Penn State Dickinson Law, formerly Dickinson School of Law, is a public law school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.  It is one of two separately accredited law schools of Pennsylvania State University.

History

The Law School offers J.D. and LL.M. degrees in law and hosts visiting scholars. The Law School was opened by Judge John Reed in 1834 as the law department of Dickinson College, named for Founding Father John Dickinson.  It received an independent charter in 1890 and ended all affiliation with the college in 1917.

In 2000, Penn State and The Dickinson School of Law completed a merger that began in 1997. From 2006 until 2014, Penn State's Dickinson School of Law operated as a single law school with two campuses – one in Carlisle, Pennsylvania and one in University Park, Pennsylvania. In the summer of 2014, Penn State received approval from the ABA to operate the two campuses as two distinct law schools (now known as Penn State Law and Dickinson Law), both of which share the history and achievement of The Dickinson School of Law. In November 2022, Penn State President Neeli Bendapudi announced a task force to implement the recommendation that the two schools be merged into a single entity, with the preferred location to be at the Dickinson campus.

Lewis Katz Hall

Lewis Katz Hall is named in honor of philanthropist and businessman Lewis Katz for his $15 million gift to the Law School as the principal donor to the construction and renovation project that began in January 2008. Completed in January 2010, the transition marked the end of a two-year, $52 million construction project which included the addition of the elegant, new Lewis Katz Hall which leverages advanced high-definition, digital audiovisual telecommunications systems to connect Dickinson Law to not only Penn State's University Park campus but to locations around the world.

The project included an extensive renovation of historic Trickett Hall, the Law School's home since 1918, which houses the Law School's library, named in honor of H. Laddie Montague, Jr., a prominent Philadelphia lawyer and trial attorney who has committed $4 million to the school. As a design companion to Penn State Law's Lewis Katz Building, Dickinson Law's Lewis Katz Hall was renovated and rebuilt to comply with LEED Silver standards. The facilities feature state-of-the-art classrooms, a courtroom/auditorium, an exterior courtyard, and an environmentally friendly vegetated green roof.

Curriculum
Dickinson Law's required 1L curriculum begins with the fundamentals of national and transnational law. During their first year, students must complete courses including Civil Procedure, Constitutional Law, Contracts, Criminal Law, Property, legal writing, and Torts.

At Dickinson Law, students must earn at least six of 12 required experiential learning credits in a real-world practice setting, such as a certified legal internship within one of the Law School's in-house legal clinics; an internship with a government, nonprofit or private office; or full immersion in the Semester-in-Practice program; or an international venue. The second and third years at Dickinson Law are distinguished by "The Lawyer As...": electives and experiential learning opportunities organized by the way lawyers use their training. Required courses after completion of the first year include Problem Solving III: The Lawyer as Persuader and Practicing Law in a Global World: Context and Competencies II.

Students may earn up to six credits towards the J.D. degree from approved graduate-level courses offered by other Penn State departments. Students also may enroll in one of an array of joint degree programs, graduating with both a J.D. from Dickinson Law and a master's degree from a coordinate department of Penn State. Current joint degree offerings include a J.D./M.B.A., J.D./M.P.A., J.D./M.P.H., J.D./DRPH. Dickinson Law also offers certificate programs in which students may hone their expertise in a specific area by taking a prescribed combination of core and elective courses. Current certificate offerings include Corporate Compliance Certificate, Cyber, Privacy, and Data Security Certificate, Government Affairs, Health Law and Policy, and Litigation and Dispute Resolution.

Dickinson Law Programs

 Semester-in-Washington, D.C. Program (federal government)
 Semester-in-Harrisburg Program (state government)
 International Justice Program at the Hague, Netherlands (international criminal law)
 Center for Public Interest Advocacy
 Children's Advocacy Clinic
 Community Law Clinic
 Medical-Legal Partnership Clinic with Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center

Law journals
Dickinson Law features three scholarly journals, including the Dickinson Law Review.  The Law Review was founded in 1897, and is one of the oldest continually published law school journals in the country. In addition, the school also publishes the Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, and The Yearbook on Arbitration and Mediation.

Student organizations
Student organizations at Penn State Dickinson Law include the following:

American Constitution Society
Animal Legal Defense Fund
Asian Pacific American Law Students Association
Black Law Students Association (BLSA)
Business Law Society
Christian Law Community of Dickinson Law
Criminal Law Society (CLS)
Dickinson Law Intellectual Property Law Society
Federalist Society (Fed Soc)
Health Law and Policy Society
International Law Society
Latinx Law Students Association (LLSA)
Middle Eastern Law Students Association (MELSA)
Military Law Caucus (MLC)
Moot Court Board
OutLaw
Phi Alpha Delta — Burr Chapter (PAD)
Public Interest Law Fund (PILF)
Speakers Trust Fund
Sports and Entertainment Law Society
Student Bar Association (SBA)
Women's Law Caucus (WLC)

Dickinson Law students also participate in a number of moot court competitions and are active in intramural sports leagues, including flag football, basketball, and volleyball. Dickinson Law also sponsors a softball team that competes in a national tournament each spring along with nearly 1,500 law students from across the country. Also, students have coached soccer, lacrosse, track, swimming, and field hockey teams at the nearby Dickinson College and other local youth leagues.

Employment
According to Penn State Dickinson Law's official 2022 ABA-required disclosures, about 91% of the class of 2022 obtained full-time, long-term, J.D.-required employment nine months after graduation.

Costs
The total cost of attendance (including tuition and related expenses) at Dickinson Law to earn a J.D. or LL.M. degree during the 2020-2021 academic year is $67,656.

Notable alumni

Matthew W. Brann, Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
Bill Bufalino, Attorney to Jimmy Hoffa
Christopher F. Burne, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General, The Judge Advocate General (TJAG)
William W. Caldwell, Judge on the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
Mitchell Harry Cohen, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
Christopher Conner, Judge on the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
Pedro Cortés, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Andrew Curtin, Civil War Governor of Pennsylvania (1861–1867)
J. Steward Davis, Baltimore trial lawyer and first Afro-American valedictorian at Dickinson
J. Michael Eakin, Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
John Sydney Fine, former Pennsylvania Governor (1951–1955)
Mike Fitzpatrick, United States Congressman from Pennsylvania
Robert S. Gawthrop III, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Jim Gerlach, United States Congressman from Pennsylvania
Kim Gibson, Judge on the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
Milton W. Glenn (1903–1967), represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district from 1957 to 1965
Thomas M. Golden, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Rick Gray, former mayor of Lancaster, Pennsylvania (2006–2018)
T. Millet Hand (1902–1956), represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 to 1957
John Berne Hannum, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Daniel Brodhead Heiner (1854–1944), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
Arthur Horace James, 31st Governor of Pennsylvania (1939–1943)
Charles Alvin Jones, former Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
John E. Jones III, U.S. District Judge for United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, who presided over the ruling in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District which states that the teaching of Intelligent design in public classrooms violates the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution, and Whitewood v. Wolf which ruled unconstitutional Pennsylvania's statutory ban on same-sex marriage.
Paul E. Kanjorski, former United States Congressman from Pennsylvania
Lewis Katz, former owner of the New Jersey Nets basketball team
Jack Keeney, career U.S. Department of Justice attorney
John W. Kephart, Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1919-1936), Chief Justice (1936-1940)
Edwin Michael Kosik, Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
George Kunkel, Pennsylvania State Senator (1937-1941)
Tom Marino, U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania and former United States Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
Clarence Charles Newcomer, (1923–2005), Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
John Pettit, long-time district attorney of Washington County, Pennsylvania.
Sylvia H. Rambo, first woman to serve as Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
Tom Ridge, former Pennsylvania Governor (1995–2001), former Assistant to the President for Homeland Security (2001–2003), first United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2003–2005)
Carl Risch, Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs
Andrew Sacks, Pennsylvania trial lawyer, one of the few U.S. attorneys who has handled two cases in excess of $1 billion
Rick Santorum, former U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (1995–2007)
Lansdale Sasscer, 1914, U.S. Congressman for Maryland's 5th District
Ronald A. Sell, Wisconsin State Assemblyman
Michael Henry Sheridan, Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
D. Brooks Smith, class of 1976, Judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Edward G. Smith, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Donald Snyder (LLM, Commerce and Taxation), Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives 1981-2000 and Majority Whip
Gerald J. Spitz, Pennsylvania State of Representatives for the 162nd district (1977-1984)
Correale Stevens, Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Richard Barclay Surrick, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Emanuel Mac Troutman, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Thomas I. Vanaskie, class of 1978, former chief judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania and current judge on the Third Circuit Court of Appeals

References

External links
 Official website
  Official logo

Pennsylvania State University colleges
Law schools in Pennsylvania
Universities and colleges in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Educational institutions established in 1834
1834 establishments in Pennsylvania
Dickinson Law

Penn State Dickinson Law


The BMW 5 Series is an executive car manufactured and marketed by BMW since 1972, succeeding the New Class Sedans, and currently in its seventh generation.

The 5 Series was initially available as a sedan, with a wagon/estate body style (marketed as "Touring") added in 1991 and a 5-door fastback configuration (marketed as "Gran Turismo") available from 2009 to 2017. Each successive generation carries a distinct internal E- designation.

The first generation of 5 Series was powered by naturally aspirated four-cylinder and six-cylinder petrol engines. Following generations have been powered by four-cylinder, six-cylinder, V8 and V10 engines that are either naturally aspirated or turbocharged. Since 1982, diesel engines have been included in the 5 Series range.

The 5 Series is BMW's second-best-selling model after the 3 Series. On 29 January 2008, the 5 millionth 5 Series was manufactured, a 530d sedan in Carbon Black Metallic.

BMW's three-digit model naming convention began with the first 5 Series, thus the 5 Series was BMW's first model line to use "Series" in the name.

Since the E28, all generations of 5 Series have included an "M" model, called the BMW M5.

First generation (E12; 1972)

The E12 is the first generation of 5 Series, and was manufactured for model years 1972–1981. It replaced the New Class sedans and was produced in the sedan body style. The initial models were powered by four-cylinder engines, with a six-cylinder engine introduced a year later.

There was no M5 model for the E12, however the E12 M535i is considered the predecessor to the M5.

The E12 was replaced by the E28 in 1981, with E12 production continuing until 1984, in South Africa.

Second generation (E28; 1981)

The E28 is the second generation of 5 Series, manufactured for model years 1981-1988 as a sedan. It was initially offered with petrol four-cylinder and six-cylinder engines.

In 1983, a diesel engine became available for the first time in a 5 Series. The E28 was the first 5 Series with the centre console angled towards the driver and the option of anti-lock brakes (ABS).

The E28 M5 began a line of M5 high performance models that has continued through every generation since. It was powered by the S38B35 and the M88/3 six-cylinder engines.

Third generation (E34; 1988)

The E34 is the third generation of the 5 Series, manufactured for model years 1988–1996. It was launched in the sedan body style, with the range expanded in 1990 to include the "Touring" wagon/estate body style.

The E34 was the first 5 Series to be available with the wagon body style, all-wheel drive and V8 engines. It also saw the introduction of stability control (ASC), traction control (ASC+T) a 6-speed manual transmission and adjustable damping (EDC) to the 5 Series range.

Nine different engine families were used over its lifetime, consisting of four-cylinder, six-cylinder and V8 petrol engines, and six-cylinder diesel engines.

The E34 M5 is powered by the S38 six-cylinder engine and was produced in sedan and wagon body styles.

Fourth generation (E39; 1995)

The E39 is the fourth generation of 5 Series, which was manufactured for model years 1995–2004. It was launched in the sedan body style, with the wagon/estate body style (marketed as "Touring") introduced in 1996.

The E39 was the first 5 Series to use aluminium components in the front suspension. The proportion of chassis components using aluminium significantly increased for the E39, in order to reduce weight. It was also the first 5 Series where a four-cylinder diesel engine was available.

V8 models used recirculating ball steering (as per previous 5 Series generations), however rack and pinion steering was used for the first time, in the four-cylinder and six-cylinder models. Unlike its E34 predecessor and E60 successor, the E39 was not available with all-wheel drive.

The E39 M5 sedan was introduced in 1998, powered by the 4.9-litre S62 V8 engine.

Fifth generation (E60/E61; 2003)

The E60/E61 is the fifth generation of the 5 Series, which was sold from 2003 to 2010. The body styles of the range are:
 4-door sedan/saloon (E60 model code)
 5-door estate/wagon (E61 model code, marketed as "Touring")

The E60 generation introduced various electronic features to the 5 Series, including iDrive, head-up display, active cruise control, active steering and voice control. The E60 also was the first 5 Series available with a turbocharged petrol engine, a 6-speed automatic transmission and regenerative braking. New safety features for the E60 included adaptive headlights, night vision, active headrests, Lane Departure Warning, and high intensity emergency brake lights. Unlike the three previous generations of 5 Series and the F10 successor, the E60/E61 centre console is not angled towards the driver.

The E60/E61 M5 was released in 2005 and was powered by the S85 V10 engine. It was sold in the sedan and wagon body styles, with most cars using a 7-speed automated manual transmission ("SMG III"). However, in the North American Markets, there was the option to buy the BMW M5 in a manual version.

Sixth generation (F10/F11/F07/F18; 2010)

The BMW F10/F11/F07/F18 is the sixth generation of the BMW 5 Series, which was manufactured for model years 2010–2017. The body styles of the range are:
 4-door sedan/saloon (F10)
 5-door estate/wagon (F11, marketed as "Touring")
 5-door fastback (F07, marketed as "Gran Turismo")
 4-door long wheelbase sedan (F18, sold only in China and the Middle East)

The F07 Gran Turismo was the only 5 Series to date produced as a fastback. The F10 was also the first 5 Series to offer a hybrid drivetrain, a turbocharged V8 engine, an 8-speed automatic transmission, a dual-clutch transmission (in the all f10 series ), active rear-wheel steering (called "Integral Active Steering"), electric power steering, double-wishbone front suspension, an LCD instrument cluster (called "Black Panel Display") and automatic parking (called "Parking Assistant").

The F10 M5 was powered by the S63 twin-turbo V8 engine with a 7-speed dual clutch transmission. It was the first M5 to use a turbocharged engine. Like the previous generation, the F10 M5, in North America was sold with a manual transmission.

Seventh generation (G30/G31/G38; 2017)

The BMW G30/G31/G38 is the seventh generation of the 5 Series. It was officially announced in October 2016, and sales began in February 2017.

Body styles included:
 4-door sedan/saloon (G30)
 5-door wagon/estate (G31)
 4-door long-wheelbase saloon (G38)
The fastback 5 Series GT model from the previous generation is no longer offered, and was moved to the 6 Series range.

The G30 is based on the same modular platform as the 7 Series (G11). The G30 is the first 5 Series to be offered with a plug-in hybrid powertrain, the 530e iPerformance,  which would have the advanced driver-assistance systems found in the 7 Series.
The F90 M5 is the M5 performance model for the G30 generation, and is the first M5 to employ an all-wheel drive powertrain. The X-Drive system allowed for the front differential to disconnect and provide a rear-wheel drive experience to the vehicle.  It is powered by an upgraded version of the S63 twin-turbo V8 engine used in the previous generation F10 M5.

Eighth generation (G60/G61/G68; 2024)

The BMW G60/G61/G68 is the eighth generation of the 5 Series. It was revealed on May 24, 2023, and will commence production in summer at BMW's Dingolfing Plant in 2023, with first deliveries beginning around October 2023. The fastback 6 Series Gran Turismo model has been discontinued.

Production and sales

Current production is located in Dingolfing, Germany, Shenyang, China and Magna Steyr, Austria.

See also
 List of BMW vehicles

References

5 Series
Hatchbacks
Executive cars
Full-size vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports sedans
1980s cars
1990s cars
2000s cars
2010s cars
2020s cars
Station wagons
Cars introduced in 1972

BMW 5 Series


Jean de la Rottaz, ou Delarottaz, bourgeois de Veytaux, Noville et Rennaz, né le 24 septembre 1753 à Veytaux, mort le 26 juin 1812 à Veytaux, est un vigneron et homme politique, très actif lors de la Révolution vaudoise, sous la République helvétique et sous la Médiation.

Famille
Fils de Jaques de la Rottaz (1703-1795)  et d'Antoinette Depallens, Jean de la Rottaz épouse en 1784 Marguerite Borcard (1750-1814), fille de Jean Borcard et de Marie Dufour. Il a un frère, François Abraham (1756-1822), qui devint lieutenant militaire et s'engagea lui aussi dans la Révolution vaudoise.

La famille de la Rottaz est une ancienne famille de Veytaux, dont la plupart des membres ont été syndics. Plusieurs ont accédé à des charges importantes à l'époque bernoise. C'est ainsi que Jean de la Rottaz a pu être formé par son oncle, François Abraham de la Rottaz (1700-1782), qui fut justicier (juge), puis châtelain (président du tribunal) de la juridiction de Chillon depuis 1847 jusqu'à sa mort<ref> Gaillard Olivier (2020), Une histoire de Veytaux, anecdotes et dpcuments…, pp. 85-155.</ref>.

 Carrière politique
Très attaché à son village de Veytaux, Jean de la Rottaz devient syndic entre 1785 et 1786. A l'époque bernoise, les mandats sont de deux ans. Déjà à cette époque, il s'efforce de convaincre les bourgeois de sa commune de laisser tous les résidents bénéficier des biens communs: "Toute jouissance des biens communs doit être pour les ressortissants de la commune facile dans son extraction, la moins dispendieuse possible, sans jamais être imposée ni taxée; la règle contraire est toujours accablante pour le pauvre, dont à la longue le riche profite."  De telles envolées lui valurent en 1793 d'être taxé  de jacobinisme par certains membres du Sénat, à Berne. En 1798, il s'enflamme pour la Révolution vaudoise. Désigné par les Conseils de Montreux et des villages environnants, il sera choisi par l'Assemblée des Villes et campagnes du bailliage de Vevey, le 16 janvier 1798, pour représenter Montreux «et autres publics de la campagne du bailliage» au sein du Comité central des délégués des Villes et des Communautés, à Lausanne. C'est ce Comité qui, le 24 janvier 1798, décide de rejeter définitivement l'autorité bernoise. Sans avoir formellement déclaré la République lémanique, l'assemblée se transforme en Assemblée représentative provisoire du Pays de Vaud. Des élections sont prévues pour le mois de mars. L'enthousiasme révolutionnaire de Jean de la Rottaz et sa lutte acharnée pour l'abolition pure et simple des droits féodaux le rendent très populaire dans la région de Montreux. Sous la République helvétique, il est nommé agent national pour Veytaux en 1799, puis, en novembre de la même année, il est élu membre de la Chambre administrative du Léman. Il y siègera jusqu'à sa destitution le 27 décembre 1800. A cette date en effet, le Conseil exécutif de la République helvétique, à Berne, destitue arbitrairement, sans explication, trois des cinq membres régulièrement élus de la Chambre administrative du Canton du Léman. En même temps que Jean de la Rottaz sont aussi écartés Béat Ferdinand Testuz et Henri Monod. Et cela en raison de leurs sympathies pour les prétendus «anarchistes» qui s'opposent au rachat des droits féodaux. De la Rottaz est élu député de Montreux à la Diète vaudoise en 1801. En mars 1803, sous la Médiation, il accède au premier Grand Conseil du canton de Vaud. En août de la même année, il est proposé par le Tribunal d'appel pour une place de juge du tribunal du district de Vevey. Nommé à ce poste par le Petit Conseil, Jean de la Rottaz refusera cette charge. Il restera syndic de Veytaux et membre du Grand Conseil de 1803 jusqu'à sa mort, le 26 juin 1812 à l'âge de 59 ans. Il fut aussi brièvement voyer du district de Vevey, depuis le 25 septembre 1811 jusqu'à sa mort.

 Postérité
Son fils le colonel Jean Jaques de la Rottaz (né le 8 novembre 1787, mort le 17 août 1882) sera voyer du district de Vevey, puis membre de la Commission des Ponts et Chaussées. Il jouera un rôle décisif pour endiguer la Baye de Clarens dont les crues étaient dévastatrices. Homme politique, il fut député au Grand Conseil vaudois de 1818 à 1831, et de 1836 à 1845. Il se retrouvera, de façon inattendue, propriétaire de l'Hôtel Byron, à Villeneuve, en 1848.

 Notes et références

 Bibliographie
Archives fédérales suisses, Recueil d'actes de la République helvétique (1798-1803), vol. IV.
Archives cantonales vaudoises, P de la Rottaz (famille).
Archives cantonales vaudoises, P du Plessis-Gouret (famille).
Archives communales de Montreux, Châtelard E 21, Portefeuille Henchoz, Période helvétique, 1798-1803.
Archives communales de Vevey, Extraits du Manual des 120 de la Ville de Vevey, p. 2.
BETTEX Gustave (1913), Montreux, Montreux : Fernand Matty.
GAILLARD Olivier (2017), Syndics de Veytaux de 1536 à 1812, Lausanne : L'homme qui rit.
GAILLARD Olivier (2020), Une histoire de Veytaux, anecdotes et documents découverts dans les pas de la famille Delarottaz, Lausanne : Antipodes.
RAMBERT Eugène (1989), Histoire de Montreux et de ses environs'', Paris : Barre & Dayez (Réédition de l'édition de 1877).

Naissance en septembre 1753
Décès en juin 1812
Vigneron
Décès à 58 ans

Jean de la Rottaz


was a town located in Shikama District, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 21,614 and a density of 147.82 persons per km2. The total area was 146.22 km2.

On March 27, 2006, Yumesaki, along with the town of Ieshima (also from Shikama District), the town of Yasutomi (from Shisō District), and the town of Kōdera (from Kanzaki District), was merged into the expanded city of Himeji and is no longer an independent municipality.

Yumesaki was locally famous for its onsens (hot springs), sakura blossoms in Spring, as well as its hiking grounds, with particularly nice trails along Mount Seppiko. The town bordered the city of Himeji.

External links
Yumesaki official website in Japanese

Dissolved municipalities of Hyōgo Prefecture

Yumesaki, Hyōgo


Robert Brown  (d. 21 Aralık 1773 - ö. 10 Haziran 1858), 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Avustralya'dan birçok örnek toplamış öncü İskoç botanistti.

Brown Montrose, İskoçya'da doğdu. Thomas Dick'le sınıf arkadaşı olduğu Edinburgh Üniversitesi'nde tıp eğitimi aldı. 1795'te cerrah olarak orduya katıldı. Aralık 1800'de, Avustralya kıyılarının haritasını çıkartmak için yola çıkan, Matthew Flinders komutasındaki The Investigator'da doğabilimci olarak çalışmaya başladı. The Investigator şu anda Batı Avustralya'da yer alan King George Boğazı'na 1801'de vardı. Brown üç buçuk yıl boyunca Avustralya'da detaylı bir botanik araştırması yürüttü ve 2000'i daha önce hiç kataloglanmamış 3400 türe ait örnekler topladı. Fakat koleksiyonun önemli bir kısmını Porpoise gemisi İngiltere yolunda batınca kaybetti.

Brown 1805 Mayıs'ına kadar Avustralya'da kaldı. Daha sonra topladığı malzeme üzerinde çalışmak için İngiltere'ye döndü. Sayısız tür hakkında yazılar yazdı. Sadece Batı Avustralya'da 1200 tür hakkında yazmıştır. 1810'da Avustralya florasının kataloglandığı ilk sistemli çalışma olan Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae'''yi yayınladı. Aynı sene Sir Joseph Banks'in kütüphanecisi olarak Jonas C. Dryander'in yerine geçti ve Banks 1820'de öldüğünde kütüphanesinin ve kurutulmuş bitki koleksiyonunun yeni sahibi oldu.

1827'de sudaki polen tanelerini, küf sporlarını ve equisetumları mikroskop altında incelerken sudaki partiküllerin yönü ve hızı değişen sürekli bir hareket içinde olduklarını gözlemledi. Daha sonra aynı hareketi toz zerreleriyle de gözlemleyerek, bu hareketin polenlerin canlı olmasıyla ilgisi olmadığını keşfetti. Her ne kadar bu hareketi açıklamak için bir teori geliştirmemiş olsa da, bu harekete bugün onun onuruna Brown hareketi denmektedir. 1828 tarihli bir makalesinde hücre çekirdeği ismini verdi. Çekirdeği daha önce Hollandalı mikroskop uzmanı Leeuwenhoek gözlemişti fakat her bitki hücresinde olduğunu fark eden ve ona bugüne kadar kullandığımız ismi veren Brown olmuştur.

Son yıllarda Brown'ın mikroskoplarının bu küçüklükte bir olayı göstermek için yetersiz olduğu söylendi. Brown'ın bu keşfi gerçekleştirdiği Scientific American sayı 265 s 20 (1991)'de yayınlanan "Did Robert Brown observe Brownian Motion: probably not" isimli bir makalede reddedildi. Kısa süre sonra İngiliz mikroskop operatörü Brian J. Ford, Chicago'daki Inter Micro 1991 için hızlıca hazırladığı bir videoda deneyi tekrarladı. Brown'ı doğrulayan video görüntüleri The Microscope dergisi sayı 39 s 161-171 (1991)'de yayınlandı.

British Museum'ın Doğa tarihi departmanı 1837'de üç kısma ayrıldığında, Robert Brown botanik departmanının ilk yöneticisi oldu ve 10 Haziran 1858'de Londra Soho meydanında yaşamını yitirene kadar bu görevde kaldı. Ölümünden sonra yerine John Joseph Bennett geçti.

Brown'ın adı Avustralya bitki türlerinden biri olan Brunonia'ya ve birçok Eucalyptus brownii'' gibi birçok bitkiye verilerek ölümsüzleştirildi.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Brown hareketi

Dış bağlantılar
 Robert Brown'ın orkideler üzerindeki araştırmaları
 Hücre çekirdeği çalışmasının tekrarı
 Classic papers by Robert Brown
 Weber, A. 2004. Gesneriaceae and Scrophulariaceae: Robert Brown and now. Telopea 10(2): 543-571.
 Botanicus.org

1773 doğumlular
1858 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl botanikçileri
İskoç botanikçiler
Edinburgh Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
St Petersburg Bilimler Akademisi'nin şeref üyeleri
St Petersburg Bilimler Akademisi'nin muhabir üyeleri
Paleobotanikçiler

Robert Brown (1773 doğumlu botanikçi)


Beydiğin, Antalya ilinin Manavgat ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 73 km, Manavgat ilçesine 34 km uzaklıktadır.

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Beydiğin


Marie Amalie af Baden (; 11. oktober 1817 – 17. oktober 1888) var en tysk prinsesse af Baden. Som ægtefælle til den skotske adelsmand William Douglas-Hamilton, 11. Hertug af Hamilton var hun hertuginde af Hamilton og Brandon fra 1852 til 1863.

Biografi

Marie Amalie blev født den 11. oktober 1817 i Karlsruhe i Storhertugdømmet Baden som datter af Fyrst Karl af Baden og Stéphanie de Beauharnais.

Hun blev gift den 23. februar 1843 i Mannheim med den skotske adelsmand William Douglas-Hamilton, der var søn af Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 10. Hertug af Hamilton og Susan Euphemia Beckford.

Da hendes svigerfader døde i 1852, blev hendes mand hertug af Hamilton og Marie Amalie selv blev hertuginde.

Hertug William døde den 8. juli 1863. Marie Amalie overlevede sin mand med 25 år og døde den 17. oktober 1888 i Baden-Baden.

Børn
Marie Amalie og William fik tre børn:

 William Douglas-Hamilton (1845-1895), 12. Hertug af Hamilton 1863–1895
 Charles Douglas-Hamilton (1847–1886), 7. Jarl af Selkirk
 Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton (1850–1922), gift 1. gang 1869 med den senere Fyrst Albert 1. af Monaco (ægteskabet annulleret i 1880), gift 2. gang 1880 med fyrst Tasziló Festetics de Tolna

Eksterne links

Huset Zähringen
Hertuginder
Personer fra Karlsruhe

Marie Amalie af Baden


Pobačaj u Hrvatskoj reguliran je od 1952. godine. Prema sadašnjem Zakonu o zdravstvenim mjerama za ostvarivanje prava na slobodno odlučivanje o rađanju djece koji je na snazi još od 1978. godine i nije se mijenjao, pobačaj se može obaviti na zahtjev do 12. tjedna od prvog dana posljednje menstruacije, a nakon toga u posebnim okolnostima.

U 2021. godini u hrvatskim je bolnicama obavljeno 7712 pobačaja, od čega su 1774 bila na zahtjev žene zbog neželjene trudnoće. U više od 80 % abortusom prekinutih trudnoća žene se nisu koristile kontracepcijskim metodama.

Povijest
Jugoslavija, čiji je Hrvatska bila dio, legalizirala je pobačaj 1952. godine. Godine 1960., dopušten je i zbog društvenih indikacija. Godine 1969., ukinuto je pravilo da povjerenstvo treba odobriti pobačaj u prvih 10 tjedana. Ova serija mjera nije smanjila ukupnu stopu pobačaja u to vrijeme, ali morbiditet i smrtnost majki povezanih s pobačajem znatno su se smanjili.

Na temelju odredbe Ustava Jugoslavije iz 1974. godine, dana 21. travnja 1978. godine, u Hrvatskoj je donesen Zakon o zdravstvenim mjerama za ostvarivanje prava na slobodno odlučivanje o rođenju djece. Ovaj zakon o pobačaju nije se promijenio kad je Hrvatska postigla neovisnost od Jugoslavije 1991. godine, iako su bile prijedlozi stranaka za pooštravanje uvjeta za pobačaj.

Tadašnji krčki biskup i predsjednik Vijeća Hrvatske biskupske konferencije za obitelj Valter Župan zatražio je u svom govoru 2011. godine, iako ne izrijekom, da se u Hrvatskoj revidiraju zakoni koji dopuštaju pobačaj: "Imamo pravo i želimo da oni koji nama upravljaju promiču život i da se konačno revidira zakon iz nekih željeli bismo vjerovati prošlih vremena o prekidu ljudskog života i da se ne naziva napretkom ono što vodi u smrt".

"Zašto su došli vlakom" prvi je hrvatski animirani film na temu pobačaja, redatelja Joška Marušića iz 2015. godine. U filmu, svako pobačeno dijete došlo je svojim roditeljima, kako bi se igrali sa svojom rođenom braćom i sestrama.

U ožujku 2017., godine Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske donio je odluku da sadašnji zakon koji dopušta pobačaj na zahtjev ne krši Ustav. Ustavni sud utvrđuje da fetus, kao Ustavom zaštićenu vrijednost uživa ustavnu zaštitu samo do one mjere do koje se ne sukobljava s pravom žene na privatnost. Pravo na život nerođenog bića u tom smislu nije zaštićeno tako da ima prednost ili veću zaštitu u odnosu na pravo žene na privatnost. Osim toga, Ustavni sud smatra da pitanje »kada počinje život« nije u njihovoj nadležnosti, već on preispituje zakonodavstvo kojim se uređuje pitanje prekida trudnoće, kako bi ocijenio je li ono u suglasnosti s ustavnim načelima i vrijednostima. Sudac Miroslav Šumanović bio je protiv i dao izdvojeno mišljenje: "Zdravi razum nalaže zaključiti da je onda pogotovo nužno "osuvremeniti" zakonodavni model u odnosu na bit stvari i srž problematike. Dakle, očita je potpuna nesuglasnost osporenog zakona s Ustavom, pa ga zato treba ukinuti u cijelosti." Međutim, Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske uputio je Hrvatskom saboru zahtjev da u roku od dvije godine donese novi zakon u kojem će biti uključene preventivne i obrazovne mjere s ciljem da pobačaj bude izniman.

Priziv savjesti
Posljednjih godina u tijeku je rasprava o pravu na prigovor savjesti. Kritičari kažu da ovo pravilo ograničava dostupnost pobačaja u nekim područjima, dok zagovornici prigovora savjesti tvrde da svaki ginekolog ima ustavno pravo odbiti izvršavanje pobačaja ili sudjelovanje u postupku. U studenom 2014., Ministarstvo zdravstva objavilo je da će pobačaj biti dostupan u svim javnim bolnicama, što nije slučaj u šest bolnica u Hrvatskoj, u kojima su se svi liječnici pozvali na priziv savjesti kao u Općoj bolnici u Virovitici.

Parlamentarna skupština Vijeća Europe utvrdila je pravo na priziv savjesti u medicini Rezolucijom 1763 iz 2010. godine. U točki 1. ove Rezolucije, između ostalog, stoji da niti jedna pravna ili fizička osoba neće biti podvrgnuta prisili, neće se držati odgovornom niti će se na bilo koji način diskriminirati ako odbije izvršiti pobačaj ili eutanaziju. Uz pobačaj i eutanaziju, pravo na priziv savjest često se koristi u postupcima potpomognutog suicida, medicinske oplodnje i sterilizacije. U Republici Hrvatskoj sloboda savjesti i vjeroispovijedi te sloboda javnog očitovanja vjere ili drugog uvjerenja zajamčena je člankom 40. Ustava Republike Hrvatske. Pravo na priziv savjesti utvrđeno je nizom zakona iz područja zdravstva.

Rezolucija Europskog parlamenta o stanju u pogledu seksualnog i reproduktivnog zdravlja i prava u EU-u u kontekstu zdravlja žena (2020/2215(INI) iz 2021. godine naglašava da se prigovorom savjesti pojedinca ne smije zadirati u pravo pacijenta na potpuni pristup zdravstvenoj skrbi i uslugama te žali što ponekad uobičajena praksa u državama članicama dopušta liječnicima, a ponekad i cijelim zdravstvenim ustanovama, da odbiju pružati zdravstvene usluge na temelju takozvanog prigovora savjesti, što dovodi do uskraćivanja skrbi u vezi s pobačajem na temelju vjere ili savjesti te ugrožava život i prava žena, te poziva države članice da provedu učinkovite mjere kojima se osigurava da prigovor "savjesti" ne ugrožava pravodoban pristup žena skrbi povezanoj sa seksualnim i reproduktivnim zdravljem.

Kninska primalja Jaga Stojak dobila je otkaz u kninskoj Općoj bolnici jer 14. lipnja 2014., nije htjela sudjelovati u pobačaju, pozvavši se na priziv savjesti. Nakon prosvjeda udruga i biskupa te žalbe na odluku, vraćena je na posao.

Procedura pobačaja
Pobačaj mogu obavljati samo liječnici u bolnici s odjelom za ginekologiju ili u drugom ovlaštenom objektu. Pobačaj može biti kirurški ili medikamentozni (pobačaj tabletama). Korištenje lijekova mifepriston u kombinaciji s mizoprostolom najčešći je oblik medikamentoznog prekida trudnoće. Djevojke mlađe od 16 godina trebaju imati odobrenje roditelja. Djevojke starije od 16 godina mogu samostalno odlučivati o prekidu trudnoće - medikamentoznim pobačajem jer je za anesteziju potrebno odobrenje roditelja. Nakon proteklih 12 tjedana od prvog dana poslijednje menstruacije, pobačaj mora odobriti Prvostupanjska komisija, koja se sastoji od ginekologa, drugog liječnika i socijalnog radnika ili registrirane medicinske sestre. Povjerenstvo može odobriti pobačaj ako je medicinski nužno spasiti život ili očuvati zdravlje, bilo tijekom trudnoće ili poroda ili nakon poroda; ako bi se dijete vjerojatno rodilo s ozbiljnim kongenitalnim poremećajem; ili kada je trudnoća rezultat kaznenog djela, uključujući silovanje i incest. Protiv odluke komisije može se uložiti žalba drugoj komisiji, čija je odluka konačna. Ovaj se postupak ne primjenjuje u situacijama u kojima je život ili zdravlje trudnice u neposrednoj opasnosti ili je pobačaj već započeo. Pacijentica ima pravo na do 7 dana bolovanja nakon prekida trudnoće na zahtjev prema Pravilniku o rokovima najduljeg trajanja bolovanja.

Udruge za kriminalizaciju pobačaja
40 dana za život je pro-life molitvena inicijativa za zabranu pobačaja, koja je započela 2004., od strane lokalnih kršćanskih zajednica u SAD-u. U Hrvatskoj je inicijativa "40 dana za život" započela 2014. godine, bdijenjima ispred Kliničkoga bolničkoga centra "Sestre milosrdnice" u Zagrebu, za vrijeme korizme i proširila se na 28 gradova u Hrvatskoj. Do sada je sudjelovalo više od 10 000 ljudi. Pruža se moralna, duhovna i materijalna pomoć trudnicama i postoji program za iscjeljenje rana pobačaja "Oprostom oslobođene". Tri ključna elementa Inicijative su: molitva i post, bdijenje ispred bolnica i osvješćivanje lokalne zajednice. Udruga "Hrvatska za život" koja to organizira, održala je i 1. Međunarodnu konferenciju za život "Život, dakle, biraj!" u Hrvatskoj, s govornicima iz raznih dijelova svijeta o temama zaštite života od začeća i kulturi života u Zagrebu krajem travnja 2018. godine.

Centar za nerođeni život- Betlehem organizira savjetovanja za trudnice, koje planiraju učiniti pobačaj, pomažu siromašnim obiteljima i djeci kroz hranu i odjeću. Osnivač udruge Marko Glogović, katolički svećenik i redovnik-pavlin pokrenuo je Molitvene Sabore za nerođene i svečane Majčine dane, izdavaštvo "za život" Nonnatus, spomen-obilježja u čast pobačene djece, seminare za izlječenje rana pobačaja, inicijativu za zlostavljane žene "Bakhita", tzv. Službu Pomirenja za roditelje suočene sa spontanim pobačajem djeteta, dvije majčinske kuće "Obitelj sv. Josipa" za prihvat samohranih majki, trudnica i djece.

Vigilare je aktivistička udruga građana sa zapaženom javnom djelatnošću. Zalažu se za pravo na život od začeća. Imali su više akcija protiv pobačaja. Pokrenuta je građanska inicijativa I ja sam bio embrij. Povod joj je bila diskriminirajuća izjava ministra zdravlja Rajka Ostojića od 4. siječnja 2012. Naišla je na veliki odaziv i odobravanje javnosti unatoč izrazitoj nenaklonjenosti pojedinih masovnih medija s velikim utjecajem. U listopadu 2017., Vigilare je predao Hrvatskom saboru 168 tisuća potpisa peticije "Imam pravo živjeti!" kojima traže potpunu zabranu pobačaja u Hrvatskoj.

Hod za život je hod građana u znak potpore svakom djetetu – rođenom i nerođenom, njegovoj majci, ocu i svakoj obitelji. Cilj Hoda za život je kriminalizacija pobačaja. Prvi put se održao u Zagrebu 2015. godine, a sljedeće godine osim u Zagrebu i u Splitu.

Statistika
Najveći postotak pobačaja zabilježen je u osamdesetima. Godine 1989. 49% svih trudnoća završilo je pobačajem. U 1990.  bilo oko 38500 prijavljenih pobačaja. Tijekom Domovinskog rata i nakon njega taj je postotak dramatično pao i nastavio padati u narednim godinama. U 2020. godini bilo je 2594 zabilježenih pobačaja na zahtjev žene, što je značajan pad u odnosu na 14,282 zabilježenih 1995. godine. Vjeruje se da nisu svi pobačaji evidentirani, pogotovo oni koji se rade kod privatnih liječnika ili u inozemstvu.

U hrvatskim bolnicama, koje su jedine ovlaštene obavljati pobačaje, u 2006. godini obavljena su 10224 pobačaja, a u 2021. bilo ih je 7712, od čega su 1774 bila na zahtjev žene zbog neželjene trudnoće, a ostali su bili ili spontani pobačaji ili pobačaji zbog patologija ploda i trudnoće. U više od 80 % abortusom prekinutih trudnoća žene se nisu koristile kontracepcijskim metodama. Broj prijavljenih pobačaja kod djevojaka mlađih od dvadeset godina niži je od prosjeka Europske unije i Hrvatskoj susjednih zemalja.

Prigovorom savjesti da ne čine pobačaj koristi se 54% liječnika, prema podacima iz 2018. Pravo na prigovor savjesti ima i drugo medicinsko osoblje.

Izvori

Hrvatska
Medicina u Hrvatskoj

Pobačaj u Hrvatskoj


කෑගල්ල දිස්ත්‍රක්කයේ දෙහීඕවිට අධ්‍යාපන කලාපයේ පිහිටි රුවන්වැල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයේ කුරුපැත්ත ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇත. ආරම්භය අතිගරු රන්ජිත් සියබලාපිටිය ඇමතිතුමා විසින් 2011 වර්ෂයෙදී විවෘත කරන ලදී.

මේ වන විට අප ආයතනයේ පහත පරිදි අධ්‍යාපනයන් ලැබිය හැකිය.
               1.Kids Cause
               2.ICT Cause
               3.GIT Cause
               4.Hardware & Networking Cause

කුරුපැත්ත නැණසල


Wonder Stories a fost o revistă americană care a fost lansată în 1929 și care a publicat până în 1955 lucrări ale literatruii științifico-fantastice.

A fost fondată de Hugo Gernsback în 1929 după ce a pierdut controlul revistei sale de science-fiction Amazing Stories, atunci când compania sa media Experimenter Publishing a dat faliment. În câteva luni de la faliment, Gernsback a lansat trei noi reviste: Air Wonder Stories, Science Wonder Stories și Science Wonder Quarterly. Air Wonder Stories și Science Wonder Stories au fost unite în 1930 ca Wonder Stories.

Autori publicați
 Alexander M. Phillips (1907 - 1991)
 Arthur Leo Zagat (1895 - 1948)
 Arthur K. Barnes (1911 – 1969)
 Clifford D. Simak
 David H. Keller
 Edmond Hamilton
 Edward Elmer Smith
 Eric Temple Bell
 Edward E. Chappelow
 Ed Earl Repp (1901 - 1979)
 George Paul Bauer
 Harry D. Parker
 Herman Potočnik
 Hugo Gernsback
 H. Warner Munn (1903 - 1981)
 Isaac Asimov
 John Wyndham aka. John Beynon Harris
 Jack Williamson
 Jack Vance
 Jerry Siegel
 Julian May
 Laurence Manning (1899 – 1972)
 Lloyd Arthur Eshbach (1910 - 2003)
 Manly Wade Wellman (1903 – 1986)
 Malcolm Jameson (1891 – 1945)
 Mort Weisinger
 Nat Schachner (1895 - 1955)
 Nelson S. Bond (1908 - 2006)
 Neil R. Jones (1909 - 1988)
 Otto Binder & Earl Binder
 Otto Willi Gail
 Oliver E. Saari
 Philip Barshofsky
 Philip Jacques Bartel
 Ray Cummings (1887 - 1957)
 Ray Bradbury
 Robert A. Heinlein
 Raymond F. Jones
 Raymond Z. Gallun (1911 - 1994)
 Samuel Mines (1909 - 1986)
 Stanley G. Weinbaum
 Wesley Arnold
 Willy Ley (1906 - 1969)
 Frank K. Kelly

Ilustratori
 Alex Schomburg
 Frank R. Paul (1884 - 1963)
 Rudolph Belarsky (1911 - 2006)
 Emsh
 Jack Coggins

Referințe și note

Legături externe

 Website for relaunched Thrilling Wonder Stories

Fondări în 1929
Reviste din Statele Unite ale Americii
Foste reviste din Statele Unite ale Americii
Publicații science-fiction
Hugo Gernsback
1929 în științifico-fantastic

Wonder Stories


Stan Struthers (born 1959) is a Manitoba politician and a former member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the New Democratic Party (NDP). He served in the legislature from his election in 1995 until his retirement in 2016, holding various cabinet positions in the governments of Gary Doer and Greg Selinger during his time in office. In February 2018, he apologized after five former colleagues brought allegations of inappropriate touching over many years.

Background
Born in Swan River, Manitoba, Struthers graduated from Swan Valley Regional Secondary School in 1977, and later received his Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Education degrees from Brandon University, and his Master's of Education from the University of Manitoba. He went on to teach at Norway House, then became principal at Rorketon Collegiate and later taught at the Winnipegosis High School.

Political career
Struthers was first elected to the Manitoba Legislature in the 1995 provincial election as the member for Dauphin. He was re-elected as the MLA for the redistributed Dauphin—Roblin riding in 1999 and 2003. In his first term, he served as the NDP's Natural Resources Critic and Deputy Agriculture Critic. After the NDP formed government, Struthers served as the legislative assistant to the Minister of Health, Dave Chomiak. Premier Gary Doer appointed Struthers as Minister of Conservation on November 4, 2003. On November 3, 2009, Premier Greg Selinger appointed Struthers as Minister of Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives.

In 1995, Struthers supported Lorne Nystrom's campaign for the leadership of the federal New Democratic Party. In 2003, he supported Bill Blaikie.

He was re-elected in the 2007 and 2011 elections.

Struthers resigned his cabinet position on November 3, 2014 along with Jennifer Howard, Theresa Oswald, Erin Selby, and Andrew Swan, due to concerns about Premier Selinger's leadership. He remained an NDP MLA after resignation from cabinet. He did not seek re-election in Dauphin in the 2016 general election.

In February 2018, in association with the global Me Too movement, several women came forward with allegations that Stan Struthers sexually harassed and inappropriately touched several of his staff over many years while a member of the Legislative Assembly. During these years, Struthers' staff often referred to him as "Minister Tickles" behind his back. Party officials received at least three complaints about Struthers' tickling and harassment between 2010 and 2015 but no formal investigations took place. Struthers issued an apology for his behaviour in February 2018.

References

New Democratic Party of Manitoba MLAs
University of Manitoba alumni
1959 births
Living people
Finance ministers of Manitoba
Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba
People from Swan River, Manitoba
21st-century Canadian politicians

Stan Struthers


Paulino Paredes (født 1913 i Michoacan, Mexico - død 1957) var en mexicansk komponist.

Paredes studerede komposition privat hos bl.a.Miguel Bernal Jiménez. Han er mest kendt for sine religiøse værker.

Han har skrevet 2 symfonier, orkesterværker, kammermusik, sange, instrumentalværker etc.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni "Provinsiel" (1945-1947) - for orkester
 Symfoni "Benjamina" (1947) - for orkester

Kilde
 Om Paulino Paredes på musicweb-international.com

Komponister fra Mexico

Paulino Paredes


The Fall of Hearts deseti je studijski album švedskog rock sastava Katatonia. Diskografska kuća Peaceville Records objavila ga je 20. svibnja 2016. godine. Uradak, čije su pjesme uglavnom napisali i producirali osnivači Jonas Renkse i Anders Nyström, prvi je album grupe na kojem su se pojavili novi članovi, Daniel Moilanen i Roger Öjersson. Za razliku od prethodnih uradaka grupe više je utemeljen u progresivnom rocku, a uglavnom je dobio pozitivne kritike. Dvije su pjesme objavljene i kao singlovi: "Old Heart Falls" i "Serein".

Pozadina
Prvi je Katatonijin studijski album nakon četiri godine, nakon objave Dead End Kingsa 2012. godine. Između objave tih albuma skupina je dvaput promijenila članove, zbog čega je The Fall of Hearts prvi na kojem su sudjelovali bubnjar Daniel Moilanen i gitarist Roger Öjersson. Moilanen je zamijenio prethodnog bubnjara Daniela Liljekvista, koji je sa sastavom proveo 15 godina i napustio ga je 2014. kako bi se posvetio obitelji i karijeri izvan glazbene industrije. Iz skupine je 2014. izišao i gitarist Per Erikkson, koji je s njom proveo četiri godine; zbog njegovog preseljenja u Barcelonu raspored turneje i snimanja postao je složeniji.

O albumu
Usprkos promjenama u postavi pjesme na uratku i dalje su uglavnom napisali članovi osnivači, Jonas Renkse i Anders Nyström. Materijal su skladali odvojeno jedan od drugoga i međusobno su si dijelili samo ono što su smatrali boljim idejama; tada su ideje koje su se obojici sviđale predstavili ostatku skupine i na temelju njih oblikovali cijelu pjesmu. Renkse je izjavio da pri aranžiranju albuma nisu odbacivali različite ideje, zbog čega su tijekom njegova oblikovanja bili kreativniji i aktivno su se pokušali odlomiti od formule prisutne na prethodnih nekoliko uradaka. Članovi skupine nisu htjeli "otkriti toplu vodu", nego "malo se odvojiti od prethodnog stila i napraviti nešto drugačije". Zbog Öjerssonovih gitarističkih sposobnosti na albumu se pojavljuje više gitarskih solodionica, a Moilanenov stil bubnjanja dodatno je glazbeni stil uratka odveo u progresivnom smjeru. Cijeli je uradak zapravo snimljen prije nego što se Öjersson priključio sastavu, ali su njegovi članovi dodali njegove gitarske solodionice na dovršeni materijal jer su htjeli da "ostavi svoj trag". Moilanen se, pak, grupi pridružio ranije i imao je veću ulogu u oblikovanju pjesama – Renkse i Nyström često su s njime raspravljali o idejama. K tome, zbog uspjeha Dethroned and Uncrowneda, akustične i ambijentalne inačice prethodnog albuma Dead End Kings, skupina je s manjom zadrškom na album uvrštavala različite elemente.

Snimanje albuma odvijalo se u točno određenim fazama skladanja, pretprodukcije, demosnimanja i konačnog snimanja, premda su si članovi dopustili vraćanje u neku od prijašnjih faza ako bi ih štogod nadahnulo ili ako bi osmislili nove ideje. Pjesme su se često mijenjale tijekom procesa, a Nyström je izjavio da se demosnimke uvelike razlikuju od konačnih studijskih snimki. Renkse i Nyström odlučili su samostalno producirati album jer nisu željeli raditi kompromise u oblikovanju pjesama i zbog straha da bi mogli nastati potencijalni kreativni ili financijski problemi dovedu li vanjskog producenta.

Razni su novinari glazbeni stil albuma nazvali progresivnim rockom s različitim utjecajima. Loudwire je istaknuo sličnost pjesme "Serein" s novovalnim stilom grupa iz 1980-ih kao što je The Cure zbog "nježnih akorda i blage solodionice... Opuštajućeg, više puta snimljenog glasa Jonasa Renksea... pomalo ubrzanog ritma [...] i poticajnih, [...] prekrasnih, podcijenjenih tekstura solodionica pod utjecajem pop-glazbe." Billboard je za pjesmu "Pale Flag" izjavio da zvuči kao narodna balada. Naziv albuma, The Fall of Hearts, ne nosi neko određeno značenje, nego je fraza koju je osmislio Renkse kojom je želio opisati sveopći zvuk i tekstove na albumu.

Objava i promidžba
The Fall of Hearts objavljen je 20. svibnja 2016. godine. Objavljena su dva singla za pjesme na albumu, kao i njima pripadajući tekstualni spotovi; "Old Heart Falls" objavljen je 30. ožujka, a "Serein" 10. svibnja. Za tekstualni spot pjesme "Old Heart Falls" grupa je tekst pjesme ispisala koristeći se starim pisaćim strojem, čime je namjeravala povećati melankoličnost videozapisa, a na spotu je radila u suradnji s Lasseom Hoileom.

Ubrzo nakon objave albuma grupa je otišla na promidžbenu turneju; prvo je nastupila na glazbenim festivalima kao što su Hellfest i Tuska, a zatim je održala koncerte u Južnoj Americi i Europi.

Recenzije
The Fall of Hearts dobio je pozitivne kritike. Na Metacriticu, mrežnom mjestu koje skuplja recenzije glazbenih kritičara i na temelju njih albumu daje ocjenu od 0 do 100, uradak ima ocjenu 72/100 na temelju četiri recenzije, što označava "uglavnom pozitivne kritike". AllMusicov recenzent Thom Jurek dao mu je četiri zvjezdice od njih pet i pohvalio je sastav zbog toga što je otišao u progresivnijem smjeru: "Tekstovi pjesama i dalje su utemeljeni u tematikama gubitka, otuđenosti, opustošenosti i želji za nadilaženjem, ali melodije su zamršenije, manje izravne, no sadrže i više upečatljivih zaraznih dionica, zbog čega su pjesme pristupačnije široj publici progresivnog rocka nego ikada prije. Taj album, koji nadahnjuje i koji je dalekovidan, dokazuje da je i nakon 25 godina postojanja Katatonia i dalje neumorna i da odbija počivati na lovorikama." Chad Bowar iz Loudwirea na sličan je način pohvalio promjenu glazbenog stila iz death metala, koji je odredio prošlost skupine, u progresivni rock, zbog čega ju je usporedio s Opethom i zaključio: "To su veterani koji znaju što žele, a njihovu ujedinjenu viziju ne zamućuju nikakvi vanjski utjecaji. The Fall of Hearts pun je tame i svjetla, žestine i mekoće, drame i podcjenjivanja. Čine ga brojni suptilni elementi, ali je i vrlo pristupačan."

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Katatonia
Anders Nyström – prateći vokali, gitara, klavijature, produkcija, umjetnički direktor
Jonas Renkse – glavni vokali, gitara, klavijature, produkcija, umjetnički direktor
Niklas Sandin – bas-gitara
Daniel Moilanen – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
Roger Öjersson – gitarske solodionice (na pjesmama 1, 7 i 12)
J P Asplund – udaraljke

Ostalo osoblje
Travis Smith – ilustracije
Jens Bogren – miksanje, masteriranje
Karl Daniel Lidén – tonska obrada

Ljestvice

Izvori

Albumi iz 2016.
Švedski glazbeni albumi

The Fall of Hearts


Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow (conocida cómo Nuevos Vengadores: Héroes del Mañana o Los Próximos Vengadores: Héroes del Mañana en español) es un filme de animación. Es la quinta de una serie de películas animadas de Marvel Animation basada en Marvel Comics de Lions Gate Entertainment. Fue lanzada en DVD y Blu-ray el 2 de septiembre de 2008. El proyecto fue anunciado originalmente bajo el título Avengers Teen, y más tarde cambiado a Avengers Reborn. Posteriormente, se refirió a él como Next Avengers antes de recibir su título completo actual. Una vista previa de la cinta fue incluída en el DVD de la película de animación Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme.

Argumento
Una batalla contra Ultrón deja a los Vengadores derrotados, con seis de los héroes muertos en la lucha y el mundo a merced del ejército de las máquinas de Ultrón. El Capitán América le dice a Tony Stark que lleve a los hijos de los Vengadores a un refugio subterráneo fortificado oculto por encima del Círculo Polar Ártico. Los niños son James Rogers (hijo del Capitán América y la Viuda Negra), Henry Pym Jr. (hijo del Hombre Gigante y la Avispa), Azari (hijo de Pantera Negra y Tormenta), y Torunn (hija de los ausentes Thor y Sif).

Tony Stark cría y entrena en secreto a los niños durante doce años, hasta que un día Visión llega al refugio después de esconderse durante más de una década de Ultrón. Él ha venido a informar a Stark de que Francis Barton, hijo de Ojo de Halcón, también está vivo.

Mientras los curiosos niños espían a Stark y Visión, James activa accidentalmente una serie de robots, similares a Iron Man, llamados Vengadores de Hierro. Estos imitan el aspecto y habilidades del Capitán América, Ojo de Halcón, Pantera Negra, Thor, la Viuda Negra y el Hombre Gigante. Debido a que están programados para derrotar a Ultrón tras la activación, despegan para hacerlo y son detectados por los sensores que el supervillano ha implantado por todo el mundo, revelando la ubicación del refugio. Tras esto, Ultrón se dirige al refugio y lo invade. Stark, ahora como Iron Man, es capaz de detenerlo el tiempo suficiente para que los niños escapen, pero es finalmente sometido y capturado. Más tarde, Ultrón es capaz de reprogramar a los Vengadores de Hierro para seguir sus órdenes.

Entrando furtivamente en Ciudad Ultra para rescatar a Stark, los cuatro jóvenes Vengadores encuentran a Francis Barton (hijo de Ojo de Halcón y Pájaro Burlón). Ellos deciden formar equipo con él y su grupo de combatientes de la resistencia para rescatar a su tutor.

Los cinco logran escapar con Stark de la trampa de Ultrón en su ciudadela, y se dirigen hacia el desierto, junto con una mayor Betty Ross, donde Bruce Banner (Hulk) ha decidido esconderse y mantenerse alejado de otras personas por su propia seguridad. Después de que él se niegue a ayudarlos, James idea un plan para atraer a Ultrón allí, y así provocar que Hulk aparezca y destruya al robot.

Los jóvenes Vengadores pelean una batalla perdida con los dobles mecánicos de sus padres, pero se las arreglan para despertar a Hulk, que vence a los Vengadores de Hierro y finalmente destruye a Ultrón, partiéndolo en dos. Este comienza a reconstruirse a sí mismo, por lo que Torunn decide llevar su cuerpo al espacio, lanzando las dos piezas en direcciones opuestas, lo que garantiza que no se pueda reconstruir. Ella casi se ahoga y se congela en el proceso, dando lugar a que su padre, Thor, la rescate y explique los motivos por los que la dejó en la Tierra. Thor invita a Torunn a unirse a él en Asgard, pero ella elige regresar con su familia a la Tierra. Como regalo de despedida, Thor la envía de vuelta a la Tierra con una armadura completa de Asgard.

Con Ultrón finalmente derrotado, los cinco jóvenes Vengadores se preparan para regresar a Ciudad Ultra para hacer frente a las fuerzas restantes del androide y rescatar a la población.

Personajes

Jóvenes Vengadores
 James Rogers (Noah Crawford): Hijo del Capitán América y la Viuda Negra, y líder de los Vengadores adolescentes. Nombrado en honor al compañero y mejor amigo del Capitán América, Bucky Barnes, ha heredado la capacidad de lucha excepcional, agilidad y los reflejos de sus padres y una gran resistencia a partir del suero de súper soldado de su padre. James tenía originalmente un brazalete pulsera diseñado por Tony Stark, que podía generar un escudo de energía basado en el escudo del Capitán América, que utiliza de la misma manera que su padre. Cuando su brazalete de muñeca es destruido por la Viuda Negra de Hierro, James recupera el escudo de su padre después de la destrucción de su copia robótica. Al igual que su padre, James tiene una gran dificultad para estar quieto y muestra un gran sentido de responsabilidad una vez que se da cuenta de la gravedad de la situación. Se muestra un tanto protector hacia Torunn. Aunque inicialmente no lo acepte y se esfuerce por ocultarlo, parece sentir interés romántico por la asgardiana.

 Torunn (Brenna O'Brien): Hija de Thor y Sif, y sobrina de Loki. Posee los poderes innatos de fuerza sobrehumana y resistencia al daño físico compartido por todos los asgardianos. Como arma, empuña una espada mágica asgardiana muy similar a la de su madre. Como el martillo Mjolnir de su padre, la espada tiene un encanto que reconoce a Torunn como su única dueña, y le permite el poder de absorber y controlar los rayos y truenos. Inicialmente, Torunn trata de actuar como una guerrera asgardiana (lanzándose hacia el fragor de la batalla sin tener en cuenta las consecuencias), ya que tiene la esperanza de que, de esa forma, logrará que su padre la tome en cuenta; sin embargo, en realidad es muy insegura, ya que mientras sus amigos son huérfanos, Thor al parecer solo la abandonó. Torunn ocasionalmente adquiere humildad a medida que la historia avanza y reconoce su vulnerabilidad. Ella se siente halagada por las insinuaciones de coqueteo de Francis Barton, aunque muestra un interés particular por James.

 Azari (M. Dempsey Pappion): Hijo de Pantera Negra y Tormenta (que no es mencionada por su nombre en la película). Azari ha heredado los sentidos mejorados de su padre, agilidad y habilidades marciales, y del lado de su madre, muestra la capacidad de generar y manipular los poderosos campos eléctricos. Hereda el nombre de su bisabuelo paterno. Azari es el más ordenado y sensato de los jóvenes Vengadores y con frecuencia trata de que los demás sigan las órdenes de Tony (a diferencia de su padre, quien llegó a estar en amplio desacuerdo con Stark), a pesar de que finalmente termina por unirse a sus amigos en la desobediencia en favor de mejores intereses.
 Henry Pym Jr. (Aidan Drummond): Simplemente llamado Pym, es el hijo de Henry Pym (Hombre Hormiga / Hombre Gigante) y Janet Van Dyne (Avispa). Es el más joven y más inteligente de los cinco niños. Él tiene la capacidad de cambiar de tamaño a pequeño o gigante, y ha heredado la habilidad de su madre de disparar las picaduras de energía. Cuando se contrae, le crecen alas de avispa que le permiten volar; cuando crece, el aumento de la fuerza y durabilidad es proporcional. Pym es el cerebro técnico del grupo, capaz de descifrar complejos dispositivos con bastante facilidad.
 Francis Barton (Adrian Petriw): Hijo de Ojo de Halcón y Pájaro Burlón. A diferencia de los otros jóvenes Vengadores, Francis fue dejado accidentalmente atrás después de la lucha final de los Vengadores contra Ultrón y creció con su padre como un fugitivo en la Ciudad Ultra, donde se convirtió en el líder de un grupo de refugiados humanos conocidos como los Carroñeros. Francis muestra una precisión excepcional con su arco y lleva un carcaj con flechas explosivas y de truco. Al igual que sus padres, Francis y James se muestran en abierto desacuerdo inicialmente, pero ocasionalmente se convierten en amigos. Al principio Francis parece frío e indiferente con sus nuevos amigos, pero a medida que pasa el tiempo, se muestra tan bromista y coqueto como Ojo de Halcón lo era.

Vengadores originales sobrevivientes
 Tony Stark / Iron Man (Tom Kane): Es el constructor original de Ultrón. Después de la derrota de los Vengadores, Tony se reunió con los hijos de éstos y los escondió en el Ártico, en busca de redención por su mayor error. Trata de mantener a salvo a los niños por la memoria de sus padres y sus amigos.
 Visión (Shawn MacDonald): Usando su capacidad de ser intangible, Visión actuó como espía de Tony para hacer el seguimiento del progreso de Ultrón en subyugar a la humanidad. Visión regresa debido a que Ultrón había encontrado una manera de derrotarlo en su estado intangible y lo había herido gravemente. Tony no tuvo tiempo para reparar su cuerpo, y los niños terminan llevándose su cabeza hasta el final de la película.
 Thor (Michael Adamthwaite): Dios nórdico del trueno. Cuando su padre Odín murió, Thor regresó a Asgard para gobernar, dejando a su hija Torunn al cuidado de los Vengadores. Thor aparece a final de la película para rescatar a Torunn de la muerte en el espacio exterior mediante el puente Bifrost, dándole la bienvenida a Asgard después de haber aprendido los valores humanos que la harían una vengadora.
 Bruce Banner / Hulk (Ken Kramer / Fred Tatasciore): Bruce Banner se ha mantenido con vida bajo el régimen de Ultrón escondiéndose en el desierto y evitando cualquier contacto con otras personas para evitar sus emociones, y por lo tanto, mantener a Hulk bajo control. La única persona capaz de controlar su ira es Betty Ross. Dado que Bruce Banner se niega a ayudar a derrotar a Ultrón, James diseña un plan que, finalmente, no deja a Hulk otra opción más que participar en la lucha.

Secundarios
 Betty Ross (Nicole Oliver): Hija del general Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross y el interés amoroso de Bruce Banner. Ella se ha mantenido con vida escondiéndose junto a los supervivientes humanos que Ojo de Halcón y su hijo habían reunido.
 Yocasta (Nicole Oliver): La inteligencia artificial del equipo de refugio de Tony Stark.

Villanos
 Ultrón (Tom Kane): El antagonista principal. Tony Stark creó a Ultrón para ser una fuerza de la paz, pero su programación evolucionó y Ultrón, finalmente, decidió apoderarse de la Tierra. Atacó a los Vengadores, matando a la mayoría y se dispuso a conquistar el mundo.
 Vengadores de Hierro: Un equipo de réplicas robóticas de los Vengadores (con exclusión de Iron Man y Hulk) basado en la tecnología de la armadura de Iron Man. Fueron creados por Tony Stark tanto como un homenaje a la tradición de los Vengadores, así como ayudantes en un eventual enfrentamiento contra Ultrón. Sin embargo, Ultrón utiliza un virus de computadora para hacerlos sus peones. Todos los Vengadores de Hierro son capaces de propulsión a chorro de vuelo y poseen una fuerza sobrehumana y resistencia debido a sus estructuras robóticas.
 Capitán América de Hierro: El líder de campo de los Vengadores de Hierro y el único que demostró ser capaz de hablar. El Capitán América de Hierro maneja dos escudos en la película, siendo el primero una versión más reciente que podría cortar casi cualquier cosa. En el ataque a la ciudadela, el primer escudo es destruido por el ácido, por lo que en la batalla del desierto lleva el escudo original del Capitán América. El Capitán América de Hierro fue destruido por James, cuando el joven Vengador cortó al robot en dos con el escudo de su padre.
 Viuda Negra de Hierro: Puede cambiar sus manos por armas y tiene un par de brazos. Ella fue destruida por Hulk en la confrontación final.
 Pantera Negra de Hierro: Tiene la habilidad de las artes marciales, los instintos y la agilidad de la Pantera Negra real de los Vengadores. Él tiene la habilidad de transformarse en una pantera robot. Fue destruido cuando Azari usó sus habilidades eléctricas haciéndolo explotar.
 Thor de Hierro: Es el único Vengador de Hierro que imita a un Vengador con vida. El robot fue destruido cuando Torunn lo apuñaló en el estómago y lo partió por la mitad.
 Ojo de Halcón de Hierro: Sus manos están equipadas con arcos desplegables, dispositivos que disparan proyectiles cargados de energía. Francis destruyó a Ojo de Halcón de Hierro disparando flechas explosivas en los pies, la espalda y la cara del robot.
 Hombre Gigante de Hierro: Es el más grande de los Vengadores de Hierro, midiendo aproximadamente 18 metros de altura (a diferencia del Hombre Hormiga original, es incapaz de cambiar su tamaño). Al igual que el Hombre Gigante real, es muy fuerte y durable, y además puede disparar ráfagas de energía de su frente. También almacena varias Avispas de Hierro dentro de su cavidad torácica para actuar como unidades auxiliares. Fue destruido cuando Hulk le arrancó la cabeza.
 Avispas de Hierro: Las versiones robóticas de la Avispa original, que se almacenan en el Hombre Gigante de Hierro y actúan como unidades auxiliares. Las Avispas son liberadas de la boca del Hombre Gigante de Hierro y lanzan ataques de ráfagas de energía como la Avispa real. Fueron eliminadas por Hulk después de que trataron de exterminarlo en su forma humana.
 Drones de Ciudad Ultra: Siervos de Ultrón en Ciudad Ultra, que actúan como sus guardias, ejecutores y eliminadores.

Voces adicionales por Michael Adamthwaite, Shawn MacDonald, Nicole Oliver y Fred Tatasciore.

Cómics
En 2013, es revelado que en Heroic Age, Tony Stark viejo le dice a su presente "yo", que Ultrón, un día gobernaría al mundo, pero Ultrón comenzó su plan a espaldas de los Vengadores, y gobierna el mundo, justo antes de "Next Avengers", evento conocido recientemente como Age of Ultron.

Los Próximos Vengadores hizo su debut en el cómic Vengadores# 1, como parte de los acontecimientos de la Edad Heroica de Marvel. En la vista previa, el equipo se muestra en lucha contra Immortus.  Esta realidad ha sido designada como la Tierra-555326.

Aparecen en los primeros seis números de Los Vengadores (2010), pero desempeñan un papel pequeño. Cuando los Vengadores actuales viajan en el tiempo, y son eliminados por Los Próximos Vengadores y llevados a Hulk y Ironman. Más tarde, realizan un trabajo de reconocimiento, y son testigos de la derrota de Ultrón por Kang y su Legión. Por último, matan a Inmortus, después de que éste haya asesinado a las versiones de Stark y Hulk de su realidad. Avengers# 001-007 2010

Recepción
La película recibió varias críticas, en su mayoría mixtas. Tiene una calificación de 6.3 en Internet Movie Database.

Véase también
 Lista de dibujos animados películas de larga duración
 Marvel Animation

Enlaces externos

 Sitio https://web.archive.org/web/20090822212914/http://lionsgate.com/nextavengers/ Oficial
 Siguiente http://marvel.toonzone.net/mafeatures/nextavengers/ Avengers Marvel Animation @ Edad
 http://dvd.ign.com/articles/756/756369p1.html IGN entrevista mencionando la película
 http://iesb.net/index.php?option=com_xevidmegafx&Itemid=139&func=detail&id=1189 Primer vistazo: Avengers Renacer

Películas de 2008
Películas y series de Los Vengadores

Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow


Xilithus xiaojing est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Phrurolithidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Chine. Elle se rencontre au Jiangxi et au Hunan.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure  et la femelle paratype .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite sous le protonyme Acrolithus xiaojing par Liu et Li en 2022. Acrolithus Liu & Li, 2022, préoccupé par Acrolithus Freytag & Ma, 1988, a été remplacé par Xilithus par Lin et Li en 2023.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, Xiaojing.

Publication originale
 Liu, Li, Zhang, Ying, Meng, Fei, Li, Xiao & Xu, 2022 : « Unknown species from China: the case of phrurolithid spiders (Araneae, Phrurolithidae). » Zoological Research, , , , Suppl. I : , Suppl. II :  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Phrurolithidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Chine

Xilithus xiaojing


Chestiunea poloneză (în  sau ) a fost problema de politică internațională a existenței Poloniei ca stat independent. Ridicată la scurt timp după împărțirile Poloniei la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea, ea a devenit o chestiune de actualitate în diplomația europeană și americană pe parcursul secolulelor al XIX-lea și al XX-lea. Istoricul Norman Davies făcea observația că problema poloneză este principala prismă prin care cele mai multe istorii ale Europei discută istoria Poloniei și a fost unul dintre cele mai comune subiecte ale politicii europene de aproape două secole. Chestiunea poloneză a fost un subiect major la toate conferințele europene de pace importante: la Congresul de la Viena din 1815, la Conferința de la Versailles din 1919 și la Conferința de la Yalta și Conferința de la Potsdam din 1945. După cum remarca : "Ceea ce pentru polonezi era cauza poloneză, pentru lumea exterioară era chestiunea poloneză".

Istorie
După împărțirile Poloniei de la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea, Uniunea Polono-Lituaniană a încetat să mai existe, fiind împărțită între Imperiul Austriac, Regatul Prusiei și Imperiul Rus. Ștergerea Poloniei de pe harta Europei a devenit o cheie pentru menținerea echilibrului puterilor în Europa secolului următor. Termenul "chestiunea poloneză" a intrat în folosință la scurt timp după aceea, deoarece unele Mari Puteri s-au interesat de răsturnarea acestui status quo, sperând să beneficieze de pe urma reînființării statului polonez, începând cu Franța sub Napoleon Bonaparte, care îi considera pe polonezi recruți utili în războaiele cu puterile de ocupație ale Poloniei. Termenul "chestiunea poloneză" a fost auzit din nou după Revolta din Noiembrie 1831, care a eșuat, apoi în timpul "Primăverii Națiunilor" din 1848-1849 și din nou după Revolta din Ianuarie din 1863, în care polonezii și lituanienii s-au revoltat împotriva Imperiului Rus, încercând să redobândească independența țării lor. În epoca unui naționalism în creștere, întrebarea dacă o Polonie independentă ar trebui restaurată, precum și ce ar însemna să fii polonez, au câștigat din ce în ce mai multă notorietate. În deceniile care au urmat, termenul a devenit mai puțin folosit, deoarece nu s-au produs noi revolte majore în Polonia pentru a atrage atenția lumii. Problema a fost ulterior atenuată de faptul că cele trei puteri care au împărțit Polonia au fost de regulă aliate timp de peste un secol (vezi Liga celor Trei Împărați), iar diplomația lor a ținut cu succes problema suprimată, astfel încât să nu apară nici o soluție serioasă. Din cele trei puteri, pentru Prusia, chestiunea poloneză era una de importanță fundamentală, deoarece însăși existența Prusiei era legată de înfrângerea statului polonez.

Chestiunea poloneză a reapărut în forță în timpul Primului Război Mondial, când puterile care împărțiseră țara s-au găsit în tabere opuse, ceea ce le-a făcut să încerce să-și atragă cetățenii polonezi de partea lor. În memorandumul său din , ministrul rus de externe Sazonov a propus restaurarea Regatului Autonom al Poloniei cu limba poloneză folosită în școli și administrație locală, la care să se alipească după război Silezia Orientală, Galiția de Vest și Poznania de Est, iar la  l-a convins pe țar că Rusia ar trebui să urmărească reîntregirea unui stat polonez unificat ca unul dintre scopurile sale de război.

În 1916, prin Actul din 5 noiembrie, Germania a promis public că va crea Regatul Regent al Poloniei, pregătindu-se însă în secret să anexeze până la 35.000 de kilometri pătrați din teritoriul acestuia și să purifice etnic până la 3 milioane de polonezi și evrei pentru a face loc coloniștilor germani după război. Aceasta a determinat parlamentul francez să comenteze că manifestul "a aplicat chestiunii poloneze ștampila de caracter internațional". Rusia a protestat față de această manevră, deoarece considera că propriul său stat-rămășiță polonez, Regatul Congresului (sau Ținutul Vistulei) drept singura "Polonie" care contează. În curând însă, rușii au repetat manevra germanilor și au promis polonezilor creșterea autonomiei. Această ofertă a fost menționată în Statele Unite în discursul "Pace fără victorie" al lui Woodrow Wilson din 1917. Chestiunea poloneză a fost rezolvată temporar odată cu restaurarea independenței poloneze după Primul Război Mondial.

Termenul a devenit din nou relevant în timpul celui de al Doilea Război Mondial, întrucât, după invazia germană a Poloniei, viitorul Poloniei ocupate a devenit din nou subiect de dezbatere între marile puteri ale timpului, și anume Regatul Unit, Statele Unite și Uniunea Sovietică.

Termenul a fost folosit și mai târziu în secolul al XX-lea, în anii 1980, în timpul perioadei Solidaritatea, când activiștii de opoziție se luptau să elibereze Republica Populară Poloneză de blocul sovietic comunist.

Note

Istoria relațiilor internaționale
Istoria Europei
Republica Populară Polonă
Istoria Poloniei (1795-1918)

Chestiunea poloneză


Tyumen Oblast () is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is located in Western Siberia, and is administratively part of the Urals Federal District. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Tyumen Oblast, including its autonomous okrugs, is the third-largest federal subject by area, and has a population of 3,395,755 (2010).

Tyumen is the largest city and capital of Tyumen Oblast, and the first Russian settlement east of the Ural Mountains.

Tyumen Oblast is the largest producer of oil and natural gas in the country, and has experienced an oil boom since the early 2000s. The rapid growth of the fuel industry has made the oblast by far the richest federal subject of Russia, with an average GDP per capita several times the national average since 2006.

Geography
The territory covers 160,100 km2. The Tyumen Oblast was founded on August 14, 1944. It includes two autonomous okrugs of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (which is the okrug that border the region) and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yugra). The territory is located in the basin of the river. The biggest rivers are the Tura, Tobol, Pyshma, Iset, Tavda, Ishim, Agan, Irtysh, Tanama, and Noska. The hydro-geographical system is characterized with the prevalence of small rivers as well as the significant bogginess of their catchment areas and numerous lakes. It borders Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in the north, Omsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the East, Kazakhstan (North Kazakhstan Region), Kurgan Oblast and Sverdlovsk Oblast in the west.

Climate
The area has the extreme climatic conditions in most parts of the territory - the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Beloyarsky and Berezovsky areas of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra refer to the Far North and other areas and urban districts of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Uvat area equated to them.

The climate is arctic, sub-arctic and temperate in the north, center and south, respectively. The average January temperature ranges from -17 °C in Tyumen Oblast to -27 °C in the north. The duration of the frost period is 130 in Tyumen to 210 days a year or more in the tundra region.

Hydrology
The region contains more than 70,000 watercourses with a length of more than 10 km for a total length of 584,400 km. The largest navigable rivers are the Ob (185 cu km / yr) and Irtysh (36.5 cu km / yr). In the region there are about 70 thousand lakes. In the north and central parts are widespread thermokarst lakes and predominately marsh in the south.

Ecology
The Red Book of Tyumen Oblast listed 711 rare and endangered species. In the list of specially protected areas of the south region there are 99 sites, including one international and three federal.

Time Zone
Tyumen Oblast is in the Ekaterinburg time zone. Displacement concerning UTC makes +5:00. Concerning Moscow time the time zone has a constant displacement of +2 hours and is designated in Russia correspondingly as MSK + 2. Ekaterinburg time for most of the Tyumen region is different from the lap time by one hour, to a lesser (western) part, including the city of Tyumen, - for two hours.

Fauna and flora
There are variety of fauna and flora in this oblast. In the northern part can be found ptarmigan, walrus and Arctic fox. Polar bears also occur in the extreme north; the genetic make-up of this Polar bear sub-population is genetically distinct from other circumpolar regions.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Tyumen CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The politics in the oblast is governed by the Charter of Tyumen Oblast. The laws within the authority of the oblast are passed by the  Legislative Assembly of Tymen Oblast which is the legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Tyumen Oblast Administration. It also includes the executive bodies of the subdivisions such as districts, and is responsible for the daily administration. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the head of the oblast and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Natural resources

The autonomous regions are concentrated the bulk of the country's oil and gas. The total volume of exploration drilling has exceeded 45 million meters. Oil production is concentrated in the Middle Ob. Gas is produced mainly in the northern areas. Large oil fields are located in the Khanty-Ugra: Samotlor Field, Ob, Fyodorovskoye Field, Mamontovskoye, Krasnoleninskoye; gas - in the Yamalo-Nenets District: Urengoy Field, Bear, Yamburg Field. The depth from 700 m to 4 km. Produced peat, sapropel, quartz sand, limestone. Explored about 400 deposits of raw materials for the production of building materials [source not specified 252 days].

Ore minerals and precious stones discovered on the eastern slope of the Subpolar and Polar Urals (in particular, the deposits of Lead, copper, chromite).

The area is rich in fresh water resources, which are represented by large rivers - the Ob, Irtysh, Tobol, lakes (650 ths.) - Black (224 km2), Big Uvat (179 km2), etc., groundwater, that contain more than half of Russian stocks. iodine (30 mlg / l) and bromine (40-50 mlg / l)

Over 44% of the land reserves in the south of the region are covered with forests. 43 million hectares are covered by forests. The forest resources area is the third largest in the Russian Federation after the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. The main forest forming species are pine, birch, spruce, fir, aspen and larch. The total timber reserves are estimated at 5.4 billion cubic meters.

In the south of the Tyumen region are about ten hot (37-50 °C) geothermal sources, having balneological properties. Sources are popular not only among residents of Tyumen, but in neighboring regions as well: the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, and Chelyabinsk regions.

The region has large peat reserves. Large deposits of vivianite (ferric phosphate) (approximately 20% of world reserves) have been discovered in particular peat deposits, the usage of which may meet the phosphate fertilizers demand of the agriculture.

There are deposits of quartz sands, brick and expanded clays, sapropels and limestone. The region has large fresh and mineral water reserves. There are great prospects for oil field development.

Economy
, the Nominal GDP in Tyumen Oblast(including Khanty–Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous regions) reached ₽5,9 trillion$104 billion ($28,000 per capita).

Tyumen is a service center for gas and oil industries: the Oblast has the highest level of oil and gas production of any region in Russia.
Gazprom, LUKoil and Gazpromneft, TNK-BP, Shell, Salym Petroleum Development N.V. have representative offices in Tyumen.
It has been suggested that the importance of these industries has caused the high levels of economic inequality observed in the region.

The largest companies in the region include Sibur (revenues of $ billion in 2017), Antipinsky Refinery ($ billion), the local branch of Schlumberger ($ million).

Agriculture

The Tyumen region produces milk, meat, eggs, potatoes and vegetables.

Transport infrastructure

Transport is presented by the motor, railway, aviation and river communication system. The railway takes the leading position in freight traffic .

The river port is also a cargo center and a link between rail, road and air transport .

Roshchino International Airport is undergoing construction as of 2017, with development of a   new terminal  .

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Population:

Ethnic groups
There were thirty-six recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each in Tyumen Oblast, making this one of the most multicultural oblasts in Russia. The national composition at the time of the 2010 Census was:
Russians: 73.3%
Tatars: 7.5%
Ukrainians: 4.9%
Bashkirs: 1.4%
Azerbaijanis: 1.4%
Nenets: 1%
Chuvash: 0.93%
Khanty: 0.9%
Belarusians: 0.8%
Germans: 0.6%
Kazakhs: 0.6%
Moldovans: 0.5%
Armenians: 0.5%
Mansi: 0.4%
5.3% others
187,803 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Vital statistics for 2022:
Births: 17,783 (11.5 per 1,000)
Deaths: 17,124 (11.2 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):
1.72 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):
Total — 70.14 years (male — 65.43, female — 74.88)

Religion

According to a 2012 official survey 28.9% of the population of Tyumen Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 9% is an Orthodox Christian believer without belonging to any church or is a member of other (non-Russian) Eastern Orthodox Churches, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are members of Protestant churches. 6% of the population is composed of Muslims, 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 0.4% to forms of Hinduism (Vedism, Krishnaism or Tantrism). In addition, 34% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 11% is atheist, and 3.7% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Honours
A minor planet 2120 Tyumenia discovered in 1967 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova is named after the Tyumen Oblast.

See also
2007 Siberian orange snow

References

States and territories established in 1944
Kara Sea

Tyumen Oblast


As competições de ciclismo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024 em Paris estão programados para acontecerem em quatro locais distintos (Pont d'Iéna para corridas de estrada e contra-relógio; Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines para ciclismo de pista e corridas de BMX; Élancourt Hill para mountain bike; e Place de la Concorde para o BMX freestyle) de 27 de julho a 11 de agosto, com vinte e dois eventos em cinco modalidades. Competições de ciclismo tem sido disputadas em todas as edições dos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão desde que a Olimpíada moderna fora revivida em 1896, junto ao atletismo, ginástica artística, esgrima e natação.

Um total de 514 ciclistas competirão em Paris 2024 com igualdade entre homens e mulheres pela primeira vez na história do esporte, alcançando a meta de igualdade de gênero como um dos objetivos ratificados pela Union Cycliste Internationale(UCI). Tendo já sido conquistada no ciclismo de montanha, corrida de BMX e BMX freestyle no programa Tóquio 2020, são instituídas várias alterações significativas no ciclismo de estrada e pista, com algumas vagas da contingente masculina transferidas ao lado feminino e com o número de ciclistas no feminino de velocidade por equipe aumentando de dois para três. Seguindo as recomendações da agenda 2020 do Comitê Olímpico Internacional, o ciclismo terá quatorze vagas a menos nesses Jogos do que em 2020, uma redução que afeta as corridas de rua e o mountain bike. No entanto, a distribuição de uma vaga extra ao ciclismo de pista e seis para o BMX freestyle e com o número de atletas a competir nas provas masculina e feminina a passar de nove para doze, compensa em parte a diminuição moderada das vagas de ciclismo oferecidas nestes Jogos.

Apesar da modesta diminuição da cota, o ciclismo contará com um total de vinte e duas provas de medalhas em cinco modalidades, semelhante ao formato do programa de 2020. Enquanto as competições continuam acontecendo todos os dias entre as cerimônias de abertura e encerramento, Paris 2024 testemunhará algumas mudanças de programação ao contrário da edição anterior; portanto, os medalhistas de contra-relógio individual masculino e feminino serão premiados no primeiro dia da competição.

Qualificação

Como país anfitrião, a França reserva uma vaga para homens e mulheres em corridas de BMX, BMX freestyle e mountain bike; e mais dois nas corridas de rua masculinas e femininas. Se um ou dois ciclistas franceses se qualificarem direta e regularmente, suas vagas sobressalentes serão realocadas para os próximos CONs elegíveis com classificação mais alta nos eventos mencionados acima, com base na ordem nacional da lista do Ranking Mundial da UCI até 17 de outubro de 2023.

Cerca de noventa por cento do total de vagas serão atribuídas através das listas do Ranking Mundial UCI de suas respectivas disciplinas, com algumas vagas oferecidas para os ciclistas nos Campeonatos Mundiais UCI 2023 e nos torneios continentais de qualificação (África, Ásia e Américas).

Calendário da Competição

Nações participantes

Resumo de medalhas

Quadro de Medalhas

Eventos

Ciclismo de estrada

 Masculino

 Feminino

Ciclismo de pista

 Masculino

 Feminino

Mountain bike

 Masculino

 Feminino

BMX

 Masculino

 Feminino

Ciclismo

2024
Olimpiadas
Ciclismo na França

Ciclismo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024


Marie Skurtveit Davidsen (født 20. august 1993) er en norsk håndboldspiller, som spiller i den rumænske hovedstadsklub CSM București og Norges kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Davidsen fik sin officielle debut på det norske A-landshold, den 2. marts 2022 mod . Hun blev også udtaget til EM i kvindehåndbold 2022, der blev hendes første A-slutrunde.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Norge
Personer fra Bergen

Marie Davidsen


Allantospermum, maleni rod drveća iz porodice Irvingiaceae, ili po drugim autorima Ixonanthaceae. Pripadaju mu dvije vrste, jedna na otoku Borneo i druga na Madagaskaru.

Rod je opisan 1965.

Vrste
 Allantospermum borneense Forman
 Allantospermum multicaule (Capuron) Noot.

Sinonimi
 Cleistanthopsis Capuron

Izvori

Malpigijolike

Allantospermum


Velkommen, Vinter er en essaysamling af Frank Jæger. Samlingen medførte, at Frank Jæger i 1958 blev tildelt De Gyldne Laurbær.

Referencer

Litteratur i 1958
Litteratur fra Danmark

Velkommen, Vinter


فيلم مصري أنتج في 1980.

تمثيل

عادل أدهم

نادية لطفى

نور الشريف

جلال عيسى

عبد الهادي بالخياط

ملخص الفيلم
فيلم مجموعة من الشباب تتمرد على المجتمع وتعيش حياة الهبيز فيسببون مشاكل اينما يذهبون بحجة أن المجتمع والحكومات نظام غير سليم ويسبب التعاسة لافراد.

المصادر

روابط خارجية

أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام دراما إنتاج عقد 1970
أفلام دراما مصرية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1980
أفلام نادية لطفي
أفلام نور الشريف

أين تخبئون الشمس (فيلم)


James Munro McPherson (born October 11, 1936) is an American Civil War historian and is the George Henry Davis '86 Professor Emeritus of United States History at Princeton University. He received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. McPherson was the president of the American Historical Association in 2003.

Early life and education
Born in Valley City, North Dakota, McPherson graduated from St. Peter High School, and he received his Bachelor of Arts at Gustavus Adolphus College (St. Peter, Minnesota) in 1958 (from which he graduated magna cum laude), and his Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University in 1963 where he studied under C. Vann Woodward.

Career

McPherson joined the faculty of Princeton in 1962. His works include The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction, awarded the Anisfield-Wolf Award in 1965. In 1988, he published his Pulitzer-winning book, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era.  His 1990 book, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution argues that the emancipation of slaves amounts to a second American Revolution.  McPherson's 1998 book, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War, received the Lincoln Prize. In 2002, he published both a scholarly book, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam 1862, and a history of the American Civil War for children, Fields of Fury.

In 2007, McPherson published This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War, a series of essays about the American Civil War. One essay describes the huge difficulty of negotiation when regime change is a war aim on either side of a conflict. "For at least the past two centuries, nations have usually found it harder to end a war than to start one. Americans learned that bitter lesson in Vietnam, and apparently having forgotten it, we're forced to learn it all over again in Iraq." One of McPherson's examples is the American Civil War, in which both the Union and the Confederacy sought regime change. It took four years to end the war.

Among McPherson's other books are The Negro's Civil War: How American Blacks Felt and Acted During the War for the Union (1965), The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP (1975), and Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War (1996).

Honors

McPherson was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1991. In 1995, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member David McCullough.

McPherson was named the 2000 Jefferson Lecturer in the humanities by the National Endowment for the Humanities.  In making the announcement of McPherson's selection, NEH Chairman William R. Ferris said:

James M. McPherson has helped millions of Americans better understand the meaning and legacy of the American Civil War. By establishing the highest standards for scholarship and public education about the Civil War and by providing leadership in the movement to protect the nation's battlefields, he has made an exceptional contribution to historical awareness in America.

In 2002, McPherson received The Lincoln Forum's Richard Nelson Current Award of Achievement.
In 2007, he was awarded the $100,000 Pritzker Military Library Literature Award for lifetime achievement in military history and was the first recipient of the prize. In 2007, he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement in military history given by the Society for Military History. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009.

In 2009, he was the co-winner of the Lincoln Prize for Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief.

Personal life
McPherson is married and has one child.

Activism
McPherson is known for his outspokenness on contemporary issues and for his activism, such as his work on behalf of the preservation of Civil War battlefields. As president in 1993–1994 of Protect Historic America, he lobbied against the construction of a Disney theme park near Manassas battlefield. He has also served on the boards of the Civil War Trust as well as the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites, a predecessor to the Civil War Trust. From 1990 to 1993, he sat on the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission.

Along with several other historians, McPherson signed a May 2009 petition asking U.S. President Barack Obama not to lay a wreath at the Confederate Monument Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery. The petition stated:

President Obama himself never addressed the issue. Instead, he sent a wreath not only to the Confederate Memorial but also instituted a new tradition of sending a presidential wreath to the African American Civil War Memorial in Washington, D.C. He also won the praise of the Sons of Confederate Veterans.

Bibliography

Filmography

References

Further reading

External links

Barnes & Noble - Meet the Writers
Princeton University Biography
George W. Bush and the Confederacy: Where Does He Stand?, Democracy Now November 3, 1999
Presentation on the Civil War
A Conversation with James McPherson Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library from October 5, 2007
Lifetime Literature Award Announcement at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
Audio interview with National Review Online
Interview by Kim Nagy, Wild River Review
McPherson archive from The New York Review of Books
James M. McPherson No Peace without Victory, 1861–1865, AHA Presidential Address  Retrieved April 18, 2010

Interview with McPherson, In Depth March 4, 2001
 "Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief" Lecture at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on March 13, 2008
 "150 Years After the Emancipation Proclamation" Discussion at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on September 28, 2012

1936 births
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Gustavus Adolphus College alumni
Historians of Abraham Lincoln
Historians of the American Civil War
Historians of the United States
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Members of the American Philosophical Society
People from Valley City, North Dakota
Presidents of the American Historical Association
Princeton University faculty
Pulitzer Prize for History winners
Lincoln Prize winners
Writers from New Jersey
Writers from North Dakota

James M. McPherson


දිසානායක මුදියන්සේලාගෙ සුගත් චන්ද්‍රසිරි බන්ඩාර ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද හමුදා සොල්දාදුවකු වේ. ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ අවසාන භාගය වූ, හතරවෙනි ඊලාම් යුද්ධයේදි හමුදාවේ විශේෂ බලකා රෙජිමෙන්තුවේ සේවය කරන ලදි. චන්ද්‍රසිරි බණ්ඩාර තම ජීවිතය කැපකරමින් දෙමළ ඊලාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානයේ මරාගෙන මැරෙන ප්‍රහාරයක් වැළක්වීමට කටයුතු කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, ඔහුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විශිෂ්ටතම හමුදා ප්‍රදානය වූ, පරම වීර විභූෂනයෙන් පිදුම් දෙන ලදීය.

පුද්ගලික ජීවිතය
චන්ද්‍රසිරි බණ්ඩාර මොනරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, බිබිලේ නගරයේ උපත ලදීය. ඔහුගෙ බිරිඳ වූ මංගලිකා සමග විවාහයෙන් පසු ඔවුන් රත්මලානෙහි පදිංචි වූ අතර ඔවුන් දෙදෙනාට එක් දියනියක් විය.

වෘත්තිය

2009 පෙබරවාරි 3 ක්‍රියාන්විතය
2009 පෙබරවාරි මුල වනවිට, ශ්‍රී ලංකානු හමුදාවෝ කොටි හමුදාවන් පුදුකුඩිඉරිප්පු හි කුඩා ප්‍රදේශයකට සීමා කොට තිබූහ. 2009 පෙබරාවාරි 3 වැනිදා, කොටි හමුදාව ප්‍රහාරයක් එල්ල කල අතර, හමුදාවේ 4 වෙනි කාර්‍ය බලකාය (පසුව 64 වෙනි අංශය) එයින් පසුබැස්සහ. මේ අතර, 2 වෙනි විශේෂ බලකායේ ඒකක මෙම ප්‍රහාරය මැඩ පැවැත්වීම සඳහා කැඳවන ලදි. මේ වන විට චන්ද්‍රසිරි බන්ඩාර එම බලකායේ කෝප්‍රල්වරයෙකු ලෙස සේවය කරමින් සිටියේය.

කොටි ත්‍රස්තයින් මෙම විශේෂ බලකාය වෙත මරාගෙන-මැරෙන, පුපුරන ද්‍රව්‍ය සහිත, සන්නාහ-තහඩු වලින් යුත් ට්‍රක් රථයක් එවන ලදි. සැහැල්ලු ගිනි අවි වලින් එල්ල කරන ප්‍රහාර මෙම ට්‍රක් රථය නැවැත්වීමට සමත් නොවූ අතර, RPG-7 රොකට් විදිනයකින් සන්නද්ධ වූ චන්ද්‍රසිරි බන්ඩාර එයින් ට්‍රක් රථය විනාශ කිරීම සඳහා ඉදිරියට ගියේය. ඔහු ට්‍රක් රථය වෙත රොකට්ටුවක් එල්ල කලත් එය පිපිරී ගියේ නැත. චන්ද්‍රසිරි බණ්ඩාර ඉක්මනින් තවත් රොකට්ටුවක්, රොකට් විදිනයට ඇතුලු කලේය.

ඒ වනවිට ට්‍රක් රථය ඉතා ආසන්නයට පැමිණ තිබූ අතර ඊළඟ රොකට්ටුවද එයට එල්ල කලහොත් තමාද ඒ පිපිරීමට හසුවන බව චන්ද්‍රසිරි බන්ඩාරට වැටහිනි. කෙසේ නමුත් ඔහු ඉතා ඉක්මන් තීරනයකින් ඊළඟ රොකට්ටුවද ට්‍රක් රථයට එල්ල කලේය. ට්‍රක් රථයේ සන්නාහය විනිවිද ගිය රොකට්ටුව එය තුලදී පුපුරා ගියේ එය සම්පූර්නයෙන්ම විනාශ කරමිනි. පිපිරීමට හසුවූ චන්ද්‍රසිරි බණ්ඩාර සොල්දාදුවා මරණයට පත් වූවත්, එම කණ්ඩායමේ සිටි බොහෝ සොල්දාදුවන් ජීවිතය බේරාගන්නට සමත් විය.

ඇවෑමෙන් පසු
කෝප්‍රල් චන්ද්‍රසිරි බණ්ඩාර මරණයෙන් පසු සැරයන් තනතුරට උසස් කරන ලදි. තවද, ඔහුගේ ක්‍රියාවන්ට පරම වීර විභූෂනයද යෝජන කෙරුනු අතර 2012 මැයි 16 වැනිදා ආරක්ෂක ලේකම් ගැසට් ප්‍රකාශනයකින් දැනුම් දෙන ලද්දේ චන්ද්‍රසිරි බණ්ඩාර ඇතුලු 14 දෙනෙකුට මෙම පදක්කම හිමි වන බවයි.

2012 මැයි 19 වන දින, යුද්ධය අවසන් වී වසර තුනක් ගතවන දින, ජනාධිපති මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ විසින් මෙම පදක්කම චන්ද්‍රසිරි බණ්ඩාර වෙනුවෙන් ඔහුගේ සමීපතමයෙකුට ප්‍රදානය කරන ලදි. විශේෂ බලකායෙන් මේ පදක්කම ලැබූ හතර වැනියා ඔහු විය. ඔහු නියත මරණය හමුවේ, තමාගෙ ජීවිතය වෙනුවෙන් පසු නොබැස, තම සහෘදයින්ගේ ජීවිත බේරාගැනීමේ අරමුණින් ක්‍රියා කිරීම අතිශයින් පැසසුමට ලක්විය. ඔහුගේ සහ එම රෙජිමෙන්තුවේ එම පදක්කම ලැබූ අනෙක් අයගේ නම් වවුනියාවේ පිහිටි ඔවුන්ගේ බලකා මූලස්ථානයේ ඇති විශේෂ සමරු පලකයක සටහන් කොට ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර
Sugath Chandrasiri Bandara - Wikipedia

සුගත් චන්ද්‍රසිරි බණ්ඩාර


Beyaz Cüce (İngilizce White Dwarf) Games Workshop tarafından yayımlanmış bir dergidir. Dergi kendisini Games Workshop tarafından üretilmiş minyatür savaş oyunlarını, özellikle de Warhammer Fantasy Battle, Warhammer 40K ve The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game 'i incelemeye adamıştır. Steve Jackson ve Ian Livingstone'un yayımladığı Owl and Weasel adlı dergi yaklaşık 25 sayı sonra White Dwarf adını alarak almış ve yayım hayatına devam etmiştir. Derginin ilk sayısı 1977 yılında çıkmış ve savaş oyunları ve role-playing üzerinde durmuştur. Games Workshop Dungeons & Dragons'u çıkardığında ilgili haber White Dwarf'ın arka sayfasında yer almış ve dergi büyük ilgi görmüştür. Böylece dergi ile Dungeons & Dragons arasında bir tür dayanışma, destek oluşmuştur.

Birleşik Krallık dergileri
İngilizce dergiler
Oyun dergileri
Savaş oyunları
Rol yapma oyunları
Aylık dergiler
1977'de kurulan dergiler

White Dwarf