that the particle velocity and the sound pressure along the direction of propagation of the sound wave x are given by

where
 is the amplitude of the particle velocity;
 is the phase shift of the particle velocity;
 is the amplitude of the acoustic pressure;
 is the phase shift of the acoustic pressure.

Taking the Laplace transforms of  and  with respect to time yields

Since , the amplitude of the specific acoustic impedance is given by

Consequently, the amplitude of the particle velocity is related to those of the particle displacement and the sound pressure by

Particle velocity level

Sound velocity level (SVL) or acoustic velocity level or particle velocity level is a logarithmic measure of the effective particle velocity of a sound relative to a reference value.
Sound velocity level, denoted Lv and measured in dB, is defined by

where
v is the root mean square particle velocity;
v0 is the reference particle velocity;
 is the neper;
 is the bel;
 is the decibel.

The commonly used reference particle velocity in air is

The proper notations for sound velocity level using this reference are  or , but the notations , , dBSVL, or dBSVL are very common, even though they are not accepted by the SI.

See also
Sound
Sound particle
Particle displacement
Particle acceleration

References

External links
Ohm's Law as Acoustic Equivalent. Calculations
Relationships of Acoustic Quantities Associated with a Plane Progressive Acoustic Sound Wave
The particle Velocity Can Be Directly Measured with a Microflown
Particle velocity measured with Weles Acoustics sensor - working principle
Acoustic Particle-Image Velocimetry. Development and Applications

Acoustics
Sound
Sound measurements
Physical quantities

Particle velocity


Kentin Mahé (født 22. maj 1991) er en fransk håndboldspiller som spiller i MVM Veszprém KC og Frankrigs herrerhåndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Frankrig
Håndboldspillere fra SG Flensburg-Handewitt
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2016
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Frankrig
Personer fra Paris

Kentin Mahé


A minced oath is a euphemistic expression formed by deliberately misspelling, mispronouncing, or replacing a part of a profane, blasphemous, or taboo word or phrase to reduce the original term's objectionable characteristics. An example is "gosh" for "God".

Many languages have such expressions. In the English language, nearly all profanities have minced variants.

Formation
Common methods of forming a minced oath are rhyme and alliteration. Thus the word bloody can become blooming, or ruddy. Alliterative minced oaths such as darn for damn allow a speaker to begin to say the prohibited word and then change to a more acceptable expression. In rhyming slang, rhyming euphemisms are often truncated so that the rhyme is eliminated; prick became Hampton Wick and then simply Hampton. Another well-known example is "cunt" rhyming with "Berkeley Hunt", which was subsequently abbreviated to "berk". Alliteration can be combined with metrical equivalence, as in the pseudo-blasphemous "Judas Priest", substituted for the blasphemous use of "Jesus Christ".

Minced oaths can also be formed by shortening: e.g., b for bloody or f for fuck. Sometimes words borrowed from other languages become minced oaths; for example, poppycock comes from the Dutch , meaning 'soft dung'. The minced oath blank is an ironic reference to the dashes that are sometimes used to replace profanities in print. It goes back at least to 1854, when Cuthbert Bede wrote "I wouldn't give a blank for such a blank blank. I'm blank, if he doesn't look as if he'd swallowed a blank codfish." By the 1880s, it had given rise to the derived forms blanked and blankety, which combined gave the name of the long-running British TV quiz show Blankety Blank. In the same way, bleep arose from the use of a tone to mask profanities on radio.

History
The Cretan king Rhadamanthus is said to have forbidden his subjects to swear by the gods, suggesting that they instead swear by the ram, the goose or the plane tree. Socrates favored the "Rhadamanthine" oath "by the dog", with "the dog" often interpreted as referring to the bright "Dog Star", i.e., Sirius. Aristophanes mentions that people used to swear by birds instead of by the gods, adding that the soothsayer Lampon still swears by the goose "whenever he's going to cheat you". Since no god was called upon, Lampon may have considered this oath safe to break.

There are a number of minced oaths in the Bible. The Hebrew words ṣᵉba'ot 'gazelles' and 'aylot haśśadeh 'wild does' () are circumlocutions for titles of God, the first for either ('elohey) ṣᵉba'ot '(God of) Hosts' or (YHWH) ṣᵉba'ot '(Jehovah is) Armies' and the second for 'el šadday 'El Shaddai'.

The use of minced oaths in English dates back at least to the 14th century, when "gog" and "kokk", both euphemisms for God, were in use. Other early minced oaths include "Gis" or "Jis" for Jesus (1528).

Late Elizabethan drama contains a profusion of minced oaths, probably due to Puritan opposition to swearing. Seven new minced oaths are first recorded between 1598 and 1602, including 'sblood for "By God's blood" from Shakespeare,  'slight  for "God's light" from Ben Jonson, and  'snails  for "God's nails" from the historian John Hayward. Swearing on stage was officially banned by the Act to Restraine Abuses of Players in 1606, and a general ban on swearing followed in 1623. Other examples from the 1650s included  'slid for "By God's eyelid" (1598), 'sfoot for "By God's foot" (1602), and Gadzooks for "By God's hooks" (referring to the nails on Christ's cross). In the late 17th century, egad meant oh God, and ods bodikins for "By God's bodkins [i.e. nail]s" in 1709.

In some cases the original meanings of these minced oaths were forgotten; the oath 'struth (By God's truth) came to be spelled strewth. The oath Zounds and related Wounds changed pronunciation in the Great Vowel Shift, but the normal word wound did not (at least not in RP), so that they no longer sound like their original meaning of "By God's wounds".

Acceptability
Although minced oaths are not as strong as the expressions from which they derive, some audiences may still find them offensive. One writer in 1550 considered "idle oaths" like "by cocke" (by God), "by the cross of the mouse foot", and "by Saint Chicken" to be "most abominable blasphemy". The minced oaths "'sblood" and "zounds" were omitted from the Folio edition of Shakespeare's play Othello, probably as a result of Puritan-influenced censorship. In 1941, a United States federal judge threatened a lawyer with contempt of court for using the word "darn". Zounds may sound amusing and archaic to the modern ear, yet as late as 1984 the columnist James J. Kilpatrick recalled that "some years ago", after using it in print, he had received complaints that it was blasphemous because of its origin as "God's wounds". (He had written an article entitled "Zounds! Is Reagan Mad?" in the Spartanburg Herald for 12 June 1973, and also used "zounds" in June 1970.)

Literature and censorship

It is common to find minced oaths in literature and media. Writers sometimes face the problem of portraying characters who swear and often include minced oaths instead of profanity in their writing so that they will not offend audiences or incur censorship. One example is The Naked and the Dead, where publishers required author Norman Mailer to use the minced oath "fug" over his objections. Somerset Maugham referred to this problem in his novel The Moon and Sixpence (1919), in which the narrator explained that "Strickland, according to Captain Nichols, did not use exactly the words I have given, but since this book is meant for family reading, I thought it better—at the expense of truth—to put into his mouth language familiar to the domestic circle".

J. R. R. Tolkien pretends a similar mincing of profanity in The Lord of the Rings, stating in Appendix F of the novel: "But Orcs and Trolls spoke as they would, without love of words or things; and their language was actually more degraded and filthy than I have shown it. I do not suppose that any will wish for a closer rendering, though models are easy to find."

See also
 Bowdlerization
 Eggcorn
 Euphemism
 Expletive deleted
 Four-letter word
 Fuddle duddle
 Hlonipha

Footnotes

Works cited

Profanity
Interjections
Self-censorship
Euphemisms

Minced oath


Shared Love er en film instrueret af Anna Kirstine Overby Gaarde, Theis Mølstrøm Christensen.

Handling
Det er ikke mange, der har et kamera i Sierra Leone, men det har gruppen, der kalder sig Dove Media Concepts, sparret sammen til. Lige nu er gruppen i gang med at skyde de sidste scener til filmen 'Shared Love', en film om kærlighed og utroskab i Sierra Leone. Det er emner, som filmens hovedpersoner, Thelma og Tutu, let kan relatere til, da de er enige om, at utroskab er meget udbredt i Sierra Leone. Faktisk er Tutu's egen kæreste allerede gift, så hun lever selv i et forhold med en mand, som 'deler sin kærlighed'. Tutu og Thelma deler begge drømmen om at blive kendte og succesfulde skuespillere, og de satser alt på deres karriere. De glæder sig til premieren på 'Shared Love' og håber, at det er filmen, som kommer til at skabe dem en fremtid i filmbranchen. Filmen er et varmt portræt af et par dygtige, unge skuespillere i Sierra Leone samt deres instruktør, som viser motivation, sammenhold og gå-på-mod i et land, som indtil for bare ti år siden var hærget af en af historiens uhyggeligste borgerkrige.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011
Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark

Shared Love


Jean Tigana (d. 23 Haziran 1955, Bamako, Mali), Mali asıllı Fransız eski millî takım oyuncusu, teknik direktör. 1980'lerde Bordeaux ve Fransa millî futbol takımı ile birçok başarıya imza atmıştır. 2005-2007 yılları arasında Beşiktaş teknik direktörlüğünü yapmıştır.

Futbolculuk kariyeri

Mali'de bir Fransız annenin çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. 3 yaşında ailesiyle birlikte Marsilya'ya taşındılar.
Tigana futbola Toulon takımında profesyonel olarak başladı. 10 yaşında yerel takımlardan ASPTT Marseille'da futbola başladı. 1972-74 arasında daha sonra Eric Cantona'yı da yetiştirecek SO Les Caillols takımına geçti. 1974-75 arasında ise Cassis takımının altyapısında forma giydi.

1975'te Toulon takımıyla profesyonel futbola başladı. 2. Ligde forma giyen takımda oynadığı 3 sezonda 20'nin altında maça çıkmayıp istikrarlı bir performans gösterdi. 1977-78 sezonunda ayrıca 6 gol kaydederek kendini büyük takımlara gösterdi. Onu fark eden teknik adam Aime Jacquet sayesinde 1978'de Olympique Lyonnais kadrosuna dahil oldu.

Ligin ortalama takımlarından Lyon, 1979-80 sezonunda play-off maçlarıyla düşmekten kurtuldu. Buna rağmen Tigana, millî takıma seçilme başarısını gösterdi. Teknik adam Jean-Pierre Destrumelle döneminde takımın önemli isimlerinden olan Tigana, Lyon'un lig altıncılığında büyük başarı sağladı. Lyon, o zamana kadar tarihinin en kalabalık seyircilerine oynamaya başladı.

1981'de Tigana, eski hocası Jacquet'in çalıştırdığı Bordeaux takımına transfer oldu. İlk sezonunda 27 maçta forma giyen tigana, ilk kez UEFA Kupası'nda bir maç oynayarak Avrupa'da forma giydi. Sonraki sezon ligde 2. oldular. Tigana ise 32 maçta forma giydi. 1983-84 ve 1984-85 sezonlarında üst üste iki lig şampiyonluğu yaşadılar.

1984'te Onze d'Or ödüllerinde, Platini'nin arkasında Gümüş Onze ödülünün sahibi oldu. Aynı yıl France Football dergisi tarafından Fransa'da top koşturan en iyi Fransız futbolcu ödülünü kazandı. Avrupa'da Yılın Futbolcusu ödüllerinde ise Platini'nin arkasında ikinci oldu.

1985-86'da lig şampiyonluğunu bu sefer kaçırsalar da Fransa Kupası'nı kazandılar. 1986'da Bordeaux'nun Marseille ile oynadığı Coupe de France finalinde 90 dakika oynayan Tigana, bir de gol kaydetti. 2-1 maçı kazanan Bordeaux, 1941'den beri duyduğu kupa hasretine son verdi. Tigana, sezon içinde ilk kez Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası'nda da forma giymiş oldu.

1986-87 sezonunda bir sene ara verdikleri Fransa şampiyonluğunu tekrar kazanırlarken, Fransa Kupası'na da bir kez daha sahip oldular. Tigana, 1987'de Marsilya karşısında oynanan kupa finalinde 90 dakika forma giydi. 1987'de bir kez daha Onze d'Or ödüllerine çağrılan Tigana, birinci Diego Maradona ve ikinci Marco van Basten'in ardından Bronz Onze ödülünü kazandı. Sonraki iki sezonda Tigana, yine formayı kaptırmasa da Bordeaux, eski başarılarını kazanamadı. 1988-89 sezonunda ligde 13. olduklarından sonra sezon sonunda Tigana takımdan ayrıldı.

1989-90 sezonunda Tigana, Olimpik Marsilya'ya transfer oldu. İlk 11'i kaptırmayan Tigana, bir lig şampiyonluğu da burada yaşadı. Sonraki sezon 1990-91 Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası'nda takımında zaman zaman forma giyen Tigana, Lech Poznań'ı 6-0 yendikleri maçta bir de gol attı. Bu gol Tigana'nın Avrupa arenasında attığı tek gol oldu. Finalinde ise ilk 18'de yer alsa da maçta forma giyemedi. Olimpik Marislya da Crvena zvezda'ya penaltılarla yenilerek Avrupa'nın en büyüğü olma fırsatını kaçırdı. Fransa Kupası'nda da ikinci olan Marsilya, Fransa lig şampiyonluğunu ise kaptırmadı. Tigana, 19 lig maçıyla bu şampiyonluğa katkıda bulundu ve çok başarılı geçen bu sezonunun sonunda futbolu bıraktı.

Millî takım kariyeri

1980'lerde Fransa millî futbol takımının en önemli üyelerindendi. Michel Platini, Alain Giresse ve Luis Fernández ile carré magique (Sihir karesi) adını almışlardı. Tigana, ilk maçında 23 Mayıs 1980'de Moskova'da oynanan SSCB'ye karşı oynadı. Tigana 8 yılda 52 maçta forma giyip 1 gol attı.

Tigana, 1982 FIFA Dünya Kupası kadrosunda yer aldı. Tigana, İngiltere'nin Fransa'yı 3-1 yendiği ilk grup maçında son 17 dakika oyuna girdi. İkinci turda ise iki maçta da 90 dakika oynayıp, Fransa'nın yarı finale çıkmasına yardım etti. Yarı finalde de 120 dakika forma giyen Tigana'lı Fransa, Batı Almanya'ya penaltılarla yenildi. Tigana, üçüncülük maçında da 80 dakika forma giydi ancak Polonya'ya 3-2 yenildiler ve dördüncü oldular.

Michel Hidalgo tarafından Fransa'da düzenlenen 1984 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'na Tigana'nın çağrılmasıyla, Fransa'nın dört önemli orta saha oyuncusunu ilk kez beraber oynadı. Tigana, Fernandez ile birlikte defansif orta saha pozisyonunda oynuyordu. Fransa, başarılı bir turnuva geçirdi ve gruplarda birinci olarak yarı finale yükseldi. Yarı finalde Portekiz'le oynadıkları maç 1-1 bitip, uzatmalara gitti. Uzatmalarda Tigana'nın asistiyle golü atan Platini, Fransa'yı tarihinde ilk kez uluslararası bir organizasyonda finale çıkardı. Fransa finalde İspanya'yı yenerek tarihlerinin ilk büyük futbol başarısına imza attı. Tigana, finalde de 90 dakika forma giydi. Platini ve Giresse ile birlikte turnuvanın en iyi ilk 11'inde yer alan bir diğer Fransız futbolcu oldu.

1986 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda 30 yaşındaki Tigana, üç grup maçında da 90 dakika forma giydi ve Macaristan'ı 3-0 yendikleri maçta takımının ikinci golünü attı. Tigana'lı Fransa, önce İtalya'yı sonra da çeyrek finalde Brezilya'yı eledi. Tigana, Batı Almanya ile oynadıkları yarı finalde de 90 dakika forma giydi ancak rakiplerine 2-0 yenilerek elendiler. Üçüncülük maçında Tigana 83 dakika forma giydi ve Fransa uzatmalarda rakibi Belçika'yı 3-0 yenerek Dünya üçüncüsü oldu.

Tigana, Euro 1988 elemelerinde 4 maçta forma giydi. Ancak Fransa gruplarında 3. olarak turnuvaya katılma hakkını kazanamadı. 1990 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemelerinde gençleşen Fransa kadrosunda kendine yer bulan Tigana, Fransa'nın başarılı sonuçlar almasını sağlayamadı ve Fransa, Dünya Kupası'na gitme şansını kazanamadı.

Teknik direktörlük kariyeri

Raymond Domenech'in istifasıyla birlikte, 1993'te Olympique Lyonnais yönetimi eski futbolcuları Jean Tigana'yı takımın başına getirdi. Tigana, Olimpik Marsilya'dan takıma son üç senenin en iyi Afrikalı futbolcusu seçilen Abedi Pele, Manuel Amoros ve Pascal Olmeta'yı kazandırdı. İlk sezonunda Lyon ligde 8. olup, Avrupa arenasına çıkma şansını az farkla kaçırdı. 1994-95 sezonunda şampiyon Nantes'in 10 puan gerisinde lig ikincisi oldular. Tigana, Florian Maurice ve Franck Gava'yı altyapıdan takıma kazandırdı ve bu futbolcular, Bruno N'Gotty'nin başarılı oyunuyla başarıyı getirdiler. Böylece Lyon tarihinde ikinci kez UEFA Kupası'na katılma hakkını kazandı. Tigana, sonraki sezon takımdan ayrılırken takıma başarı kazandıran futbolcular da başka takımlara dağıldı.

1995 yılında Monaco'yu Arsène Wenger'den devraldı. Kötü bir başlangıç sonrası takımı toparladı ve ilk sezonunu 4 puan geride 3. olarak tamamladı. Bir sonraki sezon yine sonradan açıldıkları bir sezonu bu defa şampiyon olarak kapadılar. 1997'de daha önce futbolcu olarak kazandı France Football dergisinin ödülünü, bu sefer yılın en iyi Fransız teknik direktörü olarak kazandı. Aynı sene Trophées UNFP du football ödülünün de sahibi oldu.

1997-98 sezonunda Monaco onun yönetiminde UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde çeyrek finalde Manchester United'i eleyip, yarı finalde Juventus'a kaybetti. Tigana, Fabian Barthez ve Enzo Scifo gibi tecrübeli oyuncuların yanına, Thiery Henry ve David Trezeguet gibi genç oyuncuları yerleştirdi. 1998-99 sezonu sonunda Monaco'dan ayrıldı.

1999-2000 sezonu sonlarında Londra takımı Fulham FC'yi EFL Championship'te devraldı. 2000-01 sezonunda Louis Saha dahil olmak üzere birçok genç yıldızla sözleşme imzalayan Tigana'lı Fulham, sezona 4 maçta 4 galibiyetle başladı, böylece Ağustos ayının en iyi teknik adam ödülünü Tigana kazandı. Fulham, sezon sonunda Premier League'e yükselerek 1968'den beri süren hasretini dindirdi. Ligi birinci bitiren takım 46 maçta 101 puan toplama başarısını gösterdi. Mohammed Al Fayed tarafından desteklenen bu takımla flaş transfer yaparak İngiliz Ligi'nin en önemli ligine başladı.

Geçirdiği trafik kazası sonucu futbolu bırakmak zorunda kalan Fulham kaptanı Chris Coleman'ı yardımcı teknik direktör olarak yanına alan Tigana, Premier Lig'deki ilk sezonunu lig ortalarında bitirdi. Kulüp tarihinin en pahalı transferi olarak Olympique Lyonnais'dan £11.5 milyon'a Steve Marlet'i takıma kazandırdı. Sezon içinde bu transfer dışında Fransa takımlarından üç futbolcu daha alındı. Tigana bu transfer nedeniyle sonraki sezonda Fulham kulübüyle mahkemelik oldu. Fulham, Tigana'yı futbolcu transferlerini gizliden yürütüp, fazla para ödetip komisyon almakla suçladı. Ama Fulham'in bu konuda hakkında açtığı davadan beraat etti ve kulüp kendisine tazminat ödemek zorunda kaldı. Sonuç olarak 2002-03 sezonunun bitmesine 5 maç kala, 17 Nisan 2003'te Tigana kovuldu ve Coleman, görevin başına geçti. Sezon içinde ligde ve kupada başarı gösteremeyen Fulham, ilk kez Avrupa'da futbol oynadı. UEFA Intertoto Kupası'nı kazanan üç takımdan biri olup, UEFA Kupası'na çıktı. İki tur atlama başarısını gösterip, üçüncü tur Hertha Berlin'e elendiler.

Jean Tigana, Ekim 2005'te Rıza Çalımbay'ın istifası ile boşalan Beşiktaş teknik direktörlüğüne getirildi. 12. haftada 5. olan Beşiktaş'ı, lig sonunda 3. yaptı ve UEFA Kupası'na katılma şansını kazandı. Tigana devre arasında Gökhan Güleç ve Bobô transferleriyle takımı toparlamaya çalıştı. Sezon sonunda 1998'den beri kazanılamayan Türkiye Kupası'nı kazandı.

2006-07 sezonunda ise gençleştirme politikasına giden Tigana, altyapıdan İbrahim Kaş, Aydın Karabulut, Can Erdem, Mehmet Sedef gibi isimleri kullanma ya da kiralama yoluna gitti. Ayrıca Burak Yılmaz ve Serdar Kurtuluş gibi genç oyuncuları kadrosuna kattı. Sezonunun başında Galatasaray'yi 1-0 yenerek ilk kez düzenlenen Türkiye Süper Kupası'nın sahibi oldular. UEFA Kupası'nda gruplardan çıkma şansını son maçta kaybettiler. Uzun süre lig yarışının içinde olup, lig ikincisi oldular. Ayrıca Türkiye Kupası'nı bir kez daha kazandılar. Ancak Tigana'nın, medya ve Beşiktaş yönetimiyle yaşadığı sorunlar nedeniyle, ligin bitmesine iki maç kala Tigana ve Beşiktaş yönetimi yollarını ayırdı. Yardımcı teknik adam Tayfur Havutçu sezonu tamamladı.

Beşiktaş JK'den istifasının ardından 3 yıl gibi uzunca bir süre hiçbir takımda görev almayan Tigana, Suudi Arabistan Ligi takımlarından Al Hilal takımıyla görüşse de anlaşma sağlamadı.

16 Mayıs 2010'da Bordeaux ile yollarını ayıran Laurent Blanc'ın yerine, 25 Mayıs'ta Jean Tigana geldi. Böylece Tigana, eski kulübüne geri dönmüş oldu. Takımın eski hocalarından Michel Pavon'u da yardımcısı olarak yanına aldı. 7 Mayıs 2011'de alınan 4-0'lık Sochaux yenilgisi sonrası stadyumdaki taraftarların tepkisi üzerine takımdan ayrıldığını açıkladı.

Aralık 2011'de, 2012 sezonunda Çin'in Şangay Şenhua takımını çalıştıracağı açıklandı. Fakat, takımın ligin son sıralarından kurtulamaması üzerine Nisan ayında görevini bıraktı.

Başarıları

Futbolculuk

 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası Şampiyonluğu (1):
 Fransa - 1984
 Ligue 1 Şampiyonluğu (5):
 Bordeaux - 1984, 1985, 1987
 Marseille - 1990, 1991
 Coupe de France Şampiyonluğu (2):
 Bordeaux - 1986, 1987

Teknik Direktörlük

 Ligue 1 Şampiyonluğu (1):
 Monaco - 1997
 UEFA Intertoto Kupası Şampiyonluğu (1):
 Fulham FC - 2002
 EFL Championship Şampiyonluğu (1):
 Fulham FC - 2001
 Türkiye Kupası Şampiyonluğu (2):
 Beşiktaş - 2006, 2007
 Türkiye Süper Kupası Şampiyonluğu (1):
 Beşiktaş - 2006

Diğer başarılar

 Onze d'Or Ödüllerinde Gümüş Onze: 1984
 Onze d'Or Ödüllerinde Bronz Onze: 1987
 France Football Ödüllerinde Fransa'da En İyi Fransız Futbolcu: 1984
 France Football Ödüllerinde Fransa'da En İyi Fransız Teknik Direktör: 1997
 Trophées UNFP du football Ödüllerinde En İyi Fransız Teknik Direktör: 1997
 Avrupa'da Yılın Futbolcusu ikincisi: 1984
 1984 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası Turnuvanın En İyi 11'i
 FIFA Dünya Kupası üçüncülüğü: 1986 (Fransa)
 FIFA Dünya Kupası dördüncülüğü: 1982 (Fransa)
 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi ikinciliği: 1991 (Marsilya)
 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi yarı finalisti: 1998 (Monaco)
 UEFA Kupası yarı finalisti: 1997 (Monaco)
 Ligue 1 ikinciliği: 1983, 1988 (Bordeaux) -  1995 (Lyon)
 Süper Lig ikinciliği: 2007 (Beşiktaş)
 Coupe de France ikinciliği: 1991 (Marsilya)

1955 doğumlular
Fransız futbolcular
Fransız teknik direktörler
AS Monaco FC teknik direktörleri
FC Girondins de Bordeaux teknik direktörleri
Olympique Lyonnais teknik direktörleri
Beşiktaş teknik direktörleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Ligue 1 teknik direktörleri
Fransa millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Süper Lig teknik direktörleri

Jean Tigana


دوما  هي بلدة لبنانية من قرى قضاء البترون في محافظة الشمال.

تسميتها
لا يوجد تحديد واضح عن أصل تسمية البلدة. يقال أن كلمة دوما أصلها فينيقية من إله الصحة دومينوس. كما قيل أن أصل التسمية إغريقية وتعني القصر أو القلعة. وقيل أنها نسبة إلى جوليا دومنا وهي ابنة كاهن إله الشمس من حمص، تزوجها القيصر الروماني سيبتيموس سيفيروس وبنى لها قصراً فخماً في البلدة. وقيل أن أصل الكلمة عبري ويعني الهدوء.

وكانت «دوما» تُعرف بـ دوما الحديد لِمَا كانت تضمُّ من مناجم الحديد التي استخدمها أهلُها في صناعة جميع أنواع استخداماته ومن أشهرها بندقية صيد من دون براغي موجودة في المتحف الوطني.

جغرافيتها
تقع البلدة في أعالي قضاء البترون إذ ترتفع ما بين 950م و 1800م عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة تُقدَّر بـ 1100 هكتاراً. وهي على منخفض جبلي ومحاطة من جوانبها الثلاثة بالقمم والأودية وتنفتح على سهل كفرحلدا الفريد من نوعه والذي تسببت الزلازل بتكوينه. وتبعد 42 كلم عن مدينة جبيل وحوالي 75 كلم عن بيروت على نقطة بين ثلاث أقضية هي قضاء البترون وقضاء الكورة وقضاء جبيل. تنتشر فيها أشجار التفاح والكرز وحقول الزيتون وهي تشتهر بإنتاج زيت الزيتون.

تاريخها
نشأت دوما أول أيام استعمار الرومان للمنطقة حيث أنشأ أحد رجالاتها قصراً فخما. وارتبط تاريخها بباقي تاريخ المنطقة من جبال لبنان. كان لديها قديما سوقا منظمة تخدم مناطق طرابلس وبعلبك الكورة وجبيل والبترون. إنشاء فيها أول صيدلية في بلاد الشام عام 1867 عرفت بـ«فرمشية غنمة». وأنشئت بلديتها عام 1882 لتكون ثالث بلدية لبنانية. وإنشاء متصرف جبل لبنان محكمة صلحية في البلدة أصبحت مركزا لمنطقة البترون في القرن التاسع عشر. واشتهرت الحدادة وصناعة الأسلحة فيها أيام إبراهيم باشا واستخرج الحديد من جبلي دوما وترتج المجاورين. وفي العام 1895 تأسس المسرح الدوماني الذي استمر حتى عام 1975 فنهبت محتوياته إثر الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية. كما اشتهرت بمدارسها منذ عام 1850 ومنها: «مدرسة المعلم يزبك خير» و«مدرسة المعلم إلياس وحيد الغرزوزي» التابعة للإرساليين الأميركان و«مدرسة الخوري مخايل العشي» التابعة للأباء العازريين و«مدرسة المعلم نصر أيوب» و«المدرسة الوطنية» و«المدرسة الموسكوبية».

واشتهرت بالتاريخ الحديث حين نفى حكام الانتداب الفرنسي بعض مجاهدي الاستقلال إليها مثل سليم سلام وسعد الله الجابري وعمر بيهم إثر قيادتهم لحركة معارضة واسعة ضد الفرنسيين في مطلع عشرينات القرن الماضي.

معالمها
تنتشر في البلدة العديد من الآثار والنعالم منها ناووس روماني ومعبد إله الصحة اسكلابيوس الروماني الذي أصبح كنيسة مار ضومط والعديد من الأبنية الوثنية القديمة التي تحولت إلى كنائس مثل كنيسة مار نهرا وكنيسة مار شليطا وكنيسة مار فوقا.

وهناك أكثر من مئة بيت تراثي تتميز بفنها المعماري الذي هو مزيج من اليونانية والتوسكانية واللبنانية المتأثرة بالطابع الذي أدخله الأمير فخر الدين. ويمتاز البناء التراثي في دوما بالقناطر والمندلون والنوافذ الكبيرة والعالية والزخرفات حيث الشرفات والمساحات الشاسعة داخل الغرف وقد يتألف المنزل من طابق أو من طابقين.

أعلام بارزون
 مروان عبود، سياسي وأستاذ محاضر وقاضي لبناني ومحافظ محافظة بيروت.
 حنا الطباع، (1919 - 24 ديسمبر 1979) شاعر.

المصادر
 جريدة البلد، «دوما... إشعاع ثقافي تخطى زمنها»، عدد السبت 15 كانون الثاني 2011، صفحة 11.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
مدن لبنان

دوما (البترون)


الشريط المدمج ، واختصاراً CC هو عبارة عن شريط مغناطيسي يوضع داخل غلاف بلاستيكي يتم وضعه في أجهزة تسجيل خاصة لسماع الأصوات. يعود تاريخه إلى عام 1960 و1961، في نهاية شهر أغسطس عام 1963 قامت الشركة الهولندية فيليبس لأول مرة بعرض شريط كاسيت سمعي. يقوم جهاز التسجيل بتحويل الموجات الصوتية بواسطة الميكروفون إلى موجات كهربائية وتسجيلها بعد تضخيمها على الشريط المغناطيسي. بعد ذلك يمكن سماع التسجيلات الصوتية من الجهاز حيث يعيد الجهاز الإشارات الكهربائية المسجلة على شريط الكاسيت إلى موجات صوتية في مكبر الصوت. يعد شريط الكاسيت من أكثر الصيغ انتشاراً في سوق الموسيقى العربية وقد بدأ "[CD]" (القرص المدمج) يطغى على الكاسيت في الآونة الأخيرة.
وهناك العديد من أنواع الأشرطة السمعية (الكاسيت) النوع 1 العادي من ذرات الحديد (ferro) والنوع الثاني ثاني أكسيد الكروم (cro2) والنوع الثالث (FeCr) مزدوج الطلاء حديدي وكروم في الطبقة العليا والنوع الرابع (metal) المعدني من ذرات الخليط المعدني مثل نترات الفضة ولهذا النوع قدرة عالية في الاحتفاظ بالمغنطة وتسجيل تفاصيل الصوت الدقيقة
 كاسيت تعني علبة أو صندوق وهي فرنسية الأصل، تستعمل اختصاراً للكاسيت الموسيقي الذي يُسمع عن طريق وضعه في جهاز تسجيل فتصدر من جهاز التسجيل الموسيقى والأغاني المسجلة على شريط الكاسيت. كما يمكن تسجيل الأصوات والموسيقى على الكاسيت الموسيقى بطريقتين، إما باستعمال ميكروفون يوصل بجهاز التسجيل، وبهذه الطريقة يمكن تسجيل أصواتنا وأصوات الموجودين معنا، أو الطريقة الثانية بطريق استخدام كابل يوصل بين جهاز التسجيل والراديو، وبذلك يمكن تسجيل برامج من الإذاعة مباشرة أو أغاني نحبها.
 وفي السنوات القليلة الماضية ظهرت أنواع من أجهزة التسجيل على الكاسيت الموسيقي تحتوي على خانتين لعدد 2 كاسيت. ويمكن بواسطة تلك الأجهزة تسجيل الأغاني من كاسيت موسيقى إلى كاسيت موسيقى فارغ.
 وينطبق اسم الكاسيت أيضاً على 'Video Cassette'. ويسمى كاسيت الفيديو. ويستعمل كاسيت الفيديو لتسجيلات من التلفزيون إلى الكاسيت بمساعدة جهاز تسجيل فيديو الذي يقوم بتسجيل الصورة والصوت أيضاً على شريط مغناطيسي.

انظر أيضا

 جهاز سي دي
 أشرطة سمعية
 قائمة بالاختراعات الهولندية

المراجع

استحداثات سمعية بصرية في 1963
اختراعات بلجيكية
اختراعات هولندية
العلوم والتقنية في هولندا
تخزين الصوت
تقنية الصوت
ملحقات الحاسوب المنزلي
منتجات عرضت في 1963
منتجات فيليبس
العلوم والتكنولوجيا في بلجيكا
تقنية المعلومات في هولندا
موسيقى في 1963
التقانة في 1963
استحداثات متعلقة بالحواسيب في 1963
اختراعات القرن 20

شريط سمعي


ألفريد جونج Alfred Gong (ولد في أغسطس 1920 في تشيرنوفيتش في بوكوفينا باسم ألفريد ليكورنيك – ومات في أكتوبر 1981 في نيويورك) هو كاتب وشاعر كانت لغته كتاباته الألمانية.

كان ألفريد ليكورنيك في شبابه صديقا لباول تسيلان وإيمانويل فايسجلاس. أقام في فيينا بين عامي 1946 و 1851, ثم انتقل إلى الولايات المتحدة في عام 1956. وحصل على الجنسية الأمريكية في عام 1957 تحت اسم ألفريد جونج. كان يكتب في العديد من المجلات.

من أعماله

 مزمور إسرائيل الأخير (قصائد)
 جراس وأوميجا (قصائد)
 بيان ألفا (قصائد)
 مدة العفو (قصائد)

روابط خارجية

مراجع

كتاب وكاتبات ألمان
مواليد 1920
وفيات 1981
وفيات في نيويورك

ألفريد جونج


Holger H. (* Oktober 1971 in Ost-Berlin; † 22. Januar 1973 in West-Berlin) war mit nur 15 Monaten das jüngste Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer. Er erstickte, als seine Eltern über den Grenzübergang Checkpoint Bravo nach West-Berlin flohen.

Holger H. war der Sohn von Ingrid und Klaus H., der bereits mit 17 Jahren einen erfolglosen Fluchtversuch über die Ostsee unternommen hatte. Die erneute Flucht mit Frau und Sohn sollte im Lastwagen eines West-Berliner Bekannten erfolgen. Das Ehepaar versteckte sich dazu in Kisten auf der Ladefläche. Die zu dieser Zeit 20-jährige Ingrid befand sich mit dem 15 Monate alten Holger in einer Kiste, der damals 23-jährige Klaus in einer anderen.

Als das Baby anfing zu schreien, versuchte die Mutter vergeblich, es zu beruhigen und hielt ihm schließlich den Mund zu. Holger litt zu dieser Zeit an einer Mittelohrentzündung und einer Bronchitis, sodass er nicht durch die Nase atmen konnte und erstickte. Die nach der erfolgreichen Grenzüberquerung eingeleiteten Wiederbelebungsversuche blieben erfolglos.

Holger H. wurde in Berlin-Marienfelde beigesetzt.

Literatur
 , S. 349

Weblinks

 Kurzportrait auf www.chronik-der-mauer.de
 Jung, unschuldig, tot, Tagesspiegel-Artikel vom 13. August 2009

Todesopfer der Berliner Mauer
Kind
Deutscher
Geboren 1971
Gestorben 1973
Mann

Holger H.


Cantus Mundi este primul program național de integrare socială prin cântec coral din România.

Înființare
Cantus Mundi a fost creat de către dirijorul Ion Marin în 2011 cu ajutorul voluntarilor din cadrul Corului Madrigal. Programul Național Cantus Mundi a fost instituționalizat prin Hotărârea de Guvern numărul 821/2014, astfel devenind, dintr-o simplă idee, o direcție a instituției din cadrul Ministerului Culturii: Corul Național de Cameră Madrigal – Marin Constantin. Programul Național Cantus Mundi este coordonat de către Comitetul Interministerial format din reprezentanți din diverse instituții, numit prin ordinul Ministrului Culturii: Ministerul Culturii, Ministerul Dezvoltării Regionale și Administrației Publice, Ministerul Educației și Cercetării și Ministerul Muncii, Familiei, Protecție Socială și Vârstnici.

Misiune
Programul național ce își propune să unească toți copiii din România a fost lansat în Parlamentul României, în timpul Galei Cantus Mundi, transmisă în direct la televiziunea națională. 700 de copii au participat, toți cântând împreună, mulți dintre ei întâlnindu-se atunci pentru prima oară în persoană.

Programul Național Cantus Mundi își propune să creeze o platformă care să cuprindă o bază de date extinsă de lecții online, lecții video și audio, precum și o unealtă de socializare și un motor pentru promovarea mișcării corale românești: un forum administrat de experți, galerii foto/video, o bază de date a tuturor corurilor din România.

Misiunea programului național este de a uni toți copiii din România prin cânt coral. Pentru a face asta, Cantus Mundi se focusează pe incluziunea socială, dezvoltare în zonele cu un grad scăzut de cultură sau fără cultură (cum sunt majoritatea zonelor rurale din România) și comunicare culturală și interactivitate. Toți copiii din România au dreptul să se dezvolte armonios, să comunice între ei și să crească împreună. Prin programul Cantus Mundi, inegalitățile sociale pot fi depășite prin utilizarea limbajului muzicii, prin cântec coral, care, ca o activitate de grup, ajută – prin comunicare nonverbală – creează o identitate socială, fără a face diferențe de rasă, religie, statut social, sau condiție economică. Prin muzică, tinerii aparținând diverselor culturi din România vor reuși să găsească punți de relație și comunicare, vor putea să se cunoască și să se accepte unul pe celălalt.

Acțiuni
Cantus Mundi îi învață pe dirijori cum să creeze și să își crească corul propriu, cum să dezvolte un repertoriu, cum să dea culoare vieții din comunitatea lor. Beneficiile pentru dirijori includ pregătiri specializate pe diferite nivele de înțelegere, cu profesioniști de top – cu experiență de peste 50 de ani, specialiști ai Corului Național de Cameră Madrigal – Marin Constantin le devin mentori, sau chiar ai lor colegi de scenă – platformă administrativă online ce suportă munca unui cor, precum și apartenența și accesul la rețeaua națională de coruri din România.

Coriștii, pe de altă parte, beneficiază de un mediu pentru comunicare și interacțiune, ce include copii și tineri aparținând tuturor grupurilor sociale, precum și pregătiri și spectacole pe scenă cu Corul Național de Cameră – Marin Constantin și, desigur, calitatea de membru în cea mai mare platformă de socializare culturală din România.

Pregătirea unui cor începe în fața unui monitor, continuă în sala de repetiții și va culmina pe cele mai importante scene naționale și internaționale. Aceasta este viziunea noastră, astfel încât unul dintre elementele de noutate absolută a acestui program de educație este platforma online, pentru a facilita interacțiunea și activitatea la nivel național a tuturor dirijorilor și coriștilor din România.

Platforma Cantus Mundi facilitează instrumentele de coordonare și comunicare într-un grup. Odată ce corul a fost creat și toți membrii s-au înregistrat, platforma oferă posibilitatea trimiterii de mesaje către toți membrii, instantaneu. De exemplu, când un dirijor dorește să programeze o repetiție, sau atunci când doresc să trimită link-ul unui scor întregului cor, este de ajuns să se conecteze și să acceseze meniul "Corul meu", unde au posibilitatea să trimită un mesaj direct, prin apăsarea unui buton. Curând, platforma va oferi posibilitatea ca mesajul trimis să fie chiar SMS. În plus, dirijorii vor fi capabili să trimită scorurile direct către membrii corului.

Beneficii
Cantus Mundi oferă fiecărui membru mediul necesar să schimbe scoruri, să facă disponibile materialele pentru fiecare dirijor și corist din țară. Membri vor avea posibilitatea să folosească toate scorurile din baza de date a Corului Național de Cameră Madrigal – Marin Constantin și treptat vor avea acces la colecția de scoruri Cantus Mundi. Pentru cei ce abia își încep carierele, platforma poate produce și face disponibile scoruri audio, astfel încât repetițiile și învățarea de melodii să fie pe cât se poate de ușoară.

Un alt beneficiu oferit comunității este manualul de metode – Marin Constantin. Lunar, un volum din celebra lucrare va fi publicat online pentru membri Cantus Mundi. În plus, dacă încă rămân întrebări fără răspuns, membri pot contacta un specialist Cantus Mundi direct – membri Madrigal cu vastă experiență în domeniu. Astfel, dacă un dirijor are dubii despre ce repertoriu ar trebui să aleagă, sau acesta nu stăpânește anumite tehnici specifice dirijorului sau dacă pur și simplu dorește să pună o întrebare, acesta va primi răspuns online.

Un alt aspect important a Programului Național Cantus Mundi constă în sesiunile de pregătire Cantus Mundi, ce sunt ținute de către specialiști cu vastă experiență la nivel pedagogic, dar de asemenea cu mii de ore de practică pe cele mai importante scene ale țării. Un nou element este implementarea de instrumente pentru dezvoltarea personală a dirijorilor și coriștilor care s-au înscris în program. Indiferent de experiența în domeniu, chiar și acolo aceasta nu există, Cantus Mundi are soluții pentru a forma un cor, să pregătească un dirijor, să stimuleze implicarea copiilor în mișcarea corală a României, sau să îmbunătățească performanța unui cor deja format.

Structurată pe nivele ce sunt clar definite, sesiunile de pregătire Cantus Mundi vor fi ținute în București și de asemenea în alte orașe ale țării în funcție de nivelul de înregistrare a corurilor noi în anumite zone geografice. La sfârșitul fiecărei sesiuni vor fi înmânate diplome de participare și obiective de atins, al căror îndeplinire va facilita participarea la următorul nivel de pregătire.

Regulat, specialiștii Cantus Mundi vor înregistra și reda lecții video scurte care vor susține profesional dirijorii și coriștii. De asemenea, echipa Cantus Mundi lucrează la crearea primului manual coral. Muzicieni cu vastă experiență în acest domeniu își împărtășesc cunoștințele pentru a edita acest tip de instrument, pentru ca el să fie accesibil atât muzicienilor experimentați cât și începătorilor.

Știind cât de important este să ai scoruri bune, lecții și sfaturi, Cantus Mundi oferă membrilor ei un spațiu care să faciliteze comunicarea cu propriile coruri. Indiferent că aceștia sunt dirijori sau coriști, sunt instrumente pentru a susține performanța corală.

Cantus Mundi oferă membrilor ei posibilitatea să intre în contact direct cu dirijori și coruri de copii din țară, să deschidă colaborări durabile în interiorul unei comunități în continuă creștere. În plus, îi implică pe membrii în proiecte naționale și internaționale, la care Corul Național de Cameră Madrigal – Marin Constantin participă, oferind șansa participării la concertele mari pe care corul le ține de peste 50 de ani, fără pauză. Periodic, vor fi tabere Cantus Mundi, activități în care un dirijor poate intra în contact atât cu membrii corurilor din diferite zone ale țării cât și cu dirijori și coordonatori ai zonei.

Toate caracteristicile acestui elaborat program național care este Cantus Mundi nu ar fi posibile dacă nu ar fi fost pentru președintele fondator, Maestrul Ion Marin, a cărui viziune a acestui proiect l-a transformat în program național. În 7 ani, 4100 de dirijori și 250 000 de coriști a celor 41 de județe din România vor face parte din Programul Național Cantus Mundi.

Legături externe
 Cantus Mundi - Site Oficial
 Cantus Mundi Romania - Pagina Facebook

Organizații din România

Cantus Mundi


Ovate may refer to:

Ovate (egg-shaped) leaves, tepals, or other botanical parts

Ovate, a type of prehistoric stone hand axe
Ovates, one of three ranks of membership in the Welsh Gorsedd

Vates or ovate, a term for ancient Celtic bards, prophets, and philosophers

Ovate