White Album (ホワイトアルバム Howaito arubamu ) es una novela visual para adultos desarrollada por Leaf, lanzada originalmente el 1 de mayo de 1998 para PC en formato de CD-ROM. Una versión para PlayStation 3 creada por Aquaplus con la modificación de varias escenas y una secuela de la novela visual original, llamada ´White Album 2: capítulo introductorio, fue lanzada en invierno de 2009. El modo de juego en White Album sigue una línea argumental, que ofrece escenarios predeterminados y campos de interacción que se centra en el atractivo de los personajes principales femeninos.

White Album ha recibido varias adaptaciones. Una adaptación al manga ilustrada por Chako Abeno comenzó su serialización en la revista Dengeki Daioh en agosto del 2008, seguida de una adaptación al anime producida por Seven Arcs, que comenzó a transmitirse en Japón el 3 de enero de 2009.

Juego

El modo de juego requiere poca interacción del jugador, ya que la mayor parte del tiempo se dedica a la lectura del texto que aparece en pantalla, lo que representa los diálogos de los personajes o sus pensamientos íntimos. Antes del comienzo de cada semana el jugador tiene la opción de planear un horario, se le permite participar en diversas actividades o tomarse el día libre para descansar. Se producen distintos eventos relacionados con las actividades en las que el jugador opta por participar. En varios de los eventos, el jugador también podrá participar en una conversación, donde el o ella podrá elegir un tema de conversación. El algún momento el jugador llega a un punto de decisión donde el o ella, tendrá la oportunidad de elegir entre las opciones que se muestran en pantalla, de dos o tres a la vez. El tiempo entre estos puntos varía y puede ocurrir en cualquier momento. La progresión del texto se detiene en estos puntos y dependiendo de la elección hecha por el jugador, la trama avanza en una dirección específica. Para ver todas las líneas de la trama, el jugador tiene que repetir varias veces el juego y hacer diferentes programas y elecciones en los "puntos" para avanzar la trama en direcciones alternativas.

Anime
White Album también recibió una adaptación de anime basada en la novela visual. La serie de anime, producida por Seven Arcs, dirigida por Akira Yoshimura y escrita por Hiroaki Satō, se emitió en dos partes de trece episodios. Los primeros trece episodios comenzaron a transmitirse en Japón el 3 de enero de 2009 en la red de transmisión TV Kanagawa, y fueron seguidos por otras cadenas ese mismo mes. En otoño de 2009 se emitió una segunda parte de trece episodios. En una entrevista publicada en una revista, el productor Akio Mishima y el presidente de Aquaplus, Naoya Shimokawa, declararon que King Records consideró una adaptación al anime desde el momento en que se lanzó la novela visual, pero que no se discutió hasta tres años antes de la entrevista.

Lista de Episodios

Primera parte
1. Sí, creo que el interruptor ya estaba encendido en ese momento. (3 de enero de 2009)
2. ¿Crees en un encuentro así, que ha sido planeado durante mucho tiempo? (10 de enero de 2009)
3. Mano con mano, hombro con hombro, espalda con espalda, entonces. Está bien usarlo sobre tu ropa. (17 de enero de 2009)
4. A veces siento que nos entendemos más allá de nuestra imaginación. A menudo es al revés. (24 de enero de 2009)
5. No son solo las personas cercanas a ti las que se interponen en tu camino. Cuanto más desconocido, más difícil. (31 de enero de 2009)
6. Una buena manera de olvidar sus preocupaciones. ¿Qué tal involucrarse en los problemas de otras personas? (7 de febrero de 2009)
7. Tienes que seguir construyendo tu imagen. Incluso si es solo, es algo que se desmorona desde el borde. (14 de febrero de 2009)
8. Puedes hacer más cuando tienes menos tiempo. Lo haré. Claro amor. (21 de febrero de 2009)
9. No necesitas un escenario elegante para recordar. En el momento en que sale de tu boca, todos son una basura de todos modos. (28 de febrero de 2009)
10. Una pelea de uno mismo está vacío no solo porque estás solo. Los ojos de la audiencia duelen. (7 de marzo de 2009)
11. El tiempo no resuelve lo que está atascado en mi corazón. Solo ponle la etiqueta del olvido. (14 de marzo de 2009)
12. Para atar. Para engañar. Tomar. Dar. Lo peor de todo es esperar. (21 de marzo de 2009)
13. ¿No notaste que el barco está inclinado? No quedaba ni una gota de agua. (28 de marzo de 2009)
Segunda parte
14. Nunca he estado en sintonía. Me hace pensar que hay un lugar mejor. (2 de octubre de 2009)
15. Lo que no se encuentra destruye el entorno. No puedo hacer nada porque no esta allí. (9 de octubre de 2009)
16. Cuando pienso en mi infancia, a veces me retuerzo de vergüenza. Comparado con esto. (16 de octubre de 2009)
17. Tengo una mentira que quiero que descubras. Hay una verdad que no quieres creer. Uno por uno (23 de octubre de 2009)
18. ¿No son demasiado buenos los errores? Claustrofobia cuando estás atrapado en tu caparazón. (30 de octubre de 2009)
19. Estoy cansado, así que voy a pasar a la siguiente. La mayor parte del tiempo ya estoy cansado antes de continuar. (6 de noviembre de 2009)
20. El amor no tiene sentido. Los amantes que hablan así son poetas, críticos, filósofos. (13 de noviembre de 2009)
21. Quiero volver al camino del adiós. Debería haber girado a la derecha. Ese camino de solo arrepentimiento. (20 de noviembre de 2009)
22. ¿Tienes problemas con la boca? Intenta hablar con los ojos, porque querrás hablar de inmediato. (27 de noviembre de 2009)
23. Esperando enfermería y la cocina casera, quiero resfriarme. No puedo imaginar el dolor posterior. (4 de diciembre de 2009)
24. No puedo hacer nada por la noche. Es el sol que se desvanece. (11 de diciembre de 2009)
25. Otros son malos. Yo no soy malo. Solo los demás son malos. Solo soy yo. (18 de diciembre de 2009)
26. Estamos sentados juntos toda la noche sin movernos. (25 de diciembre de 2009)

Referencias

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "List of characters on White Album anime's official website" (in Japanese). Seven Arcs . Retrieved January 6, 2009 .
2. ^ a b c d e f " White Album official website" (in Japanese). Leaf . Retrieved January 2, 2009 .
3.^ a b "List of staff for White Album on Erogamescape" (in Japanese). Erogamescape . Retrieved January 1, 2009 .
4.^ a b c d e "Aquaplus, PS3 White Album Release Confirmed! Television Anime Production Also Announced. Manga Serialization Started" (in Japanese). Game Watch . Retrieved January 3, 2009 .
5.^ a b "A Different Depiction of Romance, White Album " (in Japanese). Famitsu . June 27, 2008 . Retrieved January 3, 2009 .
6.^ "List of Udaru Harada's visual novel contributions on Erogamescape" (in Japanese). Erogamescape . Retrieved January 1, 2009 .
7.^ " White Album renewal package at Retrieved January 2, 2008.
8.^ "WHITE ALBUM -綴られる冬の想い出-" (in Japanese). Aquaplus. April 2, 2010 . Retrieved April 2, 2010 ..

Enlaces externos
Official Leaf White Album visual novel website (Japanese)
Official Aquaplus White Album visual novel website (Japanese)
Anime's official website (Japanese)
White Album (anime) at Anime News Network 's Encyclopedia

Series de manga
Series de anime
Novelas visuales
Manga publicado en Dengeki Daioh
Videojuegos bishōjo
Eroge
Anime y manga harem
Videojuegos exclusivos de Japón
Videojuegos para PlayStation 3
Videojuegos desarrollados en Japón

White Album (novela visual)


Slavko Jurić (Konjic, 1914. – Zagreb, 2002.), hrvatski kipar te primijenjeni umjetnik.

Životopis

Rođen je 1914. u Konjicu, u Bosni i Hercegovini, a preminuo je u Zagrebu 2002. godine.Akademiju likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu pohađao je od 1937. do 1941. kada je diplomirao u klasi Frane Kršinića. Dugi niz godina predavao je predmet iskucavanje na Odsjeku za obradu metala škole primijenjene umjetnosti u Zagrebu. Bio je član Zadruge hrvatskih likovnih umjetnika LIKUM od njena osnivanja. Najviše se bavio iskucavanjem u bakru i mjedi te emajliranjem. Bio je jedan od ponajboljih hrvatskih majstora za podizanje visoke forme u bakru. Nekoliko njegovih djela nalazi se u Muzeju za umjetnost i obrt u Zagrebu.

Izvori

Hrvatski kipari
Primijenjene umjetnosti

Slavko Jurić


Dom invalida (fra. Hôtel des Invalides), poznat i kao Les Invalides, je kompleks baroknih zgrada u 7. pariškom okrugu koji se sastoji od muzeja i spomenika koji se odnose na francusku vojnu i ratnu povijest. U njemu se također nalaze bolnica i dom za umirovljene veterane, koji je bio izvorni cilj izgradnje i po čemu je nazvan. U zgradama se nalaze brojni muzeji kao što su: Musée de l'Armée (Vojni muzej Francuske Vojske), Musée des Plans-Reliefs (Muzej reljefnih planova) i Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine (Muzej suvremene povijesti), kao i Dome des Invalides, velika crkva s grobnicama nekih francuskih ratnih junaka, među kojima se nalazi i grobnica Napoleona Bonaparte. U kompleksu se i danas nalaze nacionalnih institucija vojnih invalida, kao što je starački dom, medicinski i kirurški centar i centar za izvanjske medicinske konsultacije.

Povijest
Luj XIV., kralj Francuske, je poput svojih prethodnika želio pružiti pomoć starim i bolesnim vojnicima svoje vojske; tako da "oni koji su izložili svoje živote i oplemenili svoju krv za obranu monarhije provedu ostatak dana u miru", kaže kraljevski dekret od 12. ožujka 1670. godine. U početku je planiran samo određeni broj vojarni, no kralj Luj XIV. izabrao je projekt arhitekta Liberala Bruanta koji se sastojao od velike impresivne zgrade s kraljevskim dvorištem i crkvom. Izgradnju doma kralj je naredio 24. studenog 1670., a za arhitekta je odabran Libéral Bruant, kojemu je zbog dobi pomagao mlađi Jules Hardouin-Mansart. Odabrano mjesto za gradnju projekta bilo je u tadašnjoj prigradskoj ravnici Grenelle. Zgrada je izgrađena u cijelosti u baroknom stilu, a dovršena je 1679. godine. Osim crkve, Hotel des Invalides uključuje tvornicu (izrada uniforma i tiskara), hospicija (dom za umirovljenike) i vojnu bolnicu. Početne radionice brzo su napuštene kako bi se stvorile dodatne prostorije.

U vrijeme kad je prošireni projekt završen 1676. godine, vojni kompleks je bio 390 metara dugačak i 450 metara širok, a kompleks se sastojao od petnaest dvorišta, od kojih je najveći Cour d'honneur ("Trg časti") za vojne povorke. Branitelji su tražili da se napravi i kapela. Jules Hardouin-Mansart pomagao je starcu Bruantu i kapelica je završena 1679. godine, prema Bruantovim nacrtima ali nakon njegove smrti. Ova kapela je bila poznata kao Église Saint-Louis des Invalides ("Crkva sv. Luje od invalida"), a svakodnevno je držana služba za brojne prisutne veterane.

Zbog svog položaja i značaja, Les Invalides je služila kao pozornica nekoliko ključnih događaja u francuskoj povijesti. Dana 14. srpnja 1789. na nju su jurišali ustanici Francuske revolucije koji su iz njezinih podruma prigrabili muškete koje su netom kasnije korištene za pohod na Bastillu. Na zahtjev kralja Luje Filipa ostaci Napoleona preneseni su 1840. godine u Pariz i pokopani u Domu Invalida gdje se i danas nalaze. Također, neslavna degradacija časnika Alfreda Dreyfusa odigrala se u dvorištu ispred glavne zgrade Doma invalida 1894. godine, ali i njegova rehabilitacija na Trgu časti 1906. godine (Afera Dreyfus).

Svoju izvornu funkciju kompleks je zadržao sve do početka 20. stoljeća kada se postupno počeo pretvarati u muzej. God. 1905. ujedinjene su prije osnovani Muzej topništva (Musée d'artillerie, 1872.) i Povijesni muzej vojske (Musée historique des armées, 1896.) u Vojni muzej Francuske Vojske (Musée de l'armée). U isto vrijeme su malobrojni veterani smješteni u nekoliko staračkih domova u okolici. Naime, broj veterana se u to vrijeme jako smanjio jer je bilo vrlo malo vojnika koji su služili više od 20 godina u Francuskoj vojsci, a što je bio uvjet za primanje u Dom.

Dôme des Invalides

Kraljevska kapela invalida je velika crkva u središtu kompleksa, visoka 107 m.
Naime, ubrzo nakon što je završena kapela veterana, Luj XIV. zapovjedio je Mansartu da izgradi zasebnu privatnu kraljevsku kapelicu, nazvanu Église du Dome ("Kapelica s kupolom"), koje je završena 1708. godine. Na taj način, Mansart je izgradio objekt u kojemu su kralj i njegova pratnja mogli istovremeno pohoditi misu s veteranima iz doma, ali tako što bi, prema dvorskom redu, ulazili posebnim ulazima. Ova podjela je još više naglašena izgradnjom Napoleonove grobnice koja je sa svoja dva nova oltara i staklenom pregradom odvojena od ostatka crkve.

Kupola invalida je inspirirana Bazilikom sv. Petra, a njezina izvorna kupola se smatra trijumfom francuske barokne arhitekture. Naime, Mansart je uspio podići tambur kupole dvojnim parovima stupova u kompliciranom ritmu glavne teme. Dizajn je plastički jako napet i bogat, ali odmjeren i dosljedan do kraja, stvarajući dominantnu vertikalu koja završava rebrastom polusfernom kupolom koja je smještena u središtu građevine tako da dominira Trgom časti.

Poveznice

 Barokna arhitektura

Zajednički poslužitelj

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
  Službena stranica muzeja

Muzeji u Parizu
Vojni muzeji

Dom invalida u Parizu


John Wingate Weeks (April 11, 1860July 12, 1926) was an American banker and politician from Massachusetts. A Republican, he served as Mayor of Newton from 1902 to 1903, a United States representative from 1905 to 1913, United States Senator from 1913 to 1919, and Secretary of War from 1921 to 1925.

Life and career

John Wingate Weeks was born and raised in Lancaster, New Hampshire. He received an appointment to the United States Naval Academy, graduating in 1881, and served for two years in the United States Navy. He married Martha Aroline Sinclair on October 7, 1885.

Weeks made a fortune in banking during the 1890s, after co-founding the Boston financial firm Hornblower & Weeks in 1888. During the Spanish–American War, he returned to active duty with the U.S. Navy from April to October 1898 with the rank of lieutenant.

With his financial well-being assured, Weeks became active in politics, first at a local level in his then-home of Newton, Massachusetts, serving as alderman in 1899–1902 and as mayor in 1903–04. He then moved on to the national scene in 1905, when he was elected to serve the 12th congressional district of Massachusetts in the United States Congress.

As a member of the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate, Weeks made various contributions to important banking and conservation legislation. His most notable accomplishment as Congressman was the passage of the Weeks Act in 1911, his name-sake bill that enabled the creation of national forests in the eastern United States.

In the election of 1918, Weeks was defeated in his re-election campaign. Due to the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, this was the first time election to his U.S. Senate seat was decided by the voters rather than the state legislature. His defeat has been attributed to his refusal to support women's suffrage, and his opposition to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a distinction he shared with Senator Willard Saulsbury Jr. of Delaware. Despite his defeat for re-election to the Senate in 1918, Weeks remained an active and influential participant in the national Republican Party. He was an early supporter of the nomination of Warren G. Harding for President in 1920, and when Harding became President, he named Weeks to his cabinet.

As Secretary of War, Weeks was a competent, honest, and respected administrator and adviser, who guided the Department of War through its post-World War I downsizing. Weeks's hard work and long hours led to a stroke in April 1925, which led in turn to his resignation as Secretary in October of that year.

Weeks died several months later, at his summer home on Prospect Mountain in Lancaster, New Hampshire.  His ashes were buried in Arlington National Cemetery near what is now known as Weeks Drive.

Family
Weeks's son, Charles Sinclair Weeks, served as United States senator from Massachusetts, and was later Secretary of Commerce during the Eisenhower administration.

His great uncle, for whom he was named, John Wingate Weeks (1781–1853), was a major in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 and served as a congressman from New Hampshire. Edgar Weeks congressman from Michigan was mis-attributed as a cousin of John Wingate Weeks in the past.

Namesakes
Weeks's summer home where he died is now open for tours as part of the Weeks State Park. A nearby mountain within the White Mountain National Forest was named Mount Weeks in his honor.

The John W. Weeks Bridge, a footbridge over the Charles River on the campus of Harvard University in Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, was named for Weeks and opened in 1927.

The John Wingate Weeks Junior High School built in 1930 in Newton Centre, Massachusetts, was named for him.

During World War II, the U.S. Navy destroyer escort USS Weeks (DE-285) was named for Weeks. Her construction was cancelled in 1944.

The destroyer USS John W. Weeks (DD-701) then was named for Weeks. She was in commission from 1944 to 1970.

The investment banking and brokerage firm Hornblower and Weeks, founded in 1888, was named for Weeks and co-founder Henry Hornblower.

Weeks Field in Fairbanks, Alaska was named after him.

See also
 New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 219: The Weeks Act 1911

References

External links

 The Papers of John W. Weeks at Dartmouth College Library

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1860 births
1926 deaths
Military personnel from New Hampshire
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
People from Lancaster, New Hampshire
United States Secretaries of War
Candidates in the 1916 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
United States Navy officers
United States Naval Academy alumni
Mayors of Newton, Massachusetts
Republican Party United States senators from Massachusetts
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Harding administration cabinet members
Coolidge administration cabinet members
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Republican National Committee members

John W. Weeks


East Midlands Trains war eine britische Eisenbahngesellschaft und ein Tochterunternehmen der Stagecoach Group. Sie betrieb neben InterCity-Diensten vom Bahnhof London St Pancras in die East Midlands auch Regionalverbindungen innerhalb dieser Region. Nachfolger als Betreiber ist seit 2019 die East Midlands Railway (Transport UK Group, früher Abellio).

Rollmaterial

Die Flotte der East Midlands Trains bestand neben einigen Garnituren des High Speed Train aus mehreren Dutzend Triebwagen der britischen Klassen 153, 156 und 222.

Streckennetz
East Midlands Trains boten neben den InterCity-Diensten auch ein dichtes Regionalnetz an:

InterCity-Verkehr
Es gab drei Hauptrouten im Fernverkehr der East Midlands Trains über die Midland Main Line, auf denen die Züge teils an unterschiedlichen Stationen auf der Strecke hielten oder über den Endbahnhof hinaus verlängert wurden, beispielsweise nach York oder Leeds:
 von London St Pancras über Luton nach Corby
 von London St Pancras über Leicester und den Flughafen East Midlands nach Nottingham
 von London St Pancras über Leicester und Derby nach Sheffield

Regionalverkehr
 von Liverpool über Manchester, Sheffield und Nottingham nach Norwich
 von Leicester über Nottingham nach Lincoln
 von Nottingham nach Mansfield
 von Nottingham über Derby nach Matlock
 von Nottingham nach Skegness
 von Derby über Stoke-on-Trent nach Crewe
 von Newark-on-Trent nach Cleethorpes
 von Peterborough nach Doncaster

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz von East Midlands Trains (englisch)

Bahngesellschaft (England)
Midland Main Line

East Midlands Trains


පුරා විද්‍යාවේ ඉතිහාසය

පුරා විද්‍යාවේ ඉතිහාසය දිනෙන් දින දියුණු වන වෘත්තීයකරණය වීම්වලින් එකක් වන අතර එමඟින් සමීක්ෂණයට ලක් කරනු ලබන ප්‍රදේශයේ හැකිතාක් දත්ත ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා දිනෙන් දින වැඩි වන තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම පරාසයක් යොදා ගනී.

පුරාතන ස්මාරක කැනීම හා කෞතුක භාණ්ඩ එකතු කිරීම වසර දහස් ගණනක් පුරාවට පැවතී ඇති නමුත් ඒවා බොහෝ විට සිදු වී ඇත්තේ වටිනා දෑ එකතු කිරීමට හෝ සෞන්දර්යාත්මක වශයෙන් වැදගත් මානව කෘති ලබා ගැනීමටය.

එහි භෞතික අවශේෂ හරහා අතීතය පිළිබඳ ක්‍රමානුකූල අධ්‍යයනය කිරීම ඇරඹුනේ 19 වන සියවසේ දීය. මෙහි සැලකිය යුතු මුල්කාලීන දියුණු වීමක් වූයේ 1829 දී පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක අනුරූපතා පිළිබඳ ආයතනයේ එඩ්වඩ් ජෙහාඩ් හා ඔහුගේ පිරිස විසින් රෝමයේ සිදු කළ සොයා ගැනීම්ය. පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රම ඒ සඳහා ආශාවක් ඇති ආධුනිකයන් විසින් හා වෘත්තීයමය පුරා විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් දියුණු කළ අතර ඔවුන් අතරට ඕගස්ටස් පිට් රිවස් හා විලියම් ෆින්ඩර්ස් පෙට්‍රි ඇතුළත් වේ.

මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය 20 වන සියවසේ දී මෝටයිමර් වීලර් වැනි පුද්ගලයන් විසින් අඛණ්ඩව සිදු කළ අතර ඔවුන්ගේ කැනීම් සඳහා වූ අතිශය ශික්ෂාකාමී ප්‍රවේශය ලබා ගත හැකි සාක්ෂිවල තත්වය වර්ධනය කරන ලදී.

20 සියවස අතරතුර දී නාගරික පුරා විද්‍යාවේ හා ඉන්පසු මුදා ගැනීමේ පුරා විද්‍යාවේ දියුණුවීම් පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක විද්‍යාවේ දියුණුවත් සමඟ වඩාත් වැදගත් සාධක බවට පත්විය. එමඟින් ලබා ගත හැකි දත්ත ප්‍රමාණය අතිශයින් වර්ධනය විය.

මෙහි තවත් අංශයක් වන පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක තාරකා විද්‍යාව පුරා විද්‍යාව ලෙස නොහඳුනන නමුත් එය සංස්කෘතිකමය සන්දර්භයක් පුරා පුරාතන හෝ සාම්ප්‍රදායික තාරකා විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයන සමඟ ගණුදෙණු කරයි.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology#History_of_archaeology

පුරාවිද්‍යාව
විද්‍යා‍වේ ඉතිහාසය

පුරා විද්‍යාවේ ඉතිහාසය


Turul Flandrei 2016 a fost cea de a 100-a ediție a cursei clasice de ciclism Turul Flandrei, cursă de o zi. S-a desfășurat pe data de 3 aprilie 2016 și face parte din calendarul UCI World Tour 2016. Cursa a avut startul la Bruges și s-a încheiat la Oudenaarde. Distanța totală a cursei a fost de 255 de kilometri, având 18 cățărări și 7 sectoare plate de pavate. Principalii favoriții la victorie erau Fabian Cancellara (Trek-Segafredo), Tom Boonen (Etixx-Quick Step) și Peter Sagan (Tinkoff-Saxo).

După ce mai mulți cicliști au abandonat cursa din cauza accidentelor și a leziunilor suferite, evadarea decisivă s-a fost format cu 30 km înainte de final de către Sagan, Michał Kwiatkowski (Team Sky) și Sep Vanmarcke (LottoNL-Jumbo). Pe ultima cățărare de la Oude Kwaremont, Kwiatkowski a fost lăsat în urmă; pe Paterberg, care a urmat la scurt timp și a fost ultima cățărare a cursei, Sagan l-a lăsat în urmă pe Vanmarcke și a pornit singur spre linia de sosire. Vanmarcke și Cancellara au colaborat încercând să îl ajungă, dar Sagan a reușit să ajungă primul la linia de sosire. Cancellara a terminat al doilea și Vanmarcke al treilea, ambii la mai mult de 20 de secunde in spatele lui Sagan.

Echipe
Toate cele 18 echipe din UCI WorldTeams au fost invitate în mod automat și au fost obligate să participe la cursă. Șapte echipe au primit wild card-uri.

Echipe UCI World

  Ag2r-La Mondiale
  Astana
  BMC Racing Team
  Etixx-Quick Step
  FDJ
  IAM Cycling
  Lampre-Merida
  Lotto Soudal
  Movistar
  Orica-GreenEDGE
  Cannondale-Garmin
  Giant-Alpecin
  Team Katusha
  LottoNL–Jumbo
  Dimension Data
  Team Sky
  Tinkoff-Saxo
  Trek-Segafredo

Echipe continentale profesioniste UCI

  Bora–Argon 18
  CCC–Sprandi–Polkowice
  Direct Énergie
  Roompot–Oranje Peloton

  Wilier Triestina–Southeast
  Topsport Vlaanderen–Baloise
  Wanty–Groupe Gobert

Rezultate

Referințe

Legături externe

Ciclism
2016 în sport
UCI World Tour

Turul Flandrei 2016


An Machaerina cubensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Georg Kükenthal, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Tetsuo Michael Koyama. An Machaerina cubensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Machaerina, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Machaerina

Machaerina cubensis


The ǁKaras Region (pronounced , with a lateral click) is the southernmost, largest, and least densely populated of the 14 regions of Namibia; its capital is Keetmanshoop. The name assigned to the region reflects the prominence of the Karas mountain range in its southern part. The ǁKaras region contains the municipality of Keetmanshoop, the towns Karasburg,  Lüderitz and Oranjemund, and the self-governed villages Aroab, Berseba, Bethanie, Koës and Tses.

ǁKaras' western border is the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Its location in Namibia's south means that it shares a long border in the south and east with the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders only the Hardap Region, to the north.

Politics
As of 2020, ǁKaras had 56,352 registered voters. The name of this region was Karas Region (without the alveolar lateral click of the Khoekhoegowab language) since Namibian independence in 1990. In an effort to consolidate spelling, it was renamed to ǁKaras Region in August 2013.

Constituencies
The region is subdivided into seven electoral constituencies:
 Berseba
 Karasburg East
 Keetmanshoop Rural
 Keetmanshoop Urban
 ǃNamiǂNûs (formerly Lüderitz Constituency)
 Oranjemund
 Karasburg West

Election results
As in all other regions, SWAPO was by far the strongest political party since Namibian independence. In the 2004 presidential election, the region supported SWAPO's Hifikepunye Pohamba with 65% of the votes. No other candidate received more than 10%.

In the 2015 regional elections, SWAPO obtained 83% of the total votes (2010: 64%) and won all seven constituencies. In the 2020 regional election the Landless People's Movement (LPM, an opposition party formed in 2016) narrowly became the strongest party. It obtained 39% of votes overall and won four of the seven constituencies, SWAPO got 36% and won the remaining three.

Governors
 Bernadus Swartbooi (until 2015)
 Lucia Basson (2015–2020)
 Aletta Fredericks (2020–present)

Economy and infrastructure
The region is predominantly a small stock-farming area, the stock mostly consisting of animals such as sheep or goats. Game farming and irrigation farming along the Naute Dam and the Orange River have gained significantly in importance.

Notable places in the region include the harbour town of Lüderitz and its fishing and boat-building industry, the diamond areas along the coast—both on- and off shore—with Oranjemund as the main centre, mining enterprises in the southern part of Namibia such as the Haib mine, (Klein Karas area, Rosh Pinah), the Kudu Gas field in the Atlantic Ocean near Lüderitz, and small-scale industries in Lüderitz and Keetmanshoop.

The Hot Water Springs at Ai-Ais, the Hot Water Springs in Warmbad, the Kokerboom Forest (Quiver Tree Forest) near Keetmanshoop, the Fish River Canyon (the second-largest in the world), the Brukkaros Mountain (a former volcano) near Berseba, the coastal town Lüderitz, and several guest and game farms have become important tourist attractions. The tourism industry has the potential for further expansion.

The economic growth potential of the area is considerable, but needs an intensive general development policy. It is a profitable tax-generating area, which predominantly comes from diamond mining for the central government.

The main railway line and two main trunk roads give access to South Africa. Keetmanshoop is considered as the capital of the south and has direct air, railway, and road links with Windhoek. Its airport is of international standards and suitable for international air traffic. There is an airfield at Kolmanskop near Lüderitz. Well-developed landing facilities also exist at Oranjemund.

ǁKaras has 49 schools with a total of 20,110 pupils.

Demographics
According to the Namibia 2001 Population and Housing Census, ǁKaras had a population of 69,329 (32,346 females and 36,976 males or 114 males for every 100 females) growing at an annual rate of 1.3%. The fertility rate was 3.1 children per woman. About 54% lived in urban areas, while 46% lived in rural areas, and with an area of 161,215 km2, the population density was 0.4 persons per km2. Classified by age, 11% of the population was under 5 years old, 20% between 5 and 14 years, 63% between 15 and 59 years, and 6% 60 years and older. The population was divided into 15,481 households, with an average size of 4.1 persons; 35% of households had a female head of house, while 65% had a male as head. For those 15 years and older, 69% had never married, 20% married with certificate, 2% married traditionally, 5% married consensually, 1% were divorced or separated, and 2% were widowed.

The most commonly spoken languages at home were Afrikaans (40% of households), Nama/Damara (26%) and Oshiwambo (23%). For those 15 years and older, the literacy rate was 87%. Nearly 45% of the population are from coloured and white Namibian groups. In terms of education, 52% of girls and 48% of boys between the ages of 6 and 15 were attending school, and of those 15 years and older, 77% had left school, 7% were currently at school, and 7% had never attended.

In 2001, the employment rate for the labor force (67% of those 15+) was 71% employed and 29% unemployed. For those 15 years old or older and not in the labor force (24%), 28% were students, 40% homemakers, and 32% retired or unable to work. According to the 2012 Namibia Labour Force Survey, unemployment in the ǁKaras Region stood at 23.9%. The two studies are methodologically not comparable.

Among households, 94% had safe water, 26% no toilet facility, 50% electricity for lighting, 81% access to radio, and 35% had wood or charcoal for cooking. In terms of households' main sources of income, 7% derived it from farming, 69% from wages and salaries, 6% cash remittances, 5% from business or nonfarming, and 10% from pension.

For every 1,000 live births, 37 female and 56 male infant deaths occurred. The life expectancy at birth was 61 years for females and 54 for males. Among children younger than 15, 4% had lost a mother, 6% a father, and 1% were orphaned by both parents. About 3% of the entire population had a disability, of which 22% were deaf, 29% blind, 10% had a speech disability, 13% a hand disability, 27% a leg disability, and 7% a mental disability.

External links

References

Regions of Namibia
Coasts of South Africa

ǁKaras Region


Plictis este un film românesc din 2007 regizat de Ioachim Ciobanu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ilarion Ciobanu, Matei Florian.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2007 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2007

Plictis


Mohammed Mahdi Akef (en  ; 12 juillet 1928 - 22 septembre 2017) est un dirigeant égyptien des frères musulmans, de 2004 à 2010. En 2005, il décrit l'holocauste comme étant un mythe et défend le président iranien Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Sa fille est mariée avec Mahmoud Ezzat.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Frères musulmans
 UOIF
 Tariq Ramadan
 Sayyid Qutb

Liens externes

Personnalité politique égyptienne
Membre des Frères musulmans
Naissance en juillet 1928
Naissance en Égypte
Décès en septembre 2017
Décès au Caire
Décès à 89 ans

Mohammed Mahdi Akef


La cordillera de Turquestán es una de las estribaciones más occidentales del gran sistema de las montañas Tian Shan y se extiende una longitud total de 340 km, desde las montañas Alai, en la frontera de Kirguistán con Tayikistán, hasta las llanuras del oasis de Samarcanda, en Uzbekistán. Corre en dirección este-oeste, al norte de la cordillera Zeravshan, del que le separa el valle del río Zeravshan, formando el límite meridional del valle de Fergana, en Tayikistán, y de la estepa Golodnaya en Uzbekistán.

Las elevaciones más altas se encuentran en el este, cerca de la frontera con Kirguistán. La altitud máxima es el pico Skalisty, con 5621 m, seguida por el pico Pirámide (5509 m). Las crestas de las montañas, especialmente en la parte oriental, están cubierta por glaciares. Las laderas meridionales son acantilados desnudos y estepas montañosas y las septentrionales están cubiertas de bosques. Una carretera atraviesa el paso de Shakhristan, a 3378 m, conectando la capital Dusambé con Khujand en el norte de Tayikistán (provincia de Sughd). En la ladera norte hay un lago de montaña, el Ah-Kel

Véase también
 Montañas Tian Shan
 Geografía de Tayikistán

Notas

Enlaces externos

Cordilleras de Tayikistán
Cordilleras de Uzbekistán
Cordilleras de Kirguistán

Cordillera de Turquestán


Dervla Murphy (Lismore, 28 de novembro de 1931 – Lismore, 22 de maio de 2022), foi uma ciclista irlandesa e autora de livros de viagens. Galardoada com o Edward Stanford Award e distinguida pela Royal Geographical Society. Ficou conhecia após ter publicado o livro Full Tilt: Ireland to India with a Bicycle, onde relata a viagem que fez de bicicleta da Irlanda até à India e na qual atravessou a Europa, o Irão, o Afeganistão e o Paquistão.

Biografia

Dervla Murphy nasceu no dia 28 de Novembro de 1931, no condado irlandês de Waterford em Lismore, onde estudou no Convento de Ursulinas.

Aos 14 anos viu-se obrigada a deixar a escola para cuidar da mãe que sofria de artrite reumatóide e que a encorajou a viajar desde muito jovem. Assim, realizou várias viagens curtas de bicicleta ao sul da Inglaterra, País de Gales, Alemanha, Bélgica e Espanha durante a década de 50. Durante este período escreveu vários artigos sobre as viagens para jornais como o Irish Independent e o Hibernia.

Em 1963, após a morte dos pais, faz a sua primeira grande viagem, indo da Irlanda até à Índia de bicicleta, com apenas uma muda de roupa e uma arma. Leva seis meses a chegar ao destino, durante os quais atravessa o continente europeu e países como o Irão, o Afeganistão e o Paquistão. As aventuras desta viagem deram origem ao seu primeiro livro, Full Tilt: Ireland to India with a Bicycle, publicado em 1965, onde relata momentos como aquele em que teve de assustar uma matilha de lobos e descreve os locais por onde passou, entre eles as montanhas de Gilgit, no Paquistão. Chegada a Dehli, Dervla colabora com a Save the Children e trabalha num campo de refugiados tibetanos em Pokhara. Esta experiência dá origem ao seu livro The Waiting Land: A Spell in Nepal.

As suas viagens sofrem um interregno, quando em 1968 tem a sua única filha, Rachel, com o jornalista Terence de Vere White. Não chega a casar, assumindo o papel de mãe solteira o que na altura ia contra os padrões morais vigentes na Irlanda. Cinco anos mais tarde, regressa à India e leva consigo a filha desafiando novamente as convenções sociais. Juntas percorrem o sul da Índia, os Andes, Madagáscar, Camarões, entre outros locais.

Volta a escrever e no inicio da oitenta, os seus livros não se cingem a apenas aos relatos das suas viagens, passam a abordar questões políticas e sociais dos países por onde passa, entre elas: o impacto social da Sida no Zimbabwe e no Quénia, os efeitos do Apartheid na África do Sul, o genocídio no Ruanda, a reconstrução dos Balcãs após a guerra. As suas opiniões não se limitam aos livros, critica de forma aberta o Banco Mundial, a NATO, o FMI e da Organização Mundial do Comércio. Era contra a energia nuclear tendo escrito o livro Race to the finish?: The nuclear stakes, onde abordava os perigos desta; o turismo de massas e os seus efeitos sobre as comunidades locais e os recursos naturais.

Continua a viajar e em 2002, com 70 anos, resolve atravessar de bicicleta Ussuriland, no leste da Rússia mas sofre um acidente e acaba por percorrer a Sibéria de transportes públicos. Cinco anos tarde, visita Cuba com a filha e as netas e em 2011 passou um mês na faixa de Gaza.

Dervla Murphy que ao longo da sua vida percorreu países de quatro continentes (Ásia, África, América do Sul e Europa) e que escreveu mais de 20 livros sobre as suas viagens e aventuras, faleceu com 90 anos, no dia 22 de Maio de 2022.

Galeria

Prémios e Reconhecimento
Ganhou com o livro A Place Apart: Northern Ireland in the 1970s, o Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize em 1978.

A Royal Geographical Society galardoou-a, em 2019, com o Prémio Ness, por ter ajudado a tornar popular a geografia com seus livros de viagens. No mesmo ano  I BIKE Dublin, distinguiu-a com a Medalha Inspiring Cyclist of the Year.

Dois anos mais tarde, ganhou o Edward Stanford Award pelo o seu extraordinário contributo para a literatura de viagens.

Obras Seleccionadas
Entre as suas obras contam-se:

 1978 - A Place Apart: Northern Ireland in the 1970s, re-editado em 2014 pela editora Eland,ISBN 9781780600116

 1965 - Full Tilt: Ireland to India with a bicycle, editor Murray,, ISBN 9781590209509
 1992 - Cameroon With Egbert, editor Abrams, ISBN 9781468305210
 2001 - South From The Limpopo, editor Abrams, ISBN 9781468305814

Referências

Ligações externas
BANFF | Dervla Murphy Tales and Travels on Two Wheels (2016)
Trailer | Documentario: Who is Dervla Murphy?

Escritoras
Ciclistas da Irlanda
Escritoras da Irlanda

Dervla Murphy


Baby Face Finlayson is a fictional character in a comic strip in the UK comic The Beano, first appearing in issue 1553, dated 22 April 1972. Baby Face Finlayson "The Cutest Bandit in the West" is an outlaw from the American Old West, and is, in fact, a baby.

His name is derived from the real-life American gangster of the 1930s Baby Face Nelson (real name Lester Joseph Gillis).

Publication history
He was originally a minor character in Little Plum, but was later given a spin-off strip of his own. He rode around in a motorised pram, stealing everything that wasn't tied down, whilst shouting "Yuk Yuk!". He had a number of accomplices, including Jessie James, Sid the Kid and Goo Goo McGoo who were also, apparently, babies. Their chief nemesis was Sheriff "Marsh" Mallow of Cactus Gulch.

When the strip returned in 1980, the Wild West theme was dropped, and the setting was moved to England. The tagline was also changed to "The Cutest Bandit Around". However, in the final strip of the second series, he was posted back to America by the angry Beano editor, whom Baby-Face had tried to kidnap. On both occasions, the strip was drawn by Ron Spencer.

Subsequent appearances
In issue 3181, dated 5 July 2003, he cameoed in a Little Plum strip, when he stole Little Plum's wigwam. He sped off in his pram, crashed into a buffalo so Little Plum thought he had learned his lesson, until he steals Little Plum's clothes without him noticing and rides off. In September 2004 he reappeared again for five weeks in his own strip, this time drawn by Emilios Hatjoullis. He has appeared in the Beano Annual every year since then. In 2006 Baby Face returned as a villainous gangster in the Bash Street Kids adventures "School's Out" and "Hot Rod Cow", written and drawn by Kev F Sutherland. He appears in the 2008 Beano annual in the story "Pluggy Love", where Danny believes that Plug's girlfriend is evil as he thinks Baby-Face is her father. It turns out she's his babysitter and her father was pushing his pram. He appeared once again in the 2009 annual in "Reservoir Dodge", where after discovering a Weather-Predicting device Roger and Walter sold him is fake, he tries to kill them and invites a group of other fictional villains over, like the Joker, a Dalek, a devil, and Bully Beef. Other Beano characters try to help Roger, but are also placed above the piranha fish tank. However Alexander the Lemming and Winston the Cat push the tank over, forcing the villains away.

Baby-Face Finlayson returned to The Beano in the Funsize Funnies in #3660 drawn by Alexander Matthews.

References

1972 comics debuts
Beano strips
British comics characters
Child characters in comics
Comics about children
Comics characters introduced in 1972
Comics spin-offs
Western (genre) comics characters
Western (genre) outlaws
Humor comics
Male characters in comics

Baby Face Finlayson


ඒටීඑන් ටයිම්ස් නව් යනු කැනඩාවට අයත් බී කාණ්ඩයේ (Category B) ඉංග්‍රීසි ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකාවකි. නාලිකාවේ හිමිකාරීත්වය Asian Television Network සමාගම සතු වන අතර විකාශය කරනු ලබන සමහර වැඩසටහන් ඉන්දියානු ටයිම්ස් නව් රූපවාහිනී නාලිකාවෙන් ලබා ගනියි.
ලොව පුරා සිදුවන සිදුවීම්, දේශීය, ජාත්‍යන්තර සහ විශේෂිත ප්‍රවෘත්ති (breaking news) ලෙස, ඒටීඑන් ටයිම්ස් නව් නාලිකාව ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.

මේවාද බලන්න
 ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකා

භාහිර සබැදි
 ATN Times Now
 Times Now

ඒටීඑන් ටයිම්ස් නව්


Magloire Pélage, né en 1766 au Lamentin sur l'île de la Martinique et mort le  à Estella en Espagne, est un militaire) français, surtout connu pour sa participation indirecte au rétablissement de l'esclavage en 1802 dans les colonies françaises.

Jeunesse
Sa date de naissance ainsi que ses origines sont imprécises : le registre de la paroisse Saint-Laurent du Lamentin mentionne pour le  le baptême de Magloire Pélage, fils de Marie Rose, avec pour parrain Louis Lenclume ; mais son acte de mariage en 1801 le précise .

Selon ses biographes, il serait né esclave, ou bien il serait un libre de couleur. Les sources le décrivent comme « câpre », ou « mulâtre foncé », soit un enfant issu d'une union entre un/une mulâtre et un/une noir(e). Son premier emploi était celui de maçon.

Volontaire dans la milice
Le , la déclaration de guerre de la toute jeune république française au royaume de Grande-Bretagne met la Martinique sous la menace d'une invasion britannique (comme en 1674, en 1759 et en 1762). En conséquence, en février 1793, le gouverneur Donatien de Rochambeau organise la levée d'unités de milice coloniale (équivalent des bataillons de volontaires en métropole), comprenant des volontaires surtout noirs, qu'ils soient libres de naissance ou affranchis (l'abolition de l'esclavage par le décret du 16 pluviôse an II, soit le , est postérieure). Pélage devient ainsi soldat dans le  de chasseurs de la Martinique. Il est nommé sergent le .

Le contexte dans les Antilles françaises est alors tendu, car aux oppositions entre royalistes et républicains, entre conservateurs et révolutionnaires, se rajoutent celles entre planteurs, libres modestes et esclaves. Le , Pélage est blessé à la cuisse lors de l'assaut du morne Vert-Pré contre les royalistes. Il est nommé lieutenant le , avec le commandement d'une demi-compagnie.

Défense de la lunette Bouillé

Le , une flotte britannique débarque  dans le quartier de Trinité ; les troupes républicaines se regroupent après quelques combats sur la ville de Fort-République (ex Fort-Royal, l'actuelle Fort-de-France). Le gouverneur Rochambeau et les soldats métropolitains s'installent dans le fort de la Convention (ex fort Bourbon, actuel fort Desaix), qui domine la ville et la baie du haut du morne Garnier, confiant la défense du fort de la République (ex fort Louis, actuel fort Saint-Louis) à la milice coloniale. L'unité commandée par Pélage est affectée à partir du  à la défense de la redoute de la lunette Bouillé.

Les Britanniques entreprennent le siège des fortifications républicaines, creusant leurs parallèles en face de la redoute. Les batteries ouvrent le feu à partir du , ciblant particulièrement la redoute, où Pélage est blessé le  ; l'escarpe s'effondre sous les coups et plusieurs assauts sont repoussés par la petite garnison. Les tirs s'arrêtent le 20 ; la reddition est signée par Rochambeau le , après la chute du fort de la République et à cause de dissensions au sein de la garnison.

En application de la convention de reddition, la garnison est traitée différemment en fonction du statut des soldats : les affranchis sont remis à leurs anciens maîtres ou vendus, tandis que les hommes libres sont envoyés en Angleterre, ce qui est le cas de Louis Delgrès et de Pélage.

Montée en grade
Les officiers sont ensuite échangés ; Pélage est affecté au bataillon des Antilles, comme capitaine, en octobre 1794. Arrivé à la Guadeloupe, il participe à la reprise de Sainte-Lucie et est promu chef de bataillon le . À la suite de la conquête de l'île de Sainte-Lucie par les Britanniques en 1796, il est à nouveau blessé au bras gauche et fait prisonnier.

Envoyé une seconde fois en Grande-Bretagne, il reste 18 mois en prison à Portsmouth puis est échangé en vendémiaire an VI (octobre 1797). Il débarque à Fécamp, rejoint le général Antoine de Béthencourt à Rouen et le suit à Morlaix. Le , il est affecté à l'île d'Aix, où sont progressivement rassemblés tous les militaires noirs ou « de couleur » ; il est promu au grade de chef de brigade (l'équivalent alors de colonel) le .

Le , il repart vers la Guadeloupe comme aide de camp des agents du Directoire Nicolas-Georges Jeannet-Oudin, Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Lavaux et René Gaston Baco de La Chapelle. Les tensions sont vives sur l'île : bien que l'abolition de l'esclavage y ait été appliquée en juin 1794 (au contraire de la Martinique, alors occupée par les Britanniques), les anciens esclaves restent majoritairement dépendants de leurs anciens maîtres : les autres solutions sont le vagabondage, l'engagement dans l'armée ou à bord des corsaires. Si l'égalité civique a été proclamée (décret du ), la société coloniale reste marquée par de la ségrégation raciale.

En août 1801, à la mort du général de Béthencourt, le contre-amiral Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse prend le commandement de la garnison. Le comportement de Lacrosse (proscription des opposants, licenciement de militaires et retour des émigrés) exacerbe les tensions parmi les notables et militaires de l'île : le , une rébellion des soldats, à laquelle se rallie Pélage, fait arrêter Lacrosse, puis l'expulse de l'île le . Pélage commande désormais l'arrondissement de Port-de-la-Liberté (Pointe-à-Pitre), assurant les fonctions de chef du « Conseil provisoire de gouvernement » qui dirige l'île.

Malgré ces tensions, le , Pélage épouse à Pointe-à-Pitre Anne-Charlotte Mantet, .

Si la rébellion des notables et militaires est d'abord qualifiée de « jacobine » et d'« anarchiste » par Lacrosse, Pélage envoie plusieurs lettres au Premier Consul affirmant sa fidélité à la République.

Richepance aux Antilles
Par la paix d'Amiens, signée le , le Royaume-Uni rend la Martinique à la France ; le gouvernement en profite pour reprendre le contrôle de ses colonies françaises d'Amérique. Le , à l'arrivée en Guadeloupe d'une flotte transportant la petite armée expéditionnaire du général de division Antoine Richepance, les troupes coloniales sont la cible de dures vexations. Les chefs militaires locaux se divisent alors en deux camps : si une partie, menée par les chefs de bataillon Louis Delgrès et Joseph Ignace, fait le choix de la rébellion ouverte à partir du , une autre partie, commandée par Pélage, se soumet aux envoyés du gouvernement.

Des combats opposent ensuite non seulement les soldats métropolitains aux antillais, mais aussi les coloniaux entre eux : face à ses pertes, Richepance ordonne à Pélage de fournir des renforts, soit  de couleur. Ces combats se soldent par la mort des chefs rebelles (Ignace le  et Delgrès le ), la victoire de Richepance (qui meurt de la fièvre jaune le ) et l'exécution ou la vente des soldats noirs fait prisonniers. L'esclavage est rétabli à la Martinique en application de la loi du 30 floréal an X () et à la Guadeloupe par l'arrêté du 27 messidor an X ().

Des combats plus sporadiques émaillent la fin 1802 et l'année 1803, des groupes de rebelles se réfugiant dans la forêt de Basse-Terre, sur les pentes de la Soufrière, se mêlant aux bandes de marrons.

Fin de carrière
Les 42 responsables de l'insurrection de 1801 qui ont survécu, c'est-à-dire ceux qui se sont soumis, dont  y compris Pélage, ainsi que sa famille (sa femme, sa belle-mère, son neveu et un serviteur), sont envoyés en France, ce qui les protège de la vindicte de Lacrosse, qui est redevenu gouverneur. Ils embarquent le  sur Le Fougueux et arrivent à Brest le

Les prisons brestoises étant pleines, tout le groupe est détenu dans un premier temps à l'hôpital Saint-Louis de Brest ; puis les principaux responsables (les membres du Conseil provisoire), dont Pélage, sont envoyés à Paris. Emprisonnés, ils rédigent et font imprimer un justificatif ayant pour titre Mémoire pour le chef de brigade Magloire Pélage et pour les habitans de la Guadeloupe (mémoire couvrant Lacrosse de reproches et rendant le capitaine Ignace responsable de l'insurrection de 1801), ainsi qu'une lettre au Premier Consul. Pélage bénéficie d'une lettre en sa faveur de Rochambeau, le successeur de Leclerc à la tête de l'expédition de Saint-Domingue, qui le réclame. Le groupe est mis en liberté par ordonnance du tribunal criminel de la Seine le

Pélage et sa famille vivent de sa pension de retraite à Paris. Après de multiples demandes de réintégrations dans l'armée, le ministère de la Guerre le réintègre comme colonel en 1808, avec affectation à l'armée d'Espagne en octobre 1808 pour servir d'adjudant-commandant. Il meurt le  à Estella (en Navarre). Par décision du , sa veuve et ses trois jeunes enfants bénéficient d'une rente viagère ; celle-ci la touche jusqu'en 1826.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
  :
 tome premier : https://archive.org/details/MemoireforPelageGpeanAout1803t1/page/n5/mode/2up ;
 tome second : https://books.google.fr/books?id=sL1xVS2fuBwC
 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Joseph Ignace
 Louis Delgrès
 Capitaine Massoteau
 Victor Hugues
 Toussaint Louverture
 Révolution haïtienne
 Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse

Personnalité liée à la Martinique
Naissance en 1766
Naissance au Lamentin
Décès en avril 1810

Magloire Pélage


NGC 7477 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Ribama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7477
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7477 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7477 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7450 - 7499

7477

NGC 7477


Albert Paul Jules Ouriou (* 29. Juni 1887 in Tours; † 25. August 1955 in Quend-les-Plages) war ein französischer Autorennfahrer.

Karriere

Albert Ouriou war der Schwager des französischen Rennfahrers und Fahrzeugkonstrukteur Charles Montier und mit diesem als Partner dreimal beim 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans am Start. Bei ersten Rennen 1923 erreichte er mit Montier den 14. Rang in der Gesamtwertung. 1924 und 1925 schied das Duo jeweils aus.

Statistik

Le-Mans-Ergebnisse

Literatur

 R. M. Clarke: Le Mans. Die Bentley & Alfa Years 1923–1939. Brocklands Books, Cobham 1999, ISBN 1-85520-465-7.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse bei Racing Sports Cars
 Albert Ourou bei 24-h-en-piste

Rennfahrer des 24-Stunden-Rennens von Le Mans
Rennfahrer (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1887
Gestorben 1955
Mann

Albert Ouriou


Pariul lui Pascal este un raționament în filozofia apologetică conceput de filozoful, matematicianul și fizicianul francez Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). El postulează că toți oamenii își pariază viața fie pe existența lui Dumnezeu, fie pe inexistența sa. Bazându-se pe presupunerea că mizele sunt infinite dacă Dumnezeu există și că există cel puțin o probabilitate mică ca Dumnezeu să existe, Pascal susține că o persoană rațională ar trebui să trăiască ca și cum Dumnezeu există și să creadă în Dumnezeu. Dacă Dumnezeu nu există, o astfel de persoană va avea doar o pierdere minimă (unele plăceri, lux etc.), în timp ce în caz contrar va obține câștiguri infinite (o eternitate în Rai) și va evita pierderi infinite (o eternitate în Iad).

Pariul lui Pascal s-a bazat pe ideea unui Dumnezeu creștin, deși argumentări similare au avut loc și în alte tradiții religioase. Pariul original a fost prezentat în secțiunea 233 a studiului Pensées ("Gânduri") al lui Pascal, ce a fost publicat postum. Aceste note nepublicate anterior au fost adunate pentru a forma un tratat incomplet despre apologetica creștină.

Din punct de vedere istoric, pariul lui Pascal a fost revoluționar, deoarece el a explorat un teritoriu nou în teoria probabilităților, a marcat prima utilizare oficială a teoriei deciziei și a anticipat filozofiile viitoare, cum ar fi existențialismul, pragmatismul și voluntarismul.

Pariul
Teoria urmează următoarea logică (extrase din Pensées, part III, §233):
 Dumnezeu există sau nu. Rațiunea nu poate decide între cele două alternative.
 Este jucat un joc... în care va ieși cap sau pajură.
 Tu trebuie să pariezi (nu este opțional).
 Să analizăm câștigul și pierderea, pariind că Dumnezeu există. Să estimăm aceste două șanse. În cazul în care câștigi, câștigi totul; dacă pierzi, nu pierzi nimic.
 Pariază fără ezitare că El există. Ai de câștigat o infinitate de vieți fericite, o șansă de câștig împotriva unui număr finit de șanse de a pierde. Și așa propunerea noastră este de o forță infinită, atunci când există o miză finită într-un joc în care există riscuri egale de câștig și de pierdere, și un câștig potențial infinit.
 Dar unii nu pot să creadă. Ei ar trebui să asimileze cel puțin incapacitatea de a crede și strădania de a se convinge pe ei.

Note

Bibliografie

 Leslie Armour, Infini Rien: Pascal's Wager and the Human Paradox (The Journal of the History of Philosophy Monograph Series), Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1993.
 James Cargile, "Pascal's Wager," in Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology, eds. R. Douglas Geivett and Brendan Sweetman, Oxford University Press, 1992.
 Richard Dawkins, "Pascal's Wager", in The God Delusion, Black Swan, 2007 (ISBN 978-0-552-77429-1).
 Jeff Jordan, ed. Gambling on God, Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994. (A collection of the most recent articles on the Wager with a full bibliography.)
 Jeff Jordan, Pascal's Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God, Oxford University Press, 2007 (No doubt not the "final word", but certainly the most thorough and definitive discussion thus far.)
 William G. Lycan and George N. Schlesinger, "You Bet Your Life: Pascal's Wager Defended," in Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology, eds. R. Douglas Geivett and Brendan Sweetman, Oxford University Press, 1992.
 Michael Martin, Atheism, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990, (Pp. 229–238 presents the argument about a god who punishes believers.)
 Thomas V. Morris, "Pascalian Wagering," in Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology, eds. R. Douglas Geivett and Brendan Sweetman, Oxford University Press, 1992.
 Nicholas Rescher, Pascal's Wager: A Study of Practical Reasoning in Philosophical Theology, University of Notre Dame Press, 1985. (The first book-length treatment of the Wager in English.)
 Jamie Whyte, Crimes against Logic, McGraw-Hill, 2004, (Section with argument about Wager)
 Elizabeth Holowecky, "Taxes and God", KPMG Press, 2008, (Phone interview)

Alte legături externe

Sprijinirea teoriei
 Pascal's Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God (2006) by Jordan, Jeff, University of Delaware, 2006
 Ambiguity, Pessimism, and Rational Religious Choice (2010) by Tigran Melkonyan and Mark Pingle Theory and Decision, 2010, Volume 69, Number 3, Pages 417-438

Obiecții
 The Empty Wager  by Sam Harris
 The Rejection of Pascal's Wager  by Paul Tobin
 Pascal's Mugging by Nick Bostrom

Revizuiri
 Theistic Belief and Religious Uncertainty by Jeffrey Jordan
Argumente pentru existența lui Dumnezeu
Apologetică creștină
Filosofie creștină
Argumente filozofice
Experimente mentale
Pariuri

Pariul lui Pascal


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| plasman            = 11.
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Fudbalski klub Mačva Šabac (srpski Фудбалски клуб Мачва Шабац / Fudbalski klub Mačva Šabac), uobičajeno Mačva, Mačva Šabac, je nogometni klub iz Šapca, Mačvanski okrug, Srbija.
U sezoni 2017./18., nastupa u Superligi Srbije, prvom rangu nogometnog prvenstva Srbije.

 O klubu
Klub je osnovan u svibnju 1919. godine, u kojoj igra i prvu utakmicu protiv Srpskog sportskog kluba iz Srijemske Mitrovice.
U razdoblju prije Drugog svjetskog rata "Mačva" igra u natjecanjima Beogradskog i Novosadskog nogometnog saveza. Zbog svog stila igre i uspjeha u ntjecanjima su dobili nadimk "Provincijski Urugvaj". 1931. godine su se plasirali u završnio dio Prvenstva Kraljevine Jugoslavije.
1944. godine klub se obnavlja pod nazivom FK Radnički, a 1946. mijenja naziv u Podrinje. 1948. godine Podrinje ulazi u 2. saveznu ligu, a 1950. ostvaruje plasman u 1. saveznu ligu u kojoj igra dvije sezone (1951. i 1952.). 1951. godine klubu je vraćen stari naziv - Mačva. Do raspada Jugoslavije igra s promjenjivim uspjesima u 2. saveznoj ligi, Srpskoj ligi, 2. srpskoj ligi, II. Beogradskoj ligi, Beogradskoj podsaveznoj ligi. U sezoni 1988./89. dolazi do poluzavršnice jugoslavenskog kupa.
Za vrijeme SR Jugoslavije i Srbije i Crne Gore Mačva je do 1998. član Druge lige, a potom Srpske lige, te nanovo Druge lige.
Od osamostaljenja Srbije 2006. godine, Mačva uglavom nastupa u Prvoj ligi Srbije i Srpskoj ligi – Zapad. U sezoni 2016./17. osvaja Prvu ligu Srbije i plasira se u Superligu''.

Uspjesi
 Prva liga Srbije
 2016./17.

 Srpska liga – Zapad
 2013./14., 2015./16.

Poznati igrači

Poveznice
 službene stranice
 srbijasport.net, profil kluba

Izvori
 fkmacva.com, Počeci (1919 - 1926), pristupljeno 16. siječnja 2018.
 fkmacva.com, Provincijski Urugvaj (1927 - 1941), pristupljeno 16. siječnja 2018.
 fkmacva.com, Ponovo u eliti (1944 - 1952), pristupljeno 16. siječnja 2018.
 fkmacva.com, Druga liga (1953 - 1986), pristupljeno 16. siječnja 2018.
 fkmacva.com, Polufinale kupa (1987 - 2002),  pristupljeno 16. siječnja 2018.
 exyufudbal.in.rs, Prvenstva 1918.-1941.

Mačva

FK Mačva Šabac


Kışladeresi, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür. Köy daha sonra Düvenci Beldesine bağlanarak mahalle olmuştur.

Coğrafya
Çorum Merkez ilçeye bağlı ve il merkezine 27 km uzaklıkta olup Düvenci ovasının batısında ve ovanın ortasından gecen Eski Samsun yoluna 5 km. mesafededir.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Kışladeresi, Çorum


බයිකොනූර් (, ; ), යනු කලින් ලෙනින්ස්ක් ලෙස හඳුන්වන ලද, කසකස්තානයේ, සිර් දර්යා ගඟේ උතුරු ඉවුරේ පිහිටි රුසියාව විසින් බද්දට ගෙන පරිපාලනය කරනු ලබන නගරයකි. එය බයිකොනූර් කොස්මොඩ්‍රෝමය සඳහා සේවය කිරීම සඳහා ඉදිකරන ලද අතර රුසියානු ජනාධිපති බොරිස් යෙල්ට්සින් විසින් 1995 දෙසැම්බර් 20 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් බයිකොනූර් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. සෝවියට් සමයේදී, එය සමහර විට තාරකා නගරය යන අදහස ඇති   Zvezdograd (Звездоград) යන රුසියානු නමින් හඳුන්වනු ලැබීය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 බයිකොනූර් නගරය

බයිකොනූර්


Abdülaziz Buteflika (; d. 2 Mart 1937, Ucda, - ö. 17 Eylül 2021), Cezayirli siyasetçi. Buteflika, 1999-2019 yılları arasında 20 yıl boyunca Cezayir Cumhurbaşkanı görevinde bulundu. 1963 yılından 1979 yılına kadar Dışişleri Bakanı olarak görev yaptı. Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu Başkanı görevinde bulundu.

İlk olarak 1999 yılında gerçekleştirilen seçimlere katılan Buteflika, ordunun da desteği ile seçimlerden galibiyet ile ayrılarak Liamin Zerval'in ardılı olarak göreve başlamıştır.

Buteflika 2004, 2009 ve 2014 yıllarında da gerçekleştirilen devlet başkanlığı seçimlerinden de birinci olarak ayrılmıştır.

Şubat 2019'da yaptığı açıklamada Nisan 2019 için planlanan devlet başkanlığı seçimlerinde beşinci dönemi için yeniden aday olacağını ifade etmiş, bu açıklamanın ardından ülke genelinde protesto gösterileri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu gösterilerin ardından seçimlere katılmaktan vazgeçtiğini ifade etmiştir. 1 Nisan 2019 tarihinde yaptığı açıklamada görevi en geç 28 Nisan 2019 tarihinde devredeceğini açıklamış, bu açıklamadan bir gün sonra da devlet başkanlığı görevinden istifa ettiğini bildirmiştir.

Buteflika 2013 yılında geçirdiği inme rahatsızlığı sonucu Fransa'da tedavi görmüş, 2014 seçimlerine de yaşadığı üç inmenin ardından katılmıştır. Buteflika geçirdiği rahatsızlık nedeniyle uzun süre kamuoyu önüne çıkamamıştır. Tekerlekli sandalyeye bağlı yaşayan neredeyse hiç konuşamayan Buteflika, 17 Eylül 2021'de 84 yaşında öldü.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Cezayir devlet başkanlığı resmî sitesi (Arapça, Fransızca)

1937 doğumlular
Fas doğumlular
Cezayir cumhurbaşkanları
Cezayir dışişleri bakanları
Cezayir savunma bakanları
Cezayir turizm bakanları
Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi (Cezayir) Başkanları
Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu başkanları
2021 yılında ölenler

Abdülaziz Buteflika


Rıza Yürükoğlu veya bilinen adıyla İsmail Nihat Akseymen (4 Ekim 1945, Ankara - 11 Aralık 2001, Londra), Türkiye Komünist Partisi içinde 1979 yılında yaşanan bölünmede İşçinin Sesi tarafının lideridir. Parti içinde Veli Dursun adı ile de bilinir.

Gençliği
1966 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi'ne girdi. Bu sırada FKF ve TİP içinde çalışmaya başladı. Daha sonra FKF içinde yaşanan ayrışmada MDD'ye karşı Sosyalist Devrim tezini savunanların örgütlendiği SGÖ' nün kurucularından biri oldu. Aynı zamanda başkanlık görevini üstlendi.

1970 Şubatı'nda ilk eşi Merih Kutsal ile evlendi. Birlikte 1970 yazında Birleşik Krallık'a gittiler ve TKP yöneticilerinden Yakup Demir (Zeki Baştımar) ile görüştüler ve TKP üyesi oldular. Türkiye'ye döndü ve yakın arkadaşlarıyla birlikte TKP örgütlenmesinin bir kolunu başlattı.

Bir süre sonra siyasal nedenlerle yurtdışına çıkmak zorunda kaldı. Okumakta olduğu Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi 4. sınıfından Londra'daki City Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü'nün 2. sınıfına geçiş yaptı. 1973 yılında bu üniversiteden mezun oldu.

Arkadaşları ile birlikte Birleşik Krallık'ta İngiltere Türkiyeli İlericiler Birliği'ni (İTİB) kurdu. Ardından da Londra İşçi Birliği ve yerel bir işçi gazetesi olarak İşçinin Sesi'ni kurdular.

Kopuş
1974 yılında TKP MK üyeliğine getirildi. 1976 yılında İşçinin Sesi yerel bir yayın olmaktan parti yayını olmaya geçti. Atılım ile birlikte iki merkez yayın olmuş oldu. Parti merkezi tarafından Emperyalizmin Zayıf Halkası Türkiye diye bir broşür hazırlamakla görevlendirildi. Başlangıçta parti merkezinin savunduğu bu broşür daha sonra tartışma konusu oldu. Tartışmalar daha da büyüyerek İşçinin Sesi çevresindekiler tasfiye edildi. Grup ağırlıklı olarak İngiltere örgütünden oluştuğu ve TKP-İngiltere, kendilerini Leninci Kanat olarak tarif ettikleri için TKP-L ya da çıkarttıkları yayın nedeniyle TKP-İS diye anılmıştır. Merkez kanadın TİP ile birleşip TBKP adını almasından sonra bir kongre toplayarak İS takısını bırakıp sadece TKP adı ile örgütlenmeye devam edilmiştir.

Son yılları
Yürükoğlu 1999 yılında kendi isteği ile TKP Genel sekreterliğinden ayrıldı. Parti üyesi olarak çalışmalarına devam etti. Yıllardır yazmakta olduğu "Sosyalizm Nedir?" adlı kitabına yoğunlaştı. Birinci cildi bitirdi. Diğer ciltleri bitiremeden 11 Aralık 2001'de, 56 yaşında Londra'da kanserden öldü. Vasiyeti uyarınca cenazesi yakılmış ve külleri Heybeliada çevresinde denize dökülmüştür.

Kitapları
Kitaplarının bazıları Türkiye'de yasadışıdır.
 Emperyalizmin Zayıf Halkası Türkiye
 Açık Mektup
 Proletarya Enternasyonalizmi
 Üçüncü Program ve Görevlerimiz
 İyi Öncü Değil Kötü Artçı Bile Değil
 Örgüt ve Örgütçü
 Faşizmin Çözülüşü
 Sosyalizm Üstün Gelecektir
 Durum ve Görevlerimiz
 Yaşayan Sosyalizm
 Sınıf Savaşının Vardığı Aşama ve Komünist Partisinin Taktikleri
 Bu Kavga Gelecek Kavgasıdır
 Sosyalizm ve Demokrasi
 Kankun Konferansı ve Düşündürdükleri
 Durum ve Görevlerimiz
 Okunacak En Büyük Kitap İnsandır
 Sosyalizmin Çözülüþü Üzerine Üç Makale
 Faşizm ve Burjuva Demokrasisi
 Sosyalizm Nedir (3 cilt)
 Kırkın Yarısı (2cilt makalelerinden derleme)
 Durgunda bir Kurşun (Şiir)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.t-k-p.net
 http://www.yurukoglu.org

Türk devrimciler
1945 doğumlular
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Bağırsak kanserinden ölenler
2001 yılında ölenler
İngiltere'de kanserden ölenler
Londra'da ölenler

Rıza Yürükoğlu


Los Canarios es una telenovela colombiana producida por Caracol Televisión en 2011. Esta protagonizada por César Mora, Alina Lozano, Luis Eduardo Arango, María Cecilia Sánchez, Andrés Aramburo Boek, Juan Sebastián Caicedo,  John Alex Toro y Nataly Umaña.

Sinopsis
"Q.A.P. con Los Canarios". Con esta frase y una bendición comienza la jornada de los protagonistas de la serie: cinco profesionales del volante que a diario salen a las calles a ganarse la vida enfrentándose a las inclemencias del tráfico, sorteando el humor de los pasajeros y siempre a la expectativa de qué va a pasar. Porque en este oficio el azar y lo inesperado son una constante, y cada carrera puede significar el comienzo de una aventura.

Ana, Flor, Rocky, Luis y Manuel son guerreros de la calle. Están siempre expuestos, viven a merced de esos acompañantes desconocidos y transitorios que son los pasajeros, y en esa medida no es extraño que historias y conflictos ajenos los embarquen en peripecias propias. Son trabajadores en movimiento y en permanente contacto con el mundo, incautos que sin buscarlo se involucran en eventos que de sopetón los convierten a veces en héroes, a veces en víctimas, pero siempre en protagonistas de acontecimientos tan insospechados como reales y cercanos.

El asiento trasero de cada taxi es un escenario. Por ahí desfilará todo tipo de personajes y se abrirá el telón para asistir a infinidad de historias –delictivas, pasionales, dramáticas, de suspenso, etc.-, todas con un desarrollo y una resolución llevados a la comedia.

Personajes

Principales

Premios TvyNovelas

Versiones
 Televisa hizo una nueva versión, de la mano del productor Emilio Larrosa, que llevó el título Libre para amarte protagonizada Gabriel Soto y Gloria Trevi; con la participación antagónica de Eduardo Santamarina y Luz Elena González y el lanzamiento de Lenny de la Rosa.

Véase también
 Telenovelas y series de Caracol Televisión
 Producciones de Caracol Televisión

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Tráiler de la Serie Los Canarios
 Los Canarios Página oficial en Caracol Tv
 Caracol Tv Estrena Los Canarios | El Espectador
 Nueva Novela de Caracol Tv

Series de televisión de Colombia
Series de televisión de Caracol Televisión
Programas de televisión de Caracol Televisión
Series de televisión iniciadas en 2011
Series de televisión finalizadas en 2012
Series de televisión ambientadas en Bogotá

Los canarios (serie de televisión)


Records of men who have sex with men in Japan date back to ancient times. Western scholars have identified these as evidence of homosexuality in Japan. Though these relations had existed in Japan for millennia, they became most apparent to scholars during the Tokugawa (or Edo) period. Historical practices identified by scholars as homosexual include ,  and .

The Japanese term  is the Japanese reading of the same characters in Chinese, which literally mean "male colors". The character  () has the added meaning of "lust" in both China and Japan. This term was widely used to refer to some kind of male-to-male sex in a pre-modern era of Japan. The term  is also used, especially in older works.

During the Meiji period nanshoku started to become discouraged due to the rise of sexology within Japan and the process of westernization.

Modern terms for homosexuals include , , ,  or , , / and .

Pre-Meiji Japan

Historically, the Shinto religion "had no special code of morals and seems to have regarded sex as a natural phenomenon to be enjoyed with few inhibitions." While Shinto beliefs are diverse, Japanese Shintoism does not condemn homosexuality. A variety of obscure literary references to same-sex love exist in ancient sources, such as Japanese mythology, but many of these are so subtle as to be unreliable; another consideration is that declarations of affection for friends of the same sex were common.

Nevertheless, references do exist, and they become more numerous in the Heian period, roughly in the 11th century. For example, in The Tale of Genji, written in the early 11th century, men are frequently moved by the beauty of youths. In one scene the hero rejects a lady and instead sleeps with her young brother: "Genji pulled the boy down beside him ... Genji, for his part, or so one is informed, found the boy more attractive than his chilly sister". The Tale of Genji is a novel, but there are several Heian-era diaries that contain references to homosexual acts and practices. Some of these contain references to Emperors involved in homosexual relationships with "handsome boys retained for sexual purposes".

Monastic homosexuality

Nanshoku relationships inside Buddhist monasteries were typically pederastic: an age-structured relationship where the younger partner is not considered an adult. The older partner, or , would be a monk, priest or abbot, while the younger partner was assumed to be an , who would be a prepubescent or adolescent boy; the relationship would be dissolved once the boy reached adulthood (or left the monastery). Both parties were encouraged to treat the relationship seriously and conduct the affair honorably, and the nenja might be required to write a formal vow of fidelity. Outside of the monasteries, monks were considered to have a particular predilection for male prostitutes, which was the subject of much ribald humor.

There is no evidence so far of religious opposition to homosexuality within Japan in non-Buddhist traditions. Tokugawa commentators felt free to illustrate kami engaging in anal sex with each other. During the Tokugawa period, some of the Shinto gods, especially Hachiman, Myoshin, Shinmei and Tenjin, "came to be seen as guardian deities of nanshoku" (male–male love). Tokugawa-era writer Ihara Saikaku joked that since there are no women for the first three generations in the genealogy of the gods found in the Nihon Shoki, the gods must have enjoyed homosexual relationships—which Saikaku argued was the real origin of nanshoku. Nonetheless, during the Edo period, male-female relationships were highly valued as it ensured propagation of offspring and social status.

Samurai shudō
In contrast to the norms in religious circles, in the warrior (samurai) class it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. According to Furukawa, the relationship was based on the model of a typically older nenja, paired with a typically younger chigo. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age; this relationship, often formalized in a "brotherhood contract", was expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers.

This practice, along with clerical pederasty, developed into the codified system of age-structured homosexuality known as shudō, abbreviated from wakashūdō, the "way (Tao) of wakashū". The older partner, in the role of nenja, would teach the chigo martial skills, warrior etiquette, and the samurai code of honor, while his desire to be a good role model for his chigo would lead him to behave more honorably himself; thus a shudō relationship was considered to have a "mutually ennobling effect". In addition, both parties were expected to be loyal unto death, and to assist the other both in feudal duties and in honor-driven obligations such as duels and vendettas. Although sex between the couple was expected to end when the boy came of age, the relationship would, ideally, develop into a lifelong bond of friendship. At the same time, sexual activity with women was not barred (for either party), and once the boy came of age, both were free to seek other wakashū lovers.

Like later Edo same-sex practices, samurai shudō was strictly role-defined; the nenja was seen as the active, desiring, penetrative partner, while the younger, sexually receptive wakashū was considered to submit to the nenja's attentions out of love, loyalty, and affection, rather than sexual desired] Among the samurai class, adult men were (by definition) not permitted to take the wakashū role; only preadult boys (or, later, lower-class men) were considered legitimate targets of homosexual desire. In some cases, shudō relationships arose between boys of similar ages, but the parties were still divided into nenja and wakashū roles.

Kabuki and male prostitution
Male prostitutes (kagema), who were often passed off as apprentice kabuki actors and catered to a mixed male and female clientele, did a healthy trade into the mid-19th century despite increasing restrictions. Many such prostitutes, as well as many young kabuki actors, were indentured servants sold as children to the brothel or theatre, typically on a ten-year contract. Sexual relations between merchants and boys hired as shop staff or housekeepers were common enough, at least in the popular imagination, to be the subject of erotic stories and popular jokes. Young kabuki actors often worked as prostitutes off-stage, and were celebrated in much the same way as modern celebrities are, being much sought after by wealthy patrons, who would vie with each other to purchase the Kabuki actors' favors. Onnagata (female-role) and wakashū-gata (adolescent boy-role) actors in particular were the subject of much appreciation by both male and female patrons, and figured largely in nanshoku shunga prints and other works celebrating nanshoku, which occasionally attained best-seller status.

Male prostitutes and actor-prostitutes serving male clientele were originally restricted to the wakashū age category, as adult men were not perceived as desirable or socially acceptable sexual partners for other men. During the 17th century, these men (or their employers) sought to maintain their desirability by deferring or concealing their coming-of-age and thus extending their "non-adult" status into their twenties or even thirties; this eventually led to an alternate, status-defined shudō relationship which allowed clients to hire "boys" who were, in reality, older than themselves. This evolution was hastened by mid-17th-century bans on the depiction of the wakashū's long forelocks, their most salient age marker, in kabuki plays; intended to efface the sexual appeal of the young actors and thus reduce violent competition for their favors, this restriction eventually had the unintended effect of decoupling male sexual desirability from actual age, so long as a suitably "youthful" appearance could be maintained.

Art of same-sex love
These activities were the subject of countless literary works, most of which have yet to be translated. However, English translations are available for Ihara Saikaku who created a bisexual main character in The Life of An Amorous Man (1682), Jippensha Ikku who created an initial male-male relationship in the post-publication "Preface" to Shank's Mare (1802 et seq), and Ueda Akinari who had a homosexual Buddhist monk in Tales of Moonlight and Rain (1776). Likewise, many of the greatest artists of the period, such as Hokusai and Hiroshige, prided themselves in documenting such loves in their prints, known as ukiyo-e "pictures of the floating world", and where they had an erotic tone, shunga "pictures of spring".

Nanshoku was not considered incompatible with heterosexuality; books of erotic prints dedicated to nanshoku often presented erotic images of both young women (concubines, mekake, or prostitutes, jōrō) as well as attractive adolescent boys (wakashū) and cross-dressing youths (onnagata). Indeed, several works suggest that the most "enviable" situation would be to have both many jōrō and many wakashū. Likewise, women were considered to be particularly attracted to both wakashū and onnagata, and it was assumed that many of these young men would reciprocate that interest. Therefore, both many practitioners of nanshoku and the young men they desired would be considered bisexual in modern terminology. Men and male youths (there are examples of both) who were purely homosexual might be called "woman-haters" (onna-girai); this term, however, carried the connotation of aggressive distaste of women in all social contexts, rather than simply a preference for male sexual partners. Not all exclusively homosexual men were referred to with this terminology.

Exclusive homosexuality and personal sexual identity

The Great Mirror of Male Love (男色大鏡) by Ihara Saikaku was the definitive work on the subject of "male love" in Tokugawa Era Japan.
In his introduction to The Great Mirror of Male Love, Paul Gordon Schalow writes, "In the opening chapter of Nanshoku Okagami, Saikaku employed the title in its literal sense when he stated 'I have attempted to reflect in this great mirror all of the varied manifestations of male love. It was intended to be a societal reflection of all the different ways men in Tokugawa society loved other men.

The most common narrative of male to male sex and/or love was what we would now consider a "bisexual" experience: the "connoisseur of boys" or shojin-zuki. This term was applied not simply to men who engaged in "bisexual" behavior, but most often to men who engaged sexually and/or romantically with boys often, but not exclusively.
However, men who wished to only have sex/form relationships with boys (and men who filled the sociosexual role of "boy"): the exclusively "homosexual" "women haters" or onna-girai, were not stigmatized.

In Male Colors by Leupp, he writes:In this brilliant, refined, and tolerant milieu, we have, not surprisingly, evidence of a self conscious sub-culture. Though the Great Mirror occasionally portrays bisexual behavior, it is noteworthy that Saikaku more often depicts devotees of male love as a class who think of themselves as exclusive in their preferences, stress this exclusiveness by calling themselves "women haters" (onna-girai) and forming a unique community—a "male love sect". No other early society shows this phenomenon quite so clearly as seventeenth century Japan.Paul Gordon Schalow references these concepts in his introduction to the full English translation of The Great Mirror of Male Love, writing, "interestingly, Saikaku structured nanshoku okagami not around the 'bisexual' ethos of the shojin-zuki, but around the exclusively 'homosexual' ethos of the onna-girai."

The poem at the beginning of The Sword That Survived Loves Flame references a heroic "woman hater":

Memories of a rice husker, a woman hater unto death, saving his birthplace from disaster

In this same story, we see a character refer to himself and a friend as "woman-haters" in good humor. "What a couple of woman haters we are!" he exclaims, after they both agree that the love of "beautiful youths" is "the only thing of interest in this world".

There were wakashū who would now be considered "homosexual", wakashū who would now be considered "bisexual", and wakashū who would now be considered "heterosexual", as well as many who could not be easily sorted into these categories.

References to wakashū exclusively interested in men were relatively common, as in the example of the popular actor described in the story Winecup Overflowing, who was sent many love letters from women, but who, "ignored them completely, not out of cold heartedness, but because he was devoted to the way of male love."

Wakashū who felt this way could simply transition to being the "man" partner to a "boy", or, in some circumstances (of varying social acceptability), continue his life in the sociosexual role of "boy".

There is also much evidence of young men who engaged in this behavior out of duty, rather than love, or lust. Like in, The Boy Who Sacrificed His Life, where Saikaku writes, "it seems that Yata Nisaburo of whom you spoke to me in private is not a believer in boy love.  He was not interested in the idea of having a male lover and so, though only seventeen and in the flower of youth, has foolishly cut off his forelocks. I found his profuse apologies rather absurd but have decided to let the matter drop. Last night everyone came over and we spent the whole night laughing about it...."

Another Tokugawa author, Eijima Kiseki, who references exclusive homosexuality, writes of a character in his 1715 The Characters of Worldly Young Men, "who had never cared for women: all his life he remained unmarried, in the grip of intense passions for one handsome boy after another."

There is a genre of stories dedicated to debating the value of "male colors", "female colors", or the "following of both paths". "Colors" here indicating a specific way of sexual desire, with the desire coming from the adult male participant, to the receiving woman or "youth".  Depending on what audience the story was written for, the answer to the preferred way of life might be that the best way is to be exclusive to women, moderately invested in both women and boys, or exclusive to boys. Although these "ways of loving" were not considered incompatible, there were people and groups who advocated the exclusive following of one way, considered them spiritually at odds, or simply only personally experienced attractions in line with one of these "ways".

Social role play in man and boy roles

Traditional expressions of male to male sexual and romantic activity were between a man who had gone through with his coming of age ceremony, and a male youth who had not.

In his introduction to The Great Mirror of Male Love, Schallow writes, "a careful reading of nanshoku okagami makes clear that the constraint requiring that male homosexual relations be between an adult male and a wakashū was sometimes observed only in the form of fictive roleplaying. This meant that relations between pairs of man-boy lovers were accepted as legitimate whether or not a real man and a real boy were involved, so long as one partner took the role of 'man' and the other the role of 'boy.

In Two Old Cherry Tree Still in Bloom, the protagonists are two men who have been in love since they were youths. The "man" in this relationship is 66, and the "boy" in this relationship is 63.

In the realm of male kabuki (as opposed to "boy" kabuki), Saikaku writes,<ref>'Kichiya Riding a Horse, The Great Mirror of Male Love. Paul Gordon Schalow (trans.) p. 215.</ref>now, since everyone wore the hairstyle of adult men, it was still possible at age 34 or 35 for youthful-looking actors to get under a man's robe...If skill is what the audience is looking for, there should be no problem in having a 70 year old perform as a youth in long sleeved robes. So long as he can continue to find patrons willing to spend the night with him, he can then enter the new year without pawning his belongings.The protagonist of Saikaku's An Amorous Man hires the services of a "boy" who turns out to be ten years his senior, and finds himself disappointed.

In the Ugetsu Monogatari, written by Ueda Akinari (1734–1809), the story Kikuka no chigiri is commonly believed to be about a romantic relationship between two adult men, where neither obviously holds the sociosexual role of wakashū, though they do structure it with their age difference in mind, using the "male love" terminology "older brother" versus "younger brother".  In the story of Haemon and Takashima, two adult men, they also use this terminology, and Takashima additionally presents himself as a wakashū.

Mentions of men who openly enjoy both being the penetrating and penetrated partner are not found in these works, but are found in earlier Heian personal diaries, like in the diary of Fujiwara no Yorinaga, who writes on wanting to perform both the penetrative, and the receptive, sexual role. This is also referenced in a Muromachi era poem by the Shingon priest Socho (1448-1532).  This may indicate that the mores surrounding appropriate homosexual conduct for men had changed rapidly in the course of one-to-two centuries.

 Meiji Japan
As Japan progressed into the Meiji era, same-sex practices continued, taking on new forms. However, there was a growing animosity towards same-sex practices. Despite the animosity, nanshoku continued, specifically the samurai version of nanshoku, and it became the dominant expression of homosexuality during the Meiji period.Nanshoku practices became associated with the Satsuma region of Japan, the reason being that this area was deeply steeped in the nanshoku samurai tradition of the Tokugawa period. Also, when the Satsuma oligarchs supported the restoration of power to the emperor, they were put into positions of power, allowing nanshoku practices to be brought more into the spotlight during this time period. Satsuma also made up the majority of the newly created Japanese navy, thus associating the navy with nanshoku practices. Though during this time Japan briefly adopted anti-sodomy laws in an attempt to modernize its code (more on this below), the laws were repealed when French legalist Gustave Boissonade advised adopting a similar legal code to France's. Moreover, nanshoku flourished during the time of the Sino- and Russo-Japanese wars, due to the association of the warrior code of the samurai with nationalism. This led to close associations between the Bushidō samurai code, nationalism, and homosexuality. After the Russo-Japanese War, however, the practice of nanshoku began to die down and receive pushback.

 Rejection of homosexuality
Eventually Japan began to shift away from its tolerance of homosexuality, moving towards a more hostile stance toward nanshoku and homosexual practices more generally. For instance, the Ministry of Justice passed a sodomy law in 1873 criminalizing homosexual practices, termed the  code. This code had the effect of criticizing an act of homosexuality without actually criticizing nanshoku culture itself, which at the time was associated with the samurai code and masculinity. The keikan code came to be more apparent with the rise of groups of delinquent students that would engage in so called  battles. These groups would go around assaulting other students and incorporate them into their group, often engaging in homosexual activity. Newspapers became highly critical of these bishōnen-hunting gangs, resulting in an anti-sodomy campaign throughout the country.

Sexology, a growing field in Japan at the time, was also highly critical of homosexuality. Originating from Western thought, sexology was transferred to Japan by way of Meiji scholars, who were seeking to create a more Western Japan. Sexologists claimed that males engaging in a homosexual relationship would adopt feminine characteristics and would assume the psychic persona of a woman. They also claimed that homosexuality would degenerate into androgyny, in that the very body would come to resemble that of a woman with regard to such features such as voice timbre, growth of body hair, texture of hair and skin, muscular and skeletal structure, distribution of fatty tissues, body odor and mammary development.

The only time homosexual sodomy (anal sex) has been banned in Japan was for eight years in 1872–1880 due to western influence.

Ming dynasty China banned homosexual sodomy (anal sex) in the Ming Code since the Jiajing emperor's reign and continued into the Qing dynasty until 1907, when western influence led to the law being repealed. The Chinese mocked and insulted Puyi and the Japanese as homosexuals and presented it as proof of their perversion and being uncivilized. During World War II, straight Japanese soldiers were documented to forcing gay people into sexual slavery in lands occupied by Japan, and forcibly turning some gay natives into "comfort women" and prisoners.

Homosexuality in modern Japan

Despite the recent trends that suggest a new level of tolerance, as well as open scenes in more cosmopolitan cities (such as Tokyo and Osaka), Japanese gay men and lesbian women often conceal their sexuality, with many even marrying persons of the opposite sex.

Politics and law

Japan has no laws against homosexual activity and has some legal protections for gay individuals.  Consensual sex between adults of the same sex is legal, but some prefectures set the age of consent for same-sex sexual activity higher than for opposite-sex sexual activity.

While civil rights laws do not extend to protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation, some governments have enacted such laws.  The government of Tokyo has passed laws that ban discrimination in employment based on sexual identity.

The major political parties express little public support for LGBT rights. Despite recommendations from the Council for Human Rights Promotion, the National Diet has yet to take action on including sexual orientation in the country's civil rights code.

Some political figures, however, are beginning to speak publicly about they themselves being gay. Kanako Otsuji, an assemblywoman from Osaka, came out as a lesbian in 2005. She became the first elected member of the House of Councillors and of the Diet in 2013 and 2015 respectively to do so.  Taiga Ishikawa was elected in 2019, becoming the first openly gay man to sit in the Diet. He was out also during his time previously as a ward councillor for Nakano.

The current Constitution of Japan, which was written during American occupation, defines marriage as exclusively between a man and a woman. In an unconventional effort to circumvent marriage restrictions, some gay couples have resorted to using the adult adoption system, which is known as futsu, as an alternate means of becoming a family. In this method, the older partner adopts the younger partner which allows for them to be officially recognized as a family and receive some of the benefits that ordinary families receive such as common surnames and inheritance. In regards to the workplace, there are no anti-discrimination protections for LGBT employees. Employers play a visible role in reinforcing the Confucian tenets of marriage and procreation. Male employees are considered ineligible for promotions unless they marry and procreate.

While same-sex marriage is not legalized at the national level, the Shibuya District in Tokyo passed a same-sex partnership certificate bill in 2015 to "issue certificates to same-sex couples that recognize them as partners equivalent to those married under the law." Similar partnerships are available in Setagaya District (Tokyo), Sapporo (Hokkaido), Takarazuka (Hyogo), and over 20 other localities, as well as one prefecture (Ibaraki).

Popular culture

Mass media
A number of artists, nearly all male, have begun to speak publicly about being gay, appearing on various talk shows and other programs, their celebrity often focused on their sexuality; twin pop-culture critics Piko and Osugi are an example. Akihiro Miwa, a drag queen and former lover of author Yukio Mishima, is the television advertisement spokesperson for many Japanese companies ranging from beauty to financial products.

Some entertainers have used stereotypical references to homosexuality to increase their profile. Masaki Sumitani a.k.a. Hard Gay (HG), a comedian, shot to fame after he began to appear in public wearing a leather harness, hot pants, and cap.  His outfit, name, and trademark pelvis thrusting and squeals earned him the adoration of fans and the scorn of many in the Japanese gay community.

, Hiromi, a fashion model, came out publicly as a lesbian.

A greater number of gay characters have also begun appearing (with positive portrayals) on Japanese television, such as the highly successful Hanazakari no Kimitachi e and Last Friends television series. Boys' Love drama Ossan's Love aired first in 2016 as a standalone TV movie and was expanded to a TV series in 2018. The programme was so successful that a movie sequel was released the following year entitled Ossan's Love: LOVE or DEAD. In 2019 male same-sex relationships became further visible with the popular adapted drama What Did You Eat Yesterday?. Sailor Moon also brought homosexuals into the forefront with characters Haruka Ten'oh and Michiru Kaiou, two female senshi in a committed same sex relaionship.

Media
The subscription-based gay magazine  was published from 1952 to 1962.

In 1975 twelve women became the first group of women in Japan to publicly identify as lesbians, publishing one issue of a magazine called Subarashi Onna (Wonderful Women).

One of famous Japanese director Hirokazu Kore-eda's earliest movies, a documentary called August without Him, released in 1994, follows Hirata Yutaka, the first openly gay AIDS sufferer in Japan. Filmed over a series of months, it contrasts his public life as an outspoken figure on the lecture circuit with his personal descent into illness and death.

With the rise in visibility of the gay community and the attendant rise of media for gay audiences, the Hadaka Matsuri ("Naked Festival") has become a fantasy scenario for gay videos.

Gei-comi ("gay-comics") are gay-romance themed comics aimed at gay men.  While yaoi comics often assign one partner as a "uke", or feminized receiver, gei-comi generally depict both partners as masculine and in an equal relationship. Another common term for this genre is bara, stemming from the name of the first publication of this genre to gain popularity in Japan, Barazoku. Yaoi works are massive in number with much of the media created by women usually for female audiences. In the west, it has quickly caught on as one of the most sought-after forms of pornography. There is certainly no disparity between yaoi as a pornographic theme, vs Yuri.

Lesbian-romance themed anime and manga is known as yuri (which means "lily").  It is used to describe female-female relationships in material and is typically marketed towards straight people, homosexuals in general, or lesbians despite significant stylistic and thematic differences between works aimed at the different audiences.  Another word that has become popular in Japan as an equivalent term to Yuri is "GL" (short for "Girls' Love" in opposite to "Boys' Love"). There are a variety of yuri titles (or titles that integrate yuri content) aimed at women, such as Revolutionary Girl Utena, Oniisama e..., Maria-sama ga Miteru, Sailor Moon (most notably the third and fifth seasons), Strawberry Shake Sweet, Love My Life, etc.; and there are a variety of yuri titles of anime such as Kannazuki no Miko, Strawberry Panic!, Simoun, and My-Hime. Comic Yuri Hime is a long-time running manga magazine in Japan that focuses solely on yuri stories, which gained merges from its other subsidiary comics and currently runs as the only Yuri Hime named magazine. Other magazines and anthologies of Yuri that have emerged throughout the early 21st century are Mebae, Hirari, and Tsubomi (the latter two ceased publication before 2014).

2021 court ruling

In March 2021, the Sapporo District Court of Japan declared and announced that the 1984 law banning same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. However, in June 2022, the Osaka District Court released a ruling which upheld the ban as constitutional.

See also

 Catamite
 Greek love
 History of erotic depictions
 History of homosexuality
 History of human sexuality
 Homoeroticism
 Homosexuality in ancient Greece
 Homosexuality in ancient Rome
 Homosexuality in China
 Homosexuality in India
 Human male sexuality
 Japan
 Bara (genre)
 Gay pornography in Japan
 Gay magazine in Japan
 Gay video in Japan
 Kagema
 Kagemajaya (ja)
 LGBT culture in Singapore
 LGBT history
 LGBT rights in Japan
 Miidera (play)
 Pederasty in ancient Greece
 Pederasty
 Sexual minorities in Japan
 Yaoi
 Yuri
 Wakashū

 References

 Further reading
Bornoff, Nicholas. Pink Samurai: Love, Marriage & Sex in Contemporary Japan.
Leupp, Gary.  Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''.  Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1997.

External links

"Queer Japan", special issue of Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context
"Enduring Voices: Fushimi Noriaki and Kakefuda Hiroko's Continuing Relevance to Japanese Lesbian and Gay Studies and Activism", by Katsuhiko Suganuma
"Telling Her Story: Narrating a Japanese Lesbian Community", by James Welker
 "Japan (GAYCATION Episode 1)." Viceland. February 24, 2016.
Bibliography of Gay and Lesbian History
Resource and Support group for LGBT foreigners in Japan "Stonewall AJET"

LGBT in Japan
Sexuality in Japan

Homosexuality in Japan


සූර්යාගේ හා චන්ද්‍රයාගේ උදම් ශක්තිය හේතුවෙන් සාගර මත ඇතිවන ජල මට්ටම ඉහළ යාම හා පහත බැසීම උදම් රළ ලෙස හැදින්වේ. කාලය හා අවකාශය සමඟ වෙනස් වන ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ ක්ෂේත්‍රයක්  සහිත ඕනෑම වස්තුවක් මත උදම් සංසිද්ධිය ඇතිවිය හැක. පෘථිවියේ ගොඩබිම් ප්‍රදේශ මෙයට උදාහරණවේ.

උදම් රළ මඟින් සමුද්‍ර පතුළට හා ගං මෝය වල ජල ප්‍රමාණය කෙරෙහි සැලකිය යුතු බලපෑමක් ඇති කරයි. එසේම එමඟින් උදම් ප්‍රවාහනය යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන දෝලන තරංග ඇති කරයි. උදම් රළ පිළිබඳ අනාවැකි පළ කිරීම වෙරළාශ්‍රිත යාත්‍රා කිරීම් සඳහා වැදගත් වේ. (වැඩි තොරතුරු උදම් රළ හා යාත්‍රා කිරීම) උස් ජල මට්ටමේදී සිය යට පවතින හා ජල මට්ටම අඩු වූ විට නිරාවරණය වන පටු වෙරළ තීරය අන්තර් "උදම් කලාපය" හෝ "පෙර වෙරළ" ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. එය සාගර උදම් මඟින් ඇතිවන වැදගත් පාරිසරික ඵලයකි.

එම ප්‍රදේශයක ඇතිවන උදම් රළෙහි ස්වභාවය තීරණය වන්නේ පෘථිවියට සාපේක්ෂව සුර්යයාගේ හා චන්ද්‍රයාගේ පිහිටීම, පෘථිවිය භ්‍රමණයේ බලපෑම හා මුහුදු පතුලේ ස්භාවය යන කරුණු වල සංයුතියෙනි. උදම් අමානය මඟින් මනින ලද මුහුදු මට්ටම කෙරෙහි සුළගේ ද දැඩි බලපෑමක් තිබිය හැක.

හැඳින්වීම හා උදම් නාමකරණය

	උදම් රළ යනු චක්‍රීයව සිදුවන මුහුදු මට්ටමේ වෙනස් වීමකි. පැය කිහිපයක් මුළු ජල මට්ටම ඉහළ නැගීමෙන් ජල ගැල්මක ස්වරූපයක් වෙරළට ළගාවේ.ජලය එහි ඉහළම මට්ටම වන වඩදිය තත්වයට ලගාවේ. උදම් දියවැල් නැවතීම නිසා මෝය නිසල ජලය හෝ නිසල උදම් ලෙස හැදින්වේ. උදම් එහි දිශාව වෙනස් කරයි.

	බාදිය මට්ටමේදි ජල මට්ටම පහත වැටී නවතින අතර මෙම ස්ථානයද සංසිදුනු හෝ හැරවුමක් නම් වේ.

	උදම් ඇතිවීම අර්ධ දෛනිකව (දිනයක වඩදිය දෙවරක් හා බාදිය දෙවරක්) හෝ දෛනිකව (එක්දිනකදී එක් උදම් චක්‍රයක්) සිදුවේ. බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල උදම් ඇතිවන්නේ අර්ධ දෛනිකවය. අර්ධ දෛනිකව උදම් ඇතිවන විට වඩදිය රැළි වල උස මට්ටම අතර වෙනස්කම් දැකිය හැක (දෛනික අසමානතාව) මෙය උස් වඩදිය හා පහත් වඩදිය ලෙස උදම් සටහන් වල දැක්වේ. මෙම අසමානතාව කාලයත් සමඟ වෙනස් වේ. චන්ද්‍රයා සමකයට ඉහළින් පිහිටන විට එහි වෙනස කුඩා අගයක් ගනී.

	උදම් රළ වෙනස්වීම සඳහා බලපාන විවිධ කක්ෂීය බලපෑම සංඛ්‍යාත සංඝටක නම් වේ. බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශ වල මෙහි විශාලම  සංඝටකය වන්නේ 'ප්‍රධාන චන්ද්‍ර අර්ධ දෛනික' සංඝටකය හෙවත් M2 (හෝ M2) උදම් සංඝටක  එහි කාලාවර්තන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පැය 12 මිනිත්තු 25-2 පමණ වන අතර එය උදම් චන්ද්‍ර දිනයකින් (චන්ද්‍ර අහසේ මුදුන් වීමක සිට අනෙක් මුදුන් වීම තෙක් ගතවන සාමාන්‍ය කාලය) හරියටම අඩකි. මෙම සාමාන්‍ය උදම් ඔරලෝසුවකින් මැනගත හැකි සංඝටයකි.

උදම් ඇතිවීමට ගතවන කාලය පැය කිහිපයක සිට වර්ෂ ගණනාවක්1 තෙක් විවිධ විය හැක. එමනිසා නිරවද්‍ය මිනුම් ලබාගැනීම සඳහා උදම් ආමාන,රැළි මඟින් හටගන්නා විචලනයේ බලපෑම මිනිත්තු කිහිපයකට වඩා අඩු ස්ථාන වල පමණක් උස මට්ටම පිළිබඳ මිනුම් ලබා ගනී. මෙලෙස ලබාගන්න දත්ත ' මධ්‍යම මුහුදු මට්ටම' නමින් හඳුන්වන දත්ත හා සංසන්දනය කරයි.

M2 වලින් වෙනස් වූ සංඝටක සමාන්‍යයෙන් සුර්යයාගේ ගුරුත්වාකර්ෂණ බලය පෘථිවි භ්‍රමණය අක්ෂයේ ආනතිය, චන්ද්‍ර කක්ෂයේ ආනතිය හා චන්ද්‍රයා පෘථිවිය වටා මෙන්ම පෘථිවිය චන්ද්‍රයා වටා ඇති කක්ෂ වල ඉලිප්සීය හැඩය වැනි සාධක මත රඳා පවතී. දවසින් අඩකට වඩා අඩු විචල්‍යතාවයක් සහිත කාලාවර්ත වලින් යුත් සංඝටක අනුවර්තී සංඝටක නම් වේ. දීර්ඝ කාලීන සංඝටක වලට දින, මාස හා වර්ෂ වැනි කාලාවර්ත පැවතිය හැක.

ආශ්‍රිත
 වඩදිය
 බාදිය

සටහන්

උදම්


1469 සිට 1511 දක්වා මහනුවර රජතුමා අයත් වූයේ කෝට්ටේ පළාතටය. වික්‍රමාබාහු මහනුවර නගරය ආරම්භ කළේය, හයවන පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ පාලන සමයේදී මහනුවර රාජධානිය කොට්ටේ රාජධානිය  වෙන්විය.

ඔහුගේ පුත් ජයවීර බන්ඩාරා ඔහුගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා විය.

සේනාසම්මත වික්‍රමභාහු රජු