Joshua Winslow Groban (born February 27, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, and actor. His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum, and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist in the United States, with over 22.3 million records. , he had sold over 25 million records worldwide.

Groban originally studied acting, but moved to singing as his voice developed. He attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts, a free public school on the campus of California State University, Los Angeles, where students receive a conservatory-style education. David Foster called him to stand in for an ailing Andrea Bocelli to rehearse a duet, "The Prayer", with Celine Dion at the rehearsal for the 1998 Grammy Awards. Rosie O'Donnell immediately invited him to appear on her talk show. Foster asked him to sing at California Governor Gray Davis' 1999 inauguration. He was cast on Ally McBeal by the show's creator, David E. Kelley, performing "You're Still You", later released on his debut album, for the 2001 season four finale.

After his appearance in two professional productions of Chess, he made his Broadway debut in 2016 as Pierre Bezukhov in the musical Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812, to critical acclaim and a Tony Award nomination. In 2018, he received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performance at the 72nd Tony Awards, and starred in the limited series The Good Cop. He also appeared in television series and films, such as Crazy, Stupid, Love and Muppets Most Wanted.

In 2022, Groban portrayed the Beast in the television special Beauty and the Beast: A 30th Celebration. He returned to Broadway in 2023 playing the title character in a revival of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, for which he earned his second Tony Award nomination.

Early life and education
Groban was born in Los Angeles, California, to Jack Groban, a businessman, and Lindy Groban (née Johnston), a school teacher. His father is a descendant of Jewish immigrants from Poland and Ukraine, but converted from Judaism to Christianity upon marrying his mother. His mother's ancestry includes English, German, and Norwegian. His parents are Episcopalians.

Groban first sang in public when he was in the seventh grade. His music teacher chose him to sing a solo of "S'wonderful" at the school's cabaret night, where he sang alone on stage for the first time. At this time, he was more focused on acting, playing Tevye in his high school's production of Fiddler on the Roof. In the summers of 1997 and 1998, he also attended the Interlochen Center for the Arts Camp in Michigan, majoring in musical theater, and began taking vocal lessons. He went on to attend the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts as a theater major and graduated in 1999. He was admitted to and briefly attended Carnegie Mellon University, intent on studying musical theater. Four months into his first semester, Groban was offered a recording contract and left college to pursue a singing career.

Career

1997–2001: Debut
In late 1997, the 16-year-old Groban was introduced by his vocal coach, Seth Riggs, to Grammy-winning producer and arranger David Foster and future manager Brian Avnet. At the time, Groban had no recording experience and was preparing for his studies at Carnegie Mellon. Groban worked for David Foster as a rehearsal singer on a series of high-profile events, including the January 1999 California gubernatorial inauguration of Gray Davis and the 1999 Grammy Awards where—as a stand-in for Andrea Bocelli—he rehearsed Foster's "The Prayer" with Céline Dion. According to Avnet, Groban was very nervous about standing in for Bocelli and had to be talked into it; his performance prompted the show hostess, Rosie O'Donnell, to ask him to appear on her show the following week, which in turn led to an appearance on Ally McBeal. Creator David E. Kelley wrote the character Malcolm Wyatt for Groban in the season finale, aired in May 2001. His performance, including the song "You're Still You", was so popular that the show received upwards of 8,000 emails from viewers. The song was included on his eponymous debut album, released in November 2001. Groban was asked to return the next season to reprise his role as Wyatt, performing "To Where You Are", airing just two weeks after his debut album was released. Avnet claims this sequence of events effectively got Groban's career off the ground.

Groban was offered a recording contract at Warner Bros. Records through Foster's 143 Records imprint. Avnet told HitQuarters that Warner Bros. initially proved resistant to the deal because "They were afraid they wouldn't be able to get a voice like that on radio." Explaining his reasons for signing the artist, Foster said: "I love his natural ability in the pop and rock arena, but I love his sense of classics even more. He's a true musical force to be reckoned with." Under Foster's influence, Groban's first album focused more on classics such as "Gira Con Me Questa Notte" and "Alla Luce Del Sole".

Groban performed "There For Me" with Sarah Brightman on her 2000–01 La Luna World Tour, and was featured on her "La Luna" concert DVD. He recorded "For Always" with Lara Fabian for the movie soundtrack of A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001). Groban performed in many benefit shows, including "The Andre Agassi Grand Slam Event For Children," alongside Elton John, Stevie Wonder, Don Henley, and Robin Williams; "Muhammad Ali's Fight Night Foundation" which honored Michael J. Fox and others; "The Family Celebration" (2001), which was co-hosted by President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton, and David E. Kelley and Michelle Pfeiffer; and Michael Milken's CapCure event, which raised funds for cancer research.

His self-titled debut album Josh Groban was released on November 20, 2001. Over the next year it went from gold to double-platinum.

2002–2005: Closer

On February 24, 2002, Groban performed "The Prayer" with Charlotte Church at the closing ceremonies of the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, and by November, he had his own PBS special titled "Josh Groban In Concert" (2002). In December 2002, he performed "To Where You Are" and sang "The Prayer" in a duet with Sissel Kyrkjebø at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway. He joined The Corrs, Ronan Keating, Sting, Lionel Richie, and others for a Christmas performance at the Vatican. In 2003, Groban performed at the David Foster concert for World Children's Day, singing "The Prayer" with Celine Dion and the finale song, "Aren't They All Our Children?" with artists including Yolanda Adams, Nick Carter, Enrique Iglesias, and Celine Dion.

Groban's second album Closer, produced and written by Foster, was released on November 11, 2003. Groban said he believed that this album was a better reflection of him, and his audience would be able to get a better idea of his personality from listening to it.

Two months after Closer was released, it rose on the Billboard charts from number 11 to number one. Groban's cover of "You Raise Me Up" became his third most popular song on the adult contemporary charts as of March 2004. Later that year, he also performed the song "Remember" (with Tanja Tzarovska) on the Troy soundtrack, "Believe" on the soundtrack to the 2004 animated film The Polar Express and a cover of Linkin Park's "My December".

In the summer of 2004, Groban returned to Interlochen, performing and discussing his earlier experiences with local residents and campers. On November 30, 2004, his second live DVD, Live At The Greek, was released; it was also shown as a Great Performances special on PBS. That same year, Groban performed "Remember When It Rained", backed by a full orchestra, at the American Music Awards, where he was nominated for Favorite Male Artist in the pop category; he was also nominated for a People's Choice Award. His recording of "Believe" secured an Academy Award nomination in 2005 for the songwriters Glen Ballard and Alan Silvestri, and earned them a Grammy in the category Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media at the ceremony held in February 2006.

2005–2010: Awake
Groban earned his first Grammy nomination in 2005 for his single "You Raise Me Up" in the Best Male Pop Vocal Performance category. During the first week of September 2006, Groban's single entitled "You Are Loved (Don't Give Up)" was released exclusively on AOL's First Listen. His third studio album Awake was officially released on November 7, 2006. Groban performed "You Are Loved (Don't Give Up)" as well as two other tracks from Awake at his recording session for Live from Abbey Road at Abbey Road Studios on October 26, 2006. On that album, Groban also collaborated on the single "Now or Never" with British musician and songwriter Imogen Heap. He performed two tracks with the South African group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, "Lullaby" and "Weeping".  Groban's "Awake" world tour visited 71 cities between February and August 2007, and toured Australia and the Philippines with Lani Misalucha as his special guest in October 2007. He performed a duet with Barbra Streisand ("All I Know of Love") and with Mireille Mathieu ("Over the Rainbow"). As to his future, Groban was open to a plethora of possibilities. He said, "I am fortunate enough to have had many really big moments in my career. I think the mistake a lot of people in my position make is to always search for the next big thing. I am looking forward to playing some small theaters. I'm looking forward to writing more. I want to delve further into my acting career and explore some of the film and TV opportunities that I haven't had time for. My outlook is to expect the unexpected. And when the next step comes, I'm prepared to take it."

2010–2015: Illuminations; All That Echoes
Groban finished his fifth studio album, entitled Illuminations, and the album was released on November 15, 2010. Most of the songs on the album are about "specific situations that I've had where love has existed and ultimately failed," Groban told The New York Times, adding: "And other songs are about the quest, and it just not working out." Groban wrote 11 of the 13 songs on the album. The first single from the album, "Hidden Away", was made available for free download via Facebook on September 8. "For me to sit in a room with a piano in one take with some of Johnny Cash's musicians—that was totally new for me." Josh added. "and I think that excitement is on the record." On October 12, a second single from the upcoming album, "Você Existe Em Mim", was made available on iTunes. This song is sung in Portuguese and was written by Brazilian artist Carlinhos Brown. The Washington Post said: "Illuminations" is not a revelation, but it offers a perfectly fine, and often quite lovely, glimpse at a pop-classical crossover artist in the middle of crossing over." Groban plans on making one more record with Rick Rubin. Beginning May 12, 2011, and continuing through December of that year, Groban undertook the 81-city Straight to You Tour to promote Illuminations, encompassing appearances in North America, Europe, and South Africa.

Groban's sixth studio album, All That Echoes, was released on February 5, 2013, debuting at number one by selling 141,000 copies. Groban promoted the album with the All That Echoes World Tour in 2013. A year later, he embarked on his Summer Symphony Tour.

2015–2017: Stages and Broadway debut
In early March 2015, Josh Groban's Facebook page announced the release of the album Stages, consisting of covers of songs from Broadway musicals. The album was released on April 28, 2015.

Starting October 18, 2016, Groban performed on Broadway as Pierre Bezukhov in Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812, an electropop opera by composer Dave Malloy based on War and Peace. For his performance as Pierre, Groban was nominated for the 2017 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical. His final performance as Pierre was on July 2, 2017. Groban also performed the song "Evermore" during the end credits of the 2017 Disney film Beauty and the Beast.

2018: Bridges
On March 12, 2018, tour dates were announced for Groban's Bridges Tour with special guest Idina Menzel. The US leg of the tour began on October 18, 2018, in Duluth, Georgia and concluded at Madison Square Garden in New York City on November 18. The European leg of the tour began on December 12 at the O2 Arena in London and concluded on December 18 in Poland.

On June 26, 2018, Groban announced via social media that his album Bridges would be released on September 21 and would contain a cover of Céline Dion's song "S'il suffisait d'aimer" along with new tracks. The album debuted at number two in the US and in the top 10 in the UK and Scotland.

2020–2023: Harmony and return to Broadway
Groban released his studio album Harmony on November 20, 2020. In December 2022, Groban portrayed the Beast in the television special Beauty and the Beast: A 30th Celebration.

Groban returned to Broadway as the title character in a revival of the musical Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, opposite Annaleigh Ashford as Mrs. Lovett and Jordan Fisher as Anthony Hope, directed by Thomas Kail. The production officially opened on March 26, 2023 (with previews having begun on February 26) at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre; it received positive reviews, and was nominated for eight Tony Awards, including nominations for both Groban and Ashford.

Performances

In June 2007, Groban recorded a Christmas album in London with the London Symphony Orchestra and the Magdalen College Choir. Titled Noël, it was released on October 9, 2007. The album saw great success in the United States, breaking numerous records for a Christmas album and becoming the best-selling album of 2007 in only its tenth week of release, at sales of 3.6 million. He discussed it on the DVD from "The Making of Noël".

On July 1, 2007, Groban performed with Sarah Brightman at the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium; it was broadcast to over 500 million homes in 140 countries. On February 10, 2008, Groban performed at the 2008 Grammy Awards with Andrea Bocelli in a tribute to Luciano Pavarotti.

On April 14, 2008, Groban joined Idina Menzel for a PBS Soundstage taping. The next day, he held his own taping for the same PBS TV series at Lincoln Center's Rose Hall at Jazz in Manhattan.

On May 12 and 13, 2008, at Royal Albert Hall, London,  Groban performed as "The Russian" Anatoly Sergievsky with Broadway stars Idina Menzel and Adam Pascal in "Chess in Concert" a live concert version of the musical Chess composed by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA fame. This performance has since been made into a DVD and CD recording.

On September 21, 2008, Groban performed a comical medley of well-known TV theme songs at the 60th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards. In December 2008, Groban appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks. He performed a duet with Only Men Aloud! at the Royal Variety Show at the London Palladium for the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall.

On January 18, 2009, Groban performed as part of the Presidential Inauguration ceremonies, performing "My Country 'Tis of Thee" in duet with Heather Headley. On January 19, 2009, Groban performed with Herbie Hancock as part of Feeding America's Rally Against Hunger in Washington DC. At the 2010 BCS National Championship Game, he performed the Star Spangled Banner on January 7, 2010, with Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea at the historic Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.

Film and television appearances
Groban has appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show six times, as well as on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Larry King Live, The Rosie O'Donnell Show, Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!, Comedy Bang! Bang!, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, 20/20, Today, Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Super Bowl XXXVIII, and Jimmy Kimmel Live!. He has also been a guest co-host on Live with Kelly many times from 2011 to 2016, and was a finalist to permanently replace Regis Philbin. In a 2012 interview, Groban said:

Groban plays Malcolm Wyatt, one of Reverend Harris' choirboys, on Ally McBeal, episodes "The Wedding" and "Nine One One" (2001). He has made two guest appearances on the series Glee as himself.

Groban appeared on BBC Two's hit British music quiz Never Mind the Buzzcocks, and his first appearance was as a guest on Omid Djalili's team. On December 21, 2010, he returned to the show, this time as guest host/quiz master and ending the show duetting with Michael Ball in a version of "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Misérables.

Groban appears in two episodes of The Office as Andy Bernard's brother ("Garden Party" and "The Boat").

On May 24, 2011, Groban appeared as a mystery guest star on the season 12 finale of Dancing with the Stars to surprise Petra Němcová by singing "You Raise Me Up" to her dance. When she saw that it was he who was actually singing and not one of the usual performers, she momentarily was too stunned to continue dancing.

In the comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love, a film starring Steve Carell and Ryan Gosling, released on July 29, 2011, Groban played a character named Richard, a caddish and nerdy attorney and the previous love interest of Hannah, who's played by Emma Stone.

In 2012, he appeared in episode 5 of series 12 of the revived British comedy panel show Room 101. In October the same year, his cover of "You Raise Me Up" was used in the Halloween-based teen comedy film, Fun Size, in which Peng turns on the car stereo in Roosevelt's car and while he and Roosevelt are fighting over it, the knob breaks and the stereo blares the song at full volume, thus making Roosevelt, Wren, Peng and April uncool as they roll onto a night-cruising street. In February 2013, Groban appeared in CSI: NYs "Blood Actually" (season 9, episode 16), performing his new song "Happy In My Heartache", and guest anchored on Canada AM.

Also in 2013, he played one of the lead characters named Sam in the independent comedy film Coffee Town, produced by CollegeHumor and co-starring with longtime friend and actor Glenn Howerton.

Groban appeared on the cable television comedy series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia in episode "The Gang Saves the Day", the 100th of the series, also co-starring Howerton. He shows up in the character Dee's fantasy sequence. On November 7, 2013, he made the first of several appearances in the CBS comedy The Crazy Ones alongside Robin Williams and Sarah Michelle Gellar.

Groban appeared in the 2014 film Muppets Most Wanted as an unnamed prisoner in a maximum security prison in Siberia. Groban's character is first only heard, as he is in a large metal box with a small slot at around eye level. The actor is revealed in the musical number "Together Again" later at the end of the film.

He appeared in cameo roles in the seventh season of Parks and Recreation (2015) and in Crazy Ex-Girlfriend (as himself); in the latter, he sang the original song "The End of the Movie".

In September 2018 Netflix premiered an original murder-mystery, The Good Cop, starring Groban. In the series, created by Monk creator-writer Andy Breckman, Groban portrays NYPD homicide detective Tony Caruso Jr., opposite Tony Danza, who plays his father, Tony Sr., a disgraced former detective. The first season of ten episodes launched on September 21, 2018.

In early 2022, Groban made a guest appearance on the Jimmy Fallon hosted NBC game-show, That's My Jam. Groban was partnered with fellow artist, Alessia Cara. The duo was defeated by the competing team made up of Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Chance the Rapper. Groban played the role of Beast in the 2022 musical television special Beauty and the Beast: A 30th Celebration.

Voice
Various music critics have described Groban's voice in different ways, with some referring to him as a tenor and others as a baritone. Groban himself has provided varying claims to his own vocal type. In a 2002 New York Times article, he described himself as a "tenor in training". He mentioned during his appearance on Late Show with David Letterman in December 2013 that he is a high lyric baritone. On Twitter, in March 2012, he had also mentioned that he is a baritone "with some high notes up my sleeve." Though the usage of voice classification in non-classical music has been met with controversy due to the differing styles and techniques used.

Philanthropy

Under the guidance of his mentor David Foster, Groban performed for many charity events that included VH1 Save the Music Foundation (2005), Tsunami Aid: A Concert of Hope (2005), Fifth Annual Adopt-A-Minefield concert (2005), 2nd Annual Grammy Jam (2005), Live 8 (2005), The Heart Foundation Gala (2005), and David Foster and Friends Charity Gala (2006). He also sang a solo on the recording of We Are The World 25 for Haiti (2010). Inspired by a visit with Nelson Mandela during a 2004 trip to South Africa, he established the Josh Groban Foundation to help children in need through education, healthcare and the arts. Mandela appointed Groban as an Official Ambassador for Mandela's Project 46664, a campaign to help raise Global awareness of HIV/AIDS in Africa. On April 25, 2007, Groban performed with the African Children's Choir on American Idols "Idol Gives Back" episode. Also on September 2, 2007, Groban donated $150,000 to Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools to fund music education.

On February 28, 2008, he appeared in One Night Live at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Canada with Bryan Adams, Sarah McLachlan, Jann Arden, and RyanDan in aid of the Sunnybrook Hospital Women and Babies Program. In honor of his 27th birthday, his fans set out to raise $27,000 in a project called "Raise 27". They ended up raising a total of $44,227 for the Josh Groban Foundation, to benefit the Noah's Ark children's orphanage called Siyawela in South Africa. Groban has since referred to this donation as "the best birthday present ever". Groban performed at The Angel Ball on October 21, 2010, to benefit the Gabrielles Angel Foundation for cancer research. In April 2013, and the previous year, Groban took part in Global Poverty Project's "Live Below the Line" campaign, which consists in living on $1.50 a day to raise awareness of extreme poverty around the world. He also wrote a song inspired by the campaign.

On October 30, 2013, Groban met with Little Kids Rock students in Newark, New Jersey before his concert at the Prudential Center. His Find Your Light Foundation also made a donation to Little Kids Rock to support their mission of keeping music education in our public schools. An active arts education philanthropist and advocate, Groban is a member of Americans for the Arts Artists Committee.

On January 17, 2021, three days before the Inauguration of Joe Biden Groban performed at an "indoguration" for Joe Biden's Major organized by the Delaware Humane Association more than 7,400 people attended via Zoom and the event also raised $200,000 in donations for the association.

 Impact
Some of Groban's musical influences have been Radiohead, Steve Perry, Paul Simon, Sting, Peter Gabriel, Freddie Mercury, and Björk. He cites as vocal influences "anyone who told a story with their songs," including Mandy Patinkin, Klaus Nomi, George Hearn, and Luciano Pavarotti.

Groban has sold more than 20 million albums in less than ten years. In 2002, Groban was listed as "100 Sexiest Newcomer" and in 2008, he became one of Peoples "100 Most Beautiful People".

 Discography

Studio albums
 Josh Groban (2001)
 Closer (2003)
 Awake (2006)
 Noël (2007)
 Illuminations (2010)
 All That Echoes (2013)
 Stages (2015)
 Bridges (2018)
 Harmony (2020)

 Concert tours HeadliningCloser Tour
Awake Tour
Straight to You Tour
All That Echoes World Tour
Josh Groban on Stage
Bridges Tour
 Harmony Tour SymphonicAll That Echoes Symphony Tour
Summer Symphony Tour PromotionalBefore We Begin Residencies'
Josh's Great Big Radio City Show

Personal life
Groban dated actresses January Jones from 2003 to 2006 and Kat Dennings from 2014 to 2016 respectively.  He was also in a relationship with actress and writer Schuyler Helford between 2017 and 2021.

Acting credits

Film

Television

Theatre

Accolades

Music

Television

Theatre

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
21st-century American Episcopalians
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American singers
American gospel singers
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male pianists
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American pop pianists
American pop rock singers
American soft rock musicians
Ballad musicians
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
Christians from California
French-language singers of the United States
Italian-language singers
Latin-language singers
Los Angeles County High School for the Arts alumni
Male actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Opera crossover singers
Philanthropists from California
Reprise Records artists
Songwriters from California
Theatre World Award winners

Josh Groban


Dan-Barto (auch: Dan Barto) ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Kantché in Niger.

Geographie
Dan-Barto liegt in der Sahelzone und grenzt im Südosten an den Nachbarstaat Nigeria. Die Nachbargemeinden in Niger sind Hawandawaki im Nordwesten, Tsaouni im Norden, Kourni im Osten und Sassoumbroum im Südosten. Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um 35 Dörfer, 66 Weiler, ein Lager und acht Wasserstellen. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde ist das Dorf Dan-Barto. Es liegt am rechten Ufer des Trockentals Goulbi May Farou.

Geschichte
Die Landgemeinde Dan-Barto ging 2002 im Zuge einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform aus einem Teil des Kantons Kantché hervor.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 40.900 Einwohner, die in 6306 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 28.911 in 4491 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 2456 Einwohner in 382 Haushalten, bei der Volkszählung 2001 683 in 106 Haushalten und bei der Volkszählung 1988 283 in 59 Haushalten.

In Dan-Barto leben Angehörige der vor allem Ackerbau betreibenden Hausa-Untergruppe Katsinawa und der auf Agropastoralismus spezialisierten Fulbe-Untergruppe Daourawa.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 14 gewählte Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 7 PNDS-Tarayya, 2 ARD-Adaltchi Mutunchi, 2 RDR-Tchanji, 1 CDS-Rahama, 1 MODEN-FA Lumana Africa und 1 RPP-Farilla.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze von 33 Dörfern in der Gemeinde, darunter dem Hauptort.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Die Gemeinde liegt in jener schmalen Zone entlang der Grenze zu Nigeria, die von Tounouga im Westen bis Malawa im Osten reicht und in der Bewässerungsfeldwirtschaft für Cash Crops betrieben wird. In Dan-Barto wird regenabhängiger Reisanbau praktiziert. Das staatliche Versorgungszentrum für landwirtschaftliche Betriebsmittel und Materialien (CAIMA) unterhält eine Verkaufsstelle im Hauptort.

Gesundheitszentren des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) sind im Hauptort und in der Siedlung Maïmoujia vorhanden. Das Gesundheitszentrum im Hauptort verfügt über ein eigenes Labor und eine Entbindungsstation. Der CEG Dan-Barto ist eine allgemein bildende Schule der Sekundarstufe des Typs Collège d'Enseignement Général (CEG). Beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Dan-Barto (CFM Dan-Barto) handelt es sich um ein Berufsausbildungszentrum. Die Niederschlagsmessstation im Hauptort wurde 1981 in Betrieb genommen.

Die 69,8 Kilometer lange und asphaltierte Nationalstraße 10 zwischen Takeita und der Staatsgrenze mit Nigeria verläuft durch den Hauptort und das Dorf Maïmoujia. Die Millionenstadt Kano in Nigeria ist rund 150 Straßenkilometer vom Hauptort Dan-Barto entfernt.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Zinder (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Dan-Barto


Calopteryx splendens este o specie de libelule zigoptere. Se întâlnește de-a lungul cursurilor de apă lin-curgătoare de coasta atlantică a Europei până în nord-vestul Chinei.

Descriere
Lungimea totală a Calopteryx splendens este de 45-48 mm, inclusiv lungimea abdomenului de 36 mm. Anvergura aripilor constituie 70 m. Masculii și femele de deosebesc după colorit și structura aripilor. Corpul masculilor are o nuanță albăstruie cu irizații metalice verzui. Pa partea externă a aripilor, masculii prezintă o fâșie mediană negricioasă. Aripa este lipsită de pterostigmă.

Femelele sunt colorate în verde cu irizații metalice albastre sau portocali. Aripile sunt transparente în întregime, posedă pterostigmă de culoare albă.

Dezvoltarea

Ponta cu ouă este depusă pe tulpinile și frunzele plantelor acvatice sau semiacvatice. Eclozare larvelor are loc după 14 zile de la depunere. Corpul larvelor este de culoare maronie, cilindri, picioarele alungite. Lungimea larvelor, inclusiv branhiile abdominale, constituie 32-34 mm. Perioada larvară durează circa 2 ani.

Ecologie
Adulții pot fi văzuți de la sfârșitul lunii iunie până la mijlocul lunii septembrie. Habitează în bazine acvatice cu apă curgătoare, cu o vegetație bogate și mâloase. Masculii sunt observați zburând deasupra suprafeței ape, femele preferând să stea pe plante.

Răspândire
Calopteryx splendens populează bazinele acvatice din Europa de Vest până în regiunea lacului Baikal și nord-vestul Chinei, în Africa de Nord și Orientul Apropiat. Este o specie foarte numeroasă în regiunile populate.

Referințe

Calopterygidae
Libelule din România
Libelule din Republica Moldova

Calopteryx splendens


An Ornithidium affine in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Friedrich Poeppig ngan Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mario Alberto Blanco och Isidro Ojeda. An Ornithidium affine in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ornithidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ornithidium

Ornithidium affine


Hedwig af Brandenburg (født 23. februar 1540 i Cölln, død 21. Oktober 1602 i Wolfenbüttel) var Margravine af Brandenburg ved fødsel og ved ægteskab hertuginde af Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel.

Liv og gerning

Hedwig var en datter af kurfyrsten af Brandenburg Joachim II Hector (1505-1571) og dennes anden kone, Hedwig (1513-1573), datter af kong Sigismund I af Polen.

Hun giftede sig den 25. februar 1560 i Cölln an der Spree med hertug Julius af Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1528-1589). Parret havde mødt hinanden ved hoffet for markgreve Johann i Küstrin, hvortil Julius var flygtet fra sin egensindige far.

Efter, at Julius havde forsonet sig med sin far, Heinrich II, som kun modvilligt havde accepteret ægteskabet mellem hans søn og en protestant, fik parret slotte i Hessen og Schladen som opholdssteder. Efter, at Julius' ældre brødre var faldet i slaget ved Sievershausen, skal Heinrich II angiveligt være kommet på Hessen Slot og ladt sig ind i rummet hos sin svigerinde, med udbruddet: Nu bliver du nødt til at være min elskede søn!.

Julius senere kom under svigagtig indflydelse fra Philipp Sommering og Anne Marie Schulfermanns (øgenavnet Schlüter-Liese) og fremmedgjort fra sin kone.

Hedwig blev beskrevet som en from og ydmyg person, der foretrak hjemlige sysler.

I 1598 dedikerede teologen Stephan Prätorius sin bog Der Witwen Trost ("Enkens Trøst") til Hedwig.

Ægteskab og børn
I sit ægteskab med Julius fik Hedwig følgende børn:
 Sophie Hedwig (1561–1631), gift i 1577 med hertug Ernst Louis af Pommern-Wolgast (1545-1592)
 Henrik Julius (1564–1613), hertug af Braunsweig-Wolfenbüttel, gift med:
 i 1585 prinsesse Dorothea af Sachsen (1563–1587)
 i 1590 prinsesse Elisabeth af Danmark (1573-1626)
 Maria (1566–1626), gift i 1582 med herug Francis II af Sachsen-Lauenburg (1547-1619)
 Elisabeth (1567–1618), gift med:
 i 1583 greve Adolf XI af Holsten-Schauenburg (død 1601)
 i 1604 hertug Christopher af Braunsweig-Harburg (død 1606)
 Philip Sigismund (1568–1623), Biskop af Osnabrück og Verden
 Margaret (1571–1580)
 Joachim Charles (1573–1615)
 Sabine Catharina (1574–1590)
 Dorothea Augusta (1577–1625), Abbedisse af Gandersheim
 Julius Augustus (1578–1617), abbed i Michaelstein Kloster
 Hedwig (1580–1657), gift i 1621 med hertug Otto III af Braunsweig-Harburg (1572-1641)

Noter

Litteratur
 Inge Mager: Die Konkordienformel im Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993, s. 22ff

Eksterne henvisninger

Huset Hohenzollern

Hedwig af Brandenburg


Papilio nobilis est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Papilionidae. Cette espèce vit au Soudan, en République démocratique du Congo, en Ouganda, au Kenya, en Tanzanie. L'espèce vit dans les forêts de montagne et dans les forêts riveraine, de 1300 à 2100 m d'altitude.

Description
Papilio nobilis fait environ 9 cm d'envergure. À l'avers le mâle est jaune pâle. Les ailes antérieures sont marron foncé à l'apex et portent une macule marron assez floue dans la cellule. Chez la sous-estèce crippsianus les motifs des ailes antérieures sont crème. Les ailes postérieures ont des queues en forme de spatule, de couleur marron. Elles portent une macule brune près du bord supérieur de l'aile et des marques marron sur les bords de l'aile. Au revers les motifs des ailes antérieures sont similaires, mais la macule marron de la cellule est plus développée. Les ailes postérieures sont marron clair, avec des marques plus foncées près des marges et des macules jaune pâle près du bord supérieur.

La femelle est d'un jaune plus soutenu que le mâle et ses motifs sont marron orangé. À l'avers les ailes antérieures sont marron dans la marge et portent une macule de même couleur à l'apex, près du bord supérieur. Elles portent également une macule de même couleur dans la cellule, plus développée que chez le mâle. Les ailes postérieures ont des queues en forme de spatule marron et des macules de même couleur et de forme irrégulière le long des marges et dans la partie submarginale. Ces macules sont plus ou moins développées selon les spécimens. Au revers les couleurs sont plus ternes. Les motifs des ailes antérieures sont similaires. Les ailes postérieures sont marron, plus claires dans la marge et dans la zone proche du bord supérieur de l'aile.

Écologie
La femelle pond ses œufs sur la plante-hôte. Cette espèce utilise comme plante-hôte Warburgia ugandensis. La chenille passe par cinq stades avant de se transformer en chrysalide, et la chrysalide est maintenue tête en haut par une ceinture de soie, comme chez les espèces proches.

Les adultes volent à plusieurs mètres au-dessus du sol. Les deux sexes se nourrissent du nectar des fleurs. Les femelles sont peu communes et sont plus souvent visibles le matin quand elles se nourrissent de fleurs. Les mâles sont parfois attirés par l'urine et la bouse d'éléphants.

Habitat et répartition
Papilio nobilis est présent dans l'écozone afrotropicale : Soudan, République démocratique du Congo, Ouganda, Kenya, Tanzanie. L'espèce vit dans les forêts de montagne et dans les forêts riveraine, de 1300 à 2100 m d'altitude.

Systématique
L'espèce Papilio nobilis a été décrite pour la première fois en 1891 par l'entomologiste Alois Friedrich Rogenhöfer dans Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien.

Sous-espèces

 P. nobilis nobilis : Ouganda (est), Kenya (hauts plateaux du centre, Masai Mara et côtes du lac Victoria), Tanzanie (nord-ouest).
 P. nobilis crippsianus : République démocratique du Congo (Kivu), Ouganda (ouest – Ruwenzori, Ankole, Kigezi), Kenya (frontière extrème-ouest), peut-être Tanzanie (nord-ouest)
 P. nobilis didingensis : Soudan (sud)
 P. nobilis mpanda : Tanzanie (ouest –  district de Mpanda)

Papilio nobilis et l'Homme

Nom vernaculaire
Cette espèce est appelée en anglais "Noble Handkerchief" ou "Noble swallowtail".

Menaces et conservation
Cette espèce n'est pas évaluée par l'UICN. Son statut n'est pas connu.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Papilionidae
Lépidoptère d'Afrique
Lépidoptère décrit au XIXe siècle
Faune d'Afrique centrale
Faune d'Afrique de l'Est

Papilio nobilis


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Matúškovo enthält die drei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Matúškovo im Okres Galanta.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Matuskovo


Portorikanska brazda je oceanska brazda koja se nalazi na spoju Karipskog mora i Atlantskog oceana. Brazda je povezana sa složenim prijelazom između zone sedukcije prema jugu uz Male Antile i Velikog transformacijskog rasjeda, koji se proteže između Kube i Hispaniole kroz Kajmansku brazdu do obale Srednje Amerike. Znanstvena istraživanja su zaključila da bi potres koji bi se dogodio u ovom rasjedu mogao uzrokovati veliki tsunami.

Otok Puerto Rico leži južno od pukotina i brazda. Brazda je duga 800 kilometara i ima najveću dubinu u Milwaukee depresiji od 8648 m, što je najdublja točka u Atlantskom oceanu i najdublja točka izvan Tihog oceana.

Geologija
Portorikanska brazda nalazi se na granici dviju prolaznih ploča, sa samo malom sedukcijom. Karipska ploča se pomiče na istok, dok se sjevernoamerička ploča pomiče na zapad. Sjevernoamerička ploča podcrtana je karipskom pločom u jugoistočnom dijelu rova. Ova zona sedukcije objašnjava prisutnost aktivnih vulkana u sjeveroistočnim dijelovima Karipskog mora.

Vulkanska aktivnost je jaka u arhipelagu jugoistočno od Portorika do obale Južne Amerike. Portoriko, Američki Djevičanski otoci, Britanski Djevičanski otoci i Dominikanska Republika nemaju aktivnih vulkana. Međutim, postoji opasnost od potresa i tsunamija. Portorikanska brazda sposobna je izazvati potres magnitude veće od 8,0 stupnjeva.

Izvori

Oceanski jarci
Reljefni oblici u Atlantskom oceanu

Portorikanska brazda


Parodia erinacea ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Parodia in der Familie der Kakteengewächse (Cactaceae). Das Artepitheton erinacea leitet sich vom lateinischen Wort erinaceus für 'Igel' ab und verweist auf die stachelige Bedornung der Art.

Beschreibung
Parodia erinacea wächst einzeln. Die hell- bis dunkelgrünen, niedergedrückt kugelförmigen, kugelförmigen oder kurz zylindrischen Triebe erreichen Wuchshöhen von bis zu 15 Zentimeter und Durchmesser von 6 bis 30 Zentimeter. Ältere Exemplare besitzen einen stark bewollten Triebscheitel. Die zwölf bis 30 Rippen sind scharfkantig. Die Areolen  befinden sich in den Einkerbungen. Die pfriemlichen, geraden bis stark gebogenen Dornen sind weißlich bis grau oder braun gefärbt. Die Dornen weisen eine Länge von bis zu 2 Zentimeter auf. Es kann ein einzelner Mitteldorn vorhanden sein. Die zwei bis zwölf Randdornen liegen mehrheitlich an der Trieboberfläche an.

Die glänzend gelben Blüten erreichen Längen von 3 bis 5 Zentimeter und Durchmesser von 4 bis 7 Zentimeter. Ihr Perikarpell und die Blütenröhre sind kurz und mit dichter bräunlicher Wolle bedeckt. Die Narbe ist rot. Die rosafarbenen oder rötlichen, verlängerten bis keulenförmigen Früchte sind zum Teil kahl. Bei Reife sind sie trocken und hohl. Die Früchte sind bis zu 4 Zentimeter lang. Sie enthalten glockenförmige Samen, die fein aufgeraut sind.

Verbreitung, Systematik und Gefährdung
Parodia erinacea ist im Süden Brasiliens, im Nordosten Argentiniens und in Uruguay verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung als Cactus erinaceus durch Adrian Hardy Haworth wurde 1819 veröffentlicht. Nigel Paul Taylor stellte die Art 1987 in die Gattung Parodia. Nomenklatorische Synonyme sind Echinocactus erinaceus  (1838), Malacocarpus corynodes var. erinaceus  (1850), Malacocarpus erinaceus  (1885), Echinocactus acuatus var. erinaceus  (1905), Wigginsia erinacea  (1964) und Notocactus erinaceus  (1966).

In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN wird die Art als "", d. h. als nicht gefährdet geführt.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Parodia (Kakteen)
Erinacea

Parodia erinacea


Nogometni klub Ljubljana (NK Ljubljana; Ljubljana) je bio nogometni klub iz Ljubljane, regija Središnja Slovenija, Republika Slovenija.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1909. godine kao studentski klub "Hermes". 1918. godine, završetkom I. svjetskog rata, klub se obnavlja kao SK "Hermes" i počinje s natjecanjima u prvenstvima "Ljubljanskog nogometnog podsaveza" (slv. "Ljubljanska nogometna podzveza". 1925. godine dodaju prefiks "Železničarski" te klub nadalje djeluje kao ŽSK "Hermes".

1945. godine, završetkom II. svjetskog rata, klub se obnavlja kao NK "Železničar" i postaje dijelom "ŽŠD "Ljubljana" (Železničarsko Športno Društvo "Ljubljana"). Klub je pod imenom "Železničar" je igrao u "Slovenskoj republičkoj ligi", "Trećoj saveznoj ligi" i "Hrvatsko-slovenskoj ligi".

1953. godine opet dolazi do promjene imena kluba u Železničarski nogometni klub "Ljubljana" (ŽNK "Ljubljana", kasnije i kao NK "Ljubljana", odnosno "Ljubljana"). Do raspada Jugoslavije, 1991. godine, "Ljubljana" je pretežno igrala u "Slovenskoj republičkoj ligi", koju je osvojila četiri puta (također jedom ranije kao "Železničar"). Također su igrali i u "2. saveznoj ligi – Zapad (4 sezone), "I. zoni" (3 sezone), "Hrvatsko-slovenskoj ligi", "Međurepubličkoj ligi – Zapad" te "Slovenskoj regionalnoj ligi – Zapad".

1991. godine, osamostaljenjem Slovenije, klub pod imenom "Eurospekter Ljubljana" postaje član novouspostavljene "1. slovenske nogometne lige". 1992. klub mijenja ime u "AM Cosmos Ljubljana". U sezoni 1994./95. nastupaju pod imenom "Železničar Oscar", te ispadaju iz "1. SNL". Kao "Železničar" (također navedeni i kao "Željezničar", odnosno "Železničar AM Cosmos") u sezoni 1995./96. osvajaju "2. slovensku ligu", ali ostaju bez polasmana u "1. ligu". U sezoni 1996./97. pod imenom "Ljubljana" na polovici sezone odustaju od natjecanja u "2. SNL".

U sezoni 1997./98. klub se ne natječe, te ponovno s ligaškim natjecanjima počinje u sezoni 1998./99. u ligama MNZ Ljubljana. 2000. godine preuzima licencu od prvka "3. slovenske lige – Zapad" "Viator&Vektor Komenda" te pod imenom "Viator & Vektor Ljubljana" u sezonama 2000./01. i 2001./02. nastupa u "2. slovenskoj ligi", a od sezone 2002./03. nanovo u "1. slovenskoj ligi. Klub se tad pod raznim izvorima piše i kao "V&V Ljubljana", '"Ljubljana V&V", "Ljubljana").

Klub je potom bio u financijskim poteškoćama te je izgubio licencu za nastup u "1. slovenskoj ligi", te se po završetku sezone 2004./05. gasi.

Kao sljednici kluba je 2005. godine osnovana FC "Ljubljana" (ugašena 2011.), te ŠD NK "Ljubljana-Hermes" (osnovani 2008. godine, igrali i kao MNK "Ljubljana" i ŠD NK "Ljubljana"), koji se pozivaju na tradiciju NK "Ljubljane".

Stadion
NK "Ljubljana" je nastapala na stadionu "Športni park Ljubljana" (ranijih naziva "Stadion ŽAK" i "Stadion ŽŠD") u ljubljanskoj četvrti "Šiška". Na ovom stadionu djeluje i sljednik "Ljubljane" – ŠD NK "Ljubljana-Hermes", te prijašnji klub FC "Ljubljana" (2005. – 2011.).

Uspjesi

nakon 1991.
 2. slovenska liga
 prvak: 1995./96.
 drugoplasirani: 2001./02.

 Kup MNZ Ljubljana
 pobjednik: 2001., 2002.

od 1945. do 1991.
 Hrvatsko-slovenska liga
 drugoplasirani: 1953./54.

 Slovenska republička liga
 prvak: 1948./49., 1962./63., 1966./67., 1967./68., 1988./89.
 doprvak: 1972./73.
 trećeplasirani: 1945./46., 1960./61., 1973./74., 1987./88.

 Slovenska regionalna liga – Zapad
 prvak: 1985./86.
 drugoplasirani: 1975./76., 1982./83., 1983./84., 1984./85.

 Prvenstvo Ljubljanskog okružja
 prvak: 1945./46.

 Republički kup Slovenije
 finalist: 1959., 1960.

do 1941.
 Prvenstvo Ljubljanskog nogometnog podsaveza
 prvak: 1940./41.  (igran samo jesenski dio)

 Prvenstvo Ljubljanskog nogometnog podsaveza – I. razred – skupina Ljubljana
 prvak: 1935. (Jesen), 1937./38.
 doprvak: 1936. (Proljeće), 1938./39.

 Prvenstvo Ljubljanskog nogometnog podsaveza – II. razred – skupina Ljubljana – II./A razred
 prvak: 1932./33.

 Prvenstvo Ljubljanskog nogometnog podsaveza – skupina Ljubljana – I. razred
 doprvak: 1922./23., 1923./24., 1930./31.

 Prvenstvo Ljubljanskog nogometnog podsaveza – skupina Ljubljana – II. razred
 prvak: 1921./22.
 doprvak: 1920. (Jesen)

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači
 Milenko Ačimovič
 Primož Gliha
 Sašo Udovič

Poznati treneri

Unutarnje poveznice
 Ljubljana

Vanjske poveznice
  nk-ljubljana.s5.com, wayback arhiva
  nkljubljana.si
  nkhermes-ljubljana.si
  prvaliga.si, LJUBLJANA (1. SNL)
  nzs.si, LJUBLJANA (2. SNL)
  nzs.si, LJUBLJANA (Pokal Slovenije)
  int.soccerway.com, Nogometni Klub Ljubljana
  national-football-teams.com, NK Ljubljana
  mnzljubljana-zveza.si, KLUBI MNZ LJUBLJANA

Izvori

   nk-ljubljana.s5.com, Kratka zgodovina kluba, wayback arhiva
  nk-ljubljana.s5.com, O klubu, wayback arhiva
  nkljubljana.si, Zgodovina kluba, pristupljeno 7. listopada 2020.
  nkhermes-ljubljana.si, NK Ljubljana , objavljeno 3. rujna 2014., pristupljeno 7. listopada 2020.
  siol.net, Šišenski boj proti mlinom na veter, objavljeno 10. studenog 2013., pristupljeno 7. listopada 2020.
   futbolas.lietuvai.lt, MNK Ljubljana, pristupljeno 7. listopada 2020.
   futbolas.lietuvai.lt, MNK Ljubljana, wayback arhiva
  foot.dk, FC Ljubljana , pristupljeno 7. listopada 2020.
  liga.simobil.si, NK Ljubljana, wayback arhiva
 Nebojša Jakovljević i dr.: Fudbalska takmičenja južnih Slovena 1873-1974, Subotica, 2018.,

Slovenski nogometni klubovi
Bivši slovenski nogometni klubovi
Nogomet u Ljubljani

NK Ljubljana


Limba dhivehi (în dhivehi: ދިވެހި, dhivehi sau ދިވެހިބަސް, dhivehi-bas; cunoscută și ca limba maldiviană) este o limbă indo-ariană care e vorbită de aproximativ 350.000 de oameni în Maldive, unde este limbă oficială.

Cele mai vorbite dialecte ale limbii dhivehi sunt: malé, huvadhu, mulaku, addu, haddhunmathee și maliku. Forma standard a limbii dhivehi e dialectul malé, care e vorbit în capitala Insulelor Maldive care are acelaș nume.

Dhivehi este descendentă pankritei eḷu și e asemănătoare cu limba singaleză. De lungul timpului, multe limbi au influențat maldiviana, cea mai importantă care a influențat-o a fost araba.

Etimologie

Origine
Limba dhivehi e o limbă indo-ariană care seamănă bine cu limba singaleză din Sri Lanka. Maldiviana este o limbă indo-ariană de sud. Împreună cu singaleza, maldiviana reprezintă subgrupul insular al limbilor indo-ariene.

Istorie

Distribuție geografică

Status oficial

Dialecte

Sistem de scriere folosit (tana)

Transliterare latină

Dicționar

Fonologie

Intonație

Gramatică

Litere

Morfologie

Substantive

Morfologie nominală

Numerale

Morfologie verbală

Topică

Vocabular

Vezi și
 Limbi indo-ariene.

Referințe

Bibliografie

D
D
D

Limba dhivehi


Colin Maclaurin, Şubat 1698'de Kilmodan şehrinde doğdu, 14 Haziran 1746 Edinburgh'da öldü, İskoçyalı matematikçidi. Üstün zekaya sahip olan Colin, 11 yaşında Glasgow Üniversitesine girdi. 19 yaşında iken Marischal College'de matematik profesörü oldu. 1719'da Lana'daki Rage Society'nin üyeliğine seçildi. Bu sırada Newton ile tanıştı. Newton'un tavsiyesiyle 1725'te Edinburgh Üniversitesi'nde matematik profesörlüğüne getirildi. Fransız Bilimler Akademisi'nin 1740'ta gelgit hadisesi konusunda açtığı deneme yarışmasını Leonard Euler ve Daniel Bernoulli ile birlikte kazandı. Jakosbusçuların 1745'te Edinburgh'u kuşatmaları ve şehri ele geçirmeleri üzerine İngiltere'ye kaçtı. Ertesi sene tekrar Edinburgh'a döndü ve birkaç ay sonra hastalanarak öldü.

Maclaurin, 1720'de yazmış olduğu Geometria Organica (Organik Geometri) ve Genel Eğitimlerin Tanımlanması adlı eserinde; Newton'un Tabiat felsefesinin Matematik İlkeleri kitabındaki teoremlere benzer teoremler ortaya koydu. Kendi ismiyle anılan, üreten konikler yönetimini geliştirdi. Üçüncü ve dördüncü dereceden bazı eğri türlerinin iki hareketli açının kesişimiyle çizilebileceğini gösterdi. Diğer taraftan bazı eleştirileri cevaplandırmak için yazdığı Fluksiyonların İncelenmesi (Treatise on Fluxions) adlı eserinde, dönmekte olan homojen bir sıvı kütlesinin alabileceği kararlı biçimlerin dönen elipsoitler olduğunu ispatladı. Bu elipsoitler günümüzde Maclaurin elipsoitleri olarak isimlendirilir. Yine bu eserinde maksimumlar ve minimumların ayırt edilmesi ile ilgili teoriyi ilk olarak ortaya koydu.

1698 doğumlular
1746 yılında ölenler
18. yüzyılda Britanyalılar
18. yüzyıl matematikçileri
İskoç matematikçiler
Edinburgh Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Greyfriars Kirkyard'da defnedilenler
Royal Society üyeleri

Colin Maclaurin


70 Pine Street (formerly known as the 60 Wall Tower, Cities Service Building, and American International Building) is a 67-story,  residential building in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Built from 1930 to 1932 by energy conglomerate Cities Service Company (later Citgo), the building was designed by the firm of Clinton & Russell, Holton & George in the Art Deco style. It was Lower Manhattan's tallest building and the world's third-tallest building upon its completion.

70 Pine Street occupies a trapezoidal lot on Pearl Street between Pine and Cedar Streets. It features a brick, limestone, and gneiss facade with numerous setbacks. The building contains an extensive program of ornamentation, including the Cities Service Company's triangular logo and solar motifs. The interior features included escalators at the base and double-deck elevators linking the tower's floors. A three-story penthouse, intended for Cities Service's founder Henry Latham Doherty, was instead used as a public observatory.

70 Pine Street's construction was funded through a public offering of stock, rather than a mortgage loan. Despite having been built during the Great Depression, the building was profitable enough that it broke even by 1936, and 90 percent of its space was occupied five years later. The American International Group (AIG) bought the building in 1976, and it was acquired by another firm in 2009 after AIG went bankrupt. The building and its first floor interior were designated as official New York City landmarks in June 2011. In 2016, the building became a luxury rental residential property.

Site
70 Pine Street is in the Financial District of Manhattan, on a plot bounded by Pine Street to the south, Pearl Street to the east, and Cedar Street to the north. The roughly trapezoidal site covers , measuring  on Pine and Cedar Streets by  on Pearl Street. The terrain slopes downward to the east, toward Pearl Street, so that there is an upper lobby (accessed from Pine Street) and a lower lobby (accessed from Pearl Street). Neighboring buildings include 56 Pine Street and the Down Town Association building to the northwest; 90–94 Maiden Lane to the north; 48 Wall Street to the southwest; and 60 Wall Street to the south.

Architecture
70 Pine Street is a 67-story building rising . The roof is  tall while the top story is  high. Like its contemporaries, 70 Pine Street has a Gothic-like spire-topped appearance. The architectural firm Clinton & Russell, Holton & George designed 70 Pine Street in the Art Deco style; the structure was the last large commission by these architects. Of that firm's principals, Thomas J. George was likely the most involved with the design. James Stewart & Company was the general contractor, Taylor Fichter Steel Construction was the structural engineer, and John M. Parrish was the project's general superintendent.

The building was constructed as part of an ongoing skyscraper race in New York City, which resulted in the city having the world's tallest building from 1908 to 1974. When completed, 70 Pine Street was the third-tallest building in the world, after the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building in Midtown Manhattan. The building exceeded 40 Wall Street, the Manhattan Company's building, by  to be Lower Manhattan's tallest building. It was the last skyscraper to be built in Lower Manhattan prior to World War II, and was the tallest building in Lower Manhattan until the 1970s, when the World Trade Center was completed. With the collapse of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks, it regained the status of the tallest Lower Manhattan building until the completion of the new One World Trade Center in 2014.

Form

70 Pine Street contains numerous setbacks on its exterior. Though setbacks in New York City skyscrapers were mandated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution in order to allow light and air to reach the streets below, they later became a defining feature of the Art Deco style. To maximize rentable space while also complying with the 1916 Zoning Resolution, the setbacks are placed at regular intervals, forming a diagonal line. The setbacks on the northern and southern elevations, and those on the western and eastern elevations, alternate with each other.

The building's 11th through 31st floors gradually step back from the base. The building's shaft begins above the 32nd floor and rises to the 54th or 56th floor, where the corners of the shaft taper off. The intermediate levels contain smaller setbacks, which were used as private terraces for the offices on the respective floors. There were multiple setbacks on each side, so the upper floors contained up to 20 sides. The top stories are one-fourth the size of the lowest stories.

Above the 67th-floor observation deck is the building's spire, composed of a glass lantern rising , topped by a stainless steel pinnacle extending another . The spire rises  and weighs . The author Dirk Stichweh characterized the spire as giving the impression of a mountain peak covered with snow. The spire had a beacon, which was described as being "visible for 200 miles at sea and inland", though in reality the beacon could only be seen from  away. W. Parker Chase, writing in 1932, characterized the spire as being "almost sensational in its 'differentness'".

Facade
The entrance portals and lower-story windows are lavishly decorated. The lower stories of the facade are covered with Indiana Limestone, placed above a water table of Minnesota granite. Red-and-black Morton gneiss wraps the ground floor. The upper stories are clad with four shades of buff-colored brick, which darken toward the building's peak. Each setback is surrounded by a parapet with a limestone coping. An extensive lighting system highlighted the building's features at night, consisting of 400-watt lamps. The presence of the lamps was influenced by Cities Service's role as an energy provider. An early publicist for 70 Pine Street said that Cities Service founder Henry Latham Doherty was personally involved in the structure's design, and that "he insisted on dignity with beauty, to the absolute avoidance of the garish, the flamboyant, and the over colorful." Doherty wanted the building to appear "exclusive, rich, yet simple and even alittle severe".

70 Pine Street was one of the first buildings to use aluminum extensively on its facade. Cliff Parkhurst of the Parkhurst Organization designed the aluminum ornamentation of 70 Pine Street. These ornamental features include reliefs above each set of entrance doors; spandrels with sharp arrises above the lower-story windows; and a ventilation grille on Cedar Street. The reliefs above the doors are designed with motifs of butterflies and sunflowers, which appear as an abstract pattern from a distance. In addition, there were 6,000 windows, ten million bricks,  of marble, and  of steel used in 70 Pine Street's construction. The black and pink marble in the building was transported from Minnesota and Tennessee.

Entrances

The building has five entrances in total. Four primary entrances, two on Pine Street and two on Cedar Street, which all lead to the main lobby. Another entrance on Pearl Street, which was formerly located under the Third Avenue elevated line, is more simply designed and leads to a lobby in the lower level. All of these streets are narrower than the typical street in Manhattan: Pine Street is  wide while Cedar Street is  wide. Because of the slope of the terrain, the western entrances are at the same level at the street, and the eastern entrances are accessed by short flights of steps rising from the street. All four entrances are designed with Art Deco patterns.

The eastern entrances on Pine and Cedar Streets are near the centers of these elevations; they consist of large four-story portals with stepped arches. Both arches are divided by a limestone pillar that contains a freestanding limestone relief of 70 Pine Street. These pillars, each , may have been designed by Rene Paul Chambellan and were fairly accurate in their detailing. Architectural critic Robert A. M. Stern wrote that 70 Pine Street's reliefs "surveyed the crowds of workers as a carved Madonna would bless the pilgrims of a Gothic cathedral." There were three metal doors to either side of the pillars. Above the doors were four tiers of sash windows; the lowest such tier was originally composed of glass louvers, which reduced wind pressure when the doors were being opened, but these were later replaced with glass panes. Along the interior reveals of both portal arches are reliefs containing the triangular logo of Cities Service. Inside each entrance were staircases leading to the upper and lower lobbies.

The western entrances on Pine and Cedar Streets are located near the western end of the building and are two stories tall. Each portal contains two sets of revolving doors.

Interior
At the time of 70 Pine Street's construction, developers had to consider skyscrapers' profitability in conjunction with height. 70 Pine Street was designed to accommodate between 7,000 and 8,000 employees, more than nearly every other skyscraper at the time. The interior spaces were thus designed with high capacity in mind. The building contains  of interior space. When it opened, there was  of gross floor area, of which  was available for lease. Offices were arranged in a "U" shape, wrapping around the mechanical core on the north, east, and south. The northern and southern elevations of the facade are staggered because of the setbacks, maximizing natural light in each office.

Lobby

The first-floor lobby is designed in the Art Deco style and are arranged into six hallways. Two of the hallways are  long, traveling north to south between the pairs of entrances on Pine and Cedar Streets, while three other hallways are  long and travel west to east; there is also a wide central hall. The passages are  wide, with the widest section of the lobby near Pine Street, where there is an information booth. The lobby is oriented slightly west, away from the elevated lines that formerly overshadowed Pearl Street, so that the westerly entrances could be located at ground level and so that the sky bridge to 60 Wall Street would be possible. The layout of the lobby allowed visitors to pass from Pine to Cedar Street.

Inside each entrance were retail spaces that faced the first-floor lobby. Four storefronts were located on the southern portion of the lobby. Until the early 2000s, these retail spaces contained such stores as "a drugstore, a bookstore, a tobacconist and a telegraph office". There are stairs on the southern portion of the lobby near Pine Street, as well as at the eastern portion near Pearl Street; these stairs ascend to the second floor and descend to the basement lobby. There were also escalators between every level from the basement to the sixth floor, near the western entrance on Pine Street.

The basement lobby is a simpler version of the first-floor lobby, serving mainly as a boarding area for the lower decks of 70 Pine Street's former double-deck elevators. The upper decks of these elevators were served from the main lobby; the elevators are arranged along the central hall and the northernmost west–east corridor. The elevator doors are designed with Native American motifs, such as zigzags and sunbursts, as well as Cities Service's logo. The elevator frames themselves contain stepped arches. One critic said the use of separate elevator lobbies would "cut the possibility of elevator flirtations exactly in half".

The lobby is decorated with marble walls, plaster ceilings, and aluminum metal grilles. Despite Doherty's desire for "dignity with beauty", the lobby is highly ornamented with multicolored marbles from Europe, including Roman and golden travertine, Belgian Black, Belgian Grand Antique, Champville, Levanto, and Tinos marbles. Most of the wall area is composed of yellow marble, divided by vertical piers of dark-red marble. The floors are composed of panels of white and pink marble, arranged as in a checkerboard. The ceiling is made of plaster and is supported by large jagged corbels. It is mostly painted white, except for colored bands of relief, which emanate from elements such as the lighting fixtures.  Cliff Parkhurst furnished the elaborate metalwork in the lobby. A writer for The New York Times compared the building's lobby to "something Bernini would have designed if he'd lived to see the Jazz Age".

Other interior spaces
The basement contained a bank vault with the most advanced security systems available during that era. The basement also included a 400-seat eatery known as the Tower Restaurant, as well as other businesses such as a barber shop, beautician, chiropodist, florist, manicurist, hat cleaner–shoe shiner, sandwich shop, and photostat store. The fourth floor contained a clinic for people who worked in the building. One tenant, boxer Artie McGovern, operated an athletic club on the seventh floor, which was reportedly visited by over a thousand men daily and included a gymnasium, handball and squash courts, ping-pong tables, and golf facilities.  On the 29th floor, there was a library filled with law books and documents, which was made available only to tenants. This library had 16,000 volumes and was staffed by a librarian with a bar certification.

Just below the observatory was a conference room with leather paneling. The 62nd through 64th floors contained Cities Service's executive offices, which also had exterior terraces. Doherty's office on the 61st floor was decorated in light colors and was designed to resemble a living room, with couches, chairs, small tables, and other furniture. Cities Service's oval-shaped boardroom occupied almost the entire 64th floor and had leather paneling and high ceilings.

, the skyscraper has several amenities, including an Elite fitness center by New York Sports Club on the lower level, a food market, and several lounges. Since its 2015–2016 conversion, 70 Pine Street includes 612 residential apartments. The residences are arranged as studio apartments or one- or two-bedroom units, and are generally outfitted with wooden floors. Another 132 units are run as hotel rooms by Lyric, a startup company funded by Airbnb. Retail tenants include a gourmet market and a high-end restaurant in the lobby. The building also contains a fitness and recreation center, including a screening room, bowling alley, indoor golf facility, and a game room in the former bank vault in the basement.

Observation deck

The top three floors were originally slated to contain Doherty's private penthouse apartment. The suite contained a gym and a squash court. Doherty's bed was designed on a motorized platform that could slide out onto the terrace. Doherty ultimately never lived in the space.

In July 1932, the private suite opened to the public as an observation deck, which comprised an open-air platform with a  enclosed glass solarium on the 66th floor. The deck operated from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day and charged 50 cents for admission, although tenants and Cities Services employees received a 50-percent discount. It was served by a five-passenger elevator that rose through the floor slab and then retracted. The glass solarium contained doors at each of the corners, which were chamfered, as well as on the north and south sides; these doors led to one of six terraces with slate tiles. Decorations from France, Italy, and Spain were used in the observation deck. The deck charged 40 cents for admission in 1939; by comparison, the deck at the Empire State Building cost $1.10 to enter.

During World War II, the attraction was closed to the public because it overlooked the nearby Brooklyn Navy Yard, an active military installation. Until the 1973 construction of the World Trade Center, it was the highest observation deck of any building in Lower Manhattan.  The deck was permanently closed to the public before 1975. Afterward, it was used as a private office for AIG's employees. In 2019, as part of the building's 2010s conversion into residential apartments, James Kent and Jeff Katz turned the top four stories into the fine-dining restaurant SAGA, and on the ground floor Crown Shy, a 120-seat eatery. Crown Shy is an à la carte eatery, where dishes are ordered individually.

Mechanical features

Elevators
There are 24 elevators in total, with six banks of four elevators each in the first-floor lobby. There were eight double-deck elevators, which served alternating floors; six "express" elevators, which ran nonstop from the lobby to serve the upper floors; eight "local" elevators, which served the lower floors; and two freight elevators, which served all floors. All of the elevators were able to serve approximately 10,000 people every hour. In an emergency, it was estimated that the elevators, along with the escalators serving the lower floors, would be able to clear the building in 35 minutes. The elevator doors in the main lobby are ornately designed, resembling those at the Fred F. French Building, 608 Fifth Avenue, and the Chrysler Building. Each elevator door is a double-leaf door made of aluminum, with diamond and trefoil patterns, which were cast in one piece. The elevator doors in the lobbies contain octagonal relief panels sculpted by Chambellan. These reliefs alternately show a woman with an oil lamp and a man with an electric turbine.

Because of 70 Pine Street's small lot size, and the setbacks that make the upper floors even smaller, it would have been unprofitable under normal building practices if it were taller than 48 stories. Engineers from Otis Elevator Company told Doherty that double-deck elevators could solve the problem. As such, the company manufactured eight double-deck elevators, marking the first installation of Otis double-deck elevators. The double-deck elevators operated as express elevators, serving the 29th through 60th floors; another separate, single-deck elevator served the top six floors. The lower deck of each elevator served odd-numbered floors, while the upper deck served even-numbered floors. The Cedar Street portion of the first-floor lobby contained elevator banks that only served the building's lower floors, while the Pine Street portion contained elevators that served higher floors. During off-peak hours, only the upper deck of each double-deck elevator was used.

The Real Estate Record and Guide stated that the double-deck elevators, long anticipated by developers, were "permitted by special provision in the new elevator code". Compared to 11 or 14 standard elevators, the double-deck elevators reportedly saved $200,000 in construction costs and made available an additional , at a time when office space could be rented at an average rate of  per year. Columnist Sam Love disagreed, saying that "the odds and the evens in the Cities Service Building will never see each other although they are the nearest neighbors", referring to the floor numbers. The double-deck elevators were removed in 1972 and replaced with single-story cabs. The double-deck elevators had reportedly been unpopular because the lower lobby entrance was not completed, and a proposed subway entrance was not opened. The Citigroup Center adopted the same idea in the 1970s, becoming possibly the first building in New York City after 70 Pine Street to have double-deck elevators.

Other features

At the 16th floor, a sky bridge connected 70 Pine Street with 60 Wall Street. There was another connection, a tunnel, between the two buildings. The connections enabled 70 Pine Street to initially claim a Wall Street address, which was perceived as more distinguished than a regular address in the Financial District. The bridge was destroyed in 1975 when the original 60 Wall Street building was demolished to make way for the current, larger building. At the time, it was one of a few sky bridges in the city. In 1979, a replacement bridge was built, connecting the sixth and seventh floors of 70 Pine Street to the seventh and eighth floors of 72 Wall Street.

When it opened, 70 Pine Street featured escalators between its first through sixth floors; the escalators operated in the peak direction, running upstairs in the morning and downstairs in the afternoon. The escalators reportedly enabled everyone on the basement through sixth floors to evacuate within 10 minutes. At the time of 70 Pine Street's completion, these stories housed Cities Service's clerical staff, and studies had shown that escalators occupied less space than elevators between these stories. This was one of the first uses of escalators in a major office building. Though the Empire State Building had also included escalators between its lobby and mezzanine, 70 Pine Street was modeled on the layout of a department store, the first office building in New York City to be designed in this manner. These escalators were hidden behind a false marble wall.

70 Pine Street also included a hot-water heating system, which replaced the standard boiler systems used in many contemporary skyscrapers. High-velocity pumps propelled water to radiators beneath the windows in each office. Each radiator contained movable louvers that could control the heat in each office. During the winter, a system of chilled water pipes cooled the lowest six stories. The building also had a "unit ventilating system", which occupied spaces over the radiators and inside the walls, providing ventilation without any dust or noise. Above each radiator were fans, which drew in air from either indoors or outdoors; filtered and warmed the air; and distributed the warm air throughout each office using ceiling ducts. This eliminated the need for fan rooms, which typically occupied large amounts of space, and also allowed tenants to close their windows during the summer, particularly before air conditioning became popular. Cities Service installed the unit-ventilating system on the lower part of the building above the fifth floor, and tenants on the upper stories could also install the system in their own office.

History
Henry Latham Doherty became successful by operating numerous companies in the manufactured-gas and electric utility sectors in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He formed the Cities Service Company as a "light, heat, and power" firm in 1910, and Doherty's business interests grew extensively in subsequent years. At the time, his main offices were located at 60 Wall Street (built 1905 and demolished 1975), which he had occupied since 1906, and was located just south of the present building site. This structure measured 15 stories high at its front, on Wall Street, and 27 stories high at its rear, on Pine Street.

Development

Planning
Doherty, who already owned several Lower Manhattan properties, purchased 60 Wall Street in December 1924 with the aim of expanding the structure. Thomas J. George of Clinton & Russell presented plans in March 1927 for a modern slab-like structure on Wall Street. That October, George modified the plans, which now called for a 60-story structure shaped like a turret. Doherty formed the Pine Street Realty Company in January 1929, having failed to develop "a great business centre" near Battery Park. The firm of Clinton & Russell were retained as architects and proposed two plans for the site: a simple slab rising from the ground and a Gothic Revival design rising 60 floors. The New York City Department of Buildings rejected the proposed structure on Wall Street.

The Pine Street Realty Company then started buying land across Pine Street. The site was in the core of the Financial District, near the Third Avenue elevated line, and was surrounded by shorter buildings. The company bought twelve buildings in January 1929, forming a plot with . Another five plots were acquired via lease in November 1929, and the Cities Service Company was in negotiations to acquire the Down Town Association building as well. At the time, the company planned to build between 25 and 50 stories. Two more lots were leased in July 1930. In total, the Pine Street Realty Company acquired 23 lots, which all contained low-rise three- to five-story masonry buildings, at a total cost of $2 million, relatively cheap for the time. The economist W. C. Clark investigated the planned Cities Service Building's design and, in October 1929, spoke about his findings at the Engineers' Club. He found that taller buildings on small lots could be profitable, provided that these included double-deck elevators due to the lot's small size. As a result, the proposed Cities Service Building was most economically viable as a 63-story building.

Clinton & Russell, under the leadership of Thomas George, designed the new building in the Art Deco style. This contrasted with the firm's earlier works, which were largely designed in the classical style; the original partners had died before 70 Pine Street was constructed. Doherty submitted the building's architectural plans to the Department of Buildings in May 1930. The structure was slated to have 63 stories, including double-decker elevators due to the lot's small size, and it would cost $7 million. It was one of several buildings that Doherty planned to erect in Lower Manhattan, though none of the other projects were realized because of a lack of funding following the Great Depression. After the building plans were submitted, the height was increased to 66 stories, and a spire was added, increasing the total height to  or . The Cities Service Building thus beat the  40 Wall Street to become the tallest building in Manhattan south of 34th Street. August H. Fromm oversaw the building's planning and construction.

Construction

Construction started in May 1930 and continued for 24 months. Demolition of existing buildings and site excavation began almost immediately after the building plans were submitted. The western portion of the site was the first to be cleared. Some  of soil were removed from the site, which was excavated to as deep as . The foundation took 245,000 worker-hours to complete; it is composed of 49 piers, which are arranged in four rows and descend  to the underlying bedrock. Work was complicated by the presence of a holdout tenant, Nik Coutroulas, a cafeteria operator who held a lease on one of the existing buildings and also operated a Lindy's franchise. Doherty's company could not reach a lease agreement with Coutroulas prior to the start of work. Coutrolas's building was demolished anyway and he sued Doherty for damages, eventually receiving a $5,000 compensation.

Construction was funded using a then-unconventional method of public offering. Henry L. Doherty & Co. sold $15.7 million of interest-free shares, described at the time as "financially unique among large New York office buildings". The company operated local branch offices in several cities, each of which had to raise a certain amount of money before October 1930. Each office had to meet a different quota: the Spokane, Washington, office had to raise $91,500, while the New York City office was required to raise $3 million. This avoided the need for the building's owners to take out a mortgage loan.

The project involved large amounts of materials, including 10 million bricks,  of cement, and  of steel. The steel structure was built at an average rate of three floors per week. The New York Times reported in April 1931 that the steel had been erected to the 27th floor. By mid-1931, steel frame construction had reached the 59th floor, while the facade had been built up to the 50th floor. At the time, 70 Pine Street's construction employed 600 workers, and the structure had no official name. To date, workers had been on the project for 119,000 hours without any major accidents. The spire was installed in October 1931. The sky bridge between 70 Pine Street and 60 Wall Street was completed in February 1932, at which point the building at 70 Pine Street became known as the 60 Wall Tower.

Cities Service ownership
By early 1932, the 60 Wall Tower was completed. The city's Department of Buildings gave the building a temporary occupancy certificate in March 1932, followed by a permanent certificate that August. The building was dedicated on May 13, 1932, Doherty's 62nd birthday. The event celebrated Doherty's reinstatement as executive of Cities Service after he had taken a six-year hiatus from the position due to health problems. It included a luncheon attended by 200 businessmen; the dedication of Doherty's bronze bust; the spire's floodlighting; and a radio announcement that Doherty made from the spire using then-new "moonbeam" technology. Cities Service also issued a pamphlet to advertise its new building.

Tenants had started moving into 70 Pine Street prior to its official dedication. Upon opening, the second through seventeenth floors were occupied by about 3,000 employees of Cities Service. The remaining floors were leased to a large range of tenants, including manufacturers, lawyers, accountants, and the Western Union Telegraph Company. At the time of the building's opening, its tenants included 31 law firms, 21 investment firms, eight insurance companies, and 18 companies in other industries. Most tenants on the upper floors were lawyers, who took advantage of the 29th-floor law library. The second and third floors were also occupied by the Emergency Unemployment Relief Committee. Additionally, more than 200 people worked for the building itself under the supervision of building manager Edgar J. Smith. These included an all-female staff of elevator operators, most of whom were redheads "recruited largely from the ranks of unemployed showgirls".

The building was reportedly two-thirds rented by 1933, but it did not reach 90 percent occupancy until 1941. Later tenants included the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which took space in 70 Pine Street in 1941. The radio station WGYN also established its studios and transmitter at 70 Pine Street when it was founded in December 1941, and WGYN continued to broadcast from there until May 1950. Cities Service refinanced the building with a $5.3 million, 20-year mortgage loan in March 1950.

One portion of 70 Pine Street was separately owned from the rest of the building and could be physically separated if necessary. This section, covering , was owned by the estate of aviator Cortlandt F. Bishop and leased to a wholly owned subsidiary of the Cities Service Company, Sixty Wall Tower Inc. In June 1950, the land under the building was placed for auction by the New York Trust Company on behalf of Bishop's estate. After World War II, Cities Service downsized its Manhattan staff and leased out several lower floors. Merrill was one such tenant, leasing ten floors in a 1957 transaction, and ultimately moving 3,400 of its 8,600 employees to 70 Pine Street by 1965. Though Cities Service became known as Citgo in 1965, the building retained the "Cities Service Building" name.

AIG ownership

Citgo announced in November 1973 that it would move its executive headquarters to Tulsa, Oklahoma, and sell off 70 Pine Street and several other buildings in Manhattan. The move would affect about 250 personnel at 70 Pine Street. Citgo subsequently moved to Tulsa in 1975. The following year, the building was purchased for $15 million by the American International Group (AIG), which wanted to double the amount of space available for its 500 New York City employees. 70 Pine Street was renamed the American International Building, and AIG workers moved into the structure over the next two years. AIG occupied the lowest 26 stories and leased out  to other companies, such as law firms, securities firms, and brokerages.

Under AIG's ownership, the lobby was renovated, as was the observation deck, which became a private office. The sky bridge to Wall Street was demolished in 1975 when the previous building at 60 Wall Street was razed. By the 1990s, the building's tenants also included the Starr Foundation, which had been established by AIG founder Cornelius Vander Starr and paid no rent for its offices. AIG bought the nearby 175 Water Street in 1995 but kept its headquarters at 70 Pine Street. AIG refurbished the building's elevators in the late 1990s. Restoration architect HLW International used blueprints from Otis, the original elevators' manufacturer, to redesign the single-deck elevator cabs in the style of the original double-deck cabs.

70 Pine Street continued as AIG's world headquarters until the financial crisis of 2007–08, when the company went bankrupt and received a bailout from the U.S. government. To repay the federal government, AIG decided to sell its buildings and other assets in March 2009. AIG announced in June 2009 that it had reached an agreement to sell the building and to relocate. The building was acquired by developer Youngwoo & Associates and the Kumho Investment Bank, which spent a combined $150 million on 70 Pine Street and 72 Wall Street. This amounted to , about 80 percent less than what AIG could have received for the building before the 2000s financial crisis, according to Crain's New York Business.

Residential and hotel conversion
Youngwoo initially planned to renovate 70 Pine Street's upper stories into condominiums, which would be sold for .  The lower floors were to be rented to office tenants for , a 25 to 30 percent decline from asking rates before the late-2000s recession. Because of an oversupply of office space in Lower Manhattan, few companies were willing to lease the  of vacant office space at 70 Pine Street. Furthermore, a decline in demand for luxury condominiums in Manhattan, spurred by the late-2000s recession, prompted Youngwoo to cancel its condo-conversion plan. Kumho Investment Bank then hired Sciame Development to take over the project in 2011. That June, Kumho agreed to sell the building to MetroLoft Management. This prompted Sciame to sue Kumho for breach of contract.

MetroLoft finalized its acquisition in January 2012, with plans to turn 70 Pine Street into an apartment building or a combined hotel/apartment complex with about 1,000 total units. MetroLoft sold 70 Pine Street to Rose Associates later that year. Rose and DTH Capital transformed 70 Pine Street into a mixed-use building featuring luxury rental apartments and a variety of retail and restaurants starting in 2015. Leasing of the residential units started in December 2015. The renovation was completed the next year, with leasing beginning in February 2016. DTH and Rose obtained $375 million in financing from a syndicate led by Brookfield Properties in May 2017. This was replaced in 2019 with a $386 million mortgage loan from Goldman Sachs.

Unlike the top floors of other converted residential buildings, which were generally turned into penthouse apartments, Rose decided to add amenities to the top floors of 70 Pine Street. Space in 70 Pine Street's lobby and upper floors was originally set to contain restaurants by April Bloomfield and Ken Friedman, who withdrew from the project in July 2016. Ultimately, the upper-floor restaurant spaces hosted James Kent and Jeff Katz's restaurant Crown Shy, which opened in 2019. Mint House opened a 132-unit hotel for business travelers inside the building in November 2020. The Overstory bar opened on the 64th floor in August 2021, and the Saga restaurant opened atop the building later that year.

Critical reception and landmark designations
The completed building attracted attention from figures such as the photographer Weegee, who in 1946 took many photographs of the building's tenants and services. According to author Daniel Abramson, Weegee "was fascinated by this city within a city, its swift transportation, its towering height and subterranean depth, its busy thousands of tenants and visitors, and the unobtrusive, night-and-day efficiency of its service staff". The skyscraper was featured in pictures of Lower Manhattan, such as A New York Canyon, a 1932 image by W. K. Oltar-Jevsky. Other photographs, depicting seaplanes and blimps flying over 70 Pine Street, reinforced the building's association with the Jazz Age.

In 1981, architectural critic Paul Goldberger described 70 Pine Street, 1 Wall Street, and several buildings on nearby John Street as "an echo of the jazz age life". Goldberger wrote of the building's spire in 1983: "The lighting is simple and elegant. A lovely translucent glass crown forms the top of the Art Deco setback spire, and at night it glows softly in the midst of the somber financial district." Another Times critic wrote in 2005 that the lobby was "a paradigm of Art Deco style: sunburst ceilings, filigreed radiator grilles, marble floors in black and earth tones, and elevator doors emblazoned with zigzags and Aztec-like figures." The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) considered designating 70 Pine Street's exterior and its first-floor interior as city landmarks in March 2011, and the building was designated as such on June 21, 2011. When 70 Pine Street became a New York City landmark, The New York Times wrote: "With its tiered glass lantern and stainless steel spire, it is an icon of the Lower Manhattan skyline."

Incidents
In 1976, two thousand tenants were evacuated after a fire broke out on the eighth floor, causing several minor injuries. In November 2016, Justin Casquejo, a thrill-seeking teenage free solo climber and stunt performer, hung from 70 Pine Street. He was charged with misdemeanor base jumping and trespassing for climbing on the tower.

See also

 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
 List of tallest buildings in New York City
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

 70 Pine Street on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
 Gallery of photographs
 American International Building at Emporis.com

1930s architecture in the United States
Art Deco architecture in Manhattan
Art Deco skyscrapers
Financial District, Manhattan
Insurance company headquarters in the United States
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City interior landmarks
Office buildings completed in 1932
Residential skyscrapers in Manhattan
Citgo

70 Pine Street


L'incendie du Théâtre Iroquois est survenu le 30 décembre 1903 au théâtre Iroquois de Chicago, dans l'Illinois, aux États-Unis. Il s'agit de l'incendie de théâtre et de l'incendie d'un seul bâtiment le plus meurtrier de l'histoire des États-Unis, faisant au moins 602 morts et 250 blessés.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
Histoire de Chicago

Théâtre Iroquois
Décembre 1903
1903 aux États-Unis
Incendie en 1903
Incendie de théâtre

Incendie du Théâtre Iroquois


Ibrahim Hassan Kheite (Haifa, Mandato Británico de Palestina, 1930 – Beirut, El Líbano, 1984), más conocido por su nombre artístico Ibrahim Ghannam, fue un artista palestino considerado como uno de los fundadores del movimiento de arte plástico palestino. Sus pinturas se focalizan en describir la vida diaria del pueblo Palestino antes del Nakba, pintando escenas con un estilo naif y colores brillantes.

A corta edad contrajo Gota, por lo que utilizó silla de ruedas casi gran parte de su vida. Su reputación como ilustrador profesional emergió desde el campo "tal el za3tar" cercano a la capital libanesa de Beirut.

Fue uno de los miembros fundadores de la fundación Unión General de artistas de Palestina y de la fundación Federación General de artistas árabes. Durante la invasión al Líbano de 1982, la armada israelí tomó alguna de sus pinturas desde diversas exhibiciones de Beirut, mientras que otras se perdieron durante la invasión iraquí en Kuwait.

Fue el protagonista del documental de Adnan Mdanat titulado Palestinian Visions (1977).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pintores de Palestina

Ibrahim Ghannam


Organisationen fsb (indtil 2003 Foreningen Socialt Boligbyggeri, indtil 2010 FSBbolig) er en almen boligorganisation, stiftet 1933. Fsb har i dag ca. 13.000 lejligheder i Københavns Kommune og administrerer desuden knap 1.000 kollegieboliger og 800 boliger for Gladsaxe Kommune. Derudover administrerer fsb også ungdomsboliger, kollegier og plejehjem. Flere steder administrerer fsb tillige ejerforeninger, samt gård- og it-laug.

Fsb blev grundlagt af advokat Rasmus Nielsen i 1933 og var med til at afhjælpe boligmanglen i 1930'erne ved at bygge 3580 lejligheder i København og 300 i provinsen inden for de første otte år. Fsb har stadig til huse på Rådhuspladsen 59, hvor Rasmus Nielsens kontor lå.

I de oprindelige vedtægter stod der, at "Foreningens byggeri er socialt: samfundsmæssige synspunkter skal være raadende ved byggeforetagendernes tekniske og økonomiske tilrettelægning. Lejen holdes lav. Husenes placering og lejlighedstyper tilpasses den sociale udvikling eller søger at forbedre denne."

En række kendte danske arkitekter har været tilknyttet fsb: Ivar Bentsen, Ole Buhl, Ragna Grubb, Edvard Heiberg, Kaare Klint, Harald Petersen, Sven Risom & Christian Tyge Tillisch og Magnus Stephensen. I dag fremstår de fleste af fsb's ejendomme dog kraftigt ombyggede og med andre materialer end de oprindelige.

De boligafdelinger, som fsb ejer eller administrerer, varierer meget i størrelse. Fsb har hele eller dele af Blågården, Bispeparken, Tingbjerg og Bellahøj, som alle nærmest er byområder, og fx Brøstes Grund på Christianshavn, hvor der er seks boliger.

Noter

Litteratur
 Ole Buhl (red.), Foreningen Socialt Boligbyggeri 1933-1941, København 1941/1983.
 Kenn Schoop, At bygge boliger – FSB's historie 1933-1994, København 1994.

Eksterne henvisninger
 fsb's hjemmeside

Almene boligorganisationer
Organisationer fra Danmark
Etableret i 1933
Foreninger i København

Fsb (boligorganisation)


Juno veya Iuno (Latince: IVNO), Roma mitolojisinde baş tanrı Jüpiter'in kız kardeşi ve eşi, aile ve doğum başta olmak üzere birçok alanda tezahürü ve ilgisi bulunan, eski ve güçlü bir tanrıçaydı. Yunan mitolojisindeki Hera'nın Roma mitolojisindeki dengi olarak da tanımlanabilir; aynı Hera gibi onun da kutsal ve sembolik hayvanı tavus kuşudur ve yine Hera gibi başında taç ile tasvir edilirdi. Etrüsk mitolojisindeki tanrıça Uni'nin ismini Latince bu tanrıçanın ismi olan Iunodan alır. Tanrıların kralı Jüpiter'in karısı ve tanrıların kraliçesidir. Aynı Jüpiter gibi şimşek gönderebilir. En önemli Roma tanrılarından Mars'ın da annesidir. Roma tarihi boyunca çeşitli dönemlerdeki olaylar Juno'ya atfeledilir veya çeşitli olaylarda yer aldığı iddia edilirdi.

Juno yaratıcı gücü ve hayatı, gençliği sembolize eder, doğum ile ilişkilidir. Ayrıca Jüpiter ve Minerva ile birlikte Capitol Üçlemesini oluştururdu. Juno'nun ayların başına rastlayan, tanrıçanın farklı yönlerine, tezahürlerine adanmış birçok kült günü mevcuttur; 1 Şubatta Juno Sospita, 1 Martta Juno Lucina ["(o ki) ışığa/aydınlığa getiren (kadın)"] -ki bu kutlamaya veya bayrama Matronalia denirdi-, 1 Haziranda Juno Moneta ["(o ki) uyaran (kadın)"], 1 Ekimde Juno Sororia olarak kutlanır. Diğer mitik figürlerle ilişkilendirilmiş bazı kült günleri ise ayların birinci gününe rastlamazdı. Juno'nun en rağbet gören ve yaygın olan tezahürü Juno Regina yani "Kraliçe Juno" idi. Juno Moneta tezahürü ile Roma İmparatorluğunun ekonomisini korurken, Juno Lucina olarak, doğum ve aile ile ilgili yönlerini vurgular, "çocukları ışığa (veya aydınlığa) getirir"di. Ayrıca Pomona yani meyve tanrıçası olarak da literatürde yer almıştır.

Kaynakça ve notlar
 Robert Schilling (1987). "Juno" maddesi; 7. cilt; Encyclopedia of Religion. Thomson Gale. Second Edition.
 "Juno." Encyclopedia Mythica from Encyclopedia Mythica Online. <https://web.archive.org/web/20070818230829/http://www.pantheon.org/articles/j/juno.html> [URL erişim tarihi: 7 Eylül 2007].

Roma tanrıçaları
Roma mitolojisi

Juno (mitoloji)


Samostan Egipat u Sarajevu je samostan družbe sestara Služavki Maloga Isusa. Nalazi se u Sarajevu na Bjelavama.

Povijest
Zgrada je dječji dom biskupa Josipa Stadlera, koji je osnovao ovu ustanovu za zaštitu djece izložene nevolji 1890. godine na blagdan svetoga Rafaela Arkanđela. Sestre Služavke Maloga Isusa roditeljskom brigom i majčinskom ljubavlju brinu o djeci da bi jednoga dana postale zrele i odgovorne osobe sposobne za samostalan život i rad.
Po namjeni je kuća za djecu bez roditeljske skrbi. Stadler je bio izričit zašto ne zvati kuću sirotištem. Razlog je što među kršćanima nema djece siročadi. Premda djeca mogu ostati bez roditelja, ona za kršćane ne smiju ostati bez prijatelja, dobročinitelja te stoga voljeno dijete nikada nije siroče. Budući da niti jedno dijete ne voli biti siročić, razumno je da ih nije dobro tako nazivati. Tako je usanova dječje utočište. Sukladno izboru definicije ustanove Stadler je izabrao i prikladno ime. Sjećajući se Isusovog bijega i utočišta u Egiptu, predložio je sestrama da ustanovu nazovu Egipat: ta su djeca izložena opasnosti stradanja, gubljenja i lutanja, i za svako treba postojati jedan "Egipat" u kojem imati utočište i obiteljsko ozračje za rast u svim dimenzijama ljudskog bića kao Božje slike.
Družba je isprve djelovala u staroj trošnoj kući u ulici Mjedenici u Sarajevu. Ukazala se potreba za većom zgradom za mjesta siromasima i sestrama. Zemljište na Bjelavama uzeo je na dug, a radi izgradnje ubožnice, u koju su uselile sestre i 52 djevojčice 24. listopada 1898. godine. Kuća je postala i sjedištem vrhovne uprave novonastale Družbe, što je bila sve do 1949. godine. Tik do Betlehema kupio je nadbiskup drugu zgradu kojoj je dao ime "Egipat". Smjestio je u nju starice i malu djecu. Radi ispomoći siromasima i uzdržavanju samih sirotišta, nadbiskup Stadler kupio je tri ekonomije. Na tim trima imanjima u Vitezu, Čardaku (Posvina) i Mladicama (nedaleko od Sarajeva) sestre su obavljale teške poslove. Dječje utočište bombardirano je u prvome svjetskom ratu. 1926. godine zajednica sestra odlučila je graditi novi Egipat. Obnovljeni Egipat bio je gotov i blagoslovljen 1929. i u njemu više od 10 tisuća djece našlo utočište. U Drugome svjetskom ratu pretrpio je bombardiranja. Zločinački jugokomunistički režim 1949. je godine oduzeo djecu ustanovi, sestre protjerao iz Doma. Nacionalizirani su svi samostani sestara, ubožnice i ekonomije, a sestre protjerane iz Bosne. Sestrama je za vrijeme komunističke vlasti zabranjeno djelovanje. Za vrijeme komunističke tiranije zgrada je bila prepuštena nebrizi režima.
Osamostaljenje BiH dočekala je zapuštena. Pretrpila je svekolika razaranja i u Domovinskom ratu. Kuća je napokon vraćena Družbi 1996. i 1996. se Družba sestara Služavki Maloga Isusa vratila u uništeno dječje utočište. 24. listopada 1998. godine na svetkovinu svetog Rafaela arkanđela, na rođendan Družbe, samostan "Egipat" na adresi Bjelave 54. u Sarajevu, postao je službeno sjedište Sarajevske provincije Bezgrješnog Začeća BDM Sestara Služavki Maloga Isusa, za vrijeme mandata vrhovne glavarice s. M. Mirjam Dedić i provincijalne s. Vitomire Bagić. Svečano je blagoslovljen i ponovno otvoren 12. lipnja 1999. godine. Nakon proslave sv. mise prišlo se obnovi objekta. Od 1999. godine ponovo je primio pod svoje okrilje i štiti djecu u potrebi.

Namjena
Nadbiskup Stadler odredio je zadaće i ciljeve: skrb za djecu koja su iz bilo kojih razloga izložena opasnosti nastradati, zalutati ili zastraniti. Skrb mora rezultirati da ta djeca spoznaju da su voljena, željena, vrijedna i korisna. Sestre Služavke Maloga Isusa prate suvremeni kršćanski svjetonazor odgojnih znanosti i karizmatskom se snagom zalažu za prirodno ozračje obiteljskog života, koje pridonosi liječenju rana, rastu i sazrijevanju ljudskog bića u tjelesnoj, psihičkoj i duševnoj razini. Zalažu se za kršćanski svjetonazor života.

Sestre se skrbe za tu djecu na tri razine. Skrbe za njih do punoljetnosti. Žive u četiri obiteljske skupine sa sestrom odgojiteljicom. Cilja se stvoriti pozitivno povoljno ozračje za razvoj i rast djeteta, te primjenjivanje svih duhovnih, psihičkih i fizičkih vrijednosti u životu djeteta. Da bi se djeca mogla družiti s ostalim vršnjacima, u domu je osnovana Dnevna igraonica u koju mogu dolaziti i djeca iz grada. Mala djeca se druže i sa svojim vršnjacima na odjeljenju vrtića Srce, koje je u sklopu Egipta, a koje je otvoreno i za djecu što dolaze iz obitelji, čime se djeca uče socijalizaciji.

Često dođu djeca iz obitelji s različitim poratnim teškoćama poput neriješenog stambenog pitanja, niskih ili bez primanja, bolest roditelja. Cjelodnevni boravak omogućuje toj djeci učenje različite životne stvarnosti kroz igru, hrane se i odmaraju, a navečer se opet vraćaju u svoje obitelji. Povremeno pomažu obiteljima na duhovnoj ili tvarnoj razini. Očevi i majke bez obzira na vjeru i nacionalnost dolaze u kuću Egipat obraćajući se za pomoć. Sestre im uvijek nastoje pomoći, a česti su razlozi dolaska: nedostatak hrane, nemogućnost nabave knjiga za školu, nemogućnost nabave lijekova, te nesporazumi u obitelji. Sestrama često pomažu ljudi koji su spremni podijeliti dobra onima koji nemaju.

Zahvaljujući ljudskoj dobroti, sestre djeci omogućuju topli dom, obiteljski suživot sa sebi sličnima, igru, školovanje, druženje, izlete, zdravstvenu zaštitu, iskustvo radosti rasta i korisnih spoznaja što obogaćuju život.

Izvori

Družba sestara Služavki Malog Isusa
Katolički samostani u Sarajevu
Crkveno školstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini

Samostan Egipat u Sarajevu


MOH or Moh may refer to:

Acronyms
 Medal of Honor, the United States' highest and most prestigious personal military decoration
 Medal of Honor (video game series), created by Steven Spielberg
 Medal of Honor (1999 video game)
 Medical Officer of Health, a title commonly used for the senior government official of a health department or agency
 Medication overuse headache, pain occurring when analgesics are taken frequently to relieve headaches
 Metal hydroxide
 Ministry of Health (disambiguation)
 Montgomery High School (San Diego), a public high school
 Music on hold, the business practice of playing recorded music to fill the silence for telephone callers placed on hold

Moh
 Moh, material attachment in Sikhism, one of the five evils
 Mohu (), a village in the Romanian commune of Șelimbăr
 Clarisse Moh (born 1986), French middle-distance runner
 Tzuong-Tsieng Moh, one of the formulators of the Abhyankar–Moh theorem

See also
 MHO (disambiguation)
 Mo (disambiguation)
 Moe (disambiguation)
 Mow (disambiguation)
 Moha (disambiguation)

MOH