O Vicariato Apostólico de Iquitos (), originalmente Prefeitura Apostólica de San León del Amazonas, é um vicariato apostólico de jurisdição missionária pré-diocesana da Igreja Católica Romana no norte amazônico do Peru.

Está imediatamente subordinado à Santa Sé e não faz parte de nenhuma província eclesiástica. Sua catedral, dedicada a São João Batista, fica na sede episcopal de Iquitos.

História

 Constituído, em 5 de fevereiro de 1900, como Prefeitura Apostólica de San León del Amazonas em território separado da diocese amazônica peruana de Chachapoyas. Em junho de 1904, Bernardo Calle, o irmão leigo Miguel Vilajoli e mais de 70 cristãos foram assassinados numa estação missionária recém-ereta, Huabico, no Alto Maranhão, e a própria estação foi destruída.
 Promovida, em 22 de fevereiro de 1921, como Vicariato Apostólico (então com direito a bispo titular) de San León del Amazonas.
 Perdeu território duas vezes: em 27 de fevereiro de 1921, para estabelecer a Prefeitura Apostólica de San Gabriel de la Dolorosa del Marañón, e em 13 de julho de 1945 novamente, para estabelecer a Prefeitura Apostólica de San José de Amazonas.
 Renomeado, em 1 de agosto de 1945, como Vicariato Apostólico de Iquitos (depois de sua sede)
 Recebeu uma visita pastoral do Papa João Paulo II em fevereiro de 1985.

Bispos

Ordinários

 Membros missionários dos Agostinianos (OSA)

 Prefeitos Apostólicos de San León del Amazonas

 Pe. Paulino Díaz (bispo) (1902–1911)
 Pe. Pedro Prat, OSA (1911–1913)
 Pe. Rufino Santos (1914-1916)
 Pe. Sotero Redondo Herrero, OSA (novembro de 1915 - 22 de fevereiro de 1921, ver abaixo)

 Vigários Apostólicos de San León del Amazonas

 Sotero Redondo Herrero, OSA, bispo titular de Arycanda ( ver acima 22 de fevereiro de 1921 - 24 de fevereiro de 1935)
 Pró-Vigário Apostólico Rosino Ramos (1935–1938)
 Administrador Apostólico Claudio Bravo Moran (1938–1941)

 Vigários Apostólicos de Iquitos

 José García Pulgar, OSA (21 de agosto de 1941 – 31 de janeiro de 1954); bispo titular de Phæna (1938.01.08 – 1941.08.21, mas não empossado), então bispo titular de Botrys (1941.08.21 – 1954.01.31)
 Angel Rodríguez Gamoneda, OSA, bispo titular de Gazera (8 de maio de 1955 - 12 de junho de 1967)
 Gabino Peral de la Torre, OSA, bispo titular de Castellum Ripæ (12 de junho de 1967 – 5 de janeiro de 1991); anteriormente vigário apostólico coadjutor aqui 1965.10.14 – 1967.06.12)
 Julián García Centeno, OSA, bispo titular de Girus (5 de janeiro de 1991 – 2 de fevereiro de 2011); anteriormente bispo auxiliar (1989.06.19 – 1991.01.05)
 Miguel Olaortúa Laspra, OSA (2 de fevereiro de 2011 – 1 de novembro de 2019)
 Miguel Ángel Cadenas Cardo, OSA (15 de maio de 2021 – presente)

Vigário apostólico coadjutor

 Gabino Peral de la Torre, OSA (1965-1967)

Bispo auxiliar

 Julián García Centeno, OSA (1989-1991), aqui nomeado vigário apostólico

Ligações externas

 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

Vicariatos Apostólicos
Iquitos

Vicariato Apostólico de Iquitos


Voh es una comuna de la Provincia Norte de Nueva Caledonia, un territorio de ultramar de Francia en el océano Pacífico.

La comuna se ha convertido famosa por la fotografía aérea a causa del fenómeno conocido como "El Corazón de Voh", una formación de gran cantidad de vegetación que se asemeja a un corazón visto desde arriba. El fotógrafo Yann Arthus-Bertrand contribuyó a su popularidad mediante el uso de la fotografía del "corazón" como la portada de sus libros La Tierra desde el aire y La Tierra vista desde el cielo.

Referencias

Véase también
 Anexo:Comunas de Nueva Caledonia

Enlaces externos

 yannarthusbertrand.com - Página principal con la fotografía de Arthus-Bertrand, conocida como El Corazón de Voh.

Comunas de Nueva Caledonia

Voh


Pošto je 536.godine pravoslavna Crkva Aleksandrije povukla svoje priznanje Teodozija I. i izabrala Pavla za patrijarha, a u isto vrijeme je Koptska pravoslavna Crkva u Aleksandriji nastavila priznavati Teodozija I., došlo je do raskola nakon kojega su se trajno razdvojili i uspostavili odvojene crkve (patrijaršije), te su od tada održavali novouspostavljene rodove svojih Crkava. Miafiziti su postali Koptska pravoslavna Crkva (dio Orijentalne pravoslavne Crkve), a Kalcedonci su postali Grčka pravoslavna Crkva Aleksandrije (dio šire pravoslavne Crkve).
Slijedi popis svih koptskih pravoslavnih papa Aleksandrije koji su vodili koptsku pravoslavnu crkvu u Aleksandriji, a nasljednici su apostolskog trona sv. Marka Evanđeliste u službi biskupa aleksandrijskog koji je osnovao Crkvu u 1. stoljeću i stoga označio početak kršćanstva u Africi.
Koptska pravoslavna crkva u Aleksandriji jedna je od orijentalnih pravoslavnih crkava (ne smije se miješati s bizantskom skupinom pravoslavnih crkava), a predsjeda joj papa, patrijarh Aleksandrije, koji obnaša dužnost duhovnog vođe. Liturgijski jezik Koptske crkve je koptski jezik, a liturgija je aleksandrijskog obreda. Na tronu koptkog pape je od 2012. godine papa Teodor II.,  papa Aleksandrije i patrijarh cijele Afrike na Svetoj Stolici sv. Marka.
Orijentalni pravoslavni vjeruju da su oni "Jedna, sveta, katolička i apostolska" crkva drevnih kršćanskih vjera.

Popis koptskih papa i patrijarha nakon 536. godine

VI. Stoljeće

VII. stoljeće

VIII. stoljeće

IX. stoljeće

X. stoljeće

XI. stoljeće

XII. stoljeće

XIII. stoljeće

XIV. stoljeće

XV. stoljeće

XVI. stoljeće

XVII. stoljeće

XVIII. stoljeće

XIX. stoljeće

XX. stoljeće

XXI. stoljeće

Vidi i
Popis aleksandrijskih papa prije 536. godine.

Izvori

Životopisi, Bizant

Popis koptskih papa Aleksandrije


Pinochle, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde 19. yüzyılın ortalarında geliştirilmiş bir iskambil oyunudur. Fransız oyunu Bezik'ten türemiştir. Oyunda iki takım vardır. Ortaklar birbirleriyle karşılıklı olarak otururlar. Kağıt destesi özeldir ve toplam 80 karttan oluşur. Destede sinek, karo, maça ve kupanın asları, papazları, damları, valeleri ve onlarından dörder adet bulunur. Kartlar karıştırılır ve dağıtılır. Her bir oyuncunun elinde 20 kart bulunur.

Oyunun amacı takımlardan birinin 500 puana ulaşmasıdır. Eğer her iki takımda aynı anda 500 puana ulaşırsa o elde ihaleyi alan takım oyunu kazanır.

Oyun
Türkiye'de Hoşgin adıyla oynanan bu oyun, yörelere göre farklılık gösterse de genel olarak üç oyuncu arasında oynanır.
Kağıt destesi özeldir ve toplam 80 karttan oluşur. Destede sinek, karo, maça ve kupa serilerinin as, papaz, kız, vale ve onlularından dörder adet bulunur.

Kartların dağıtılması

İlk elde tabelacının (skorları kaydetmekle görevli oyuncu) sağındaki oyuncu kartları dağıtır. Kartlar beşer beşer dağıtılır, ilk tur sonunda 5 kart "gömü"ye ayrılır. Her oyuncunun elinde 25 kart bulunur. Kartları dağıtanın sağındaki oyuncu "mecburcu" olur.

İhale

Mecburcu, ihaleyi 550 ile başlatır veya pas geçer. Mecburcu pas geçerse sağındaki oyuncu ihaleye 650 ile başlamak zorunda kalır. Bu oyuncu da pas geçerse kartları dağıtan oyuncu ihaleyi 750 ile alır veya pas geçer. Herkes pas geçerse mecburcu ihaleyi 550'ye almış olur. Bu durumda mecburcunun elinde herhangi bir seriden K-Q yoksa kartlar yeniden dağıtılır.

En yüksek teklifi söyleyerek ihaleyi alan oyuncu aynı seriden papaz ve kızı yere açarak kozu ilan eder. Gömü (yerdeki kapalı beş kart) ihaleyi alan oyuncu tarafından açılır. Nun elinde karo, maça, kupa veya sineğin herhangi birinden bir evlilik bulunmuyorsa ihaleyi alan oyuncu batar. İhale bedeli puanlarından düşülür. Diğer oyuncular

Konuşma ve Kozun Belirlenmesi

Dağıtanın sağından itibaren her oyuncu konuşur veya pas geçer. Her konuşma belli puanları içeren sayılardan oluşur. Açılış konuşması en az 550 diyerek yapılır. İhale 750'ye kadar onar onar arttırılır. 750'den sonra ihaleyi ellişer ellişer artırmak zorunludur. 600 diyerek ihaleyi alan oyuncu o el en az 600 puan toplamak zorundadır.

Pas geçen oyuncu artık bir kere daha ihaleye katılamaz. Eğer ilk üç oyuncu pas geçerse dağıtan kozu belirlemek zorundadır. Bu durumda dağıtanın elinde herhangi bir seriden K-Q yoksa kartlar yeniden dağıtılır.

En yüksek rakamı söyleyen kozu belirler. Belirlenen kozun içinde (örneğin kupa) mutlaka o serideki papaz ve kız bulunmak zorundadır. Bu duruma evlilik denir. Eğer ihaleyi alan (veya ihalenin üzerine kaldığı) kişinin elinde karo, maça, kupa veya sineğin herhangi birinden bir evlilik bulunmuyorsa ihaleyi alan oyuncu batar.

Eldeki Puanlar

Hoşkin'de belirli kartların bir araya gelmesi ile kazanılan puanlar aşağıdaki gibidir:

(Kısaltmalar: A: as, K: papaz, Q: dam, J: vale, 10: 10, p: puan)

 Floş (Kozun A-10-K-Q-J'si) Tek: 150 p, Çift: 300 p, Üçlü: 450 p, Dörtlü: 600 p
 Koz Evlisi (Kozun K-Q'i) Tek:40 p, Çift: 80 p, Üçlü: 120 p, Dörtlü: 160 p
 Evli (Koz olmayan serilerin K-Q'i) Tek:20 p, Çift: 40 p, Üçlü: 60 p, Dörtlü:80 p
 Pinik (karo J ve maça Q) Tek: 40 p, Çift: 300 p, Üçlü: 600 p, Dörtlü: 3600 p
 Aslar (her seriden) Tek:100 p, Çift: 1000 p, Üçlü: 2000 p, Dörtlü: 3000 p
 Papazlar (her seriden) Tek: 80 p, Çift: 800 p, Üçlü: 1600 p, Dörtlü: 2400 p
 Damlar (her seriden) Tek: 60 p, Çift: 600 p, Üçlü: 1200 p, Dörtlü: 1800 p
 Valeler (her seriden) Tek:40 p, Çift: 400 p, Üçlü: 800 p, Dörtlü: 1200 p
 Takım (her seriden K-Q) Tek: 240 p, Çift 2400 p

Oyunun Oynanması

Kartlar kendi içlerinde A-10-K-Q-J şeklinde sıralanır. İhaleyi alan oyuncu elindeki kartlardan istediğini oynar. Sonraki oyuncunun elinde aynı seriden daha büyük kart varsa bunu oynamak zorundadır. Bir seriden kağıdı biten oyuncu bu seriden oynadığında koz atmak mecburiyetindedir. En yüksek kağıdı atan oyuncu ortadaki kâğıtları alır ve ortaya yeni bir kâğıt atar.

Puanlama

Eldeki tüm kartlar oynandıktan sonra, son eli alan oyuncu ihaleyi alanın ıskartaya ayırdığı 5 kartla birlikte son el için 20 puanı da hanesine yazar. Diğer iki oyuncu Aslar (A)=11, Onlular (10)=10, Papazlar (K)=4, Kızlar (Q)=3, Valeler (J)=2 puan olmak üzere kendi puanlarını sayar, 500 puandan geri kalanı son eli alan oyuncuya yazılır. Bu puanlara oyunun başında ellerinde olan puanlar eklenir. Eğer ihaleyi alan oyuncu örneğin 700 diyerek ihaleyi almışsa ve 690 puanda kalmışsa skorundan 700 puan düşülür.

İskambil oyunları

Pinochle


El distrito de Lienz es un distrito político del estado de Tirol (Austria). La capital del distrito es la ciudad de Lienz.

Localidades con población (año 2018)

Es el único distrito en el llamado Tirol Oriental. El distrito limita al norte con la región de Pinzgau, al este con los distritos de Spittal an der Drau y de Hermagor, al sur con el Veneto (Italia) y al oeste con el Tirol del Sur (Italia).

En 1919, las provincias autónomas de Trento y Tirol del Sur fueron separadas del actual estado austriaco de Tirol en el Tratado de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (estas tres zonas conformaban el antiguo condado austro-húngaro del Tirol). Desde entonces, el Tirol Oriental está separado del Tirol del Norte por unos 5 km de frontera entre el estado federal del Salzburgo y el Tirol del Sur.

El Tirol Oriental fue la única zona del Tirol moderno que no fue ocupada por Francia tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, sino que estuvo bajo ocupación inglesa.

Desde el punto de vista geográfico, el distrito comprende partes del valle de Pustertal, los valles de Iseltal, Defereggen, Virgental, Kalser Tal, y el valle tirolés de Gailtal. Entre las cadenas montañosas del distrito se encuentran parte de las Hohe Tauern con el Grupo Venediger y el  Grupo Glockner, los Alpes Defereggen, los  Dolomitas de Lienz, y los Alpes Karnisch.

Enlaces externos

Lienz

Distrito de Lienz


Emine Nazikeda Başkadınefendi (9 Ekim 1866; Tszabal, Abhazya - 4 Nisan 1941; Maadi, Kahire), Sultan Vahdettin'in eşi ve Baş Kadınefendi.

Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki son Baş Kadınefendi'dir. Padişah kızları Prenses Sabiha Sultan ve Prenses Fatma Ulviye Sultan'ın annesidir.

Yaşamı
Abhazya'nın Tzebelda kasabasında doğdu. Abhaz Prensi Hasan Bey Marşania ile Prenses Fatma Horecan Aredba'nın kızıdır. Ailesi Osmanlı Devleti'ne, 93 Harbi'nde Abhazya'dan göç ederek yerleşti. Marşania Abdülkadir Bey'in kızkardeşidir.

Ailesi tarafından 1876 yılında kız kardeşleri Daryal ve HATİCE

ile kuzenleri Amine, Rumeysa, Pakize, Fatma ve Kamile Hanımlar ve sütnineleri ile birlikte küçük yaşta iken Cemile Sultan'nın nedimelerinden olan halaları Suzidil Hanım'ın yanına gönderildi. Sarayda Emine Nazikeda adını alan genç kız, Cemile Sultan'nın veremli kızı Fatma Hanım Sultan'nın yoldaşı oldu. Fatma Sultan 1890 yılında öldü.

Emine Nazikeda Hanım'ı görüp âşık olan Sultan Vahdettin onu kardeşi Cemile Sultan dan istedi. Cemile Sultan üzerine eş almamak üzere yemin ettirdikten sonra nikâha izin verdi. Vahdettin 24, Emine Nazikeda Hanım 19 yaşında iken 8 Haziran 1885'te Ortaköy Sarayı'nda evlendiler.

Üç yıl sonra 1888'de dünyaya gelen kızları Fenire Sultan birkaç hafta sonra öldü. 12 Eylül 1892'de Fatma Ulviye Sultan, 19 Nisan 1894'te ise üçüncü kızları Rukiye Sabiha Sultan doğdu. Bu doğumdan sonra doktorların başka çocuğu olamayacağını söylemesi üzerine Vahdeddin oğlan çocuk sahibi olması için eşinden evlenme izni aldı. Vahdetin, analığı ve I. Abdülmecid'in eşi olan Şayeste Hanım'ın nedimesi 16 yaşındaki Seniye İnşirah ile 8 Temmuz 1905 tarihinde Çengelköy Sarayı'nda evlendi.

Eşinin 1918 yılında Padişah olması üzerine Osmanlı Devletinin son baş kadınefendisi oldu. Beş nedimesi vardı. Baş nedime dayısı Prens Halil Aredba'nın ortanca kızı Rumeysa Aredba (1875-1927), ikinci nedime ağabeyi Abdülkadir Bey'in kızı Şahinde Hanım (esas adı Kezban), üçüncü nedime Bayla Hanım, dördüncü nedime Şaheser Hanım, beşinci nedime ise Leyla Açba idi. Ablası Prenses Asubican Hanım (1891-1955) da saraydan ayrılana kadar Emine Nazikeda Kadın Efendinin nedimeliğini yaptı.

Vahdettin yurdu terk edince, eşleri ve haremindeki bütün kadınlar Ortaköy'deki Feriye Sarayı'na nakledilmişlerdi. Emine Nazikeda baş kadınefendi ise önce kızının yanına yerleşti; sonra Feriye Sarayı'na gidip oradaki kadınların durumu düzelene kadar onların şartlarının düzeltilmesini sağladı.

3 Mart 1924 senesinde 431 sayılı kanunla Osmanoğlu hanedan üyeleri yurt dışına sürgün edilince yanında Vahdeddin'in ikinci kadını Müveddet, baş nedimesi prenses Rumeysa Hanım, harem ağaları ve iki kamyon eşya ile Vahdeddin'in kaldığı San Remo'daki villaya yerleştiler.

Vahdettin'in ölümünden sonra Monte Carlo'da kızı Fatma Ulviye Sultan ile ev tuttu. 1929 yılında Fransa'nın Menton şehrinde bir müddet kaldı ve daha sonra Kahire'ye yerleşti. 4 Nisan 1941'de Kahire'de öldü ve bu şehirdeki Abbasiye mezarlığı'na gömüldü.

Kaynakça

 Afife Rezzemaza: Saray'dan Sürgüne, İstanbul 2013
 Çağatay Uluçay: Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları, Ankara 1992
 Prenses Leylâ Gülefşan Açba-Ançabadze: Bir Çerkes Prensesinin Harem Hatıraları, İstanbul 2010
 Rumeysa Aredba: Sultan Vahdeddin'in San Remo Günleri, İstanbul 2009
 Yılmaz Öztuna: İslam Devletleri, İstanbul 1989

1866 doğumlular
1941 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı padişah eşleri
Abhaz asıllı Türkler

Emine Nazikeda Kadınefendi


Der Byward Tower ist ein Turm und Tor im Tower of London. Er liegt im Südwesten der Festung und schützt den landseitigen Zugang über den Festungsgraben. Über eine Brücke ist er auf der Stadtseite mit dem Tor des Middle Towers verbunden.

Der Turm selbst ist nach der Warders' Hall benannt, einem Aufenthalts- und Versammlungsraum der Yeomen Warders direkt neben dem Tor. Es war der Turm by the Warders – neben den Wachen. Nach dem Tor wiederum ist die Byward Street benannt, die in unmittelbarer Nähe des Towers einen Teil des Londoner Innenstadtrings bildet.

Der Byward Tower entstand zusammen mit den übrigen Anlagen der äußeren Mauer im 14. Jahrhundert unter dem englischen König Edward I. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Gebäudeteilen wurde er nicht im 19. Jahrhundert restauriert und erlaubt einen Eindruck vom Bild des Towers vor dessen neogotischen Rückbau. Die Rückseite des Obergeschosses besteht aus einer sichtbaren Fachwerkkonstruktion. Diese ist zwar mittelalterlich, war aber bis zu einem Rückbau 1925 immer hinter einer Verkleidung oder Anbauten versteckt. Erst im 20. Jahrhundert bildete sie eine Fassade.

Er besteht aus Pierre de Caen und Gatton Stone aus dem Mittelalter, der teilweise mit Portland Stone geflickt ist, sowie einer Backsteinbrüstung von etwa 1800. Der ehemalige Verteidigungscharakter des Turms lässt sich noch durch vergleichsweise gut erhaltene Schießscharten, eine Öffnung zu den oberen Räumen im Durchgang sowie zwei Fallgatter erkennen. Auf der Innenseite der Festung befindet sich eine zweistöckige Fachwerkkonstruktion aus Holz zwischen den beiden Türmchen des Byward Towers.

In den Innenräumen befinden sich im ersten Stock zwei Räume in den Türmchen mit Schießscharten nach außen und Feuerplätzen. Diese sind zum Zentralraum in ersten Stock hin offen. Im Zentralraum hängt das noch funktionsfähige Fallgatter, das durch einen großen Holzschirm vom hinteren Teil des Raumes getrennt ist. Die Bodenfliesen in diesem Raum sind teilweise diagonal verlegt.

Auf der Südseite des Raums ist ein Kreuzigungsgemälde aus dem 14. Jahrhundert auf die Wand gemalt, dessen zentrale Figur aber durch den späteren Einbau einer Feuerstelle zerstört wurde. Das Werk eines unbekannten englischen Künstlers ist im Weichen Stil der Gotik gehalten. Die hochklassig ausgeführten Figuren sind vor einem luxuriösen Hintergrund aus Papageien, Löwen und Fleur-de-Lis gemalt. Die Innenräume des Byward Towers sind der Öffentlichkeit nicht zugänglich, im Fachwerkanbau befindet sich die Wohnung des Obersten Yeoman Warder.

Gänge führen aus beiden Stockwerken des Byward Towers zu einer Schlupftür, deren Konstruktion zum größten Teil aus dem Jahr 1350 stammt. Der Durchgang unter dem Turm verläuft unter einer gewölbten Decke. Ursprünglich mit einer Zugbrücke versehen, ließ Heinrich VIII. sie durch einen Backsteinvorsprung mit Schießscharten für Gewehre ersetzen.

Der Byward Tower ist der Ort in der Festung, an der die Ceremony of the Keys stattfindet. Am Tower steht nachts die Wache, die von Besuchern zum Tower das Passwort zum Eintritt in das Gelände verlangt.

Anmerkungen

Weblinks

 Historic Royal Palaces zur Wandbemalung

Literatur
 Simon Bradley, Nikolas Pevsner: London 1, The city of London, 1997, London : Penguin. ISBN 0140710922, S. 360

Tower of London
Turm in England
Bauwerk im London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Erbaut im 14. Jahrhundert
Turm in Europa

Byward Tower


ඇස්ට්‍රිඩ් කුමරිය යනු බෙල්ජියමේ දෙවන ඇල්බට් රජතුමාගේ සහ පාවෝලා රැජිනගේ දූ කුමරිය වේ. එතුමිය වත්මන් බෙල්ජියමේ රජුගේ සොහොයුරිය වේ.

බෙල්ජියමේ ඇස්ට්‍රිඩ් කුමරිය, ඔස්ට්‍රියා-එස්ටේහි ආදිපාදවරිය


Auksė ist ein litauischer weiblicher Vorname, abgeleitet von auksas (dt. Golden).

Namensträgerinnen

 Auksė Treinytė-Dauderienė (* 1952), sowjetlitauische Sportlerin

Varianten
Verniedlung: Auksutė

Weiblicher Vorname
Litauischer Vorname

Auksė


Die Weihrauch HW 94 ist eine Schreckschusspistole von Weihrauch & Weihrauch.
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Beschreibung
Die Weihrauch HW 94 ähnelt optisch der Beretta Cheetah, unterscheidet sich aber in einigen Punkten, vor allem in Sicherung, Griffstück und Visierung von dieser. Es ist die einzige Schreckschusspistole, die Revolvermunition 9 mm R verschießt. Die Pistole ist in folgenden Ausführungen erhältlich: brüniert, vernickelt (jeweils mit schwarzen Plastikgriffschalen oder Holzgriffschalen) und eine vernickelte Version mit brüniertem Schlitten.

Der Verschluss, das Griffstück und der Verschlussfanghebel sind aus Zinkdruckguss gefertigt. Es sind aber auch viele Stahlteile vorhanden, die der Pistole eine lange Lebensdauer verleihen. Aus Stahl gefertigt sind: alle Funktionsteile, Stoßboden, Hahn, Federführungsstange und Innenverkleidung des Laufs. Es gab sie bisher in vier verschiedenen PTB-Nummern: 467, 634, 695 und 855. Die aktuelle PTB (-855)-Ausführung unterscheidet sich in einigen Punkten von den vorherigen PTB-Nummern. Mit der Zeit ist die Laufsperre minimal verstärkt worden, und der Lauf wurde verengt. Die Qualität hat sich hingegen nicht verschlechtert. Nur die Beschriftung und das Gewinde (aktuell M11x0,75) haben sich verändert. Es ist eine Außensicherung vorhanden, die den Schlagbolzen nach innen einfährt, sodass der Hahn keinen Kontakt zum Schlagbolzen hat. Die Waffe kann trotzdem gefahrlos geladen und entsichert geführt werden, da der Schlagbolzen ein Trägheitsschlagbolzen ist, sodass sich kein ungewollter Schuss lösen kann. Man kann die Waffe dank dem Spannabzug entweder im Double-Action- oder im Single-Action-Modus abfeuern. Das siebenschüssige Magazin der Waffe besteht aus Zinkdruckguss und musste aufgrund der kurzen Rand-Revolverkartuschen speziell konstruiert werden. In den neueren PTB-Versionen wird ein Gewindeschoner mit der Waffe mitgeliefert, der zum einen das feine Gewinde vor Schmutz schützt, und zum anderen die Pistole optisch aufwertet, da man die Laufsperre fast nicht mehr erkennen kann. Die Mündung wird durch den Gewindeschutz allerdings auf 7 mm Durchmesser verkleinert. Eine weitere Verbesserung der neueren PTB-Versionen ist ein an der Federführungsstange eingesetzter Gummipuffer. Mit Hilfe des mitgelieferten Abschussbechers ist es auch möglich, Pyro-Signalmunition zu verschießen.

Verwendung von Abwehrmunition
Beim Einsatz von Abwehrmunition dürfen keine Kartuschen mit Kunststoffkappe verwendet werden. Abwehrmunition, die in einem Revolver problemlos funktioniert, kann bei der HW 94 durch geringfügige Abweichungen bei der Länge der Patronen oder durch den veränderten Gasdruck zu Störungen bei der Zuführung oder beim Auswurf führen. In der Bedienungsanleitung wird für eine einwandfreie Funktion die Verwendung von bestimmten Munitionssorten empfohlen.

Weblinks
 Website von Weihrauch Sport

Einzelnachweise

Selbstladepistole
Nicht-tödliche Waffe
Signalgerät
Weihrauch-&-Weihrauch-Waffe

Weihrauch HW 94


The list of subcamps of Mittelbau identifies locations of Konzentrationslager () Mittelbau (Central Construction).  The location of the KZ Mittelbau headquarters was originally only the Block 17/3 Buchenwald subcamp, but at the end of September 1944 the SS administration ordered the camp to become the center of a complex separate from the Buchenwald concentration camp.  KZ Mittelbau became operational on November 1, 1944 with 32,471 prisoners.

Alfred
Artern
Ballenstedt
Blankenburg
Dora
Ellrich
Großwerther
Harzungen
Hohlstedt
Ilfield
Ilsenburg
Kelbra
Kleinbodungen
Langenstein-Zwieberge
Niedersachswerfen
Nordhausen (Boelcke-Kaserne)
Osterode am Harz
Rossla
Rottleberode
Salza/Thüringen
Sangerhausen
Sollstedt
Wieda
Woffleben

Construction labor teams that detained Poles
Baubrigade 4
Baubrigade 7
Baubrigade I
Baubrigade III
Baubrigade IV
Baubrigade V - West
Baubrigade VI

References

Subcamps
Nazi-related lists

it:Campo di concentramento di Dora-Mittelbau#Lista dei sottocampi di Mittelbau-Dora

List of subcamps of Mittelbau


Pierre Bayle, 1647-1706 yılları arasında yaşamış olan Fransız filozofu. Temel eseri "Tarihsel ve Eleştirel Sözlük" olan Bayle, felsefi akılyürütmenin evrensel bir kuşkuculuğa yol açtığını, doğanın ise insanı körü körüne inanca zorladığını savunmuştur. Rasyonel çaba ve çalışmanın değersiz olduğunu öne süren Bayle, yine de insanın dış dünyada varlıkların, nesnelerin varolduğu ve Tanrı'nın aldatan bir varlık olmadığı görüşünü temellendirmek için, saf insanca dayanılması gerektiğini belirtmiştir.

Bayle, 17. yüzyıl felsefesinin şüpheci düşünürlerindendir. Akla yönelik şüpheyi derinleştirmiş ve sistematik bir septisizme varmıştır. Din ile bilimin uzlaştırılamazlığı fikrinden hareket etmiştir, dinsel dogmalarla aklın bilgileri arasında bir uzlaşma sağlanamayacağını öne sürmüştür. Dolayısıyla Pascal ile aynı şekilde her şeyin akıl ile aydınlatılabileceğine inanmamaktadır.

Bayle, çifte doğruluk önermesini ileri sürer, bunlar; aklın doğruları ve inancın doğrularıdır. Bayle'nin şüphesi kartezyen felsefenin ilkelerini de kapsar. O hem "düşünüyorum"dan, hem de matematik aksiyomların kesinliğinden şüphe eder. Ona göre bilginin hiçbir yerinde şüpheyi sona erdirecek bir kesinlik söz konusu olamaz.

Bayle, Pierre
Bayle, Pierre
Bayle, Pierre
Veremden ölenler

Pierre Bayle


Mythimna loreyimima es una polilla de la familia Noctuidae. Se encuentra en Asia y Australia.

La envergadura es de unos 35 mm.

Las larvas se alimentan de las plantas agrícolas, como Saccharum officinarum (caña de azúcar) y especies de gramíneas y por lo tanto considerado como una plaga.

Galería

Referencias

Enlaces externos

loreyimima

Mythimna loreyimima


Igor Belamarić (Šibenik, 1927.), hrvatski inženjer brodogradnje. Bio je glavni projektant Brodosplita. Objavio preko 15 knjiga. Pisao o Pavi Mardešiću i dr.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Životopisi, Šibenik
Životopisi, Split
Brodogradnja u Hrvatskoj

Igor Belamarić


Niphon d'Alexandrie,  est un  patriarche melkite d'Alexandrie  vers   1366 ? à 1385?.

Contexte
Selon L'Art de vérifier les dates Niphon correspond avec le pape  et il est l'un des trois destinataires de la réponse de ce dernier en 1367 à la lette conjointe envoyée par le patriarche de Constantinople et le patriarche de Jérusalem touchant à la réconciliation de l'église grecque et de l'église latine. Il réside à Constantinople et il est l'un des signataires d'un ouvrage contre Prohotos et Kydonis deux partisans de Barlaam le Calabrais et de Grégoire Akindynos dans la querelle sur l'Hesychasme.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Patriarche orthodoxe d'Alexandrie du XIVe siècle
Date de décès incertaine (XIVe siècle)

Niphon d'Alexandrie


Richard George Rogers, Baron Rogers of Riverside,  (23 July 1933 – 18 December 2021) was a British-Italian architect noted for his modernist and constructivist designs in high-tech architecture. He was a senior partner at Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, previously known as the Richard Rogers Partnership, until June 2020.

Rogers was perhaps best known for his work on the Pompidou Centre in Paris, the Lloyd's building and Millennium Dome, both in London, the Senedd building, in Cardiff, and the European Court of Human Rights building, in Strasbourg. He was awarded the RIBA Gold Medal, the Thomas Jefferson Medal, the RIBA Stirling Prize, the Minerva Medal, and the 2007 Pritzker Prize.

Early life and career

Richard Rogers was born in Florence, Tuscany, in 1933 into an Anglo-Italian family. His father, William Nino Rogers (1906–1993), was Jewish, and was the cousin of Italian Jewish architect Ernesto Nathan Rogers. His Jewish ancestors moved from Sunderland to Venice in about 1800, later settling in Trieste, Milan and Florence. In October 1938, William Nino Rogers came back to England, having fled Fascist Italy and anti-Jewish laws under Mussolini.

Upon moving to England, Richard Rogers went to St John's School, Leatherhead. Rogers did not excel academically, which made him believe that he was "stupid because he could not read or memorise his school work" and as a consequence, he said, he became "very depressed". He couldn't read until he was 11, and it was not until after he had his first child that Rogers realised he was dyslexic. After leaving St Johns School, he undertook a foundation course at Epsom School of Art (now the University for the Creative Arts) before going into National Service between 1951 and 1953.

He then attended the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, where he gained the Architectural Association's Diploma (AA Dipl) from 1954 until 1959, subsequently graduating with a master's degree (M Arch) from the Yale School of Architecture in 1962 on a Fulbright Scholarship. While studying at Yale, Rogers met fellow architecture student Norman Foster and planning student Su Brumwell.

After leaving Yale he joined Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in New York City. On returning to England in 1963, he, Norman Foster and Brumwell set up architectural practice as Team 4 with Wendy Cheesman (Brumwell later married Rogers, Cheesman married Foster). Rogers and Foster earned a reputation for what was later termed by the media high-tech architecture.

By 1967, Team 4 had split up, but Rogers continued to collaborate with Su Rogers, along with John Young and Laurie Abbott. In early 1968 he was commissioned to design a house and studio for Humphrey Spender near Maldon, Essex, a glass cube framed with I-beams. He continued to develop his ideas of prefabrication and structural simplicity to design a Wimbledon house for his parents. This was based on ideas from his conceptual Zip-Up House.

Rogers subsequently joined forces with Italian architect Renzo Piano, a partnership that was to prove fruitful. His career leapt forward when he, Piano and Gianfranco Franchini won the design competition for the Pompidou Centre in July 1971, alongside a team from Ove Arup that included Irish engineer Peter Rice.

Later career
After working with Piano, Rogers established the Richard Rogers Partnership along with Marco Goldschmied, Mike Davies, and John Young in 1977. This became Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners in 2007. The firm maintains offices in London, Shanghai, and Sydney.

Rogers devoted much of his later career to wider issues surrounding architecture, urbanism, sustainability, and the ways in which cities are used. One early illustration of his thinking was an exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1986, entitled "London As It Could Be", which also featured the work of James Stirling and Rogers's former partner Norman Foster. This exhibition made public a series of proposals for transforming a large area of central London, subsequently dismissed as impractical by the city's authorities.

In 1995, he became the first architect to deliver the BBC's annual Reith Lectures. This series of five talks, titled Sustainable City, were later adapted into the book Cities for a Small Planet (Faber and Faber: London 1997, ). The BBC made these lectures available to the public for download in July 2011.

In 1998, he set up the Urban Task Force at the invitation of the British government, to help identify causes of urban decline and establish a vision of safety, vitality, and beauty for Britain's cities. This work resulted in a white paper, Towards an Urban Renaissance, outlining recommendations for future city designers. Rogers also served for several years as chair of the Greater London Authority panel for Architecture and Urbanism. He was chair of the board of Trustees of The Architecture Foundation.

From 2001 to 2008, he was chief advisor on architecture and urbanism to the then Mayor of London Ken Livingstone. In 2008, he was asked to continue on in his role as an advisor by the then new mayor Boris Johnson. He stood down from the post in October 2009. Rogers also served as an advisor to two mayors of Barcelona on urban strategies.

Amidst this extra-curricular activity, Rogers continued to create controversial and iconic works. Perhaps the most famous of these, the Millennium Dome, was designed by the Rogers practice in conjunction with engineering firm Buro Happold and completed in 1999. It was the subject of fierce political and public debate over the cost and contents of the exhibition it contained; the building itself cost £43 million.

In May 2006, Rogers's practice was chosen as the architect of Tower 3 of the new World Trade Center in New York City, replacing the old World Trade Center which was destroyed in the September 11 attacks.

Rogers resigned his directorship of Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners on 30 June 2020. The Rogers name will be removed from the practice by 2022 as the founding constitution requires.

Selected projects

Team 4

 Creek Vean, Cornwall, UK (1963–1966)
 Reliance Controls electronics factory, Swindon, UK (1967)
 Jaffe House (also known as Skybreak House), Humphrey Spender's house, Radlett, Hertfordshire, UK (1965–1966)
 Wates Housing, Coulsdon, Surrey, UK (1965)
Murray Mews, Camden, London, UK (1966)

Richard and Su Rogers Architects (with John Young and Laurie Abbott)
 22 Parkside (Dr. Nino and Dada Rogers's house), Wimbledon, London, UK (1967)
 Zip-Up House (1967–69)
 The Studio, Ulting, Maldon, Essex, UK (1968-9)

Piano + Rogers
 Universal Oil Products, Tadworth, UK (1969–1974)
 B&B Italia headquarters, Como, Italy (1972–1973)
 Pompidou Centre, Paris, France (1971–77)
 IRCAM, Paris, France (1971–1977)
 PA Consulting Group's Research Laboratory, Melbourn, UK (1976–1983)

The Richard Rogers Partnership

RSHP (previously Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners)

Criticisms

Like Frank Lloyd Wright's and Le Corbusier's, some of Rogers's buildings have not proved as well designed as claimed, suffering from leaks and maintenance problems. The Lloyds Buildings's much-vaunted design innovation of routing the service pipes outside the walls in fact led to such costs caused by weathering and maintenance that Lloyds considered vacating the building in 2014. Lloyds's former chief executive Richard Ward stated: "There is a fundamental problem with this building. Everything is exposed to the elements, and that makes it very costly."

In 2014 Rogers faced a £5m legal claim over problems at the Oxley Woods estate designed by the firm. Residents complained of water seepage through cladding panels and windows on the prefabricated terraced housing.

Palestine controversy
In February 2006, Rogers hosted the inaugural meeting of the campaigning organisation Architects and Planners for Justice in Palestine (APJP) in his London offices. At that time his practice had secured a number of projects in New York, including the redevelopment of the Silvercup Studios site, a masterplan for the East River Waterfront and a commission for a $1.7 billion expansion of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Centre in Manhattan. Rogers, however, publicly dissociated himself from the group within weeks, following an outcry from generally pro-Israeli New York voters and politicians, which threatened him with the loss of prestigious commissions including projects in New York and abroad. He announced his withdrawal with the statement, "I unequivocally renounce Architects and Planners for Justice in Palestine and have withdrawn my relationship with them."

Personal life
Rogers was married to Ruth Rogers, chef and owner of The River Café restaurant in west London. They had two sons together, Roo and Bo (deceased 2011). Rogers also had three sons, Ben, Zad and Ab, from his first marriage to Su Brumwell. He had fourteen grandchildren and a younger brother, Peter William Rogers, a property developer and co-founder of Stanhope. In 2015, he was named one of the "50 best-dressed British men" by GQ magazine.

He died in London on 18 December 2021, at the age of 88.

Honours and awards

Rogers was knighted in 1991 by Queen Elizabeth II. He was created Baron Rogers of Riverside, of Chelsea in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea on 17 October 1996. He sat as a Labour peer in the House of Lords; having not attended a proceeding in the 2019–21 session, his membership expired on 11 May 2021. Rogers was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2008 Birthday Honours list. However, he was a republican.

Rogers was awarded the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1985. He was twice honoured by France, first as a Chevalier, L'Ordre National de la Légion d'honneur in 1986, and later as an Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1995. He received a Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement at the 10th Mostra di Architettura di Venezia. In 2006, the Richard Rogers Partnership was awarded the Stirling Prize for Terminal 4 of Barajas Airport, and again in 2009 for Maggie's Centre in London. Rogers won the Gold Medal for Architecture at the National Eisteddfod of Wales of 2006 for his work on the Senedd building of the Senedd (Welsh Parliament). He was also appointed an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2005. In 2007 Rogers was made Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize – architecture's highest honour. He was awarded the Minerva Medal by the Chartered Society of Designers in the same year. In 2012, Rogers was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of the last six decades.

Rogers was awarded honorary degrees from several universities, including Alfonso X El Sabio University in Madrid, Oxford Brookes University, the University of Kent, the Czech Technical University in Prague and the Open University. In 1994, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the University of Bath.

In popular culture
Rogers is mentioned (along with fellow architect Philip Johnson) in the song "Thru These Architect's Eyes" on the album Outside (1995) by David Bowie.

Rogers is mentioned in the song "Anti-Everything" by British band Mansun, from the album Six (1998).

Publications
Rogers wrote several books during his career, including:
 Architecture: A Modern View, Thames & Hudson (1991)
 A New London (co-author Mark Fisher and the Labour Party), Penguin (1992)
 Cities for a Small Planet, Faber and Faber (1997)
 Towards an Urban Renaissance, Urban Task Force (1999)
 Cities for a Small Country, Faber and Faber (2000)
 Richard Rogers and Architects: From the House to the City, Fiell Publishing (2010)
 Architecture: A Modern View, Thames & Hudson (2013)

References

External links

 Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners website
 Large list of major Richard Rogers skyscrapers with data and images
 Rogers, Stirk, Harbour and Partners projects portfolio
 Pritzker Prize 2007
 Richard Rogers presents the 2007 Annual Discourse at the Royal Institute of British Architects (video)
 The 1995 BBC Reith Lectures: Sustainable City by Richard Rogers
 Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

1933 births
2021 deaths
20th-century English architects
Architects from Florence
English people of Italian descent
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Italian people of English descent
Italian people of Jewish descent
English people of Jewish descent
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Knights Bachelor
Rogers of Riverside
Members of the Académie d'architecture
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
Modernist architects from England
People educated at Kingswood House School
People educated at St John's School, Leatherhead
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal
Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Richard
Royal Academicians
Stirling Prize laureates
Welsh Eisteddfod Gold Medal winners
Yale School of Architecture alumni
Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Alfonso X El Sabio University alumni
British republicans
Fulbright alumni
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
People with dyslexia
Peers removed under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014
British artists with disabilities
Italian people with disabilities

Richard Rogers


حكايات عبد الله بن عبد القادر مُنشي أو حكايات عبد الله اقتضابا، مجموعة قصص ملايو-جاوية. سفرها عبد الله بن عبد القادر منشي بين عامي 1840 و1843. ثم نشرت في 1849.

انظر أيضا
 قائمة حكايات الملايو
 تاريخ سنغافورة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 مقتطفات من حكايات عبد الله بالإنكليزية.

أدب اللغة الملايوية
أعمال عبد الله بن عبد القادر منشي
تاريخ سنغافورة
تاريخ ماليزيا
كتب 1849
مخطوطات القرن 19
مخطوطات جاوية

حكاية عبد الله


Operațiunea Maslenica a fost o ofensivă a armatei croate lansată în ianuarie 1993 pentru a recuceri teritoriul din Dalmația de Nord și Lika de la forțele sârbe Krajina (ARSK), cu obiectivul militar declarat de a împinge sârbii din apropierea localităților Zadar, Maslenica și Karlobag, pentru a se crea un traseu sigur între Dalmația și nordul Croației. În timp ce au avut un succes tactic îndoielnic (frontul s-a schimbat în favoarea Croației și pierderile militare sârbe le-au depășit cu mult pe cele ale croaților), operațiunea a fost doar un succes strategic moderat și a fost condamnată de Consiliul de Securitate al ONU.

Note

Războaiele iugoslave
Conflicte militare din 1993

Operațiunea Maslenica


Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols (ya da kısaca Never Mind the Bollocks), Sex Pistols'ın 1977'de kaydettiği stüdyo albümüdür. 28 Ekim 1977'de Virgin Records tarafından piyasaya sürülen albüm, varlığı ancak 2,5 yıl süren grubun çıkardığı tek stüdyo albümüdür. Buna rağmen albümdeki şarkılar birçok "toplama albüm"de yer almıştır.
Bu albüm, 1976 ve 1977 yıllarında çıkan 4 single'ın bir araya toplanmış halidir ve "God Save the Queen", "Holidays in the Sun", "Anarchy in the UK" ve "Pretty Vacant" gibi bilinen Sex Pistols şarkılarını içerir.

Parça listesi
 1. Holidays in the Sun - 3:22
 2. Liar - 2:41
 3. No Feelings - 2:51
 4. God Save the Queen - 3:20
 5. Problems - 4:11
 6. Submission - 4:12
 7. Seventeen - 2:02
 8. Anarchy in the UK - 3:32
 9. Bodies - 3:03
 10. Pretty Vacant - 3:18
 11. New York - 3:07
 12. EMI - 3:10

Albüm çalışanları
 Paul Cook – bateri
 Steve Jones – gitar, bas gitar, arka vokaller
 Glen Matlock – "Anarchy in the UK"'de bas gitar
 Johnny Rotten – vokaller
 Sid Vicious – "Bodies"'de bas gitar

Listeler

Albüm

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Şarkı Sözleri

1977 albümleri
Sex Pistols albümleri
Çıkış albümleri
Virgin Records albümleri
Warner Bros. Records albümleri
Punk albümleri


Erato (Yunanca: Ἐρατώ, anlamı: sevimli), Yunan mitolojisinde, 9 müzden (ilham perileri) birisidir. Lirik şiirin, aşk şiirlerinin ve korolu şiirlerin ilham perisidir. Arcas'dan Azan isminde bir oğlu olmuştur. Çoğunlukla bir lir ile resmedilmiştir.

Kaynakça

 Erhat, Ezra (2004), Mitoloji Sözlüğü İstanbul:Remzi Kitabevi (Büyük Fikir Kitapları Dizisi) ISBN 9789751403919

Müzler
Zeus'un çocukları
Yunan tanrıçaları
Antik Yunan erotik edebiyat
Hikmet tanrıçaları

Erato


Agrilus mandaricus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1892.

Referências

mandaricus

Agrilus mandaricus


Crkva sv. Martina biskupa u Bošnjacima jednobrodna je kasnobarokna bazilika sagrađena 1794. godine.

Povijest župe
Nakon izgona Turaka 1717. godine i relativne normalizacije života, na području Srijema i Slavonije dolazi do značajnog povećanja broja stanovnika. Tako je osnovana i župa sa sjedištem u Županji u čijem su sastavu bili Bošnjaci i Štitar. Tom su župom u početku upravljali franjevci, a od 1789. dijacezanski svećenici. Sjedište župe ubrzo je preseljeno u Bošnjake kao najveće mjesto tadašnjega dekanata, pa su jedno vrijeme Županja i Štitar bili filijale Župe Bošnjaci. Godine 1756. sjedište župe ponovno je preseljeno u Županju zbog čestih poplava koje su ometale prometnu povezanost ovih triju mjesta. Pred kraj 18. stoljeća župa je izdvojena iz udaljene Pečuške biskupije i pripojena Bosansko-đakovačkoj i Srijemskoj biskupiji. Tada se rađa snažna želja da se drvena i trošna crkva zamjeni novom. Tako je nova župna crkva sagrađena 1794. godine, a posvećena je nakon kompletne obnove 2020. godine, poslije 226 godina od njene izgradnje.

Župna crkva
Nije poznato kada i gdje je izgrađena drvena crkva posvećena sv. Martinu, no zapisi iz kanonske vizitacije koja datira u 1729. godinu govore kako je ona već tada bila stara i trošna te se nalazila na vrlo plavnom mjestu. Na inicijativu mještana predvođenih tadašnjim župnikom 29. srpnja 1792. godine započinje gradnja nove crkve u središtu sela. Izgradnja je dovršena u jesen 1794. godine kada je i blagoslovljena. Prigodom kanonske vizitacije Župe Bošnjaci 1864. godine biskup Strossmayer zadužio je tadašnjeg župnika dr. Andriju Šumanovca da se, s obzirom na rastući broj vjernika, pobrine za proširenje crkve ili gradnju nove premda je to bila najveća crkva u dekanatu (384 m2). Međutim, taj biskupov nalog nikad nije izvršen iako su sredstva za izgradnju bila osigurana. Godine 1897. crkva je značajno oštećena u potresu kada je bila i privremeno zatvorena sve dok nije ojačana željeznim stegama. Crkva je obnavljana krajem 80-ih godina prošlog stoljeća. Godine 2020. uslijedila je ponovna kompletna obnova župne crkve te njena konačna posveta.

Oltarna slika

Posebno vrijedna je oltarna slika za koju biskup Strossmayer tijekom vizitacija ističe kako je to najbolja slika u biskupiji te zavrjeđuje biti u stolnoj crkvi. Po biskupovom mišljenju ta slika potječe iz Poussainove francuske škole te je od neprocjenjive vrijednosti za čitavu biskupiju.

Izvori

Crkve u Hrvatskoj
Vukovarsko-srijemska županija
Bošnjaci

Crkva sv. Martina biskupa u Bošnjacima


Ailey est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Montgomery, en Géorgie. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Municipalité en Géorgie (États-Unis)
Comté de Montgomery (Géorgie)

Ailey (Géorgie)


Solomon Haliță (n. 1859 – d. 1926) a fost un pedagog român, publicist și un artizan al Marii Uniri.

Biografie

Solomon Haliță s-a născut la 17 aprilie 1859 în Sângeorzul Român din Districtul Năsăudului, fiind al treilea copil al "cancelistului" (notar) greco-catolic Maxim Haliță și al "mămucăi" Ileana Isipoaie. Studiază primele trei clase primare la Școala trivială din Sângeorzul natal, apoi se mută la Năsăud, în clasa a IV-a, la  Școala primară superioare normală, la vestitul dascăl Cosma Anca. În 1871, Solomon Haliță intră în clasa I gimnazială la renumitul Gimnaziu superior românesc grăniceresc, unde la 20 de ani, își ia bacalaureatul "cu laudă" (cum laude).. I-a avut colegi, în clasa a V-a, pe fratele mai mic, viitorul vicar greco-catolic al Rodnei, Alexandru Haliță, în timp ce în clasa a II-a învăța mai tânărul George Coșbuc. Își continuă studiile universitare la Viena, Graz și Praga. La Universitatea din Viena obține licența în Filosofie și Istorie și o licență în Pedagogie.

După terminarea studiilor revine acasă, iar după a scurtă activitate în Năsăud, trece în Regatul României unde, între 1883-1886, funcționează ca profesor (apoi director) la Dorohoi, la Școala Normală din Galați, apoi la Școala Normală din Bârlad. Aici a întemeiat prima revista pedagogică din oraș: "George Lazăr", "revistă pentru educațiune și instrucțiune", care a apărut lunar în perioada 1887–1889, sub direcțiunea sa. După 1 octombrie 1888 funcționează ca revizor școlar al județului Tutova și apoi inspector general. După aproape zece ani de activitate în slujba școlii la Bârlad, se transferă la Galați, apoi, în 1905 la Iași, la catedra de filosofie și pedagogie de la seminar. Activează apoi ca inspector general în Ministerul Învățământului (numit de Spiru Haret), funcționar guvernamental la Iași (1916-1918) și director în Prefectura Iași (1919-1921). În 1919 este declarat inamovibil în această funcție.

În noiembrie 1918, odată cu evenimentele generate de Marea Unire, autoritățile din Vechiul Regat au numit o delegație condusă de Solomon Haliță, pentru a intra în contact cu fruntașii Partidului Național Român din Transilvania și pentru a îndeplini rolul de observator și organ de legătură între aceștia și guvernul Vechiului Regat.

Începând cu anul 1922, se întoarce în Ardeal, mai întâi ca director general al învățământului primar și normal din Cluj, apoi ca prefect al județului Năsăud, funcție pe care o exercită începând cu anul 1922 și până în 1926, anul morții sale. În această calitate a întemeiat trei licee, o școală normală și trei școli de meserii. Și-anume, liceul de băieți în Bistrița, două școli de fete în Bistrița și Năsăud, școli de arte și meserii în Telciu, Prundu-Bârgăului și Sângeorzul Român, precum și Școala Normală de învățători din Năsăud. De numele lui se leagă înființarea Societății de exploatare silvicolă "Regna", precum și fabricile de cherestea din Ilva Mică și Valea Mare. La 1 Decembrie 1926, ziua simbolică a Unirii Transilvanieie cu Regatul României, atacul morții l-a surprins, așa cum a fost toată viața: în picioare!

Moștenire
Din anul 1993, liceul din orașul natal, Sîngeorz-Băi, a fost denumit Liceul teoretic "Solomon Haliță". De asemenea, o stradă din municipiul Bistrița poartă numele lui.

Note

Legături externe
 Pagina Liceului "Solomon Haliță"

Nașteri în 1859
Decese în 1926
Profesori români

Solomon Haliță


Olcay Turhan (* 30. Januar 1988 in Herford) ist ein deutsch-türkischer Fußballspieler türkischer Abstammung.

Werdegang
Turhan begann seine Karriere beim SV Werl-Aspe, einem Verein aus Bad Salzuflen. Später wechselte er in den Jugendbereich von Arminia Bielefeld und rückte im Jahre 2007 in die zweite Mannschaft auf. Mit dieser qualifizierte er sich als Elfter für die neu geschaffene NRW-Liga. Zur Saison 2008/09 wechselte Turhan zum SC Wiedenbrück 2000, mit dem er Meister in der Westfalenliga I wurde und in die NRW-Liga aufstieg. In dieser Spielzeit erzielte Turhan 15 Tore.

Es folgte ein Wechsel zur zweiten Mannschaft von Fortuna Düsseldorf, für die er in 16 Regionalligaspielen ein Tor erzielte. Turhan kehrte daraufhin in seine Geburtsstadt Herford zurück und spielte in der Saison 2010/11 für den Landesligisten SC Herford. Daraufhin wechselte er erneut zu Arminia Bielefeld und wurde dort in der zweiten Mannschaft eingesetzt wurde. Am 5. Mai 2012 gab er sein Debüt in der ersten Mannschaft der Arminia, als er im Spiel gegen die zweite Mannschaft von Werder Bremen für Patrick Schönfeld eingewechselt wurde.

Zur Saison 2012/13 erhielt Turhan einen Profivertrag bei der Arminia. und stieg im Sommer 2013 mit der Arminia in die 2. Bundesliga auf. Zur Saison 2013/14 wechselte er auf Leihbasis zum Drittligisten SV Wacker Burghausen. Der Vertrag wurde jedoch im Winter wieder aufgelöst. Daraufhin wurde Turhan zur Rückrunde der Saison 2013/14 an den Regionalligisten SV Lippstadt 08 verliehen. Im Sommer schließlich erfolgte die Vertragsauflösung.

Im Sommer 2014 wechselte Turhan in die türkische TFF 1. Lig zum südanatolischen Vertreter Adanaspor. Im Januar 2016 wechselte er zum Viertligisten Manisa Büyükşehir Belediyespor. Im Sommer 2018 schloss er sich dem Drittligisten Niğde Anadolu FK an.

Im Sommer 2019 wechselte er zurück in seine Heimatstadt und schloss sich dem SC Herford an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Adanaspor)
Fußballspieler (Arminia Bielefeld)
Fußballspieler (Fortuna Düsseldorf)
Fußballspieler (Manisa FK)
Fußballspieler (Niğde Anadolu FK)
Fußballspieler (SC Wiedenbrück)
Fußballspieler (SC Herford)
Fußballspieler (SV Lippstadt 08)
Fußballspieler (Wacker Burghausen)
Deutscher
Türke
Geboren 1988
Mann

Olcay Turhan


Male novine, bosanskohercegovački je dječji književni list u izdanju najstarijega bosanskohercegovačkoga dnevnoga lista Oslobođenje. List je pokrenuo Aleksa Mikić 1956. godine u Sarajevu.

Povijest

Male novine su kao dječji književni časopis pokrenute 1956. godine u Sarajevu. Bile su namijenjeno učenicima osnovnih škola širom Jugoslavije. Izlazile su tjedno i imale dopisnike iz svih većih središta tadašnjih republika. Prvi glavni urednik Malih novina bio je Aleksa Mikić. Uredništvo lista činila su poznata pjesnička i književna imena. Između ostalih bili su to: Branko Ćopić, Desanka Maksimović, Gustav Krklec i Danko Oblak. Nakladnik je bio dnevni list Oslobođenje.

List je najveći uspjeh postigao šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća. U tom je razdoblju postizao nakladu od 400 000 primjeraka. Osim rubrika namijenjenih učenicima osnovnih škola, novine su otvorile svoj prostor svjetskim poznatim strip autorima i stripovima. Tu posebno mjesto pripada Disneyevom Švrći, popularnom Tarzanu E. R. Burroughsa kojega je crtao John Celardo i Jungovom Tim Tayloru. Uz inozemne autore, u Malim novinama pojavljivali su se i mnogi jugoslavenski strip crtači. Vrijedno je spomenuti Abdulaha Kozića i scenarista Aleksu Mikića koji su zajednički snimili trinaest epizoda Malog partizana, popularnoga stripovskoga serijala. Andrija Marović objavio je Hrabrog Nika scenarista Rudija Aljinovića. Ivica Bednjanec objavio je jedan strip u realističkoj maniri, kao i Saša Dobrila. Ahmet Muminović objavio je svoje prve stripove u Malim novinama, te niz inih poznatih i manje poznatih imena.

Josip Broz Tito je u povodu desete godišnjice lista 1966. odlikovao Male novine Ordenom bratstva i jedinstva sa srebrnim vijencem, zbog "očuvanja bratstva i jedinstva među mlađim generacijama naroda Jugoslavije".

Malim novinama je osamdeserih ubrzano počela padati naklada. Format je smanjen s A3 na A4. Kratko su nakon rata izlazile i dostavljale se po osnovnim školama u nakladi od 20 000 primjeraka. Veliki je broj zbirki Malih novina tijekom i nakon
rata nestao. One koje su preživjele rat ukradene su iz Oslobođenja.

Male novine i dalje izlaze u okviru Oslobođenja, ali u znatno manjoj nakladi. Prilagođene su za učenike četvrtih i viših razrede osnovne škole. Izlaze jednom mjesečno i dostavljaju se isključivo školama.

Priznanja
  Orden bratstva i jedinstva sa srebrnim vijencem (1966.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 "Sačuvajmo Male novine, Veselu svesku i Lastavicu"

Dječji i školski časopisi
Sarajevski tiskani mediji

Male novine (Sarajevo)


Vejlby-Risskov er en bydel i Aarhus, beliggende ca. 5 km nord for Aarhus C.

Bydelen består af den gamle Vejlby-Risskov Kommune som blev oprettet ved lov i 1842 af Vejlby Sogn og hed frem til 1929 blot Vejlby Kommune. I 1940 blev sognet delt og Risskov Sogn oprettet. I 1962 overføres en del af kommunen til Aarhus Kommune, mens resten sammenlægges med Aarhus Kommune i 1970.

Vejlby-Risskov har 27.516 indbyggere den 1. januar 2020.

Historie
Vejlby var oprindelig en selvstændig by og fik sit navn (ældre dansk vedel 'vadested') på grund af Egåen, der i gamle dage oversvømmede de lavtliggende arealer i sognets nordøstlige hjørne. Bebyggelsens middealderlige kerne (og kirken) ligger på en ca. 50 meter høj bakke i sognets midte.

Vejlby landsby bestod i 1682 af 30 gårde og 7 huse med jord. Det samlede dyrkede areal udgjorde 933,8 tønder land skyldsat til 185,04 tønder hartkorn. Dyrkningsformen var trevangsbrug.

På grund af sin nærhed til Aarhus voksede befolkningen eksplosivt i løbet af det 20. århundrede. Ikke mindst lavlandet ned mod Aarhus Bugten, det såkaldte Vejlby Fed, tiltrak mange nybyggere fra Aarhus. Den bebyggelse, der lå i sognets sydøstlige del, fik navnet Risskov efter skoven Riis Skov umiddelbart mod syd, men på den aarhusianske side. Sognekommunen blev herefter i 1929 omdøbt til Vejlby-Risskov Kommune. Den blev ved kommunesammenlægningen i 1970 indlemmet i Aarhus Kommune.

Risskov er en del af Vejlby-Risskov.
Bydelen har en del specialbutikker samt et indkøbscenter. Risskov er opkaldt efter skoven, Riis Skov, der er Danmarks første offentlige skov, og blev skænket til Aarhusianerne af Margrethe I.

Bydelen strækker sig langs skoven og stranden ved Aarhus Bugten, langs kystlinien fra den nordlige del af Aarhus C og ud til Egå og Den Permanente. Risskov er i lighed med Højbjerg og Komponistkvarteret i Marselisborg, et velhaverkvarter i Aarhus og er kendetegnet ved sine gamle patriciervillaer og liebhaverhuse ombygget fra gamle sommerhuse, typisk med attraktive beliggenheder og udsigt. Risskov husede frem til 2018 også Børne- og Ungdomspsykiatrisk Center Risskov og Psykiatrisk Hospital Risskov.

På klare dage kan man se Samsø, Helgenæs og Mols Bjerge fra Risskov.

Litteratur
 Steen Busck, Billeder af Vejlbys historie, Århus 1995.
 Regnar Knudsen, Vejlby-Risskov gennem Tiderne, Århus 1955.
 Arne Christiansen, Kåre Egholm og Paul Raarup, Det sandede fed, 1994.
 Karl-Erik Frandsen: Vang og tægt. Studier over dyrkningssystemer og agrarstrukturer i Danmarks landsbyer 1682-83 (Bygd 1983),
 Henrik Pedersen: De danske Landbrug fremstillet paa Grundlag af Forarbejderne til Christian V.s Matrikel 1688. Udgivet efter hans Død paa Bekostning af Carlsbergfondet (København MCMXXVIII; Reprotryk for Landbohistorisk Selskab, København 1975),

Kendte fra Risskov

 Jens Blendstrup (f. 1968), forfatter og dramatiker
 Lars Bukdahl (f. 1968), litteraturanmelder og digter
 Svend Åge Madsen (f. 1939), forfatter og dramatiker
 Rune Lykkeberg (f. 1974), journalist og chefredaktør på Information
 Peter Falktoft (f. 1985), journalist og radiovært
 Anne Sophia Hermansen (f. 1972), journalist og debattør

Galleri

Eksterne henvisninger
 Helge Georg Jensen, Vejlby Billeder (artikel), Vejlby 2005.
 Helge Georg Jensen, Vejlby Skole gennem 100 år (artikel), Vejlby 2003.

Noter

Eksterne links

Kvarterer i Aarhus
Risskov
Aarhus N
Vejlby (Aarhus)

Vejlby-Risskov


Juho Pietari "Hannes" Kolehmainen () a fost un atlet finlandez specializat pe alergare pe distanțe medii și mari. A fost primul dintre "Finlandezii zburători", considerați între anii 1920 și 1930 unii dintre cei mai buni atleți din lume. Din trei participări la Jocurile Olimpice a câștigat 4 medalii de aur și 1 medalia de argint.

Note

Legături externe

  Hannes Kolehmainen la olympic.org

Atleți finlandezi
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1912
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1920
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1924
Medaliați olimpici cu aur finlandezi
Medaliați olimpici cu argint finlandezi
Alergători

Hannes Kolehmainen


Enerio Rodríguez Arias (3 de febrero de 1939) es un psicólogo, filósofo y profesor universitario originario de la República Dominicana. A lo largo de su vida ha realizado diversas contribuciones en el área de filosofía y psicología en el país, es uno de los profesores de psicología destacados de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo.

Biografía.

Destacado psicólogo, filósofo y profesor universitario. Nació el 3 de febrero de 1939 en Arenoso comunidad perteneciente a la provincia de Santiago en la República Dominicana.

Estudio tres años filosofía en el seminario pontificio Santo Tomás de Aquino, luego el cuarto año lo curso en la facultad de filosofía de la universidad de Santo Domingo desde 1957 hasta 1961 y posteriormente realizó estudios de doctorado en filosofía en la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) desde 1961 hasta 1963 en donde obtuvo el título de Licenciado y Doctor en Filosofía, se graduó con los máximos honores académicos de esa alta casa de estudios, más tarde, con aspiraciones de salir fuera del país y al no haber programas de becas para el estudio de filosofía en el extranjero, decide estudiar psicología en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) en donde igualmente se graduó como estudiante meritorio.

Se inició como profesor en el año 1961 en el liceo Juan Pablo Duarte y, desde entonces, continua su labor de enseñanza: Ha sido profesor de la primera promociones de psicólogos del país por lo que es llamado "profesor de profesores" por sus compañeros de oficio que un día fueron sus alumnos; ha impartido clases en varias universidades de la República Dominicana, como son la Universidad Católica de Santo Domingo en donde se le titula como Profesor Honorario y la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) en donde se le reconoce como Profesor Meritísimo, en donde todavía permanece impartiendo clases en el área de psicología en materias como proceso cognoscitivo y psicología de la personalidad en los programas de maestría de la Facultad de Humanidades.

Consultor editorial de la revista Perspectivas Psicológicas de la UASD para la que ha publicado varios artículos entre los que figuran "Tendencias epistemológicas en psicología" y "La psicología durante el siglo XX", miembro de la Comisión Central Electoral de la misma institución y Director de la Escuela de Psicología de esa universidad durante más de una década (1970-1981), miembro de la Philosophy of Science Association y afiliado internacional de la American Psychological Association.

Planteamiento en el ámbito Psicológico.

Enerio Rodríguez se suscribe a la idea de que la ciencia psicológica desde su nacimiento hasta nuestros días se ha caracterizado siempre por el signo de la diversidad ("Perspectiva Psicológica", 2010 pag. 30). Teniendo esta visión ha analizado a través de la historia de la psicología los diferentes planteamientos acerca de la heterogeneidad conceptual de esta como ciencia y reconoce este aspecto como característica fundamental de la psicología.

Ha puesto especial atención en el área de la psicología que incursiona en el pensamiento, por lo que muchos de sus artículos publicados se desarrollan en esta área.

A través del tiempo se le ha querido atribuir el título de conductista, sin embargo, aunque el profesor Rodríguez fue el que introdujo la enseñanza del conductismo en el año 1970 en la República Dominicana no se define a sí mismo como conductista ya que sostiene que el conductismo enmarca a la psicología en un plano estrictamente científico y el Dr. Rodríguez tiene una visión más abierta en esta sentido, sin embargo, reconoce la importancia del conductismo ya que fue la primera corriente que fundamenta a la psicología como ciencia. Tiempo después hacia el año 1990 introduce también el estudio de la psicología de razonamiento.

Incursiones Filosóficas.

En sus inicios estudió filosofía en una atmósfera Aristotélico Tomista guiado por el Dr. Carlos A. Bernavides. Luego en un entorno pluralista enseñado por los profesores Andrés Avelino García, Juan Francisco Sánchez y Antonio Fernández Spencer y más tarde en México se relacionó con el empirismo lógico.

Se ha dedicado a estudiar de un modo especial la relación de la filosofía con las ciencias, particularmente con la física y la psicología , por lo que se ha adentrado más en el área de la filosofía llamada "Análisis filosófico de la ciencia" o "Filosofía de la ciencia". Los seguidores de esta sustentan que la filosofía ya no se describe con las historias de hombres que buscaron explicar todo cuanto tenían alrededor con palabrerías cargadas de especulación, la filosofía de la ciencia es en esencia nutrida por el conocimiento científico, es decir, por los avances de la ciencia, manteniendo el carácter original de la actitud filosófica que es la inquietud de explicar el porqué de las cosas.

Perspectiva pedagógica.

Enerio Rodríguez Arias ha sido docente desde 1969 más de cuatro décadas destacándose en la formación de psicólogos, este define a un profesional como " el producto del concierto de acciones formativas previstas en el programa de entrenamiento al que se sometió por varios años" ("Perspectiva Psicológica", 2010, pag. 24).

Seguida de esta definición el prof. Enerio plantea su percepción sobre los programas de formación profesional de psicólogos del país poniendo al descubierto los problemas fundamentales que se presentan en la formación de los alumnos, principalmente en el área de psicología en las distintas universidades del país, siendo los principales desde su punto de vista la escasa formación en metodología de la investigación y la falta de conocimiento de las teorías psicológicas y sumando a esta las variaciones en los programas de formación de las diferentes universidades del país siendo unos menos exigentes que otros en la preparación del estudiante, la preocupación del Dr. Enerio deja entrever que como consecuencia habrá cada vez más un mayor número de profesionales pobremente preparados. El expone esta realidad se agrava en la carrera de psicología aún más porque esta es primeramente una ciencia y se debería formar al estudiante para que sea un profesional y un investigador a la vez, aunque el Dr. Rodríguez plantea lo difícil de consolidar que sería esto según él porque «sería inútil pretender conseguir en menos de cinco años y con estudiantes a tiempo parcial lo que con estudiantes a tiempo completo y en mejores condiciones de adiestramiento requiere aproximadamente de siete años» ("Perspectivas Psicológicas", 2010, pág. 59).

Publicaciones
Brea, Mayra; Rodríguez, Enerio (Eds) (2005). Perspectivas Psicológicas, Año VI. Vol. 5. RD: Editora Universitaria.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (2005). Estadística y psicología: Análisis histórico de la inferencia estadística. Perspectivas Psicológicas, Año VI. Vol. 5, p. 96-102. Y en:
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (2004). La Psicología Positiva y el Futuro de la Psicología. Revista UCSD, edición especial, pp. 126-141.
Rodríguez Arias (2004). Kart R. Popper y la epistemología evolucionista.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (2004). "Algunos Recuerdos Lejanos". Journal Psicológico 2004-2005, en memoria del Dr. Rogelio Díaz-Guerrero, con motivo de su muerte.
Brea, Mayra; Salas, Amelia; Rodríguez, Enerio (Eds) (2003). Ponencias Seleccionadas del Congreso de Psicología del Caribe y Centroamérica: Logros y Perspectivas. Perspectivas Psicológicas, edición especial.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (2003). El psicólogo dominicano y la metodología de investigación psicológica.
Rodríguez Arias (2003) Un aporte de Kart R. Popper a la filosofía de la ciencia.
Brea, Mayra; Rodríguez, Enerio (Eds) (2001). Libro de Resúmenes del Congreso Interuniversitario de Psicología del Caribe y Centroamérica: Logros y Perspectivas. Nov. Rep. Dom: *Ediciones Nativos CxA.
Brea, Mayra; Rodríguez, Enerio (Editores) (2000). Perspectivas Psicológicas.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (2000). La ciencia psicológica durante el siglo XX. Perspectivas Psicológicas.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (2000). Antecedentes de la Psicología en la República Dominicana. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 37-56.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (2000). El Estado Actual de la Psicología en República Dominicana. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 223-233.
Brea de Cabral, Mayra; Rodríguez Arias, Enerio; Alonso de Tapia, Marcelina (Eds) (1998). 30 Años de la Psicología Dominicana: Pasado, Presente y Futuro (Ponencias Seleccionadas). Rep. Dom: Editora Universitaria.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1998). 30 años de Psicología Dominicana: "Reflexiones Metapsicológicas". En 30 años de Psicología Dominicana: Pasado, Presente y Futuro (Ponencias Seleccionadas) pp. 307 – 316.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1988). Medicina Conductual y Terapia Cognitiva: ¿Paradigmas Complementarios o Rivales? Boletín Dominicano de Medicina Conductual. Vol. 2, No. 1. pp. 22 – 25.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1988). El Estudio de Caso como Alternativa Metodológica. Boletín Dominicano de Medicina Conductual. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 65 – 69.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1988). Juicios e Inferencias Clínicas: Algunas Consideraciones. Boletín Dominicano de Medicina Conductual. Vol. 2, Nos. 3-4, pp. 135 – 143.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1987). Los razonamientos condicionales: Un enfoque psicológico. Ciencia y Sociedad, Vol. XII, pp. 500-517.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1986). El Papel del Análisis Estadístico en la Investigación Psicológica. Investigación y Ciencia, Año 1, No. 2, pp. 13-26.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1985). Conductismo y Filosofía. En Manuel Pérez Martínez (Recopilador). La Filosofía Hoy: Importancia, Problemas y Relaciones con las demás Ciencias, pp. 177-193; 230-246. Santo Domingo: Editora Universitaria.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1984). Algunas Reflexiones en Torno a la Psicología Contemporánea. Ciencia y Sociedad, Vol. IX, pp. 301-314.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1984). El Papel de la Hipótesis en la Investigación Científica. Ciencia y Sociedad, Vol. IX, pp. 183-198.
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1981). Aprendizaje y Psicología Educativa: Historia de una Relación Compleja. En Ponencias del Primer Simposio Dominicano de Psicología Educativa. pp. 271-282. Asociación Dominicana de Psicología, Inc. (ADOPSI).
Rodríguez Arias, Enerio (1978). Bases Filosóficas del Análisis de la Conducta. En Paulo Speller (ed.) (1978). Análisis de la Conducta, pp. 46-59. México D.F: Editorial Trillas.

Referencias

Psicólogos de República Dominicana
Filósofos de República Dominicana

Enerio Rodriguez Arias


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طائرة الشحن أو طائرة النقل التجاري هي طائرة مصممة أو معدلة للشحن بدلا من نقل الركاب. تخلو تلك الطائرات من وسائل نقل الركاب ولديها باب كبير أو أكثر لتحميل وتفريغ الشُحنات. تشغل طائرات الشحن شركات الطيران المدنية أو شركات الشحن بواسطة أفراد متخصصين أو القوات المسلحة للدول المستقلة.
تتميز طائرة الشحن عن طائرة نقل الركاب بهيكل كبير، أجنحة مرتفعة تسمح بأن تكون منطقة الشحن قريبة من الأرض، عدد كبير من العجلات وذيل معلق عالياً ليسمح بنقل الشحنات من وإلى الطائرة عن طريق السيارات.

أكبر طائرة شحن في العالم هي الطائرة الأوكرانية الصنع أنتونوف 225.

تاريخ طائرات الشحن

استُخدمت الطائرات لنقل البضائع في أوائل سنة 1911 على شكل «بريد جوي»، مع أن الطائرات في بداية الأمر لم تكن مصممة لنقل البضائع، بحلول منتصف العشرينيات صمم مصنعو الطائرات طائرات مخصصة لنقل البضائع.

في المملكة المتحدة في أوائل العشرينيات، لوحظت زيادة الحاجة إلى طائرات نقل البضائع لغرض نقل القوات العسكرية والمواد بسرعة إلى الأراضي المحتلة حديثًا في الشرق الأوسط، لتهدئة الثورات القبلية التي كانت تحدث هناك. دخلت طائرة النقل فيكرز فيرنون -مطورة من طائرات فيكرز فيمي- الخدمة مع السلاح الجوي الملكي أول طائرات متخصصة لنقل القوات سنة 1921. في فبراير 1923، استخدمت هذا النوع من الطائرات قيادة القوات الجوية الملكية في العراق، إذ نقلت نحو 500 جندي سيخي من كفري إلى كركوك في أول جسر جوي استراتيجي للقوات العسكرية. أدت طائرة فيكرز فيكتوريا دورًا مهمًا في جسر كابل الجوي في نوفمبر 1928- فبراير 1929 عند إجلاء الموظفين الدبلوماسيين وعائلاتهم مع أفراد من العائلة المالكة الأفغانية الذين كانوا معرضين للخطر بسبب الحرب الأهلية. ساعدت طائرات فيكتوريا أيضًا في ريادة الطرق الجوية لطائرات هاندلي بيج إتش بي 42 التابعة للخطوط الجوية الإمبراطورية.

صممت ألمانيا طائرة آرادو آر 232 في الحرب العالمية الثانية، إذ كانت أول طائرة شحن مصممة لهذا الغرض، كان الغرض من تصميم آر 232 هو أن تحل محل يونكرز يو 52 لكن صُنع القليل منها فقط. استخدمت معظم القوات الأخرى نسخًا من طائرات الشحن لغرض نقل الإمدادات، ومن أبرزها سي 47 سكاي ترين، وهي نسخة من دوغلاس دي سي-3 التي خدمت تقريبًا مع كل دول الحلفاء.

قُدمت إحدى أهم الأفكار في تصميم طائرات الشحن المستقبلية سنة 1939، من خلال النموذجين الخامس والسادس لطائرة النقل العسكري يونكرز يو 90 ذات المحركات الأربعة، إذ كانت تحتوي على أول مثال لمنحدر التحميل الخلفي. استخدمت هذه الطائرة مثل معظم الطائرات في عصرها، معدات الهبوط ذات السحب الخلفي، التي تسبب ميل الطائرة إلى الخلف عند الهبوط، لكنها تميزت بفكرة  الترابوكلاب وهو منحدر خلفي يعمل بالطاقة الهيدروليكية ويمتلك آليات تشغيل قوية لها القدرة على رفع الطائرة عن العجلة الخلفية وتسوية الارضية والسماح بتحميل البضائع بسهولة، ويحتوي أيضًا على مدرج للأشخاص يتوسط منحدرات مسار المركبات. ظهر منحدر تحميل خلفي مشابه مع بعض الاختلاف في طائرة الشحن الأمريكية ذات المحركين بود آر بي-1 في أواخر الحرب العالمية الثانية.

أمثلة

البريد الجوي المبكر وطائرات النقل الجوي اللوجستية

طائرات «جسر جوي ولوجستيات» مهمه.

 أفرو لانكسترين (بريد عبر الأطلسي))
 أفرو يورك
 بوينغ طراز 2
 كورتيس  JN-2
 دوغلاس M-2
 دوغلاس دي سي-3
 دوغلاس دي سي-4
 دوغلاس دي سي-6

انظر أيضاً

 أنتونوف أن-225
 مروحية

مراجع

طائرات شحن
طائرات نقل عسكرية

طائرة شحن


The John Butler Trio are an Australian roots/rock band led by guitarist and vocalist John Butler, an APRA and ARIA-award-winning musician. They formed in Fremantle in 1998 with Jason McGann on drums, Gavin Shoesmith on bass and John Butler on vocals. By 2009, the trio consisted of Butler with Byron Luiters on bass and Nicky Bomba on drums and percussion, the latter being replaced by Grant Gerathy in 2013. After both Luiters and Gerathy exited the trio in early 2019, bassist OJ Newcomb and drummer Terepai Richmond (also of The Whitlams) joined the band, accompanied by touring musician Elana Stone on keyboards, percussion and backing vocals.

The band's second studio album, Three (2001) reached the top 30 in the Australian album charts and achieved platinum sales. The band's subsequent studio albums: Sunrise Over Sea (2004); Grand National (2007); and April Uprising (2010) all debuted at the number one position on the Australian album charts, with all three albums reaching platinum sales status. Living 2001–2002 (2003), the band's first live album, reached the top ten and also achieved platinum status in Australia. The band's second live album, Live at St. Gallen (2005), also achieved gold record status. The band's releases since 2002 have been marketed independently by Jarrah Records, which Butler co-owns with West Australian folk band the Waifs and manager of both acts, Philip Stevens. Their most recent studio album, Home, was released in 2018.

History

Early career
The John Butler Trio is fronted by John Butler on vocals and guitars.  He started his career as a busker in Fremantle, Western Australia and released a self-recorded cassette, Searching for Heritage in 1996. Gavin Shoesmith on double bass and bass guitar founded Katamaran in Darwin with Mark Hoffman on didgeridoo and Grant Smith on percussion. With Butler, Shoesmith and Jason McGann on drums, John Butler Trio was formed in Fremantle in 1998 and independently released the John Butler album in December. It was produced by Butler and included re-recorded versions of two tracks from his Searching for Heritage.

The trio toured throughout Western Australia in 1999, then The Waifs invited Butler to perform solo on their Australian tour – he also performed his own gigs. The John Butler Trio then launched their own tour where Butler met his future wife Danielle Caruana in Broome.

The John Butler Trio released the four-track extended play, JBT, in April 2000 with songs short enough to win radio play. It was produced by Butler and Shaun O'Callaghan. Radio station Triple J chose the track "Pickapart" to put on high rotation. The band began to develop a wider reputation with a performance at the East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival in Byron Bay in 2000. Butler recalled that his first gig had about 50 people, the second gig started the same way when "it absolutely pissed with rain and 3000 people ran into our tent. And the show just went berserk. It was like a suffocated fire – you lift the lid and it explodes". The John Butler Trio has become a regular artist at the annual event.

Three
In April 2001, John Butler Trio released Three and relocated to Melbourne to promote the record on the east coast. The track, "Betterman", was on high rotation by Triple J. Three  peaked at No. 24 on the ARIA Charts. It also remained on the alternative charts for nine months reaching No. 3. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2001 the album won an award for 'Best Independent Release'. "Betterman" reached No. 5 on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2001.

Shoesmith left the trio to form his own band, The Groovesmiths, Butler replaced him with 19-year-old Rory Quirk, who was on their first tour of the United States in 2001. Quirk, in turn, left in 2002 to pursue a career with his band, Quirk. Andrew Fry joined as the next bass player.

The success of Three led to its release in the US in 2002 and two tours of the US followed. The band supported the Dave Matthews Band and John Mayer as well as playing at the Bonnaroo Music Festival and the South by Southwest Festival. The band also played at the Splendour in the Grass Festival in Australia. Butler, his manager Phil Stevens and fellow Western Australian folk artists, The Waifs, founded Jarrah Records in July 2002.

As a result of intensive touring, the band developed a great live reputation in Australia. The band released Living 2001-2002 in February 2003, a double live album which had a top ten debut in the ARIA album charts and went on to achieve platinum sales. Butler took a brief break after five years of solid work since 1997 for the birth of his daughter Banjo.

Sunrise Over Sea
In late 2003, John Butler entered Woodstock Studios in Melbourne owned by Joe Camilleri, the leader of Jo Jo Zep and the Black Sorrows. He had a new band consisting of percussionist Nicky Bomba and upright-bass player Shannon Birchall. After recording the album, Bomba returned to his own reggae band and was replaced by drummer/percussionist Michael Barker.

John Butler told the Australian edition of Rolling Stone released in April 2004 that he wanted greater freedom to pursue his vision. "Essentially what I learnt out of this process was, more so than ever, I'm the keeper of the music. I have the intuition and the foresight to pick the right players to my music. I've learned it's not always about having the same players for five, six or 10 years, it's having the right chemistry for these songs at this time. Some of my favourite Jimi Hendrix music is off-the-cuff stuff with Band of Gypsies."

The title Sunrise Over Sea is taken from the lyrics to the second track, Peaches and Cream. The album debuted at number one in the national album charts on 15 March 2004 and achieved gold record status in its first week of release.

The Zebra EP was released in December 2003 and made the ARIA singles charts in early 2004. The song was voted No. 7 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2004 and also was the first John Butler Trio single to gain significant airplay on commercial FM radio across Australia, although it was still quite popular on Triple J.
John Butler would win an Australasian Performing Right Association award for Song of the Year in March 2004. On 20 October 2006, the track also appeared as the opening music for the episode 'Traffic' (Season 3, Episode 5) of the popular US Crime drama Numb3rs.

In 2005 John Butler and co-founder Danielle Caruana (his wife) inaugurated the JB Seed grant program. "The Seed aims to help Australian artists from any background, creating art and music across any genre, to establish themselves as self-sustained, professional artists." Caruana also plays independent music, she plays under the name Mama Kin.

Following the Boxing Day Tsunami, the John Butler Trio appeared at the Wave Aid fundraising concert in Sydney, to raise funds for aid organisations working in disaster affected areas.

The John Butler Trio played at all venues for the Big Day Out music festival, starting in Auckland, New Zealand on 19 January 2007, and finishing in Perth Western Australia on 4 February.

Grand National
Their fourth studio album, entitled Grand National, was released on 24 March 2007 in Australia and New Zealand, and released on 27 March 2007 in the United States and France. The first single off the album, titled "Funky Tonight", reached a high of No. 15 on the ARIA charts and No. 12 on Triple J Hottest 100 for 2006. A second single, "Better Than," was also released. In conjunction with the American release, the trio scheduled a small American Tour consisting of five cities starting in Los Angeles and ending in New York.

In April 2007 Grand National was the initial album nominated for a J Award by national youth broadcaster Triple J. "Better Than" which was released as the first overseas single from Grand National, reached No. 1 on the Triple A format charts in United States in June 2007. It also reached the top ten international songs at Japanese Radio and has been a major radio hit in France where the video made MTV's video of the week.

On 7 July 2007 they performed at the Australian leg of Live Earth in Sydney. On 31 July 2007 the John Butler Trio performed their song, "Better Than" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. On 4 August 2007 they performed at Newport Folk Festival playing a set that included "Used to Get High", "Better Than", "Ocean", "Funky Tonight", and "Good Excuse".

In 2007, the John Butler Trio won the Australian Independent Record (AIR) Award for Best Performing Independent Album as well as Best Independent Release and Best Blues and Roots Album at the ARIA Awards.

On 3 August 2008 they performed at Lollapalooza in Chicago.  The John Butler Trio concluded the summer of 2008 touring the U.S. with G. Love and Special Sauce.

In July 2009 "Betterman" was voted number 47 by the Australian public in Triple J Hottest 100 of all time.

On 26 March 2009 John Butler announced that the current bass and drum musicians of the John Butler Trio, Shannon Birchall and Michael Barker are separating from the band. For purely artistic reasons, John feels that it is necessary to change the line up in an attempt by John to discover new inspirations with new members. John stated in his announcement;

Michael Barker went on to form Swamp Thing with guitarist/singer Grant Haua, based in New Zealand. Their first album Balladeer was released in May 2011.

April Uprising
On 30 June 2009 John Butler announced the new bass and drum musicians of the John Butler Trio to be Byron Luiters as the bassist and Nicky Bomba as the drummer and percussionist. Bomba, Butler's brother-in-law, had previously been a member of the John Butler Trio.

The new line-up has spent the last few months in a studio in Fremantle, recording the band's fifth studio album, which was released 26 March 2010. The album will be called April Uprising, named after Butler's voyage to find his ancestors on SBS Television's genealogy series, Who Do You Think You Are?. The recording process for the new album has been shared with fans via a special studio sessions page on the band's website. The first single from the album, "One Way Road", was released on 4 December 2009. Butler described the song as being

The band, according to billboard.com, recorded twenty two songs at Butler's home based studio in Fremantle, this was eventually cut down to the fifteen that appear on the album. The album was released in Australia, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and The Netherlands on 26 March 2010, in New Zealand and France on 29 March, in the UK on 5 April, and in the USA / Canada on 6 April.

April Uprising debuted at No. 1 on the Australian ARIA albums chart on 5 April and whilst the first two singles from the album, "One Way Road" and "Close to You", charted at No. 15 and No. 36 on the Australian ARIA singles charts they both reached the top five in the Spins radio airplay charts, the former reaching No. 1.

On 4 June 2010 John Butler Trio played a show at Red Rocks Amphitheatre, which was streamed live to fans around the world at Livestream.

In 2010, the John Butler Trio received the award for Most Popular Independent Artist at the Australian Independent Record (AIR) Awards while April Uprising was nominated at the ARIA Awards for 'Best Blues and Roots Album' and 'Best Independent Release'.

In February 2012, John Butler recorded a studio version of the Trio's instrumental single "Ocean", at The Compound in Fremantle, and uploaded it to the band's YouTube channel later in that year. The 12-minute video clip went viral, and has accumulated over 35 million views online.

On 31 August 2013, it was announced by John Butler that Nicky Bomba (drums and percussion) will be leaving the band. Subsequently, on 8 October, Butler announced that Grant Gerathy of Ray Mann Three will be the new drummer for the Trio.

Flesh & Blood
Flesh & Blood, produced by Jan Skubiszewski, was released on 7 February 2014, with the initial single "Only One" released on 15 November 2013. While the single ranked 87th in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2013, the album itself received the 2014 ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album, debuted at No. 2 on the Australian charts, and reached No. 7 in the Hungarian charts. The trio also undertook a large national tour in February and March 2014 to support the release of the new album.

Singles from Flesh & Blood were performed by the Trio on the American late-night talk show Conan on 24 February 2014, and for Triple J's Like a Version on 11 April 2014. Their roots rock cover of Pharrell Williams' "Happy" features on the CD and DVD releases of Like a Versions Volume Ten.

Home
John Butler Trio released the first single and title track "Home" in August 2018 ahead of the album, Home, which was released on 28 September.

On March 11, 2019, John Butler Trio announced that Byron Luiters and Grant Gerathy would be leaving the band.

Political activism
The band performed at The Wilderness Society's Save the Kimberley concert on 5 October 2012, alongside Clare Bowditch and Missy Higgins. The concert was part of a long-running campaign to protest against a proposal to industrialise the James Price Point area in Broome, Western Australia, and also featured an address from former leader of the Australian Greens, Dr Bob Brown.

MembersCurrent membersJohn Butler – lead vocals, guitars (1998–present)
Owen "OJ" Newcomb – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (2019–present)
Terepai Richmond – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2019–present)Current touring musicians
Elana Stone – keyboards, percussion, backing vocals (2019–present)Former membersGavin Shoesmith – bass (1998–2001)
Jason McGann – drums, percussion (1998–2003)
Rory Quirk – bass (2001–2002)
Andrew Fry – bass (2002–2003)
Shannon Birchall – bass, backing vocals (2003–2009)
Nicky Bomba – drums, percussion (2003–2004, 2009–2013)
Michael Barker – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2003–2009)
Byron Luiters – bass, backing vocals (2009–2019)
Grant Gerathy – drums (2013–2019)Former touring musiciansLozz Benson – percussion, backing vocals (2018–2019)
Ben Corbett – keyboards, percussion, backing vocals (2018–2019)Timeline Discography Studio albums John Butler (1998)
 Three (2001)
 Sunrise Over Sea (2004)
 Grand National (2007)
 April Uprising (2010)
 Flesh & Blood (2014)
 Home (2018)Live albums'''
 Living 2001–2002 (2003)
 Live at St. Gallen (2005)
 One Small Step (2009)
 Live at Red Rocks (2011)
Tin Shed Tales (2012)

Awards and nominations
AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
|Live at St. Gallen
| Best Performing Independent Album
|
|-
| themselves
| Independent Artist of the Year
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2007
| rowspan="2"|Grand National
| Best Performing Independent Album
|
|-
| Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
|
|-
| themselves
| Independent Artist of the Year
|
|-
| "Funky Tonight"
| Best Performing Independent Single/EP
|
|-
| 2010
|themselves
| Most Popular Independent Artist
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
|Flesh & Blood
| Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
|
|-
| themselves
| Independent Artist of the Year
|
|-
| 2019
| Home| Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
|
|-

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).

|-
| 2004 || "Zebra" || Song of the Year ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006 || "Somethings Gotta Give" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work ||
|-
| "What You Want" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2008 || "Better Than" || Song of the Year ||
|-
| "Funky Tonight" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year ||
|-
| "Good Excuse" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year ||
|-
| 2010
| "One Way Road"
| Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2011 || "Revolution" || Song of the Year ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| "Close to You" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year ||
|-
| Most Played Australian Work ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| "One Way Road" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year ||
|-
| Most Played Australian Work ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2014
|rowspan="2"|  "Only One"
| Song of the Year
|
|-
| Blues & Roots Work of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2015 ||rowspan="2"| "Livin' in the City" || Blues & Roots Work of the Year ||
|-
| Song of the Year ||
|-
| 2019
| "Home"
| Song of the Year
|
|-
|2020 || "Just Call" || Most Performed Blues & Roots Work of the Year||
|-

ARIA Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The John Butler Trio have won six awards from twenty-eight nominations.

|-
|rowspan="4"| 2001 || Three || Best Blues & Roots Album ||
|-
|| Three || Best Independent Release ||
|-
|| Three || Breakthrough Artist – Album ||
|-
| John Butler Trio EP || Breakthrough Artist – Single ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2003 || Living 2001-2002 || Best Blues & Roots Album ||
|-
| Living 2001–2002|| Best Independent Release ||
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2004 || Sunrise Over Sea || Best Cover Art ||
|-
| Sunrise Over Sea || Engineer of the Year ||
|-
| Sunrise Over Sea || Producer of the Year ||
|-
| Sunrise Over Sea || Best Blues & Roots Album ||
|-
| Sunrise Over Sea || Best Independent Release ||
|-
| "Zebra" || Single of the Year ||
|-
| Sunrise Over Sea || Album of the Year ||
|-
|| 2005 || "Somethings Gotta Give" (Ben Joss and Tribal) || Best Video ||
|-
|| 2006 || Live at St. Gallen || Best Independent Release ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|  2007 || Grand National || Best Independent Release ||
|-
| Grand National || Best Blues & Roots Album ||
|-
| "Funky Tonight" || Single of the Year ||
|-
| Grand National || Album of the Year ||
|-
|| 2008 || Live at Federation Square || Best Music DVD ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2010 || April Uprising || Best Independent Release ||
|-
| April Uprising || Best Blues & Roots Album ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011 || Live at Red Rocks || Best Independent Release ||
|-
| Live at Red Rocks || Best Blues & Roots Album ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2014 || Flesh & Blood || Best Blues & Roots Album ||
|-
| Flesh & Blood Tour || Best Australian Live Act ||
|-
| "Only One" – Ben Young || Best Video ||
|-
|2019 || Home || Best Blues & Roots Album ||

J Awards
The J Awards are presented annually from 2005 by the Australian national youth radio broadcasting station, Triple J.

|-
|| J Awards of 2007 || Grand National'' || Album ||
|-
| J Awards of 2018
| himself
| Double J Artist of the Year
|

National Live Music Awards
The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.

|-
| 2018
| John Butler Trio
| Live Blues and Roots Act of the Year
|
|-

Western Australian Music Industry Awards
The Western Australian Music Industry Awards (commonly known as WAMis) are annual awards presented to the local contemporary music industry, put on by the Western Australian Music Industry Association Inc (WAM). John Butler /John Butler Trio has won five awards.

 (wins only)
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2002
| John Butler Trio
| Most Popular Local Original Folk Act
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| John Butler
| Most Popular Male Original Vocalist
|
|-
| Most Popular Male Original Guitarist
|
|-
| 2003
| John Butler Trio
| Most Popular Local Original Blues & Roots Act
|
|-
| 2014
| "Only One" by John Butler Trio
| Most Popular Video
|
|-

References

External links

 John Butler Trio collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
 Blender Interview
 Patrol Magazine Live Review
John Butler Trio, "April Uprising" by Billboard

APRA Award winners
ARIA Award winners
Atlantic Records artists
Australian folk music groups
Australian indie pop groups
Jam bands
Western Australian musical groups

John Butler Trio


An Zygopetalum silvanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Vitorino Paiva Castro ngan Marcos Antonio Campacci. An Zygopetalum silvanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zygopetalum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Zygopetalum

Zygopetalum silvanum


65657 Hube este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
65657 Hube este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Siding Spring de Andrew Lowe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,64 ua, o excentricitate de 0,27 și o înclinație de 11,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 65001-66000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1982
Centura de asteroizi

65657 Hube


Leon Lederman (New York, 15. srpnja 1922. – Rexburg, Idaho, 3. listopada 2018.), američki fizičar. Doktorirao (1951.) na Sveučilištu Columbia u New Yorku. Bio je zaposlen na Sveučilištu Columbia (od 1951. do 1960.), Laboratoriju Nevis u Irvingtonu, New York (od 1961. do 1978.), Fermilabu (od 1979. do 1989.), u Tehnološkom institutu Illinois (od 1989.). Glavno mu je područje djelovanja bila fizika elementarnih čestica. U Nacionalnom laboratoriju u Brookhavenu (od 1960. do 1962.) pridonio je postizanju neutrinskoga snopa koji je omogućio otkriće mionskoga neutrina. Bio je član Nacionalne akademije znanosti SAD-a (od 1965.) i Američke akademije umjetnosti i znanosti (od 1970.). Za dokaz parne strukture leptona na temelju otkrića mionskog neutrina metodom neutrinskih snopova, dobio je s M. Schwartzom i J. Steinbergerom Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku 1988. Napisao je popularnoznanstveno djelo: Božja čestica: ako je svemir odgovor, što je pitanje? (eng. The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?, 1993.).

Problem Sunčevih neutrina

Znanstvenike je oduvijek zanimalo odakle silna Sunčeva energija. H. von Helmholtz je prvi pred oko 140 godina pokušao znanstveno protumačiti izvor Sunčeve energije pomoću gravitacije i došao je do spoznaje da bi time energija Sunca trajala najviše oko 30 milijuna godina. Za fizičare 19. stoljeća bilo je to dovoljno, ali ne i za biologe, koji su pokušavali vremenski odrediti nastanak života na Zemlji. Danas je poznato da Sunce zrači energiju već 5 milijardi godina. Tek šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća je H. A. Bethe uspio zahvaljujući prijedlogu fizičara von Weizsäckera protumačiti proces energije na Suncu. Neutrino je bitan za taj proces dobivanja energije koja kompenzira gravitacijsku energiju i time sprječava gravitacijsko urušavanje (kolabiranje) Sunca. U središtu Sunca, preko složenih lančanih reakcija u takozvanom Sunčevom standardnom modelu (SSM), dolazi do nuklearne fuzije protona u helij. Tim nuklearnim vezanjima bariona pretvara se masa m u energiju E prema poznatoj jednadžbi:

gdje je: c - brzina svjetlosti. Svake sekunde Sunce kroz taj složeni proces fuzije "izgori" u sekundi gotovo 600 milijuna tona vodika u teže atomske jezgre. Pri tome nastaje Sunčevo svjetlo (fotoni) i Sunčevi neutrini. Neutrino neposredno napusti gusti centar Sunca, dok foton treba 100 tisuća godina dok dođe na površinu koju mi opažamo.

Kroz stalna raspršenja foton izgubi svaku informaciju o središtu Sunca za razliku od neutrina. Na površini Zemlje dobivamo danju i noću preko 60 milijardi Sunčevih neutrina po cm2 u sekundi prema Betheovoj osnovnoj reakciji:

gdje je masa deuterija  manja od mase dvaju protona što odgovara energiji vezanja protona i neutrona u deuterij (defekt mase).

Zato proučavanje Sunčevih neutrina nije samo test SSM modela, nego dopušta direktno promatranje unutrašnjosti Sunca kod temperature od oko 15 milijuna stupnjeva Celzija. Dnevno svjetlo dolazi s površine Sunca, gdje je temperatura svega 5 505 ºC.

B. Pontecorvo, učenik E. Fermija, je predložio da neutrino može kod apsorpcije u atomskoj jezgri pretvoriti kemijski element s atomskim brojem X u element atomskog broja X+1. Na primjer, izotop klora () preko reakcije:

u izotop argona (). U tom slučaju broj atoma argona mjeri količinu Sunčevih neutrina. Otkriću Sunčevih neutrina pridonio je i mladi radiokemičar Ray Davis u novoosnovanoj grupi za kemiju u Brookhaven National laboratoriju. Kako nije dobio neki određeni radni zadatak, u biblioteci je pokušao naći neki interesantni problem za sebe. Tako je našao prijedlog talijanskog fizičara Pontecorva i odmah je razvio radiokemijski pilot projekt kako pronaći mali broj elemenata argona u tekućini klora. Nakon tog pilot projekta sagradio je ogromni rezervoar od 380 tisuća litara, ispunio ga tekućinom za kemijsko čišćenje perkloroetilenom, koji je bogat s klorom i jakom apsorpcijom neutrina.

Detektor je postavio u rudnik zlata 1 500 metara pod zemljom da bi smanjio utjecaj kozmičke pozadine (eng. background). Davis je razvio preciznu tehniku kako količinski (kvantitativno) izvući nekoliko atoma radioaktivnog argona proizvedenog apsorpcijom neutrina u kloru. Posao je bio vrlo težak, lakše bi bilo naći iglu u plastu sijena. Argon u tekućini klora je bio prvi dokaz Sunčevih neutrina. Svakih mjesec dana je Davis "ulovio" 17 radioaktivnih atoma argona. Nakon 6 mjeseci izmjereni broj atoma nije se podudarao s očekivanim brojem neutrina prema Sunčevom standardnom modelu. Ili je bila kriva SSM teorija ili je Davisov pokus bio pogrešan. Kako su mnogi daljnji pokusi, izvođeni na isti način, pokazali sličan rezultat, došlo se na ideju da su se elektronski neutrini na putu do Zemlje pretvorili u druge vrste neutrina koji ne mogu biti apsorbirani u tim kemijskim pokusima, koji reagiraju samo na νe, a ne na νμ ili ντ.

To otkriće vodilo je daljnjim pokusima. Tako je jedna japanska grupa pod vodstvom fizičara M. Koshiba blizu grada Kamioka u rudniku cinka, oko 600 metara ispod zemlje, sagradila rezervoar od 50 tisuća tona izuzetno čiste vode s 11 146 staklenih fotomultiplikatora, cijevi promjera 50 cm. Način detekcije u ovom pokusu je različit od kemijskih detektora. Detektor s vodom može detektirati sve vrste neutrina. Neutrino u sudaru s molekulama vode stvara razne elementarne čestice s električnim nabojem koji u vodi imaju brzinu veću od brzine svjetlosti u vodi i stvaraju takozvano Čerenkovljevo svjetlo (Čerenkovljevo zračenje) čime otkriju svoj identitet (kod posjeta nuklearnom reaktoru može se u skladištu uranijevih šipki u vodi vidjeti plavo Čerenkovljevo svjetlo kojeg stvaraju elektroni). Svjetlo je registrirano s panoramski raspodijeljenim fotomultiplikatora i izračunat je tip reakcije pomoću računala,čime se moglo identificirati neutrino.

S tim nešto poboljšanim detektorom je jedna japansko-američka grupa objavila 1998. da neutrino mijenja svoj identitet prolazom kroz svemir. Time je otkrivena oscilacija neutrina i pokazano da neutrino ima masu. To je također potvrdila i jedna kanadska grupa. Time je riješen problem manjka Sunčevih neutrina koji dolaze do Zemlje i potvrđen Sunčev standardni model. Davis i Koshiba su za svoja istraživanja Sunčevih neutrina bili nagrađeni Nobelovom nagradom 2002.

Dana 23. veljače 1987. dogodilo se duboko u svemiru nešto što je prostim okom zadnji vidio J. Kepler: zvjezdana, takozvana eksplozija supernove. Pred 180 tisuća godina u susjednoj galaksiji jedna je zvijezda iscrpila fuzioni materijal i time je nestala energija koja je davala otpor vlastitoj gravitaciji. U jednom trenu je nastala urušenjem gravitacijska eksplozija i emitirala energiju preko neutrina i svjetlosti veću od 1000 milijardi višu negoli naše Sunce izrači u godinu dana. Signal od 12 neutrina registrirao je Kamiokande detektor. Istodobno su i druga dva slična detektora u SAD-u registrirala neutrine. Tek nakon 2 sata je stigao i svjetlosni signal (neutrino je kroz svemirsku prašinu brži od svjetla). Time se potvrdilo pokusno predviđanje teorijskih modela o razvoju zvijezda i gravitacijskom kolapsu. Tako se može reći da je 1987. započela neutrinska astronomija izvan naše galaksije!

Izvori

Američki fizičari
Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku

Leon Lederman


An Festuca graniticola in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michel François-Jacques Kerguélen ngan Morla. An Festuca graniticola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Spain. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca graniticola


Thunbergia može označavati:
 Thunbergia (Animalia) Horvath, 1914, rod kukaca polukrilaca u porodici  Lygaeidae.
 Thunbergia (Plantae) 	Retz., tunbergija, biljni rod u porodici Acanthaceae.

Thunbergia


Umbre II este un serial românesc din 2017 regizat de Igor Cobileanski, Bogdan Mirică. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Șerban Pavlu, Maria Obretin.

Prezentare

Distribuție
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Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1982 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1982
Filme regizate de Igor Cobileanski
Filme regizate de Bogdan Mirică
Filme dramatice românești

Umbre II


Qatars fodboldlandshold er landsholdet i Qatar og det styres af الاتحاد القطري لكرة القدم.
Holdet har deltaget i ni Asian Cup-turneringer og Qatar har også været vært for Asian Cup i 2011. De spiller deres hjemmekampe på Khalifa International Stadium og Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium. Det sidstnævnte er hjemmebane for holdet.

Referencer

Fodboldlandshold
Fodbold i Qatar

Qatars fodboldlandshold