Eighteenth Air Force (Air Forces Transportation) (18 AF) is the only Numbered Air Force (NAF) in Air Mobility Command (AMC) and one of the largest NAFs in the United States Air Force.  18 AF was activated on 28 March 1951, inactivated on 1 January 1958, and re-activated on 1 October 2003.  18 AF is headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois.

Overview
As AMC's sole NAF, 18 AF ensures readiness and sustainment of approximately 36,000 active duty, Air Force Reserve, and civilian Airmen at 12 wings and one direct reporting unit. With more than 400 aircraft, 18th Air Force supports AMC's worldwide mission of providing rapid global mobility to America's armed forces through airlift, aerial refueling, and aeromedical evacuation.

The command's mobility aircraft include the C-5 Galaxy, KC-10 Extender, C-17 Globemaster III, C-130 Hercules, KC-46 Pegasus, and KC-135 Stratotanker. Operational support aircraft are the VC-25 (Boeing 747 / Air Force One), C-21, C-20B (Gulfstream III), C-32A (Boeing 757) , C-37A (Gulfstream V) , C-37B (Gulfstream 550) and C-40B (Boeing 737) .

18 AF has an assigned military and civilian workforce of more than 37,000 personnel.

Units
Units reporting to 18 AF include 12 wings.

Other AMC units assigned to 18th AF are:

 Airlift Wings
 19th Airlift Wing, C-130H/J
 Little Rock AFB, Arkansas
 62d Airlift Wing, C-17A
 Joint Base Lewis-McChord (McChord AFB), Washington
 89th Airlift Wing,
 VC-25A (Air Force One), C-20B (Gulfstream III), C-32A (Boeing 757), C-37A (Gulfstream V), C-40B (Boeing 737)
 Joint Base Andrews (Andrews AFB), Maryland
 436th Airlift Wing, C-5M, C-17A
 Dover AFB, Delaware
 437th Airlift Wing C-17A
 Joint Base Charleston (Charleston AFB), South Carolina
 317th Airlift Wing, C-130J
 Dyess AFB, Texas

 Air Mobility Wings
 60th Air Mobility Wing, C-5M, C-17A, KC-10A
 Travis AFB, California
 305th Air Mobility Wing, C-17A, KC-10A, KC-46A
 Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst (McGuire AFB), New Jersey
 375th Air Mobility Wing, C-21, C-40, KC-135R
 Scott AFB, Illinois

 Air Refueling Wings
 6th Air Refueling Wing, KC-135R
 MacDill AFB, Florida
 22d Air Refueling Wing, KC-135R, KC-46A
 McConnell AFB, Kansas
 92d Air Refueling Wing, KC-135R
 Fairchild AFB, Washington

618th Air Operations Center
Formerly under 18 AF, now directly under AMC, the 618th Air Operations Center (Tanker Airlift Control Center), located at Scott AFB, serves as the organization's air operations center, planning and directing tanker and transport aircraft operations around the world. It is stationed at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois.  The 618th AOC (TACC) is responsible for planning, scheduling, and tracking aircraft performing airlift, aerial refueling, and aeromedical evacuation operations around the world.  It serves as an Air Operations Center (AOC) for AMC, executing missions assigned by the United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM).

The 618th AOC (TACC), initially known as TACC, became operational April 1, 1992. Air mobility leadership sought to simplify the execution of the worldwide mobility mission. They created a highly efficient organization to centralize command and control operations previously located within numbered air forces and airlift divisions.  TACC was redesignated as the 618th TACC on April 1, 2007, and remained under that designation until being renamed the 618th AOC (TACC) Aug. 30, 2010.
618 AOC underwent extensive reorganization in 2020 and move change from reporting to 18 AF to AMC directly.

History

Origins
When the Army Air Forces (AAF) reorganized in 1946, Tactical Air Command (TAC) was established as one of its three major commands.  The AAF IX Troop Carrier Command (TCC) was inactivated as part of this reorganization and Third Air Force was reassigned to TAC to control the troop carrier units formerly part of IX TCC. It was headquartered at Greenville Army Airfield, South Carolina. The C-46 Commando and C-47 Skytrain were the primary troop carrier aircraft, but surplus C-54 Skymasters that had been originally purchased for the Air Transport Command (ATC) were made available for troop carrier use.

Third Air Force was inactivated on 1 November 1946 and TAC's troop carrier mission was reassigned to Ninth Air Force which moved to Greenville.  In 1947, many of TAC's Troop Carrier Groups/Wings were assigned directly to Headquarters TAC with the rest to the Air Defense Command's Fourteenth Air Force reserve 302d Troop Carrier Wing.  The theater troop carrier mission was expanded rapidly during the Korean War when many of these reserve units were called into active service and assigned directly to HQ TAC.

Cold War
18 AF was established and activated 28 March 1951 to discharge Tactical Air Command's (TAC) troop carrier responsibilities. The organization became operational on 1 June 1951 at Donaldson AFB, South Carolina and initially assumed control of nine "medium" C-119 Flying Boxcar troop carrier wings (314th, 375th, 403d, 433d, 434th, 435th, 443d, 514th and 515th), seven of which were Air Force Reserve wings called to active duty during the Korean War.

The command added a "heavy" (C-124 Globemaster) wing, the 62nd Troop Carrier Wing, in Fall 1951 and another in early 1953, the 63rd Troop Carrier Wing.

In the spring of 1952, 18 AF C-124 Globemasters were sent to Japan and by July 1952, C-124s from the 22nd Troop Carrier Squadron were flying missions in South Korea. The arrival of the C-124 introduced the aircraft loadmaster position to the troop carrier mission. As the Korean War wound down, C-119 Flying Boxcar crews from the 483rd Troop Carrier Wing began supporting French operations in Indochina. United States Air Force-supplied C-47 Skytrain and C-119s were placed "on-loan" to the French Air Force at Tourane Air Base.

By early 1953, the Air Force Reserve wings were replaced by active duty wings organized, administered, equipped, trained, and prepared for combat by 18 AF. Augmented troop carrier forces in the Far East and Europe provided trained crews and replacement personnel to units in the Korean War.

The next year, 18 AF C-119s from the 483rd Troop Carrier Wing (and flown by civilian crews employed by Civil Air Transport) airdropped supplies to besieged French paratroops at Dien Bien Phu, Indochina. Some 483rd personnel flew missions in an unofficial capacity and would play key roles in the troop carrier mission in later years. After the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 374th Troop Carrier Wing and TAC C-124s airlifted wounded French soldiers out of Indochina to Japan.

The command also took part in joint exercises and provided support for airborne paratroop training all the while working to improve communications capabilities and to advocate for the inclusion of medical air evacuation in joint exercises. 18 AF also provided airlift support to other Air Force major commands and TAC organizations.

The advent of the jet age saw TAC with a new mission, as it became the focal point for a new military philosophy based on the rapid deployment of heavily armed fighter/bomber units and Army airborne and light infantry units to overseas "trouble spots" before conflicts could escalate into full-scale war. 18 AF units supplemented Military Air Transport Service (MATS) airlift when needed and transported U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force units for training and deployment.

The Korean War illustrated the need for a medium transport capable of operating from dirt airstrips, which led to the development of several new transport aircraft, including the delivery of the jet-prop powered C-130 Hercules at the end of 1956. 18 AF also took deliveries of the Fairchild C-123 Provider, a twin-engine transport designed for assault operations into rudimentary landing zones.

With the advent of the C-130, TAC established the Composite Air Strike Force, commonly known as a CASF, which was centered on troop carrier C-130s supplemented by MATS aircraft to deliver personnel and cargo at a moment's notice to support TAC fighter/bombers at overseas destinations. With these new aircraft, 18 AF units rotated troop carrier units to Europe in support of NATO.

The command was heavily committed to airlift operations in Arctic areas beginning in the Fall of 1952. Between 1955 and 1957, the command offloaded and airdropped equipment supporting the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW Line) radar system across northern Canada. Helicopters of the 310th Troop Carrier Squadron, operating from two icebreakers, provided support airlift to the U.S. Navy in the HIRAN (High Precision Air Navigation) project in January 1956. The command provided airlift and airlift expertise to the U.S. Navy in Antarctic Operation Deep Freeze I and II, establishing a base at the South Pole. Crews of the 63rd Troop Carrier Wing performed the first airdrop at the South Pole in October 1956. A combat controller of the 1st Aerial Port Squadron performed the first parachute jump at the South Pole in November 1956 (in order to determine the necessary corrections for ongoing airdrops of equipment). 18 AF also provided airdrop and airland support to Alaskan Air Command and Northeast Air Command, from March to early June 1957 in order to establish similar sites on ice islands in north polar regions.

The command was also instrumental in the development of the aerial port concept, including techniques and equipment for loading troop carrier aircraft and the airdrop of cargo.

18 AF Airmen also developed the Air Force "pathfinder" combat controller capability to establish ground to air communications and navigation aids at jump sites and to select landing sites. They also carried out fixed wing assault missions using C-123 aircraft for landing on small unimproved landing areas. The command organized the first rotary assault group in the U.S. Air Force before losing the mission to the U.S. Army and served as advisory body for reserve troop carrier wings. Finally, the command was also heavily involved in the testing of new aerial delivery equipment, equipment and techniques for dropping paratroops and cargo, and navigation devices to determine "point of release".

A realignment of Troop Carrier forces in 1957 led to the reassignment of 18 AF's C-124 wings to MATS and its headquarters was moved to James Connally AFB, Texas on 1 September. At the same time, Donaldson AFB was turned over to MATS (along with the C-124s and 63d TCW assigned there). At Connally the command gained responsibility for TAC's day fighter, fighter-bomber, and aerial tanker operations on western U.S. bases.

18 AF was inactivated effective 1 January 1958 due to budgetary reasons, and its units were reassigned to Twelfth Air Force (which had been reassigned from U.S. Air Forces Europe at Ramstein Air Base, West Germany to James Connally AFB).

Air Mobility Command
18 AF was reactivated on 1 October 2003 as part of an overall AMC reorganization.
Born from the consolidation of AMC's 15th and 21st Air Forces under the leadership of Maj Gen Bill Essex, AMC'S director of plans and programs, the command had a modest restart. By the time Lt Gen William Welser III  was finally confirmed as commander a mere two months after reactivation, the 18 AF headquarters staff numbered 30 (of which more than half was the legal office).

At that time, every AMC wing and independent group reported to the 18 AF, including the newly designated 15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force and 21st Expeditionary Mobility Task Force, AMC's lead agencies for conducting airlift, air refueling, aeromedical evacuation, and expeditionary combat support operations worldwide. This meant that a single commander, the 18 AF commander, had tasking and execution authority for all air mobility missions. It became quickly apparent that in order for the command to effectively oversee the global air mobility enterprise it would have to grow and develop strong relationships with key organizations across the Air Force and United States Department of Defense.

In November 2005, Maj Gen James A. Hawkins, a former 18 AF vice commander, took the reins of the 18 AF. Under his leadership, and that of his successor, Maj Gen Winfield W. Scott III, who took command in June 2008, the command continued to evolve to meet complex missions at home and abroad.

One of the most demanding of those missions came when Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the Gulf Coast in August 2005, eventually causing more than 1,800 deaths and nearly $80 billion in damage over an area of approximately 90,000 square miles. From the initial response through recovery, 18 AF Airmen were part of a massive total force team that flew more than 300 missions that moved nearly 1,800 sick and injured hurricane victims to safety and airlifted more than 4,000 tons of relief supplies to the stricken area.

A mere two years afterward, the command also flexed its muscle overseas with the deployment of approximately 1,500 Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles to Iraq in only four months.

The increasingly complex nature of the command's mission, evidenced by global demands such as these argued for a second "rebirth" of the command, which was soon to come.

These changes occurred on 6 January 2011, when five units transferred from the 18 AF to the command of the United States Air Force Expeditionary Center (USAFEC) at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey. Included in the transition were the 87th Air Base Wing at Joint Base M-D-L, the 628th Air Base Wing at Joint Base Charleston, South Carolina, the 627th Air Base Group at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, the 43rd Airlift Group at Pope Army Air Field, North Carolina and the 319th Air Refueling Wing at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota.

The 18 AF Commander, Lt Gen Robert Allardice at the time, retained operational control of Airmen in these units (a control 18 AF retains to this day), but the change reduced his administrative burden, allowing him greater focus on the command's worldwide mobility flying operations. The need for that focus had become obvious over the years, reflected in a doubling of the 18 AF's headquarters staff between 2003 and 2010. During the same time the headquarters also added Operations and Plans directorates as well as an integration cell to leverage other key AMC staff members performing operational tasks supporting the command's mission.

While the 2011 restructuring was one of the most visible elements of an evolutionary process that enhanced the 18 AF's operational capability - it was far from the last. The following year the command went through one of its most significant restructuring efforts to date.

In March 2012, the 18 AF inactivated its two Expeditionary Mobility Task Forces: the 21st Expeditionary Mobility Task Force at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey and the 15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force at Travis Air Force Base, California. These inactivations administratively aligned the task forces' subordinate units, the 615th Contingency Response Wing at Travis, the 621st Contingency Response Wing at Joint Base MDL, the 515th Air Mobility Operations Wing at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii, and the 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing at Ramstein Air Base, Germany under the U.S. Air Force Expeditionary Center (USAF EC). The following June also saw the inactivation of the 615 CRW, with the alignment of its subordinate units under the 621 CRW.

While the changes reduced the administrative demands on the 18 AF commander, they still left him with full operational control of AMC's forces. Lt Gen Mark Ramsay, then-18 AF Commander, noted that the changes represented a more effective and efficient way of carrying out the command's global air mobility mission "especially the planning, exercising, execution, and assessment of airlift, air refueling, and aeromedical evacuation operations in support of combatant commanders across the globe."

In the wake of Japan's 2011 earthquake and tsunami, the command orchestrated efforts transporting hundreds of tons of humanitarian relief while assuring the safe return of thousands of military families back to the U.S. Simultaneously, within hours of the passing of a Security Council Resolution, AMC tanker units rapidly formed the 313th Air Expeditionary Wing, a total force "Calico wing" (so named for the variety of aircraft tail flashes from the different units that constituted it) to support the U.S. Operation Odyssey Dawn over Libya, which later became the NATO Operation Unified Protector. All this occurred against the backdrop of the massive movement of personnel and equipment from Iraq.

Since that time, the command has continued to rapidly respond to crises across the globe whether delivering relief supplies to Americans stricken by Superstorm Sandy, moving troops and equipment in the face of provocations by North Korea and Syria, or supporting international efforts battling extremists in Mali and the Central African Republic. At the same time, the command has undertaken the effort of redeploying equipment and troops from Afghanistan.

Lineage
 Established as Eighteenth Air Force (Troop Carrier) on 7 March 1951.
 Organized on 28 March 1951.
 Redesignated Eighteenth Air Force on 26 June 1951.
 Inactivated on 1 January 1958.
 Activated on 1 October 2003.
 Reorganized on 6 January 2011.

Assignments
 Tactical Air Command, 28 March 1951 – 1 January 1958.
 Air Mobility Command, 1 October 2003 – Present

Components

Divisions
 42d Air Division: 1 October 1957 – 1 January 1958
 Bergstrom AFB, Texas
 831st Air Division: 8 October 1957 – 1 January 1958
 George AFB, California
 832d Air Division: 8 October 1957 – 1 January 1958
 Cannon AFB, New Mexico
 834th Airlift Division: 1 October 1957 – 1 January 1958
 England AFB, Louisiana

Wings

 62d Troop Carrier Wing: 17 September 1951 – 1 July 1957
 63d Troop Carrier Wing: 8 January 1953 – 1 July 1957.
 64th Troop Carrier Wing: 14 July 1952 – 21 July 1954.
 313th Troop Carrier Wing: 1 February – 25 August 1953.
 314th Troop Carrier Wing: 1 June 1951 – 1 September 1957.
 375th Troop Carrier Wing: 1 June 1951 – 14 July 1952
 403d Troop Carrier Wing: 1 June 1951 – 1 January 1953
 (detached 14 April 1952 – 1 January 1953).
 433d Troop Carrier Wing: 1 June – 8 August 1951.
 434th Troop Carrier Wing: 1 June 1951 – 1 February 1953
 435th Troop Carrier Wing: 1 June 1951 – 1 December 1952

 443d Troop Carrier Wing: 1 June 1951 – 8 January 1953.
 456th Troop Carrier Wing: 1 December 1952 – 9 July 1956.
 463d Troop Carrier Wing: 16 January 1953 – 1 September 1957
 464th Troop Carrier Wing: 1 February 1953 – 1 September 1957.
 465th Troop Carrier Wing: 25 August 1953 – 1 April 1954.
 514th Troop Carrier Wing: 1 June 1951 – 1 February 1953.
 516th Troop Carrier Wing: 1 June 1951 – 1 January 1958.
 312th Fighter-Bomber Wing: 1–8 October 1957.
 450th Fighter-Day Wing: 1 October 1957 – 1 January 1958.
 479th Fighter-Day Wing: 1–8 October 1957
 (413th Fighter-Day Group attached to 479th FDW)
 506th Fighter-Day Wing: 1 October 1957 – 1 January 1958.

Groups
 309th Troop Carrier Group: 8 July 1955 – 2 June 1956 (detached 8 July 1955 –  May 1956)
 Assigned to: Ardmore AFB, Oklahoma (USAFR), C-122, C-123

Stations
 Greenville AFB (later, Donaldson AFB), South Carolina, 28 March 1951
 James Connally AFB, Texas, 1 September 1957 – 1 January 1958
 Scott AFB, Illinois, 1 October 2003 – present.

Aircraft Assigned

 C-45 Expeditor, 1951, 1954–1955
 C-46 Commando, 1951–1954
 C-47 Skytrain, 1951–1953
 C-82 Packet, 1951–1953
 C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1951–1957
 YC-122 Avitruc, 1951–1955
 C-124 Globemaster II, 1951–1957
 C-54 Skymaster, 1952
 C-123 Provider, 1955–1957
 C-130 Hercules, 1956–1957; 2003–present
 C-5 Galaxy, 2003–present
 C-9 Nightingale, 2003-2005
 C-141 Starlifter, 2003-2006
 C-17 Globemaster III, 2003–present
 KC-135 Stratotanker, 2003–present
 KC-10 Extender, 2003–present
 KC-46A Pegasus, 2020-present
 VC-25, 2003–present
 C-32, 2003–present
 C-20, 2003–present
 C-37, 2003–present
 C-40 Clipper, 2003–present

 F-84 Thunderjet, 1957–1958
 F-86 Sabre, 1957
 F-100 Super Sabre, 1957–1958
 F-101 Voodoo, 1957–1958
 KB-29 Superfortress (Tanker), 1957
 KB-50 Superfortress (Tanker), 1957–1958
 B-26 Invader, 1957–1958
 B-45 Tornado, 1957
 B-57 Canberra, 1957–1958

List of commanders

References

 Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .

External links
 Official Eighteenth Air Force website

18
Military units and formations in Illinois

Eighteenth Air Force


Hempfield Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Hempfield Township (Mercer County, Pennsylvania)
 Hempfield Township (Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania)

Hempfield Township


Alan Michael Frieze (né le 25 octobre 1945 à Londres) est un informaticien britannique.

Biographie
Frieze étudie à l'Université d'Oxford (bachelor en 1966) et obtient son doctorat à l'université de Londres en 1975 avec Keith Wolfenden . En 1968/69, il est « research officer » à British Rail et en 1969/70, il est programmeur à International Computers Limited (ICL). En 1970/71, il est lecturer à Polytechnic of North London (maintenant London Metropolitan University) et de 1972 à 1987, il enseigne à la Queen Mary University of London. Il est professeur à l'université Carnegie-Mellon depuis 1987. Il est marié avec Carol  Mayfield, qui enseigne également l'informatique à l'Université Carnegie Mellon, depuis 1969. Ils ont deux enfants.

Recherche
Avec Martin Dyer et Ravindran Kannan, il décrit en 1991 un algorithme en temps polynomial pour calculer les volumes des corps convexes en toutes les dimensions, algorithme pour lequel les trois ont reçu le prix Fulkerson en 1991. En outre, ce travail a été souligné comme l'un des développements les plus remarquables en matière d'algorithmique lors de l'attribution du prix Knuth à Ravindran Kannan. Le temps d'exécution de tous les algorithmes connus précédemment pour le calcul du volume augmente de façon exponentielle avec la dimension. Leur algorithme utilise la méthode de Monte-Carlo par chaînes de Markov (MCMC) et il est l'une des premières et des plus importantes applications de cette technique dans les algorithmes d'approximation.

Avec Ravindran Kannan, Frieze a élaboré une version algorithmique du lemme de régularité de Szemerédi. Dans leur article, ils ont introduit un lemme de régularité faible, qui est devenu un outil combinatoire important pour divers algorithmes (algorithmes de streaming, limites de graphes, algorithmes sous-linéaires).

Alan Frieze travaille en combinatoire probabiliste et ses applications en informatique théorique et en recherche opérationnelle. Il étudie en particulier les propriétés asymptotiques des graphes aléatoires, l'analyse du cas moyen des algorithmes et les algorithmes aléatoires. Ses travaux portent sur le comptage approximatif et le calcul de volume par le biais de marches aléatoires, la recherche de chemins disjoints dans les graphes expansifs, et l'exploration de la stabilité des algorithmes de routage.

Prix et distinctions

En 1991, il reçoit le prix Fulkerson avec Dyer et Kannan. En 1997, il a été boursier Guggenheim. En 2014, il est  conférencier plénier au Congrès international des mathématiciens à Séoul ((Random structures and algorithms). Il est membre de l' American Mathematical Society. Il est membre de la Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) depuis 2011. En 2015, il est élu Simons Fellow. Un colloque en l'honneur de Frieze, appelé « Frieze Fest », a eu lieu à l'université Carnegie-Mellon en 2005

Publications (sélection)
Alan Frieze a publié quelque 300 articles d'après DBLP, et un livre :
 .
 .
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Page d'accueil

Naissance en octobre 1945
Membre de l'American Mathematical Society
Professeur à l'université Carnegie-Mellon
Informaticien britannique
Lauréat du prix Fulkerson

Alan Frieze


A Reserva de Caça de Ndumo é uma pequena reserva de caça sul-africana ( 102km²)  localizada no nordeste do distrito de Cuazulo-Natal, conhecido como Maputaland. Situa-se na fronteira com Moçambique onde o Rio Pongola se junta ao Rio Maputo. É adjacente ao Parque de Elefantes de Tembe. Ndumo é relativamente remota, com mais de  de Durban. A cidade de Mkuze fica a  de distância.

Ndumo contém uma grande diversificada de habitats, incluindo florestas de duna, florestas ribeirinhas densas, planícies de inundação, planícies aluviais, canaviais, pastagens, bosques de latifoliadas, acácias e velds espinhosos extremamente densos. Ndumo é popular pela sua fauna de aves e apesar de seu pequeno tamanho, a reserva registou mais de 430 espécies de aves, incluindo residentes e migrantes sazonais. A abundância de lagoas, planícies de inundação e rios (Pongola e Maputo) do parque fornecem um habitat adequado para muitas espécies aquáticas. A área de Maputaland, em geral, é relativamente rica em avifauna devido à diversidade do ecossistema, bem como à sua localização geográfica: O sul da área forma cordilheiras para muitas espécies de aves do leste e nordeste da África. A área recebe uma alta precipitação anual.

Uma pequena lista de espécies de aves muito procuradas residentes de Ndumu:

 Corujão-pesqueiro-de-pel
 Republicano-comum
 Smithornis capensis
 Nicator gularis
 Falcão-Cuco

Os grandes mamíferos encontrados em Ndumu incluem inhala, hipopótamo, crocodilo do nilo, impala e búfalo-africano. Grandes felinos estão ausentes do parque. Os elefantes são abundantes no vizinho Parque de Elefantes de Tembe.

Tal como acontece com todas as partes de Maputaland, a malária é endêmica e os visitantes são aconselhados a tomar as devidas precauções.

Há um acampamento da Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife e um acampamento de cabanas.

Este parque foi incluído na Área de Conservação Transfronteiriça de Usuthu-Tembe-Futi.

O governo da África do Sul implementou uma versão simplificada das categorias de conservação da IUCN, de acordo com a National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), de modo que cada categoria segue indiferente as regras de categoria impostas pela IUCN. Assim, só existem apenas 5 categorias reconhecidas na África do Sul:

 Reserva Especial da Natureza, Parque Nacional, Reserva da Natureza, Ambientes Protegidos
 Áreas marinhas protegidas
 Patrimônio Mundial
 Área de floresta especialmente protegida, Reserva da natureza de floresta, Área selvagem de floresta
 Área de Bacia hidrográfica.

Sendo a Reserva de Ndumo categorizada como "Reserva Especial da Natureza".

Deslocamento de Povos Indígenas
Em 1924, a área em que hoje é a Reserva de Caça de Ndumo foi declarada área protegida pela África do Sul. Nas décadas de 1950 e 1960, os habitantes locais foram expulsos à força de suas terras natais. Embora as comunidades de Ndumo tenham contestado legalmente o seu direito à terra, lhes foi negado o direito de reassentar a terra, sendo-lhes dada uma restituição financeira e (em teoria) uma palavra a dizer na gestão. Um morador diz sobre esse período:Lá éramos ricos; comíamos batata-doce, banana, taro, mandioca e abóbora. Bebiamos do rio Usuthu. Hoje esse rio está reservado para os hipopótamos e crocodilos enquanto nossos filhos morrem de sede. Os frutos silvestres são deixados para engordar os macacos e os rinocerontes pastam nas sepulturas de nossos ancestrais. A disputa não resolvida sobre o controle desta terra e os problemas contínuos com a Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) como modelo de conservação na província (2010), resultaram na situação anômala de que a parte leste desta reserva de caça está agora ocupada e cultivada pelos habitantes locais. Isso apesar de seu status como Zona Úmida de Importância Internacional, declarado em 1997. As terras agrícolas estão substituindo a vegetação nativa e a vida selvagem, e os crocodilos não fazem mais seus ninhos ao longo do rio.

Referências

 Meer, T. 2010. Encontrar a comunidade na gestão de recursos naturais de base comunitária: o caso de Ndumo Game Reserve, África do Sul. Tese de mestrado, Dalhousie University.
 Wesołowska, W. & Haddad, Ch.R. 2009. Aranhas saltadoras (Araneae: Salticidae) da Reserva de Caça de Ndumo, Maputaland, África do Sul. Invertebrados africanos 50 (1): 13-103.

Ligações externas

 Wilderness
Sítios Ramsar da África do Sul
!Artigos com coordenadas no Wikidata

Reserva de Caça de Ndumo


Nordfjorden er en fjord i Gildeskål kommune i Nordland fylke i Norge. Fjorden er en fortsættelse af Beiarkjeften, en fjordarm af Saltfjorden, og ligger på østsiden af Sandhornøya. Fjorden har indløb mellem Mulnesodden i vest og Rønneset i øst og går 8 kilometer mod syd til Røssnesodden i bunden af fjorden. Syd for Røssnesodden går Holmsundfjorden videre mod syd, mens Beiarfjorden går østover.

På vestsiden af fjorden ligger bygderne Ertenvåg og Nygård. Fylkesvej 474 går på østsiden af fjorden, mens fylkesvei 472 går på vestsiden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Nordland

Gildeskål

Nordfjorden (Gildeskål)


Deniz Burnham (outubro de 1985) é uma Tenente da Marinha dos Estados Unidos, ex estagiária da NASA e atual candidata a astronauta.

Vida pessoal
Deniz Burnham nasceu na Base aérea de İncirlik, em Adana, Turquia, tendo mudado-se diversas vezes em sua infância. Eventualmente, Burnham mudou-se para Fairfield, formando-se na . Em 2007, Burnham formou-se na Universidade da Califórnia em San Diego com um bacharelado em engenharia química. Em 2017, ela formou-se na Universidade do Sul da Califórnia com um mestrado em engenharia mecânica. Durante sua graduação, Burnham trabalhou como estagiária no Centro de Pesquisa Ames. Burnham atualmente mora em Wasilla, Alasca, com seu noivo Shaun Little. Burnham tem uma licença de piloto privado, como também pontuação com helicópteros e o uso de instrumentos.

Carreira
Por mais de uma década Burnham liderou operações de perfuração petrolífera em alto mar em diversos locais pelos Estados Unidos e Canadá. Ela atualmente trabalha na Reserva da Marinha dos Estados Unidos como oficial executivo da unidade de operações dos estaleiros navais em Alameda (Califórnia)|Alameda]].

NASA
No dia 6 de dezembro de 2021, foi revelado que Burnham é uma dos candidatos selecionados como parte do Grupo 23 de Astronautas da NASA.

Alunos da Universidade da Califórnia em San Diego
Candidatos à astronauta
Astronautas dos Estados Unidos
Mulheres astronautas

Deniz Burnham


Ultraviolet er en amerikansk film fra 2006 instrueret af Kurt Wimmer.

Medvirkende
 Milla Jovovich som Violet Song jat Shariff
 Cameron Bright som Six
 Nick Chinlund som Daxus
 Sebastien Andrieu som Nerva
 Ida Martin som Unge Violet
 William Fichtner som Garth
 David Collier som BF-1
 Digger Mesch som Kriminalbetjent Endera
 Ryan Martin som Kriminalbetjent Breeder
 Steven Calcote som Unge Daxus

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2006
Thrillerfilm fra USA
Vampyrfilm

Ultraviolet (film fra 2006)


Gheorghe Druță (n. 22 mai 1881 — d. secolul al XX-lea, după 1941) a fost un institutor, director al "Casei Învățătorului" din Chișinău, și membru al Sfatului Țării.

Biografie
Absolvent al școlii normale din Cetatea Albă și doi ani Facultatea de Teologie din Chișinău; școala militară din Vilna, sub dominația rusă. Fost învățător-director 1902—1918; luptător ardent pentru școala națională romană sub ruși; corespondent la prima gazetă românească "Basarabia" în 1906—1907; artist și conducător de cor românesc la teatrul pentru moldoveni din Băcioi și Ialoveni — Lăpușna.

În războiul pentru întregire a luptat pe frontul românesc, în Dobrogea și pe Siret, în Statul major al corpului de armată 47 rus; delegat la congresul ostășesc Chișinău 1917; deputat în "Sfatul Țării"; însărcinat cu naționalizarea școlilor în 1917—1918. A votat unirea necondiționată din Noiembrie 1918.

După unire a fost revizor școlar la Orhei și Lăpușna; director școlar la Chișinău și membru în Comitetul de conducere al "Astrei Basarabiei", apoi F.C.R. "Principele Carol". Membru în consiliile parohiale; secretar în organizația vechilor luptători naționali; vice-președinte la ofițerii din armata moldovenească.
A publicat articole în revista "Școala Basarabeană" și gazeta "Viața Basarabiei", a tipărit harta județului Lăpușna.

Decorații: "Răsplata Muncii".

Anchetatorii de la NKVD-ul din Moldova, la 6 noiembrie 1940, i-au deschis dosar sub nr.1910, pretextând că vinovăția lui se potrivește cu articolul 54-13 din CP al RSSUc. În 1941 interimarul vice-procurorului RSSM Bitâi decide că materialele dosarului lui Gheorghe Druță trebuie prezentate consfătuirii speciale, care prin extrasul din procesul verbal nr. 50 l-a calificat pe Gheorghe Druță drept element social periculos și l-a condamnat la opt ani de lagăr siberian. Date concrete din viața de mai departe nu se cunosc.

Note

Nașteri în 1881
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Membri ai Sfatului Țării
Basarabeni
Români ai Primului Război Mondial
Români decedați în închisorile comuniste
Victime ale represiunii comuniste din Chișinău
Victime ale regimului comunist din România

Gheorghe Druță


Andreas Nikolaus "Niki" Lauda (22 Şubat 1949, Viyana - 20 Mayıs 2019, Zürih), Avusturyalı eski Formula 1 pilotu ve iş insanıdır. Üç kez F1 dünya şampiyonu olmuştur.

Avusturya'da zengin bir kâğıt fabrikatörü ailenin çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. Dedesi Hans Lauda'nın sponsorluğuyla Formula 2'ye March takımıyla giriş yaptı. O dönemde Lauda, yalnızca parayla yarışan orta yetenekli bir pilot olarak görülüyordu. İlerleyen dönemde Lauda'nın ailesi Lauda'nın bütün sponsorluk bağlarını kesti ama Niki pes etmedi. Sponsor bulamayınca bankadan 30.000 pound kredi çeken Niki, elinde bankadan çektiği krediyle F1'e adım attı.

Formula öncesi kariyeri
Babasının büyükbabası Viyana doğumlu sanayici ünlü Hans Lauda'dır. Lauda, ailesinin onaylamamasına rağmen yarış pilotu olmak istiyordu. Formula serilerinde yarışmadan önce bir Mini ile yarışmaya başlayan Lauda daha sonra Formula Vee'ye geçti, burada Porsche ve Chevron tipi otomobiller kullandı.

March yılları (1971-1972)
1971 sezonunda March'ın Formula 2 takımında yarışmaya başladı. Bu sezonda çok başarılı olamasa da 1973 sezonunda March'ın hem F1 hem de F2 takımı için yarışmaya başladı, bundaki en büyük etken bankadan aldığı 30 bin poundluk krediydi. Her ne kadar March için iki sezon yarışmış olsa da bu süre zarfında tek bir puan bile alamadı.

BRM yılları (1973-1974)
Lauda, 1973 sezonunun başında daha rekabetçi bir takım olan BRM'e geçti. Bankadan çektiği kredi bitmişti ama Lauda küçük bir dolandırıcılık yaptı. Yakın bir arkadaşını Avusturya'nın ünlü bir bankasının yöneticisi olarak tanıttı ve bu bankanın kendisine sponsor olabileceğini fakat bankanın sezonun ikinci yarısında ödeme yapabileceğini söyledi. Lauda'nın aklındaki fikir ise takımı sezonun ikinci yarısına kadar etkileyip bedava yarışmaktı. Bu plan tuttu ve hatta Lauda gösterdiği iyi performanstan ötürü küçük bir ödeme bile aldı.

Bu sezonda Lauda takım arkadaşı Clay Regazzoni'yle aynı puanı alıp (2 puan) sezonu on yedinci sırada bitirmiştir, aldığı en iyi finish ise Belçika'daki beşincilikti.

Ferrari yılları (1974-1977)

1970'lerin başında Ferrari kötü bir dönem yaşamıştı fakat Ferrari patronu Enzo Ferrari artık kazanmak istiyordu, bunun için yeni bir yapılanmaya gitti. Ferrari iki yeni pilot aramaya başlamıştı, bunlardan biri Clay Regazzoni olmuştu. İkinci pilotluk için adaylar kısıtlıydı fakat Clay Regazzoni'nin devreye girmesi ve Lauda'nın üst düzey teknik ve otomobil ayarlama becerisini çok iyi pazarlaması Lauda'yı Ferrari'ye getirdi. Lauda Ferrari'deki ilk sezonunda 2 yarış kazandı ve 38 puanla şampiyonayı dördüncü sırada bitirdi. Clay Regazzoni ise şampiyonluğu son yarışta Emerson Fittipaldi'ye kaptırdı.

1975 sezonu Lauda'nın kendini gösterdiği sezondu. Lauda bu sezonda 7 pol pozisyonu ve 5 yarış galibiyeti alarak takım arkadaşı Clay Regazzoni'yi adeta mat etti. Sıralama turlarında Regazzoni'ye karşı 14-0'lık bir üstünlük kurdu. Bu sezonda şampiyonayı 64.5 puan alarak  Emerson Fittipaldi'nin 19.5 puan önünde bitiren Lauda kariyerinin ilk şampiyonluğunu kazandı.

1976 sezonunda Emerson Fittipaldi aile takımı Copersucar'a geçmiş, McLaren ise ondan boşalan koltuğu Niki Lauda'nın kadim dostu ve en büyük rakibi James Hunt ile doldurmuştu. Lauda ise ilk dokuz yarıştan çıkardığı beş galibiyetle adeta şampiyonayı domine etmişti.

Nürburgring kazası
1 Ağustos 1976'da Nürburgring'de gerçekleştirilen sezonun onuncu yarışı 1976 Almanya Grand Prix'de Lauda ikinci turda Bergwerk virajına gelmeden önceki son çıkışta ıslak zeminin de etkisiyle kontrolü kaybedip önce bariyerlere daha sonra da Brett Lunger'in aracına çarpıp benzin deposundan sızan benzinin alev almasıyla yanmaya başladı. Lauda sıkışmıştı, otomobilden çıkamadı. Onun imdadına Arturo Merzario, Brett Lunger, Guy Edwards ve Harald Ertl koştu fakat Lauda'nın otomobilden çıkması bir dakikadan uzun sürmüş bu süre zarfında ise Lauda'nın kafası, göz bebekleri, akciğeri ve bir kulağı yanacak, ciğerleri zehirli gazla dolacaktı. Hastaneye kaldırılan Lauda acilen ameliyata alındı, kimsenin inancı kalmamıştı, herkes Lauda'nın öleceğine inanmış üstelik ailesi son duası için bir rahibe bile ayarlamıştı fakat Lauda bunlara rağmen hayatta kaldı. Üstüne üstlük yaptığı kazadan sonra yalnızca iki yarış kaçırarak tam altı hafta sonra yarışmaya devam etti.

Yarışa dönüşü
Altı hafta sonra Formula 1'e Monza'da geri döndü. Beşinci olarak başladığı yarışta dördüncü olarak mucizevi bir yarış çıkaran Lauda sezon sonuna kadar yarış kazanamasa da en büyük rakibi Hunt'ın üç puan önünde sezonun son yarışı olan Japonya GP'sine başlasa da yoğun yağmurdan dolayı ikinci turda otomobilini pite çekti ve yarışmayı bıraktı. Lauda bu kararında yalnız değildi, birkaç tur sonra Larry Perkins ve Emerson Fittipaldi de otomobillerini pite çekti. Ferrari motor arızası gibi bir yalan söylemeyi önerdi fakat Lauda "Hayatım bir şampiyonluktan daha önemli değil." diyerek gerçeğin söylenmesini istedi. Bu karar Ferrari patronu Enzo Ferrari'yi çılgına çevirmişti. Enzo Ferrari hayatı boyunca yarış kazanmayı otomobil satmaktan bile önemli görmüş çok hırslı bir liderdi ve bu kararından ötürü Lauda'yı korkaklıkla suçladı.

1977 sezonu için daha önceden sözleşme imzalayan Lauda ile Enzo Ferrari arasındaki ipler iyice gerilmeye başlamıştı. Enzo Ferrari Lauda'nın kafaca bittiğini ve yarışmaktan korktuğunu düşünüyordu ve Lauda'ya yarışmayı bırakıp takımın menajeri olmasını önerdi. Lauda'nın bu teklifi kabul etmeye niyeti yoktu, yapılan uzun görüşmelerin ardından Lauda, Carlos Reutemann'ın arkasında ikinci pilot olmaya ikna olmuştu. Lauda geçirdiği kaza sonrasında daha yavaş bir pilot olmuştu fakat otomobil ayarlamadaki ustalığı ve yarış becerisi daha da gelişmişti. Lauda, Reutemann'a kurduğu üstünlük sayesinde mühendisleri kendi safına çekmişti. Sıralama turlarında Lauda'nın kurduğu 8-7'lik üstünlükle beraber Lauda 15 yarışta 3 galibiyet ve 7 podyum başarısı gösterirken Reutemann 17 yarışta yalnızca 1 galibiyet alabilmiş, 5 kez podyuma çıkma başarısı göstermişti. Bu sezon şampiyonluğu garantileyen Lauda, Ferrari'yle oluşan kötü ilişkisinden ötürü son iki yarışa çıkmamıştı, daha sonra Lauda bir röportajında bu kararında pişmanlık duyduğunu açıklayacaktı.

Brabham yılları (1978-1979)
1977 sezonunun sonunda Ferrari'den ayrılan Lauda, 1978 sezonuna Brabham ile başladı. Bu sezonda 2 galibiyet ve 44 puan alarak şampiyonayı dördüncü sırada bitirdi.

1978 sezonu geldiğinde Lauda yaşlanmıştı, artık eski hızında değildi. Bu sezonda yalnızca 4 puan alabilmiş ve sezonun on beşinci yarışı olan Kanada GP'sinin antrenman turlarında otomobilini pite çekerek "Artık bir pistin etrafında daireler çizmekten bıktım." diyecek ve emekliliğini ilan edecekti. Ondan boşalan koltuğa ise Arjantinli pilot Ricardo Zunino oturmuştu.

Girişimcilik dönemi (1979-1982)
Formula 1'den emekli olan Lauda hobisi olan havacılık sektörüne yatırım yapmaya karar vermiş ve kendi adını taşıyan Lauda Air'ı kurmuştur. 1982'ye kadar işler iyi gitmişti ama artık Lauda bu şirketi finanse etmekte zorlanıyor ve maddi sıkıntılar yaşıyordu. Bu maddi sıkıntılara Formula 1'e geri dönerek çözüm bulacaktı.

McLaren yılları ve F1'e dönüş (1982-1985)
1982 sezonunda Lauda F1'e geri dönmek istiyordu ve bunun için McLaren takım patronu Ron Dennis'i arayarak 3 milyon dolar karşılığında yarışabileceğini söyledi. Bu teklif herkesi şoke etmişti çünkü o dönemde pilotların milyon dolarlar kazanmaları görülmüş bir şey değildi. Ron Dennis bu teklifi kabul etti ama sponsorlar endişeliydi, Lauda uzun süredir Formula 1'den uzaktı fakat Lauda o sezon aldığı 2 galibiyet ve 30 puanla şampiyonayı beşinci sırada bitirerek herkese tekrar kazanabileceğini göstermişti.

1983 sezonu McLaren için geçiş sezonuydu, takım Ford motorundan Porsche motoruna geçiş yapıyordu, Lauda bu sezonda iyi bir performans sergileyemedi ve en iyi sonucu Long Beach'teki ikincilik oldu. Bu sezonu 12 puanla takım arkadaşı John Watson'ın 10 puan gerisinde 10. bitirdi.

1984 sezonunda Lauda'nın yeni takım arkadaşı Alain Prost olmuştu. Lauda bu fikre baştan karşı çıksa da bu ikili sezondaki 16 yarışın 12'sini kazanarak McLaren'ı takımlar şampiyonu olmasında büyük rol oynadılar. Lauda ise 12 yarıştan 5 galibiyet çıkarmış ve takım arkadaşı Alain Prost'un sadece 0.5 puan önünde üçüncü dünya şampiyonluğunu kazanmıştır. (Bu yıl yapılan Monako GP yarıda kesildiği için pilotların bu yarışta kazandığı puanlar ikiye bölünmüştür.) Lauda bu sezonda Avusturya'da kazanıp 'Avusturya'da kazanan ilk Avusturyalı ' olmuştur.

1985 sezonunda işler hiç de iyi gitmiyordu, Lauda başladığı 14 yarışın 11'inde finişi göremedi ancak Hollanda'da yapılan yarışı kazanmayı başardı ve sezonun son yarışında emekli oldu.

Emeklilikten sonraki yaşamı
Emekliliğini açıkladıktan sonra bir süre daha kendi havayolu şirketini yönetti ve Ferrari'ye danışmanlık yaptı. 26 Mayıs 1991'de 223 kişinin öldüğü bir kaza yaşandı, ilk başlarda Niki Lauda suçlansa da kendisi olay yerine gidip incelemelerde bulunmuş, Londra'da uçuş simülasyonları yapmış ve Boeing firmasını hatasını kabullenmeye zorlamıştır. Lauda, Lauda Air'ı 1999 yılında Austrian Airlines'a sattı. Daha sonra Jaguar Racing'in 2001-2002 sezonu patronu oldu fakat bu görevde pek başarılı olamadı. 2003'te yine kendi adını taşıyan havayolu şirketi Niki'yi kurdu. Bu şirketi de 2011 yılında Air Berlin'e sattı ve Mercedes'te görev almaya başladı. 2013 yılında Mercedes takımının %10 hissesini satın aldı ve fahri başkan oldu. Lewis Hamilton'ın Mercedes'e kazandırılmasında önemli rol oynadı. Ayrıca kaleme almış bulunduğu 5 kitabı vardır.

Ölümü
20 Mayıs 2019'da tedavi gördüğü Zürih Üniversitesi Hastanesinde böbrek yetmezliğine bağlı sorunlardan dolayı uykusunda hayatını kaybettiği açıklandı. Aziz Stefan Katedrali'ndeki cenazesine Gerhard Berger, Jackie Stewart, Alain Prost, Nelson Piquet, Jean Alesi, Sebastian Vettel, Lewis Hamilton, David Coulthard, Nico Rosberg, Valtteri Bottas ve Arnold Schwarzenegger gibi ünlü isimler katıldı.

Kaynakça

1949 doğumlular
Viyana doğumlu sporcular
2019 yılında ölenler
Avusturyalı Formula 1 pilotları
Formula 1 Dünya Sürücüler Şampiyonları
İspanya'daki Avusturyalı gurbetçiler
British Racing Motors pilotları
Brabham pilotları
Ferrari pilotları
March Engineering pilotları
McLaren pilotları
A1 Grand Prix kişileri
BRDC Gold Star sahipleri
Formula 2 pilotları
World Sportscar Championship sürücüleri
Uluslararası Motor Sporları Onur Listesi üyeleri
BBC Yılın Denizaşırı Sporcusu Ödülü sahipleri

Niki Lauda


DRTV er en internet-baseret streamingtjeneste udviklet af DR, der gør det muligt at se DR's tv-kanaler direkte og se tidligere tv-programmer on demand på forskellige platforme og operativsystemer. Tjenesten hed tidligere DR Nu, men blev relanceret den 2. juni 2014 som DR TV, senere skrevet DRTV.

Den 30. oktober 2015 blev tjenesten tilgængelig som en app på Apple TV, og den 30. november 2015 på Playstation 3 og 4. Den 17. marts 2017 blev DRTV tilgængelig som en app på Panasonic fjernsyn fra årgang 2014-2017.

Historie
DR Nu var DR's første tjeneste for live Tv via internettet, udviklet af DR i 2010, der gjorde det muligt at se DRs tv-kanaler direkte og se nogle af tidligere tv-programmer on demand, som var mulig, at tilgå via hjemmesiden - www.dr.dk/nu,  ved brug af en browser.
Siden marts 2012 har tjenesten desuden kunne bruges på iOS- og Android-enheder efter at DR udviklede en HTML5-udgave af tjenesten.
I januar 2013 blev der laver et pilotprojekt på nogle fjernsyn, der understøtter den nye HbbTV-teknologi.  men den 2. juni 2014 blev det relanceret som DR TV, der kun tilgå som app til IOS, Android og Windows Phone, samt smart-tv via HbbTV-standarden. Den 30. oktober 2015 blev tjenesten tilgængelig som en app på Apple TV, efteråret 2019 blev den lanceret en nyt design til DRTV, som var inspireret af Netflix, for at få en mere "personlig oplevelse" og "inspirere folk til at se vores indhold".  I 2022 fjernede DR understøttelsen af PlayStation 4 og PlayStation 5, og således kunne DRTV ses via "mobiler, tablets, computere og SmartTV med AndroidTV eller HbbTV - eller via en Chromecast, Android- eller Apple TV-boks tilsluttet skærmen."

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

TV
Nettvkanaler
Streaming
Etableret i 2014

DRTV


Somalibiæder (latin: Merops revoilii) er en skrigefugl, der lever på Afrikas Horn.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Biædere
Fugle fra Afrikas Horn

Somalibiæder


Den gode søn er en dansk kortfilm fra 2001 med instruktion og manuskript af Laurits Munch-Petersen.

Handling
Jens tager sin afdøde far Otto med på en sidste motorcykeltur gennem København.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2001

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Den gode søn


Mesaj (İngilizce özgün adı: Contact), Carl Sagan'ın aynı adlı romanından beyaz perdeye uyarlanan 1997 yapımı bir bilimkurgu filmidir. Yönetmenliğini Robert Zemeckis yapmış ve başrollerini Dr. Eleanor Ann "Ellie" Arroway rolüyle Jodie Foster, Palmer Joss rolüyle Matthew McConaughey, Ulusal Güvenlik Müşaviri Michael Kitz rolüyle James Woods ve Dr. David Drumlin rolüyle Tom Skerritt oynamıştır.

Konu
Arroway, Vega yıldızından gelen bir sinyal keşfeder. Bu sinyal çözüldüğünde, yüksek teknolojili bir araç tasarım şablonu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir truva atı ya da uzaklara gidilmesine olanak verecek bir uzay gemisi olma ihtimalleri dünya çapında tartışıldıktan sonra ABD hükûmeti aracı üretmeye karar verir.

Gösterim tarihi
Film Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde 11 Temmuz 1997'de, Türkiye'de ise 31 Ekim 1997'de gösterime girmiştir.

Kaynakça

1997 çıkışlı filmler
1990'larda bilimkurgu filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri bilimkurgu filmleri
Psikolojik deney filmleri
Warner Bros. filmleri
Robert Zemeckis'in yönettiği filmler
Bilimkurgu romanlarından uyarlanan filmler
Dünya dışı yaşam konulu filmler
Japonya'da çekilmiş filmler
Porto Riko'da çekilmiş filmler
Alan Silvestri'nin müziğini yaptığı filmler
Konusu Hokkaidō'da geçen filmler
Konusu Wisconsin'de geçen filmler
Kurguda Vega
Arizona'da çekilmiş filmler
Florida'da çekilmiş filmler
Ateizm ile ilgili filmler
1990'larda İngilizce filmler
En İyi Dramatik Sunum Hugo Ödülü kazanan eserler

Mesaj (film)


365 Dni: Ten Dzień (em inglês: 365 Days: This Day; bra: 365 Dias: Hoje; prt: 365 Dias: Naquele Dia) é um filme de suspense erótico de 2022, dirigido por Barbara Białowąs e Tomasz Mandes. Servindo como uma sequência de 365 Dni, é baseado em Ten Dzień, o segundo livro da trilogia escrita por Blanka Lipińska. É estrelado por Anna-Maria Sieklucka, Michele Morrone e Magdalena Lamparska.

O filme foi lançado mundialmente na Netflix em 27 de abril de 2022, com uma recepção crítica amplamente negativa semelhante ao seu antecessor. Uma sequência, Next 365 Days, está programada para o final do ano.

Enredo
O filme começa com Massimo e Laura se casando. Laura perdeu seu bebê devido ao acidente ocorrido nas cenas finais do filme anterior. Ambos estão felizes, até que Laura começa a se sentir entediada, pois não tem nada para fazer enquanto Massimo está ocupado com seu trabalho. As discussões diárias forçam sua mente a passar mais tempo com Nacho, o jardineiro de Massimo. Uma noite em uma festa na casa de Massimo, Laura o encontra fazendo sexo com sua ex-namorada Anna. Ela fica com o coração partido e sai da festa, onde encontra Nacho. Ambos fogem para uma ilha. Enquanto isso, Massimo fica confuso com o que aconteceu e começa a procurar por Laura. Laura começa a curtir a vida na ilha e ao mesmo tempo fantasia em transar com Nacho.

Um dia, Nacho pede a Laura para conhecer seu pai e acaba dizendo a ele é filho do dono da gangue mafiosa rival de Massimo. Laura fica chocada e se sente traída, mas ainda acompanha Nacho até a casa do pai. Laura fica com alguns guardas e Nacho vai ao encontro do pai. Massimo está discutindo com o pai de Nacho e é revelado que eles têm Laura com eles. De repente, Nacho percebe que deixou Laura com os guardas errados e Massimo e Nacho correm para salvar Laura. Enquanto isso, Laura é sequestrada pelo irmão gêmeo de Massimo, Adriano. É revelado que na noite em que Laura viu Massimo transando com Anna, na verdade era Adriano. Massimo entra no local e tenta salvar Laura. Massimo e Adriano sempre foram rivais, e tudo fazia parte do plano de Adriano. Laura corre e é baleada por Anna e Massimo atira em Adriano. O filme termina com Laura baleada e deitada nos braços de Massimo.

Elenco

 Anna-Maria Sieklucka como Laura Biel
 Michele Morrone como
 Don Massimo Torricelli, marido de Laura
 Irmão gêmeo de Massimo, Adriano Torricelli
 Magdalena Lamparska como Olga
 Otar Saralidze como Domenico
 Simone Susinna como Nacho

Produção
As filmagens começaram em maio de 2021, em locais da Itália e Polônia, com Anna-Maria Sieklucka e Magdalena Lamparska reprisando seus papéis do primeiro filme. A produção estava originalmente programada para começar em 2020, na Sicília e na Polônia, mas foi adiada devido à pandemia de COVID-19. Em fevereiro de 2021, Michele Morrone também foi confirmado para reprisar seu papel.

Trilha sonora

Lançamento
365 Dni: Ten Dzień foi lançado em 27 de abril de 2022, na Netflix, na Polônia, Estados Unidos e Reino Unido.

Recepção
Na data de lançamento, 27 de abril de 2022, Ten Dzień foi o filme mais assistido na Netflix em 74 países, e um dia depois em 83. Durante a primeira semana após a estreia, ele conseguiu manter consistentemente a primeira posição em mais de 60 países.

No site agregador de resenhas Rotten Tomatoes, 0% das avaliações de 15 críticos são positivas. O Metacritic, que usa uma média ponderada, atribuiu ao filme uma pontuação de 8 em 100, com base em cinco críticos, indicando "aversão esmagadora".

Jonathan Wilson, do Ready Steady Cut, deu ao filme uma crítica negativa, dizendo como o filme, ao lado de outros filmes eróticos, tinha "representações profundamente insalubres de sexo e relacionamentos que glamourizam e justificam várias formas de controle de abuso e dominação", e que sobrariam apenas 15 minutos de enredo no filme, se as cenas de sexo, que compunham 80% do filme, fossem retiradas. Jessica Kiang, da Variety, disse que o filme "é um lixo que excita". Kate Erbland, do IndieWire, também deu uma crítica negativa, dizendo que "a maioria do público que assiste 365 Dni: Ten Dzień provavelmente não está procurando contos de empoderamento feminino ou enredos coerentes, mas o desdém com que o filme trata tanto seus espectadores quanto sua protagonista não pode deixar de incomodar." Oli Welsh, da Polygon, disse que "por mais difícil que seja acreditar, é ainda pior do que o primeiro filme. Mas desce mais fácil, porque muito do lado ridículo do primeiro filme foi suavizado." Shaun Munro, do Flickering Myth, deu ao filme uma nota 1 de 5, dizendo que "esta sequência picante tenta em vão se distanciar das bases nojentas de seu antecessor e, embora seu enredo de sub-telenovela seja ultrajante o suficiente para ser perversamente divertido, por qualquer métrica padrão, é realmente terrível."

Sequência
Os planos para uma sequência, intitulada Next 365 Days, foram adiados devido à pandemia de COVID-19. Em maio de 2021, foi relatado que a Netflix havia começado a filmar Next 365 Days simultaneamente com Ten Dzień, para um lançamento em 2022. Morrone, Sieklucka e Lamparska foram confirmados para retornar.

Filmes adiados devido à pandemia de COVID-19
Filmes ambientados em Varsóvia
Filmes baseados em romances de autores da Polônia
Filmes da Polónia de 2022
Filmes de drama erótico
Filmes de drama romântico da Polónia
Filmes em língua espanhola
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes em língua italiana
Filmes em língua polonesa
Filmes gravados na Itália
Filmes gravados na Polônia
Filmes sobre gângsteres
Filmes suspensos devido à pandemia de COVID-19

365 Dni: Ten Dzień


Kontéa () ou Türkmenköy est une commune chypriote, située de facto en République turque de Chypre du Nord dans le district chypriote turc de Gazimağusa, de jure en République de Chypre dans le district chypriote grec de Famagouste.

Références

Localité à Chypre

Kontéa


Viktor Turjanski (în ) sau Viktor Tureanski (în ) (4 martie 1891, Kiev, Imperiul Rus - 13 august 1976, München, Republica Federală Germania), născut Viaceslav Turjanski (în ), a fost un actor, scenarist și regizor de film rus / ucrainean, care a emigrat după Revoluția Rusă  din 1917. A lucrat în Franța, apoi un timp în Statele Unite ale Americii, a revenit în Franța, s-a instalat apoi în Germania Nazistă și și-a încheiat cariera cinematografică în Italia.

Biografie
Născut într-o familie de artiști la Kiev, tânărul Tourjansky s-a mutat la Moscova în 1911, unde a studiat un an în clasa lui Stanislavski, apoi a turnat în filme mute și doi ani mai târziu și-a făcut debutul ca regizor-realizator în ajunul Primului Război Mondial. Când a izbucnit Revoluția din Octombrie, s-a refugiat la Ialta care nu era încă luată de bolșevici.

Când decretele de naționalizare a industriei cinematografice au fost aplicate în Crimeea, a plecat cu Compania lui Ermoliev și actorii săi în Franța via Constantinopol în februarie 1920. Era însoțit de soția sa, actrița Nathalie Kovanko / Natalia Kovanko și de cumnatul său Boris de Fast. Sosit la Paris, și-a schimbat numele de botez, Viaceslav, în Victor mai ușor de pronunțat pentru francezi. Numele său a fost asociat și cu acela de Victor de Fast.

A fost asistent  al lui Abel Gance pentru turnarea filmului Napoléon, în 1927.

A lucrat apoi pentru  Universum Film AG în Germania, unde s-a instalat în anii 1930.

În 1931  a întâlnit-o pe actrița franceză Simone Simon pentru care a turnat un prim film, Le Chanteur inconnu. În 1935 a turnat un al doilea film cu ea, Les Yeux noirs. Nathalie Kovanko l-a părăsit pe Victor Tourjansky și s-a înapoiat la ea, în Ucraina.

La sfârșitul anilor 1950, s-a instalat în Italia și a realizat mai multe filme italiene.

Filmografie (selecție)
 Dracula (1920)
 Michel Strogoff (1926)
 Volga, Volga (1928)
 Manolescu (1929) (Manolescu, der König der Hochstapler: "Manolescu, rege al impostorilor")
 The Eaglet (1931)
  (1934); titlul în română: Volga în flăcări
 The Battle (1934)
 Dark Eyes (1935)
 City of Anatol (1936)
 La Peur (film) (1936)
 The Lie of Nina Petrovna (1937)
 Wells in Flames (1937)
 Faded Melody (1938)
 Geheimzeichen LB 17 (1938)
 The Blue Fox (1938)
 A Woman Like You (1939)
 Der Gouverneur (1939)
 Die keusche Geliebte (1940)
 Feinde (1940, și scenariul), titlul în română: Dușmani
 Illusion (1941, și scenariul)
 Tonelli (1943, și scenariul)
 Liebesgeschichten (1943)
 Orient-Express (1944, și scenariul)
 Dreimal Komödie (1945)
 Chased by the Devil (1950)
 Salto Mortale (1953)
 Königswalzer (1955)
 La donna dei faraoni (1960)
 Le Triomphe de Michel Strogoff (1961)
 Freddy and the Millionaire (1961)
 Una regina per Cesare (AKA: A Queen for Caesar) (1962), în română: O regină pentru Cezar.

Note

Izvoare
 Christian Gilles, Le cinéma des années [trente, quarante, cinquante] par ceux qui l'ont fait,  Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000. ISBN 978-2-7384-8951-7
 Tourjansky Viatcheslav/Victor (1891-1976) sur 1895

Legături externe

 Victor Tourjansky sur BiFi.fr

Regizori ruși
Regizori de filme mute
Actori ruși
Scenariști ruși
Nașteri în 1891
Nașteri pe 4 martie
Decese în 1976
Decese pe 13 august
Nașteri la Kiev
Decese la München
Emigranți ruși

Viktor Turjanski


Philippe de Commines, Fransız edebiyatının erken dönemlerinde lirik şair. Yazdığı fabliauxlarla ünlüydü.

Eserleri arasında erken yazın manzume romanslarından sonra ortaya çıkan romanslar bulunur. Tarihi belgeler bu tip yazının ana unsurudur. Commines' in yanı sıra dönemin en bilinen diğer tarihi yazarları Jean Froissant, Jean de Joinville ve Geoffroy de Villehardouin´dir.

Avrupalı soylular
Belçikalı tarihçiler
Fransız diplomatlar
Fransız şairler
Fransız edebiyatı
16. yüzyıl diplomatları

Philippe de Commines


O linie electrică aeriană (de înaltă tensiune) este destinată transmisiei energiei electrice la distanță. Ea este compusă un grup de conductoare  (sârme) separate, care sunt susținute deasupra suprafeței pământului  de stâlpi de linii de energie electrică. Conductoarele liniei  sunt de regulă izolate între ele și față de pământ prin straturile  de  aer respective și de asemenea prin izolatori electrici față  de stâlpii de susținere ai liniei.   Pentru linii aeriene cu tensiuni mai mici de 50 kV  sunt utilizați stâlpi de lemn, beton, și schelete din  țeavă de oțel și profile cornier. Pentru tensiuni mai mari de 50 kV sunt  folosiți stâlpi schelete de oțel, cel puțin în Europa; pentru liniile de nivel de tensiune de 110 kV, de asemenea, sunt utilizați din ce în ce mai mult piloni din tub din oțel. Pentru a preveni șocurile electrice (electrocutările), linii electrice aeriene trebuie să respecte anumite distanțe minime față de sol, drumuri și clădiri. Există, de asemenea, cabluri electrice aeriene izolate suspendate, care sunt susținute de cablu de oțel fixat și încorporat corespunzător.

Note

Bibliografie
 Friedrich Kießling, Peter Nefzger, Ulf Kaintzyk: Freileitungen. 5. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2001, ISBN 978-3-642-62673-9
Energietechnik:
 Rene Flosdorff, Günther Hilgarth: Elektrische Energieverteilung. 4. Auflage. B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-519-36411-5

Legături externe

http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/593/why-are-thin-wires-strung-along-the-tops-of-high-voltage-transmission-towers
http://edisontechcenter.org/Transmission.html

Vezi și
Rețea electrică
Stație electrică

Rețele electrice
Distribuția energiei electrice

Linie electroenergetică aeriană


Jens Peter Martinus Laursen (født 1. januar 1888 i Tulstrup, død 23. maj 1967 på Frederiksberg) var en dansk gymnast, som deltog i de olympiske lege 1912.

Ved legene i 1912 vandt han sammen med 27 andre danske deltagere sølvmedalje i holdgymnastik efter svensk system. Danskerne var på forhånd sikret medalje, idet blot tre hold deltog. Vindere blev Sverige med 937,46 point, mens danskerne fik 898,84 og Norge 857,21 point.

Referencer

Gymnaster fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1912
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Danmark

Jens Peter Laursen


Doğray, Eskişehir ilinin Beylikova ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 79 km, Beylikova ilçesine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Beylikova'nın mahalleleri

Doğray, Beylikova


قصر بوربون يقع في مدينة باريس على الضفة الغربية لنهر السين ويعود تاريخ بنائه لسنة 1722 م ويتولى الحرس الجمهوري حراسة القصر
والذي يعد حاليا مقر الجمعية الوطنية الفرنسية

معرض صور

مقالات ذات صلة
 قائمة قصور باريس

الجمعية الوطنية الفرنسية
الدائرة السابعة في باريس
عمارة كلاسيكية جديدة في باريس
قصور في باريس
مبان تشريعية في أوروبا
مقاعد مجالس تشريعية وطنية

قصر بوربون


Myrcia eumecephylla é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Myrcia e da família Myrtaceae.
Ocorre em mata de tabuleiro e floresta ombrófila. Frutos em setembro e novembro.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1893 por Franz Josef Niedenzu.
Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:
 Aulomyrcia eumecephylla  O.Berg
 Myrcia limae  G.M.Barroso & Peixoto

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e arbórea.

Descrição
Árvore com caule liso e descamante. Ela tem folhas oblongas obtusas no ápice e emarginadas ou peltadas na base; pecíolo glabro, com espessamento secundário descamante, enegrecido e glabro. Inflorescência com bractéolas lanceoladas na base, tricomas estrigosos ao longo da raque, panícula terminal com duas brácteas foliáceas na base, ramificações secundárias pouco desenvolvidas dão aspecto espiciforme à panícula. Flor com bractéola linear na base, indumento revestindo o hipanto é híspido e curto, flor com 5 lobos irregulares. Fruto globoso com tricomas remanescentes, mas glabro na maior parte.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia e Espírito Santo.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Santos, M.F.; Amorim, B.S.; Burton, G.P.; Fernandes, T.; Gaem, P.H.; Lourenço, A.R.L.; Lima, D.F.; Rosa, P.O.; Santos, L.L.D.; Staggemeier, V.G.; Vasconcelos, T.N.C.; Lucas, E.J. 2020. Myrcia  in Flora do Brasil 2020.

Ligações externas
 Myrcia eumecephylla no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Myrcia
Plantas descritas em 1893
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Myrcia eumecephylla


Hugo Gjanković (Buzet, 18. rujna 1893. – Dubrovnik, 14. svibnja 1981.), hrvatski liječnik, kirurg i ginekolog

Životopis
Rođen u Buzetu. U Beču je studirao medicinu. Doktorirao je 1920. godine. Specijalizirao ginekologiju i kirurgiju. U Beču se zaposlio na ginekološkoj klinici, a od 1922. suradnik je novonastalog odjela za kirurgiju na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Beču. Od 1922. radi na zagrebačkoj Kirurškoj klinici.
Zbog političkih je razloga tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata preselio na kiruršku kliniku u Sarajevu. Sveučilišni je profesor na zagrebačkoj klinici od 1947., a od 1952. do 1953. obnašao je dužnost predstojnika. Od 1953. je u Dubrovniku, gdje vodi kirurški odjel bonice sve do 1961. godine.
Smatra ga se jednim od osnivača suvremene kirurgije u Hrvatskoj. Autor je prvih hrvatskih udžbenika iz opće kirurgije i kirurške propedeutike. Osnivač je i urednik prvoga hrvatskoga časopisa Acta chirurgica. Osnovao ga je 1950. godine. Članke objavio i u Liječničkom vjesniku. Autor više članaka Medicinske enciklopedije Leksikografskog zavoda.
Uže područje Gjankovićeva interesa bila je kirurgija peptični ulkus te liječenje raka dojke kirurškim putem.

Bio je članom Hrvatskog liječničkog zbora.

Bogata dubrovačka povijest inspirirala ga je te je objavio je nekoliko radova iz dubrovačke medicinske prošlosti. Radove iz ovog područja objavio je u mnogim časopisima među kojima su Dubrovnik i Naše more.

Oženio je Gretu, Židovku koja je u prvom braku bila udata za Adolfa Bresslauera. Prema svjedočenju Mirjane Gross, Hugova supruga Greta izmolila je nadbiskupa Stepinca neka izda lažan rodni list njezinu sinu Danu (r. 1925.). U listu bi pisalo da je Danov otac Gjanković, a ne Bresslauer, čime bi bio dijete iz mješovitog braka i time spašen. Gretinoj je molbi Stepinac te je Gretin sin Dan Bresslauer postao Gjanković.

Izabrana djela
 Nauka o zavojima: priručnik s 363 originalne ilustracije. Zagreb, Medicinska knjiga, 1976.
 Hugo Gjanković, Sreten Bošković: Dijagnoza u opštoj hirurgiji. Svjetlost, Sarajevo 1988. ISBN 8601022464

Bibliografija
 Vučak I.: Dr. Hugo Gjanković (Buzet, 18 September 1893--Dubrovnik, 14 May 1981). "Liječnički vjesnik". 123 (11-12), s. 327-33, 2001. PMID: 11930761.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
WorldCat
Knjižnica FOI Hugo Gjanković, članci u časopisima
Billiongraves

Hrvatski liječnici
Životopisi, Beč
Životopisi, Zagreb
Životopisi, Sarajevo
Životopisi, Dubrovnik
Hrvatski kirurzi
Hrvatski ginekolozi
Hrvatski povjesničari

Hugo Gjanković


Vestgrensa Station (Vestgrensa stasjon) var en metrostation på Sognsvannsbanen på T-banen i Oslo, der lå mellem Blindern og Ullevål stadion.

Stationen åbnede sammen med banen 10. oktober 1934. Stationen hed oprindeligt Ullevål Haveby, men for at undgå forvekslinger med den daværende sporvejsendestation med samme navn skiftede stationen navn til Vestgrensa i 1939. Vestgrensa er navnet på den vej, der går under banen ved stationen.

Stationen blev nedlagt 22. august 1999 til fordel for den nye Forskningsparken Station, der blev anlagt i forbindelsen med forlængelsen af sporvejen til Rikshospitalet. Med den nye station ønskede man forenkle overgangen mellem T-bane og sporvej, idet den kom til at ligge der, hvor sporvejen går under banen.

Eksterne henvisninger

Nedlagte T-banestationer i Oslo
Etableret i 1934
Ophørt i 1999

Vestgrensa Station


Réveil bulgare (, romanisé Bulgarski vuzkhod, BV) est un parti politique nationaliste bulgare, fondé en . Son président est l'ancien Premier ministre puis ministre de la Défense Stefan Yanev.

Histoire
Le parti est fondé par l'ancien Premier ministre et ministre de la Défense Stefan Yanev le 5 mai 2022. Plusieurs anciens ministres participent également à la formation du parti.

Critiquant la politique étrangère du gouvernement pro-européen de Kiril Petkov, il accuse celui-ci d'être aventuriste et incompétent.

Dans un sondage réalisé du 4 au 9 mai 2022, le parti est crédité de 7,8 % des intentions de vote.

Résultats électoraux

Élections parlementaires

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Liste des partis politiques en Bulgarie

Liens externes
 Compte officiel de Réveil bulgare sur Facebook

Parti politique en Bulgarie
Parti politique nationaliste en Europe
Parti politique fondé en 2022
Parti politique conservateur en Europe

Réveil bulgare


Rottum er en by i provinsen Friesland i Holland. Den ligger i kommunen De Fryske Marren og havde i 2004 en befolkning på omkring 700.

Eksterne henvisninger

Byer i Frisland (Nederlandene)

Rottum, Friesland


RFA Resource was an armament stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Falklands War
Resource served in the Falklands War, captained at that time by Captain Bruce Seymour. She was one of the first vessels on the scene to pick up survivors from HMS Sheffield, having just supplied her.

RFA Resource was one of several RFA munitions replenishment ships certified to store and supply the fleet with munitions, including WE.177A live nuclear weapons. Other ships capable of carrying (stored in deep magazines) or deploying these weapons were , ,  and , they were transferred to various Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships with their specialist magazines. This was initially RFA Regent, and when RFA Resource exited San Carlos, they were transferred to her, and then to RFA Fort Austin.  After the end of the conflict they were transported back to Britain aboard RFA Fort Austin and RFA Resource. Inert practice weapons and surveillance weapons without fissionable material were also transported.

Yugoslavia
One of Resources last duties before being decommissioned was to serve as a floating munitions storage for UN and IFOR troops in the former Yugoslavia.  She spent much of the mid 1990s in Split, Croatia, fulfilling this role.

Decommissioning and scrapping
Resource sailed from Devonport on 24 June 1997, having been renamed Resourceful for the delivery run to the Indian breakers, and arrived at Alang for scrapping on 20 August 1997.

Footnotes

 Guardian Article mentioning RFA Resource - http://www.guardian.co.uk/falklands/story/0,,657867,00.html
 Images of RFA Resource and a Wessex Helicopter - http://www.john.fotoblog.org.uk/p14552235.html
 Images and information about RFA Resource and sister ship Regent - https://web.archive.org/web/20061212183624/http://www.btinternet.com/~warship/Feature/rfa/pics2.htm
 Hansard entry mentioning final fate of RFA Resource - https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030227/text/30227w04.htm
 Falklands day by day from Royal Navy - http://www.navynews.co.uk/falklands/day_april.asp

Stores ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
1966 ships
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom

RFA Resource


Fölling steht für:

 Graz Stadt-Fölling, Katastralgemeinde von Graz, Steiermark
 Fölling (Gemeinde Weinitzen), Katastralgemeinde von Weinitzen, Bezirk Graz-Umgebung, Steiermark
 Fölling (Gemeinde Sankt Marein), Ortslage von Sankt Marein bei Graz, Bezirk Graz-Umgebung, Steiermark
 Ivar Asbjørn Følling (1888–1973), norwegischer Chemiker und Arzt

Siehe auch:
 Föllinger
 Föllim

Fölling


Gara Rogojelu este o gară care deservește comuna Câlnic, județul Gorj, România.

Rogojelu

Gara Rogojelu


Konrad Heinrich von der Groeben (* 4. März 1683 in Quossen, Ostpreußen; † 15. Mai 1746 in Arnstein) war ein deutscher Soldat. Er war preußischer Generalmajor und Chef des Infanterieregiments Nr. 4 sowie Erbherr vom Arnstein.

Leben

Herkunft
Konrad Heinrich war der Sohn des preußischen Oberstleutnants Konrad von der Groeben (1645–1712), Erbherr auf Quossen und dessen Ehefrau Luise Juliane Antoinette von der Groeben aus dem Haus Schmargendorf.

Militärkarriere
Groeben war zunächst Page bei Kurfürst Friedrich III. Er trat im Jahr 1700 in preußische Dienste und nahm als Fähnrich, später als Sekondeleutnant im Infanterieregiment "von Anhalt-Zerbst" während des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges an den Schlachten bei Oudenaarde und Malplaquet sowie an den Belagerungen von Kaiserswerth und Lille teil. Am 22. Juli 1710 wurde er zum Kapitän befördert. 1715 war er als solcher beim Regiment des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm I. Am 15. August 1722 kam er als Oberstleutnant in das Infanterieregiment "von Dönhoff". Im Jahr darauf wurde Groeben am 14. August 1723 Kommandeur des neugebildeten Füsilierregiments "von Bardeleben" und in dieser Stellung am 1. September 1730 mit Patent vom 19. August 1728 zum Oberst befördert.

Groeben genoss auch das Vertrauen des späteren Königs Friedrich II. und wohnte in dessen Schloss Rheinsberg. Der König ernannte ihn am 7. September 1740 zum Chef des Infanterieregiments "von Glaubitz". Am 5. Juni 1741 wurde er mit Patent vom 30. Mai 1741 Generalmajor. Mit seinem Regiment nahm Groeben im Ersten Schlesischen Krieg an der Schlacht bei Chotusitz teil und erhielt dafür den Orden Pour le Mérite. Vom 22. Juli 1742 bis zum 6. Juli 1743 hatte er zusätzlich das Kommando über Neiße und erhielt anschließend Befehl, mit seinem Regiment in die Quartiere nach Ostpreußen zu marschieren. Aufgrund seines schlechten Gesundheitszustandes, Groeben hatte deswegen bereits 1733 vergeblich um seine Demission ersucht, wurde ihm im Juni 1744 ein Urlaub bewilligt und am 2. Juli 1744 erfolgte seine Verabschiedung. Er zog sich auf sein Gut Arnstein zurück, wo er am 15. Mai 1746 starb.

Familie
Groeben heiratete 1715 Charlotte Luise von Beneckendorff († 26. April 1726). Nach ihrem Tod heiratete er am 21. Dezember 1727 in Wesel Johanna Charlotte Luise Christiane Freiin von der Heyden (* 15. September 1705; † 7. April 1792) verheiratet. Sie war eine Tochter des General Johann Sigismund von der Heyden. Aus den Ehen gingen folgende Kinder hervor:
 Charlotte (* 1717) ⚭ 27. Oktober 1739 Ernst Albrecht von Bredow († 20. März 1741), preußischer Rittmeister im Kürassierregiment "Markgraf Friedrich"
 Otto Ludwig (* 26. April 1722), preußischer Sekondeleutnant im Infanterieregiment "von Holstein"
 Conrad Carl (* 23. März 1732; † 24. Dezember 1807), preußischer Generallandschaftsdirektor ⚭ Albertina Caroline Wilhelmine von Beneckendorff und Hindenburg (* 19. Juni 1746; † 21. Januar 1828)
 Louise Dorothea (* 4. Januar 1729; † 5. April 1769) ⚭ 28. März 1746 Friedrich Ludwig von der Groeben (* 19. Februar 1708; † 14. November 1791) preußischer Hauptmann, Erbherr auf Beisleiden

Literatur
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 1, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1937], , S. 235–236, Nr. 284.

Einzelnachweise

General der Frühen Neuzeit (Brandenburg-Preußen)
Regimentsinhaber der Frühen Neuzeit
Person im Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg
Person in den Schlesischen Kriegen (Preußen)
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Militärorden)
Konrad Heinrich
Deutscher
Geboren 1683
Gestorben 1746
Mann

Konrad Heinrich von der Groeben


A Medalha Nancy DeLoye Fitzroy e Roland V. Fitzroy () foi estabelecida em 2011, em reconhecimento a "contribuições pioneiras para as fronteiras da engenharia que levaram a um avanço na tecnologia existente, ou a novas aplicações ou novas áreas de empreendimento de engenharia". É dotado com US$ .

Recipientes
2012 Charles Hard Townes
2013 Andrew Viterbi
2014 Xiang Zhang
2015 George W. Sutton
2016 Evangelos Trifon Laskaris
2018 Ivar Giaever
2020 John Ashley Rogers

Prêmios de engenharia


A19 යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තනා තිබෙන, A ශ්‍රේණියට අයත් මහා මාර්ගයකි. පොල්ගහවෙල සහ කෑගල්ල යන නගර සම්බන්ධ කරමින්, මෙම මාර්ගය ඉදි කොට ඇත.

මාර්ග - ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

A19 මහා මාර්ගය (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)


Alfio Francesco "Ciccio" Barbi (* 19. Januar 1919 in Trofarello; † 26. November 1992 in Rom) war ein italienischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Barbi spielte bis 1953 fast ausschließlich auf der Bühne, für die Avvanspettacolo oder in Revuetheatern, wo der bullige, rotgesichtige, gutmütig wirkende Schauspieler Charakterrollen innehatte. Diese Figuren spielte er auch in der dann reichhaltigen Filmkarriere, die er ab 1953 vorweisen kann; er gehörte für ein Jahrzehnt zu den bekanntesten Gesichtern in Komödien, wo er Priester, Militärs oder Polizisten darstellte. Nach Ende der 1960er Jahre war er nur noch einmal zu sehen. Im Fernsehen war er häufiger Gast in Sendungen wie Carosello.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1947: L'onorevole Angelina
 1956: Neros tolle Nächte (Mio figlio Nerone)
 1957: Ein Held unserer Tage (Un eroe di nostri tempi)
 1960: Der Weg zurück (Tutti a casa)
 1962: Die gewaltigen Sieben (Maciste, il gladiatore più forte del mondo)
 1977: Orazi e curiazi 3-2

Weblinks

 alle Filme mit Szenenbildern

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Italiener
Geboren 1919
Gestorben 1992
Mann

Ciccio Barbi


Kimchi er Koreas nationalret af gærede grøntsager og undertiden rejer eller andre små havdyr. Grøntsagerne varierer, men basis er ofte kinakål sammen med hvidløg, radise og frisk rød chilipeber. Kimchi har en stærk smag og duft og er nærmest obligatorisk til et koreansk måltid.

Kimchi kan spises alene eller tilberedt sammen med andre ingredienser i forskellige retter. Fx kimchigryde (kimchi jjigae) og kimchistegt ris (kimchi bokkeumbap). Fordi kimchi er både smagfuld og sund, er retten blevet stadig mere populær rundt om i verden.

Hovedingredienser

Kimchi-variationer bestemmes af de forskellige gærede grøntsager. Den mest populære variant er "baechu" (kinakål), men der findes mange varianter. Der anvendes regionale grøntsager, som er aktuelle for årstiden. Kimchi-museet i Seoul har dokumenteret 187 historiske og nutidige varianter af kimchi. Ingredienserne til kimchi er også varierende, men til de almindelige varianter anvendes hvidløg, radise, ingefær, fiskesauce, tørrede chiliflarn, rejer eller østers.

Næring og sundhed

Kimchi indeholder meget kostfiber og er kaloriefattig. En portion giver op til 80 % af dagligt anbefalet behov for vitamin C og karoten. De fleste typer kimchi indeholder løg, hvidløg og peber, hvilket af visse dietister anses for nyttigt. Kimchi er også almindeligvis rigt på vitamin A, tiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), kalcium og jern, samt mælkesyrebakterier. Blandt de typiske er Lactobacillus kimchii. Tidskriftet Health placerede kimchi på sin liste som en af verdens fem sundeste retter på grund af dens rigdom på vitaminer, fremme af fordøjelsen samt for en mulig reducering af vækst af cancer.

Historie

Kimchiens historie kan spores langt tilbage i tiden. Kimchi blev omtalt for 2.600-3.000 år siden. Det første skriftlige bevis for kimchiens eksistens findes i den ældst bevarede kinesiske digtsamling, ShiKyung. I denne bog kaldes kimchi for «Ji», betegnelsen som blev brugt før, den blev kendt som «Chimcahe» (hanja: 沈菜, "gennemblødt grøntsag"), dimchae og timchae, hvor det sidst nævnte ord anvendtes i Koreas tre kongeriger. Ordet moderniseredes senere til jimchi og nu kimchi.

Den tidligste type kimchi bestod kun af saltede grøntsager. Det var i 1100-tallet, at folk begyndte at inddrage andre typer af krydderier for at skabe andre smagstyper og farver som sur og sød smag og hvid og orange farve.

Det var først i begyndelsen af 1600-tallet, at den nuværende kimchitype opstod. Den bestod af saltet kinakål krydret med stærk chilipeber. Chilipeber var ukendt i Korea til begyndelsen af 1600-tallet. Det blev importeret fra Japan eller Kina, hvorfra vestlige handelsmænd bragte det med sig.

Efter at have krydret den saltede kinakål, lagres kimchi i en beholder i omtrent tre dage, før den er færdigsyrnet. Afhængigt af individuelle ønsker kan lagringstiden variere, og kimchien vil smage fra tam til sur. Denne type kimchi blev populær i 1800-tallet. Den kaldes baechu kimchi og er fortsat den almindeligste og mest populære type kimchi.

Traditionelt blev kimchi syrnet i keramiske krukker gravet ned i jorden. Om vinteren sørgede denne formen for lagring kendt som kimjang for, at koreanerne kunne nyde kimchi i vintermånederne, når ferske grøntsager ikke var tilgængelige.

Andet

 Mange koreanere lagrer kimchi i deres køleskab, som er lavet for at opbevare kimchien under optimal temperatur, så syrningen bliver rigtig.

 Når man tager billeder, siger sydkoreanere ofte ordet "kimchi" på samme måde, som mennesker fra engelsksprogede lande siger "cheese".

Verdensarv

I 2013 blev kimchi optaget på UNESCOs verdensarvliste for Sydkorea og i 2015 også for Nordkorea.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Dae Young Kwon, Dai-Ja Jang, Hye Jeong Yang, Kyung Rhan Chung:"History of Korean gochu, gochujang, and kimchi" (Journal of Ethnic Foods 1, 2014; s. 3-7)
 Korean Traditional Kimchi  fra Korea Agro-Fisheries Trade Corp.
 Koreansk kimchi, syret kål, oppskrift fra Tinas Mat, fra nrk.no
 How to make kimchi , med bilder. Fra en uoffisiell side om T-banen i Pyongyang i Nord-Korea
 Greg's kimchi, Gregs eksperimentelle kimchi-oppskrift, med bilder

Mad fra Korea
Madretter
Koreanske ord og vendinger

Kimchi


El castillo Hearthstone es un pequeño fortín localizado en Danbury (Connecticut), Estados Unidos. Fue construido entre 1895-1899. Fue incluido en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos en 1987. También es conocido como el castillo de Parks. La propiedad consta de cuatro edificios. Hoy en día, el castillo es propiedad de la ciudad de Danbury y está situado en Tarrywile Park. El castillo de piedra está cerrado al público debido a problemas de seguridad.

El castillo consta de tres pisos, está situado en un entorno arbolado en la cresta de una colina al este de Brushy Hill Road en Danbury, Connecticut. El complejo se centra en el castillo, que incorpora elementos de muchos períodos de la arquitectura del . También consta de otras edificaciones, todas construidas con de guijarros, que incluyen la casa de los del aparceros, una cochera, una caseta de bombeo, el granero, la torre de depósito de leña y agua;  agrupadas en un terreno más alto al sur del edificio principal. El castillo es de planta rectangular, construido con piedra de granito sobre un núcleo de ladrillo. La sección principal o frontal del edificio cuenta con torres en las esquinas noreste y noroeste. La cochera tiene un techo plano y tres vanos con arcos apuntados, con contrafuertes en los muelles exteriores. Las esquinas del edificio están reforzados con grandes piedras, algunas de las cuales se asemejan a cuñas.

Galería

Véase también
 Castillo
 Palacio

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Fry, Plantagenet S., The David & Charles Book of Castles, London:David & Charles, 1980.
 Herger, Peter, "Is It Really A Castle? The Answer Is Yes," Renews, Spring, 1986.
 Sancha, Sheila, The Castle Story, New York: Harper & Row, 1984.
 Sanford, Carlton E., Thomas Sanford, the Emigrant to New England, Ancestry, Life, and Descendants, Rutland, Vermont:Tuttle Co., 1911.
 Withey, Henry F. Biographical Dictionary of American Architects Deceased, Los Angeles; 1970.

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web con información sobre el castillo

Hearthstone
Hearthstone

Castillo Hearthstone


Aoba Kawai est un mannequin et une actrice japonaise.

Biographie
Repérée à l'âge de 15 ans, elle fut modèle dans des magazines tels que . Dans sa vingtaine, elle devint actrice.

En 2016, elle remporta le prix de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle au 37e festival du film de Yokohama pour  Obon no Otōto et Sayonara Kabukichō.

En 2021, Contes du hasard et autres fantaisies de Ryūsuke Hamaguchi fut officiellement inscrit en compétition à la Berlinale 2021 où le film obtint le Grand prix du jury. Pour ce film, elle a aussi remporté le prix de la meilleure actrice au

Filmographie sélective
 2006 : Meatball Machine de Yūdai Yamaguchi et Jun'ichi Yamamoto
 2008 : Passion de Ryūsuke Hamaguchi
 2012 :
 2013 : xxxHOLiC
 2014 : My Man de Kazuyoshi Kumakiri
 2016 : Midnight Diner (série télévisée)
 2021 : Hori-san to Miyamura-kun
 2021 : Contes du hasard et autres fantaisies de Ryūsuke Hamaguchi

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1981
Naissance à Tokyo
Actrice japonaise de cinéma
Actrice japonaise de télévision
Mannequin femme japonais

Aoba Kawai


A file is a tool used to remove fine amounts of material from a workpiece. It is common in woodworking, metalworking, and other similar trade and hobby tasks.  Most are hand tools, made of a case hardened steel bar of rectangular, square, triangular, or round cross-section, with one or more surfaces cut with sharp, generally parallel teeth. A narrow, pointed tang is common at one end, to which a handle may be fitted.

A rasp is a form of file with distinct, individually cut teeth used for coarsely removing large amounts of material.

Files have also been developed with abrasive surfaces, such as natural or synthetic diamond grains or silicon carbide, allowing removal of material that would dull or resist steel files, such as ceramic.

History
Early filing or rasping has prehistoric roots and grew naturally out of the blending of the twin inspirations of cutting with stone cutting tools (such as hand axes) and abrading using natural abrasives, such as well-suited types of stone (for example, sandstone). Relatedly, lapping is also quite ancient, with wood and beach sand offering a natural pair of lap and lapping compound. The Disston authors state, "To abrade, or file, ancient man used sand, grit, coral, bone, fish skin, and gritty woods,—also stone of varying hardness in connection with sand and water."

The Bronze Age and the Iron Age had various kinds of files and rasps. Archaeologists have discovered rasps made from bronze in Egypt, dating back to the years 1200–1000 BC. Archaeologists have also discovered rasps made of iron used by the Assyrians, dating back to the 7th Century BC.

During the Middle Ages files were already quite advanced, thanks to the extensive talents of blacksmiths. By the 11th century, there already existed hardened files that would seem quite modern even to today's eyes. But although they existed, and could even have spread widely, in a geographical sense, via trade, they were not widespread in the cultural sense of the word—that is, most people, and even many smiths, did not have them. For example, in the 13th century, ornamental iron work at Paris was done skillfully with the aid of files, but the process was a secret known only to a master craftsman. The Disston authors state, "It was not until the fourteenth century, however, that those who practiced art in ironwork began to use other tools, besides heat and the hammer, regularly." This statement could mislead in the sense that stoning (with sandstone) and lapping (with wood, sand, and water) have never been rare activities among humans, or especially smiths. But the point is that modern iron or steel files, with teeth and hardening, and the material culture of intricate filing that would lead to locksmithing and gunsmithing, for example, are what took time to become common. But by the late Middle Ages, the transition was extensive. The Disston authors mention Nuremberg, Sheffield, and Remscheid (they use the Reimscheid spelling) as leading centers of production for files as well as tools in general. The activity in Remscheid reflects the metalworking spirit of the Rhine-Ruhr region in general (including Essen, Düsseldorf, and Cologne) rather than representing a single village of geniuses in isolation. (Considering the Disston authors' mention of the blacksmith guilds of 13th-century Florence and 15th-century England, coupled with their mention of Nuremberg, Sheffield, and Remscheid, the region that sweeps from Florence through Nuremberg, the Rhine-Ruhr, the Netherlands, and up to Sheffield, can be compared to the modern economics notation of the Blue Banana.) Most files of the period were smithed by hand in a sequence in which the iron was forged (heated and hammered), then the teeth were cut with a chisel (some of this action was just as much upsetting/swaging as it was cutting), and then the piece was hardened (by heating and then quenching), followed sometimes by tempering. Among the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci is a sketch of a machine tool for the cutting of files (the chisel would make one strike, swaging a tooth, then automatically advance into position for the next tooth, and strike again).

Prior to the industrialization of machining and the development of interchangeable parts during the 19th century, filing was much more important in the construction of mechanisms. Component parts were roughly shaped by forging, casting, and by primitive machining operations. These components were then individually hand-fitted for assembly by careful and deliberate filing. The potential precision of such fitting is much higher than generally assumed, but the components of such hand-fit assemblies are decidedly not interchangeable with those from another assembly. Locks, clocks, and firearms (flintlocks and earlier) were manufactured in this way for centuries before the Industrial Revolution.

Machining in the mid-19th century was heavily dependent on filing, because milling practice was slowly evolving out of its infancy. As late as the early 20th century, manufacturing often involved filing parts to precise shape and size. In today's manufacturing environment, milling and grinding have generally replaced this type of work, and filing (when it occurs at all) usually tends to be for deburring only. Skillful filing to shape and size is still a part of diemaking, moldmaking, toolmaking, etc., but even in those fields, the goal is usually to avoid handwork when possible.

Types

Files come in a wide variety of materials, sizes, shapes, cuts, and tooth configurations. The cross-section of a file can be flat, round, half-round, triangular, square, knife edge or of a more specialized shape. Steel files are made from high carbon steel (1.0 to 1.25% carbon) and may be through hardened or case hardened.

There is no unitary international standard for file nomenclature; however, there are many generally accepted names for certain kinds of files. A file is "blunt" if its sides and width are both parallel throughout its length. It is "tapered" if there is a reduction in its dimensions from its heel toward its point. A file may taper in width, in thickness, or both. A "tang" is a protrusion at the heel, tapered, parallel sided, or conical, for gripping, inserting in a handle, or mounting in a chuck.

The cut of the file refers to how fine its teeth are. They are defined as (from roughest to smoothest): rough, middle, bastard, second cut, smooth, and dead smooth. A single-cut file has one set of parallel teeth while a cross-cut or double-cut file has a second set of cuts forming diamond shaped cutting surfaces. In Swiss-pattern files the teeth are cut at a shallower angle, and are graded by number, with a number 1 file being coarser than a number 2, etc. Most files have teeth on all faces, but some specialty flat files have teeth on only one face or one edge, so that the user can come right up to another edge without damaging the finish on it.

Some of the common shapes and their uses:

 Barrette files are tapered in width and thickness, coming to a rounded point at the end. Only the flat side is cut, and the other sides are all safe. For doing flat work.
 Checkering files parallel in width and gently tapered in thickness. They have teeth cut in a precise grid pattern, and are used for making serrations and doing checkering work, as on gunstocks.
 Crochet files are tapered in width and gradually tapered in thickness, with two flats and radiused edges, cut all around.  Used in filing junctions between flat and curved surface, and slots with rounded edges.
 Crossing files are half round on two sides with one side having a larger radius than the other.  Tapered in width and thickness.  For filing interior curved surfaces.  The double radius makes possible filing at the junction of two curved surfaces or a straight and curved surface.
 Dreadnought (curved teeth) and millenicut (straight teeth) files both have heavily undercut, sharp but coarse teeth. Both can be used for rapidly removing large quantities of material from thick aluminum alloy, copper or brass. Today, the millenicut and dreadnought have found a new use in removing plastic filler materials such as two-part epoxies or styrenes such as those commonly used in automobile body repairs.
 Equalling files are parallel in width and thickness.  Used for filing slots and corners.
 Farrier Rasp files are tanged rasps used mainly by farriers and blacksmiths. They are flat with a rasp on one side and double cut on the reverse.
 Fret files are square or rectangular with three flat sides and one side having a concave groove.  They are used by luthiers to file a rounded "crown" on the frets of guitars and other fretted instruments. The flat faces are used to dress the ends of the frets, removing the sharp edges left after the frets are trimmed to length.
Half round ring files taper in width and thickness, coming to a point, and are narrower than a standard half round. Used for filing inside of rings.
Joint round edge files are parallel in width and thickness, with rounded edges. The flats are safe (no teeth) and cut on the rounded edges only.  Used for making joints and hinges.
 Knife files are tapered in width and thickness, but the knife edge has the same thickness the whole length, with the knife edge having an arc to it.  Used for slotting or wedging operations.
 Nut files are fine, precise files in sets of graduated thickness, used by luthiers for dressing the slots at the end of the neck which support the strings of guitars, violins etc.,  in the correct position.
 Pillar files are parallel in width and tapered in thickness for perfectly flat filing.  Double cut top and bottom with both sides safe, these are long, narrow files for precision work.
 Pippin files are tapered in width and thickness, generally of a teardrop cross section and having the edge of a knife file.  Used for filing the junction of two curved surfaces and making V-shaped slots.
Planemaker's float Floats are straight, single-cut files which taper used for cutting, flattening and smoothing wood, particularly in making wooden hand planes.
 Round parallel files are similar to round files, except that they do not taper.  Shaped like a toothed cylinder.
 Saw sharpening files are usually single cut to deliver a smooth finish. They are suited to sharpening saw blades and dressing tool edges, especially where a finer, sharper edge or smoother surface finish is desired.  The Chainsaw file is one example, used primarily for sharpening chainsaws. These appear to have a round cross-section, but are actually shaped to fit snugly against the cutting edge of a chainsaw's teeth.
 Slitting files are parallel in width with a diamond-shaped cross section.  Thinner than knife files and use for filing slots.
 Warding files are parallel in thickness, tapered in width, and thin.  Like a hand or flat file that comes to a point on the end. Used for flat work and slotting.

Diamond files

Instead of having teeth cut into the file's working surface, diamond files have small particles of industrial diamond embedded in their surface (or into a softer material that is bonded to the underlying surface of the file). The use of diamonds in this manner allows the file to be used effectively against extremely hard materials, such as stone, glass or very hard metals such as hardened steel or carbide against which a standard steel file is ineffective. Diamond files are also the only type that may be used with a back-and-forth motion without damaging the file. These may also be called diamond laps, as the "teeth" are not regular projections, as in a file, but particles, usually shaped and located randomly and held in place by a softer (any other) material.

Needle files

The image to the left shows a selection of needle files in an assortment of cross sectional shapes.

Needle files are small files that are used in applications where the surface finish takes priority over metal removal rates but they are most suited for smaller work pieces. They are often sold in sets, including different shapes.

Riffler files

Riffler files are small to medium-sized files in an assortment of cross sectional shapes and profiles. The varying profiles and shapes enable them to be used in hard to reach, or unusually shaped areas. They are often used as an intermediate step in die making where the surface finish of a cavity die may need to be improved, e.g. in plastic injection moulding or die casting.

Machine files

Files are produced specifically for use in a filing machine, which is similar in appearance to a scroll saw with a vertically reciprocating file mounted in the middle of a table. A workpiece is manipulated around the file's face as the shape requires.

A cone point (as pictured in the top and bottom files at left) allows a file to center itself in its mount. Files with flat mounting surfaces must be secured with set screws.

Filing machines are rarely seen in modern production environments, but may be found in older toolrooms or diemaking shops as an aid in the manufacture of specialist tooling.

Escapement files

Escapement files, also known as watchmaker's files, are a classification of short, (very) thin files with bastard-cut or embedded diamond surfaces, similar to needle files in form and function but smaller. Typical dimensions are on the order of approximately 100–140 mm (4–5 in.) in length and 3–5 mm (– in.) in width. Best used for fine, delicate work on small pieces or mechanisms (such as escapements), escapement files are commonly used by clock and watchmakers, as well as in crafting jewelry.

Dental files

During root canal therapy, round files ranging from  diameter files are used to smooth the narrow canals of the interior of the tooth and thus facilitate disinfection of the internal surface. Typically the files are made of stainless steel or nickel titanium (NiTi) and come in a variety of styles. Mechanized files, known as rotary files, are also commonly used. These files attach to the head of a specific oscillating or rotating drill.

Use

Files have forward-facing cutting teeth, and cut most effectively when pushed over the workpiece. A variety of strokes are employed to stabilize the cutting action and produce a varied result. Pulling a file directly backwards on a workpiece will cause the teeth to dull. Draw filing is an operation in which the file is grasped
at each end, and with an even pressure alternately pulled and pushed perpendicularly over the work. A variation involves laying the file sideways on the work, and carefully pushing or pulling it across the work. This catches the teeth of the file sideways instead of head on, and a very fine shaving action is produced.  There are also varying strokes that produce a combination of the straight ahead stroke and the drawfiling stroke, and very fine work can be attained in this fashion.  Using a combination of strokes, and progressively finer files, a skilled operator can attain a surface that is perfectly flat and near mirror finish.

Pinning refers to the clogging of the file teeth with pins, which are material shavings. These pins cause the file to lose its cutting ability and can scratch the workpiece. A file card, which is a brush with metal bristles, is used to clean the file. (The name, "card", is the same as used for the "raising cards" (spiked brushes) used in woolmaking.) Chalk can help prevent pinning.

See also
Hand scraper
Rasp

References

Bibliography

File (tool)