La statue-menhir des Maurels est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Calmels-et-le-Viala, dans le département de l'Aveyron en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en 1880 par M. Fabre au lieu-dit Les Maurels, en vis-à-vis des statues-menhirs des Ardaliès, situées à environ  de distance sur l'autre rive du Dourdou. Elle a été sculptée dans une dalle de grès dont le site d'extraction le plus proche est situé à environ . Son poids de  a du nécessiter une logistique importante pour son transport et son érection. Elle mesure  de hauteur sur  de largeur et  d'épaisseur.

C'est une statue masculine, complète, de belle facture bien que légèrement usée dans le dos. Elle comporte tous les caractères anthropomorphes (visage, bras, mains, jambes, pieds, crochets-omoplates) et tous les attributs guerriers masculins : baudrier, « l'objet », un arc et une flèche. La ceinture est décorée de chevrons. Au dos, les bretelles du baudrier s'achèvent en volutes, ce motif, inconnu sur les autres statues-menhirs du groupe, résulte d'une modification ultérieure, à une date inconnue, par sur-gravure.

La statue est conservée dans les collections du musée Fenaille à Rodez, une copie a été dressée sur place près du hameau des Maurels.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques de l'Aveyron
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Liens externes

 Statue-menhir des Maurels (construit par stéréophotogrammétrie)

Maurels
Site mégalithique dans l'Aveyron

Statue-menhir des Maurels


The United States has more teaching hospitals than any other country in the world.

A teaching hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are often affiliated with medical schools and work closely with medical students throughout their period of matriculation, and especially during their clerkship (internship) years. In most cases, teaching hospitals also offer graduate medical education (GME)/physician residency programs, where medical school graduates train under a supervising (attending) physician to assist with the coordination of care.

In addition to offering medical education to medical students and physician residents, many teaching hospitals also serve as research institutes.

Origin
Although institutions for caring for the sick are known to have existed much earlier in history, the first teaching hospital, where students were authorized to methodically practice on patients under the supervision of physicians as part of their education, was reportedly the Academy of Gundishapur in the Persian Empire during the Sassanid era.

History in the United States
The first teaching hospital in the United States was founded at the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1765. Following that were King's College of New York in 1768, Harvard University in 1783, Dartmouth College in 1798, and Yale University in 1810 to begin the history of notable university-affiliated teaching hospitals in America.

Clinical teaching 1800–1900
Between 1810 and 1910, almost 400 medical schools were opened, however none were yet associated with local hospitals. However, many of them were inferior to those created by the University of Pennsylvania in 1874 and Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland in 1898. This is in part due to publishing of the Flexner Report which revealed the weaknesses of the United States current system for clinical teaching. Of the 400 medical schools established, the majority did not have control of hospital facilities, such as wards, to be used for teaching and research. As a result, these institutions could not adapt at clinical curriculum of learning by doing, which the Flexner Report supported as the most effective method of clinical education. Additionally, many states mandated all physician to earn a state license of practice. By 1895, every state was obliged to create a board of medical examiners to design and administer standardized state examinations in a range of topics from those mainly in medicine to pathology and pharmacology. The introduction of state examinations reduced the number of medical students practicing. The increasing requirements for medical schools and future practitioners led to the immediate closure of many medical schools in the United States.

While the provisions listed above led to closure of many universities, but also an increased quality of teaching at the available medical education schools.

The rise of teaching hospitals in the 20th-century United States
Before the start of the twentieth century, very few university teaching hospitals even existed within the United States. Those that did exist, however, received very little public support and confidence. Following the publishing of the Flexner Report in 1910, clinical instruction was revised and thus led to the development of teaching hospitals across the United States. Many were established with the aim of engaging medical students in clinical practice, improving patient care and services, and expanding the local and global impact of medical institutions through both medical education and research.

The prevalence of teaching hospitals grew with great force. In 1910, three notable universities and hospitals unified: the College of Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia University) with Presbyterian Hospital in New York; Harvard Medical School with the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston; and Washington University Medical School with the Barnes and St. Louis Children's Hospital in St. Louis.

Efforts to establish these teaching hospitals in Boston, New York and St. Louis required the collective efforts on the part of the universities and their medical schools. To do so they had to persuade the hospital's board of trustees or the local and state governments to provide the necessary funds for hospitals to be used for clinical education. As an example, in 1914 the University of Nebraska's Dean of the College of Medicine proposed to the Nebraska legislature reason for why funds should be put towards the development of the university-affiliated teaching hospital. They argued that "every Medical College of any standing in the country is associated either with a university hospital, ... or controls a large number of beds in a municipal Institution."

However, in many cities, local politics was a large force hindering the movement. In 1919, the Denver Colorado School of Medicine, politically appointed city officials assumed the greatest control over the universities teaching hospital. In their position, these officials took decisions without consultation of the medical school, thus limiting the school's control over how they would clinically train their students. It was such issues that caused closure of many medical schools and created discrepancies in teaching practices across medical schools.

Many medical schools struggled to persist as a result of increasingly strict American Medical Association (AMA) guidelines mandating that medical schools secure control over a large hospital. In 1913, for example, Drake University College of Medicine dropped from the highest class of medical schools as the AMA noted that they were not strongly affiliated with a large, local hospital. However, for the university lacked $3,000,000 to build a "first-rate" and thus considered merging their schools with the Iowa State University.

By 1921, every remaining medical school was affiliated with a hospital as either an owner or a partner. As more universities and local hospitals established affiliations, there were improvements in patient care as there was an increased number of doctors available to observe and treat ill patients. For acutely ill patients, teaching hospitals were significant advancements as there was always a medical professional on staff to observe and handle emergencies. As the number of medical professionals on staff increased, there was also an apparent improvement in the accuracy and care taken in the diagnosis of patients. This gave medical professionals a greater understanding of both existing and novel conditions which contributed to effective treatments and remedies.

Additionally, the transition of the country to a more scientific nature of medical knowledge and practice and notable scientific advancements of the early 19th century made practitioners and students skilled in areas ranging from chemistry to immunology. This greater knowledge in science and technology was not only valuable to their clinical practice, but it also helped medical scientists garner more respect in the eyes of the public.

Furthermore, the quality of patient care improved as the American Medical Association enacted stricter guidelines for accepting medical students. Higher entrance requirements ensured that all medical school candidates were more intelligent and good mannered than previous classes of admitted medical students. For example, the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital benefited from its affiliation to the Harvard Medical School as renowned scientists Walter Cannon, William Councilman, and Otto Folin joined their medical staff.

The establishment of teaching hospitals also created more opportunity for scientific research within the hospital itself. As a consequence of the popular viewpoint that the hospital has the responsibility to foster research, there was an increased need of unions between Universities and Hospitals. Many universities were motivated to pursue medical research to bring their universities global recognition.

Such affiliations were also economically advantageous as hospitals served as teaching facilities for medical students that would otherwise be unavailable to them. Similarly, Medical schools made available specialized staff that were equipped and maintained hospital labs. In the case of Washington University in St. Louis, the university's medical school provided the joint Children's and Barnes Hospital with laboratories, salaries for physicians, and even a power plant that served the entire medical complex.

As the 1920s progressed however, the persistent control local politicians control over teaching practices made it difficult to standardize clinical curriculums nationwide. These schools differed on issues such as how many students were practicing each day, at what year students in their education should have clinical experiences, and even what hours these students should be admitted into wards—although it was odd to see a student in these wards during night rotations. By the 1950s, most medical students themselves began to describe their responsibilities as "modest"

General organization and structure
Teaching hospitals rose to prevalence in the United States beginning the early 1900s and they largely resembled those established by Johns Hopkins University, the University of Pennsylvania and the Lakeside Hospital in Cleveland. The hospitals that followed the example of these universities were all very large, technologically sophisticated and aimed to have a global impact through both patient care and scientific research. Additionally, these hospitals had large patient bases, an abundant financial resources, and renowned physicians, advisors and staff. Many of the medical schools that ensued the prospect of being associated to a nearby hospital tended to be private institutions that received philanthropic support.

Hierarchy
In the initial design of the teaching hospital, universities were given autonomy to appoint medical staff of the hospital and hospital trustees gave consent to physicians and medical students for using their hospital for both clinical and scientific work. Under the same model, students were given smaller responsibilities including changing dressings, taking blood samples and analyzing for specimen, handling catheters and treating patients with minor injuries.

As teaching hospitals serve as locations for further medical education, it consists of many levels of doctors/doctors-in-training. The first of these is completing an internship. Sometimes referred to as first-year residents, interns are doctors completing their first year of training after graduating from medical school. This stage is completed under complete supervision, as it is before they are licensed. The next stage is residency. Residency can be anywhere between a four to eight-year process, depending on the hospital. A resident completes at least three years of supervised hands-on training within these years as a transition into their unsupervised patient care. The level of residency also contains sub-levels, being junior resident, senior resident, and chief resident. After this, some doctors move onto fellowship, which is where they declare a focus in a certain type of medicine and work directly under attending physicians. Attending physicians or more simply Attendings are responsible for making most direct patient-care decisions in a hospital. They answer to the head of their department. These are all below the overseer of all staff: the medical director. He or she is responsible for policies, practices, and keeping all others in check.

This hierarchy exists in each of the departments in a hospital, which are divided into broad specialties, all having more specific discipline (focus) of their own. The structure of these specialties began with the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1888 and the creation of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, with their first four departments being Medicine, Surgery, Pathology, and Gynecology.

Funding and resources
While some funding comes from Medicaid for the GME process, teaching hospitals must consider paying residents and fellows within their budgets. These additional costs vary between hospitals based on funding by Medicaid and their general salary for residents and fellows.  Despite these costs, they are often offset by the prices of procedures which are elevated in comparison to most non-teaching hospitals. Teaching hospitals often justify this additional cost factor by boasting that their quality of care rises above non-teaching hospitals, or ensuring the patient that they are improving medicine of the future by having their procedure done with medical trainees present.

Treatment and services
Given its orientation to providing hands-on clinical work to medical and residency students, teaching hospitals use many physicians in order to treat a single patient. In just a single visit, a patient may be observed and monitored by medical students, hospital residents and the primary physician or caretaker. The practice of having a large team of physicians looking after one patient is at the center of debate regarding teaching hospitals. Some patients are strongly opposed being observed numerous caretakers at once while others are in favor of having many individuals involved in their care.

Teaching hospitals are well known for treating rare diseases as well as extremely ill patients, but must do many additional common treatments in order to maintain income. It is often the amount of funding that determines a teaching hospital's perceived quality of care. As the data used to compare quality of care is mainly observational, it is nearly impossible to compare the quality of care between teaching hospitals and non-teaching hospitals.

In culture
Teaching hospitals gained notoriety in the rise of the American "medical drama" genre of television. These are known to glorify the reality of teaching hospitals, using societal appeals in order to add dramatics. Medical dramas taking place in teaching hospitals are said to be medically inaccurate, simplified, and exaggerated, but they succeed in capturing the dedication of doctors and trainees.

Some popular examples of medical dramas that take place in teaching hospitals are St. Elsewhere, Chicago Hope, ER, Scrubs, House, Grey's Anatomy and The Good Doctor.

See also

List of university hospitals
Morning report (medicine)
Teaching clinic

References

United States
Hospitals in the United States

he:בית חולים#בית חולים אוניברסיטאי
fi:Yliopistollinen sairaala

Teaching hospitals in the United States


ايهاب نافع (1 سبتمبر 1935 - 30 ديسمبر 2006 )، ممثل وضابط مخابرات مصري  تخرج في الكلية الجوية عام 1955. قدم آخر أفلامه عام 1994، وكان باسم «لصوص خمس نجوم»، وله ما يقرب من 20 عملا فنيا.

كان يعتبر نفسه «ممثل بالصدفة»، ودائما ما كان يقدم نفسه على أنه ضابط طيار. قال في أحد الحوارات: «سأعمل كل جهدي للالتحاق بطيران الشرق الأوسط، وأرجو أن أوفق بذلك وساعتها سأقول وداعًا أيها الفن».

حياته
ولد بالقاهرة تخرج في الكلية الجوية عام 1955 ومارس عمله كطيار مقاتلات. تزوج أكثر من مرة ولكن أشهر زوجاته هي الفنانة ماجدة والتي انجب منها ابنتهما الفنانة غادة نافع كما تزوج أيضا من أجنبيات أشهرهن أرملة رجل المخابرات رفعت الجمال. عمل أيضا منتجا في التلفزيون ومثل العديد من الأفلام خارج مصر مثل «في طريقي رجل» و«طريق بلا نهاية».
 اسمه بالكامل محمد إيهاب نافع، من مواليد حي الموسكي، القاهرة، في 1 سبتمبر 1935.
 تخرّج في الكلية الجوية عام 1955، وعمل طيارا.
 قدّم أول بطولاته السينمائية عام 1963 في فيلم «الحقيقة العارية»، بجانب الفنانة ماجدة الصباحي.

زيجاته
قال في مذكراته إن «ماجدة» كانت تحبه وتطارده، وذكر: «تعرفت إلى المنتج تاكفور أنطونيان، فكان كلّما التقى بي يقول لي: ماجدة معجبة بك، وأذعنت له بالفعل، ودامت الخطبة لشهرين ومن ثم الزواج».

وعلى عكس حديث «نافع»، قالت «ماجدة»: «تعرفت على الطيار إيهاب نافع في حفل السفارة الروسية بالقاهرة، وأصر أن يوصلني إلى المنزل في ذلك اليوم رغم وجود سيارتي معي، وكي أصل إلى المنزل سرنا بالسيارة في الشوارع لمدة 3 ساعات حكى لي خلالها قصة حياته ومدى إعجابه بي، ولأول مرة أشعر بخفقان قلبي ودقاته تهزني بشدة، وبعد أيام عدة جاء إلى منزلنا ليطلب يدي من والدي، وكان هذا هو الحب الأول والأخير في حياتي، وأقمنا حفلا كبيرا في فندق الهيلتون، وبدأت حياتي بعد ذلك تتغير وأشعر بسعادة كبيرة لسنوات طويلة خاصة بعدما رزقت بابنتي غادة».
 تزوج من الفنانة ماجدة عام 1963، في نفس العام الذي ظهر فيه معها في أول فيلم، وكان الزواج الثاني له.
 كان له ابن من زوجته الأولى يدعى أيمن، ثم أنجب غادة من زوجته الفنانة ماجدة.
 اشترك مع زوجته ماجدة، في 4 أفلام، وانقطع التعامل الفني بينهما مع طلاقهما.
قال «نافع» في مذكراته إنه بعد 4 سنوات من الزواج اضطر إلى مغادرة مصر والسفر إلى لبنان ولم يستطع العودة بسبب ما وصفه في مذكراته بـ«خلافات مع القيادة السياسية»، ورفضت «ماجدة» الابتعاد عن الفن، وقررت البقاء في مصر.

ويقول عن فترة ارتباطه بـ«ماجدة» في مذكراته: «الحقيقة أن ماجدة كانت دائمة التدخّل في عملي وهو ما كان يسبب لي مشكلة كبيرة، وخصوصًا في التمثيل، وبعد ذلك بـ4 سنوات حدثت قصة خروجي من مصر لأنني لم أكن أستطيع العودة بسبب خلافات مع القيادة السياسية، فعشت في بيروت وظلت هي في القاهرة، وقد رفضت الحياة العائلية مع ابنتنا وفضّلت الأضواء والشهرة، ولم يكن ذلك مناسبًا لي فانفصلنا».

وقالت ماجدة: «أنا من صمم على الانفصال لأنه كان دائم السفر بجانب عمله كطيار قبل اندماجه في عالم الفن، وأنا كأي زوجة تريد زوجها بجانبها وإن احتاجت له تجده بجوارها والكثير من الناس فسّر انفصالنا وقتها بسبب غيرتي الشديدة عليه لوسامته الشديدة، وهذا غير صحيح بالمرة فأنا لدي من الثقة والاعتزاز بنفسي ما يحول دون ذلك».
 وبعد فترة تم الطلاق بينهما أثناء تناولهما العشاء في إحدى مطاعم بيروت، واتفقا على أن يظلا صديقين، ووصفته «ماجدة» بأنه «الطلاق الأبيض».
 كان آخر فيلم قدمه إلى جانب «ماجدة» هو «النداهة»، عام 1975.
 لم تتزوج «ماجدة» بعد طلاقها منه، بينما تزوج «نافع» بعدها 8 مرات.
 تزوج من سيدة أسترالية، تعرف عليها في بيروت، وأنجب منها طفلين هما زكريا وجوهرة، وعاش في أستراليا فترة شارك خلالها في أعمال سينمائية.
 تزوج من صحفية خليجية، ثم من سيدة أمريكية من أصل ألماني تعرف عليها في اليونان، ثم من سيدة أردنية، ومن أشهر زيجاته، زواجه من فالترود بيتون، أرملة رجل المخابرات رفعت الجمال، والمعروف باسم رأفت الهجان، وانفصل عنها بعد 7 سنوات من زواجهما.
 قال في مذكراته إنه تزوج «فالترود» حفاظا على سمعتها لأن بعض الناس ذكروا أنه يرافقها فلم يجد أمامه سوى أن يتزوجها، وقال إنه طلقها بسبب استيلائها على أمواله، كما جاء في مذكراته، حيث أقرضها 260 ألف دولار لشراء منزل لابنتها، وبعد مرور فترة طويلة طلب منها جزء من المبلغ فأنكرت أنها اقترضت منه أموالا فقام بتطليقها.
 دافعت «ماجدة» عن زوجها في ذلك الوقت قائلة: «في الواقع (إيهاب) أدى عدة أدوار بامتياز، وهذا ليس تحيزا له، ففي فيلم الراهبة كان كويس، وفي فيلم شيء في حياتي، الذي قام به مع (فاتن) كان ممتاز، أما دوره في فيلم للرجال فقط لم يعجبني».

عمله في المخابرات
قال في مذكراته إنه استطاع إقناع إسرائيل بأنه عميل مزدوج فكان صديقا لقائد القوات الإسرائيلية في ذلك الوقت، عزرا وايزمان، الذي أصبح رئيسا لإسرائيل فيما بعد وكان يسهّل دخوله لإسرائيل.

وقال نصًا في مذكراته: «كنت صديق عزرا وايزمان، قائد القوات الإسرائيلية الذي أصبح رئيسًا لإسرائيل فيما بعد، وهو من مواليد حي الموسكى بالقاهرة، وكان في ذلك الوقت يُسهل لي إجراءات السفر إلى إسرائيل للقيام بالمهام السياسية المُكلف بها من المخابرات العامة المصرية، وكان يساعدني اعتقادا منه بأنني عميل مزدوج، فكنا نتبادل المعلومات العسكرية، بمعنى أنني كنت أعطيه المعلومة وأحصل في الحال على معلومة مقابلة، وكانت المخابرات المصرية تريد من خلال إحدى هذه المهام التي كلفتني بها أن تعرف وتتأكد من أن الممر الذي تقيمه إسرائيل بطول 7 كيلو مترات للطائرات السريعة تم إنشاؤه أم لا».

قال إنه قام بتوصيل خطاب سري إلى الرئيس الراحل محمد أنور السادات من وولتر مونديال، رئيس الكونجرس الأمريكي في ذلك الوقت، تؤكد فيه الإدارة الأمريكية تعويض السادات عن كل التنازلات التي سيقدمها لإسرائيل مقابل اتفاقية «كامب ديفيد».

استغل عمله الفني لدخول عدد كبير من الدول للحصول على معلومات مخابراتية دون أن يثير شكوك رجال المخابرات في هذه الدول.

قال إنه رغم علاقته القوية بعبد الناصر إلا أن السادات أشجع من عبد الناصر، لأنه استلم قيادة المركب وهي بتغرق وعومها، على حد قوله.

قال إن المسؤول الوحيد عن نكسة 1967 هو جمال عبد الناصر، وذكر في أحد الحوارات: «الفريق محمد صدقي محمود، قائد القوات الجوية كان بيطلب دائما فلوس لكي يقوم ببناء دشم، لحماية الطائرات وكان رد عبد الناصر معنديش فلوس مع أنه من المفترض قبل أن تفكر في شراء أي طائرة لابد أن تبني لها دشمة».

قال إن المذكرات الخاصة به والتي تحمل عنوان «لعبة الفن والمخابرات.. مذكرات الطيار الفنان ايهاب نافع» ظلت لمدة 6 أشهر في المخابرات العامة لتحليلها وتنقيحها، والنسخة الموجود هي النسخة المنقحة التي أجازتها المخابرات المصرية.

قال إن عمر سليمان، رئيس المخابرات المصرية في ذلك الوقت، قال له: «أنت ابن حقيقي من أبناء الجهاز».

وفاته
توفي في 30 ديسمبر 2006 في مستشفى القوات المسلحة عن عمر يناهز 71 عاماً، وهو نفس اليوم الذي تم إعدام صدام حسين فيه.

أعماله الفنية

الأفلام
 1993 : لصوص خمس نجوم
 1992 : دموع صاحبة الجلالة
 1990 : اللعبة الأخيرة
 1989 : امرأة مع الشيطان
 1988 : زمن الممنوع
 1983 : المدمن
 1980 : الجمالية
 1975 : النداهة
 1973 : الحب الذي كان، بنات آخر زمن، الأسيرة
 1970 : عصابة النساء
 1969 : طريق بلا نهاية
 1967 : في طريقي رجل، القبلة الأخيرة
 1966 : شيء في حياتي، من أحب
 1965 : الراهبة
 1964 : للرجال فقط، هجرة الرسول
 1963 : الحقيقة العارية

المسلسلات
 1993 : حواديت فكري أباظة

روابط خارجية

مراجع
 المصدر المصرى اليوم: http://lite.almasryalyoum.com/lists/arts/36443/

أشخاص من القاهرة
رجال مخابرات مصريون
ضباط عسكريون مصريون
طيارون مصريون
عسكريون مصريون
ممثلون مصريون
مواليد 1354 هـ
مواليد 1935
وفيات 1427 هـ
وفيات 2006

إيهاب نافع


Winterthur (; ) is a city in the canton of Zürich in northern Switzerland. With over 110,000 residents, it is the country's sixth-largest city by population, as well as its ninth-largest agglomeration with about 140,000 inhabitants. Located about  northeast of Zürich, Winterthur is a service and high-tech industrial satellite city within Greater Zürich.

The official language of Winterthur is German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect, Zürich German. Winterthur is usually abbreviated as Winti in the local dialect and by its inhabitants.

Winterthur is connected to Germany by direct trains and has links to Zurich Airport. It is also a regional transport hub: the A1 motorway from Geneva through to St. Margrethen connects in Winterthur with the A4 motorway heading north toward Schaffhausen and the A7 motorway heading close to the Swiss-German border at Kreuzlingen. There are also roads leading to other places such as Turbenthal. The railway station is the fourth busiest railway station in Switzerland, and is 20 minutes away by train from Zürich.

History
Vitudurum was a vicus in what is now Oberwinterthur during the Roman era (first century BC to third century AD). It was fortified into a castrum at the end of the third century, apparently in reaction to the incipient Alamannic invasion.

There was an Alamannic settlement on the site in the seventh century.

In a battle near Winterthur in 919, Burchard II of Swabia asserted his control over the Thurgau within the Duchy of Swabia against the claims of Rudolph II of Burgundy.

The counts of Winterthur, a cadet branch of the family of the counts of Bregenz, built Kyburg castle in the tenth century. With the extinction of the counts of Winterthur in 1053, the castle passed to the counts of Dillingen. Winterthur as a city (presumably on the site of a pre-existing village) was founded by Hartmann III of Dillingen in 1180, shortly before his death in the same year. From 1180 to 1263, Winterthur was ruled by the cadet line of the House of Kyburg.

When the counts of Kyburg became extinct in the male line in 1263, Winterthur passed to the House of Habsburg, who established a comital line of Neu-Kyburg in 1264 and granted city rights to Winterthur in the same year. From 1415 until 1442 Winterthur was reichsfrei (subject only to the Holy Roman Emperor). However, in the Old Zürich War they lost this freedom and came back under the control of the Austrian Habsburgs. Needing money, in 1467, the Habsburgs sold Winterthur to the city of Zürich.

While it was under the leadership of Zürich, Winterthur's economic freedom was restricted. It lost many of its market rights and the right to trade in some goods. This ended in 1798, when Napoleonic troops took the town. On 27 May 1799, it was the site of the Battle of Winterthur between elements of the French Army of the Danube and elements of the Habsburg army, commanded by Friedrich, Baron von Hotze during the War of the Second Coalition, in the French Revolutionary Wars. Because Winterthur lies near Zürich and at the junction of seven roads, the army that held the town held the access to most of Switzerland and points crossing the Rhine into southern Germany. Although the forces involved were small, the ability of the Austrians to sustain an 11-hour assault against the French line, on the plateau north of Zürich, resulted in the consolidation of three Austrian forces. This led to the French defeat a few days later.

In the 19th century, Winterthur became an industrial town when companies, like Sulzer, Rieter and SLM, built large industrial plants. Winterthur suffered severely from its investments in and guarantee of loans to the National Railway of Switzerland (a private enterprise). In 1878, Winterthur had to sell its shares in the line, and from 1881 to 1885 it was in great difficulties due to a loan of nine million francs guaranteed in 1874 by the town, together with three others in Aargau, to the enterprise. As the three co-guarantor towns were unable to pay their shares, the whole burden fell on Winterthur, which struggled to meet its liabilities. But it was assisted by large loans from the cantonal and federal governments.

The Great Depression, in the 1930s, hit Winterthur extremely hard. Sixty percent of the total employees in town worked in the machine industry. Jobs became extremely hard to find. However, with the outbreak of World War II, industry grew again in the city.

In 2008, Winterthur reached 100,000 inhabitants.

Geography

Topography

Winterthur is located at an elevation of . The city is located in a basin south and east of the river Töss before it meets the High Rhine after 10 kilometers. The Eulach, a small river, flows from the town's east end through the middle of the town to meet the Töss at the west exit of the city. Because of this the town is colloquially also called "Eulachstadt". Zürich lies about  southwest of Winterthur.

Area
, Winterthur has an area of ; 24.8% is used for agricultural purposes, 40.4% is forested, 33.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and 1.1% is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).  housing and buildings made up 21.9% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (9%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 0.6% of the area. , 27.6% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction.

Politics

Subdivisions
Winterthur has seven city districts ():
1 – Winterthur-Stadt, 2 – Oberwinterthur, 3 – Seen, 4 – Töss, 5 – Veltheim, 6 – Wülflingen, 7 – Mattenbach

Government
The City Council (Stadtrat) constitutes the executive government of the City of Winterthur and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of seven councilors (), each presiding over a department. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Large Municipal Council are carried by the City Council. In the mandate period 2018–2022 (Legislatur) the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Michael Künzle. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Winterthur allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The mayor is elected as such by public election by means of a system of Majorz, while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The delegates are elected by means of a system of Majorz.

, Winterthur's City Council is made up of three representatives of the SP (Social Democratic Party), one member of the FDP (FDP.The Liberals), one of the GPS (Green Party), one of the GLP (Green Liberal Party), and one of the CVP (Christian Democratic People's Party, who is also the mayor), giving the left parties a combined four out of seven seats. The last regular election was held on 5 March and 15 April 2018, the last special election on 23 August 2020.

Ansgar Simon is Town Chancellor (Stadtschreiber) since and Marcel Wendelspiess is Legal Counsel (Rechtskonsulent) since 2013 for the City Council.

Parliament

The Large Municipal Council (Grosser Gemeinderat) holds legislative power. It is made up of 60 members, with elections held every four years. The Large Municipal Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation (Proporz).

The sessions of the Large Municipal Council are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the Large Municipal Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Winterthur allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Large Municipal Council. The parliament holds its meetings in the Rathaus once a month on Mondays.

The last regular election of the Large Municipal Council was held on 8 March 2018 for the mandate period () from May 2018 to April 2022. Currently the Large Municipal Council consists of 18 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), 10 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 8 The Liberals (FDP/PLR), 7 Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL), 5 Green Party (GPS/PES), 4 Evangelical People's Party (EVP), 3 Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), 2 Alternative List (AL), one representative each of the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD), Federal Democratic Union (EDU/UDF), and the Pirate Party.

National Elections

National Council
In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 22.6% (−3.4) of the vote. The next six most popular parties were the SVP (17.8%, -5.6), the Green Party (17.8%, +9), the glp (14.3%, +5.5), FDP (10.6%, -1.5), the EVP (5.0%, 0), and the CVP (4.2%, +0.2). In the federal election a total of 32,907 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.0%.

In the 2015 election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the SPS which received 26.1% of the vote. The next most popular parties were the SVP (23.4%), the FDP (12.1%), the Green Party (8.8%), the glp (8.8%), the EVP (5.0%), the CVP (4.0%), and BDP (3.5%). In the federal election, a total of 33,426 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 49.3%.
In the 2011, federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 22.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (21.8%), the Green Liberals (11.1%) and the Green Party (10.1%).

International relations

Twin towns
Winterthur is twinned with two Swiss and two international towns and coordinates its international relations together with the Swiss towns Frauenfeld, St. Gallen, and Schaffhausen:
  Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland
  La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
  Pilsen, Czech Republic
  Hall in Tirol, Austria

Namesake
The community of Winterthur in Delaware, US, is named after the city.

Demographics

 the population of Winterthur is 100,000. More recently (as of ) the population was .  23.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals.  the gender distribution of the population was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 10.4%. Most of the population () speaks German (83.0%), with Italian being second-most common (4.9%) and Albanian being third (2.0%).

The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.9% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 63.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.2%. There are 42,028 households in Winterthur.

 there were 37,327 members of the Swiss Reformed Church (37.1% of the population) and 26,995 Catholics (26.7% of the population) in Winterthur. Of the other Christian faiths, 326 (0.3%) were Lutheran, 203 (0.2%) were Christian Catholic, 3141 (3.1%) are some type of Christian Orthodox and 3,132 (3.1%) are another Christian faith. Of the rest of the population, 11,608 (11.5%) were Muslim, 108 (0.1%) were Jewish, 1,359 (1.3%) belonged to another non-Christian faith and 16,779 (16.6%) were atheist or agnostic or did not belong to any organized faith.

Economy

Historically, Winterthur was one of the homes of Switzerland's rail industry and an industrial centre, however the rail industry and other heavy industry have mostly shut down. Amongst the most significant companies was Sulzer Brothers, today's Sulzer Ltd., Sulzer AG, commonly abbreviated to Sulzer. Textile production declined even earlier on. The Rieter textile machinery company is based in Winterthur.

Switzerland's largest bank, and one of the world's large banks, Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS, since 1998 UBS AG), was founded in Winterthur.

The Landbote newspaper is situated in Winterthur, and also serves as Winterthurer Stadtanzeiger, the official publication organ of the city of Winterthur.

Peraves, the manufacturer of the fully enclosed "cabin motorcycle" named the Monotracer, predated by an earlier model named the Ecomobile, has been manufacturing these vehicles since the early 1980s. In 2010, Peraves won the Progressive Insurance Automotive X-Prize with an electric powered version of the Monotracer.

Among other commercial organizations, Winterthur was home to Switzerland's largest insurance business Winterthur Insurance. Until its acquisition, the company was the largest in Switzerland and was in Europe's top 10. On 1 January 2007 the Winterthur company was acquired by the French AXA group and is now known as AXA Winterthur.

, Winterthur had an unemployment rate of 3.53%. , there were 185 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 60 businesses involved in this sector; 11,880 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 884 businesses in this sector; 59,767 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 6,983 businesses in this sector.  47.9% of the working population were employed full-time, and 52.1% were employed part-time.

Education
In Winterthur, about 70.7% of the population (between ages 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

The town is renowned for its institute of higher education Technikum, which is the largest school of technology in Switzerland. The institute has recently teamed up with schools from Zürich and is now known as Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW).

The headquarters of the Club of Rome are located in Winterthur.

SIS Swiss International School maintains a campus in Winterthur. International School Winterthur, formerly located in Winterthur, closed in 2015.

Transport

Bahnhof Winterthur, the central station, is one of the busiest stations on the Swiss Railway Network with 105,000 passengers a day. As the town is close to Zürich, it is served by many trains on the local Zürich S-Bahn network. EuroCity services to Munich and regional trains to St. Gallen, Konstanz or Romanshorn also serve the station. As well as the Hauptbahnhof, there are nine more stations within the city, called Oberwinterthur, Seen, Grüze, Töss, Hegi, Reutlingen, Wülflingen, Wallrüti and Sennhof-Kyburg.

The local public transport is run by STADTBUS Winterthur with twelve town bus lines, including the Winterthur trolleybus system, and five regional bus lines.

There are two airports: Winterthur Hegmatten (LSPH) and Speck (LSZK).

Tourism
Winterthur is not high on the list of tourist destinations in Switzerland. As a result, it does not offer a wide range of hotels to choose from. As it is relatively easy to reach from Zürich by public transport, tourists who do visit Winterthur often stay in Zürich.

Nevertheless, Winterthur is mentioned in most tourist guides for its numerous museums, many of which offer world class art, among them of the Gottfried Keller-Stiftung. The most famous are:

 Oskar Reinhart Collection 'Am Römerholz'
 Oskar Reinhart Collection am Stadtgarten
 Kunstmuseum Winterthur
 Villa Flora (closed in 2016)
 Fotomuseum Winterthur
 Swiss Science Center Technorama

Culture

Music
Winterthur's chamber orchestra Orchester Musikkollegium Winterthur is the oldest orchestra in Switzerland, and also plays at the Zurich Opera. Between 1922 and 1950, the philanthropist Werner Reinhart and the conductor Hermann Scherchen played a leading role in shaping the musical life of Winterthur, with numerous premiere performances emphasizing contemporary music.

The city hall Stadthaus, in which the concerts of the Musikkollegium take place, was built by Gottfried Semper.

Musikfestwochen, in late August and early September, sees Winterthur's Old Town taken over for live music of all kinds, in the street and bars as well as in concert venues.

The "Albanifest", the largest annual festival in a historic town in Switzerland, is named after Saint Alban, one of the city's four saints, is held here, over three days in late June every year. Although a recent creation, the festival celebrates the granting of a charter to the town in 1264 by Rudolf of Habsburg on 22 June of that year, which happened to be the saint's day.

The church of St. Laurenz in the city centre dates from 1264, the town hall was built in 1781, the assembly hall in 1865.

In 1989, Winterthur received the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its architectural heritage.

The Swiss folk metal band Eluveitie was formed in Winterthur and the Punkabilly band The Peacocks comes from here.

Arts

Open Doors
Open Doors is an artist supported platform for artists with art studios in Winterthur, Switzerland. The platform was established to bridge arts and the community as well as provide the artists with means to independently promote their art in any way they choose. Open Doors takes place annually during the last weekend of September. Participating artists open their studios to the public and present their art to the public. Oftentimes it is possible to view the artists while they are working. Among the approximate 60 artists who participate there are local, international, autodidacts and art academy graduates. Open Doors Winterthur was founded in 2008 by San Francisco-born artist Michelle Bird and resident of Winterthur. Open Doors Winterthur publishes the annual MAP Magazine Artist Professionals which is available on line and in print form. MAP Magazine features articles about local art initiatives and profiles local artists and their art studios. The event is supported by a map that indicates the location of each artist's studio on a map.

Sport
EHC Winterthur is the city's main hockey team which currently plays in the Swiss League, the second-highest ice hockey league in Switzerland. Their arena is the 3,000-seat Deutweg Arena. The arena held in April 2011 the 2011 IIHF Women's World Championship top division, sharing the hosting with the Hallenstadion in Zürich.

FC Winterthur are the city's football club and currently play in the Swiss Super League. They play at the Stadion Schützenwiese.

Pfadi Winterthur is the professional handball club, former multiple national champions and still playing in the Swiss First League of Handball. They play at the Winterthur Central Sports Hall which they share with top floorball club HC Rychenberg Winterthur.

Winterthur Lions AFC, founded in 2017, have been playing Australian rules football in the AFL Switzerland league since 2019.

Notable people

1800–1850

 Jonas Furrer (1805–1861), politician, first Federal President of Switzerland
 David Eduard Steiner (1811–1860), painter, eraser and lithographer
 Henrik Haggenmacher (1827–1917), Swiss-born Hungarian industrialist, business magnate, philanthropist and investor
 Konrad Grob (1828–1904), lithographer and painter
 Jacob Weidenmann (1829–1893), landscape architect

1851–1900

 Charles E. L. Brown (1863–1924), machine designer, co-founder (Brown, Boveri & Cie)
 Heinrich Wölfflin (1864–1945), art historian
 John Henry Hintermeister (1869–1945), Zurich educated painter, commercially successful in the United States
 Alfred Ernst (1875–1968), botanist
 Hans Gamper (1877–1930), sportsman and founder of FC Barcelona
 Joan Gamper (1877–1930), Swiss football pioneer, versatile athlete and club president.
 Ernst Wetter (1877–1963), politician
 Alfred Büchi (1879–1959), inventor of the exhaust gas turbocharger
 Albert Thellung (1881–1928), botanist
 Werner Reinhart (1884–1951), industrialist and patron
 Oskar Reinhart (1885–1965), art collectors and patrons
 Emil Brunner (1889–1966), a reformed theologian
 Jakob Flach (1894–1982), writer, puppeteer and painter
 Willy Bretscher (1897–1992), newspaper writer and editor

1901–1950

 Georges Miez (1904–1999), gymnast
 Willy Hess (composer) (1906–1997), musicologist and composer
 Albert Büchi (1907–1988), cyclist
 Max Bill (1908–1994), architect, artist and designer
 Warja Lavater (1913–2007), graphic artist and illustrator
 Sigmund Widmer (1919–2003), Swiss politician, historian and writer, University of Zürich faculty
 Rudolf Friedrich (1923–2013), lawyer and politician
 Georg Gerster (born 1928), journalist, pioneer of flight photography
 Bruno Hunziker (1930–2000), politician, parliamentarian and economic attorney
 Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021), chemist (Nobel Prize Laureate 1991)
 Ursula Bagdasarjanz (born 1934), violinist
 Hannes Keller (born 1934), computer pioneer, entrepreneur, diving pioneer and amateur pianist
 Niklaus Wirth (born 1934), computer scientist
 Oscar Fritschi (1939–2016), politician
 Michael Gempart (born 1941), actor
 Markus Imhoof (born 1941), film director and screenwriter
 Hans-Ulrich Brunner (1943–2006), painter
 Beat Raaflaub (born 1946), conductor
 Jürg Amann (1947–2013), writer

1951–2000
 Viktor Giacobbo (born 1952), Swiss writer, comedian and actor
 Mirco Müller (born 1995), Swiss ice hockey player, currently playing for the New Jersey Devils
 Martin Buser (born 1958), Swiss dog musher, 4-time Iditarod champion
 Marlies Bänziger (born 1960), Swiss politician
 Chantal Galladé (born 1972), Swiss politician
 Chrigel Glanzmann (born 1975), Swiss musician, founder of Eluveitie
 Steven Zuber (born 1991), Swiss professional football player

Notes and references

Notes

References

External links

 Official Webpage of Winterthur
 Official Webpage Economic Development Region of Winterthur
 Tourismusbüro Winterthur
 Musikkollegium Winterthur
 Homepage of Winterthur's city Orchestra
 Official Webpage Open Doors

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of the canton of Zürich
Winterthur (1415-1442)

Winterthur


فخري باشا أو فخر الدين باشا (1868 - 22 نوفمبر 1948) و يعرف أيضًا بـ(نمر الصحراء) ولقبه الإنكليز بـ(النمر التركي) ،هو آخر الأمراء العثمانيين على المدينة المنورة ما بين (1916-1919) ،واشتُهر بدفاعه عنها عندما قامت قوات القبائل العربية بمساعدة بريطانيا بمحاصرتها لطرد العثمانيين.

مولده وحياته المبكرة
هو عمر فخر الدين بن محمد ناهد بن عمر ،المشهور (بفخري باشا) ولد في مدينة روسجوك العثمانية (روسه اليوم) سنة 1869م ،أمه هي فاطمة عادل خانم وأبوه هو محمد ناهد بيه ،انتقلت عائلته إلى الآستانة بسبب الحرب الروسية العثمانية  عام 1878.

سيرته
التحق بالمدرسة الحربية في الآستانة وتخرج منها عام 1888م، وكان الأول على زملائه والتحق بدورات ملازمي الفرسان وأركان حرب. وعمل في الجيش الرابع في أزرنجان، وكان متميزاً في عمله، رقي عام 1908م إلى رتبة وكيل رئيس أركان الجيش الرابع، وشارك في حرب البلقان، وفي مطلع الحرب العالمية الأولى عين وكلاً لقائد الجيش الرابع المرابط في سورية، ثمّ كُلِّف بالسفر إلى المدينة للوقوف على أحوالها، فوصلها والشريف حسين يُعد لثورته على الخلافة العثمانية، ورفع تقريراً لقيادته بذلك، فثبت في المدينة المنورة قائداً لحملة الحجاز في 17 يوليو 1916م وأضيف إليه منصب محافظ المدينة المنورة في 28 أبريل 1917م، وأدار العمليات العسكرية التي قاومت قوات الشريف حسين وحلفائه حتى سقوط تركيا بيد الحلفاء وتوقيع هدنة رودس في 30 أكتوبر 1918م.

فخري باشا حاكم المدينة المنورة

فخري باشا هو آخر حاكم عثماني يلي المدينة المنورة ، وكان يتبعه جيش مكون من نحو 70 ألف جندي مجهز بالأسلحة الخفيفة والمدفعية التقليدية ، وإبان الثورة العربية الكبرى هجر فخري باشا جميع أهالي المدينة المنورة ، فلحق بعضهم بالبدو حوالي المدينة ، أو بمدن حجازية كمكة وجدة وينبع وحائل ، بينما لحق أغلبهم بالبلدان الإسلامية كمصر والشام والعراق وتركيا والهند واليمن ، حتى خلت المدينة من السكان تماماً ، ولم يبق فيها غير الجند ، وحاصر الأشراف ومن معهم من القبائل العربية المدينة المنورة لبضعة أشهر ، ولعب القطار في سكة حديد الحجاز دوراً كبيراً في نقل المدنيين إلى بلدان آمنة ، وطوع موظفوا الخط الحديدي أنفسهم لهذا العمل كخدمة إنسانية بلا مقابل ، بينما صدرت إلى فخري باشا الأوامر من استانبول بتسليم المدينة فرفضها واستمر في المقاومة نحو خمسة أشهر اضطر بعدها للاستسلام بضغط من زملائه وقيادته الذين تهددوه؛ فاعتقل في مصر، ثم مالطا لمدة ثلاث سنوات، عاد بعدها إلى بلاده وتولى عدة مناصب سياسية وإدارية. في حين أن بعض المؤرخين يصفونه بالغباء لامتلاكه جيشاً عظيماً لم يستغله في السيطرة على الحجاز برمته ما لو أراد .

استسلامه
بعد أن اشتد الحصار عليه في المدينة المنورة من قبل القوات العربية بقيادة عبد الله بن الحسين والمعسكره في بير درويش بالفريش، ذهب للفريش واستسلم الي قوات الشريف عبد الله بن الشريف حسين المعسكرة في بئر درويش (الفريش). استقبله الشريف عبد الله بن الشريف حسين في بئر درويش، استقبالا رسميا، حرص على أن يرضى به كرامة الرجل وكبرياءه بالحفاوة البالغة والموافقة على كل شرط من شروطه دون أي نقاش.

عودة أهالي المدينة

في الحقيقة ليس كل أهالي المدينة الذين تم تهجيرهم كانوا قد عادوا إليها ، إذا إن بعضهم قد فقد أو مات في دار هجرته ، أو فضل البقاء هناك ، أو عجز على العودة إلى بلاده ، وفقد كثير من الأهالي أموالهم ، أو وجدوا بيوتهم مهتوكة ، فحنقوا كثيراً على فخري باشا الذي تسبب لهم بكثير من العناء .

وفاته
توفي في 22 نوفمبر 1948م عن عمر يناهز 79 عاما في اسطنبول ودفن بناءً على طلبه في قلعة (روملي حصار)

انظر أيضا
 حصار المدينة المنورة خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
مركز بحوث ودرسات المدينة المنورة

أسرى حرب الحرب العالمية الأولى المحتجزون لدى المملكة المتحدة
أسرى حرب عثمانيون
أشخاص من روسه
أمراء المدينة المنورة
الثورة العربية الكبرى
باشاوات
تاريخ المدينة المنورة
جنرالات الجيش العثماني
خريجو أكاديمية الجيش العثماني
خريجو كلية الجيش العثماني
سفراء تركيا لدى أفغانستان
عسكريون عثمانيون شاركوا في الحرب الإيطالية التركية
عسكريون عثمانيون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
عسكريون عثمانيون في حروب البلقان
مدفونون في مقبرة آشيان أسري
مواليد 1868
مواليد 1869
مواليد في روسه
وفيات 1948
وفيات في إسطنبول

فخري باشا


Dipanegara o Diponegoro (11 de noviembre de 1785 - 8 de enero de 1855) fue un príncipe javanés que se arrogó el título de Erutjakra (Mesías).

Declaró que Ratu Adil se le había aparecido en el monte Rasamuni y encomendado combatir a los Países Bajos, que controlaban gran parte de la isla merced a la Compañía Neerlandesa de las Indias Orientales, liderando la reconquista de Java. Dipanegara comenzó una guerra que se extendió por toda la isla entre 1825 y 1830, un conflicto llamado Guerra de Java que, a su vez, formó parte de las guerras javanesas. Tras una guerra particularmente sangrienta, Dipanegara fue vencido y los sultanatos de Yogyakarta y Surakarta, entre los que se había dividido el de Mataram, fueron obligados a ceder más poder a los holandeses.

Sobre su figura se compuso una famosa babad, género indonesio de crónica histórica.

Véase también
Hendrik Merkus de Kock

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Sultanato de Mataram
Indonesios del siglo XIX
Héroes nacionales de Indonesia

Diponegoro


An Octomeria itatiaiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alexander Curt Brade ngan Guido Frederico João Pabst. An Octomeria itatiaiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octomeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Octomeria

Octomeria itatiaiae


La Maison régionale des Syndicats de Reims est située 15  Boulevard de la Paix à Reims, en France.

Histoire

Activité de bourse du travail
Avant d'installer la Maison régionale des Syndicats, la ville de Reims avait racheté les anciens bâtiments de tissage le Bihan  situé au 15 boulevard Cérès qui est devenue l'actuel boulevard de la Paix, pour y installer la bourse du travail.'''

La Bourse du Travail de Reims a été inaugurée le 25 mai 1902 par le maire Charles Arnould.
Un hôpital temporaire n°6 a été installé dans la bourse du travail de Reims pendant la Grande Guerre et a été détruit lors d'un bombardement en 1916.

Activité de Maison des syndicats
Les bâtiments de la bourse du travail ont été détruits en 1976 pour laisser la place à l'actuelle Maison des syndicats.
Un immeuble a été construit, de l'architecte Bernard Fouqueray, pour un montant de 9 Millions de Francs, entre 1975 et 1977, qui va devenir la Maison régionale des Syndicats
Elle est inaugurée en 1978 par le maire de l'époque Claude Lamblin mais décidé par l'ancien maire Jean Taittinger.

Description des bâtiments

Les bâtiments de la Maison régionale des Syndicats

Le bâtiment principal de six étages, donnant sur le boulevard de la Paix, se présente comme un gros parallélépipède avec des façades ajourés par de grandes fenêtres.

Fouille avant reconstruction
Une mosaïque gallo-romaine de la "maison aux fleurons" de la rue de la Paix, découverte lors des fouilles, est présentée dans le hall d'entrée, au rez-de-chaussée de la Maison des syndicats à Reims.
La mosaïque est de la fin du Ier siècle dans une habitation qui est reconstruite sur une habitation plus ancienne et qui serait habitée jusqu'à la fin du IIIe siècle.

Fonctionnement

De la bourse du travail
La Ville de Reims assure les frais d'aménagement et de fonctionnement (éclairage, chauffage et entretien).
Elle s'dresse aux salariés syndiqués ou non syndiqués pour le placement qui est sa mission première.
Un Conseil d'Administration est élu par des délégués nommés par les syndicats. Il est composé d'un Secrétaire général, d'un Secrétaire adjoint, d'un Trésorier, d'un Trésorier adjoint et de trois conseillers.

De la Maison régionale des Syndicats

Galerie

Notes et références

Références

Bibliographie
 Les grandes villes de la couronne urbaine de Paris de la Picardie à la Champagne – thèse soutenue en 1983 par Paul Oudart –Université de Paris I –Panthéon-Sorbonnes

Articles connexes
Bourse du travail
Maison des syndicats

Reims
Reims
Syndicalisme en France

Maison régionale des Syndicats de Reims


Nina Badrić (Zagreb, 4 de julio de 1972) es una cantante de pop croata. Antes de iniciar su carrera como cantante era una cajera bancaria. Es muy popular en países como Serbia, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Montenegro, Eslovenia y Turquía.

Biografía
Badrić comenzó a cantar a los 9 años en el coro infantil  Zvjezdice (Pequeñas Estrellas). Con ese coro viajó a muchos países, grabó varios discos y adquirió una gran experiencia en el canto coral, solista y gospel. Rápidamente fue convirtiéndose en una de las principales cantantes de su país, firmando en 1995 un contrato discográfico con Croatia Records y empezando así su carrera en solitario.

Nina se casó en septiembre de 2006 con el que había sido su novio desde hacía mucho tiempo, Bernard Krasnić, del que se divorció en 2012.

Trayectoria
Ella compitió 4 veces en Dora, una selección Croata para participar en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión. Obtuvo la 7° posición en 1993 con Ostavljam te, la 10° posición en 1994 con Godine nestvame, la 18° posición en 1995 con Odlazis zauvijek, y quedó en segunda posición en 2003 con la canción Čarobno jutro, que quedó a menos de diez puntos de la primera posición. Tras ser elegida internamente, Nina representó a Croacia en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 2012 que se celebró en Bakú, Azerbaiyán con la canción Nebo. Participó en la segunda semifinal celebrada el 24 de mayo de 2012, no logrando clasificarse a la final, pese a que el jurado profesional valoró la candidatura haciendo que quedara séptima según dicha votación , pero debido a la votación del televoto la cantante como se mencionó antes no logró clasificarse, quedando en la décimo segunda posición de su semifinal.

Tras su paso por el festival de Eurovisión, la cantante croata publicó varios singles entre los que destacan Czenja o Vjetrenjace, este último rodándose en Nueva York; esta también efectuó varios duetos entre los que cabe destacar el dueto con Mirza Šoljanin con su canción Duše su se srele, así como el dueto con el famoso cantante Zeljko Vasic con su canción Lozinka za raj.

El dieciocho de junio de 2015, Nina lanzó su último single, titulado Vise smo od prijatelja.

Badric también ha sido imagen de marcas de ropa o de joyería, entre ellas caben destacar, la campaña de Frederique Constant, Frey Wille o Azel France BiH, o la marca oriflame donde fue la imagen de un nuevo perfume; así como revistas como Grazia o Vogue. Como también ha promocionado la marca francesa Citroën en Croacia

Badrić a principios de agosto de 2015, publicó el sencillo cipele, otra vez bajo la misma discografía Aquarius Récord; para esta ocasión la cantante se tiñó el cabello de rubio; cosa que también utilizará para una campaña publicitaria. El 25 de mayo de 2016, lanzó su último single titulado Dani i Godine. El 22 de diciembre de 2016, hizo la banda sonora de la película Stado, la canción que la misma interpretó fue la canción Ljubav za tebe

El 7 de marzo de 2020, realizó un concierto en el Arena Zagreb, que conmemoró su carrera en la música en sus más de 30 años desde sus inicios, este fue el más grande en la carrera de Badric.

Discografía
Álbumes de estudio
 Godine nestvarne (Croatia, 1995)
 Personality (Zg Zoe Music, 1997)
 Unique (Croatia, 1999)
 Nina (Croatia, 2000)
 Ljubav (Aquarius, 2003)
 07 (Aquarius, 2007)
 NeBo (Aquarius, 2011)
 Ceznja (Aquarius, 2013) (single)
 Dan D (Aquarius, 2014) (single)
 Vjetrenjace (Aquarius, 2014) (single)
 Vise smo od prijatelja (Aquarius, 2015) (single)
 Cipele (Aquarius, 2015) (single)
 Dani i Godine (Aquarius, 2016) (single)
 Vrati Me (Aquarius, 2017) (single)
 Mijenja se vrijeme (Aquarius, 2017) (single)
 Rekao si (Aquarius, 2018) (single)
 Volim te, volim (Aquarius, 2019) (single)
 Ratujem s tugom (Aquarius, 2019) (single)
 Da biram (Aquarius, 2020) (single)

Galería

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Participantes en Eurovisión 2012
Representantes de Croacia en Eurovisión
Católicos de Croacia
Cantantes femeninas de Croacia
Cantantes de pop de Croacia
Mujeres de Croacia del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Zagreb

Nina Badrić


NGC 5935 est une galaxie spirale située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5935 a été découverte par l'astronome français Édouard Stephan en 1880.

Selon la base de données Simbad, NGC 5935 est une galaxie LINER, c'est-à-dire une galaxie dont le noyau présente un spectre d'émission caractérisé par de larges raies d'atomes faiblement ionisés.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5935 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5935
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie LINER
Objet céleste découvert en 1880
Objet céleste découvert par Édouard Stephan

NGC 5935


Aquilaria, rod od dvadesetak vrsta biljaka iz porodice vrebinovki. Postoji dvadesetak vrsta rasprostranjenih po jugoistočnoj Aziji.

Vrste

 Aquilaria apiculata Merr.
 Aquilaria baillonii Pierre ex Lecomte
 Aquilaria banaense P.H.Hô
 Aquilaria beccariana Tiegh.
 Aquilaria brachyantha (Merr.) Hallier f.
 Aquilaria citrinicarpa (Elmer) Hallier f.
 Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte
 Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne.) Ridl.
 Aquilaria decemcostata Hallier f.
 Aquilaria filaria (Oken) Merr.
 Aquilaria hirta Ridl.
 Aquilaria khasiana Hallier f.
 Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.
 Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.
 Aquilaria parvifolia (Quisumb.) Ding Hou
 Aquilaria rostrata Ridl.
 Aquilaria rugosa K.Le-Cong & Kessler
 Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng.
 Aquilaria subintegra Ding Hou
 Aquilaria urdanetensis (Elmer) Hallier f.
 Aquilaria yunnanensis S.C.Huang

Sinonimi
 Agallochum Lam.
 Aloexylum Lour.
 Aquilariella Tiegh.
 Decaisnella Kuntze
 Gyrinopsis Decne.
 Ophispermum Lour.

Izvori

Vrebinovke

Aquilaria


Jessika Muscat (født den 27. februar 1989 i Mosta, Malta), mere kendt som Jessika er en maltesisk sanger og skuespillerinde. Hun repræsenterede San Marino i Eurovision Song Contest 2018 i Lissabon, Portugal, med sangen "Who We Are" sammen med Jenifer Brening. Hun havde tidligere forsøgt at repræsentere hendes hjemland hvert år fra 2009 til 2016 og i Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004 med sangen "Precious Time". Som skuespillerinde spiller hun karakteren Emma i den daglige maltesiske sæbeopera Ħbieb u Għedewwa.

Referencer

Sangere fra Malta
San Marinos Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2018

Jessika Muscat


Rêves est une mélodie pour  voix et piano de Maurice Ravel composée en 1927 sur un poème de Léon-Paul Fargue, proche ami du cercle des Apaches disparu (1902-1914).

Composition
Cette œuvre, dédiée à Léon-Paul Fargue, est une commande de Marcel Raval, directeur de la revue Les Feuilles libres, en vue d'un numéro spécial de cette revue en Hommage à Léon-Paul Fargue à l'occasion du  anniversaire du poète le 4 mars 1927. La mélodie a été composée sur le premier poème, Rêves, du recueil Pour la musique. Poëmes de Léon-Paul Fargue publié en mars 1914 aux éditions de La Nouvelle Revue française.

Commandée début janvier 1927, la mélodie a été composée au Belvédère de Montfort-l'Amaury et achevée début février 1927. Elle a d'abord été éditée sous forme de facsimilé du manuscrit de trois pages remis à Marcel Raval dans le numéro double 45-46 de juin 1927 de la revue Les Feuilles libres. La même année, la mélodie a été éditée par les éditions musicales Durand, principal éditeur du compositeur depuis 1906.

Dans le catalogue des œuvres du compositeur établi par Marcel Marnat, la mélodie porte le numéro « 105. (O.79) ».

Création
La partition est créée le  par Jane Bathori au chant, avec le compositeur au piano, au cours d'un concert « Exposition de mélodies françaises » au Vieux-Colombier à Paris.

Cette mélodie est l'une des moins connues, moins interprétées et moins enregistrées de Maurice Ravel. Plusieurs études sur les œuvres vocales de Maurice Ravel passent cette mélodie sous silence. De même, de nombreux enregistrements discographiques de l'intégrale des mélodies pour voix et piano n'incluent pas cette mélodie pourtant éditée depuis 1927.

En janvier 1920, le compositeur avait envisagé de mettre en musique d'autres mélodies, « des chansons d'enfants », de son ami Léon-Paul Fargue, mais ce projet est resté lettre morte.

Discographie
 Jacques Herbillon, baryton, et Théodore Paraskivesco, Arpège, 1977 et Calliope (CAL 4856), 2004.
 Claire Brua, mezzo-soprano, et David Abramovitz, piano, Naxos (8.554176-77), 2003.
 Ravel : Mélodies, CD, par Nora Gubisch, mezzo-soprano, et Alain Altinoglu, piano, Naïve (V5304), 2012.
Maurice Ravel : The Complete Works, CD 14, par Jean-Christophe Benoît (baryton) et Aldo Ciccolini (piano), Warner Classics (0190295283261), 2020.

Bibliographie (ordre chronologique)

 .
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Notice Rêves dans la base de données Dezède

Mélodie de Maurice Ravel
Mélodie française

Rêves (Ravel)


معهد اللغات للقوات المسلحة هو معهد لتدريس اللغات تابع لوزارة الدفاع المصرية, وهو معهد غير نظامي أنشئ في 24 يونيو 1981، وبدأ بتدريس اللغات الإنجليزية والألمانية والفرنسية والعبرية، ثم في عام 1990 أضيفت اللغات الايطالية والكورية والروسية التركية والعربية لغير الناطقين بها، وفي عام 1998 أضيف جناح اللغات اليونانية والأسبانية وفي عام 2005 أضيف جناح اللغة الصينية وفي عام 2010 أضيف جناح اللغة الأردية واللغة السواحلية ليصل عدد اللغات التي يتم تدريسها بالمعهد إلى 14 لغة. يقدم المعهد خدماته من خلال 9 فروع منتشرة على مستوى الجمهورية في القاهرة والجيزة والإسكندرية ومطروح وأسيوط والإسماعيلية والزقازيق، كما يقدم خدمات التعليم عن بعد من خلال الشبكة العسكرية والوحدات العسكرية داخل مصر. يتعاون المعهد بشكل مباشر مع معهد اللغات التابع لوزارة الدفاع الأمريكية. يقدم خدماته للعسكريين في المقام الأول وأسرهم، كما يقدم خدماته إلى المدنيين وكذلك غير المصريين من العرب والأجانب كما يقوم بتدريس اللغة العربية للملحقين العسكريين الأجانب وأسرهم.

فروعه
ويوجد له عدة فروع في جميع أنحاء مصر، منها:
 فرعي القاهرة (كوبري القبة والدقي وشبرا الخيمة)
 الإسكندرية
 الإسماعيلية
 الزقازيق
 مرسى مطروح
 السويس
 اسيوط

اللغات
يقوم المعهد بتدريس الكثير من اللغات منها (الإنجليزية - الفرنسية - الإيطالية - الروسية - الإسبانية - الصينية - الكورية - التركية - اليونانية - الألمانية) كما يقوم المعهد بتقديم دورات اللغة العربية للأجانب غير الناطقين بها ومنح الدبلومة الإسبانية DLL معتمده من الجانب الإسباني.

تكلفة الدراسة
يقدم المعهد خدماته لأفراد وظباط القوات المسلحة وأبنائهم بأسعار مخفضة وأيضا للمدنين ولكن بأسعار أعلي قليلا

انظر أيضا

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمعهد اللغات للقوات المسلحة

أكاديميات عسكرية
معهد
معاهد تعليمية مصرية
معاهد حكومية مصرية

معهد اللغات للقوات المسلحة (مصر)


W. Thomas Smith Jr. (born April 30, 1959) is an American author, editor, and journalist. He has written several books. His articles have appeared in many newspapers and magazines.
Smith is executive editor of World Defense Review, a columnist with Townhall.com, and a former contributor to National Review Online.

Education and military service

Smith graduated from the University of South Carolina Columbia in 1982 with a BA degree in history. He then served in the U.S. Marine Corps as an infantry leader, parachutist, and shipboard special weapons security and counterterrorism instructor. Following his service in the Corps in 1987, he served on a para-military SWAT team in the nuclear industry. Soon thereafter, he began his career as a journalist.

Career

Smith has written for numerous publications, including USA Today, U.S. News & World Report, BusinessWeek, The New York Post, and the UK's The Guardian. In 1998, he co-authored a George magazine feature with John F. Kennedy Jr. (Smith interviewed Gen. William C. Westmoreland in Charleston, South Carolina – Kennedy interviewed Gen. Võ Nguyên Giáp in Vietnam). The interviews were published together as a single piece on the Vietnam War in the November 1998 issue of George.

As a war correspondent, Smith reported from battlefields in both the Balkans in 1995 and in the Middle East in 1997, and he covered the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks from ground zero in New York. Also during the 1990s, he worked as a business magazine editor, a contract media relations director, a publicist for NBA basketball player Vince Carter and other professional athletes, and was the sole columnist for head football coach Lou Holtz's official website during Holtz's inaugural season at USC.

Smith's first book, Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency, was published in 2003. He has since written five other books.

Smith has been a guest commentator on the Fox News Channel, E! Entertainment's True Hollywood Story, and Bill Bennett's Morning in America. He has also been interviewed by numerous national publications (including Woman's Day, Writer's Digest, The Writer, and others); NBC, CBS, and ABC television affiliates; and he is a frequent guest on nationally syndicated radio programs, National Public Radio (NPR), and international radio, including the BBC. His articles have been included numerous times in radio-host Rush Limbaugh's daily "stack of stuff."

Smith is a contributing writer for A Nation Changed, a book commemorating the first anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks (published by U.S. News & World Report). He is the technical editor and foreword writer for the second edition of The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Iraq by Joseph Tragert, and he is the technical editor and "special afterword" writer for Contract Warriors by Fred Rosen.

He has served as adjunct professor at USC's College of Journalism and Mass Communications, and he has lectured groups and conferences from Fortune 500 companies to the U.S. Armed Forces.

A former correspondent for 'Agencia EFE' (the world's largest Spanish-language news wire), Smith currently writes a column, 'Beyond the DropZone', for – and is executive editor of – World Defense Review. He is a columnist for Townhall.com, and an erstwhile contributor to National Review Online. Some of his stories have been picked up by the Scripps Howard News wire. Others have been re-published by the U.S. Department of Defense. He also writes for Family Security Matters and is the director of their Counterterrorism Research Center.

Beirut controversy
In November 2007, Smith became the subject of controversy for blog posts he wrote as a freelancer for "The Tank", a section of National Review Online (NRO). On September 25, 2007, Smith reported that some 200-plus heavily armed Hezbollah militiamen were occupying a sprawling Hezbollah tent city close to the Lebanese parliament. Four days later, he blogged that between 4,000 and 5,000 Hezbollah gunmen deployed to the Christian areas of Beirut in an unsettling show of force.

The Huffington Post published a story alleging that Smith exaggerated or made up two events. In response, Smith said he had only failed to be "specific in terms of detailing his sourcing."

After an internal NRO investigation, Smith's editors declared that NRO could not stand by the blogging because both reports were disputed as implausible by sources independent of Smith. On December 7, 2007, Smith voluntarily ended his relationship as a freelancer with NRO, saying this would be "in the best interest of the publication."

Books
 Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency – NY, Facts on File, 2003 –
 Alpha Bravo Delta Guide to Decisive 20th-Century American Battles (foreword by Brigadier General David L. Grange) – NY, Alpha-Penguin, 2003 –
 Alpha Bravo Delta Guide to American Airborne Forces (foreword by Colonel Jeffery Bearor) – NY, Alpha-Penguin, 2004 –
 Alpha Bravo Delta Guide to the Korean Conflict (foreword by Dr. C. Kenneth Quinones) – NY, Alpha-Penguin, 2004 –
 The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pirates (co-authored with Gail Selinger) – NY, Alpha-Penguin, 2006
 The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Intelligent Design (co-authored with Christopher Carlisle) – Alpha Books, 2006 –

References

External links
External links
 Article Archive at Human Events
 Article Archive at National Review Online
 Article Archive at Townhall.com
 Personal Blog

1959 births
Living people
University of Southern California alumni

W. Thomas Smith Jr.


Gradsko-kotarska nogometna liga Rijeka, također i pod nazivima Gradsko-kotarsko prvenstvo Rijeke, Kotarsko nogometno prvenstvo Rijeke, Kotarska liga Rijeka je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1962./63.
Sudjelovalo je ukupno 7 klubova, a prvak je bio "Vinodol" iz Novog Vinodolskog.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Podsavezna liga Rijeka 1962./63.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Obrad Maleš i dr.: Nogometni klub "Opatija", Opatija : 1911-1981., Opatija, 1981., UDK: 796.332::061.2](497.5 Opatija)"1911/1981"(082), str. 66-69
 Orfeo Tićac, Edo Doričić: 60 godina sporta u Kostreni : 1921-1981, Rijeka, 1986., UDK: 796(497.5 Kostrena) "1921/1981", str. 62
 Niko Cvjetković: "SD "Borac" Bakar : 1920-1990.", Bakar, 1990., UDK:796(497.13 Bakar)"1920/1990", str. 185-187
 kvarnerski.com, RIJEČKI NOGOMET 1955.-1970. (SPORT jučer&danas – 2), objavljeno 13. rujna 2013., pristupljeno 26. studenog 2019.
 kvarnerski.com, SAMO NA KVARNERSKOM: NOGOMET RIJEKE i OKOLICE dio 1. (1945-1991), objavljeno 25. srpnja 2013., pristupljeno 26. studenog 2019.

1962-63 Rijeka-2
Rijeka-2
1962-63 Rijeka

Gradsko-kotarska nogometna liga Rijeka 1962./63.


Rap var en norsk torpedobåd, der blev bestilt i 1872 og afleveret til den norske marine i november 1873. Båden viste sig at være for spinkel til at fungere som torpedobåd og blev efter nogle få år i stedet bevogtningsfartøj. Efter endt tjeneste (1920) blev Rap slæbt på land og er nu en del af udstillingen i Marinemuseet i Horten.

Baggrund og design

Den norske marines budget for årene 1869-1872 omfattede indkøb af en torpedobåd, bevæbnet med stangtorpedoer. Det britiske værft John I. Thornycroft & Company var i starten af 1870'erne blevet kendt som leverandør af hurtige lystyachter og ville gerne ind på markedet for krigsskibe, og resultatet blev, at Norge bestilte en båd i 1872. Der var tale om en meget slank konstruktion, bygget af stål, og forsynet med en to-gangs (compound) dampmaskine - den første af sin art i den norske marine. Efter søsætningen samme år blev båden i 1873 gennemprøvet på Themsen og var i denne periode under civilt britisk flag, med navnet Maelstrom. Under prøvesejladserne nåede båden op på en hastighed af 14.97 knob. I november 1873 blev båden lastet på et fragtskib og sejlet til Göteborg, hvorfra den for egen kraft fortsatte til den norske flådebase i Horten.

Tjeneste
Rap hejste kommando i Horten i november 1873, og de følgende år blev båden afprøvet med forskellige våben - uden større held. Den oprindelige tanke om stangtorpedoer blev opgivet på grund af den spinkle konstruktion, og i stedet indledte man forsøg med slæbetorpedoer af Harveys model. Det blev ingen succes: I forvejen kunne nordmændene blot presse Rap op på 12.25 knob, og når slæbetorpedoerne blev lagt ud, blev båden så langsom og uhåndterlig, at målskibene uden besvær kunne undvige alle angreb. Skuffelsen var så mærkbar, at Rap slet ikke blev taget med i periodens norske flådeliste. I 1876 fik den norske marine sine første selvbevægelige Whitehead torpedoer og der blev gjort et forsøg på få dem installeret i Rap. Det lykkedes i 1879 i form af en sænkbar ramme i hver side, med plads til korte torpedoer. Rap kom nu med i flådelisten, men heller ikke dette system var rigtig godt. For at kunne affyre torpedoerne, måtte Rap højst gå 5 knob, og for at ramme måtte målet højst gå 5-7 knob i op til 400 meters afstand. Båden deltog stadig i øvelser i 1890'erne, men entusiasmen omkring torpedoinstallationens effektivitet aftog hurtigt, og Rap blev mere betragtet som bevogtningsfartøj. Da første verdenskrig brød ud i 1914, hejste Rap kommando som bevogtningsfartøj ved Svelvik uden for Drammen, men da krigen var slut, var der ikke mere brug for Rap og den udgik i 1920.

Museumsskib
Efter udrangeringen blev Rap liggende i et af torpedoskurene i Horten, og først i 1943 blev den flyttet hen til et skur ved den bygning, hvor Marinemuseet lå. På den måde undgik den gamle torpedobåd at blive ødelagt, da Royal Air Force angreb det tysk-besatte Horten i februar 1945. Efter krigen blev Rap anbragt som en del af Marinemuseets samlinger og blev senest istandsat af Forsvarsmuseet i årene 2001-2003.

Noter

Litteratur og eksterne henvisninger
 Abelsen, Frank, The Torpedoboat Rap, i Andrew Lambert (red.), Warship X, Conway Maritime Press, 1986, side 113-116, .
 Hegland, Jon Rustung, Norske torpedobåter gjennom 100 år 1873-1973. Forsvarets Overkommando/Sjøforsvarsstaben, Bergen, 1973
 Beskrivelse af Rap på forsvaretsmuseer.no

Krigsskibe fra Norge

Rap (torpedobåd, 1873)


Þrátt fyrir að íslam sé minnihlutatrú í Rússlandi, þá er Rússland með stærstu múslima í Evrópu. Samkvæmt bandaríska utanríkisráðuneytinu árið 2017 voru múslimar í Rússlandi 14 milljónir eða um það bil 10% alls íbúa. Samkvæmt yfirgripsmikilli könnun sem gerð var árið 2012 voru múslimar 6,5% íbúa Rússlands. Hins vegar voru íbúar tveggja sambandsþegna með íslamskan meirihluta ekki könnuð vegna félagslegrar ólgu, sem samanlagt bjuggu tæplega 2 milljónir íbúa, nefnilega Tsjetsjníu og Ingúsetíu, þannig að heildarfjöldi múslima gæti verið aðeins meiri. Stórmufti Rússlands, Sheikh Rawil Gaynetdin, telur múslima í Rússlandi vera 25 milljónir frá og með 2018.

Íslam, sem er viðurkennt samkvæmt lögum og af rússneskum stjórnmálaleiðtogum sem eitt af hefðbundnum trúarbrögðum Rússlands, er hluti af rússneskri söguarfleifð og er styrkt af rússneskum stjórnvöldum. Staða íslams sem helsta rússneskra trúarbragða, samhliða rétttrúnaðarkristni, er frá tímum Katrínar mikla, sem styrkti íslamska klerka og fræðimennsku í gegnum Orenburg-þingið.

Saga íslams og Rússlands nær yfir tímabil átaka milli múslimska minnihlutans og rétttrúnaðarmeirihlutans, sem og tímabil samvinnu og gagnkvæms stuðnings. Rannsókn Robert Crews á múslimum sem bjuggu undir keisaranum gefur til kynna að "fjöldi múslima" hafi verið tryggur þeirri stjórn eftir Katrínu og staðið með henni fram yfir Ottoman keppinaut sinn. Eftir að keisarastjórnin féll, tóku Sovétríkin upp stefnu um ríkistrúleysi, sem hindraði iðkun íslams og annarra trúarbragða og leiddi til aftöku og kúgunar á ýmsum leiðtogum múslima. Í kjölfar hruns Sovétríkjanna öðlaðist íslam aftur virðulegt, löglega viðurkennt rými í rússneskum stjórnmálum. Nýlega styrkti Pútín forseti þessa þróun, niðurgreiddi stofnun moskur og íslamska menntun, sem hann kallaði "órjúfanlegur hluti af menningarreglum Rússlands", hvatti til innflytjenda frá fyrrum Sovétbandalagsríkjum með meirihluta múslima og fordæmdi hatursorðræðu gegn múslimum. , eins og skopmyndir af íslamska spámanninum Múhameð.

Múslimar mynda meirihluta íbúa lýðveldanna Tatarstan og Bashkortostan í Volga-sambandsumdæminu og eru ríkjandi meðal þjóðernis í Norður-Kákasíusambandsumdæminu sem er staðsett á milli Svartahafs og Kaspíahafs: Tsjerkassar, Balkarar, Tsjetsjenar, Ingús, Kabardín. , Karachay og fjölmargar Dagestani þjóðir. Einnig búa íbúar Tatara og Bashkira í miðju Volga svæðinu, en mikill meirihluti þeirra eru múslimar. Önnur svæði með áberandi minnihlutahópa múslima eru Moskvu, Sankti Pétursborg, lýðveldin Adygea, Norður-Ossetía-Alania og Astrakhan, Moskvu, Orenburg og Ulyanovsk héruð. Það eru yfir 5.000 skráð trúarsamtök múslima, jafngildir meira en sjötta hluta af fjölda skráðra rússneskra rétttrúnaðartrúfélaga sem voru um 29.268 í desember 2006.

Tengt efni
 Íslam
 Íslam í Evrópu
 Íslam á Íslandi
 Evrabía

Tilvísanir

Íslam í Evrópu

Íslam í Rússlandi


Gheorghe Fălcaru zis și "Fluierici" (n. 29 iulie 1954, Valea Seacă, județul Bacău - d. 14 septembrie 2016, Clejani, județul Giurgiu) a fost un lăutar român de origine țigănească. A cântat la fluier ca și component al trupei de muzică Taraful Haiducilor (cunoscuți și ca Haiducii sau Lăutarii din Clejani).

Familia și primii ani
Fiind cel mai mic dintre copii lui Ion și al Mariei, s-a născut într-o familie de țigani ursari cu cinci copii, patru băieți și o fată. Tatăl muncea la o moară, iar mama avea grijă de familie, care locuia într-o casă cu două camere. Traiul tuturor se ducea de la o zi la alta, astfel că nu a putut fi vorba de școală. A intract în contact cu fluierul la vârsta de șapte ani, atunci când tatăl lui a fost cumpărat un astfel de instrument pentru unul dintre frații mai mari. De învățat a învățat să cânte de unul singur și în rest "pe furate", de la lăutarii din sat.

Mama sa a decedat când copilul avea vârsta de nouă ani și tatăl său și-a găsit altă femeie, care nu l-a agreat pe cel mai mic dintre copii. Gonit din casă iarna de tatăl alcoolic, viitorul instrumentist a plecat cu trenul la București, fără nici un ban, în opinci și cu fluierul în mână. Știa doar că o poate găsi acolo pe sora sa cea mare căsătorită, Angela – după o adresă aproximativă din cartierul Rahova, aceasta locuind lângă restaurantul "Cățeaua leșinată". După ce s-a întâlnit cu sora sa, tot în copilărie după o perioadă de câțiva ani s-a stabilit în satul de lăutari Clejani.

S-a căsătorit în 1978 cu Leana Băsaru (n. 1953) pe care a cunoscut-o în Clejani și cu care trăia din 1974. A rămas cu ea până la moartea sa și au avut împreună trei copii. Soția sa era croitoreasă, avea opt clase și se trăgea dintr-o familie de lăutari.

Cariera
Gheorghe Fălcaru a fost o excepție printre lăutarii țigani, fiind singurul fluieraș din Clejani. În 1980 a intrat în componența trupei Taraful din Clejani, care avea să fie ulterior cunoscut și ca Taraful Haiducilor, fiind unul dintre cei care au constituit nucleul formației.

Datorită faptului că directorul arhivelor muzicale din Geneva – Laurent Aubert – venise să înregistreze o colecție de discuri cu muzică tradițională românească, în 1986 au fost chemate cinci tarafuri din diferite zone ale României. Gheorghe Fălcaru împreună cu alți cinci lăutari din Clejani s-au dus la București la Institutul de Folclor, chemați de conducătoarea secției de muzică a institutului, etnomuzicologul Speranța Rădulescu, cu care aceștia mai lucraseră în 1983. Cei șase din Clejani, care erau foarte buni instrumentiști și vocaliști au cântat la fluier, vioară, țambal, bas și cu gura și au fost cei aleși de Speranța Rădulescu pentru a reprezenta România. Pe 3 martie 1988 împreună cu Caliu (Gheorghe Anghel), Cacurică (Dumitru Baicu), Culai (Niculae Neacșu), Șaică (Ion Manole, zis și Boșorogu) și Buzatu (Petre Manole), Fălcaru era în aeroportul din București alături de Speranța Rădulescu, pentru a merge la Geneva la lansarea discurilor.

Primul disc de vinil, având titlul de Taraful din Clejani, a fost înregistrat de formație în 1987 la casa de discuri Electrecord, cel de-al doilea a fost cel înregistrat pentru Les archives Internationales de Musique Populaire. În 1989 ca urmare a întâlnirii cu belgianul Stephane Karo și cu Michel Winter, veniți la Clejani,  Stephane a devenit impresarul lor și i-a dus pentru a cânta în străinătate sub numele de Taraf de Haïdouks.

Fălcaru nu a avut studii de specialitate. A fost un om de o modestie deosebită și a rămas toată viața fidel vechiului taraf, deși a avut și alte oferte. Împreună cu acesta a cântat pe marile scene ale lumii, de la Opera din Paris până la Carnegie Hall-ul din New York, în America Centrală și America de Sud, Japonia Asia de Sud-Est, Australia ori Noua Zeelandă. A jucat în filmul The man who cried alături de Johnny Depp și cu taraful a cântat pentru personalități ale vremii. De asemenea, taraful a apărut în reportaje din The Guardian, The New York Times,The Times, Le Figaro sau The Washington Post, membrii lui fiind prezentați în publicațiile occidentale ca niște intrumentiști inegalabili. Muzica lui Fălcaru se regăsește de asemenenea în coloana sonoră a filmului Aferim!.

Fălcaru a dezvoltat o tehnică instrumentală nouă proprie pentru a cânta la fluier, care îi permitea să moduleze în mai multe tonalități.

Recunoașeri
Împreună cu Taraful Haiducilor, a câștigat în 2002 marele premiu BBC Awards for World Music la categoria Europa și Orientul Mijlociu. În țară a câștigat în 1992 locul II la secțiunea concurenți români  instrumentiști a Festivalului - Concurs Internațional de Muzică Populară Pe marginea Dunării, ediția a II-a (XII).

În casa lui din Clejani au venit să-l viziteze muzicieni străini.

Boala și decesul
Gheorghe Fălcaru era dependent de tutun, fiind un mare fumător de țigări. În anul 2015 a început să aibă dureri în zona gâtului, iar în urma investigațiilor i s-a decelat o formațiune nodulară la nivelul corzilor vocale. Artistul a refuzat să se interneze pentru a continua investigațiile și a continuat să fumeze. În anul 2015 în urma unei endoscopii a fost diagnosticat cu neoplasm laringian. I s-a propus laringectomie și protezare, dar a refuzat să se opereze, pentru a putea cânta în continuare. Datorită faptului că nu a avut resurse financiare, nu a putut nici încerca o rezecție limitată, în străinătate.

Deși se simțea din ce în ce mai rău, a continuat să cânte în țară și în străinătate. În anul 2016 trebuia să cânte la închiderea festivalului Balkanik 2016. Urmând să urce pe scenă, în data de 11 septembrie starea lui s-a agravat semnificativ. A refuzat să plece la spital pentru a se întoarce acasă, unde a murit după trei zile la vârsta de 62 de ani. A fost înmormântat la Clejani.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1954
Nașteri pe 29 iulie
Decese în 2016
Decese pe 14 septembrie
Lăutari români
Oameni din județul Bacău
Instrumentiști romi

Gheorghe Fălcaru


18 février -  - 20 février

Le samedi 19 février aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 est le dix-huitième jour de compétition.

Faits marquants

Programme

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Tableau des médailles provisoire

Médailles du jour

Tableau des médailles au 19 février

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Page des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 sur le site du Comité international olympique

19 février


Toptan kaçma veya Yakan top, bir çocuk oyunu. Bir takım oyunudur ve takımlar en az ikişer kişiden oluşur; ancak yeterli oyuncu olmadığında üç kişi arasında takımsız olarak da oynanabilir.

Oyun anında takımları atıcı takım ve kaçıcı takım olarak adlandırmak mümkündür.

Atıcı takımın elemanları, aralarında 15–25 m civarında bir mesafe olan iki çizgiye çekilir. Kaçıcılar bu iki çizginin tam ortasına yerleşir. Atıcıların amacı kaçıcı takım elemanlarını elle attıkları topla vurmaktır. Atıcılar yerden isterlerse de yukarıdan vurabilirler. Vurulan kişi oyun dışı kalır. Eğer atıcılar diğer takımın tüm elemanlarını vururlarsa kaçıcı olurlar ve oyun yeniden başlar. Atıcı takıma bir puan yazılır. Atıcıların attığı top kaçıcılar tarafından tutulursa kaçıcılar bir puan kazanır veya bazı varyantlarında vurulan bir elemanları oyuna geri döner.

Çocuk oyunları
Eğlence sporları

Yakartop


Mandy van den Berg (født 26. august 1990) er en nederlandsk fodboldspiller, der spiller som forsvarer for klubben PSV Eindhoven og Hollands landshold. Hun har tidligere spillet i Eredivisie Vrouwen for ADO Den Haag, for Vittsjö GIK i den svenske Damallsvenskan og for LSK Kvinner FK i den norske Toppserien.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Holland
Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Holland
Fodboldspillere fra Liverpool F.C.

Mandy van den Berg


Telha es un municipio brasileño del estado de Sergipe.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Sergipe

Telha (Sergipe)


Carlos Alberto David dos Santos (Campo Grande, 27 de janeiro de 1965), é um político brasileiro, filiado ao PL. Nas eleições de 2022, foi re-eleito deputado estadual pelo MS.

Biografia
Se candidatou pela primeira vez em 2014, para Deputado Estadual, ficando como suplente.

em 2016, se candidatou à Prefeito de Campo Grande, aonde perdeu a eleição.

Foi eleito Deputado Estadual em 2018, pelo PSL.

Pouco tempo após a fusão PSL-DEM que deu origem ao União Brasil, se filiou ao PL, e foi re-eleito.

Deputados estaduais de Mato Grosso do Sul
Membros do Partido Liberal (2006)
Naturais de Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul)
Membros do Avante (partido político)
Membros do Partido Social Cristão
Membros do Partido Social Liberal
Membros do União Brasil

Coronel David