Der Bahnhof Leipzig-Wahren ist ein Bahnhof im Leipziger Stadtteil Wahren. Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde er zu einem großen Güterbahnhof ausgebaut. Bis zur Stilllegung der Zugbildungsanlagen am 31. Dezember 1994 war der Güterbahnhof Leipzig-Wahren neben Engelsdorf (b Leipzig) einer der beiden großen Rangierbahnhöfe im Eisenbahnknoten Leipzig.

Heute bestehen im Bahnhof zwei Personenhaltepunkte Leipzig-Wahren und Leipzig-Lützschena sowie eine Umschlaganlage des Kombinierten Ladungsverkehrs.

Geschichte

Der Bahnhof in Wahren wurde am 1. August 1884, zunächst nur für den Personenverkehr, an der Bahnstrecke Magdeburg–Leipzig eröffnet.

Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden sämtliche Rangierbahnhöfe vom Leipziger Zentrum in die Vororte verlegt. Hierbei entstand auch der Güterbahnhof Leipzig-Wahren, der am 9. April 1905 eröffnet wurde. Durch die Preußischen Staatseisenbahnen wurde der Bahnhof mit den Strecken Leipzig-Leutzsch–Leipzig-Wahren und Leipzig-Wahren–Leipzig-Schönefeld an den Leipziger Güterring angeschlossen. Gleichzeitig entstand auf der Nordseite das Bahnbetriebswerk Leipzig-Wahren. Nach der Eröffnung des Leipziger Hauptbahnhofs im Jahr 1912 wurde der Hauptteil des Verkehrs aus Richtung Magdeburg von Wahren über Wiederitzsch und den Güterring nach Leipzig geführt, die alte direkte Strecke diente nur noch dem Güterverkehr. Die Reisezuggleise wurden auf der Nordseite um die Güterverkehrs- und Bw-Anlagen herumgeführt.

Bereits 1914 wurden der Rangierbahnhof Wahren und der Güterring in Richtung Schönefeld elektrifiziert. Kurz nach dem Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges wurde der elektrische Betrieb in Mitteldeutschland jedoch wieder eingestellt, zur Gewinnung von Buntmetall baute man die Fahrleitungsanlagen wieder ab. Zwischen 1921 und 1923 wurden die Fahrleitungsanlagen wiedererrichtet, die der Strecke Wahren–Leipzig MTh jedoch erst 1934. Noch während des Zweiten Weltkrieges waren Ausbauarbeiten im Gang, sie wurden jedoch nicht mehr zu Ende geführt. Im Kriegsverlauf wurde der Bahnhof mehrmals bei den Luftangriffen auf Leipzig erheblich beschädigt. Weiteren Substanzverlust gab es nach Kriegsende durch Abbauten als Reparationsleistung, sowohl beim Oberbau in Form von Strecken- und Bahnhofsgleisen als auch bei der Fahrleitung. Im März 1946 musste der elektrische Betrieb erneut eingestellt werden. Die im Bereich des hochbelasteten Knotens Leipzig besonders leistungsmindernd wirkenden fehlenden zweiten Streckengleise konnten in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren wieder verlegt werden, die Strecke zum Magdeburg-Thüringer Bahnhof in Leipzig, über die nur noch der Ortsgüterverkehr lief, blieb jedoch eingleisig. Mit der zweiten Wiederelektrifizierung um 1960 wurden jedoch auch auf dieser Strecke Fahrleitungsmasten für zweigleisigen Betrieb aufgestellt, sie trugen auf jeder Seite je zwei 15-kV-Speiseleitungen vom Unterwerk Wahren zum Schaltposten Leipzig zur Versorgung des Bahnhofs Leipzig Hbf.

Ein Zentralstellwerk erhielt der Bahnhof Leipzig-Wahren nicht, lediglich ein Ablaufstellwerk als Gleisbildstellwerk der Bauform GS II DR. Auch Lichtsignale wurden nicht auf dem gesamten Bahnhof aufgestellt, das erfolgte im Wesentlichen nur als Einfahrsignale und an den Reisezuggleisen. Am Ablaufberg wurden elektrodynamische Gleisbremsen eingebaut.

In den Räumen der ehemaligen Bahnhofsgaststätte im Empfangsgebäude wurde Mitte der 1970er Jahre eine Lehrwerkstatt der Betriebsberufsschule der Rbd Halle für die Ausbildung von Elektrosignalmechanikern eingerichtet. Die Nutzung endete nach 1990 mit der Einstellung der Berufsausbildung.

Der Abbau der Zugbildungsanlagen nach Einstellung des Ablaufbetriebes und Verlegung der Reisezüge auf die neuen durchgehenden Hauptgleise auf der Südseite des Bahnhofsgeländes geschah nur schleppend. Noch immer liegen Teile der abgebundenen Gleisanlagen, auch Hochbauten sind noch vorhanden. Teile der Einfahrgruppe wurden in die KLv-Umschlaganlage einbezogen.

Mit dem Neubau der S-Bahn-Verbindung zwischen Halle und Leipzig entstand 2003 und 2004 ein elektronisches Stellwerk der Bauart Thales. Es wird im Regelbetrieb von der Betriebszentrale Leipzig ferngesteuert.

Ende 2014 kaufte die RTL-Dschungelkönigin Melanie Müller gemeinsam mit ihrem Mann und Manager Mike Blümer das inzwischen leerstehende Empfangsgebäude. Das Gebäude soll sowohl für eigene Wohnzwecke als auch als Pension genutzt werden.

Im dritten Gutachterentwurf des Deutschlandtakts ist eine zweigleisige Einfädelung der Strecke 6403 Magdeburg–Leipzig in Leipzig-Wahren unterstellt. Beim Stand von 2021 erschließt das Richtungsgleis Leipzig–Magdeburg die Umschlaganlagen für den kombinierten Ladungsverkehr, während das Richtungsgleis Magdeburg–Leipzig ein Durchlaufgleis nördlich parallel zur S-Bahn-Strecke Leipzig-Wahren–Leipzig Hbf ist. Auf dem Westkopf laufen beide Gleise zusammen, das Streckengleis mündet dann in die von der S-Bahn genutzten Streckengleise ein. Das anschließende Güterzuggleis Schkeuditz–Leipzig-Wahren liegt auf der Südseite. Fahrten von diesem Gleis in den Umschlagbahnhof schließen alle Fahrten auf den S-Bahn-Gleisen aus. Dafür sind, zum Preisstand von 2015, Investitionen von 7 Millionen Euro vorgesehen.

Umschlagbahnhof

Am 2. Juli 2001 eröffnete die Deutsche Bahn-Tochter Deutsche Umschlaggesellschaft Schiene-Straße nach dreijähriger Bauzeit auf dem Gelände des Güterbahnhofs Wahren einen Umschlagbahnhof für den Containertransport. Dieser liegt unmittelbar neben einem Güterverteilzentrum. Mit einer Spitzenumschlagsleistung von 500 TEU ersetzte er die bisherigen Anlagen in Leipzig-Stötteritz und Halle (Saale). Dieser wurde Ende 2005 auf Ganzzuglänge ausgebaut und umfasst heute eine Kranbahn mit zwei Portalkränen und vier Gleisen mit einer Nutzlänge von 700 m. Die vier Gleise wurden mit ortsgestellten Weichen angebunden, auch die Weiche 26 im durchgehenden Hauptgleis der Strecke 6403 Magdeburg–Leipzig zur Anbindung der Kranbahngleise war anfangs ortsgestellt und unverschlossen. Pro Jahr können 100 000 TEU umgeschlagen werden.

Da die Umschlaganlage ihre Kapazitätsgrenze erreicht hatte, wurde im Zuge einer weiteren Ausbaustufe ein zweites Modul mit vier Gleisen, zwei Kränen und einem Dispositionsgebäude errichtet. Hierdurch verdoppelte sich die Umschlagkapazität auf 220 000 TEU. Die beiden südlichen Kranbahngleise sind auf beiden Seiten angebunden, sie können auch von Westen befahren werden. Die vier neuen Gleise wurden mit elektrisch ortsgestellten Weichen angebunden. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden auf der Ostseite zwei Lokwartegleise eingerichtet und auch die Anbindung der Kranbahn 1 in das Stellwerk einbezogen. Die drei Aufteilungsweichen für diese Kranbahn sind weiterhin Handweichen. Aufgrund von Baumängeln verzögerte sich die im Frühjahr 2017 geplante Eröffnung auf September 2017.

Seit September 2011 verlässt den Bahnhof Leipzig-Wahren täglich ein Containerzug nach Shenyang in der Volksrepublik China.

Personenverkehr
Im Bahnhofsbereich lagen die Haltepunkte Leipzig-Wahren und Lützschena, die von den Zügen zwischen Leipzig und Halle angefahren wurden. Sie befanden sich an der Nordseite der Gleisanlagen, an der Strecke in Richtung Wiederitzsch, über die der gesamte Personennahverkehr verlief. Während in Leipzig-Wahren die meisten Personenzüge in Richtung Halle hielten, verlor Lützschena wegen seiner ungünstigen Lage und den Tarifverhältnissen (die Straßenbahnlinie 29, später 11, führt durch den Ortskern von Lützschena, wurde in deutlich dichterem Takt bedient und bis zur Einführung des MDV-Tarifes kostete eine Eisenbahnfahrt deutlich mehr) mehr und mehr an Bedeutung. 1996 wurde der Haltepunkt geschlossen, zuletzt hielten dort nur wenige Züge im Berufsverkehr.

Die schnellfahrenden Reisezüge zwischen Leipzig und Halle verkehren seit der Inbetriebnahme des ersten Abschnittes der Schnellfahrstrecke 5919 Eltersdorf–Leipzig zwischen Leipzig und Gröbers am 30. Juni 2003 über den Bahnhof Flughafen Leipzig/Halle und damit nicht mehr über Wahren.

Im Jahr 2004 wurden die S-Bahn-Netze in Leipzig und Halle zur S-Bahn Leipzig-Halle verbunden. Die Züge verkehren seitdem nicht mehr über Wiederitzsch, sondern über die direkte Strecke nach Leipzig Hauptbahnhof. Leipzig-Wahren erhielt einen neuen 140 m langen und 550 mm hohen Inselbahnsteig an der Südseite des Ostkopfes. Auch die Zugangsstelle in Lützschena wurde mit neuen Außenbahnsteigen unter dem Namen Leipzig-Lützschena wiedereröffnet. Beide Haltepunkte sind Bahnhofsteile des Bahnhofs Leipzig-Wahren. Sie werden von den Zügen der Linie S3 der S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland bedient, seit Dezember 2021 mit dem Verlauf Halle-Nietleben – Halle Hbf – Leipzig-Stötteritz – Wurzen, und gehören zur MDV-Zone 110. Im Rahmen dieser Bauarbeiten wurden die bisherigen Reisezuggleise auf der Nordseite 2004 abgebunden und einige Jahre danach abgebaut.

Neben der S-Bahn wird der Bahnhof auch durch die Buslinien 87, 88, 90 und 91/190 erschlossen. Unweit des Bahnhofs (Rathaus, etwa 10 Minuten Fußweg) verkehren die Straßenbahnlinien 10 und 11. Die Linie 10 führt von Wahren über das Leipziger Zentrum nach Lößnig, die Linie 11 von Schkeuditz nach Markkleeberg-Ost. Überlegungen sehen vor, die Straßenbahn bis zum Bahnhof zu verlängern.

Weblinks

 Güterbahnhof und Haltepunkt auf sachsenschiene.net
 Überlieferung zum Bahnhof Leipzig-Wahren im Bestand der Reichsbahndirektion Halle im Landesarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt, Abteilung Dessau

Einzelnachweise

Wahren
Leipzig Wahren
Leipzig-Wahren
Leipzigwahren
Leipzig-Wahren

Bahnhof Leipzig-Wahren


Р الحرف الثامن عشر في الأبجدية السيريلية. ينحدر هذا الحرف من الحرف اليوناني رو. ويشبه تماما رو في شكلها الكبير والصغير؛ وهو يشبه أيضا الحرف اللاتيني P.

نظير هذا الحرف بالعربية هو الحرف ر. عندما يسبق هذا الحرف بحرف علة تذوقي فهو ينطق ري.

مراجع

حروف سيريلية

Р


Ioan Miclea (n. 1902, Racova, Satu Mare – d. 2 octombrie 1982, Blaj) a fost un filozof român.

Viața
După studii de teologie și filosofie, a susținut în perioada interbelică teza de licență intitulată Coordonatele culturii medievale în fața profesorului Lucian Blaga.

Până în anul 1948 a fost profesor de filozofie la Liceul "Sfântul Vasile cel Mare" din Blaj. După desființarea liceului și interzicerea Bisericii Române Unite a fost arestat. După eliberarea din închisoare nu i s-a permis să lucreze decât ca muncitor necalificat.

Aprecieri
Jacques Maritain, cu care s-a aflat în corespondență, l-a denumit drept "cel mai mare gânditor român" al perioadei sale.

Înmormântarea
Slujba înmormântării a fost oficiată de episcopul Alexandru Todea pe 4 octombrie 1984 la Blaj. Ceremonia a fost tolerată de colonelul de Securitate Tiberiu Bățagă, responsabil cu urmărirea episcopului Todea. Înmormântarea profesorului Miclea a constituit un moment de cotitură în percepția publică, Securitatea acreditând ideea că statul comunist ar permite asistența spirituală a credincioșilor români uniți care solicită acest lucru.

Scrieri
Jacques Maritain (1939),
Tangențe românești la filosofia creștină (1940),
Principii de pedagogie creștină (1942),
Filosofiile și filosofia creștină (1943),
Oare așa s-a gîndit Hristos sau Evangheliile din Evanghelie (1943),
Realismul în filosofia românească (1944).

Note

Legături externe
Ioan Miclea, Gânduri în comprimate (recenzie)

Nașteri în 1902
Decese în 1982
Filozofi români
Oameni din județul Satu Mare
Români greco-catolici
Deținuți politici români
Victime ale regimului comunist din România

Ioan Miclea


Flora Caroliniana, es un manuscrito de botánica que fue escrito por Thomas Walter en 1788, donde describe muchos de los especímenes que había reecolectado. Fue publicado en Londres con el nombre de Flora Caroliniana, secundum Systema vegetabilium Linnæi digesta, characteres essentiales naturalesve et differentias veras exhibens; cum emendationibus numerosis, descriptionum antea evulgatarum adumbrationes stirpium plus mille continens, necnon generibus novis non paucis, speciebus plurimis novisq. ornata.

Hizo llegar a su amigo el botánico John Fraser (1750-1811) un manuscrito en latín describiendo más de 1000 especies (donde había más de 200 desconocidas hasta entonces) y 435 géneros (de los cuales 32 eran nuevos). Fraser entonces lo hizo publicar, bajo el título de Flora Caroliniana. Es la primera flora local de Norteamérica que utiliza la nomenclatura binomial linneana.

Enlaces externos
http://www.ibiblio.org/unc-biology/herbarium/walter/fcintro.html
http://books.google.com/books/about/Flora_caroliniana.html?id=YIkuAQAAIAAJ

Libros de botánica

Flora Caroliniana


Zubići su bili hrvatska plemenitaška obitelj iz Bosne. Postojali u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, a osmanska osvajanja i okrutnosti su ih otjerali u siromaštvo. Od posjeda nije ništa ostalo. Grb obitelji bio je na žutom polju krilati lav sa zavinutim repom i orlovskom glavom te još jedan lav ljubičastobijel s orlovskom glavom. Prezime je nestalo. Potomak ove obitelji je narodni svetac fra Franjo Zubić, koji se rodio u Travniku. Kod Novog Travnika nalazi se danas selo Zubići.

Izvori

Bosanska i humska vlastela

Zubići (plemstvo)


2006 yeni "gezegen" tanımı, – Uluslararası Astronomi Birliği tarafından belirlenmiştir– yörüngesinin civarındaki ve üstündeki gök cisimlerini -yeterli kütle çekimine sahip olup- temizleyen gök cisimlerinin "gezegen" olarak sınıflandırılabileceğini söyler. Bu tanıma göre, Plüton'un gezegenlik statüsü cüce gezegenliğe çevrilmiştir. Yine bu yeni tanımlama gereği, Ceres ve 2003 UB313 de Plüton'la aynı kategorideki gökcisimleri olmuşlardır.

Yeni gezegen tanımı
 Bir yıldız çevresindeki bir yörüngede dolaşmalıdır ve bir gezegenin uydusu durumunda olmamalıdır.
 Sabit bir şekle sahip olabilmesini engelleyecek güçleri alt edebilecek yeterlilikte bir kütle çekimine sahip olmasını sağlayacak bir kütle ve bundan dolayı hidrostatik denge şekline sahip olmalıdır.
 Yörüngesinin civarını temizlemiş olmalıdır.

Kaynakça

Tanım
Gezegen
Plüton
Yeni gezegen tanımı

2006 yeni gezegen tanımı


Harold Willard Bradley (* 13. Oktober 1929 in Chicago, Illinois; † 13. April 2021) war ein US-amerikanischer Footballspieler, später bekannt als Schauspieler, Künstler und Musiker. Er war Mitglied der Footballmannschaft an der Iowa State University und spielte vier Seasons in der National Football League (NFL). Bradley stellte verschiedene Rollen in mehr als 25 italienischen Filmen dar und eröffnete ein Kunst- und Musikstudio in Rom.

Leben
Bradley schloss sein Hochschulstudium der Schönen Künste erfolgreich ab und spielte – wie bereits früher sein Vater – Football, von 1954 bis 1956 drei Spielzeiten für die Cleveland Browns sowie 1958 für die Philadelphia Eagles. Im Januar 1959 ging er nach Italien, um an der Ausländeruniversität Perugia Kunst zu studieren; er kannte das Land von seinem Aufenthalt in seiner Militärzeit her. Geld verdiente er als Folksänger in den Bars der Stadt.

1960 debütierte er als Schauspieler und spielte bis 1967 zahlreiche Rollen, in denen der große, massige Bradley eindrückliche Nebenrollen – aufgrund seiner schwarzen Hautfarbe meist als Sklave, Freund des Helden oder Bediensteter – in Abenteuerfilmen spielte.

1968 kehrte er nach Illinois zurück, wo er die nächsten neunzehn Jahre als Kurator des "Illinois Arts Council" wirkte; daneben lehrte er und arbeitete für das Fernsehen bei verschiedenen Formaten. 1987 zog er erneut nach Rom, wo er nun als Sänger von Jona's Blues Band etwa 120 Konzerte im Jahr spielte. Anschließend gründete er einige Spiritual-Gesangsgruppen und trat wieder gelegentlich in Filmen auf.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1960: La tragica notte di Assisi
 1962: Die gewaltigen Sieben (Maciste il gladiatore più forte del mondo)
 1962: Sklaven der Semiramis (Io, Semiramide)
 1963: Die Sklavinnen von Damaskus (L'eroe di Babilonia)
 1963: Der Stärkste unter der Sonne (Maciste l'eroe più grande del mondo)
 1964: Die Vernichtung des Dschingis Khan (Maciste nell'inferno di Gengis Khan)
 1965: Onkel Toms Hütte
 1967: Sein Wechselgeld ist Blei (I gironi della violenza)
 2002: Gangs of New York (Gangs of New York)
 2011: Habemus papam

Weblinks

 Verzeichnis der Filmauftritte Bradleys mit Szenenfotos aller Filme auf thrillingforum

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Folksänger
American-Football-Spieler (Iowa Hawkeyes)
American-Football-Spieler (Cleveland Browns)
American-Football-Spieler (Philadelphia Eagles)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1929
Gestorben 2021
Mann

Harold Bradley (Schauspieler)


Earl of Northampton is a title in the Peerage of England that has been created five times.

Earls of Northampton, First Creation (1071)

Waltheof (d. 1076)
Maud, Queen of Scotland (c.1074–1130/31)
Simon II de Senlis (1103–1153)
Simon III de Senlis (1138–1184)

Earls of Northampton, Second Creation (1337)
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (c. 1310 – 1360)
Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Northampton (and 7th Earl of Hereford) (1341–1373), earldom abeyant

Earl of Northampton, Second Creation (restored) (1384)

Henry Bolingbroke, 3rd Earl of Northampton (1367–1413) earldom restored 1384; became king in 1399

Earl of Northampton, Third Creation (1399)

 Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Northampton (1383-1438)

Earl of Northampton, Fourth Creation (1604)

Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton (1540–1614)

Earls of Northampton, Fifth Creation (1618)
See the Marquess of Northampton

See also
Earl of Huntingdon (1065 creation)

External links

Earldoms in England before 1066
Earldoms in the Peerage of England
Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of England
British and Irish peerages which merged in the Crown
Noble titles created in 1071
Noble titles created in 1337
Noble titles created in 1399
Noble titles created in 1604
Noble titles created in 1618

Earl of Northampton


Futbol Club Barcelona, İspanya'nın Katalonya özerk bölgesindeki Barselona kentinde bulunan bir futbol kulübüdür. 1899 yılında, Joan Gamper önderliğinde, İsviçreli, İngiliz ve İspanyol bir grup tarafından kurulmuştur. Katalonya bölgesini temsil eden kulübün sloganı "Més que un club" (bir kulüpten daha fazlası) cümlesidir. Barça marşı ise Josep Maria Espinàs tarafından bestelenen Cant del Barça'dır.

Barcelona, La Liga'dan düşmeyen üç kulüpten biri olup, Real Madrid ile beraber İspanyol futbolunun en başarılı temsilcileridirler. 1928'de İspanyol Profesyonel Futbol Ligi La Liga'nın on kurucu üyesinden biri olan kulüp, 1929'da ligin ilk şampiyonu olmuştur. İspanya'da 27 La Liga şampiyonluğu, 30 İspanya Kupası, 14 Supercopa de España, 3 Eva Duarte Kupası ve 2 Lig Kupası şampiyonluğu bulunmaktadır.  Avrupa'nın en başarılı kulüpleri arasında yer alan Barça 'nın 12'si Avrupa kupalarında olmak üzere, 20 uluslararası kupası bulunmaktadır. 5 Şampiyonlar Ligi, 4 Kupa Galipleri Kupası, 3 Fuar Şehirleri Kupası (günümüzdeki adıyla Avrupa Ligi), 5 UEFA Süper Kupası  ve 3 Dünya Kulüpler Kupası 'nı müzesinde bulundurmaktadır. 1955 yılından beri, her sene Avrupa arenasında mücadele etmektedir.

Futbol takımı 2009 yılında mücadele ettiği 6 turnuvada da şampiyon olarak bir ilki gerçekleştirmiştir. Takım 2009 yılında Şampiyonlar Ligi, UEFA Süper Kupası, La Liga, Copa del Rey, Supercopa de España ve FIFA Kulüpler Dünya Kupası'nda şampiyonluğa ulaşmıştır.
Kulübün stadyumu Camp Nou'dur ve taraftarlarına Culés denir, diğer ad ise Ultras Barça'dır. Kulübün taraftarları arasında, İspanya'nın eski başbakanlarından José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero da vardır.

FC Barcelona bünyesinde bir yedek futbol takımı (FC Barcelona B) ve bir genç futbol takımı (FC Barcelona C) da vardır. Bunlar dışında, kulübe ait profesyonel basketbol, hentbol, futsal ve patenli hokey takımları vardır. Bu takımların yanı sıra Barcelona, espor sektörüne de Barça eSports adı ile 10 Kasım 2021'de League Of Legends espor takımı açmıştır.

Tarihçe
Barcelona 1889'da bir gazete de yayınlanan ilan sonucunda kurulmuştur. 11 oyuncunun ilandaki teklife olumlu yanıt vermesi ile kulüp ortaya çıkmıştır. Şimdiye kadar 26 kez şampiyonluk yaşadılar ve yerel kupayı 31 kez kazandılar. Barcelona ilk lig şampiyonluğunu ligin ilk yılı olan 1928-29 sezonunda 25 puanla kazandı. Kulüp 2015'te beşinci UEFA şampiyonlar Ligi şampiyonluğuna ulaşarak tek bir sezonda ulusal kupa, Ligi ve UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi şampiyonluğundan oluşan "üçlemeyi" tarihte iki kez yapan ilk kulüp oldu.

Total Futbol Felsefesi

Total futbolu dünyayla tanıştıran isim 1974 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda Hollandalı Johann Cruyff olmuştur. Genelde 4-3-3 sistemiyle oynanan sistem "takım halinde hücum, takım halinde savunma" ilkesine dayanır. 1970 ve 80'li yıllarda her oyuncunun yer değiştirerek oynadığı ve bireysel yeteneklerin daha ön plana çıktığı sistem, günümüzde oyuncuların eskiye oranla daha fazla bölgesinde durarak alan daraltan ve tek pasa dayalı takım oyunu şeklindedir. Adeta kaleci bile bir savunma oyuncusu gibidir. Cruyff'un Barcelona'ya 1988'de hoca olmasından sonra kolları sıvamış ve sistemi oturtmaya çalışmıştır. Barcelona ilk şampiyonluk kulüp kupasını 1992 senesinde onun döneminde kazanmıştır. 2003'te başka bir Hollandalı olan Frank Rijkaard'ın takımın başına gelmesi ile bu sistem yeniden denenmiş 2008'de alt yapı sorumlusu olan ve takımın eski futbolcusu olan Guardiola'nın teknik direktör olması ile zirveye ulaşmıştır. Takım o sene 6 kupayı birden kazanmıştır.

Rekabetler

El Clásico

Barcelona ile Real Madrid arasındaki ezeli rekabet El Clásico adıyla anılmaktadır. Bu rekabet İç Savaş yıllarında siyasi alanda da boy göstermiş, Katalanlar ve Kastilyalılar arasında kültürel ve siyasi gerilimler baş göstermiştir.

Francisco Franco döneminde Katalanlar başta olmak üzere tüm bölgesel kültürlere baskı politikası uygulamıştır. İspanyol topraklarında İspanyolca dışındaki tüm dillerin konuşulması yasaklanmıştır. Bu dönemde FC Barcelona Katalan halkının sembolü haline gelmiş ve "Més que un club" (Bir kulüpten daha fazlası) adıyla anılmıştır. Diktatörlük döneminde Barcelona'yı desteklemek Manuel Vázquez Montalbán'ın da söylediği gibi Katalan olduğunu göstermenin en dikkat çeken yoluydu. Bu yöntem anti-Franco harekete katılmadan diktatörlüğün muhalifi olduğunu göstermenin de bir yoluydu. Barcelona'nın muhalefeti simgelediği İç Savaş döneminde Real Madrid ise baskıcı merkeziyetçilik anlayışının ve faşist rejimin bir simgesi olarak görülmüştür.

Günümüzde yalnızca sportif anlamda süren bu rekabet futbolcu transferleri, kupa şampiyonlukları, mali gelir gibi alanlarda sürmektedir.

El Derbi Barceloní

Barça'nın aynı şehri temsil eden rakibi Espanyol ile oynadığı maçlara denir. Geleneksel olarak, Franco rejimi sırasında özellikle Barcelona vatandaşların büyük çoğunluğu tarafından, Espanyol Barcelona devrimci ruhuna tezat, merkezi otoriteye uyum bir tür ikili bir kulüp olarak  görüldü.

Barcelona'nın yerel derbide Espanyol'a karşı ezici bir üstünlüğü var. Espanyol, Barcelona'yı en son 2008-09 sezonunda yenmeyi başardı. 1950-51 sezonunda Espanyol Barcelona'yı 6-0 gibi farklı bir skorla yendi. İki takım arasında oynanan 152 maçta Barcelona 84 kez yenerken Espanyol 34 kez yendi, diğer 34 maçta da beraberlik yaşandı. Barcelona Espanyol ağlarına 278 gol gönderirken, Espanyol Barcelona ağlarına sadece 171 gol atabildi.

En golcü oyuncular

Sponsorluk
Barcelona, kuruluşundan itibaren forma reklamı almamıştır. Bunun nedeni Katalonya'nın millî takımı olarak görünmesidir.  14 Temmuz 2006 tarihinde, kulüp UNICEF ile forma reklamı konusunda beş yıllık anlaşma yaptığını duyurmuştur. Kulüp bu anlaşma sonucunda, hiçbir ücret almayıp, bu süre boyunca yılda 1.5 milyon € UNICEF'e bağışta bulunmaktaydı.2011 yazında Qatar Foundation ile anlaşmıştır. Ayrıca Qatar Airways Barcelona'nın ulaşım sponsorudur.

2017 sezon sonunda Qatar Airways ile sponsorluk sözleşmesi sona ermiş ve Barcelona'nın yeni global sponsoru 5 yıllık sözleşmeyle Rakuten olmuştur. Barcelona bu anlaşmayla Manchester United'ın rekorunu geride bırakarak sponsorluk anlaşmasında dünyanın en çok kazanan kulübü olmuştur.

Forma sponsorları ve üreticileri

Başarıları

Ulusal
 La Liga
Şampiyon (27): 1928-29, 1944-45, 1947-48, 1948-49, 1951-52, 1952-53, 1958-59, 1959-60, 1973-74, 1984-85, 1990-91, 1991-92, 1992-93, 1993-94, 1997-98, 1998-99, 2004-05, 2005-06, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2012-13, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2022-23

 Copa del Rey
Şampiyon (31) (rekor): 1909-10, 1911-12, 1912-13, 1919-20, 1921-22, 1924-25, 1925-26, 1927-28, 1941-42, 1950-51, 1951-52, 1952-53, 1956-57, 1958-59, 1962-63, 1967-68, 1970-71, 1977-78, 1980-81, 1982-83, 1987-88, 1989-90, 1996-97, 1997-98, 2008-09, 2011-12, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2020-21
 Supercopa de España
Şampiyon (14) (rekor): 1983, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2022
 Copa de la Liga
Şampiyon (2) (rekor): 1982-83, 1985-86
 Copa Eva Duarte
Şampiyon (3) (rekor): 1947-48, 1951-52, 1952-53

Uluslararası

 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi
Şampiyon (5): 1991-92, 2005-06, 2008-09, 2010-11, 2014-15
 UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası
Şampiyon (4) (rekor): 1978-79, 1981-82, 1988-89, 1996-97
 Fuar Şehirleri Kupası / UEFA Kupası/UEFA Avrupa Ligi
Şampiyon (3) (rekor):  1955-58, 1958-60, 1965-66
 UEFA Süper Kupası
Şampiyon (5) (rekor): 1992, 1997, 2009, 2011, 2015
 Latin Kupası
Şampiyon (2) (rekor): 1949, 1952
 FIFA Kulüpler Dünya Kupası
Şampiyon (3): 2009, 2011, 2015

Oyuncular

Kadro

Barcelona B ve Genç Akademisi

Sözleşmeli diğer oyuncular

Kiralık gidenler

Teknik kadro

Yönetim

Yönetim kurulu
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Görevi
!Adı
|-
| Başkan
| Joan Laporta
|-
| Birinci genel müdür ve Barça Vakfı'nın müdürü
| Jordi Cardoner
|-
| İkinci genel müdür
| Boşta
|-
| Üçüncü genel müdür ve "Espai Barça"dan sorumlu
| Jordi Moix
|-
| Dördüncü genel müdür ve veznedar
| Enrique Tombas
|-
| Sekreter
| Maria Teixidor
|-
| Yönetim Kurulu üyeleri
| Jordi ArgemíJoan BladéJavier BordasJordi CalsamigliaSilvio ElíasDídac LeeMarta PlanaJosep PontEmili RousaudOriol TomàsJosep Ramon Vidal-AbarcaXavier VilajoanaPau Vilanova
|-

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

G-14
Katalonya'daki futbol kulüpleri
Çok takımlı spor kulüpleri
Barselona'da spor
La Liga kulüpleri
Copa del Rey şampiyonları
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi şampiyonları
1890'larda İspanya'da kurulan oluşumlar
1899'da kurulan futbol kulüpleri
UEFA Süper Kupası şampiyonları
1899'da kurulan oluşumlar
UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası şampiyonları

FC Barcelona


Les amours perdus er en kortfilm instrueret af Caroline Sascha Cogez efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Vidste du at mennesker, som lever i et parforhold, er lykkeligere end andre? Det er videnskabeligt bevist. Spørgsmålet er bare, om det er ens partner, der gør en lykkelig, eller om det kun er lykkelige mennesker, der finder en partner?- Daniel, kapitel III.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2005

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Les amours perdus


Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania (LHU) is a public university in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. The main campus consists of  and the branch campus covers . It offers 69 undergraduate programs and 4 graduate programs.

History

LHU was founded in 1870 as the Central State Normal School.  By 1927 it was known as the State Teachers College in Lock Haven and in 1960 the name was changed to Lock Haven State College. In 1983, the school joined the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education and became known as Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania.  The Clearfield campus in Clearfield, Pennsylvania was established in 1989.

LHU's previous president Craig Dean Willis retired from Lock Haven in 2004. The vacancy left by Willis was promptly filled by Keith T. Miller.  Upon Miller's departure, Barbara Dixon, former president of Truman State University was appointed Interim President in 2010. In 2011, Michael Fiorentino, Jr. became the president, until his retirement in 2018. The current president of Lock Haven University is Robert Pignatello.

In July 2021, Pennsylvania higher education officials announced that Lock Haven would merge with Bloomsburg and Mansfield Universities in response to financial difficulties and declining enrollment, and each institution would represent a campus of a single university. In March 2022, the new institution was created to oversee the three universities, and was named the Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania. This consolidation was different from the PASSHE consolidation in Western Pennsylvania that also took place in July 2022, which saw the former California, Clarion, and Edinboro universities become campuses of the new Pennsylvania Western University and adopt the academic brand name of "PennWest Location". By contrast, "Commonwealth University" is not being used as a public-facing brand.

Campus
The campus covers  on the western side of the city of Lock Haven. The university owns another  at the LHU Clearfield Campus and  at the Sieg Conference Center. University property also includes a new East Campus in the former Lock Haven High School building.

Residence halls
LHU has five traditional residence halls, one hall of suites and one apartment building.  * =  Halls that are scheduled to be demolished.

Academic buildings

Akeley Hall, completed in 1930, is one of the oldest buildings on campus. It was originally constructed as a laboratory school but now houses the Computer Science, Accounting and Management Department as well as many computer labs.

Sullivan Hall was originally constructed as a library in 1938, and was demolished in 2016 and replaced with an amphitheater. The three-story structure housed The Office of the President, Offices for the Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost, Vice President of Student Affairs, and the Vice President for Finance, Administration, and Technology, Housing, Social Equity, Cultural Diversity, Institutional Research, and Planning and Assessment and
The Linda J. Emanuel Teaching and Learning Center.

The main building of Ulmer Hall, renovated in 1996, was constructed in 1952 and contains laboratories for the natural and earth sciences and classrooms. A building addition in 1969 added a greenhouse, planetarium, additional classrooms, laboratories and research facilities. A four-million dollar renovation was completed in 2014 to transfer many services to the building such as the ROTC program, the Registrar's Office and Financial Aid, as well as Counseling Services.  Ulmer Hall also houses the executive suite which includes the Office of the President, the Office of the Provost, and the Office of the Vice President for Enrollment Management.

Russell Hall was originally constructed as a residence hall and was the last single-sex residence hall on campus, housing women only until it was renovated to house administrative offices.  It has been recently demolished and replaced by a green space which is part of the University Commons encompassing the space that previously also included Sullivan Hall. Raub Hall was completed in 1964.

Sloan Fine Arts Center, completed in 1973, contains classrooms, faculty offices, both a small and large theatre for student and professional performances and lectures, and a gallery which hosts six exhibitions throughout the year. The Departments of Fine Arts, the Department of communications, and Performing Arts are located here. The theatre hosts a number of performances that are open to both the student body and community.  Room 321 is home to the Countdown Theater.  Here student directed one-act plays and other short performances expand the role of the theater department and provide students with additional learning experiences.

Robinson Hall, completed in 1981. This building houses the Departments of Early Childhood, Elementary, Secondary and Special Education, Psychology, Mathematics, Communications Media and Philosophy. Other features include the Hamblin International Hall of Flags Auditorium, a full production television studio and radio station, a Math Lab and tutoring center devoted to remediation and placement testing, and classrooms. The building also provides housing for the information technology services, including a student-run tech department.  The building is scheduled to undergo a major renovation in 2021 following a comprehensive review of facilities usage.

Durrwachter Alumni Conference Center, completed in 2007, houses the Offices of Admissions, University Relations and Alumni Relations. The Foundation offices are also located in the Durrwachter Center. This area coordinates and manages philanthropic activities that support the university. Alumni Relations provides programs and services for over 30,000 graduates.

East Campus and the Science Center
In 2004 Lock Haven acquired the old Lock Haven High School, which was no longer used due to the creation of Central Mountain High School. This building consisted of the junior high school, senior high school, and the gym building. In April 2010, Lock Haven unveiled its plans to build a 40 million dollar new science center where the old senior high school was located. In October 2010, Governor Rendell signed a bill that gave 4 million dollars in funding. Official groundbreaking did not occur until May 4, 2012, this marked the beginning of demolition of the senior high school and construction of the science center. The new science center officially opened for the Fall 2013 semester. It consists of expanded labs for all science majors other than computer science, and includes a new class 100000 clean room facility for the rapidly expanded Nanotechnology program, allowing the university to rely less on Penn State's clean rooms. Nanotechnology research facilities include characterization and synthesis instrumentation. The ribbon cutting ceremony took place on September 12, 2013, and a cornerstone capsule was opened which contained a list of the senior high school staff, the graduates, and a newspaper from 1928. The previous Junior High School section of the facility now houses the Office of the Chief Operating Officer and Senior VP for Finance and Administration, as well as the University Controller's office, the Human Resources office, the LHU Small Business Development Center, the Office of Workforce Development and Testing Center, the Criminal Justice academic department, and several classrooms.  The previous gymnasium building houses several classrooms, the Nanobites dining facility, and a large gymnasium used for athletic practices and special events.  Plans exist for the gymnasium and supporting space within the building to be constructed into a Wrestling Center showcasing the strong Division I wrestling program, and a $1 million redevelopment capital grant has been approved by the Pennsylvania Governor's office to support that effort.

Stevenson Library
Lock Haven University and its library began in 1870 as the Central State Normal School. All classrooms, dormitories, the dining room, the library, and the auxiliary rooms were housed in the original Sullivan Hall, located approximately where North Hall stands. During the night of December 9, 1888, the entire structure burned to the ground. For the next 16 years, the library needs were met by reading rooms provided by two campus literary societies, The Price Literary Society and the Shakespeare Society.

In 1904, the library was reorganized. Caroline R. Flickinger was the first librarian. Since that time there has been a steady growth in the number and type of library materials and services. This growth has taken the library through two previous buildings into this structure. The present building was designed to be flexible enough to provide for current needs and to allow future development. Currently, an online public access catalog and an automated circulation system are in place. This online catalog is available on the campus network.

The library is named for a citizen of Lock Haven, George B. Stevenson (1889–1965). He served for many years as a Pennsylvania State Senator. After he retired, he was appointed the librarian of the state senate. Stevenson also served as a mayor of Lock Haven, as postmaster, and as a trustee of the university. The system of dams on the West Branch valley of the Susquehanna River was a concept of Senator Stevenson.

Stevenson Library is the university's library. Its archive collection includes every student newspaper (The Eagle Eye) since 1965, as well as every yearbook (The Praeco) since 1913 until it was discontinued in 1980; and was reinstated in 2006. The archive collection also provides the university with rare books and photographs. The library offers internet database services that gives the university access to full text magazine and newspaper articles, DVDs, books, and an array of information.  The Children's Library on the ground floor of the building contains over 20,000 children's books. Stevenson also offers reference services, wireless internet, computer access, and a 24-hour study lounge.

Fredericks Family Memorial Carillon

The Fredericks Family Memorial Carillon was designed and completed by the van Bergen Company, which specializes in bells, in 2000.  The grand carillon is one of fewer than 200 grand carillons in North America. It weighs more than  and can be played manually or by an automatic system that can produce 500 songs from memory.  The bells were cast in the Fonderie Paccard.

Academics

LHU's Institute for International Studies offers study abroad programs for its students.  The program offer students the choice to study from 32 different schools in 20 different countries around the world.  Students have the choice to study abroad for semester long, a whole academic year, or summer programs.

Campus and student life
Campus Violence Prevention Program (CVPP) focuses on educational programming, awareness and prevention of domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking.

Student activities office & recreation center
The Student Activities Office is composed of professional staff (employed by the Student Auxiliary Services) who are responsible for seeing that the day-to-day functions for the organization.

The Student Recreation Center is open to all students of LHU.  This facility provides students with recreation activities to stay physically fit.  The SRC contains an inventory of equipment that includes a rock wall, an indoor track that's 1/8 of a mile long, basketball, racquetball, and intramural sports.

Clubs and organizations
The Student Auxiliary Services (SAS) supports and funds over 140 clubs and organizations on campus. Student activity fees and profits generated through the bookstore support these clubs. Requests to start new clubs can be filled out in the SAS Office.

Bookstore
The bookstore at LHU is owned and operated by the Student Auxiliary Services.  All profits from the bookstore go towards supporting clubs and organizations on campus.  The location of the bookstore is in the lower part of the PUB.

Media
Lock Haven University's student campus newspaper, The Eagle Eye. Students may earn a staff position on the newspaper in their first year at the university.

Lock Haven University's radio station is WLHU. An online radio station, which streams live on the internet, is located in the same facility as its new and improved television studio, allowing easy access between the two stations. WLHU has a free format program schedule using a studio which broadcasts daily, as well as broadcasting many sporting events and other programs throughout the school year.  Students have the ability to join the school's radio club and create their own radio station broadcast.

Lock Haven University's student-operated television station, The Havenscope, LHUTV broadcasts news, sports, and other programs. Its studio occupies  next to WLHU, Lock Haven University's radio station. The television studio is wholly digital and consists of a teleprompter system, two editing bays, and field production equipment. It includes two backdrops, one for news broadcasts and one for interviews. The studio is on the sixth floor of Robinson Hall and is equipped with a green screen, at least three main broadcast cameras, an integrated TriCaster 8000 production system for audio and video production, several broadcast monitors, a roll-in system, and many other broadcast systems. The studio usually airs at least one show a week called LHU in Review hosted by LHU students which covers news, sports and other topics. In the late 1980s students began airing a short morning news segment called "The Morning Alarm" that ran at the top of the hour.  The first segment aired live and was then re-broadcast over the campus television network between breakfast and lunch.  The television station also broadcasts sporting events and many other programs.

Greek life
Lock Haven University has 26 different Greek Organizations.

Honor and service societies:

 Alpha Kappa Psi (Business) ΑΚΨ
 Alpha Phi Sigma (Criminal Justice) ΑΦΣ
 Alpha Upsilon Alpha - Beta Lambda Chapter (Honors Reading) ΑΥ - ΒΛ
 Alpha Psi Omega (Theatre) ΑΨΩ
 Delta Psi Kappa (Education, Health & Recreation) ΔΨΚ
 Gamma Psi ΓΨ
 Kappa Delta Pi (Education) ΚΔΠ
 Kappa Kappa Psi - Eta Alpha Chapter (Band) ΚΚΨ - ΗΑ
 Lambda Pi Eta - Pho Delta Chapter (Communications) ΛΠΗ
 Mu Upsilon Delta (Service) ΜΥΔ
 Phi Alpha (Social Work) ΦΑ
 Phi Kappa Phi(Honors Society) ΦΚΦ
 Phi Sigma Pi ΦΣΠ
 Phi Sigma Tau(Philosophy) ΦΣΤ
 Psi Chi (Psychology) ΨΧ
 Sigma Tau Delta (English) ΣΤΔ
 Tau Beta Sigma - Epsilon Upsilon Chapter (Band) ΤΒΣ - ΕΥ

Interfraternity Council:

 Alpha Chi Rho - Also known as "Crow" - ΑΧΡ
 Phi Mu Delta ΦΜΔ
 Kappa Delta Rho ΚΔΡ Also known as The Rho or KDR

Panhellenic Council:

 Alpha Sigma Tau ΑΣΤ
 Sigma Sigma Sigma - Also known as Tri Sigma - ΣΣΣ
 Zeta Tau Alpha ΖΤΑ
 Sigma Kappa ΣΚ—Also known as Sig Kap

National Pan-Hellenic Council:

 Zeta Phi Beta ΖΦΒ

Athletics

 Affiliation: National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and Division II
 Conference: Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (PSAC)
 Facilities: McCollum Field, Hubert Jack Stadium, Thomas Field House Center, Foundation Fields, Charlotte E. Smith Field, Rogers Gymnasium, West Branch Cross Country Course, Tomlinson Center, Zimmerli Pool
 Team name: Bald Eagles
 Team colors: crimson and white
 In 2007, Lock Haven won the National Collegiate Boxing Association national championship.
 Lock Haven won the NAIA national wrestling championship in 1961, 1963, 1966 and 1967.
 Lock Haven won the NCAA Division II Women's Softball National Championship in 2006 and 2009.
 Lock Haven won the NCAA Division II Men's Soccer National Championship in 1980 and the NCAA Division III Men's Soccer National Championship in 1977 and 1978.

Notable alumni
 Harris Jacob Bixler (1862–1930), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania, 1921–27
 Tim Boetsch (b. 1981), Professional Mixed Martial Artist, currently competing for the Ultimate Fighting Championship
 Charlie Brenneman (b. 1981), Bald Eagle wrestler; Professional MMA fighter, formerly in the UFC's Lightweight Division
 Tym De Santo Finalist, HGTV Star, Host, Style File Show, Las Vegas, Nevada, Musician-Front man for Nashville-based band Black Denim.
 Habern W. Freeman (b. 1941), Maryland politician
 Harry L. Haines (1880–1947), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania, 1931–39 and 1941–43
 Michael K. Hanna, Sr., Democratic member and Minority Whip of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 Brittani Kline (b. 1991), Winner, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 16, current student
 Cary Kolat 4× Pennsylvania State Champion in wrestling, 2x NCAA Champion Wrestling, current coach U.S. Naval Academy – Competed in 2000 Sydney Olympics.  A three-time World Cup gold medalist, he also won World silver and bronze medals. Three U.S. Open championship medals and a pair of Pan-Am Games first-place finishes.  Kolat was a member of the U.S. National Team from 1991 to 2002.  In the summer of 2011, Kolat returned to competitive wrestling, was a finalist at the U.S. Open and competed in the 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials.
 Jim Larkin NFL player, played for Buffalo Bills
 Tina Martin Head Coach, University of Delaware Women's Basketball (1996–present)
 Sara McMann, 2004 Olympic Silver Medalist in women's freestyle wrestling; currently a professional mixed martial arts fighter, competing in the Women's UFC bantamweight division
 Charley Molnar (b. 1984), Head Coach, UMass Minutemen football
 Red Murray (1884–1954), professional MLB baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals and San Francisco Giants.
 Kevin O'Dea, NFL assistant special teams coach for several teams including the San Diego Chargers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Detroit Lions, Arizona Cardinals, Chicago Bears,and presently with the Kansas City Chiefs
 Kevin Rush TMBSL Manager/Owner New Jersey Nets
 J. Buell Snyder (1877–1946), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania, 1933–46
 Jamie Varner  (b. 1984), All-American wrestler and NCBA Champion; retired professional Mixed Martial Artist, former WEC Lightweight Champion, last competed in the UFC

References

External links

 Lock Haven Athletics website

1870 establishments in Pennsylvania
Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union
Universities and colleges established in 1870
Lock Haven, Pennsylvania
Public universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
Universities and colleges in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
Universities and colleges in Clinton County, Pennsylvania

Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania


Operation Rockingham was the codeword for UK involvement in inspections in Iraq following the war over Kuwait in 1990–91.  Early in 1991 the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) was established to oversee the destruction of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction.  Use of the codeword was referred to in the annual British defence policy white paper "Statement on the Defence Estimates 1991" (published in July that year as Command Paper 1559-I) where at page 28 it states "The United Kingdom is playing a full part in the work of the Special Commission; our involvement is known as Operation ROCKINGHAM."  The activities carried out by the UK as part of Rockingham were detailed in the following white paper (published in July 1992 as Command Paper 1981).

The codename languished in obscurity for a decade or so, used only by those in support of inspections in Iraq.  Each department of the UK government directly involved in these support activities would have its staff allocated to "Rockingham" duties.  In the Defence Intelligence Staff, the team involved with Iraq activities was known as the "Rockingham Cell".  The codename hit the headlines after the invasion of Iraq in 2003, over allegations that Operation Rockingham was a propaganda effort within the British intelligence world.

The Rockingham Allegations
Former US military intelligence officer and UN weapons inspector Scott Ritter claimed that Operation Rockingham was a secret UK intelligence unit in an interview with the Scottish  Sunday Herald in June 2003. Journalist Neil Mackay described the function of Operation Rockingham, in Ritter's words, as "producing misleading intelligence on Iraq's weapons of mass destruction, which could be used as justification for action against Iraq". The article claimed, based on Ritter's allegations, that the Rockingham cell was at the center of various British and US intelligence organisations collecting information on Iraq's WMD, and that the unit dealt with intelligence obtained from a variety of sources, including Iraqi defectors and the UN arms inspections organisation in Iraq UNSCOM, which Rockingham had penetrated. According to Scott Ritter the unit amassed evidence selectively, with government backing, for political goals:

"Operation Rockingham cherry-picked intelligence. It received hard data, but had a preordained outcome in mind. It only put forward a small percentage of the facts when most were ambiguous or noted no WMD... It became part of an effort to maintain a public mindset that Iraq was not in compliance with the inspections. They had to sustain the allegation that Iraq had WMD [when] Unscom was showing the opposite."

For example, Ritter claimed, Rockingham would leak false information to weapons inspectors but then use the inspections as evidence for WMD: "Rockingham was the source of some very controversial information which led to inspections of a suspected ballistic missile site. We ... found nothing. However, our act of searching allowed the US and UK to say that the missiles existed."

Ritter alleged that "Operation Rockingham" assumed a central role within the UK intelligence system in building the case that Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities constituted a threat to the UK and the US.

Ritter said that the Rockingham cell included military officers, intelligence services representatives as well as civilian Ministry of Defence personnel. According to Ritter, the British weapons expert David Kelly, played an important role in Operation Rockingham. Ritter describes him as "Rockingham's go-to person for translating the data that came out of Unscom into concise reporting".

The day before he died, Kelly had told the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) : "Within the defence intelligence services I liaise with the Rockingham cell." Although this evidence was given in secret, a transcript was released to the Hutton Inquiry.

The press jumped on a suggestion that the only other public mention of "Operation Rockingham" prior to David Kelly's ISC evidence was by Brigadier Richard Holmes while giving evidence to the defence select committee in June 1998. This clearly overlooked the public references to Rockingham that had been made in 1991 and 1992.

The Counter Claims
John Morrison, the founder and manager of the DIS Rockingham cell, comprehensively denied Ritter's allegations as wholly unfounded. In a letter to the "Guardian" newspaper he stated:

"Rockingham was a tiny cell which drew on and coordinated all the resources of the DIS; its only aim was to provide leads for Unscom teams, which it did very successfully despite the problems of sanitising sensitive intelligence. Inevitably it was most effective in its earliest years, when Iraq's main WMD facilities, nuclear programme and stocks of chemical and biological weapons were destroyed."

After the evidence to the Hutton Inquiry had been published it became clear that senior experts in the DIS assessment staff, including Dr Brian Jones, were unhappy about the wording in the dossier concerning the threat to the UK posed by Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction.

Jones and others had complained in writing to the then Deputy Chief of Defence Intelligence (Tony Cragg) that the wording of the dossier was too strong. For instance, they felt claims that Iraq "could" launch Chemical or Biological Weapons within 45 minutes of an order to do so should have had caveats attached. Their complaints were overruled by the then Chief of Defence Intelligence Air Marshal Sir Joe French.

It was claimed at the Hutton Inquiry that the 45 minutes claim was based on "compartmentalized" intelligence from MI6 which the Joint Intelligence Committee had seen but that the weapons experts in DIS had not. Writing in the Independent on 4 February 2004, Dr Jones said that it was unlikely that anyone with WMD expertise had seen the "compartmentalized" report prior to its inclusion in the dossier, and if they had, they would have been sceptical.

Contrary to the Ritter allegations that the Rockingham cell DIS "cherry-picked intelligence", the DIS staff had been some of the most sceptical voices with regard to intelligence on Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities.  After his time in the DIS, John Morrison worked for the ISC as its investigator until he was sacked for saying in a BBC interview that when the Prime Minister asserted that the threat from Iraq's WMD "is current and serious" that he "could almost hear the collective raspberry going up around Whitehall".

The report published by the Butler Review in July 2004 dedicated a page to Operation Rockingham (p. 104). It countered Ritter's claims by stating authoritatively that after its creation in 1991 within the DIS, "Rockingham was responsible for briefing some of the personnel who formed part of UNSCOM and International Atomic Energy Agency inspection teams. It processed information received as a result of the inspections, and acted as a central source of advice on continuing inspection activity. Rockingham also advised FCO and MOD policy branches on the provision of UK experts from government and industry to work with UNSCOM and the IAEA as members of inspection teams. Rockingham included an officer detached to Bahrain to staff an organisation known as GATEWAY to co-ordinate briefings to, and debriefings of, inspection team members as they deployed to, and returned from, Iraq." After being reduced to one member of staff in 1998, it was again expanded to "provide UK support to UNMOVIC".

"No official feedback from UNMOVIC was offered, nor expected. Rockingham did not brief or debrief individual inspectors. It did, however, continue to provide UNMOVIC and the IAEA with all-source UK intelligence assessments of the extent of Iraq's nuclear, biological, chemical and ballistic missile programmes, and information about sites of potential significance. It acted as the focus for the work tasked by the JIC on the analysis of the Iraqi declaration of 7 December 2002" (that is, the 12,000-page weapons declaration handed over by Iraq as required by UN resolution).

See also
 Downing Street Memo
 Operation Mass Appeal
 September Dossier

References

External links
 Sunday Herald, 8 June 2003: Revealed: the secret cabal which spun for Blair  Neil Mackay's original Sunday Herald article about Operation Rockingham
 Sunday Herald, 1. February 2004: The heart of the matter ... did Iraq have WMD?
 The Guardian, 30. January 2004 : The public must look to what is missing from the report  Scott Ritter analyses the Hutton report and David Kelly's connection to Operation Rockingham
 Sunday Times, 24. January, 2004 Spy, boffin, disgruntled civil servant: this was the David Kelly I knew (alternative link) Contains some information on David Kelly's role in Operation Rockingham

Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
United Kingdom intelligence operations
Iraq–United Kingdom relations

Operation Rockingham


ريكاردو غاليغو  ، من مواليد 2 فبراير 1959 ، لاعب كرة قدم إسباني سابق.

لعب مع منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في الصين
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون من مدريد
طاقم ريال مدريد غير اللاعبين
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو أودينيزي
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1988
لاعبو رايو فايكانو
لاعبو ريال مدريد
لاعبو ريال مدريد كاستيا
لاعبو كأس العالم 1982
لاعبو كأس العالم 1986
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مدريد
لاعبو كرة قدم من منطقة مدريد
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 20 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم الرديف للرجال
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبون فائزون بكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
مواليد 1959
مواليد في مدريد

ريكاردو غاليغو


Auriculotherapy (also auricular therapy, ear acupuncture, and auriculoacupuncture) is a form of alternative medicine based on the idea that the ear is a micro system and a external organ, which reflects the entire body, represented on the auricle, the outer portion of the ear. Conditions affecting the physical, mental or emotional health of the patient are assumed to be treatable by stimulation of the surface of the ear exclusively. Similar mappings are used by several modalities, including the practices of reflexology and iridology. These mappings are not based on or supported by any Western medical or scientific evidence, and are therefore considered to be pseudoscience.

History and development
French neurologist Paul Nogier invented auriculotherapy in 1957.  Nogier developed a phrenological method of projection of a fetal Homunculus on the ear and published what he called the "Vascular Autonomic Signal" which measured a change in the amplitude of the pulse.  That mechanism would only produce a signal upon the introduction of new information to the electromagnetic field of the patient.  Nogier cited a 'principle of matching resonance' which he could use the vascular autonomic signal to detect the active points of the auricular microsystem.

Nogier's Auricular acupuncture was introduced to China in 1958.

A variation of auriculotherapy called "ear stapling" involves the long-term insertion of a medical staple in the conchal bowl of the ear. Advocates variously claim that the procedure aids in losing weight, stopping smoking, and managing stress.

Battlefield acupuncture
In 2001 Richard Niemtzow developed a procedure he called "battlefield acupuncture", in an attempt to research more efficient relief for phantom limb pain and chronic pain for veterans. Battlefield Acupuncture involves placing gold aiguille semi-permanent needles at up to five sites in the ears.  In 2018, the United States Department of Defense, the Veterans Center for Integrative Pain Management, and the Veterans Health Administration National Pain Management Program office completed a 3-year, $5.4 million acupuncture education and training program, which trained over 2800 providers in Battlefield Acupuncture. Retired U.S. Air Force flight surgeon Harriet Hall characterized the Department of Defense's use of acupuncture and auriculotherapy as an embarrassing "infiltration of quackery into military medicine", a waste of tax dollars, and a potential harm to patients.

Nogier points

The principles of auriculotherapy are contrary to known anatomy and physiology of the human body.
According to Nogier, the relevant structures include:
 Helix, the outer prominent rim of the auricle
 Antihelix, the elevated ridge anterior and parallel to the helix
 Triangular fossa, a triangular depression
 Scapha, the narrow curved depression between the helix and the antihelix
 Tragus, the small, curved flap in front of the auricle
 Antitragus, the small tubercle opposite to the tragus
 Concha, the hollow next to the ear canal

Nogier claims that various points located on the ear lobe are related to the head, and facial region, those on the scapha are related to the upper limbs, those on the antihelix and antihelix crura to the trunk and lower limbs and those in the concha are related to the internal organs.

Chinese Auricular Acupuncture

"Auricular acupuncture therapy is an important part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which is ascribed to a kind of micro-needle system. It has been considered to be a valuable asset in the treasure house of Chinese medicine". There are many Chinese medical classics that have the inclusion of Auricular points to tread illness as defined by Chinese medical theory. But it was not until the French neurologist Paul Nogier systematically referenced and chartered the points of the ear in the late 1950's, was this form of treatment extensively researched, developed and practiced as its own modality in East Asia and in the West.

Criticism
A controlled crossover study of 36 patients failed to find any difference in two experiments. The study concluded that auriculotherapy is not an effective therapeutic procedure for chronic pain.

The first experiment compared the effects of stimulation of auriculotherapy points versus control points. A second experiment compared the stimulation of these points with a placebo control of no-stimulation. Using the McGill Pain Questionnaire, pain was not decreased at the points compared to the controls. Patients' reports of pain relief after auriculotherapy are due to placebo effects.

Also, during electrical stimulation, patients sometimes reported new pain in an unrelated part of the body. These referred sensations reinforce the pain relief produced by the placebo effect and may be part of the reason why the belief in auriculotherapy persists.

References

Acupuncture
Ear
Alternative medicine

Auriculotherapy


මල් සියයේ ව්‍යාපාරය ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වුනු, මල් සියයේ මෙහෙයුම යනු, (), කොමියුනිස්ට් රාජ්‍යය පිළිබඳ සිය අදහස් විවෘතව ප්‍රකාශ කරන මෙන්  චීන කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය (CPC) විසින් සිය රටවැසියන් දිරිමත් කල,  චීන මහජන සමූහාණ්ඩුව තුල 1956 කාලයේදීවූ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයකි. කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂ සභාපති මාවෝ සේතුංගේ පසිඳු ප්‍රකාශය පදනම් කොට ගෙන ජාතික ප්‍රතිපත්තියට විවිධ අදහස් උදහස් හා විසඳුම් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට දිරිමත් කෙරිණි: "මල් සියයක් පිබිදීමට සහ චින්තන ගුරු කුල සියයක් වාදයෙහි යෙදීමට ඉඩහැරීමේ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සැලසුම් කොට ඇත්තේ කලාවන් සමෘද්ධ වීම හා විද්‍යාවේ ප්‍රගතිය ඇති වීම උදෙසාය"."   මෙම ලුහුඬු ලිහිල් ප්‍රතිපත්ති කාල සීමාවෙන් පසුව, මාවෝ හදිසියේම මග වෙනස් කළේය.  1957 දක්වාම, රාජ්‍යය හා එහි මතවාදය පිළිබඳ විවේචනයෙහි යෙදුනු පුද්ගලයන්ට එරෙහිව,   දක්ෂිණාංශික-විරෝධි මෙහෙයුමක් දියත් විය. ඉලක්ක ගතවූවන් ප්‍රසිද්ධයේ විවේචනය කෙරුණු අතර පරිභව කොට සිපිරි ශ්‍රම කඳවුරු වෙත යැවුණි.   මේ කාලයේදී මාවෝ විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, ඔහු විසින් "සර්පයින් ඔවුන්ගේ ගුහා වලින් ඉවතට ඇද ගත් බවයි."

මාවෝගේ ප්‍රකාශයේ මුල් කොටස වන  "මල් සියයක් පිබිදීමට" යන්න, බටහිර ලෝකය විසින් නිතරම සිහිපත් කරයි. රාජ්‍යය පිළිබඳ ඔවුන්ගේ විවේචන ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට දිරිමත් කිරීමෙන් විමතිකයන් හඳුනාගැනීමට සහ පසුව ඔවුන්ව සිපිරිගෙහි ලෑමට විශේෂයෙන් සැදි මෙහෙයුමක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙයින් හැඳින්වෙයි.

සටහන්

මල් සියයේ මෙහෙයුම


{{Filmski umjetnik
|ime             = Steve Harvey
|slika           = Steve Harvey Miss Universe 2016.jpg|230px|Steve Harvey
|opis slike      = Harvey 2017.
|rodno ime       = Broderick Stephen Harvey
|pseudonim       = Broderick Stephen Harvey
|rođenje         = 17. siječnja, 1957.
|mjesto rođenja  =  Welch, West Virginia, SAD
|smrt            =
|mjesto smrti    =
|godine rada     =
|web             = http://www.steveharvey.com
|supruga         =
|suprug          =
|važnije uloge   =
|važniji filmovi =
|oscar           =
|emmy            =
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}}Broderick Stephen "Steve" Harvey''' (Welch, 17. siječnja, 1957.), američki je televizijski voditelj, glumac, pisac, producent i komičar.

Prvi put je izveo stand-up komediju 8. listopada 1985. godine. Najpoznatiji je kao voditelj emisije Family Feud. Osvojio je mnogobrojne televizijske nagrade za svoj rad.

Napisao je četiri knjige, a najpoznatija mu je "Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man".

Vanjske poveznice
 Steve Harvey na IMDB-u

Američki filmski glumci

Steve Harvey


Dolphin Tale, titulada en castellano Winter el delfín en Latinoamérica y La gran aventura de Winter el delfín en España, es una película dramática estrenada el 22 y 23 de septiembre de 2011 en Latinoamérica y Estados Unidos, respectivamente; y el 11 de noviembre del mismo año en España. Dirigida por Charles Martin Smith sobre un guion de Karen Janszen y Noam Dromi basado en el libro Dolphin Tale: The Junior Novel, es protagonizado por Harry Connick, Jr., Ashley Judd y Morgan Freeman.

Tanto el libro como la película, están inspirados en la historia real de Winter, un delfín hembra nariz de botella que fue rescatada en diciembre de 2005 frente a las costas de la Florida y fue acogida por el hospital-acuario de Clearwater Marine Aquarium. La delfín perdió la cola después de enredarse entre las cuerdas de una trampa para cangrejos y tuvo que ser equipada con una prótesis para poder nadar.

El 12 de septiembre de 2014 se estrenó la secuela de la película.

Argumento

Las escenas iniciales de la película muestran una manada de delfines en su hábitat natural seguidos de un bote que está pescando cangrejos mientras devuelven una trampa para cangrejos en el océano después de vaciar su contenido en el bote.

En la escena siguiente, Sawyer Nelson (Nathan Gamble)  de 11 años va en bicicleta a la orilla de la playa cuando un pescador (Richard Libertini), le pide ayuda después de encontrar en la playa a una delfín nariz de botella hembra  herida y atrapada en una trampa para cangrejos. Con la llamada de auxilio llegan los rescatistas de Hospital Marino de Clearwater, dirigidos por el Dr. Clay Haskett (Harry Connick Jr.), y llevan a la delfín herida para recibir tratamiento. La hija de Clay, Hazel (Cozi Zuehlsdorff) de 11 años, nombra a la delfín Winter (Invierno en español), por dos delfines anteriores, Summer (Verano) y Autumn (Otoño), a quienes devolvieron al océano y cree que el uso de las estaciones del año como nombres continuará la racha y logren devolver a Winter al mar. Ella permite Sawyer ver a Winter. Inicialmente a Clay no le gusta el acuerdo ya que Sawyer no está entrenado en el cuidado de animales marinos, pero después de darse cuenta de que Winter responde bien cuando Sawyer está presente se le permite visitarla. Pronto Sawyer, quien se inscribió en la escuela de verano debido a su bajo promedio académico, comienza a saltarse clases para visitar a Winter. Lorraine (Ashley Judd), la madre de Sawyer finalmente se entera de que su hijo está faltando a clases, pero después de ver que la interacción de Sawyer con Winter ha mejorado su estado de ánimo, algo que Sawyer no había mostrado desde que fue abandonado por su padre, que desapareció hace cinco años, lo retira de la escuela de verano y le permite ser voluntario en el hospital.

Desafortunadamente la cola de Winter está muy dañada y por lo tanto debe ser amputada. Winter aprende por sí misma a nadar sin cola mediante el desarrollo de un movimiento de lado a lado (como el de un pez), pero después de unos rayos X se muestra que el movimiento no natural está causando tensión en la columna vertebral de la delfín y si continúa con el movimiento finalmente la matará. Mientras tanto Kyle Connellan (Austin) el primo de Sawyer, un ex campeón de natación está en el hospital militar con la pierna derecha dañada por una explosión. Después de algún tiempo en el hospital a Kyle le van a dar una fiesta de bienvenida pero él está deprimido y prefiere quedarse en el Centro Médico para Veteranos. Sawyer y su mamá van a visitar a Kyle quien está en consulta con el Dr. Cameron McCarthy (Morgan Freeman) en el laboratorio de prótesis. Para sorpresa de Sawyer y Lorraine, Kyle se siente avergonzado de verlos e incluso les pide que se vayan lo que enfurece a Sawyer y le dice que también su familia la está pasando mal. Kyle recapacita y lleva a Sawyer a dar un paseo, hablan de su pierna y las posibilidades de caminar. Antes irse Sawyer encuentra al Dr. McCarthy en los jardines del hospital y le pregunta sobre una prótesis para la cola de Winter. Aunque parece una locura él se compromete a trabajar en el proyecto durante sus próximas vacaciones y convence a su proveedor de prótesis (Hanger Prosthetics and Orthotics, que suministra las prótesis de cola en la vida real de Winter), para suministrar las piezas sin costo alguno. El Dr. McCarthy fabrica una prótesis casera de cola en espera de la real, sin embargo, Winter la rechaza y la destruye golpeándola contra la pared de la piscina.

Poco después, el Hospital Marino de Clearwater, ya en peligro financiero, se encuentra seriamente dañado por el paso del huracán LeRoy, después de lo cual el Consejo de Administración acuerda cerrarlo, vender la tierra a un promotor inmobiliario y encontrar hogares para los animales, a excepción de Winter, quien debido a que su condición no es deseada por ningún acuario y podría ser sacrificada. Sin embargo, después de un encuentro casual con una madre y su hija que está en una silla de ruedas (a la niña le amputaron la pierna izquierda), quienes se enteraron de la historia de Winter y condujeron 8 horas desde Atlanta  solo para ver a la delfín con lo que a Sawyer se le ocurre un plan de última oportunidad El Día de Salvar a Winter y para también rescatar el hospital marino. A Clay no le convence la idea, pero la reconsidera después de hablar con su padre, Reed (Kris Kristofferson). Para ayudar Kyle propone una  carrera contra Donovan Peck (Michael Roark), el actual campeón de natación local de la escuela preparatoria y quien rompió casi todos los récords estatales de natación de Kyle quien también recluta a Sandra Sinclair (Ashley White), una amiga y reportera del canal de televisión Bay News 9 para promover el evento.

La cola nueva suministrada llega por fin, pero Winter también la rechaza. Sawyer descubre que Winter no rechaza  la cola artificial, sino el plástico al que se une la cola le irrita su sensible piel, que Sawyer se compara con un cinturón de seguridad cuando roza con la piel humana. Al Dr. McCarthy se le ocurre una alternativa y es utilizar un calcetín de elastómero de silicón que él llama "Gel de Winter" (el nombre real del producto que fue utilizado para fijar las prótesis, que fue desarrollado durante su investigación con Winter), y finalmente para el El día de Salvar a Winter llega y ella es capaz de aceptar el nuevo plástico y la prótesis de cola.

Durante El Día de Salvar a Winter el profesor Doyle (Ray McKinnon) de la escuela de verano de Sawyer verano le da crédito por su trabajo en el hospital marino y un ensayo que el chico presentó. El pescador que inicialmente descubrió a Winter en la playa da un donativo diciendo: "Winter y yo somos viejos amigos." El consejo se entera de que el negocio de bienes raíces está cerrado, pero el desarrollador Philip J. Hordern (Tom Nowicki), quien asistió al evento con sus nietas, está de acuerdo en permitir que el hospital marino se mantenga abierto y dice que lo va a apoyar financieramente.

Al final del filme se muestran imágenes documentales reales del rescate de Winter, varias de las colas de prótesis que ella ha utilizado y las escenas de personas reales amputadas y discapacitadas que han visitado Winter en el Acuario Marino de Clearwater.

Reparto

 Harry Connick, Jr. como el doctor Clay Haskett.
 Ashley Judd como Lorraine Nelson.
 Nathan Gamble como Sawyer Nelson.
 Kris Kristofferson como Reed Haskett.
 Morgan Freeman como el doctor  McCarthy.
 Juliana Harkavy como Rebeca.
 Austin Stowell como Kyle Connellan.
 Cozi Zuehlsdorff como Hazel Haskett.
 Austin Highsmith como  Phoebe.
 Betsy Landin como Kat.
 Frances Sternhagen como Gloria Forrest.
 Ray McKinnon como el profesor Doyle.
 Tom Nowicki como el señor Philip J. Hordern.
 Winter como ella misma.
 Rufus como el mismo.

Producción
Se empezó a rodar el 27 de septiembre de 2010. Se filmó íntegramente en el estado de Florida, Estados Unidos. Dolphin Tale fue filmada en 3D. La película fue rodada básicamente en el Condado de Pinellas con locaciones en los alrededores del acuario donde vive Winter, el Clearwater Marine Aquarium y locaciones adicionales como: la Academia Admiral Farragut, la isla Honeymoon, Tarpon Springs y la televisora local Bay News 9.

Se rumoreó que Hilary Duff iba a aparecer en la película, pero un miembro del reparto se opuso a que dicha actriz consiguiera un papel.

Diferencias entre la película y los eventos reales
 En la película Winter se encuentra varada en una playa cerca de Clearwater, Florida; un pescador sentado en la orilla es quien da aviso y la rescata con la ayuda de Sawyer. En la vida real, Winter fue encontrada en la Laguna Mosquito (en el lado opuesto del estado), no en una playa, pero si por un pescador en la laguna.
 En el filme Winter parece estar en pleno crecimiento cuando es rescatada. En la vida real tenía unos dos meses de edad.
 En la película se menciona que la cola de Winter fue amputada debido a una infección causada por la cuerda en la que quedó atrapada. En la vida real la pérdida de la cola se debió a la falta de irrigación sanguínea en la cola.
 En la cinta el proceso de elaboración de la prótesis de la cola de Winter tiene lugar durante un par de semanas por el médico de la Administración de Veteranos que trabajo durante sus vacaciones. En la vida real, el proceso de desarrollo de una cola adecuada tomó varios meses a Kevin Carroll y a Dan Strzempka de la Clínica Hanger de Austin, Texas.
 En la película encuentran a Winter durante el verano. En la vida real Winter fue encontrada el 10 de diciembre de 2005, cuando fue nombrada era la temporada de invierno o Winter en inglés.

Recepción

Taquilla
Estrenada en 3.507 cines estadounidenses debutó en tercera posición con 19 millones de dólares, con una media por sala de 5.461 dólares, por delante de Abduction y por detrás de Moneyball. En su segunda semana en exhibición se colocó en primera posición en el ranking estadounidense. Recaudó en Estados Unidos 72 millones. Sumando las recaudaciones internacionales la cifra asciende a 95 millones. El presupuesto estimado invertido en la producción fue de 37 millones. En la siguiente tabla se muestran los diez primeros países donde mayores cifras obtuvo:

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  (en inglés)
 Página web de Dolphin Tale
  (en inglés)

 Página de la Clínica Hanger (en inglés)

Películas dramáticas de Estados Unidos
Películas infantiles
Películas basadas en hechos reales
Películas sobre delfines
Películas de Warner Bros.
Películas distribuidas en formato Digital 3D
Películas rodadas en Florida
Películas ambientadas en Florida
Películas de Alcon Entertainment
Películas dirigidas por Charles Martin Smith

Dolphin Tale


Landysh ( 'Lírio do Vale'; conhecido como Suzuran no Japão) é uma instalação flutuante para o processamento de água contaminada produzida ao descomissionar submarinos nucleares. Foi construído na Rússia com fundos do Japão como parte de um acordo sobre descarte de armas nucleares, mas não saiu do cais. O Japão solicitou que a Rússia enviasse Landysh para ajudar no rescaldo do desastre nuclear de Fukushima Daiichi.

História
Em 1972, foi realizada a Convenção sobre a Prevenção da Poluição Marinha por Despejo de Resíduos e Outros Materiais e, em 1975, a União Soviética ratificou o acordo para limitar o despejo de resíduos radioativos de alto nível nos oceanos. Em 1983, muitos membros da Convenção assinaram uma moratória voluntária sobre todos os despejos de resíduos radioativos no mar, mas a URSS não assinou e continuou a descartar água de resfriamento de reator radioativo de baixo nível de seus submarinos nucleares. Vazamentos e liberações intencionais de materiais radioativos de instalações russas no Extremo Oriente levaram o Japão a oferecer ajuda financeira à Rússia para construir instalações para tratar água radioativa de baixo nível em 1994. Em 1996, um projeto para uma instalação de processamento flutuante foi aceito e contratos emitidos para a Tomen Corporation (Japão), Babcock & Wilcox (EUA) e a Amur Shipbuilding Plant (Rússia). Landysh foi construído no estaleiro Amur em Komsomolsk-on-Amur, concluído em 1998 e comissionado em 2000. Landysh permaneceu no estaleiro Zvezda em Bolshoy Kamen até 2011. Em 9 de maio de 2011, as discussões entre a Rosatom, a agência nuclear russa e o Japão sobre o envio de Landysh para o Japão ainda estavam em andamento. A relutância japonesa em aceitar a ajuda russa pode estar ligada à disputa das Ilhas Curilas entre a Rússia e o Japão.

Descrição
Landysh é uma barcaça e deve ser rebocada de um local para outro de  de comprimento, e  de largura, e possui casco duplo; sua estação de tratamento de resíduos tem grossas paredes de concreto para evitar derramamentos. Desloca 3.900 toneladas e transporta uma tripulação de 46.

Capacidades
Há relatos conflitantes sobre qual nível de radioatividade pode estar na água processada por Landysh; algumas fontes afirmam que só pode processar águas de baixo nível enquanto outras fontes afirmam que pode lidar com águas de médio e baixo nível; todas as fontes concordam que pode processar até 7.000 m 3 por ano. Há questionamentos sobre a eficácia do processo de descontaminação, principalmente no que diz respeito à remoção do césio-137. Landysh usa uma combinação de filtragem, troca iônica e osmose reversa para remover o material radioativo da água. Após coletar e concentrar os materiais radioativos, eles são misturados com cimento e colocados em barris de 200 litros para posterior gerenciamento de resíduos radioativos.

Tecnologia de tratamento de resíduos
Navios de 2000

Landysh


Michael Studemund-Halévy (* 9. März 1948 in Hamadzija,  Aserbaidschanische SSR) ist ein deutscher Sprachwissenschaftler, Autor und Übersetzer.

Leben und Wirken
Michael Studemund-Halévy studierte in Bukarest, Lausanne, Lissabon, Perugia und Hamburg Allgemeine und Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft, Psycholinguistik, Romanistik, Balkanlinguistik und Orientalistik. Neben Tätigkeiten als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden (IGdJ, Hamburg) und am Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (Universität Hamburg) ist er Gründer und Leiter der International Sefardic Summer University an der Moses Mendelssohn Akademie (Halberstadt) und war Lehrbeauftragter für Judenspanisch an den Universitäten Potsdam, München, Köln und Hamburg. Von 2010 bis 2018 war er Eduard-Duckesz-Fellow der Hermann Reemtsma Stiftung (Hamburg). Er ist ferner Herausgebher der sefardischen Buchreihe LA BOZ DE BULGARIA (Barcelona) sowie Redaktionsmitglied der Zeitschriften DAROM (Granada), Romanistik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Trier), LADINAR (Bar IIan), El Prezente (Beer Sheva), und des European Journal of Jewish Studies (Madrid).

Ehrungen
 2013: Prix de la recherche des Centre Alberto Benveniste (Paris) für sein Lebenswerk
 2013: Premio El Amaneser der sephardischen Zeitung El Amaneser (Istanbul) für seine Verdienste um das kulturelle Erbe und die Sprache der Sepharden
 2018: Shofar-Preis der Jüdischen Gemeinde Sofia für seine Verdienste um die Erforschung der Juden in Bulgarien
 2018: Ehrenurkunde der Universität Belgrad für Verdienste um das Judenspanische und den Studentenaustausch mit der Universität Belgrad

Festschrift
 Caminos de Leche y Miel. Jubilee Volume in Honor of Michael Studemund-Halévy. Vol. 1: Harm den Boer und Anna Menny (Hg.), History and Culture, Barcelona 2018: Tirocinio, 415 S., ISBN 978-84-942925-7-6; Vol. 2: David Bunis, Corinna Deppner und Ivana Vucina Simovici (Hg.), Language and Literature, Barcelona 2018: Tirocinio, 538 S., ISBN 978-84-942925-8-3.

Schriften

Als Autor / Buch
 Language and Psychiatry. Peter Lang, Bern 1975.
 Bibliographie zum Judenspanischen. Helmut Buske, Hamburg 1975.
 Portugal. Artemis Verlag, München 1991, ISBN 3-7608-0806-9.
 Portugal. dtv, München 1993, ISBN 3-423-03766-0.
 Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg. Saur, München/ New York 1994, ISBN 3-598-11178-9.
 mit Jürgen Faust: Betahaim. Sefardische Friedhöfe in Schleswig-Holstein. Glückstadt 1997.
 A Jerusalém do Norte. Hamburg Staatliche Pressestelle der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg, Hamburg 1999.
 Biographisches Lexikon der Hamburger Sefarden. Christians, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-7672-1293-5.
 mit Gaby Zürn: Zerstört die Erinnerung nicht. 3. Auflage. Dölling und Galitz, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-937904-05-4.
 Abraham Galante: Rinyo o el Amor salvaje. Ed. critica, Tirocinio, Barcelona 2010, ISBN 978-84-935671-4-9.
 Ladino kerido mio. Judenspanische Literatur im 20. Jahrhundert. Dölling und Galitz, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-935549-54-7.
 Portugal in Hamburg. Ellert & Richter, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-8319-0267-5.
 mit Gaelle Collin: Entre dos Mundos. Catálogo de los impresos búlgaros en lengua sefardí (siglos XIX y XX). Tirocinio, Barcelona 2007, ISBN 978-84-930570-9-1.
 Im Jüdischen Hamburg. Ein Stadtführer von A bis Z. Dölling und Galitz Verlag, Hamburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-937904-97-9.
 mit Gil Hüttenmeister, Eberhard Kändler: Der Grindel-Ersatzfriedhof auf dem jüdischen Friedhof Ohlsdorf-Ilandkoppel. Hanseatischer Merkur, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-922857-59-4.
 mit Anna Menny: Ort und Erinnerung. Ein historischer Streifzug durch das Jüdische Hamburg von 1930. ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-936406-43-6.
 Moses Wessely. Ein Aufklärer aus Altona. Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2020, ISBN 978-3-95565-413-9.
 Eduard Duckesz. Ein Rabbiner in Altona. Jüdische Miniaturen Bd. 267, Berlin-Leipzig 2020, Hentrich & Hentrich Verlag, ISBN 978-3-95565-426-9.
 The Marketing of a Life; The Young Turk and Zionist Santo Bey de Semo (1878-1950) and his Drama Don Isaac, La Boz de Bulgaria, vol. 5, Barcelona 2021, Tirocinio, ISBN 978-84949-9906-2.
Die Cassutos. Portugiesen aus Hamburg, Rabbiner, Übersetzer, Bibliophile, Musiker. Hentich & Hentrich, Jüdische Miniaturen Bd. 280, Berlin-Leipzig 2021, ISBN 978-3-95565-489-4.
Sabbatai Zwi. Ein Messias für Hamburg. Heinrich & Hentrich, Jüdische Miniaturen Bd. 295, Berlin Leipzig 2022, ISBN 978-3-95565-533-4.
Der Hamburger Portugiesenfriedhof. Ein Weltkulturerbe. Heinrich & Hentrich, Jüdische Miniaturen Bd. 305, Berlin Leipzig 2023, ISBN 978-3-95565-582-2.

Als Herausgeber
 mit Harald Haarmann: Festschrift Wilhelm Giese. Buske, Hamburg 1972.
 mit Hans-Josef Niederehe, Harald Haarmann, José Maria Navarro: Festschrift Hans-Karl Schneider. Buske, Hamburg 1975.
 Die Sefarden in Hamburg. Zur Geschichte einer Minderheit. Die Grabinschriften des Portugiesenfriedhofs an der Königstraße in Hamburg. Band 1, Buske, Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-87548-048-1; Band 2. 1997, ISBN 3-87548-099-6.
 mit Andreas Brämer und Stefanie Schüler-Springorum: Aus den Quellen. Festschrift Ina S. Lorenz. Dölling und Galitz, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937904-09-3.
 Matilda Koen-Sarano: Kon Bayles i Kantes. Ed. critica. Berlin 2008, .
 Abraham Galante: Rinyo o el Amor salvaje. Ed. critica, Tirocinio, Barcelona 2010, ISBN 978-84-935671-4-9.
 mit Winfried Busse: Lexicología y lexicografía judeo-españolas. (Sefardica Band 5). Peter Lang, Bern 2011, ISBN 978-3-0343-0359-0.
 mit Ina S. Lorenz: Otto Quirin. Hamburger Jüdische Portraits. ConferencePoint, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-936406-38-2.
 mit Christian Liebl, Ivana Vucina Simovici: Sefarad an der Donau. Lengua y literatura sefardíes en tierras de los Habsburgo. Tirocinio, Barcelona 2013, ISBN 978-84-940083-2-0.
 Sefarad in Österreich-Ungarn. In: Transversal. XIII, 2, 2012, .
 Hamburg. Jerusalem of the North. In: Transversal. XIV, 2, 2013,
 La Boz de Bulgaria, vol. 1. Bukyeto de tekstos en lingua sefardí. Livro de lektura para estudyantes: Teatro (mit Gaelle Collin). Tirocinio, Barcelona 2014, ISBN 978-84-940083-7-5.
 Lines and stripes. Beauty as Such, Frankfurt am Main 2015, ISBN 978-3-00-048677-7.
 La Boz de Bulgaria, vol. 2. Bukyeto de tekstos en lingua sefardí. Livro de lektura para estudyantes: Novelas (mit Ana Stulic). Tirocinio, Barcelona 2015, ISBN 978-84-942925-1-4.
 A Sefardic Pepper-Pot in the Caribbean. Tirocinio, Barcelona 2016, ISBN 978-84-942925-5-2.
 La Boz de Bulgaria, vol. 3: Aharon Menahem, Abarbanel (mit Agnieszka August-Zarebska). Tirocinio, Barcelona 2020, ISBN 978-84-949990-2-4.
 La Boz de Bulgaria, vol. 4: Benjamin Barbé, La Deskonsolada (mit Doga Filis Subasi). Tirocinio, Barcelona 2021, ISBN 978-84-949990-4-8.
 La Boz de Bulgaria, vol. 6: Dos cuentos sefardíes de Ruse (mit Doga Filis Subasi). Tirocinio, Barcelona 2023, ISBN 978-84-126518-0-5.

Als Übersetzer
 Mario und Gabriella Ruggieri: Vulkane. Aus dem Italienischen. Tessloff, Hamburg 1979, ISBN 3-7886-0854-4.
 Paul Tessa: Louis Comfort Tiffany. Aus dem Englischen. Xenos, Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-8212-0805-8.
 David Bellingham: Vergangen und Versunken. Eine illustrierte Einführung in die griechische Mythologie. Aus dem Englischen. Xenos, Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-8212-0910-0.
 John Grant: Die Wikinger. Kultur und Mythen. Aus dem Englischen. Taschen, Köln 2008, ISBN 978-3-8365-0275-7.
 Katja Krafft: Vulkane. Aus dem Französischen. Tessloff, Hamburg 1985, ISBN 3-7886-0482-4.
 David Bellingham: Die Griechen : Kultur und Mythen. Aus dem Englischen. Taschen, Köln 2008.
 William Hardy: Jugendstil. Aus dem Englischen. Xenos, Hamburg 1997, ISBN 3-8212-0729-9.
 Arie van de Lemme: Art deco. Aus dem Englischen. Xenos, Hamburg 1987, ISBN 3-8212-0728-0.
 Brian Bell (Hrsg.): Marokko. apa guides, aus dem Englischen, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-575-21304-6 (Mitübersetzer)

Literatur
 Kürschners Deutscher Sachbuch-Kalender. 2003–2004, Band II, S. 752.
 Bibliographie beim IGDJ.
 Tania Maria García Arevalo & Doğa Filiz Subaşı: Meldando i avlando sovre el judezmo: La figura académica de Michael Studemund-Halévy con motivo de su homenaje, In: MEAH 68, 2019, 189–203

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Sprachwissenschaftler
Romanist
Autor
Sowjetbürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1948
Mann

Michael Studemund-Halévy


2001 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වනදා ප්‍රහාරයට පිළිතුරක් වශයෙන් ඇ.එ.ජනපදය දියත් කරන ලද හමුදාමය, දේශපාලණමය සහ නිතීමය ක්‍රියාමාර්ග පොදුවේ ˝ත්‍රස්තවාදයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධය˝ යනුවෙන් හැදින්වේ. ඇ.එ.ජ ජනපදයට අනුව මෙම ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයේ ප්‍රධාන අභිලාෂ වන්නේ ත්‍රස්තවාදී තර්ජන මැඩපැවැත්වීම, ත්‍රස්තවාදී ක්‍රියාවන් වැළැක්වීම සහ අල්-කයිඩා වැනි සංවිධානවල බලපෑමඅවම කිරිමයි. මෙම යුද්ධය සහ එහිදී භාවිතා වන ප්‍රතිපත්තීන් නිරන්තර විවාදයට තුඩු දෙන කාරනා බවට පත්ව ඇත. විවේචකයින් තර්ක කරන පරිදි ඒකපාර්ශවීය‍ව සතුරන් නිෂ්ක්‍රීය කරන යුද්ධයක්, මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් උල්ලංගණය සහ වෙනත් ජ්‍යාතන්තර නීති උල්ලංගණය සාධාරණීකරණය කිරිමට මෙය යොදා ගෙන ඇත.

බලන්න: ත්‍රස්තවාදය සහ ත්‍රස්තවාදී ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ලැයිස්තුව

20වන ශතවර්ෂයේ අග භාගය පුරා ත්‍රස්තවාදී සංවිධාන විසින් ඇ.එ.ජට සහ එහි මිත්‍ර රටවල් වලට එරෙහිව ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. 1998 කෙන්යා හා ටැන්සානියා තානාපති කාර්යාල වලට එල්ල වු ප්‍රහාර වලට පසුව බිල් ක්ලින්ටන් විසින් සුඩාන හා ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථාන අල්කයිඩා ඉලක්කවලට එරෙහිව බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරමින් අසීමාන්තික මෙහෙයුම ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. මෙම ඉලක්ක අතරට සුඩානයේ 90% වන මැලේරියා මර්දන ඖෂධ නිපදවන ඖෂධ කර්මාන්ත ශාලාවක් ද විය. 2000 ඔක්තෝම්බර් වන විට 2001 සැප්තැම්බර් ප්‍රහාරයට ප්‍රතිඋත්තරයක් ලෙස ඇ.එ.ජ   Cole  බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාර දියත් කරන ලදී. පසුව සදහන් කළ ප්‍රහාරයෙන් පසුව එක්සත් ජනපදය පුරා ¨තීරණාත්මක ප්‍රතිචාර ¨ මගින් සිවිල් වැසියන් තවදුරටත් ඝාතනය වන බවට තර්ක ඉදිරිපත් වියි. බුෂ් පරිපාලනය මගින් ඉරාක ආක්‍රමණය සාධාරණීකරණය කිරිමට ¨ත්‍රස්තවාදයට එරෙහිව යුද්ධය¨ යොදා ගැනීම ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මතබේදයට තුඩු දුන් කාරණයකි. අල්කයිඩා හා සදාම් හුසේන් අතර සෘජු සම්බන්ධයක් තිබුනේ යැයි ඉදිරිපත් වු මත මෙම සිද්ධිය විමර්ෂණයට  ලක් කරන සියළු පරික්ෂණ කන්ඩායම් බැහැර කර ඇත.
වර්ෂ 2001දී  එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක මණ්ඩලය විසින් සම්මත කළ 1373 යෝජනාවට අනුව සියළු රටවල් ත්‍රස්තවාදී ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වලට සහය නොදැක්වීම, මුල්‍ය ආධාර  සහ රැකවරණය   ලබා නොදීම මෙන්ම ත්‍රස්කවාදී ක්‍රියා සැළසුම් කරන කණ්ඩායම් සදහා තොරතුරැ ලබා දීම වැළැක්වීමට රටවල් කටයුතු කළ යුතු වේ. වර්ෂ 2005 දී ආරක්ෂක මණ්ඩලය විසින් 1624 යෝජනාවට අනුව රටවල් ජ්‍යාතන්තර මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් නිතීන්ට අනුකූලව ක්‍රියා කිරිමේ අවශ්‍යතාවය සහ ත්‍රස්තවාදයට එරෙහිව කටයුතු කිරිම පෙළඹවීම යන කාරනා අන්තර්ගත වේ.කෙසේ වුවත් මෙම යෝජනා 2න්ම ත්‍රස්තවාදී ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැළැක්වීම පිළිබදව අනිවාර්‍යය වාර්ෂික වාර්තාවක් ඉදිරිපත් කළ යුතු වුවද ඇ.එ.ජ. හා  ඊශ්‍රාලය යන රටවල් 2 විසන්ම එම වාර්තාව ඉදිරිපත් කිරිම පැහැර හැර ඇත.

ත්‍රස්තවාදය- ඇ.එ.ජනපදය


La Era de la navegación a vela fue un período en el cual el comercio internacional y los combates navales estuvieron dominados por barcos veleros, comprendido entre el  y mediados del . Este es un período significativo durante el cual barcos veleros transportaban colonos europeos a numerosas partes del mundo en una de las migraciones humanas más extensas recordadas de la historia.

Al igual que muchos períodos históricos, la definición es inexacta pero lo suficientemente aproximada para servir como una descripción general. La era de la navegación se extiende a grandes rasgos desde la batalla de Lepanto en 1571, la última contienda en la que los barcos remeros jugaron un papel principal, hasta la batalla de Hampton Roads en 1862, en el que el vapor CSS Virginia destruyó las fragatas a vela USS Cumberland y USS Congress, culminando con el avance de la energía a vapor, interpretándose el poder de la flota de guerra obsoleto. Los navíos a vela, continuaron siendo un modo económico de transporte de mercancías de grandes distancias hasta los años 1920. Estos no requerían combustible o motores complejos para funcionar, y por lo tanto eran normalmente más independientes que las bases de apoyo en tierra firme.

Sin embargo, y de manera crucial, eran los barcos de vapor los que tenían ventaja en velocidad y estos raramente eran sacudidos por vientos adversos, liberando a las embarcaciones de vapor del necesario seguimiento de los vientos alisios. Como resultado, las mercancías y víveres podían llegar a un puerto lejano en la mitad de tiempo que un velero. siendo aquel el factor que fue dejando de lado a los veleros.

Las embarcaciones de vela fueron llevadas a nichos económicos más restringidos y gradualmente desaparecieron del intercambio comercial. Actualmente, las embarcaciones de vela son únicamente viables económicamente para la pesca de bajura, junto a usos recreativos como la navegación deportiva y excursiones en barco.

Edad de Oro de la Navegación
En Europa, la Edad de Oro de la Navegación se acuerda generalmente en el período del  en el que la eficiencia de los usos comerciales de las embarcaciones de vela alcanzó su tope (clippers, grandes veleros, etcétera) e inmediatamente antes de que los vapores comenzaran a arrebatar el comercio a los veleros. Algunos dirían que la Edad de Oro de la Navegación se relaciona específicamente a la era de los clípers, mientras que otros la sitúan entre 1850 hasta principios del , cuando las embarcaciones de vela alcanzaron su máximo de tamaño y complejidad. La Edad de Oro es también un término usado para describir a la Edad de Oro de la Piratería, período de tiempo desde 1690 hasta 1725 cuando célebres piratas como Barbanegra y Bartholomew Roberts apresaban barcos mercantes, incluso bloqueando puertos en ambos lados del Atlántico.

En los Estados Unidos, la Edad de Oro de la Navegación se ha dicho que está comprendida entre la Guerra de 1812 y la Guerra de Secesión, aproximadamente entre 1830 y 1880, tiempo en el que las embarcaciones de vela adaptaron progresivamente motores de vapor, haciendo el transporte transoceánico más fiable.

Náutica
Navegación
Historia marítima

Era de la navegación a vela


Nafta - smjesa tekućih ugljikovodika
 NAFTA - Sjevernoamerički sporazum o slobodnoj trgovini (North American Free Trade Agreement)
 Nafta (časopis) - časopis Hrvatskoga nacionalnoga komiteta svjetskoga kongresa za naftu i Znanstvenoga vijeća za naftu HAZU

Nafta (razdvojba)


Pašteta (njem. Pastete, od kasnolatinskog pasta: tijesto) prehrambeni proizvod u obliku paste ili namaza koji se dobiva finim usitnjavanjem i miješanjem različitih namirnica. Priprema se od mesne, riblje ili druge baze (kuhana svinjska, teleća i guščja jetra, druge vrste mesa, inćun, srdela, haringa, tuna, gljive, povrće), kojoj se dodaju začini, masnoća, te emulgatori i stabilizatori. Smjesa se miješa i usitnjava ručno, ili melje uz pomoć kućanskih aparata. U neke varijante se dodaju kuhana jaja, konjak i dr.

Može se poslužiti topla ili hladna, kao namaz ili narezana na kriške. Smatra se da najkvalitetnij okus razvije nakon što nekoliko dana odstoji u hladnjaku. Često se konzumira sa svježim kruhom ili prepečencem, kao sastojak sendviča, hladnih predjela i kanapea. Industrijski proizvedena pašteta dolazi na tržište u limenkama, tubama, staklenkama ili crijevu.

U francuskoj i belgijskoj kuhinji pâté en terrine je jelo od usitnjene mješavine mesa ili ribe i začina, kuhano i posluženo u posudama od glazirane terakote ili u kalupima, te prošarano mašću. Poslužuje se hladno. Pâté en croûte se pak priprema od mesnog ili ribljeg punjenja koje se peče u tijestu i servira narezano, toplo ili hladno. Vrlo je slično engleskoj piti. Za razliku od pâté en terrine, pâté en croûte često nije nalik na jelo koje se u Hrvatskoj i nekim drugim zemljama naziva "pašteta".

Pâté de foie gras, pašteta od guščje jetre, je cijenjeni specijalitet u svjetskim razmjerima, iako su u novije vrijeme sve češći prijepori oko etičnosti nasilnog tovljenja gusaka od čijih se jetra proizvodi, pa je na nekim mjestima pašteta od guščje jetre bila zabranjena.

Izvori

Namazi

Pašteta


Das Dameneinzel der French Open 1974 war ein Tenniswettbewerb in Paris.

Titelverteidigerin war Margaret Court. Das Finale bestritten Chris Evert und Olga Morosowa, das Evert in zwei Sätzen gewann.

Setzliste

 Laut der ITF-Seite wurden je zwei Spielerinnen auf Pos. 3 (Masthoff und Morosowa) und Pos. 7 (Heldman und Sawamatsu) gesetzt.

Hauptrunde

Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Weblinks

Dameneinzel
1974

French Open 1974/Dameneinzel


Cesare Betteloni (født 26. december 1808 i Verona, død 27. september 1858 i Bardolino, ved selvmord) var en italiensk digter. Han var far til Vittorio Betteloni.

Bettelonis liv var en kæde af sygdom og tungsind, og dette afpræger sig også i hans digte, der er fulde af Weltschmerz som Byrons poesi, men dog mest drejer sig om hans egne personlige lidelser; de røber betydeligt talent, navnlig sonetterne. Sønnen Vittorio udgav alle faderens Versi i Verona 1874.

Kilder

Digtere fra Italien
Italiensksprogede forfattere
Italienere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Verona

Cesare Betteloni


Der Sender Schöneck ist ein Grundnetzsender der Deutschen Funkturm GmbH zur Ausstrahlung von Hörfunksignalen. Er befindet sich nordöstlich der Stadt Schöneck/Vogtl. Als Antennenträger wird ein 96 Meter hoher Stahlfachwerkturm verwendet, der 1959 bis 1961 erbaut wurde.

Der Sender versorgt hauptsächlich das Vogtland, kann aber auch im angrenzenden Oberfranken sowie in den zum Oberpfalz gehörenden Landkreisen Neustadt a.d.Waldnaab und Tirschenreuth empfangen werden. Auch im Südwesten Thüringens sowie im Hofer Land kann der Sender Schöneck empfangen werden. In Tschechien reicht sein Sendegebiet bis fast ans Grenzgebiet zu Waidhaus. Im Norden geht das Sendegebiet bis nach Zwickau und in den Süden von Chemnitz.

Frequenzen und Programme

Analoger Hörfunk (UKW)

Digitaler Hörfunk (DAB)
DAB wird in vertikaler Polarisation und im Gleichwellenbetrieb mit anderen Sendern ausgestrahlt.

Digitales Fernsehen (DVB-T)
Die Ausstrahlung von Fernsehprogrammen nach dem DVB-T-Verfahren wurde am 26. September 2018 eingestellt. Bis zur Abschaltung wurden die in der nachfolgenden Tabelle aufgeführten Programme gesendet.

Analoges Fernsehen (PAL)
Vor der Umstellung auf DVB-T diente der Sendestandort weiterhin für analoges Fernsehen:

Siehe auch
 Liste von Sendeanlagen in Sachsen
 Liste der Fernsehtürme und Sendeanlagen der Deutschen Telekom

Weblinks

Schöneck/Vogtl.
Bauwerk im Vogtlandkreis
Schonbeck Sender
Schoneck

Sender Schöneck


الكواكب المصغرة هي عبارة عن أجسام صلبة يُعتقد أنها تتواجد في الأقراص الكوكبية الدوارة وفي أقراص الحطام أو (أحزمة الحطام). الكواكب المصغرة هي جزء من نظرية عن تشكل الكواكب وضعها العالم فكتور سافرونوف، وهي تفترض أن الكواكب تتشكل من حبيبات غبار كوني تلتصق ببعضها وتأخذ بتكوين أجسام أكبر فأكبر. وعندما يصل قطر الأجسام إلى كيلومترٍ واحد تقريباً (الكواكب المصغرة) ، يكون بإمكانها تحت تأثير الجاذبية بينها أن تتجاذب وتجتمع مكونة جرما كبيرا يمكن أن يصل حجمه إلى حجم القمر وهو ما يعرف ب كوكب أولي. وحبيبات الغبار الأولى تتصادم وتتجاذب بواسطة الحركة البراونية. العديد من الكواكب المصغرة تتدمر أثناء اصطدامات مع بعضها البعض، ولكن يحدث أن بعض الكواكب المصغرة تستطيع البقاء والتحول إلى كواكب أولية ثم إلى كواكب .

مختصر تكون الكواكب

مختصر تكون الكواكب حيث أن الكواكب المصغرة ليست سوى جزء من هذه العملية:

1. تبدأ حبيبات غبارية صغيرة في قرص نجمي دوار بالتجاذب والتكتل بواسطة الحركة البراونية.

2. مع الوقت تبدأ كتل الغبار بالتجمع وتبدأ كتل أكبر فأكبر بالتشكل حتى تتكون بعض الكتل التي يصل قطرها إلى كيلومتر تقريباً وهي الكواكب المصغرة.

3. تتصادم الكواكب المصغرة وينجو منها عدد قليل من الأجسام الكبيرة التي تتجاذب وتشكل مع بعضها الكواكب الأولية، التي من الممكن أن يصل حجم الواحد منها إلى حجم القمر لذلك تكون قليلة جدا، فهي تجمع مع الوقت الجزء الأكبر من الغبار .

4. أخيراً تتجمع مع بعضها مكونة الكوكب.

اقرأ أيضا

 كويكبات
 سيريس (كوكب قزم)
 2 باللاس
 3 جونو
 4 فيستا
 تبخر ضوئي

مصادر

أقراص نجمية دوارة
كواكب
نظريات النظام الشمسي الديناميكية

كوكب مصغر


Im Okres Banská Bystrica bestehen 522 denkmalgeschützte Objekte. Die unten angeführte Liste führt zu den Gemeindelisten und gibt die Anzahl der Objekte an. In Gemeinden, die nicht verlinkt sind, existieren keine geschützten Objekte.

Weblinks

Banska Bystrica
Okres Banská Bystrica

Denkmalgeschützte Objekte im Okres Banská Bystrica


Rasmus Lerdorf (d. 22 Kasım 1968), PHP web programlama dilinin mucidi ve Apache sunucu projesi programcısı Danimarka kökenli Kanadalıdır.

Eylül 2002'den beri, Yahoo'da Altyapı Mimarisi Mühendisi olarak çalışmaktadır.

2003 yılında the MIT Technology Review TR100 tarafından 35 yaş altı dünyanın en önemli 100 geliştiricisinden biri olarak gösterilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Rasmus Lerdorf'un kişisel sitesi

1968 doğumlular
Grönland doğumlular
Danimarkalı bilgisayar bilimcileri
Kanadalı bilgisayar bilimcileri
Yaşayan insanlar
Danimarkalı bilgisayar programcıları
Kanadalı bilgisayar programcıları
Özgür yazılım geliştiricileri
Grönland İnuitleri
Programlama dili tasarımcıları
Waterloo Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Kanada'daki Danimarkalı göçmenler
PHP yazarları

Rasmus Lerdorf


El tomate San Marzano (denominado también por denominación pomodoro S. Marzano dell'Agro Sarnese-Nocerino) es una variedad cultivada del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) que se usa en una de las salsas de tomate más apreciadas en la cocina italiana, sobre todo en el empleo de la preparación de pizzas (véase: Historia de la pizza). Su carne para la elaboración de salsas parece ser menos ácida.

Historia
En el año 1770 llega las primeras semillas del tomate a la región italiana de Campania como un regalo del virreinato del Perú al Reino de Nápoles. Su propagación hace que proliferen en la cocina italiana diferentes variedades como es el tomate Roma (denominado tomate italiano).

Características
El tomate San Marzano es de tamaño mediano con una forma rectangular, en muchas ocasiones terminado en punta. La planta suele desarrollarse de forma más desordenada, de fructificación tardía y frutos pequeños y poco firmes. Suelen cultivarse en las laderas del Monte Vesubio (en las denominadas viñas del San Marzano). El tomate se desarrolla con un bajo contenido de glucosa y ácido. Resulta un tomate muy adecuado en la conservación o enlatado.

Denominación de origen
Desde 1996, el tomate S. Marzano dell'Agro Sarnese-Nocerino es denominación de origen protegida (PDO) reconocida ante la Unión Europea. A nivel internacional, cuenta con registro como denominación de origen, conforme al Sistema de Lisboa, ante la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual, desde el 5 de mayo de 2014.

Referencias

Gastronomía de Italia
San Marzano

Tomate San Marzano


.dd Doğu Almanya için ayrılmış olan internet ülke kodu üst seviye alan adıydı (CcTLD). Ancak ülkenin 1991'de Berlin Duvarı'nın yıkılmasıyla birleşmesi sonucu, daha aktif hale geçmeden yerini .de'ye bıraktı.

Doğu Almanya
dd

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