Gasterosteiformele (Gasterosteiformes) sunt un ordin de pești osoși acantopterigieni de talie mică cu corpul alungit la care înaintea înotătoarei dorsale se găsesc 2-17 țepi (spini) izolați, înotătoarele ventrale așezate puțin înapoia celor pectorale au o radie spinoasă și 0-2 radii articulate divizate și înotătoarea anală este opusă dorsalei. Corpul, fără solzi, este acoperit cu scuturi (plăci) osoase, mai ales pe flancuri. Au gura mică și protractilă, așezată în vârful unui bot de regulă alungit în formă de tub. Ordinul gasterosteiforme cuprinde 5 familii, 11 genuri și 29 specii de pești răspândite în mările și apele salmastre și dulci din zona temperată a emisferei nordice. Fauna României conține 2 specii actuale,  ghidrinul (Gasterosteus aculeatus) și pălămida de baltă sau osarul (Pungitius platygaster), și o specie dispărută recent, ghidrinul de Techirghiol (Gasterosteus crenobiontus). Gasterosteiformele fosile se cunosc din cretacicul superior.

Particularități anatomice
Gasterosteiformele sunt pești cu o talie mijlocie și au o lungime de 3-18 cm. Corpul este fusiform mai mult sau mai puțin alungit.

Înaintea înotătoarei dorsale, care este formată din radii articulate ramificate, se găsesc 2 până la 17 țepi izolați, mobili și liberi (nereuniți de membrana înotătoarei). Înotătoarele ventrale mici sunt așezate abdominal, puțin înapoia celor pectorale și au un spin (țep)  independent și 0-2 (mai rar 3) radii articulate ramificate;  Indostomus nu au spin în înotătoarea ventrală. Înotătoarea anală este opusă înotătoarei dorsale și este formată din radii ramificate, prima radie este spinoasă, adică are forma unui țep.

Corpul, fără solzi,  adesea mai mult sau mai puțin învelit de plăci (scuturi) osoase așezate în rânduri longitudinale, mai ales pe laturile corpului; mai rar corpul este nud, fără plăci osoase. Capul este prelungit într-un bot scurt sau tubiform (alungit în formă de tub). Gura de obicei mică, terminală și protractilă, mărginită numai de premaxilare (intermaxilare), este prevăzută cu dinți fini pe oasele gurii (adică pe fălci).

Craniul lateroparietal și tropibazic; orbitosfenoidul, bazisfenoidul și supramaxilarul absente; al doilea os infraorbitar atinge (se articulează cu) preopercularul. Opistoticul (intercalarul) și metapterigoidul prezente. Oasele nazale legate printr-o membrană de frontale; apofiza de pe suprafața inferioară a nazalelor le prinde strâns de parasfenoid și de etmoidalele laterale.

Un singur metacleitru (postcleitru) sau el lipsește. Pe fața ventrală a hipocoracoidului se află o piesă osoasă de membrană, numită de diverși autori: ectocoracoid, interclavicular sau infraclavicular. Între cleitru și claviculă există un orificiu. Centura pelviană nu este legată direct de cea scapulară (respectiv de cleitru).

Vertebrele anterioare au o formă normală. Coastele prezente.

Sunt peștii fizocliști. Au 1-5 raze branhiostege. Branhiile sunt mai mult sau mai puțin reduse. Apendicele pilorice lipsesc.

Sistematica
Ordinul gasterosteiforme în prezent cuprinde 5 familii (Aulorhynchidae, Gasterosteidae, Hypoptychidae, Indostomidae și Pegasidae), 11 genuri și 29 specii. În trecut în acest ordin era inclus și ordinul Syngnathiformes (respectiv familiile Aulostomidae, Centriscidae, Fistulariidae, Solenostomidae și Syngnathidae).

Ordinul Gasterosteiformes (5 familii)
 Familia Hypoptychidae (2 genuri, 2 specii) – marine; în nordul Oceanului Pacific (din Japonia și Coreea până la Marea Okhotsk).
 Familia Gasterosteidae (5 genuri, 18 specii) – marine, salmastricole, dulcicole; emisfera nordică (inclusiv în nordul Oceanului Pacific, Marea Mediterană, Marea Neagră).
 Familia Aulorhynchidae (1 gen, 1 specie) - marine; în nordul Oceanului Pacific (pe coastele Americii de Nord).
 Familia Indostomidae (1 gen, 3 specii) - dulcicole, în lacul Indawgyi din Birmania.
 Familia Pegasidae (2 genuri, 5 specii) – marine, Oceanul Pacific și Oceanul Indian.

Specii din România
Fauna ihtiologică a României conține 2 specii actuale și o specie dispărută recent.
 Pălămida de baltă sau osarul (Pungitius platygaster), subspecia  Pungitius platygaster platygaster - în apele dulci sau ușor salmastre; toate bălțile din lunca inundabilă a Dunării,  lacurile litorale, Bălțile din bazinul Colentinei din apropierea Bucureștiului, Neajlov și bălțile sale, bălțile Buzăului, Călmățuiul ialomițan, lacul Căldărușani, bălțile din lungul Siretului, bălțile din lungul Prutului.
 Ghidrinul (Gasterosteus aculeatus),  subspecia  Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus - specie marină migratoare, care iernează în tot lungul litoralului românesc al Mării Negre, iar primăvara se apropie în cârduri de țărm pentru a se reproduce, pătrunzând în lacurile litorale dulci și salmastre de la gurile Dunării și lacurile litorale legate de mare.
 Ghidrinul de Techirghiol (Gasterosteus crenobiontus, sin. Gasterosteus aculeatus crenobiontus) descoperit de Băcescu et Mayer în 1956, în prezent dispărut. Era o  specie sedentară, exclusiv dulcicolă, trăia în regiunea izvoarelor lacului Techirghiol și în pâraiele vecine.

Note

Bibliografie
 Bowne, P. S. 1984. Systematics and morphology of the Gasterosteiformes. Pp. 28–60 in M. A. Bell and S. A. Foster, eds. The evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U.K.

Legături externe

 Order Gasterosteiformes. FishBase
 Gasterosteiform. Encyclopædia Britannica
 I Gasterosteiformi (Gasterosteiformes). Associazione Ichthyos Italia
 I Gasterosteidi (Gasterosteidae). Associazione Ichthyos Italia

Gasterosteiforme


Benno Fritz Paul Alexander Konrad Haenisch (né le  à Greifswald et mort le  à Wiesbaden) est un journaliste, rédacteur en chef et homme politique allemand (SPD).

Biographie
En 1893, Haenisch est expulsé du  et admis dans un hôpital psychiatrique en raison d'« activités social-démocrates » avec un camarade de classe (qui se suicide). En 1894, il entreprend un apprentissage de libraire à Leipzig, où il entre en contact avec les milieux sociaux-démocrates. Sa famille (des fonctionnaires et des universitaires prussiens conservateurs) l'apprit et le fit enlever et interner de force à l'. Ce n'est que lorsque des amis rendent publics les événements dans le Leipziger Volkszeitung que la famille cesse ses activités contre Haenisch.

De mars 1895 à 1898, il travaille pour le Leipziger Volkszeitung à Leipzig. Au cours de cette activité, il noue ses premiers contacts avec Parvus, avec qui Haenisch entretient une amitié de toute une vie (pseudonyme propre "Parvulus"). Il s'implique activement dans le SPD de Leipzig et écrit ses premiers travaux pour la revue théorique du SPD Die Neue Zeit, publiée par Karl Kautsky.

En 1898, Haenisch travaille brièvement à Ludwigshafen au , qui appartient plutôt à l'aile droite « révisionniste » du SPD. Il y est licencié peu de temps après en raison de son attitude contre le révisionnisme.

Il retourne ensuite en Saxe en janvier 1899, cette fois à Dresde. Il y est membre du comité de rédaction de la Sächsische Arbeiterzeitung, un important organe du SPD ; peu de temps auparavant, Rosa Luxemburg y est rédactrice en chef. Lorsque le rédacteur en chef là-bas, Georg Ledebour, abandonne son poste en avril 1900, Haenisch quitte la rédaction et se rend à Dortmund, où il travaille de 1900 à 1905 comme rédacteur en chef à la . À Dortmund, Haenisch développe un vif intérêt pour la vie culturelle et écrit également des critiques de théâtre pour la section des arts du journal.

De 1905 à 1907, Haenisch est de retour à Leipzig, où il écrit à nouveau pour le Leipziger Volkszeitung, sous la direction de Franz Mehring. C'est durant cette période qu'il commence à travailler avec . En 1907, il retourne à Dortmund à l'Arbeiterzeitung. Au sein du SPD de Dortmund, il est actif aux côtés des opposants au révisionnisme. Avec Rosa Luxemburg, Haenisch propage la grève de masse comme une arme politique.

En 1911, il quitte ensuite les provinces pour la capitale Berlin, où il travaille pour l'exécutif du parti SPD en tant que chef du "Bureau central littéraire pour la littérature des tracts et des brochures d'agitation". Parallèlement, il enseigne comme chargé de cours à l'École de formation ouvrière de Berlin.

En 1913, il se présente pour la première fois au parlement prussien. Avec Otto Braun et , il est élu dans la circonscription de -, la plus grande circonscription de l'État prussien à l'époque. Haenisch reste député du parlement de l'État prussien pour le SPD jusqu'à sa mort en 1925.

En août 1914, la Première Guerre mondiale éclate. Haenisch rejette les crédits de guerre, mais en octobre, il change de cap pour suivre celui de la majorité du SPD, qui est favorable aux crédits de guerre. Au cours de l'année 1915, il forme avec  et , il forme le  dans le courant de l'année 1915. Le groupe tente de justifier la position de la majorité SPD sur la guerre en termes marxistes et est proche de Parvus, qui tient une position similaire. Dans ce cadre, il travaille de 1915 à 1919 à la revue , éditée par Parvus.

Au cours de la révolution de novembre, Haenisch devient ministre de l'Éducation en novembre 1918 - initialement avec Adolf Hoffmann (USPD) - dans le premier gouvernement d'État prussien dirigé par le SPD et continue à diriger le ministère après la démission de Hoffmann jusqu'à ce que sa politique scolaire échoue comme à la suite du  de 1921. Pendant son mandat, le ministère interdit entre autres en décembre 1920 la première représentation de Reigen d'Arthur Schnitzler. Haenisch nomme l'islamologue non partisan Carl Heinrich Becker au poste de sous-secrétaire d'État. Becker prend ensuite le poste de ministre et joue un rôle clé dans l'élaboration de la politique culturelle des gouvernements sociaux-démocrates prussiens.

En 1922, le ministre prussien de l'Intérieur nomme Severing Haenisch président du district de Wiesbaden. Il occupe le poste jusqu'à sa mort en 1925. Lors de l'occupation de la Ruhr en 1923, Haenisch est expulsé de la zone d'occupation française. Néanmoins, il est attaché à l'entente franco-allemande pendant cette période. Haenisch est préoccupé par la menace pour la démocratie parlementaire posée par les forces extrêmes de gauche et de droite et s'implique dans la  à partir de 1921 et dans le Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold à partir de 1924, dont il est un membre fondateur. Haenisch reçoit un doctorat honorifique de l'Université de Francfort.

Famille et descendance
Konrad Haenisch est un cousin du sinologue, érudit mongol et mandchou .

Haenisch est marié à Wilhelmine Bölling, la fille d'un tourneur de Dortmund, depuis 1901. Le couple a une fille, Elsa, qui émigre avec son mari juif de Hambourg aux États-Unis en 1938, où elle vit en Floride, devient citoyenne américaine en 1945 et décède en 1988, et a quatre fils :  (1906-1938, exécuté à Moscou), Ernst (journaliste, fonde l' à Rosenheim en 1945 avec une licence américaine), Eberhard (décèdr pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale) et le plus jeune fils Götz.

Travaux

 Ferdinand Freiligrath: Wir sind die Kraft! Auswahl politischer und proletarischer Gedichte. Mit biographischen Skizze und erläuiterndem Nachwort von Konrad Haenisch. 3. Auflage. Gerisch, Dortmund 1910.
 Schiller und die Arbeiter. Anhang: 1. Schiller-Chronik, 2. Zur Schiller-Literatur (= Abhandlungen und Vorträge zur sozialistischen Bildung. Bd. 6). Kaden, Dresden 1912.
 Die Hetze auf die Arbeiterjugend. Aus den Reden des Landtagsabgeordneten Konrad Haenisch in den Sitzungen des Preußischen Abgeordnetenhauses am 11. und 12. Mai 1914. Ebert, Berlin 1914.
 Krieg und Sozialdemokratie. Drei Aufsätze. Auer, Hamburg 1915.
 Wo steht der Hauptfeind? Verlag der Internationalen Korrespondenz Baumeister, Berlin 1915.
 Deutsche Sozialdemokraten - Sozialdemokratische Deutsche. Rede (…) gehalten am 3. März 1915 (…). Landgraf, Chemnitz 1915.
 Der deutsche Arbeiter und sein Vaterland.  Verlag der Internationalen Korrespondenz. Berlin-Karlshorst 1915.
 Sozialdemokratie und nationale Verteidigung. Buchhandlung Vorwärts, Berlin 1916.
 Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie in und nach dem Weltkriege. Mit einem Anhang: Zur Bibliographie der sozialistischen Kriegsliteratur (= Kriegspolitische Einzelschriften. Bd. 6/7). Schwetschke, Berlin 1916.
 Franz Klupsch: Die Judenhetze. Eine schwere Gefahr für den staatlichen und wirtschaftlichen Wiederaufbau Deutschlands. Mit einem Geleitbrief von Konrad Haenisch (Wirtschaft und Volk. Schriften zur Wiederaufrichtung Deutschlands und Genesung unseres Volkes. Hrsg. von der Deutschen Wirtschafts-Politischen Gesellschaft, Berlin). Berlin 1920.
 Staat und Hochschule. Ein Beitrag zur nationalen Erziehungsfrage. Verlag für Politik und Wirtschaft, Berlin 1920.
 Neue Bahnen der Kulturpolitik. Aus der Reformpraxis der deutschen Republik. Dietz, Berlin 1921.
 Gerhart Hauptmann und das deutsche Volk. Dietz, Berlin 1922.
 Lassalle. Mensch und Politiker. Mit einem Bildnis Lassalles von Jakob Steinhardt und 10 Faksimile-Beilagen. Schneider, Berlin 1923.
 August Bebel. Schneider, Berlin 1923.
 Parvus. Ein Blatt der Erinnerung. Verlag für Sozialwissenschaft, Berlin 1925.
 : In den Umsturztagen 1918/19. Aus meinem Briefwechsel mit Konrad Haenisch. Mit einem Brief an Philipp Scheidemann vom 8. November 1918. Bredt, Münster (um 1934).

Hommages

 Lycée Konrad Haenisch, Berlin
 École Konrad Haenisch, Francfort-sur-le-Main
 Haenischstrasse, Francfort-sur-le-Main
 Haenischstrasse, Dortmund
 Konrad-Haenisch-Strasse, Hanovre

Bibliographie
 Gerhard Beier: Arbeiterbewegung in Hessen. Zur Geschichte der hessischen Arbeiterbewegung durch einhundertfünfzig Jahre (1834–1984). Insel, Frankfurt am Main 1984, , S. 435–436.
 : Reformer preussischer Schulpolitik. Der Regierungspraesident Konrad Haenisch (1876–1925). In: Wiesbadener Kurier. Bd. 45 (1989), H. 197 vom 26./27. August 1989, WK-Magazin, S. 6.

 Matthias John: Konrad Haenisch (1876–1925). "und von Stund an ward er ein anderer" (BzG – kleine Reihe Biographien). 2., ergänzte Auflage. Trafo, Berlin 2003, .
 Matthias John: Ausgewählte Briefe führender Sozialdemokraten an Konrad Haenisch und dessen Briefe an Dritte. Trafo, Berlin 2005, .
 Thomas Klein: Leitende Beamte der allgemeinen Verwaltung in der preußischen Provinz Hessen-Nassau und in Waldeck 1867 bis 1945 (= Quellen und Forschungen zur hessischen Geschichte. Bd. 70), Hessische Historische Kommission Darmstadt, Historische Kommission für Hessen, Darmstadt/Marburg 1988, , S. 134–135.
  (Hrsg.): . Briefe an Konrad Haenisch. Aus dem Leben eines sozialdemokratischen Journalisten. Beiträge zur Rudolf-Lebius-Forschung. Band 1. 3. Aufl., Verlag ePubli, Berlin 2018, .
 Robert Sigel: Die Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch-Gruppe (= Beiträge zu einer Geschichte Bayerns im Industriezeitalter. Bd. 14). Duncker und Humblot, Berlin 1976, .
 Wilhelm Stapel: Das geistige Deutschland und die Republik. Offener Brief an Konrad Hänisch. Hanseatische Verlags-Anstalt, Hamburg 1921.
 : Konrad Haenisch und Hauptmann. In: Gerhart-Hauptmann-Blätter. Bd. 11 (2009), H. 1, S. 7–10.
 Erich Weidner: Konrad Haenisch. Vom Greifswalder Gymnasiasten zum Kultusminister von Preußen. In: Heimathefte für Mecklenburg und Vorpommern. Bd. 15 (2005), H. 3, S. 14–18.
 Walter Wittwer: Haenisch, Konrad. In: Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung. Biographisches Lexikon. Dietz, Berlin 1970, S. 182 f.

Liens externes

 Archives fédérales du domaine N 2104

Références

Ministre prussien de l'Éducation
Président du district de Wiesbaden
Député de la Chambre des représentants de Prusse
Député du Landtag de l'État libre de Prusse
Journaliste allemand
Journaliste de presse écrite
Essayiste ou théoricien marxiste
Personnalité du Parti social-démocrate d'Allemagne
Naissance en mars 1876
Naissance à Greifswald
Naissance dans la province de Poméranie (1815-1945)
Décès en avril 1925
Décès à Wiesbaden
Décès à 49 ans

Konrad Haenisch


BBC Hereford & Worcester is the BBC's local radio station serving the counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire, which were one county from 1974 to 1998.

It broadcasts on FM, DAB, digital TV and online via BBC Sounds from studios on Hylton Road in Worcester.

According to RAJAR, the station has a weekly audience of 83,000 listeners and a 7.1% share as of June 2023.

History

The concept for siting a local BBC Radio station within the, soon to be combined county of Hereford and Worcester, emerged as early as 1973 as part of the BBC's evidence to the Crawford Committee on Broadcasting Coverage and reinforced in the BBC's response to the Annan Report of 1977. However due to concerns about competition, and in particular a smaller than expected rise in the BBC's license fee following the report, further local radio station ambitions were halted.

The station began broadcasting on 14 February 1989 (Valentine's Day), and to mark the unusual, two-centre set-up for the radio station, the first record played was the song Two Hearts by Phil Collins. The original team of presenters included Graham Day (mid-morning), Gill Capewell (afternoons) and Allan Lee (drive). Other staff included Robert Piggott (now BBC Religious Affairs correspondent), TV journalist Liz MacKean and former LBC presenter Jeremy Dry.

When the station first began, Jane Garvey (of BBC Radio 5 Live) was one of the team of journalists. A few months later, she took over the Breakfast Show and went on to win a Sony Award with it.

It serves the rural communities across Herefordshire as well as the more populous Worcestershire with a range of programmes from news, sport, consumer, arts, religion, gardening, jazz, funk, northern soul and local music. Notable guests on the station have included the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby in October 2016.

The station's original studio based in Hereford (which supplemented the primary Worcester base) was used from the station's launch in 1989, until the studio closed in December 2016, with the station occupying a temporary location in the city as they sought a more permanent home. This studio had been used for key programmes within the schedule, including the breakfast show during the early 2000s. The solution emerged in December 2020 when the station entered a collaboration with the Hereford College of Arts to base their Hereford studio within their College Road campus.

As a result of license fee freezes and associated budget cuts arising from the Delivering Quality First plan in 2011, programmes on BBC Local Radio stations began to be shared across regions in periods of lower demand such as evenings and medium wave transmitters began to be closed down where coverage matched FM and DAB transmissions. Following a further freeze in the license fee by the government in January 2022, the BBC announced further cuts to BBC Local Radio in October that same year, which will see weekday afternoon programmes shared with a neighbouring station and programming in the evenings, Saturdays and on Sunday mornings shared regionally with several stations.

Technical
BBC Hereford and Worcester transmits on FM. The original, and two strongest FM transmitters are on 104 FM (Great Malvern, serving Worcestershire) and 94.7 FM (Ridge Hill, between Ross On Wye and Ledbury near Much Marcle, serving Herefordshire). These signals are not particularly powerful, and have limited coverage outside the two counties, unlike stations such as BBC Radio WM. An additional FM transmitter on 104.6 FM improved coverage in the Kidderminster area and in February 2006, a new transmitter was turned on for Redditch (Headless Cross) on 104.4FM, as reception in the town had been unreliable.

From launch until 13 May 2021, BBC Hereford and Worcester broadcast on medium wave with the main AM transmitter on 738 kHz on the western edge of Worcester and covered most of the two counties. Originally, there was another AM transmitter for Hereford on 819 kHz; that frequency was given up to accommodate a new commercial station for south Shropshire. In 2003, a small transmitter on 1584 kHz at Woofferton, just south of Ludlow, was added to the station transferring from BBC Radio Shropshire.

The station started broadcasting on DAB in December 2013 with the new MuxCo Herefordshire and Worcestershire multiplex at the Bromsgrove, Ridge Hill and Malvern transmitter sites. This was extended in August 2016 with a further transmitter at Hereford and in September with another at Kidderminster.

On Freeview, the station is carried by the main transmitters at Ridge Hill, Sutton Coldfield and The Wrekin, and by their associated relays, covering a much larger area than FM, AM or DAB. The station also streams online via BBC Sounds.

Programming
As of 2022, local programming is produced and broadcast from the BBC's Worcester studios from 6 am to 10 pm each day, comprising a 6 am to 10 am breakfast show, 10 am to 2 pm morning show, 2 pm to 6 pm afternoon show and 6 pm to 10 pm evening show. These shows must contain at least 60% speech content within the core broadcast hours of 6 am to 7 pm, with full speech content during the breakfast peak of 7 am to 8:30 am. The station must also contain at least 95 hours of locally-made programming per week, that provides news, information and content relevant to the areas and communities it serves.

The station's Saturday afternoon show is occupied by sports coverage under the BBC Hereford and Worcester Sport banner with The Sunday Gardening Show occupying the Sunday afternoon slot. On both weekend days, the evening slot is occupied by the BBC Music Introducing programme which features music from new and up and coming artists from the local area. The show helped discover and launch the careers of Ellie Goulding (whose first air-play was on the station), Becky Hill and 220 Kid.

The station's late shows, airing from 10 pm to 1 am, originates from BBC Radio WM in Birmingham and is broadcast additionally to other BBC Local Radio stations in the West Midlands (BBC CWR, BBC Radio Stoke, BBC Radio Shropshire) and some nights of the week to stations in the East Midlands (BBC Radio Derby, BBC Radio Leicester and BBC Radio Nottingham).

During the station's downtime, BBC Hereford & Worcester simulcasts overnight programming from BBC Radio 5 Live between 1 am and 5 am and an early morning breakfast programme broadcast across the Local Radio network from BBC Radio London.

Presenters

Notable current presenters
Malcolm Boyden (Sunday daytime)
Andrew Marston (BBC Music Introducing)
Elliott Webb (weekday breakfast)

Notable former presenters
Jane Garvey

References

External links
 BBC Hereford and Worcester
  History of local radio in Herefordshire
  History of local radio in Worcestershire
 Kidderminster transmitter
 Malvern transmitter
 Ridge Hill transmitter
 Woofferton transmitting station
 MDS975's transmitter map

Radio stations established in 1989
1989 establishments in England
Hereford and Worcester
Radio stations in Herefordshire
Hereford
Radio stations in Worcestershire
Culture in Worcester, England

Organisations based in Worcestershire

BBC Hereford & Worcester


Sawston este un sat mare în Cambridgeshire, Anglia, situat pe Râul Cam, la aproximativ 11 km la sud de Cambridge. Recensământul din 2011 arată că are o populație de 7.145 de locuitori.

Istoric

Preistorie
Deși actualul sat Sawston există doar ca ceva mai mult decât un cătun de aproximativ 400-600 de ani, există dovezi ale unei așezări în imediata apropiere datând de la începutul epocii Bronzului, cu aproape 5000 de ani în urmă. Zona înălțată din partea de nord a satului ar fi fost singurul punct de vedere de unde se puteau observa figurile de pe deal descoperite în zona Wandlebury a Wheatsheaf Duford.

Istoria recentă
Sawston s-a dezvoltat substanțial de la sfârșitul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial și, mai recent, un număr mare de locuințe au fost construite, mai ales în zonele de nord-vest și sud ale satului. Această dezvoltare a dus la extinderea satului Sawston înspre satul Pampisford din apropriere.

Industrie
În ultimele câteva sute de ani, principalele două industrii din Sawston au fost de producție a hârtiei și imprimare și pielărie. Fabrica de hârtie originală din Sawston se află pe amplasamentul curent al Spicers, după numele familiei care a deținut moara în secolul trecut. Acest complex este situat în colțul de nord-vest al satului.

Există două locuri în Sawston în care există sau existau facilități de tăbăcire. La sud de centrul satului, aproape de conacul Sawston – Sawston Hall – se află Hutchins și Harding. Celălalt loc, Eastern Counties Leather, este la granița cu Pampisford, în sudul satului. Acesta a fost transformat în unități industriale generale. Aceste industrii au fost introduse în Sawston pentru a profita de sursa de apă curată. Cercetările relevă că ambele locuri sunt amplasate în zone cu izvoare sau pârâuri.

O zonă industrială mai mare există în partea de nord a satului, pe Babraham Road.

Sawston astăzi

Administrația locală
Consiliul Parohial Sawston are 19 locuri nominale, astfel încât, la alegerile din 2016, 15 Consilieri au fost aleși fără oponenți, pentru o perioadă de doi ani. Consiliul s-a mutat într-o nouă clădire de birouri pe Link Road în 2011. Aceasta include un birou pentru Societatea de Istorie a satului. Consiliul Parohial Sawston este activ în multe aspecte ale vieții satului, inclusiv facilitățile satului (recreere, terenuri, clădiri comunitare etc.) și organizarea de evenimente (precum nopțile de foc anuale).

Sawston are două locuri în zona de administratție locală South Cambridgeshire District Council. Acest consiliu este responsabil pentru planificare, colectarea deșeurilor și furnizarea de servicii locale, precum iluminatul stradal.

Sawston are două locuri și în Cambridgeshire County Council, ultimele alegeri având loc în  mai 2017.

La nivel național, Sawston este cuprins în Circumscripția South Cambridgeshire și reprezentat în Parlamentul Westminster – loc deținut din 2019 de către Anthony Browne, membru al Partidului Conservator.

Transport
O pistă de biciclete între Sawston și Babraham și între Babraham și Abington a fost finalizată în octombrie 2010, la un cost de £350.000. Când va fi finalizat, traseul va traversa șoseaua A11 folosind un pod pietonal existent, devenind astfel parte din traseul 11 al Rețelei Naționale de Biciclete.

Legături internaționale
Satul este înfrățit cu Selsingen, o comună din Germania, de la vizita lui Klaus Bruno Pape în 1984, ca urmare a unei legături stabilite între cele două localități în teza de doctorat de la Universitatea din Frankfurt a lui Walther Piroth.

Note

Cambridgeshire

Sawston


Lusitanian mythology is the mythology of the Lusitanians, an Indo-European speaking people of western Iberia, in what was then known as Lusitania. In present times, the territory comprises the central part of Portugal and small parts of Extremadura and Salamanca.

Lusitanian deities heavily influenced all of the religious practices in western Iberia, including Gallaecia as well. Lusitanian beliefs and practices intermingled with those of Roman deities after Lusitania was conquered. Recently, a Vasconian substrate is starting to be recognized.

Deities

Main pantheon

Through the Gallaecian-Roman inscriptions, a great pantheon of Gallaecian deities begins to emerge, sharing cults with other Celtic or Celticized peoples in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Astur — especially the more Western — or Lusitanian, but also the Gauls and Britons among others. However, because the borders shifted numerous times and Lusitanians and Gallaecians were often referred to as one people, it is relevant to note that some of the so-called Gallaecian or Lusitanian deities had the same names.

Of particular importance and popularity, especially following the Roman conquest, were a number of deities among whom were Endovelicus, Ataegina, Nabia and Trebaruna.

 Bandua or Bandi: their name appears in numerous dedications, mostly to a male deity (exceptionally, female in one), and often linked to a town or a location (e.g., Bandua Roudaeco, Etobrico or Brealiacui). The deity was probably the protector of the local community, often associated with the Roman Mars - possibly as the Gallaecian god of war - and in one dedication is considered a god or goddess of the Vexillum or standard. Appears to have enjoyed great success among the Gallaeci of Braga.
 Berobreus: god of the Otherworld and beyond. The largest shrine dedicated to Berobreo documented until now, stood in the fort of the Torch of Donón (Cangas), in the Morrazo's Peninsula, front of the Cíes Islands.
 Bormanicus: god of hot springs similar to the Gaulish god, Bormanus.

 Nabia: may have been two separate deities, one invoked in tandem with Jupiter, possibly as the consort of the local Lusitanian equivalent; and another identified with Diana, Juno or Victoria (and Roman deities), linked to the protection and defense of the community or health, wealth and fertility. She was also associated with earth and sacred springs, possibly as the deity of water, fountains and rivers. Her name still endures in Galicia and Portugal, such as river Navia, and the Idol Fountain, located in northern Portugal.

 Cossus, warrior god, who attained great popularity among the Southern Gallaeci, was one of the most revered gods in ancient Gallaecia. Several authors suggest that Cosso and Bandua are the same God under different names.
 Reue - Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak suggests he may be the equivalent of the Roman Iovis or Jupiter, both names ultimately deriving from Proto-Indo-European *diewo-. In this lens, he could be considered the supreme god of the pantheon, also dealing with justice and death.
 Lugus, or Lucubo, linked to prosperity, trade and craft occupations. His figure is associated with the spear. It is one of gods most common among the Celts and many, many place names derived from it throughout Europe Celtic Galicia (Galicia Lucus Latinized form) to Loudoun (Scotland), and even the naming of people as Gallaecia Louguei.
 Coventina, goddess of abundance and fertility. Strongly associated with the water nymphs, their cult record for most Western Europe, from England to Gallaecia.
 Endovelicus (Belenus) - taken to have been a god of prophecy and healing, with oracular functions. He appears to have been a minor chthonic god originally, but has become exceptionally popular after Roman colonization.
 Epona was a protector of horses, donkeys, and mules. She was particularly a goddess of fertility, as shown by her attributes of a patera, cornucopia, ears of grain and the presence of foals in some sculptures. She and her horses might also have been leaders of the soul in the after-life ride, with parallels in Rhiannon of the Mabinogion. Unusual for a Celtic deity, most of whom were associated with specific localities, the worship of Epona, "the sole Celtic divinity ultimately worshipped in Rome itself," was widespread in the Roman Empire between the first and third centuries AD.
 Trebaruna appears in inscriptions in the Lusitanian language associated with another, presumably male deity named Reve.

There is hardly any sign of Bandua, Reue, Arentius-Arentia, Quangeius, Munidis, Trebaruna, Laneana and Nabia — all worshipped in the heart of Lusitania — outside the boundary with the Vettones. Bandua, Reue and Nabia were worshiped in the core area of Lusitania (including Northern Extremadura to Beira Baixa and Northern Lusitania) and reaching inland Galicia, the diffusion of these gods throughout the whole of the northern interior area shows a cultural continuity with Central Lusitania.

Other deities

Two regional deities in Western Iberia do not occur in the region: Crouga, worshiped around Viseu, and Aernus, in the Bragança area. The largest number of indigenous deities found in the whole Iberian Peninsula are located in the Lusitanian-Galician regions, and models proposing a fragmented and disorganized pantheon have been discarded, since the number of deities occurring together is similar to those of other Celtic peoples in Europe and ancient civilizations.

Toga, female deity of the known Lusitanian mythology. Her name is in inscriptions found on Vettone and Lusitanian territory but the cult is thought to have Vettone origins.

A sun goddess, Kontebria (Cantabria), was apparently present, her worship later being assimilated into Virgin Mary's Nossa Senhora de Antime figure.

Dii, Lares, Nymphs and Genii were the main types of divinity worshiped, known from the Latin epigraphy, although many names are recorded in the Lusitanian or Celtiberian languages.

See also
 Castro culture
 Celtic mythology
 Enchanted Moura
 Etruscan mythology
 Germanic mythology
 Mare (folklore)
 Greek mythology
 List of deities
 Lusitanian language
 National Archaeology Museum (Portugal)
 Ophiussa
 Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
 Proto-Indo-European mythology
 Roman mythology

References
Notes

Sources

Further reading

 .

 .
 .
 .
 Redentor, Armando (2008). "Panorama da Teonímia Pré-romana em Trás-os-montes Oriental". In: Divindades indígenas em análise. Coord. José d' Encarnação. Coimbra e Porto: Centro de Estudos Arqueológicos, Universidade de Coimbra, Universidade do Porto, pp. 105-124.

External links
 Religiões da Lusitânia (in Portuguese)
 Panteão da Lusitânia (in Portuguese)
 Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)

Lusitanian mythology


Húrin is a fictional character in the Middle-earth legendarium of J. R. R. Tolkien. He is introduced in The Silmarillion as a hero of Men during the First Age, said to be the greatest warrior of both the Edain and all Men in Middle-earth. His actions, however, bring catastrophe and ruin to his family and to the people of Beleriand.

Scholars have remarked the power and grimness of the tale. Tom Shippey calls the scene where Húrin is freed after 28 years by the Dark Lord Morgoth, one of the godlike Valar, the lyric core of the tale of the fall of Gondolin. Christopher Garbowski comments that when Húrin cries aloud, revealing the hidden entrance to Gondolin, the effect is quite unlike that of The Lord of the Rings. Helen Lasseter Freeh comments on the version in Unfinished Tales where Húrin and Morgoth discuss one of Tolkien's themes, luck and fate in Middle-earth. Shippey remarks that Tolkien often provides double explanations of events, so that their cause could be luck, but could equally be fate, the will of the Valar.

Fictional history

Húrin is the elder son of Galdor of the House of Hador and Hareth of the Men of Haladin, who are Edain; his younger brother is Huor. They live with their uncle Haldir in Dor-lómin in Beleriand, when they join a war party against the Orcs. The brothers are cut off from their company and chased by Orcs in the Vale of Sirion. The Vala Ulmo, Lord of Water, causes a mist to arise from the river, and they escape. Two Eagles bring them to the hidden Elvish city of Gondolin. King Turgon welcomes them, remembering Ulmo's prophecy that the House of Hador will aid Gondolin in its time of need. Turgon's nephew Maeglin urges that they not be allowed to leave, but Turgon overrides him; swearing secrecy, they return to Dor-lómin.

Morgoth's orcs attack Hithlum, killing Húrin's father; Húrin chases the Orcs away and becomes the Lord of his people. He marries Morwen, who bears him a son, Túrin, and a daughter, Nienor. Húrin rides his horse Arroch, 'Noble horse', to battle alongside his brother. In the midst of battle he meets Turgon again. Losing the battle, Húrin and Huor take a stand, allowing Turgon to escape. Huor is killed, but Húrin fights until he is buried under a mountain of Orcs and Trolls. Gothmog Lord of Balrogs brings him to Morgoth's fortress, Angband. Morgoth tries to force Húrin to reveal where Gondolin is. When Húrin refuses, Morgoth curses him along with his kin and puts him on a high mountain peak in chains, and lets him see and hear from the seat the evils that will befall his son and daughter, but not the good they will do. Húrin is embittered to learn that his children, both under a dragon-spell, marry each other, conceive a child, and commit suicide.

After twenty-eight years of imprisonment and the death of his children, Morgoth releases Húrin. "He had grown grim to look upon: his hair and beard were white and long, but there was a fell light in his eyes. He walked unbowed, and yet carried a great black staff; but he was girt with a sword." He is brought to his old homelands, but enemies are living there. Seven outlaws under Asgon join Húrin; they go to the Vale of Sirion. Húrin abandons his followers and seeks the entrance to Gondolin, but it is closed, and Turgon does not wish to allow him in. Húrin cries out against Turgon, revealing the location of Gondolin to Morgoth's spies, and leaves. Too late, Turgon changes his mind and sends Eagles, but they do not find Húrin.

Húrin travels to the forest of Brethil where his son and daughter died, and meets Morwen at their grave, just before she dies. In anger and despair he seeks out the Folk of Haleth, blaming them for the deaths of his wife and children; a revolt ensues, killing the last Haladin. Hardang the Chieftain of Brethil fears and imprisons Húrin. Manthor sets the people against Hardang; they kill him. Manthor too is killed; he asks Húrin: "Was not this your true errand, Man of the North: to bring ruin upon us to weigh against thine own?"

Húrin and the outlaws go to Nargothrond. They take the dragon's gold from the dwarf who had claimed it, to avenge his family. They bring the treasure, including the dwarves' necklace, the Nauglamír, to Doriath; they insult Thingol by giving the necklace as payment for his care of Húrin's kin. This brings a curse on Doriath, leading to its downfall. Melian the Maia, queen of Doriath, uses kind words to reach Húrin's clouded mind. Húrin sees that all his deeds have only aided Morgoth. A broken man, he drowns himself in the sea, ending the life of the "mightiest of the warriors of mortal men".

Descent of Húrin

Analysis

Effects

The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that the "lyric core" of the story of the fall of Gondolin, the source of narrative dynamism amidst all the description and genealogy in The Silmarillion, is the scene where Húrin is set free after 28 years imprisoned by Morgoth. In his view, "everything in this scene is emblematic"; the sun sets behind the Mountains of Shadow, standing for the coming catastrophe, but "the real sunset is in Húrin's heart".  The dynamism is revealed, Shippey writes, by asking the question "'Whose fault?' Húrin's, for despair? Turgon's, for suspicion?" ... the list goes on. He comments that to answer fully would be to retell "the whole unhappy story of Middle-earth." He explains that the matter hinges on "a conflict of kinship"; Húrin remembers from many years earlier how he suffered to help Turgon; but though Turgon knows Húrin is there, the royal Elf "refuses to trust the man who saved him once", and does not relent until it is too late. It is thus vital to the scene, and to the whole story, that the reader appreciates why Húrin goes into this emotional sunset; and that in turn requires the reader to know about his kinship with Turgon, from the family tree.

Christopher Garbowski writes in the J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia that the depiction of Húrin in The War of the Jewels, crying aloud in the wilderness by the hidden entrance to Gondolin, creates a very different effect to that of The Lord of the Rings which had already been written. The Vala Manwe sends an eagle to Turgon for help, but the account seems, writes Garbowski, to allow no time for the message to arrive; he calls Shippey's description of the scene, a "posed tableau", apt.

Tolkien's choices

Alex Lewis, writing in Mythlore, asserts that Tolkien introduced a historical bias into the tale of Húrin's coming to Gondolin. He suggests that Tolkien chose to favour Turgon at the expense of Maeglin, because Turgon was a direct ancestor of Elrond and therefore had to be spared the blame for the fall of Gondolin. Lewis comments that the long version in The Book of Lost Tales differs markedly from the account in The Silmarillion here. He notes that Tolkien started to revise the tale but never completed the revision. Lewis asserts, too, that "Hurin was a far better tactician than Fingon or Turgon. He had the best idea of keeping the high-ground advantage", putting this down to Tolkien's bias in favour of Elves over Men.

David Greenman, also in Mythlore, proposes a classical influence on Tolkien. He describes the sad tale of Húrin as "Aristotelian Epic-Tragedy", as defined in the Poetics in terms of Aristotelian elements such as "plot, ... spectacle, language, character, ... reversal, and catharsis".

The attorney Douglas Kane, writing in Tolkien Studies, discusses Húrin's trial as described in The Wanderings of Húrin, published in The War of the Jewels. He assaults Hardang with a stool; he is drugged and put on trial; Manthor advises him. Húrin "falsely charges" the people of Brethil with failing to help Morwen. Kane calls the tale "some of Tolkien's most incisive political commentary", citing "Húrin's cold comfort to Manthor on his deathbed":  telling Manthor that his friendship "was rooted in self-interest", as he hoped to "use his defense of Húrin to further his own ambition to become the Chieftain."

Fate and free will

The Tolkien scholar Helen Lasseter Freeh notes that the longer version of the tale of Túrin Turambar in Unfinished Tales (the Narn) contains a dialogue between Morgoth and Húrin about fate and providence. Despite his imprisonment, Húrin insists that Morgoth cannot control everything, and while Morgoth does not directly contradict this, he says he will spread a "cloud of Doom" on everyone Húrin loves, and "wherever they go, evil shall arise". Túrin lives a life of disaster, in which Freeh sees the hand of fate, which threatens to overwhelm Túrin's free will. Shippey comments that Morgoth is one of the Valar, whose power in the world appears as luck, or chance, or fate. Terrible things in the Narn seem to be coincidences; but, writes Shippey, Tolkien often gives "double explanations" of these events, one fate, one just accident.

See also

 The Children of Húrin, a novel assembled by Christopher Tolkien from his father's fragmentary manuscripts
 The Lay of the Children of Húrin, an early alliterative poem telling of the tragic life of Húrin's son Túrin.

References

Primary

Secondary

Sources

Middle-earth Edain
Characters in The Silmarillion
Characters in The Children of Húrin
Fictional sole survivors
Fictional suicides
Literary characters introduced in 1977

Húrin


Tajno vijeće je tijelo koje savjetuje poglavara države. Obično je to u kontekstu monarške vlade, premda ne i uvijek. Tajno je u značenju privatnog, pa je ovo vijeće bilo odbor monarhovih najbližih savjetnika radi davanja povjerljivih savjeta u svezi s državnim poslovima. Primjer takvog vijeća je Tajno vijeće (Geheimrat) u Austro-Ugarskoj.

Izvori

Monarhija

Tajno vijeće


Sunderland Association Football Club Ladies, før kaldt Sunderland Association Football Club Women, er en engelsk fodboldklub for kvinder som spiller i Women's Championship, den næsthøjeste fodboldliga for kvinder i England. Holdet spiller deres hjemmekampe på The Hetton Centre i Hetton-le-Hole, Tyne and Wear, North East England.

Sunderland vandt FA Women's Premier League Northern Division i 2004–05 og opnåede derved at rykke op til den øverste række i kvindefodbold i England. Efter nedrykning i 2007, vendte de tilbage til National Division i 2009 og tabte i samme sæson FA Women's Cup finalen, 2–1 til titelholderen Arsenal på Pride Park Stadium.

Aktuel trup

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

FA Women's Super League
Kvindefodboldklubber i England
Sunderland A.F.C.

Sunderland A.F.C. Ladies


Amaranthinae, podtribus štirovki smješten u tribus Amarantheae, dio potporodice Amaranthoideae

Rodovi
 Bosea L. (4 spp.)
 Chamissoa Kunth (3 spp.)
 Herbstia Sohmer (1 sp.)
 Siamosia K. Larsen & Pedersen (1 sp.)
 Allmania R. Br. ex Wight (1 sp.)
 Charpentiera Gaudich. (6 spp.)
 Indobanalia Henry & B. Roy (1 sp.)
 Lagrezia Moq. (13 spp.)
 Amaranthus L. (95 spp.)
 Digera Forssk. (1 sp.)
 Neocentema Schinz (2 spp.)
 Pleuropterantha Franch. (3 spp.)

Izvori

Amaranthoideae

Amaranthinae


El kanum es un idioma que comprende una serie de variedades lingüísticas, con poca inteligibilidad mutua, habladas por los pueblos kanum, en la isla de Nueva Guinea. Las variedades conocidas son:
Kanum Ngkâlmpw (kcd)
Kanum Bädi (khd)
Kanum Sota (krz)
Kanum Smärky (kxq)

Sistema numérico
El kanum tiene un sistema numérico en base 6. Por ejemplo, '200' se expresa como:
{|
|swabra ||ptae ||ynaoaemy ||ntamnao''
|-
|5 ||6²s (36s)|| (y) 2 (y)||3×6
|}

Kanum

Idioma kanum


HEC Paris este o Școală Europeană de Business cu multiple campusuri în locații precum: Paris, Jouy-en-Josas și Doha. Înființată în 1881.

HEC a fost plasată pe locul 2 în rândul Școlilor europene de business, în 2015, potrivit clasamentului realizat de Financial Times. De asemenea, programul său Executive MBA ocupă  locul 3 în lume.

Programele sale sunt triplu acreditate internațional prin AMBA, EQUIS și AACSB. Scoala de business se remarca prin absolvenți de renume în afaceri și politică precum: Hughes de Chavagnac (diplomat francez), Rachida Dati (politician francez) și Paul Reynaud (politician și avocat francez). HEC primește premii AMBA, Equis și AACSB, făcând Franța țara cu cel mai mare număr de școli de afaceri acreditate, alături de Anglia.

Costurile anuale de participare la cursuri depind de nivelul de educație și variază de la 20.000 EUR la 40.000 EUR pentru o diplomă de master și pot ajunge până la 80.000 EUR pentru un MBA.

Școala are propria fundație.

Note

Legături externe

 Website oficial
 HEC Paris website
HEC Executive Education website
 HEC Full-time MBA Program
HEC Alumni Association
HEC Paris Foundation Annual Report 2017

Universități din Franța
Fondări în 1881
cy:HEC Paris

HEC Paris


An Telipogon alexii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Norris Hagan Williams ngan Robert Louis Dressler. An Telipogon alexii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon alexii


Hanita () é um kibutz no norte de Israel. Localizada no oeste da Galiléia, aproximadamente 15 quilômetros a nordeste de Nahariya, está sob a jurisdição do Conselho Regional de Mateh Asher. Em 2019 tinha uma população de 756 habitantes.

O kibutz Hanita foi estabelecido em 21 de março de 1938, como parte da operação da Torre e paliçada durante a revolta árabe de 1936-39. No entanto, Hanita era um projeto especial, o maior de toda a operação e liderado diretamente por Yitzhak Sadeh, um alto líder militar do Yishuv (comunidade judaica no Mandato Britânico da Palestina). Hanita foi um dos novos assentamentos judaicos estabelecidos na área com um papel defensivo adicional, pois ficava diretamente na fronteira com o Líbano, que na época era controlado pela França. O estabelecimento de Hanita foi saudado como a ação mais impressionante da operação da Torre e paliçada, e foi em parte capturado em filme e tornou-se o tema de uma ópera.

História

Antiguidade
O kibutz Hanita foi estabelecido no local de uma antiga ruína com o mesmo nome (Hanita; variante: Hanuta), e é mencionado em escritos rabínicos como um antigo assentamento judaico na posse da tribo Asher. Durante o período do Talmud, a cidade de Khana (Alta e Baixa) é mencionada no Tosefta (Shevi'it 4:9), no Talmud de Jerusalém (Demai 2:1) e no mosaico de Rehob do século III - uma inscrição de rua em mosaico - como uma cidade judaica na área de Tiro, obrigada a observar as mitsvot que dependem da terra. O assentamento controlava a transição da cordilheira Solam Tzur para o vale fértil abaixo.

Era otomana
No Mapa do Fundo de Exploração da Palestina de 1878, publicado por CR Conder e HH Kitchener, foi listado como a ruína Khurbet Hanuta.

Mandato Britânico

Nos anos da Grande Revolta Árabe e de acordo com o Livro Branco, o governo do Mandato Britânico proibiu a compra de terras por judeus em certas áreas, incluindo a área onde hoje está localizado o kibutz Hanita. Yosef Siniglia, membro do Fundo Nacional para Israel, junto com seu amigo Eliezer Winschel, iniciou a compra de terras no norte da Galiléia para o estabelecimento de um assentamento judeu. Os fazendeiros acreditam que Siniglia, que tinha uma aparência tipicamente italiana, era um representante da igreja católica, que busca comprar um terreno para construir um mosteiro nele. Por meio de um intermediário árabe do Líbano, as terras foram transferidas e acabaram registradas em nome da KKL-Junk nos escritórios da Taboo em Acre. Segundo Yosef Siniglia, ele foi contatado por Avraham Winschel e seu irmão Eliezer em dezembro de 1937. Eles lhe pediram para ajudá-los na compra de uma área de mais de 4.000 dunams (4.000m² na região), estendendo-se ao longo da fronteira libanesa. Depois de consultar Yosef Weitz e o Dr. Granot, ficou claro que a KKL-Junk estava interessada no programa, mas não tinha o dinheiro necessário para comprar o terreno, nem havia confiança de que a agência estaria disposta a assumir as despesas associados à propriedade da terra. A posse do terreno era vital para o projeto sionista para a posse da fronteira noroeste. O passaporte italiano de Siniglia permitiu mascará-lo como um comprador não-judeu. Depois que a compra foi concluída, as gangues árabes se vingaram do guia árabe de origem libanesa que auxiliou Siniglia, e o mataram.

A compra da terra de Hanita - mais de 4.000 dunams de terra estéril nas montanhas - causou polêmica entre a liderança sionista e foi expresso o temor de que, uma vez que o assentamento era um assentamento judeu isolado no coração de uma região árabe, a área cairia no estado árabe, caso fosse estabelecida. Ainda assim, Ben-Gurion aprovou a compra no início de 1938.

Ao contrário de outros assentamentos de torres e paliçadas, Hanita não foi estabelecido próxima a outro assentamento, onde todo o material de construção seria armazenado com antecedência, como era a regra. A falta de assentamentos judaicos na Galiléia Ocidental e a localização extremamente remota do local excluíam essa opção. Quatrocentas pessoas contribuíram para a construção do primeiro acampamento murado, incluindo muitos notrim (polícia judaica do Mandato). Não havia estradas que levassem ao local e os materiais tinham que ser transportados à mão sob proteção armada. Devido ao relatório da Comissão Peel de 1937, a liderança do Yishuv, sob David Ben-Gurion, pensou que a partição da Palestina era iminente, com as fronteiras a serem decididas por meio da diplomacia e sem apoio judeu, a Galiléia Ocidental permaneceria fora dos limites.

Na manhã de 21 de março de 1938, chegaram 400 pessoas, incluindo 100 homens do Notrim sob o comando de Yitzhak Sadeh. Yosef Payne de Degania e Davidka Nimri de Ashdot Ya'akov administraram a operação no terreno, na qual cerca de 50 caminhões participaram do local a leste da vila árabe de al-Bassa. Eles se apossaram do acampamento e carregaram todo o equipamento necessário nas costas e em burros e camelos para a "estação inferior". À noite, a maioria das pessoas deixou o acampamento e apenas um grupo de ocupação de cerca de 100 pessoas sob o comando de Zvi ben Yaakov permaneceu. A ocupação de Hanita foi uma das maiores operações de assentamento da operação da Torre e paliçada, realizando o assentamento de uma área nova, montanhosa, hostil e difícil de defender. A ocupação do terreno recebeu ampla cobertura da imprensa nos jornais da época. A famosa foto tirada durante a operação mostra Yitzhak Sadeh abraçando Yigal Alon e Moshe Dayan, tem em seu verso a inscrição "Quartier général" (quartel-general em francês), feita por Chaim Weitzman.

Economia
A economia é baseada em uma combinação de agricultura e indústria. O kibutz cultiva bananas, frutas cítricas e plantações de campo, e também um celeiro conjunto com o kibutz Sa'ar. Sua principal fonte de renda vem de duas fábricas: a Avery Dennison Hanita e a Hanita Lenses.

Avery Dennison Hanita (anteriormente Kotlab Hanita) produz filmes metalizados para embalagens, isolamento térmico quente e frio e aplicação em dispositivos de segurança. A fábrica tem mais de 220 funcionários, um décimo dos quais são membros do kibutz. Em 2016, a fábrica foi vendida para a empresa americana Avery Dennison por US$ 75 milhões. A Hanita Lenses produz lentes de contato e lentes para implantes.

Cenas do filme de Kirk Douglas de 1953, The Juggler (O Malabarista), foram filmadas em Hanita.

Museu
O kibutz opera um museu que documenta dois tópicos: um é a história dos assentamentos da Torre e Paliçada construídos em resposta aos tumultos árabes de 1936–1939 ; o outro tópico é a arqueologia da área. O museu exibe documentos relativos à compra do terreno e aos problemas de segurança enfrentados pelo kibutz, bem como achados arqueológicos desenterrados em Hanita e arredores, incluindo painéis artisticamente impressionantes de um piso de mosaico da igreja bizantina dos séculos VI-VII, escavados a seguir ao edifício do museu.

Achados arqueológicos
Nas escavações arqueológicas realizadas no local aquando da elevação do terreno em 1938, foram encontrados:

 Descobertas do período calcolítico (4000 aC);
 Cavernas do período cananeu médio;
 Inscrições fenícias;
 Descobertas dos períodos helenístico e persa;
 Ruínas de uma antiga igreja do período bizantino, incluindo um magnífico piso de mosaico que foi restaurado;
 Cavernas funerárias ilustradas, restos de edifícios, poços e moedas;

Uma parte significativa desses achados está atualmente exposta no museu do kibutz.

Pessoas notáveis

 Eliezer Ben-Rafael, professor de sociologia.
 Matti Caspi (nascido em 1949), compositor, músico, cantor e letrista.
 Moshe Dayan.

Referências

Kibutz
Israel

Hanita


Pinhão es un municipio brasileño del estado del Paraná. Se localiza a una latitud 25º41'44" sur y a una longitud 51º39'35" oeste, estando a una altitud de 1041 metros. Su población estimada en 2010 es de 30.208 habitantes. Posee un área de 2005,6 km².

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Paraná

Pinhão (Paraná)


Hercule et Xena : La Bataille du mont Olympe (Hercules and Xena: The Animated Movie - The Battle for Mount Olympus) est un film américain réalisé par Lynne Naylor, sorti en 1998. Le film est basé sur les séries télévisées Hercule et Xena, la guerrière.

Synopsis
Hercule et Xena unissent leurs forces contre les Titans.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Hercule et Xena : La Bataille du mont Olympe
 Titre original : Hercules and Xena: The Animated Movie - The Battle for Mount Olympus
 Réalisation : Lynne Naylor
 Scénario : John Loy
 Musique : Joseph LoDuca
 Production : Lynne Naylor
 Société de production : Universal Animation Studios et Renaissance Pictures
 Pays :
 Genre : Animation, action, aventure et fantasy
 Durée : 80 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Doublage
 Kevin Sorbo : Hercule
 Lucy Lawless : Xena
 Michael Hurst : Iolaus
 Renée O'Connor : Gabrielle
 Kevin Smith : Arès
 Alexandra Tydings : Aphrodite
 Josephine Davison : Alcmène / Artémis
 Joy Watson : Héra
 Peter Rowley : Zeus
 David Mackie : Porphyrion
 Alison Wall : Téthys / Mnémosyne
 Ted Raimi : Crius

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1998
Film d'animation américain
Film d'action américain
Film d'aventure américain
Film de fantasy américain
Film d'animation sorti directement en vidéo
Film crossover
Film d'Universal Pictures
Film se déroulant dans la Grèce mythologique


Francesco Guccini (; born 14 June 1940) is an Italian singer-songwriter (cantautore). During the five decades of his music career he has recorded 16 studio albums and collections, and 6 live albums. He is also a writer, having published autobiographic and noir novels, and a comics writer. Guccini also worked as actor, soundtrack composer, lexicographer and dialectologist.

Guccini moved to Pàvana during World War II, then returned to Modena where he spent his teenage years and established his musical career. His debut album, Folk beat n. 1, was released in 1967, but the first success was in 1972 with the album Radici. He was harshly criticised after releasing Stanze di vita quotidiana, and answered his critics with the song "L'avvelenata". His studio albums production slowed down in the nineties and 2000s, but his live performances continued being successful.

His lyrics have been praised for their poetic and literary value and have been used in schools as an example of modern poetry. Guccini has gained the appreciation of critics and fans, who regard him as an iconic figure. He has received several awards for his works; an asteroid, a cactus species and a butterfly subspecies have been named after him. The main instrument in most of his songs is the acoustic guitar.

A leftist, though not a communist, Guccini dealt with political issues and more generally with the political climate of his time in some songs, such as "La locomotiva" or "Eskimo".

Origins
Guccini was born in 1940 in Modena, Italy. His father from Tuscany, Ferruccio Guccini, was a postal employee, and his mother from Emilia, Ester Prandi, was a housewife. While his father served in the Italian military during World War II, Guccini lived with his grandparents in a small village in the Apennine Mountains in northern Tuscany called Pàvana, where he spent his childhood. His years spent in the somewhat archaic society of the mountains of Central Italy was to be a strong inspiration throughout his career, and it became one of the key recurring themes of his songs and books.

When World War II had ended, Guccini moved back to his family in Modena. He studied at the Istituto Magistrale Carlo Sigonio, the same school Luciano Pavarotti had attended, earning his high school diploma in 1958. Guccini spent his teenage years in Modena, as he later recounted in his second novel Vacca d'un Cane and in songs including "Piccola Città", which paints a bitter portrait of the city as "a strange enemy".

Youth and musical beginnings

Guccini's first job was as a teacher at a boarding school in Pesaro, but he was fired after a month and a half. He then worked as a journalist at the Gazzetta di Modena for two years. In April 1960, Guccini interviewed Domenico Modugno, who had just won two consecutive Sanremo Festivals. This inspired Guccini to write "L'antisociale", his first composition as a singer-songwriter.
In 1958 Guccini was guitarist and vocalist in a group first called Hurricanes, then Snakers and finally Gatti. The group included Pier Farri (drums), who would later become Guccini's producer; Victor Sogliani (saxophone), future member of Equipe 84; and Franco Fini Storchi (guitar). Guccini wrote his first songs while in the Snakers, in a style inspired by The Everly Brothers and Peppino di Capri. The group performed for two years, touring around Northern Italy and Switzerland. In 1961 the Guccini family moved to Bologna, and Francesco enrolled at the University of Bologna to study foreign languages. The next year he undertook mandatory military service, an experience he described as "substantially positive". When he returned to Bologna, Guccini was asked to join the band Equipe 84, but he declined to continue his studies. He later quit university just before taking his degree (he was conferred a degree honoris causa in science education in 2002). The band Cantacronache was an important influence in Guccini's artistic growth, as was Bob Dylan.

Debut (1967–1969)
Record Producer CGD commissioned Guccini to write a song for the 1967 Sanremo Festival, "Una storia d'amore", to be sung by Caterina Caselli and Gigliola Cinquetti at . The song, though, was not selected for the event, and Guccini was embittered by the edits made by two lyricists engaged by CGD.
Guccini made his debut as a singer-songwriter in March 1967, with the album Folk beat n. 1, which received little commercial success. Three of the songs recorded for the album had previously been successes for Nomadi and Equipe 84: "Noi non-ci saremo", "L'antisociale" and "Auschwitz". The latter was translated and sung in English by Equipe 84, as well as by Rod MacDonald in his 1994 album Man on the Ledge. Another song from the album, "In morte di S.F.", later renamed "Canzone per un'amica", was recorded by Nomadi in 1968.  From 1965 onward, Guccini spent 20 years teaching Italian at the off-campus Dickinson College, in Bologna.

In May 1967 Guccini made his first appearance in television, on Diamoci del tu, hosted by Caterina Caselli and Giorgio Gaber singing "Auschwitz". He wrote several songs for Caselli and for Nomadi, who made his song "Dio è morto" become widely popular; it became one of his most famous songs, despite being censored by the RAI for blasphemy. In 1968 Francesco Guccini translated Simon & Garfunkel's hit song "Mrs. Robinson" into Italian; it was first covered in this version by the Italian beat group  and later was recorded by Bobby Solo on his LP Bobby Folk in 1970. In 1968 the 45 rpm record Un altro giorno è andato/Il bello was released; Guccini re-recorded the Side A song in an acoustic version for his 1970 album L'isola non-trovata. His first concert was held the same year at the La Cittadella Cultural Centre in Assisi.

1970s

In 1970 Guccini released his second album, Due anni dopo, recorded in the autumn of 1969. The main themes of the album are the passage of time and the analysis of everyday life in the context of bourgeois hypocrisy, with a noticeable influence from French music and from Leopardi's poetic style. After this album Guccini started his 10-year-long collaboration with folksinger Deborah Kooperman, who played fingerstyle guitar on it, a style mostly unknown in Italy at the time. Eleven months after Due anni dopo, the album L'isola non trovata was released. The title was a literary reference to Guido Gozzano, and the song "La collina" contained a reference to J. D. Salinger. Guccini's fame began to spread beyond Bologna, partly thanks to the appearance in the TV show Speciale tre milioni, where he sang some of his songs and befriended Claudio Baglioni. In 1971 he married his long-time girlfriend Roberta Baccilieri, who was pictured on the back cover of his next album.

The turning point in Guccini's career was in 1972 thanks to the album Radici (roots), about the perpetual search for one's origins. This was also conveyed by the image on the front cover of the album, portraying Guccini's grandparents and their siblings next to their old mountain home. Radici contains some of his most renowned and popular songs, like "Incontro", "Piccola Città", "Il vecchio e il bambino", "La Canzone della bambina portoghese", "Canzone dei dodici mesi", and "La locomotiva", based on a real event and dealing with themes of equality, social justice and freedom, with a style similar to the anarchic music of the end of the 19th century. In the same year Guccini brought Claudio Lolli, a young singer-songwriter, to his record label, EMI Italiana. He later wrote two songs with him, "Keaton" and "Ballando con una sconosciuta".

In 1973 Guccini released Opera buffa, a light-hearted and playful album, which showed his skills as an ironic, theatrical and cultured cabaret artist. Guccini was perplexed by the release of the disc, especially because of its arrangements and because it was recorded live (with overdubs made in a recording studio). One year later Stanze di vita quotidiana was released, with a mixed reception by fans and critics. It included six long and melancholic songs, a mirror of the crisis Guccini faced, worsened by constant disagreements with his producer Pier Farri. Guccini received harsh criticism, including a slating by the critic Riccardo Bertoncelli, who said the singer songwriter was "a finished artist, who has nothing else to say". Guccini answered with the song "L'avvelenata", a few years later.

Guccini had his first commercial success in 1976, with Via Paolo Fabbri 43, which was the sixth best-selling album of the year. It was named after the address of the house in Bologna where he lived. He sang with a more mature and determined voice, and the musical structure was more complex than in his earlier works. The album contained "L'avvelenata", a bitter and colourful reply to the criticism he received for Stanze di vita quotidiana, which cited one of his critics, Riccardo Bertoncelli. Later Guccini was reluctant in performing the song during concerts, saying it was obsolete.
The title track was an abstract description of Guccini's life in Bologna, which referenced Borges and Barthes; it also mentioned the "three heroines of Italian song", Alice, Marinella and Lilly, three women from songs by Italian singer-songwriters De Gregori, De André and Venditti. Other notable tracks were "Canzone quasi d'Amore", characterised by existential poetry, and "Il pensionato", about an old neighbour of Guccini, focusing on the sad psychological situation of some old people. Guccini's next album, Amerigo was released in 1978. The most popular song was "Eskimo", but Guccini claimed the highest point was the title track, a ballad about an emigrant uncle of his.
In 1977 the weekly magazine Grand Hotel featured Guccini on the cover titled "The father every teenager would have liked to have". Guccini did not endorse the article, which was based on an interview he did not know would be published, and commented: "I cannot understand how they chose that title, I write songs for an audience of people in their thirties, I do not see how an audience of sixteen year olds fresh out of school could relate with the things I say". In the same year, Guccini separated from his wife Roberta (the song "Eskimo" is about this event), and started cohabitating with Angela. In 1978 they had a daughter, Teresa, to whom the songs "Culodritto" and "E un giorno..." are dedicated. In 1979 the live album Album concerto, recorded in a concert with Nomadi, was released. It was peculiar because the songs were performed in duet with Augusto Daolio, and because it included previously unreleased songs: "Dio è morto", "Noi", and "Per fare un uomo".

1980s

The first album released by Guccini in the eighties was Metropolis, which was characterised by the description of cities with a symbolic value: Byzantium, Venice, Bologna and Milan. Their histories mingle with the distress caused by life in the city and with symbolic references. The album had richer arrangements, with saxophones, bass guitars, drums, clarinets, flutes and zufoli. Byzantium is described by Guccini as a fascinating yet oppressive city at the crossroads of two continents and two eras. The song is set at the time of Emperor Justinian I (483–565), and there are many historical references to that period, that have been explained by Guccini himself. The narrator, Filemazio, who some critics believe to be a fictionalized Guccini, senses the decadence of his civilization and the coming of the end. The song was praised by critic Paolo Jachia, who described it as "moving and dreamlike". In 1981 Guccini was the co-author, along with Giorgio Gaber, Sandro Luporini and Gian Piero Alloisio, of the musical Gli ultimi viaggi di Gulliver. The eponymous song "Gulliver" was then included in Guccini's next album, Guccini, which dealt with the same themes found in Metropolis. Songs in the album include "Shomèr ma mi llailah?" ("Watchman, what of the night?", from ), "Autogrill", about a love only dreamt of, and "Inutile", which narrates a day two lovers spent in Rimini. The subsequent tour was the first in which Guccini performed with a backing band; previously, Guccini used to perform solo, or with just one or two guitarists. In 1984 the live album Fra la via Emilia e il West was released. It included live versions of many of his popular songs, recorded mainly at a concert held in Piazza Maggiore in Bologna, in which several guests performed alongside Guccini: Giorgio Gaber, Paolo Conte, I Nomadi, Roberto Vecchioni and Equipe 84.

In 1987 the album Signora Bovary was released. Several of the songs portray people from Guccini's life: "Van Loon" is his father, "Culodritto" is his daughter Teresa, and "Signora Bovary" is himself. Other songs include "Keaton", written with his friend Claudio Lolli, and "Scirocco", an award-winning song about an episode in the life of the poet Adriano Spatola, a friend of Guccini. In 1988 the singer-songwriter released a live album, ...quasi come Dumas..., which included some of his songs from the Sixties, in a rearranged version. The title is a homage to Twenty Years After, the novel by Alexandre Dumas.

1990s
In 1990 Guccini released Quello che non..., which continued in the style of Signora Bovary. Songs included in the album are "Quello che non" and "La canzone delle domande consuete", which received the Club Tenco best song of the year award. Three years later, he released Parnassius Guccinii referencing a subspecies of butterfly which was named in his honour. The song "Farewell", included in the album, is a homage to Bob Dylan's "Farewell, Angelina", featuring its instrumental introduction and citing a verse ("The triangle tingles, and the trumpet plays slow"). The literary critic Paolo Jachia commented: "Guccini's enormous poetic and cultural effort has been opening the best tradition of Italian poetry to Dylan-esque ballads". Other songs included in the album are "Canzone per Silvia", dedicated to Silvia Baraldini, and "Acque", composed for Tiziano Sclavi's movie Nero.

It was three years until he released his next album, D'amore di morte e di altre sciocchezze, which achieved significant commercial success. Tracks included are "Cirano", inspired by the play Cyrano de Bergerac; "Quattro stracci", about the ending of the relationship with Angela (the same woman to whom Farewell was dedicated); "Stelle" about the feelings of powerlessness men feel when looking at the starry night sky; "Vorrei", dedicated to his new partner, Raffaella Zuccari, and "I Fichi", a farcical song.

2000s
Stagioni was Guccini's first album of the 2000s. The key theme is the passage of time and the different temporal cycles connected to it. Songs included are "Autunno", "Ho ancora la forza" (with Ligabue), "Don Chisciotte", in which Guccini takes the role of Don Quixote, and his guitarist that of Sancho Panza), and "Addio", a song akin to "L'avvelenata". The album and its tour were successful, with the unexpected presence of many young people among the audience, establishing Guccini as an iconic artist for three generations. A special limited edition vinyl version of Stagioni was also released.

In 2004 Guccini released Ritratti. Some of the songs contained in the album are imagined dialogues with historical figures, such as Odysseus, Christopher Columbus and Che Guevara. The first track of the album, "Odysseus", is on the theme of travel, and contains references to the Odyssey, to Dante (Canto 26 of Inferno), and to a poem by Foscolo. Another song in the album, "Piazza Alimonda", is about the death of Carlo Giuliani during the demonstrations at the G8 summit in Genoa. Ritratti received critical acclaim and commercial success, reaching the number one spot in the FIMI Albums Chart, holding it for two weeks, and remaining in the chart for eighteen weeks. In the same year, lyrics from "Canzone per Piero" were included in a final upper secondary school exam"; Guccini claimed he was "embarrassed and glad" about being alongside Cicero and Raphael.
In 2005 the live double-album Anfiteatro Live, recorded in the amphitheatre in Cagliari, was released; it also included a DVD of the concert. Anfiteatro Live was a commercial success, holding the number one spot in the FIMI Chart for one month, and remaining in the chart for twenty-two weeks. In 2006 Guccini received one vote in the 2006 Italian presidential election. The same year, the triple-album The Platinum Collection, containing 47 songs, was released as a celebration of his fortieth year as a musical artist. In October Guccini's official biography, Portavo allora un Eskimo innocente by Massimo Cotto, was published.

On 21 April 2008, an article on La Stampa affirmed that Guccini had stopped smoking, and that this had caused him to gain weight and lose his inspiration. He denied it on 18 May 2008, in TV show Che tempo che fa. In 2010 the Mondadori published Non so che viso avesse, a book which contains a Guccini autobiography and, in the second part of the book, a critical essay edited by Alberto Bertoni. Luciano Ligabue, friend and colleague of Guccini, entitled him a song, "Caro il mio Francesco"  on his album Arrivederci, mostro!. On 28 September 2010 the collection Storia di altre storie  was released, with songs selected by Guccini himself. In the same year the botanist Davide Donati named a new species of Mexican cactus, the Corynopuntia guccinii, after him. In the article about the discovery on the botanical magazine Piante Grasse, Donati explained that he discovered the unknown plant whilst listening to Guccini's "Incontro", adding: "I could not have named it after anyone else". On 25 April 2011, Guccini married for the second time , with Raffaella Zuccari, who had been his partner in the last fifteen years.

Style

Guccini's lyrical and poetic style has been praised by many, including famous authors and singer-songwriters. Fellow singer-songwriter Roberto Vecchioni said about Guccini: "he's not a singer of stories, he's a singer of thoughts and a singer of doubts", while Nobel Prize winner Dario Fo called him a "voice of truth".

Despite the length of his career, there are some defining characteristics, such as the use of different registers, the literary references to several writers, and the use of a variety of themes to reach moral conclusions. His lyrics frequently have a metaphysical tone and existential motifs, and are often centered around portrayals of people and events. Guccini's voice is baritonal, with a noticeable rhotacism. Most of his songs, especially early in his career, are folk rock.

Guccini has been seen as a sociopolitical chronicler and some of his songs express his opinion about a political issue. In "La primavera di Praga", he expressed criticism of the Sovietic occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1968 , and "Piccola storia ignobile" supported the Italian abortion law. "Canzone per Silvia" was dedicated to Silvia Baraldini, and both "Canzone per il Che" and "Stagioni" were dedicated to Che Guevara. "Piazza Alimonda" was about the riots at the G8 summit in Genoa and "La locomotiva" was about the anarchic Pietro Rigosi running a locomotive at full steam towards death.

Guccini defines himself an anarchic, and he expressed his thoughts about the relation between music and politics in his song "L'avvelenata"; "I have never said that with songs you can make revolutions, nor that you can make poetry" ("però non ho mai detto che a canzoni si fan rivoluzioni, si possa far poesia").

Books

In his career as a writer, Guccini published several novels and essays, experimenting with different genres. His first novel, Cròniche Epafàniche, was published by Feltrinelli in 1989, and was one of his most successful works. Even though it is not explicitly an autobiography, it can be considered the first of three autobiographical books. It describes past events of Pàvana, the town where he spent his childhood. Guccini recounts stories he heard from elderly people living on the Tuscan Apennines; critics praised the "philological accuracy" of the book.
His next two novels, Vacca d'un cane and Cittanòva blues were also bestsellers, and covered different periods of his life. Vacca d'un cane depicts a teenage Guccini in Modena, as he realizes that the city's provincialism will be an obstacle to his intellectual growth, while Cittanòva Blues the last part of his trio of autobiographical books, tells of his time in Bologna, seen as a "little Paris".
Guccini also collaborated with Loriano Macchiavelli for a series of Noir books, and published a Dictionary of the dialect of Pàvana which showed his ability as dialectologist and translator.

Guccini has also worked as a comics writer. He is a lover of comics, and some of his songs reference them. He's been author and script writer of comics, such as Vita e morte del brigante Bobini detto "Gnicche", illustrated by Francesco Rubino, Lo sconosciuto, illustrated by Magnus, and Cronache dello spazio profondo, drawn by his friend Bonvi.

Cinema
Guccini's first experience as actor was in the 1976 movie Fantasia, ma non-troppo, per violino, directed by Gianfranco Mingozzi, in which he played Giulio Cesare Croce, a poet who narrates the history of Bologna. He then appeared in: I giorni cantati, a 1979 movie directed by Paolo Pietrangeli, which featured two of Guccini's songs in its soundtrack, "Eskimo" and "Canzone di notte n°2"; Musica per vecchi animali, a 1989 movie directed by Umberto Angelucci and Stefano Benni; Radiofreccia, the 1998 directorial debut of singer-songwriter Luciano Ligabue; Ormai è fatta, the 1999 movie directed by Enzo Monteleone. In the 2000s he acted in three movies directed by Leonardo Pieraccioni, Ti amo in tutte le lingue del mondo (2005), Una moglie bellissima (2007) and Io & Marilyn (2009). Guccini wrote the soundtrack of the 1977 movie Nenè, directed by Salvatore Samperi, and his song "Acque" featured in the soundtrack of Nero, the 1992 movie directed by Giancarlo Soldi.

Awards

Awards, accolades and recognitions received by Guccini:
 In 1992 he received the Librex Montale Award "Poetry for Music", for the song "Canzone delle domande consuete".
 In 1992, new subspecies of butterfly on the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, was named Parnassius mnemosyne guccinii in his honor.
 In 1997 Luciano Tesi and Gabriele Cattani discovered an asteroid, naming it 39748 Guccini.
 In 2001 his story "La Cena" was included in the anthology "Racconti italiani del Novecento" (I Meridiani – Mondadori).
 In 2002 the universities of Bologna, Modena and Reggio Emilia awarded him an honorary degree in Science of Education
 In 2003 the comune of Carpi celebrated Guccini's fortieth year of career dedicating him the show "Stagioni di vita quotidiana".
 In 2004 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi awarded him the title of Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.
 In 2004 he received the Targa Ferré, the award named after Léo Ferré.
 In 2005 he received the award "Giuseppe Giacosa – Parole per la musica".
 In 2007, in Catanzaro, he was awarded the "Riccio d'argento" for Best Singer-Songwriter Live Album.
 In 2008, in Carpi, he received the Arturo Loria award for his book of short stories Icaro.
 In 2010 the botanist Davide Donati discovered a new species of cactus, naming it Corynopuntia guccinii.
 In 2012 he was awarded with an honorary degree by the American University of Rome.

From the Club Tenco:
 1975 –  Premio Tenco, career award along with Fausto Amodei, Umberto Bindi, Fabrizio De André, Vinicius de Moraes, Enzo Jannacci.
 1987 – Targa Tenco for the song "Scirocco".
 1990 – Targa Tenco for the song "La canzone delle domande consuete".
 1994 – Targa Tenco for the album Parnassius Guccinii.
 2000 – Targa Tenco for the song "Ho ancora la forza".

Awards won in collaboration with Loriano Macchiavelli:
 In 1997 Guccini and Macchiavelli received the Alassio Literary Award, Un libro per l'Europa, for the book Macaronì: romanzo di santi e delinquenti.
 In 1998 Guccini and Macchiavelli won the 4th annual "Police Film Festival" in Bologna for the book Macaronì: romanzo di santi e delinquenti.
 In 2007 Guccini and Macchiavelli won an award at the "Serravalle Noir 2007" for their novel Tango e gli altri – romanzo di una raffica, anzi tre.

Discography
 1967 – Folk beat n. 1
 1970 – Due anni dopo
 1970 – L'isola non-trovata
 1972 – Radici
 1973 – Opera buffa
 1974 – Stanze di vita quotidiana
 1976 – Via Paolo Fabbri 43
 1978 – Amerigo
 1979 – Album concerto (live with Nomadi)
 1981 – Metropolis
 1983 – Guccini
 1984 – Fra la via Emilia e il West (live)
 1987 – Signora Bovary
 1988 – ...quasi come Dumas... (live)
 1990 – Quello che non...
 1993 – Parnassius Guccinii
 1996 – D'amore di morte e di altre sciocchezze
 1998 – Guccini Live Collection (live)
 2000 – Stagioni
 2001 – Francesco Guccini Live @ RTSI (live)
 2004 – Ritratti
 2005 – Anfiteatro Live (live)
 2006 – The Platinum Collection
 2010 – Storia di altre storie
 2012 – L'ultima Thule
 2015 – Se io avessi previsto tutto questo... La strada, gli amici, le canzoni
 2017 – L'ostaria delle dame
 2019 – Note di viaggio

Bibliography

 Cròniche epafàniche (1991)
 Al Fatâz di Zardén Margarétta (1992)
 Vacca d'un cane (1993)
 Storie d'inverno (1994, with Giorgio Celli and Valerio Manfredi)
 Novecento e Novecento (1995)
 Le parole del mugnaio a Pàvana e nella montagna fra Bologna e Pistoia (1995)
 Macaronì (1998, with Loriano Macchiavelli)
 Dizionario del dialetto di Pàvana
 Un disco dei Platters (1999, with Loriano Macchiavelli)
 Questo sangue che impasta la terra (2001, with Loriano Macchiavelli)
 Storia di altre storie (2001, with Vincenzo Cerami)
 Lo spirito e altri briganti (2002, with Loriano Macchiavelli)
 Cittanòva blues (2003)
 La legge del bar e altre comiche (2005)
 L'uomo che reggeva il cielo (2005)
 Tango e gli altri, romanzo di una raffica anzi tre (2007, with Loriano Macchiavelli)
 Icaro (2008)
 Non so che viso avesse (2008)
 Malastagione (2011, with Loriano Macchiavelli)

Comics
 Storie dello spazio profondo (1975, with Bonvi)
 Poche ore all'alba (1975, with Magnus)
 Vita e morte del brigante Bobino detto Gnicche (1980, with Francesco Rubino)
 Barbùn vs. Realtà (1981, with Filippo Scozzari)
 Gerry Pompa (1983, with Massimo Cavezzali)

Filmography
 Bologna. Fantasia, ma non-troppo, per violino (1976, actor)
 Nenè (1977, soundtrack)
 I giorni cantati (1979, actor as himself and soundtrack)
 Le lunghe ombre (1987, actor)
 Musica per vecchi animali (1989, actor)
 Nero (1992, soundtrack)
 Radiofreccia (1998, actor)
 Ormai è fatta (1999, actor)
 Il segreto del successo (1999, actor as himself)
 I Love You in Every Language in the World (2006, actor)
 A Beautiful Wife (2007, actor)
 Me and Marilyn (2009, actor)

Footnotes

External links

Official Site – Official site, including touring schedule
Unofficial Site with english translations of lyrics
Unofficial Site with news and lyrics

1940 births
Living people
Musicians from Modena
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian male writers
21st-century Italian novelists
Italian male singer-songwriters
Italian singer-songwriters
21st-century Italian male writers
Musicians from Bologna
People of Tuscan descent

Francesco Guccini


Mitoz ya da mitoz bölünme, ana hücrenin sitoplazmasının eşlendikten sonra bölünerek iki yeni ve ana hücreyle aynı genetik yapıya sahip hücrelerin oluştuğu bölünme çeşidine denir. Çok hücreli canlılarda büyüme gelişme ve yaraların onarılmasını, tek hücreli canlılarda üremeyi sağlar.

Genellikle ardından sitoplazma ve hücre zarının bölünmesi olan, sitokinez gelir. Bunun sonucu olarak, organelleri ve diğer hücre elemanları eş olan iki kardeş hücre oluşur. Mitoz ve sitokinez hücre döngüsünde M harfiyle gösterilen mitozu tanımlar. Çok hücrelilerde somatik hücrelerin oluşumu mitozla olurken, eşey hücrelerinin oluşumu mayoz denilen bölünme çeşidiyle olur. Çekirdeği olmayan prokaryotlarda hücreler, fizyon denilen bölünme yöntemiyle bölünürler.

Zigot oluştuktan sonra başlayan mitoz bölünme, organizma belli bir büyüklüğe erişinceye kadar tüm soma hücrelerinde ve bazı hücrelerde (kemik iliği vb.) hayat boyu devam eder. Mitozda her hücrenin çekirdeğinde kromozomlar kendini eşler. Eşler, ana hücrenin bölünmesiyle oluşan iki yavru hücreye verilir. Böylece ana hücreye benzeyen, diploid sayıda (2n) kromozomlu iki yavru hücre meydana gelir. Mitoz da çekirdek bölünmesi karyokinez, sitoplazma bölünmesi sitokinez olarak tanımlanır. Karyokinez başlangıçta interfaz ve sonrasında gerçek bölünme evreleri olan profaz, metafaz, anafaz ve telofaz olarak görülür.

Mitoz, hücre bölünmesi sırasında genetik bilgiyi ikiye böler. Vücut hücrelerinde görülür. Bir hücrelilerde üreme, çok hücrelilerde büyüme ve gelişmeyi sağlar. Mitoz bölünmede kromozom sayısı sabit kalır (2n-2n    n-n). Mitoz bölünmede 1 hücreden 2 hücre oluşur. Mitoz bölünmede kromozom yapısı değişmez, kalıtsal bilgi aynı kalır.

Amitoz: Bakteri, amip, öglena ve kanser hücrelerinde görülür. Sitoplazma ve çekirdek içerisinde herhangi bir değişiklik olmadan hücrenin doğrudan bölünmesidir.

Endomitoz: Sadece çekirdek bölünmesi gerçekleşir. Sitoplazma bölünmez. Endomitoz çizgili kas hücremizde, paramesyumda ve polende görülür.

Hücre döngüsü ve mitoz evreleri

Mitoz, hücre döngüsünün bir parçasıdır. Hücre döngüsü oldukça uzun olan interfaz evresi ile kısa bir bölünme evresinden oluşur. Mitotik evre (M) evresi çekirdek bölünmesi ve sitoplazma bölünmesinden meydana gelir.

İnterfaz

Mitoz evresi hücre döngüsünün çok kısa bir parçasıdır. Döngünün büyük kısmını oluşturan evre, hücrenin kendisini bölünmeye hazırladığı interfaz evresidir.

İnterfaz G1, S ve G2 olmak üzere üç evreye ayrılır. G1 evresinde ATP sentezi, organel sayısı ve protein sentezi artar. S evresinde DNA eşlenmesi tamamlanır. G2 evresinde hücre, bölünme hazırlığını tamamlar.
Hızlı çoğalan bir insan hücresinde hücre döngüsü 24 saatte tamamlanırken embriyo hücresinde 30 dakikadan az, maya hücresinde 90 dakika, bakteri hücresinde 20 dakika gibi kısa sürede tamamlanabilir.

Mitotik Evre
Profaz
İnterfazda eşlenmiş durumdaki kromatinler kısalıp kalınlaşarak kromozoma dönüşürler. Çekirdek zarı, çekirdekçik ve organeller eriyerek tamamen kaybolur. Kromozomlar ekvatoral bölgeye hareket etmeye başlarlar.

Metafaz
Kardeş kromotitler bir çember gibi, bazen de karışık olarak ekvatoral düzlemde dizilirler (Kromozomların bu şekilde sergilenmesine karyotip denir.) ve sentrozomlar interfazda oluşturmuş olduğu iğ ipliklerini kromozomlara doğru uzatmaya başlar. Hücrenin ortasında hafif boğumlanma olur. İğ iplikleri kardeş kromatitlere tutunur. Kromozomların en net görüldüğü safhadır.

Anafaz
Kromozomlardaki sentromerlerin aynı anda ikiye bölünmesiyle kardeş kromatitler tam olarak birbirinden ayrılır. Kardeş kromatitler sentromerleriyle iğ ipliklerine tutunarak zıt kutuplara doğru çekilir. Anafaz evresi kardeş kromatitlerin zıt kutuplara ulaşmasıyla tamamlanır.

Telofaz
Profaz evresinde eriyen çekirdek zarı, çekirdekçik ve organeller yeniden oluşmaya başlar. Kutuplara çekilen kromatitler çekirdek zarının içine girerler. Kısaca bu evrede Profazda olan her şeyin tam tersi olur. Bu evreden sonra sitoplazma bölünmesi gerçekleşir.

Sitoplazma bölünmesi (Sitokinez)

Çekirdek bölünmesi (karyokinez) gerçekleştikten sonra hayvan hücreleri ortadan boğumlanarak, bitki ve diğer çeperli ökaryotik hücreler ise orta lamel (ara lamel) ile bölünerek iki yeni hücre oluşturur.

Hayvan hücresindeki sitoplazma bölünmesi: Hücrenin ekvator bölgesinde dıştan içe doğru meydana gelen 1 boğumlanma ile başlar. Bu boğumlanma sitoplazmayı ikiye ayırıncaya kadar devam eder. Yeni hücreler eşit veya eşit olmayan büyüklüktedir. Fakat genetik materyal bakımından her iki hücre de aynı genetik yapıya sahip, kromozom sayıları eşittir.

Bitki hücresinde hücre çeperi bulunduğundan boğumlanma görülmez. Hücrenin ortasında orta lamel (ara lamel) denilen ara plak oluşumu başlar. Orta lamel hücrenin çeperine ulaşıncaya kadar büyür ve kalınlaşır. Böylece sitoplazma içindeki yapılar hemen hemen eşit olacak şekilde ikiye ayrılır. Zamanla orta lamel iki yavru hücrenin faaliyeti sonunda normal hücre çeperi halini alır. Sitoplazmanın da bölünmesiyle aynı genetik bilgiye sahip iki yavru hücre oluşur.

Hayvan ve bitki hücrelerinde mitoz bölünme farklılıkları

 Hayvan hücrelerinde sitoplazma boğumlanarak bölündüğü halde bitki hücresinde orta lamel (ara lamel) oluşumuyla gerçekleşir.
 Bitki hücresinde iğ ipliklerini sitoplazmada bulunan mikrotübüller hazırlarken hayvan hücrelerinde bunu sentriyoller yapar.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Tek hücrelilerde üreme
 Çok hücrelilerde üreme
 Amitoz
 Mayoz bölünme

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Animasyon  Mitoz ve Mayozun karşılaştırılması
 How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
 Science aid: Mitosis and meiosis :

Mitoz