Nacionalni euharistijski kongres Crkve u Hrvata (skr. NEK) bilo je katoličko vjerničko okupljanje u Svetištu Majke Božje Bistričke u Mariji Bistrici radi proslave trinaest stoljeća kršćanstva u Hrvata. Događaj je svojom masovnošću i značajem nadišao prvotne okvire, stekavši povijesnu važnost u slomu komunizma u Hrvatskoj.

Kongres je zapravo kruna događanja od 1975., u trajanju od devet godina, nazvana "Trinaest stoljeća kršćanstva u Hrvata", koji je svoj vrhunac doživio posljednjega dana NEK-a, kada se na završnoj svetoj misi u Mariji Bistrici 9. rujna 1984. okupilo 400 000 ljudi, čineći to najvećim skupom u povijesti SFRJ. Kongres je svojom važnošću i međunarodnim ugledom koji je stekao u svjetskoj javnosti označio prekretnicu slamanja komunizma u Hrvatskoj tj. predstavlja početak kraja SFRJ.

Glavni nositelji organizacije NEK-a bili su mons. Josip Pavlišić, riječko-senjski nadbiskup i metropolit te predsjednik Središnjega odbora NEK-a, tajnik istoga Odbora dr. Antun Škvorčević i Ivan Zvonimir Čičak, koji je svojim novčanim prilozima pomogao izgradnju pozornice u Mariji Bistrici i organizirao osiguranje samoga događaja. Komunističke vlasti činile su sve u otežavanju organizacije Kongresa, pa tako Kaptol nije mogao uspostaviti vezu s Marijom Bistricom, tajna policija UDBA onemogućila je ostvarivanje radioveze putem Sljemena te su Udbini agenti osobno pratili visoke crkvene dužnosnike i organizatore događaja.

Danima prije središnjega događaja s prostora cijele Hrvatske, ali i iz drugih jugoslavenskih republika, i iz inozemstva počele su u Mariju Bistricu dolaziti velike skupine vjernika i hodočasnika. Neki su tjednima prije krenuli pješice, a iz Zagreba su mladi pješice krenuli nakon bdjenja u zagrebačkoj katedrali, 8./9 rujna. Pješaci su zakrčili putove jer vlasti nisu dale da se u Bistricu putuje organiziranim prijevozom, tako što zagrebačkim poduzećima nisu dopuštali prijevoz vjernika te su zaustavljali sve autobuse na putu prema Mariji Bistrici i vraćali ih nazad.
Papin visoki izaslanik, austrijski kardinal Franz König prenio je papinu poruku vjernicima:

Komunističke vlasti na brzinu su organizirale prijam za visoke uzvanike Katoličke crkve te predstavnike ostalih vjerskih zajednica, Islamske zajednice i SPC-a, u palači Dverce na  zagrebačkomu Gornjem gradu. Na primanju nije bilo visokih komunističkih dužnosnika na republičkoj i državnoj razini. Uzvanike su dočekali predsjednik Komisije za odnose s vjerskim zajednicama SIV-a Anto Sučić i predsjednik takve komisije Izvršnoga vijeća Sabora SRH-a Ivan Lalić.

Na bistričkoj poljani okupilo se gotovo pola milijuna vjernika. Koncelebriranoj misi nazočila su trojica kardinala, a Poljake je predstavljao kardinal Franciszek Macharski. Na misi je bilo i 35 nadbiskupa i biskupa, nekoliko stotina svećenika, više od tisuću časnih sestara. Na završnim svečanostima NEK-a bilo je i visoko predstavništvo Srpske pravoslavne crkve s izaslanikom patrijarha Germana, mitropolitom zagrebačko-ljubljanskim Jovanom Pavlovićem. Uime Islamske zajednice NEK je pozdravio imam Ševko Omerbašić, izaslanik vrhovnoga starješine Islamske zajednice u SFRJ reis-ul-uleme Naima ef. Hadžiabdića.

Središnji odbor NEK-a uspostavio je i novinarski centar u kojemu se akreditiralo više od 200 domaćih i stranih novinara. Tiskan je bilten NEK-a na hrvatskomu, engleskom, njemačkom i talijanskom jeziku. Prvi put u povijesti Crkve u Hrvata održana je konferencija za novinare. Pomoćni zagrebački biskup Đuro Kokša morao je često odgovarati na provokativna pitanja. Glavni provokatori bili su Nenad Ivanković, koji je postavljao pitanja o financiranju NEK-a, te srpski novinar Aleksandar Tijanić, poslije glavni Miloševićev propagator. Unatoč podmetanjima, opstrukciji i provokacijama, NEK je uspio. Tomu je najzaslužniji don Živko Kustić, dugogodišnji urednik Glasa Koncila, koji je najviše učinio za popularizaciju ideje okupljanja u Mariji Bistrici, osvijestivši cijelu hrvatsku katoličku javnost.

Unatoč pokušajima sprječavanja Kongresa, prošao je i bez najmanjeg incidenta, a s obzirom na to da ministarstva i državni organi nisu pripomogli u njegovoj organizaciji, Crkva je organizirala i sanitet od 100 liječnika i 100 časnih sestara. Vjernici su primani i ugošćeni u crkvama i domovima u Mariji Bistrici i njezinoj okolici.

Prema izjavi tada mladoga agenta Udbe Željka Kekića Pauka, vlasti su planirale uhititi kardinala Franju Kuharića. Odustali su kad ga je papa Ivan Pavao II. 1983. imenovao kardinalom. Nije im bio potreban skandal svjetskih razmjera i novi pritisak međunarodne zajednice. Time je NEK postao prekretnica u slamanju komunizma u Hrvatskoj.

Izvori

 Ivica Radoš. Feljton (4): Godine uoči raspada Jugoslavije: Nacionalni euharistijski kongres 1984. Večernji list, 24. srpnja 2014. (pristupljeno 31. ožujka 2018.)
 Nacionalni euharistijski kongres iz Arhive TV Kalendara (pristupljeno 31. ožujka 2018.)

Katoličanstvo u Hrvatskoj
Marija Bistrica

Nacionalni euharistijski kongres


David Ervine (21 July 1953 – 8 January 2007) was a Northern Irish Ulster Loyalist and politician who served as leader of the Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) from 2002 to 2007 and was also a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for Belfast East from 1998 to 2007. During his youth Ervine was a member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and was imprisoned for possessing bomb-making equipment. Whilst in jail he became convinced of the benefits of a more political approach for loyalism and became involved with the PUP. As a leading PUP figure, Ervine helped to deliver the loyalist ceasefire of 1994.

Early life
David Ervine was the youngest of five children born to Walter and Elizabeth Ervine. He was raised in a Protestant working-class area of east Belfast between the Albertbridge and Newtownards roads. His household was not loyalist at all: his father Walter described himself as a socialist, had no time for Ian Paisley and didn't attend church. When Ervine joined the Orange Order aged 18, he said he was the first member of his family to ever be a member. His membership, however, did not last long. Like many in his situation, he grew up closely identifying with his community and absorbed its unionist ideals and opinions. Ervine left Orangefield High School (Orangefield Boys Secondary School) at 14 and, aged 19, joined the UVF, believing this step to be the only way to ensure the defence of the Protestant community after the events of Bloody Friday. A neighbour of Ervine's, William Irvine, who was a member of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), had died in one of the bomb blasts on that day.

Before joining the UVF Ervine had attempted to join the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), but due to a misdemeanour in his childhood involving a stolen bicycle he was refused entry.

Arrest and imprisonment
Ervine was arrested in November 1974, while an active member of the UVF. He was driving a stolen car containing five pounds of commercial explosives, a detonator and fuse wire. After seven months on remand in Crumlin Road Gaol, he was found guilty of possession of explosives with intent to endanger life. He was sentenced to 11 years and imprisoned in The Maze. While in prison, Ervine came under the influence of Gusty Spence who made him question what the loyalist struggle was about. Spence's influence unquestionably changed Ervine's direction: after much study and self-analysis, Ervine emerged with the view that change through politics was the only option. He also became friends with Billy Hutchinson while in prison.

Release
Ervine was released from prison in 1980. He owned a newsagents' in Belfast for several years before taking up full-time politics. He stood in local council elections as a Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) candidate in 1985. In 1998, he was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly to represent Belfast East and was re-elected in 2003. He was also a member of Belfast City Council from 1997.

Loyalist ceasefire
Ervine is said to have played a pivotal role in bringing about the loyalist ceasefire of October 1994. He was part of a delegation to Downing Street in June 1996 that met then British Prime Minister John Major to discuss the loyalist ceasefire.

Forum
In 1996 Ervine was elected to the Northern Ireland Forum from the regional list, having been an unsuccessful candidate in the East Belfast constituency.

Progressive
Ervine was considered to be one of the most progressive unionists in Northern Ireland politics. He had been a strong supporter of the Good Friday Agreement and was one of the few unionist politicians actively to support the Agreement. At a Labour Party meeting in 2001, then Northern Ireland Secretary, John Reid, described him as "one of the most eloquent politicians in Northern Ireland". Some of his opponents made references to him having swallowed a dictionary. Some saw Ervine as one of the few politicians actively engaged with conflict resolution.

In the Northern Ireland Assembly, he was seen as a Unionist sympathetic to the short-term demands of Sinn Féin, resisting attempts by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) to exclude Sinn Féin from office in July 2000 and October 2001. In April 2001, he provoked a direct political attack from the DUP over being the only unionist to vote against a motion condemning the display of lilies commemorating the 1916 Easter Rising at Parliament Buildings. Ervine also expressed support for the right of Sinn Féin members to make speeches in Irish (Gaelic) on the floor of the Assembly. Later, political commentators noted how he sat next to Sinn Féin's Martin McGuinness at the funeral of Northern Ireland football legend George Best in December 2005 as a sign of how Northern Ireland had moved on.

Independent Monitoring Commission
In May 2005, the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC) recommended a continuation of the financial sanctions on Ervine's Assembly salary imposed following its report of April 2004. The IMC was of the opinion that the UVF and the PUP maintained strong links while the former was heavily involved in criminality such as drug dealing and tobacco and fuel smuggling. It further noted that the UVF was responsible for a number of acts of violence (including murder) and was actively maintaining its capacity to wage a terrorist campaign. It concluded that, 12 months after the sanctions were originally imposed, the PUP leadership was still not doing enough to address the UVF's criminal and paramilitary activities.

Ervine appealed against the IMC's recommendation to newly appointed Northern Ireland Secretary Peter Hain on the basis that he could not be held directly responsible for the UVF's actions and thus it was wrong to penalise him personally. Hain accepted his representations and his Assembly salary was fully restored.

The IMC again recommended financial sanctions against Ervine and the PUP. These came in a special report of September 2005 on the violent feud that had erupted between the UVF and the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) that summer, in which a number of murders and attempted murders had been committed. It argued that the PUP leadership was still in a position significantly to influence the UVF: the party could not have it both ways by associating with an active paramilitary organisation without facing political consequences.

In its final regular reports of Ervine's life in April and October 2006, the IMC concluded that it was satisfied the PUP leadership had taken appropriate action to de-escalate UVF's violence and criminality, and it withdrew its punitive recommendations.

Links with Ulster Unionists
On 13 May 2006, it was announced that when the Northern Ireland Assembly reconvened, Ervine would join the Ulster Unionist assembly group, while remaining leader of the Progressive Unionist Party. Under the D'Hondt method used for allocating places on the Northern Ireland Executive, this would entitle the Ulster Unionists to an additional place.

The Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the Assembly, Eileen Bell MLA indicated at the first meeting of the 'shadow' Assembly (15 May 2006) that she would take legal advice before ruling on whether Mr Ervine could be treated as a member of the UUP group.

On 11 September 2006 Ms Bell announced that the Ulster Unionist Party Assembly Group did not have a headquarters, at least one party leader and a scheme for financial support; thus it did not qualify as a political party. This meant that the UUPAG could not sit in the Assembly, so the alliance was deemed as invalid.

Identity
Ervine was a Protestant and identified himself as both Irish and British. He once exclaimed "why can't I be an Irish citizen of the UK?" and remarked: "I am profoundly both British and Irish and those who have to deal with me have to take me on those terms."

Allegations of collusion with security forces
Ervine dismissed allegations of collusion between loyalists and British security forces as "sheer unadulterated nonsense", saying, "there comes a point when the concept insults me, insomuch as that a Provo could lie in bed and with a crystal ball... could pick their targets but a Prod could only do the same if there was an SAS man driving the car".

Ervine cited his own arrest, and the number of UVF members in prison at the time, as evidence that widespread collusion did not exist:"The Royal Ulster Constabulary arrested me on possession of explosives; now why did they do that if we lived in a process of collusion? When I went into jail there were 240 UVF men in three compounds, packed in like sardines, and the UVF were a relatively small organisation in comparison to some of the others, but they made up a hell of a percentage of that jail. Where's collusion there?"

Illness and death

Ervine was reported as having suffered two massive heart attacks and a stroke after attending a football match between Glentoran and Armagh City at The Oval in Belfast on Saturday 6 January 2007. It was later confirmed that he had one heart attack, a stroke and brain haemorrhage. He was taken to the Ulster Hospital in Dundonald and was later admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast. Ervine died on Monday 8 January 2007. RTÉ News at 9pm and its website had reported the previous evening that he had died that day. This incorrect reporting led RTÉ's Northern Editor, Tommie Gorman, to apologise for his error.

Ervine's body was cremated at Roselawn Crematorium after a funeral service on 12 January in East Belfast. It was attended by Mark Durkan, Gerry Adams, Peter Hain, Dermot Ahern, Hugh Orde and David Trimble, among others.

Tributes
Brian Ervine, Ervine's elder brother: "He had the guts and the courage to climb out of the traditional trenches, meet the enemy in no-man's land and play ball with him."
Bertie Ahern (Taoiseach): "(Ervine) was a courageous politician who sought to channel the energies of loyalism in a positive political direction."
Reg Empey MLA: "Northern Ireland has today lost a unique, charismatic and uncharacteristically spin-free politician."
Gerry Adams MLA/MP: "He made a valuable and important contribution to moving our society away from conflict."
George Mitchell (Former US Senator): "His legacy is that he has led loyalism out of the Dark Ages."
Mark Durkan MLA/MP: ""David emerged from a paramilitary past to pursue a peaceful future. Throughout the talks he played a positive role and worked always to keep loyalism onboard for the Good Friday Agreement." (...) "He also championed a more constructive unionism and argued that we can all gain from political accommodation."
Trevor Sargent TD: "His death leaves a major vacuum in terms of the quality of political representatives in Northern Ireland. I hope that the legacy of Mr Ervine's bravery will be taken up by others after him."Tony Blair (British Prime Minister): "David was a man who, whatever his past, played a major part in this last 10 years in trying to bring peace to Ulster."See also
Unionism (Ireland)
Progressive Unionist Party
Ulster Volunteer Force
Ulster Loyalist

References

BibliographyDavid Ervine: Uncharted Waters by Henry Sinnerton (2003), Loyalists'' by Peter Taylor (1999),

External links
PUP Website
obituary from The Belfast Telegraph
  Ervine Foundation http://davidervine.com/

1953 births
2007 deaths
Northern Ireland politicians convicted of crimes
Leaders of political parties in Northern Ireland
Members of Belfast City Council
Members of the Northern Ireland Forum
Northern Ireland MLAs 1998–2003
Northern Ireland MLAs 2003–2007
Politicians from Belfast
Progressive Unionist Party MLAs
Ulster Volunteer Force members
Ulster loyalists imprisoned on charges of terrorism

David Ervine


Shimpei Fukuoka (født 27. juni 2000) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Kyoto Sanga FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shimpei Fukuoka


Ludgershall peut désigner :
 Ludgershall, un village du Buckinghamshire, en Angleterre ;
 Ludgershall, un village du Wiltshire, en Angleterre.

Ludgershall


Smáþörungar eru smásæir þörungar. Þeir eru, ásamt blágerlum, hluti af plöntusvifi í hafi og vötnum og finnast bæði í hafsvæðinu og botnseti. Smáþörungar eru einfruma lífverur, en geta myndað keðjur eða klasa. Stærð þessara klasa nær frá nokkrum míkronum að nokkur hundruð kílómetrum. Ólíkt stærri þörungum hafa smáþörungar hvorki rætur, stilka eða lauf. Talið er að til séu 200 til 800.000 tegundir smáþörunga, en aðeins um 50.000 tegundum hefur verið lýst.

Smáþörungar


Heidrek (nórdico antiguo: Heiðrekr) fue un caudillo vikingo, rey de los godos y uno de los personajes relacionados con la espada mágica Tyrfing y la saga Hervarar. También aparece en el poema Widsith,(línea 115) como Heathoric junto a sus hijos Angantyr (Incgentheow) y Hlöð (Hlith), así como la madre de Hlöð llamada Sifka (Sifeca).

Etimología
Heiðr, significa "honor", y rekr, significa "caudillo, rey".

Vida
Heidrek era hijo del rey Höfund de Glæsisvellir y su esposa, la reina consorte Hervör, una guerrera skjaldmö. Como su madre en su juventud, era un muchacho de temperamento violento y naturaleza indómita. Para enderezar su personalidad, fue educado en la corte del rey Gizur, pero no mejoró su carácter. Una noche, mientras los padres celebraban un banquete, Heidrek llegó sin invitación y tarde por la noche, iniciando una trifulca que acabó con la muerte de un hombre. El rey Höfund, desterró a su hijo del reino aunque Hervör hizo lo imposible para suavizar los sentimientos del padre hacia el hijo.

Antes de partir, su padre le dio algunos consejos:

"Nunca ayudes a un hombre que ha traicionado a su señor.
Nunca aceptes la paz de un hombre que ha matado a su amigo.
No permitas a tu esposa que visite a su familia con frecuencia, aunque ella insista.
Nunca hables con un ser querido sobre pensamientos secretos.
Si tienes prisa, jamás cabalgues con tu mejor corcel.
Nunca castigues al hijo de un buen y mejor hombre.
Nunca rompas una promesa de paz.
Nunca tengas muchos thralls como compañía."

Desde entonces, Heidrek decidió ignorar los consejos de su padre.

Hervör dio a su hijo la espada Tyrfing en secreto. Su hermano Angantyr le acompañó por el camino durante un tiempo. Cuando habían recorrido un buen trayecto, Heidrek quiso admirar la espada, la desenvainó y tuvo que cumplir con la maldición de los enanos matando a su hermano.

Exilio y aventuras
Tras algún tiempo, Heidrek encontró un grupo que trasladaba a un prisionero para ser ejecutado por asesinar a su amo. Recordó el consejo de su padre y decidió comprar la libertad del criminal. Continuó su camino y encontró otro grupo que custodiaba a un prisionero que había matado a su camarada, por lo que siguiendo su conducta rebelde compró la libertad del hombre por el simple hecho de desobedecer a su padre.

Poco después, Heidrek llegó a Reidgotaland, y entró al servicio del rey godo Harald, y mantuvo a su lado a dos jarls rebeldes, consiguiendo la mitad del reino y la mano de la hija del rey, Helga. Heidrek y Helga tuvieron un hijo llamado Angantyr como su hermano y abuelo. En el mismo periodo, el rey Harald tuvo un hijo llamado Halfdan. Heidrek más tarde encabezó un golpe de Estado con la mitad del ejército godo, y usó la espada Tyrfing para matar al rey Harald y a su hijo. Cuando Helga supo de la muerte de sus parientes, se suicidó ahorcándose.

Rey de los godos
Heidrek usó a su ejército para subyugar a todos los godos y gobernó de forma brutal. Derrotó a Humli, rey de los hunos, y capturó a su hija Sifka, a quien violó y dejó embarazada, entonces la devolvió al reino de su padre donde nació su hijo Hlöd.

Heidrek casó con la reina Olof, hija de Åke, rey de los sajones. Ella a menudo preguntaba a su marido si podía visitar a su familia y, como siempre, Heidrek recordaba los consejos de su padre para llevar la contraria y accedía de buen grado. Tal decisión se volvió en su contra, porque un día fue a Sajonia para visitar a su mujer y a su familia y la encontró en brazos de un rubio y apuesto thrall que lo forzó a divorciarse inmediatamente.

Luego casó con una mujer de Finlandia llamada Sifka, como la princesa de los hunos. Un día, visitando al rey Rollaug de Gardariki, de nuevo en oposición a los consejos de su padre, compartió con Sifka un secreto y le hizo jurar que no lo diría a nadie. El secreto es que había matado accidentalmente al hijo de Rollaug durante una cacería. Sifka inmediatamente fue a compartir el secreto al rey, quien ordenó capturar a Heidrek y matar a todo su séquito. Los dos hombres que le dieron caza fueron los reos que salvó de morir.

Rollaug tenía en mente quemar vivo a Heidrek, alguien portó nuevas de que el príncipe estaba aún vivo y que Heidrek era inocente. Rollaug se disculpó, y en compensación por las pérdidas le dio la mano de su hija Hergerd.

Heidrek y Hergerd tuvieron una hija llamada Hervör, también guerrera skjaldmö como su abuela (madre de Heidrek) y con este nacimiento se inicia un periodo de paz para Heidrek.

Durante un viaje, Heidrek acampó en los Cárpatos (Harvaða fjöllum), acompañado de ocho thralls y mientras dormía, los esclavos entraron en su tienda, se hicieron con Tyrfing y lo mataron con su propia espada.

Esta fue la última muerte causada por Tyrfing. El príncipe Angantyr, hijo de Heidrek, capturó a los esclavos y los ejecutó tras reclamar la espada mágica, pero ya había perdido su maldición.

Bibliografía
Henrikson, Alf. (1998). Stora mytologiska uppslagsboken ISBN 91-37-11346-1

Enlaces externos

 Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks en nórdico antiguo en heimskringla.no

 Saga Heiðreks konungs ins vitra en nórdico antiguo en heimskringla.no

 Saga del rey Heidrek el Sabio: texto en la Viking Society for Northern Research. Trad. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Introducción de Christopher Tolkien (1960). ASIN: B000V9BAO0.

Héroes de la mitología y las leyendas nórdicas
Vikingos de Suecia

Heidrek


Lidia Havriștiuc (n. 27 martie 1991, Suceava) este o jucătoare română de fotbal. În prezent joacă pentru Olimpia Cluj și pentru a echipa națională a României în calitate de apărător.

Titluri

Club
 Olimpia Cluj
 Superliga română (1): 2015-16

Referințe

Nașteri în 1991
Nașteri pe 27 martie
Sportivi români în viață
Suceveni
Fotbaliste române

Lidia Havriștiuc


Într-un raft de bibliotecă este un film românesc din 1985 regizat de Paula Segall.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1985 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1985

Într-un raft de bibliotecă


Adâncurile sau Adîncurile conform ortografiei vechi, (titlul original: ) este un film dramatic de aventuri american, realizat în 1977 după romanul omonim a scriitorului Peter Benchley, regizat de Peter Yates având în rolurile principale actorii Jacqueline Bisset, Nick Nolte și Robert Shaw.

Conținut

Distribuție
 Jacqueline Bisset – Gail Berke
 Nick Nolte – David Sanders
 Robert Shaw – Romer Treece
 Louis Gossett, Jr. – Henri "Cloche" Bondurant
 Eli Wallach – Adam Coffin
 Dick Anthony Williams – Slake
 Earl Maynard – Ronald
 Bob Minor – Wiley
 Teddy Tucker – comandantul portului
 Robert Tessier – Kevin
 Lee McClain – Johnson
 Colin Shaw (fiul real al lui Robert) – Romer Treece tânăr

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1977
Filme regizate de Peter Yates
Filme în limba engleză
Filme de aventuri
Filme cu vânătoare de comori
Filme de acțiune subacvatică

Adâncurile


La Coupe Davis 1948 est la  de ce tournoi de tennis professionnel masculin par nations. Les rencontres se déroulent du 22 avril au 6 septembre dans différents lieux.

Les États-Unis (double tenants du titre) remporte leur  grâce à leur victoire lors du "Challenge Round" face à l'Australie (double finaliste sortante) par cinq victoires à zéro.

Contexte

Le tournoi se déroule au préalable dans les tours préliminaires de la "Zone Europe". Un total de 30 nations participent à la compétition :
 4 dans la "Zone Amérique",
 25 dans la "Zone Europe" (incluant l'Afrique),
 plus les États-Unis ayant remporté l'édition précédente, ainsi qualifiés pour le "Challenge round".

Déroulement du tournoi
Les États-Unis remportent un  titre et un  consécutif grâce à leur victoire dans le Challenge Round face à l'Australie à Forest Hills.

Jack Kramer étant passé professionnel à la fin de l'année précédente, il est remplacé dans l'effectif américain par Bill Talbert. Du côté Australien, en l'absence de John Bromwich, Adrian Quist reprend du service à 35 ans et dispute sa dernière rencontre dans la compétition 15 ans après sa première sélection. Il est accompagné par Bill Sidwell qui participe quant à lui à sa première compagne. Cette association s'avère insuffisante puisque les américains s'imposent facilement après le double.

En finale interzone, l'Australie bat une nouvelle fois la Tchécoslovaquie de Jaroslav Drobný.

Résultats

Tableau du top 16 mondial

Matchs détaillés

Huitièmes de finale
Les "huitièmes de finale mondiaux" correspondent aux quart de finales des zones continentales.

Quarts de finale
Les "quarts de finale mondiaux" correspondent aux demi-finales des zones continentales.

Demi-finales
Les "demi-finales mondiales" correspondent aux finales des zones continentales.

Finale du tout venant

Challenge Round
La finale de la Coupe Davis 1948 se joue entre les États-Unis et l'Australie.

Notes et références
 Feuilles de matches

 Autres références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Coupe Davis
 Saison 1948 de tennis masculin

Liens externes
  Site officiel de la Coupe Davis
  Site officiel de l'ATP

Navigation

1948
Coupe Davis
Davis

Coupe Davis 1948


In statistics, the matrix normal distribution or matrix Gaussian distribution is a probability distribution that is a generalization of the multivariate normal distribution to matrix-valued random variables.

Definition
The probability density function for the random matrix X (n × p) that  follows the matrix normal distribution  has the form:

where  denotes trace and M is n × p, U is n × n and V is p × p, and the density is understood as the probability density function with respect to the standard Lebesgue measure in , i.e.: the measure corresponding to integration with respect to .

The matrix normal is related to the multivariate normal distribution in the following way:

if and only if

where  denotes the Kronecker product and  denotes the vectorization of .

Proof
The equivalence between the above matrix normal and multivariate normal density functions can be shown using several properties of the trace and Kronecker product, as follows. We start with the argument of the exponent of the matrix normal PDF:

which is the argument of the exponent of the multivariate normal PDF with respect to Lebesgue measure in . The proof is completed by using the determinant property:

Properties
If , then we have the following properties:

Expected values
The mean, or expected value is:

and we have the following second-order expectations:

where  denotes trace.

More generally, for appropriately dimensioned matrices A,B,C:

Transformation
Transpose transform:

Linear transform: let D (r-by-n), be of full rank r ≤ n and C (p-by-s), be of full rank s ≤ p, then:

Example
Let's imagine a sample of n independent p-dimensional random variables identically distributed according to a multivariate normal distribution:
.
When defining the n × p matrix  for which the ith row is , we obtain:

where each row of  is equal to , that is ,  is the n × n identity matrix, that is the rows are independent, and .

Maximum likelihood parameter estimation
Given k  matrices, each of size n × p, denoted , which we assume have been sampled i.i.d. from a matrix normal distribution, the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameters can be obtained by maximizing:

The solution for the mean has a closed form, namely

but the covariance parameters do not. However, these parameters can be iteratively maximized by zero-ing their gradients at:

and

See for example  and references therein. The covariance parameters are non-identifiable in the sense that for any scale factor, s>0, we have:

Drawing values from the distribution
Sampling from the matrix normal distribution is a special case of the sampling procedure for the multivariate normal distribution. Let  be an n by p matrix of np independent samples from the standard normal distribution, so that

Then let

so that

where A and B can be chosen by Cholesky decomposition or a similar matrix square root operation.

Relation to other distributions
Dawid (1981) provides a discussion of the relation of the matrix-valued normal distribution to other distributions, including the Wishart distribution, inverse-Wishart distribution and matrix t-distribution, but uses different notation from that employed here.

See also
 Multivariate normal distribution

References

Random matrices
Continuous distributions
Multivariate continuous distributions

Matrix normal distribution


Die North Harbour International (oder auch North Shore City International) sind offene neuseeländische internationale Meisterschaften im Badminton. Austragungsort der Titelkämpfe ist North Harbour in der Region Auckland. Bei den dokumentierten Austragungen seit 2002 konnten Punkte für die Weltrangliste und Preisgeld erspielt werden.

Die Sieger

Weblinks
http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=4C25F380-856D-41EE-A078-6D53636D9D04

Liste (Badminton)

North Harbour International


Çelebi şu anlamlara gelebilir:

Unvan
Çelebi (unvan)

Yerleşim birimleri
 Çelebi, Kırıkkale, Kırıkkale ili ilçesi
 Çelebi, Güzelbahçe, İzmir ili Güzelbahçe ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Kişiler
 Osmanlı sultanı I. Bayezid'in oğulları:
 İsa Çelebi — Mehmet Çelebi — Musa Çelebi — Süleyman Çelebi
 Süleyman Çelebi, "[[Mevlid#Süleyman Çelebi'nin Mevlid'i|Mevlid Kasidesi']]" olarak bilinen Vesîletü'n-Necât'ın müellifi 15. yüzyıl din adamı
 Mustafa Çelebi, Düzmece Mustafa'', 15. yüzyılda Osmanlı tahtında hak iddia eden isyancı
 Çandarlı Mahmud Çelebi, 15. yüzyıl Osmanlı devlet adamı
 Çandarlı Davud Çelebi, 15. yüzyıl Osmanlı devlet adamı
 Çandarlı Süleyman Çelebi, 15. yüzyıl Osmanlı kazaskeri
 Çandarlı İbrahim Çelebi, 15. yüzyıl Osmanlı sadrâzamı
 Çandarlı Yusuf Çelebi, 15. yüzyıl Osmanlı devlet adamı
 Hoca Çelebi, 16. yüzyıl Osmanlı din ve devlet adamı
 Defterdar İskender Çelebi, 16. yüzyıl Osmanlı devlet adamı
 Evliya Çelebi, 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı gezgini
 Hasan Çelebi, 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı gezgini
 Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebi, 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı bilgini
 Kâtip Çelebi, 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı bilim insanı
 Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı bilgini
 Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi, 18. yüzyıl Osmanlı devlet adamı
 Asaf Hâlet Çelebi, 20. yüzyıl Türk şairi
 Can Çelebi (d. 1990), Ankara İl Özel İdare SK ve Türkiye A Milli takımının hentbolcusu
 Can Çelebi (d. 1981), Türk müzisyen (bkn. Grup Düş)

Kuruluşlar
 Çelebi Hava Servisi A.Ş.

Çelebi


Nicolae Ionel Ciucă (Plenița, 7 de fevereiro de 1967) é um político romeno e general aposentado das Forças Terrestres Romenas. Foi primeiro-ministro da Romênia de 25 de novembro de 2021 até 12 de junho de 2023.

Ciucă participou das guerras no Afeganistão e no Iraque. Foi Chefe do Estado-Maior da Romênia de 2015 a 2019 e, de 2019 a 2021, foi Ministro da Defesa. Ele liderou brevemente como administrador do governo entre 7 e 23 de dezembro de 2020, após a renúncia primeiro-ministro Ludovic Orban. Em 21 de outubro de 2021, ele foi nomeado pelo presidente Klaus Iohannis para formar um novo governo, após a dissolução do Gabinete Cîțu e a rejeição de Dacian Cioloș como primeiro-ministro, mas subsequentemente apresentou seu mandato. Iohannis o nomeou novamente em 22 de novembro de 2021.

Juventude e carreira militar
Ele nasceu em Plenița, uma comuna no condado de Dolj. Ele se formou no Liceu Militar "Tudor Vladimirescu" em Craiova em 1985 e na Academia das Forças Terrestres de Nicolae Bălcescu em Sibiu em 1988.

Durante sua carreira militar, ele participou de missões no Afeganistão, Bósnia e Herzegovina e Iraque. De 2001 a 2004 foi comandante do 26º Batalhão de Infantaria (também conhecido como Escorpiões Vermelhos), com o qual participou da Operação Liberdade Duradoura no Afeganistão e da Operação Antiga Babilônia no Iraque. Em maio de 2004, em Nassíria, Iraque, ele liderou as tropas romenas em um confronto armado, supostamente a primeira batalha em que os romenos foram "combatentes ativos" desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ele foi promovido ao posto de general em 25 de outubro de 2010.

Em 2015, ele substituiu Stefan Danila como Chefe do Estado-Maior General Romeno. Seu cargo de quatro anos sob foi prorrogado por mais um ano pelo presidente romeno Klaus Iohannis em 2018. Isso causou um conflito entre Iohannis, o primeiro-ministro Viorica Dăncilă, e o então Ministro da Defesa, Gabriel-Beniamin Les, que pretendia mudar de cargo.

Carreira política
O Partido Nacional Liberal (PNL) propôs Ciucă como Ministro da Defesa do primeiro mandato de Orban. Ele foi transferido para a reserva em 28 de outubro de 2019, sendo sucedido como Chefe do Estado-Maior Romeno por Daniel Petrescu. Ele se tornou Ministro da Defesa da Romênia em 4 de novembro de 2019. Em outubro de 2020, ingressou no Partido Liberal Nacional (PNL) para concorrer como senador pelo Senado da Romênia nas próximas eleições legislativas e foi eleito.

Em 7 de dezembro de 2020, após a renúncia do primeiro-ministro Ludovic Orban, ele foi nomeado primeiro-ministro em exercício por Iohannis. Ele liderou como interino o governo até que um novo governo de coalizão foi formado sob Florin Cîțu em 23 de dezembro, como consequência do resultado das eleições legislativas romenas de 2020.

No entanto, depois que o gabinete de Cîțu foi dissolvido por uma moção de censura em 5 de outubro de 2021, Iohannis nomeou Ciucă como primeiro-ministro designado em 21 de outubro de 2021. Enquanto a União Democrática Magiar da Romênia (UDMR) rapidamente concordou em renovar um governo minoritário com o PNL, o Partido Social Democrata (PSD) ofereceu-se para apoiá-lo temporariamente durante a pandemia COVID-19 em troca de concordar com 10 medidas. Ele apresentou seu governo em 29 de outubro. Não tendo conseguido obter o apoio do PSD ou da União para a Salvação da Romênia (USR), ele desistiu de formar um governo em 1º de novembro.

Ciucă apresentou seu mandato como primeiro-ministro em 1 de novembro de 2021. Ciucă foi nomeado novamente como primeiro-ministro designado em 22 de novembro de 2021 e foi confirmado pelo parlamento em 25 de novembro após receber 318 votos a favor. Ele foi juramentado no escritório horas depois.

Prêmios
Ciucă recebeu a Ordem Nacional do Mérito da República Francesa, posto de Comandante e a Ordem Nacional do Mérito da Romênia, posto de Comandante. Em 2019, ele foi premiado com a Ordem da Estrela da Romênia, grau de oficial. Em 2020, ele foi premiado com a Legião de Mérito pelo embaixador dos Estados Unidos, Adrian Zuckerman.

Vida pessoal
Atualmente, Ciucă é casado e tem um filho.

Primeiros-ministros da Romênia
Pessoas da Guerra do Iraque
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1967

Nicolae Ciucă


Monay je rijeka u Venezueli. Ulijeva se u Karipsko more.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Venezueli
Karipski slijev (Južna Amerika)

Monay (rijeka)


La désertion dans l'Armée Rouge pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale est un phénomène important, bien qu'il soit difficile à quantifier, qui a été réprimé avec une extrême dureté.

Histoire
Lors de la création du Comité d'État à la Défense, le GKO, le 30 juin 1940, un de ses cinq membres, Béria, est chargé de la lutte contre la désertion, l'URSS étant le seul pays en guerre où un portefeuille lui est attribué ce qui montre les inquiétudes du pouvoir stalinien.

Au cours des jours qui suivent l'invasion, des millions de tracts sont déversés par l'aviation allemande sur les lignes soviétiques incitant à la désertion en évoquant avec vulgarité une vie pleine de vin, de femmes, de chansons et échappant aux commissaires juifs.

On ignore leur effet  mais on comptait  de  à  durant l'opération Barbarossa, en majorité des soldats dont l'unité s'était disloquée et se retrouvant derrière les lignes ennemies. Les commissaires politiques avaient l'ordre de tirer à vue sur tout soldat n'obéissant pas aux ordres ou reculant devant l'ennemi.

Les soldats des pays baltes enrôlés dans l'Armée rouge désertent massivement à l'arrivée de la Wehrmacht en juillet 1941 dans leur pays.

Environ 1,3 million de déserteurs furent arrêtés (soit 4 % des mobilisés) de début 1942 à la fin de la guerre mais on ignore leurs motivations et les circonstances de leur désertion.

Par ailleurs, on estime à 1,5 million le nombre de réfractaires (5 % des mobilisés), en proportion plus élevée dans les régions périphériques mal contrôlées par le pouvoir (Tchétchénie, Ingouchie, Dagestan, quelques districts d'Asie centrale). Un tiers d'entre eux furent interpellés et versés dans les bataillons disciplinaires.

Les déserteurs subissaient le sort commun des prisonniers, voués dans leur majorité à la mort par famine dans des camps à ciel ouvert sans approvisionnement.

Cette égalité de traitement est finalement apparue contreproductive par les autorités allemandes :

Aussi, en avril 1943 un décret ordonne la séparation des déserteurs et leur traitement avec une correction particulière. Ce décret est resté sans effet durable.

Staline considérait l'ensemble des prisonniers comme des déserteurs alors même que la plupart avaient été pris dans des manœuvres d'encerclement de la Wehrmacht. Certains prisonniers évadés et revenus à l'arrière des lignes soviétiques furent même jugés comme déserteurs. La plupart des prisonniers de guerre soviétiques libérés après la guerre, sont interrogés d'avril 1945 à février 1946 dans 150 camps de filtrations. 18 % des ex-prisonniers sont autorisés à rentrer chez eux, 43 % versés dans l'armée ou affectés à des tâches de reconstruction pour 3 ans, 23 % affectés pour 5 ans à des bataillons de reconstruction au régime particulièrement dur équivalent au travail forcé dans les camps,  condamnés à une peine de camp ou de relégation, 42 000 condamnés à mort, non compris les exécutions sommaires.

Références

Désertion

Déserteurs de l’Armée rouge pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale


Zamora şu anlamlara gelebilir:

Coğrafya
 Zamora - İspanya'nın Kastilya Leon bölgesinde şehir

Kişiler
 Ricardo Zamora - 1940'lı yıllada İspanya'da kalecilik yapmış, dünyanın gelmiş geçmiş en iyi kalecilerinden biri olarak kabul edilen İspanyol kaleci

Diğer
 Zamora; Antalya'da 1940 yılında kurulmuş doğal sahlep

Zamora


El XCI Campeonato de España de Atletismo se disputó los días 6 y 7 de agosto de 2011, en las instalaciones deportivas del Estadio Ciudad de Málaga, Málaga.

Organizado por la Real Federación Española de Atletismo, la Federación Andaluza de Atletismo y el Ayuntamiento de Málaga participaron 636 atletas, 339 hombres y 297 mujeres, y durante el evento también se disputó el 39º Campeonato de España de Clubes de relevos 4 x 100.

Resultados

Masculino

Femenino

Notas y referencias

Campeonato de España de Atletismo
Eventos deportivos celebrados en Málaga
Atletismo en 2011
Deporte en España en 2011

Campeonato de España de Atletismo 2011


Indenfor it er superbrugeren en særlig brugerkonto, der anvendes til systemadministration. Afhængig af styresystem kan denne brugerkonto hedde root, administrator, admin eller supervisor. I nogle tilfælde er kontoens navn ikke afgørende; på Unix-lignende systemer er det eksempelvis den bruger, der har en bruger-id (UID) på nul der er superbrugeren, uanset hvad den kontos navn er.

Princippet om færrest privilegier anbefaler at de fleste brugere og applikationer anvender en normal brugerkonto i deres arbejde, da en superbrugerkonto er i stand til at foretage ubegrænsede, og dermed ofte farlige, systemændringer.

Noter

Datalogi

Superbruger (software)


Prins Frederik af Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (tysk (fra 1927): Friedrich Viktor Pius Alexander Leopold Karl Theodor Ferdinand Fürst von Hohenzollern) (født 30. august 1891  Heiligendamm ved Mecklenburg Bugt, død 6. februar 1965 i Krauchenwies syd for Sigmaringen) var overhoved for slægten Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.

I 1927–1965 var han titulær fyrste af Hohenzollern.

Forfædre
Han var søn af Vilhelm af Hohenzollern.
Frederik af Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen var sønnesøn af Leopold af Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, der var spansk tronprætendent i 1869–1870.

Han var oldesøn af den preussiske ministerpræsident Karl Anton af Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Josephine af Baden, Ferdinand 2. af Portugal, Maria 2. af Portugal, Ferdinand 2. af Begge Sicilier, Max Joseph, hertug i Bayern.

Frederik af Hohenzollern var tipoldesøn af storhertug Karl af Baden, storhertuginde Stéphanie de Beauharnais, kejser Pedro 1. af Brasilien, den brasilianske kejserinde Maria Leopoldina af Østrig, Frans 1. af Begge Sicilier, titulær hertug af Teschen Karl af Østrig (1771–1847), Pius August, hertug i Bayern, kong Maximilian 1. Joseph af Bayern og Karoline af Baden.

Søskende
Frederik af Hohenzollern var bror til Augusta Viktoria af Hohenzollern, der giftede sig med eks-konge Emanuel 2. af Portugal.

Efterkommere
Frederik af Hohenzollern blev far til Prins Johann Georg af Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1932–2016), som giftede med Prinsesse Birgitta af Sverige og Hohenzollern. Prinsesse Birgitta er søster til kong Carl 16. Gustav af Sverige.

Rumænske slægtninge
Frederik af Hohenzollerns fars farbror Karl blev Rumæniens første konge. Hans egen farbror Ferdinand blev landets anden konge.

Han var fætter til Carol 2. af Rumænien (1893–1953), der var Rumæniens konge i 1930–1940, og som var far til Mihai 1. af Rumænien (1921–2017). Mihai blev afsat som konge i 1947.

I 1948 meddelte den franske avis Le Figaro, at en talsmand for eks-konge Carol 2. havde sagt, at han gav sin kraftige støtte til, at Frederik af Hohenzollern blev den næste konge af Rumænien. Carol's begrundelse var, at Mihai aldrig ville kunne vende tilbage til Rumæniens trone.

Referencer

Fyrster af Hohenzollern
Huset Hohenzollern

Frederik af Hohenzollern


Un sulfit ester este o grupă funcțională cu structura (RO)(R ' O). Aceștia adoptă un o geometrie moleculară de piramidă trigonală datorită prezenței unei perechi de electroni liberi la atomul de sulf. Atunci când substituenții R și R' diferă, compusul este chiral datorită sulfului stereogenic central; când substituenții R sunt aceiași compusul va avea   simetrie moleculară Cs idealizată. Se obțin, de obicei, prin reacția de clorurii de tionil cu alcooli. Reacția este de obicei efectuată la temperatura camerei pentru a preveni transformarea alcoolului într-un compus organoclorurat. Baze, cum ar fi piridina pot fi, de asemenea, folosite pentru a promova reacția:
 2 ROH + SOCl2 → (RO)2SO + 2 HCl
Pesticidul endosulfan este un sulfit ester. Unii membrii simpli includ etilen sulfit, dimetil sulfit, și difenilsulfit. Multe exemple au fost preparate din dioli, cum ar fi zaharuri. Sulfit esterii pot fi agenți puternici de alchilare și hidroxialchilare.

Referințe

Esteri
Sulfiți
Grupe funcționale
Compuși organosulfurați

Sulfit ester


Institutul European pentru Egalitatea de Șanse între Femei și Bărbați (în ) este un organism autonom al Uniunii Europene, înființat prin intermediul "Regulamentului (CE) Nr. 1922/2006 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului din 20 decembrie 2006 privind înființarea unui institut european pentru egalitatea de șanse intre femei si bărbați".

Rol
Rolul instituirii acestuia îl reprezintă contribuirea la consolidarea promovării egalității de șanse intre femei si bărbați prin integrarea dimensiunii de gen (gender mainstreaming) in toate politicile UE si in politicile naționale, luptând astfel împotriva discriminării pe criteriul de gen.
Viziunea institutului este ca egalitatea între femei si bărbați să devină realizabilă pentru toți europenii, iar misiunea sa este să devină centrul european de cunoaștere privind egalitatea de gen.

Structură
Institutul European pentru Egalitate de Șanse între femei si bărbați este structurat astfel:
 Consiliul de Administrație care adoptă programul de lucru anual, programul de lucru pe termen mediu, precum și bugetul institutului;
Forumul de Experți care are principala funcție de a oferi cunoștințe de specialitate în domeniul egalității de gen;
Personalul EIGE care este compus din agenți temporari și agenți contractuali, dar și din experți naționali detașați (END).

Domenii de activitate
gender mainstreaming: EIGE a creat o platformă online privind integrarea genului; această platformă oferă informații privind domeniile de politici in care se găsesc inegalități, oferind totodată și detalii privind prioritățile actuale la nivel european și internațional și metode si instrumente care oferă sfaturi practice cu privire la integrarea dimensiunii de gen in fiecare etapa a ciclului politicii / programului. Pe această platformă regăsim și informații specifice fiecărei țări membre UE și bunele practici in materie de egalitate de gen ;
o Europa fără violență bazată pe gen: EIGE ajută la îmbunătățire, comparabilitatea și calitatea datelor disponibile privind violența împotriva femeilor; Totodată evidențiază abordările legislative diferite ale statelor membre și colectează date din fiecare stat;
Indexul egalității de gen este un indicator care măsoară conceptul complex al egalității de gen, ajutând la monitorizarea progresului in domeniul egalității de gen în   UE în timp;
Bază de date privind statisticile, ce are ca scop construirea unei priviri de ansamblu asupra statisticilor privind genul, subliniind diferențele și inegalitățile dintre genuri, măsurarea "de facto" a egalității de gen, acționând astfel ca o resursă fiabilă în formularea și monitorizarea politicilor și facilitarea luării deciziilor adecvate în vederea promovării egalității de gen;
Monitorizarea implementării Platformei de Acțiune de la Beijing în UE: EIGE sprijină UE și statele membre să își îndeplinească angajamentul prin elaborarea unui raport anual ce analizează progresele.;
Bărbații și egalitatea de gen: se referă la faptul că atât femeile, cât și bărbații se confruntă cu provocări și oportunități diferite care le afectează accesul la resurse și capacitatea de a își atinge potențialul.  Totodată coordonează campania "Panglici albe" ce are drept scop implicarea bărbaților in aceasta cauză.
Stereotipuri de gen: În 2011, a fost lansat un studiu privind narațiunile asupra percepțiile de gen în 27 de state membre ale UE. Rezultatele finale au fost publicate în 2013. Studiul a analizat prezența și efectele stereotipurilor de gen în întreaga UE, bazate pe interviuri calitative cu oamenii obișnuiți.
Femeile și bărbații care inspiră Europa

Publicații și resurse
Cercetările EIGE, care conțin metode, instrumente, bune practici, publicațiile, resursele și structurile EIGE privind egalitatea de gen;
E-library, care furnizează înregistrări bibliografice din 14 centre europene de documentare privind egalitatea de gen;
Statisticile privind genul din întreaga Uniune Europeană (UE) și dincolo de aceasta;
Site-ul Web al EIGE, inclusiv paginile legate de activitatea de zi cu zi a administrației EIGE;
Glosarul și tezaurul privind egalitatea de gen.

Obiective 2016-2018
Obiectivele cheie ale Institutului European pentru Egalitate de Șanse între Femei și bărbați pentru perioada 2016-2018 sunt următoarele:
 să furnizeze cercetări de înaltă calitate pentru a sprijini luarea deciziilor mai bine informate și bazate pe dovezi de către factorii de decizie și alți actori cheie;
 să gestioneze toate cunoștințele produse de EIGE pentru a permite comunicare inovativă și în timp util, care să răspundă nevoilor țintă ale părților interesate;
 să îndeplinească cele mai înalte standarde administrative și financiare, sprijinind în același timp nevoile personalului EIGE.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Regulation (EC) No 1922/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on establishing a European Institute for Gender Equality
 European Commission > Employment, Social Affairs & Equal Opportunities > Gender Equality > European Institute for Gender Equality

Agenții ale Uniunii Europene
Egalitatea de gen
Fondări în 2006


قد يشير اسم محمد إبراهيم إلى:

وزراء

 محمد إبراهيم مصطفى: وزير الداخلية المصري الأسبق
 محمد إبراهيم يوسف: وزير الداخلية المصري الأسبق
 محمد إبراهيم السيد: وزير الآثار المصري السابق
 محمد إبراهيم الشعار: وزير داخلية سوري
 محمد إبراهيم سليم: وزير الإنتاج الحربي المصري الأسبق

رياضيون

 محمد إبراهيم (لاعب كرة قدم مواليد 1962) من الكويت.
 محمد إبراهيم (لاعب كرة قدم مواليد 1986) من مصر.
 محمد إبراهيم (لاعب كرة قدم مواليد 1992) من مصر.

آخرون
 محمد إبراهيم الشبكي، إعلامي وسياسي وممثل طائفة الشبك في البرلمان العراقي.
 محمد إبراهيم (مهندس)، رجل أعمال بريطاني من أصل سوداني.
 محمد إبراهيم (إعلامي)، إعلامي لبناني
 محمد إبراهيم (ممثل)، ممثل لبناني
 محمد إبراهيم (خطاط)

 محمد إبراهيم المسلط، أحد حراس صدام حسين

انظر أيضاً
 محمد بن إبراهيم (توضيح)

صفحات توضيح أشخاص

محمد إبراهيم (توضيح)


Doru Tureanu (* 11. Januar 1954 in Bukarest; † 11. März 2014 ebenda) war ein rumänischer Eishockeyspieler und -trainer.

Karriere
Doru Tureanu verbrachte seine gesamte Vereinskarriere in seiner Heimatstadt bei Dinamo Bukarest, für das er von 1970 bis 1987 in der rumänischen Eishockeyliga auflief. Mit seiner Mannschaft gewann er in diesem Zeitraum sechs Mal den nationalen Meistertitel (1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1979 und 1981). Sowohl bei Dinamo, als auch im Nationalteam, spielte er zusammen mit Marian Costea und Dumitru Axinte in einer Angriffsformation. Nach dem Ende seiner aktiven Laufbahn war er für kurze Zeit Trainer der rumänischen Eishockeynationalmannschaft.

Im Jahr 2011 wurde er als erst zweiter Rumäne überhaupt nach Eduard Pană in die IIHF Hall of Fame aufgenommen. Nach der Scheidung von seiner Frau zog sich Tureanu immer weiter aus der Öffentlichkeit zurück. 2013 verlor er seine Wohnung und wurde in ein Sanatorium eingeliefert, aus dem er wenig später floh. Am 2. März 2014 erlitt Tureanu einen Schlaganfall, an dessen Folgen er am 11. März 2014 im Bukarester Spitalul Colentina verstarb.

International
Für Rumänien nahm Tureanu an den C-Weltmeisterschaften 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986 und 1987 sowie den B-Weltmeisterschaften 1976 und 1979 teil. Zudem stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1976 in Innsbruck und 1980 in Lake Placid.

Insgesamt absolvierte Tureanu über 100 Länderspiele, in denen er 74 Tore und 39 Assists (insgesamt 113 Scorerpunkte) erzielte.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 Rumänischer Meister mit Dinamo Bukarest (6): 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1981
 2011 Aufnahme in die IIHF Hall of Fame

Weblinks

 IIHF Hall welcomes six – Bye is joined by Lundström, Modry, Trojak, Tureanu and Numminen (Webarchiv); Meldung der International Ice Hockey Federation, 2011; abgerufen am 14. März 2014.

Einzelnachweise

Rumänischer Meister (Eishockey)
Mitglied der IIHF Hall of Fame
Olympiateilnehmer (Rumänien)
Eishockeynationalspieler (Rumänien)
Eishockeytrainer (Rumänien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1976
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1980
Sportler (Bukarest)
Rumäne
Geboren 1954
Gestorben 2014
Mann

Doru Tureanu


L'équipe de Guinée de football participe à la Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2021 organisée au Cameroun du  au . Il s'agit de la  participation du Syli national, emmené par Kaba Diawara. Elle est éliminée par la Gambie en huitième de finale (0-1).

Qualifications

La Guinée est placée dans le groupe A des qualifications qui se déroulent de novembre 2019 à mars 2021. Ces éliminatoires sont perturbés par l'épidémie de covid-19. La Guinée se qualifie en prenant la deuxième place du groupe.

Préparation
L'équipe de Guinée effectue un stage de préparation à Kigali où elle affronte deux fois l'équipe du Rwanda. Après une lourde défaite (3-0) le 3 janvier, le Syli national s'impose trois jours plus tard (2-0).

Compétition

Tirage au sort
Le tirage au sort de la CAN 2021 est effectué le 17 août 2021 à Yaoundé. La Guinée,  nation au classement FIFA, est placée dans le chapeau 2. Le tirage la place dans le groupe B, avec le Sénégal (chapeau 1,  au classement Fifa), le Zimbabwe, (chapeau 3, ) et le Malawi (chapeau 4, ).

Effectif
Le sélectionneur Kaba Diawara annonce une première liste de  le 20 décembre 2021. Les principaux absents sont François Kamano, Mady Camara, Simon Falette et Kamso Mara. Ilaix Moriba et Lamarana Diallo sont appelés pour la première fois. Florentin Pogba et Antoine Conte sont contraints de renoncer en raison de blessures, ils sont remplacés le 25 décembre par Gaoussou Siby et Fodé Camara.

Premier tour
La Guinée remporte, difficilement, son premier match face au Malawi, grâce à un but d'Issiaga Sylla.

Phase à élimination directe

Statistiques

Buteurs

Notes et références

Guinée
CAN 2021

Équipe de Guinée de football à la Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2021


مونسترمايفلد  هي مدينة في راينلاند بالاتينات، تقع على مايفيلد.

تفاصيل المدينة
الأحياء التي تنتمي إلى مدينة مونسترمافلد هي كوتيغ، ولازيرغ، ومورتس وسيفينيش.

البنية التحتية
تقع مونسترمايفلد بالقرب من الموزل في جهة الوسط من مايفيلد.

مراجع

بلدات راينلند بالاتينات
منطقة ماين كوبلنتس

مونسترمايفلد


බුදුදහමේ දැක්වෙන ත්‍රිශික්ෂාව නම්,

-	ශීල

-	සමාධිය

-	ප්‍රඥා

පාලි ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ

තේරවාදී බුදුදහමට අනුව ත්‍රිශික්ෂාව පුහුණු කිරීමෙන් ලෝබ, දෝෂ හා මෝහ නැති කරගැනීමට මග සැලසේ. මෙම ත්‍රිශික්ෂාව සම්පුර්ණයෙන් අවබෝධ කරගන්නා තැනැත්තා නිර්වාණය අවබෝධ කර ගනි.

අංගුත්තර නිකායට අනුව අධිශීලය පිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රාතිමෝක්ෂය අනුගමනය කළ යුතු අතර, උසස් සමාධියකට පත්වීමට සතර ධ්‍යාන වැඩීමද, අධි ප්‍රඥාව ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා චතුරාර්ය සත්‍ය අවබෝධ කර ගත යුතුය.

ගිහි සාමාන්‍ය ජනයා සඳහා ආර්ය අෂ්ඨාංගික මාර්ගය අවබෝධ කර ගැනීම තුළින් චතුරාර්ය සත්‍යයද, එමඟින් ත්‍රිශික්ෂාවද අවබෝධ කර ගත හැක.

ත්‍රිශික්ෂාවේ හා ආර්ය අෂ්ඨාංගික මාර්ගයේ සමානතා

ධම්මදින්නා භික්ෂුනීන් වහන්සේ විසින් විචාරන ලද ගැටළුවකට පිළිතුරු උදෙසා දේශනා කරන ලද කුලවේදල්ල සුත්‍රයට අනුව ත්‍රිශික්ෂාවේ හා ආර්ය අෂ්ඨාංගික මාර්ගයේ ගොනු කිරීම් අතර සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවතී.

ත්‍රිශික්ෂාව	-	ආර්ය අෂ්ඨාංගික මාර්ගය

ශීලය
සම්මා වාචා (නිවැරදි වචනය)

සම්මා කම්මන්ත (නිවැරදි ක්‍රියා)

සම්මා ආජීව (නිවැරදි දිවි පැවැත්ම)

සමාධි
සම්මා වායාම
සම්මා සති
සම්මා සමාධි

ප්‍රඥා

සම්මා දිඨ්ඨි
සම්මා සන්කප්ප

සටහන්
බුදු දහම

ත්‍රිශික්‍ෂා


X34 ou X-34 peut faire référence à :
 , un modèle d'automobile ;
 Tremblement de terre, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 X-34 un lanceur orbital américain ;
 X-34, un véhicule de l'univers de Star Wars.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

X34


A revisão de código (ou revisão por pares) é uma atividade relacionada à qualidade de software em que revisores avaliam o código fonte produzido por um autor, visando encontrar e corrigir falhas, problemas de qualidade, entre outros objetivos como:

 Melhorar a mantenibilidade, legibilidade, e uniformidade do código;
 Econtrar bugs, falhas de segurança, e vulnerabilidades;
 Aprendizado tanto do autor como dos revisores e aprofundamento do conhecimento da base do código;
 Aumento do senso de responsabilidade mútua;
 Encontrar soluções melhores e brainstorming;
 Encontrar problemas de conformidade.

Outras técnicas existentes para detecção dos problemas supracitados que se assemelham à revisão por pares incluem a análise estática, e pair programming, aquela se diferenciando da revisão de código por ser executada de forma automática por uma ferramenta.

Ver também
 Ciclo de vida de desenvolvimento de sistemas

Engenharia de software

Revisão de código


Rostrup steht für:
 Rostrup (Bad Zwischenahn), einen Ortsteil von Bad Zwischenahn in Niedersachsen
 Rostrup (Mariagerfjord Kommune), eine Ortschaft in der dänischen Mariagerfjord Kommune
 Rostrup (Gadbjerg Sogn), eine Ortschaft in der Kirchspielsgemeinde Gadbjerg Sogn der dänischen Vejle Kommune
 Rostrup (Skamby Sogn), eine Ortschaft in der Kirchspielgemeinde Skamby Sogn der dänischen Nordfyns Kommune
 Rostrup Sogn, eine Kirchspielgemeinde in der ehemaligen dänischen Arden Kommune, jetzt Mariagerfjord Kommune

Rostrup ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Anna Rostrup (* 1963), norwegische Klarinettistin
 Ask Rostrup (* 1966), dänischer Journalist
 Asmund Rostrup (1915–1983), dänischer Schauspieler
 Egill Rostrup (1876–1940), dänischer Schauspieler und Regisseur
 Emil Rostrup (1831–1907), dänischer Botaniker und Mykologe
 Jørgen Arentz Rostrup (* 1966), norwegischer Manager und Unternehmer
 Jørgen Rostrup (* 1978), norwegischer Orientierungsläufer
 Morten Rostrup (* 1958), norwegischer Mediziner
 Kaspar Rostrup (* 1940), dänischer Schauspieler, Drehbuchautor und Regisseur
 Oda Rostrup (1879–1955), dänische Schauspielerin
 Ove Rostrup (1864–1933), dänischer Botaniker und Mykologe
 Sofie Rostrup (1857–1940), dänische Entomologin

Rostrup


Kazimir Paić (Sv. Ivan od Šterne kraj Poreča, 1911. – Ajdovščina, 28. travnja 1945.), bio je istarski svećenik. Surađivao je s partizanima, koji su ga na samom kraju rata ubili, jer nije bio sklon komunizmu.

Kao župnik u rodnoj župi Sveti Ivan od Šterne, nakon kapitulacije Italije 1943. god. aktivno se uključio u Narodnooslobodilački pokret. Tijekom ustanka u Istri u rujnu 1943. godine je predvodio ustanike koji su razoružali karabinjere u općinskom sjedištu Višnjanu, a potom je sudjelovao u pregovorima o predaji talijanskog garnizona u Poreču.

Nijemci su ga zbog toga uhitili, ali je na intervenciju porečkog biskupa Radossija umjesto deportacije u Njemačku mogao otići u franjevački samostan kod Padove. Krajem svibnja 1944. god. napustio je taj samostan i otišao u Trst gdje se javio za domobranskog vojnog kapelana. Pri povlačenju njegove jedinice krajem travnja 1945. prema Austriji, i Paić je krenuo s njom. Kod Šempetra nedaleko Gorice slovenski partizani su iznenadili bjegunce na spavanju, razoružali ih i strijeljali 29. travnja 1945. godine.

Pokopan je na groblju u župi Sveti Križ kod Gorice.

Izvori

Životopisi, Istra

Kazimir Paić


Ezio Corlaita (* 25. Oktober 1889 in Bologna; † 20. September 1967 ebenda) war ein italienischer Radrennfahrer.

Ezio Corlaita war von 1909 bis 1922 Berufssportler. Der größte Erfolg seiner Laufbahn war der Sieg bei Mailand–Sanremo im Jahre 1915 nach einer Disqualifikation von Costante Girardengo, der eine falsche Strecke gefahren war. 1913 war er schon Dritter geworden, und 1918 wurde er Vierter bei diesem Rennen. Fünfmal startete er beim Giro d'Italia, dreimal – 1910 (4.), 1911 (5.) und 1919 (7.) – platzierte er sich unter den ersten Zehn. 1913 gewann er Milano–Modena und 1914 den Giro dell'Emilia.

Weblinks

Radsportler (Italien)
Italiener
Geboren 1889
Gestorben 1967
Mann

Ezio Corlaita


Japon satrancı veya Kumandanlar Oyunu olarak da bilinen Şogi ya da Shōgi (Japonca: shōgi 将 棋 [ɕo̞ːŋi] veya [ɕo̞ːɡʲi]), Japonya kökenli, satrançla akraba iki kişilik soyut kombinatoryal ve eksiksiz enformasyonlu bir strateji oyunudur. Satranç ailesi içinde Japonya'da en yaygın oynanan çeşit olup 17 Kasım'da bayramı kutlanır. Shōgi, Japoncada kumandanın (shō 将) masa oyunu (gi 棋) anlamına gelir.

Shōgi, taşları ele geçiren oyuncunun bu taşları kendi tarafında oyuna yeniden sokmasına izin veren satranç çeşitlerinin en eskisidir. Alınan taşların yeniden oyuna sokulması (Japonca: uchi 打ち 'vuruş') kuralının 15. yüzyılda icat edilip o devirdeki paralı askerlerin esir düştüklerinde infaz edilmek yerine taraf değiştirmelerinden esinlendiği düşünülüyor.

Oyunun bilinen en eski önceli olan ve 6. yüzyılda Hindistan'da ortaya çıktığı düşünülen caturaṅga, büyük olasılıkla Nara döneminden sonra Çin veya Kore üzerinden, muhtemelen xianqi aracılığıyla Japonya'ya aktarılmıştı. Bugünkü hâlini 16. yüzyılın başlarında alan shōginin alınan taşların yeniden oyuna sokulmasına izin vermeyen doğrudan bir atası, Heian (平安) döneminin sonlarından kalma 1210 yılında kaleme alınan Nichūreki belgesinde kayıtlara geçmiştir.

Japon Shōgi Derneği (Nihon Shōgi Renmei 日本将棋連盟) veya JSD, Japonya'da profesyonel shogi müsabakalarını düzenleyen temel örgüttür. Karşılaşma takvimlerini JSD belirler. Sponsorluk ve medya promosyonunda birincil muhataptır. Turnuvalar ve unvan maçlarını düzenler, shōgi ile ilgili yayın yapar.

Japonya'daki shōgi seti üretiminin %95'i Yamagata vilayetinin Tendō kentinde yapılır.

Temel kavramlar

9 yatay (dan 段, 'basamak') ve 9 dikey (suj i筋, 'sıra') yoldan oluşan 81 kareli ve fiziksel özellikleri go tahtasına oldukça benzeyen bir tahtada (shōgiban 将棋盤), karşılıklı iki oyuncu tarafından oynanır. 'Kareler', dikdörtgendir. Birinci oyuncuya Sente 先手, ikinci oyuncuya Gote 後手 denir, ancak Batı dillerinde bunlar sırasıyla siyah ve beyaz olarak anılır, oyuna go oyununda olduğu gibi Sente, yani siyah başlar. Tahta hemen her zaman dikdörtgen biçimli olup satrançtan farklı olarak renk kodlarıyla ayrıştırılmamıştır, yani damasızdır. Çizgi kesişimlerindeki birer çift nokta (shitennō 四天王 , 'Göğün dört Deva'sı'), oyuncuların terfi alanlarını gösterir.

Her oyuncunun, boyutları hafif değişken, yirmişer adet yassı, kamamsı beşgen taşı (駒 koma) bulunur. Şahlar (başkumandan ve yeşim kumandan) dışındaki taşlar işaret veya renk kodu taşımazlar. Her taşın kime ait olduğu, taşın baktığı yönden anlaşılır. Oyuncular sırayla hamle yapar. Hedef, rakip oyuncunun şahını mat ederek almaktır. Baş ya da yeşim kumandan tehdit edildiğinde ('şah çekildiğinde'), bu kuruluma ōte 王手 denilir, fakat satrançtaki gibi sözel olarak rakibe bildirilmez. Rakip durumun farkına varmamışsa baş ya da yeşim kumandan alınıp rakip mat edilebilir. Bundan başka rakibin ōte karşısında oynayacak hamlesi kalmamışsa da şah mat (ōtezume 王手詰め) koşulları oluşur.

Her hamlede, sırası gelen oyuncu ya bir taşını hareket ettirmek, ya da daha önce rakibinden aldığı taşı kendi taşıymış gibi oyuna yeniden sokmak (uchi 打ち) zorundadır. Her taşın hareket kuralları ayrıdır. Bir taş, rakip taşın olduğu kareye geldiğinde onu alır.

Satrançtan farklı olarak alınan taşlar oyundan çıkarılmaz, yedeğe alınır. Yedeğe alınan taşlar (piyadeler hariç), onları esir almış oyuncu tarafından bir sonraki hamleden itibaren istediği kareye konabilir. Piyadeler ise ancak kendi ordusundan bir piyadenin bulunmadığı bir sıraya (suji 筋) koyulabilir. Oyuna satrançtan çok daha fazla hareketlilik kazandıran bu uchi kuralı sayesinde uzaktan çekilen şahlar tek hamlede engellenebilir, sürpriz saldırılar yapılabilir. Shōgi taşlarının renksiz olmasının nedeni de uchi kuralıdır.

Taşları, en büyük kesimli ve oyunda en değerli olan taştan en küçük ve değersizine doğru sıralarsak aşağıdaki listeyi elde ederiz:

 1 başkumandan ve 1 yeşim kumandan (ōshō 王將, gyōkushō 玉將) ya da 1'er şah
 Birer uçan araba (hisha 飛車) ya da kale
 Birer köşeci (kakugyō 角行) ya da fil
 İkişer altın kumandan (kinshō 金將)
 İkişer gümüş kumandan (ginshō 銀將)
 İkişer tarçın at (keima 桂馬) ya da at
 İkişer tütsülü araba (kyōsha 香車) ya da kargı
 Dokuzar piyade (fuhyō 歩兵) ya da piyon

Yukarıda adı geçen alternatif isimler, satrançta benzer hareket eden taşlardan seçilmiş olup Batı'daki shōgi kulüplerinde yaygındır. Türkçede yerleşmiş bir terminoloji olmayıp bu makale Japonca adlandırmayı takip edecektir.

Her taşın adı ön yüzüne siyah mürekkeple iki kanji ile (Japoncada kullanılan Çin ideogramları) yazılıdır. Başkumandan, yeşim kumandan ve altın kumandanlar hariç her bir taşın arka yüzünde, genellikle başka renkte (en çok kırmızı) mürekkeple yazılmış bir veya iki kanji vardır. Bir taşın terfi ettiğini belirtmek için taş, kırmızı yazılı tarafı yukarıda kalacak şekilde çevrilir.

Taşların arka yüzüne terfi ettiklerini belirtmek için yazılan kırmızı karakterler genellikle işlek hatla (sōshodai 草書体) yazılmıştır. Altın kumandana terfi eden parçaların arkasındaki karakterler, 'altın' (kin 金) sözcüğünün hat varyantları olup terfi eden taşın asıl değeri azaldıkça daha da işlekleşip kısalır. Altına terfi eden taşların üstündeki hattın matbu eşdeğerleri şöyledir: 全 terfi eden gümüş kumandan, 今 terfi eden tarçın at, 仝 terfi eden tütsülü araba ve 个 terfi eden piyade. Başka bir teamül de, taşın ön yüzündeki hatta bulunan fırça darbelerini arka yüzde eksiltmektir: 圭 terfi eden at (桂), 杏 terfi eden tütsülü araba (香) ve 全 terfi eden gümüş kumandan. Bu hâlde bile terfi eden piyade, yani tokin için と hattı ("to" hecesini gösteren hiragana karakteri) kullanılır.

Dizilim ve Oyunun Başlaması

Oyuncular taşlarını ucu rakibe bakacak şekilde dizer. Satrançtan farklı olarak shōgide taşların hangi sırayla dizileceği katı teşrifat kurallarına tabi olup bizzat oyuncular tarafından gerçekleştirilir. En yaygın dizilim sırası kuralları ōhashi ryū 大橋流 teşrifatı olup buna alternatif bir de tō ryū 伊藤流 teşrifatı bulunur.

Ōhashi ryū kurallarına göre ilk önce oyuncuya en yakın yatay yolda:

 başkumandan (ya da yeşim kumandan) ortadaki kareye,
 iki altın kumandan başkumandanın soluna ve sağına,
 iki gümüş kumandan, altın kumandanların soluna ve sağına,
 iki tarçın at, gümüş kumandanların soluna ve sağına,
 iki tütsülü araba, atların solunda ve sağındaki köşelere dizilir.
Dizilim bittiğinde birinci yatay yol aşağıdaki gibi görünür:

ya da Batı notasyonuyla:

Ardından ikinci yatay yola geçilerek

 köşeci soldaki tarçınlı atın üstündeki kareye,
 uçan araba sağdaki tarçınlı atın üstündeki kareye dizilir.
ya da Batı notasyonuyla:

Son olarak da üçüncü yatay yola piyadeler soldan sağa dizilir:
ya da Batı notasyonuyla:

Itō ryū 伊藤流 sırasına göre ise piyadeler tütsülü arabalar, köşeci ve uçan arabadan önce dizilir:

Oyuna kimin başlayacağı furigoma 振 り 駒 yani 'taş atma' ile belirlenir. Oyunculardan biri avcuna beş adet piyade alıp zar atar gibi shōgi tahtasının üzerine atar. Terfi yüzleri (tokin と 'altın bulan') terfisiz yüzlerden (fuhyō 歩 'piyade') fazlaysa, taşları atan oyuncu gote 後手, yani 'beyaz' olur, dolayısıyla oyuna diğer oyuncu başlar.

Furigomadan sonra oyuna geçilir. Birden fazla el oynanacaksa, her yeni turda ilk hamle hakkı diğer oyuncuya geçer. Sırası gelen oyuncu ya tahtada bulunan bir taşı hareket ettirir (bunu yaparken terfi ya da rakip taş alma gerçekleşebilir) ya da daha önce ele geçirdiği bir taşı tahtanın bir karesine bırakır.

Kurallar

Taşların Hareketi
Taşların yani komaların çoğu yalnızca bitişik karelere ilerleyebilir. Çok az sayıda taş düz bir hat boyunca ilerleme ya da diğer taşların üzerinden atlama olanağına sahiptir.

Hat boyunca ilerleyebilen taşlar tütsülü araba, köşeci ve uçan arabadır. Gidebilecekleri kare sayısını yollarına çıkan başka bir taş ya da shōgi tahtasının sınırları dışında hiçbir şey kısıtlayamaz. Bir taşın yoluna rakip taş çıktığında bu taşı tutsak alabilir, kendi ordusundan bir taşla karşılaştığında ise o taştan önce durmak zorundadır.

Başkumandan ve yeşim kumandan (玉 / 王) dik veya çapraz her yöne tek kare ilerler.

Uçan araba (飛) yatay ya da dikey istediği kadar gider.

Köşeci (角) istediği kadar çapraz gider. Yatay ve dikey ilerleyemediği için terfi etmemiş köşeci, tutsak edildikten sonra tekrar tahtaya konmamışsa, tahtadaki karelerin sadece yarısına ulaşabilir.

Altın kumandan (金), her yöne tek kare yatay ve dikey, ileri tek kare çapraz ilerleyebilir, dolayısıyla altı kareye hükmeder. Geriye çapraz gidemez.

Gümüş kumandan (銀) her yöne tek kare çapraz, ileri tek kare düz ilerleyebilir, dolayısıyla beş kareye hükmeder. Terfi edilmemiş bir gümüş, terfi ettirilmiş bir gümüşten daha kolay geri çekilebileceğinden, gümüş kumandanların terfi alanında terfi ettirilmemesi oldukça yaygındır (Bk. terfi kuralları).

Tarçın at (桂) tek kare düz ileri ve tek kare çapraz ileri atlar. Dolayısıyla yalnızca ilerisindeki iki kareye ulaşabilir. Satrançtaki atın aksine, tarçın atlar yanlara ya da geriye doğru hareket edemezler. At, hareketi hedefine giden yolda karşısına çıkan taşlarla engellenmeyen tek taştır, fakat hedef karesi dışında yoluna çıkan taşları da alamaz. Atları terfi ettirmeden bırakmak yaygındır, yalnız son iki sıraya vardıklarında terfi edilmelidirler. (Bk. terfi)

Tütsülü araba (香) yalnızca düz ve ileri gider. Tütsülü arabanın terfi etmemesi yaygındır, yalnız son sıraya vardığında terfi edilmelidir. (Bk. terfi)

Piyade (歩) tek kare ileri doğru gider. Geri gidemez. Satrançtaki piyonların aksine, piyadeler rakip taşı çapraz değil düz alırlar. Piyade son sıraya ulaştığında terfi edilmelidir. (Bk. terfi) Genelde, ilk fırsatta ettirilir. Tutsak piyadelerin oyuna tekrar nasıl sokulacaklarına dair iki ayrı kısıtlama bulunur. (Bk. Oyuna sokma kuralları)

At hariç tüm taşlar yatay, dikey veya çapraz gider. Bu yönler tek bir harekette birleştirilemez, gidilecek tek bir yön seçilmelidir.

Her taş işgal ettiği kareden, atlamayan taşların geçmesini engeller.

Bir taş, rakip bir taşın gidebileceği bir varış noktasında yer alıyorsa, tahtadan uzaklaştırılıp yerine rakip taş koyularak tutsak alınır. Tutsağı alan taş, tutsağı aldığı hamlede rakip taşı aldığı karenin ötesine ilerleyemez. Bütün komaların ilerleme ve alma hareketleri özdeştir.

Taşını ilerleten, rakip taşı alan ya da tutsak bir taşı tekrar oyuna sokan oyuncu, taşı, tuttuğu elinin parmak uçlarıyla tahtaya şaklatmak suretiyle rakibini hamle yaptığına dair uyaran bir ses çıkarır. Geleneksel shōgibanlar taşın şaklama sesini gürleştirecek şekilde tasarlanmıştır.

Teşrifat

Hareket ettirilecek koma, orta parmak ve başparmakla tutulur, başparmak komayı burun üstü dikleştirecek şekilde komanın altına girerken işaret parmağı taşın altına koyulur. Orta parmak ve işaret parmağı arasına kıstırılan koma, belirgin bir ses çıkaracak şekilde gideceği kareye şaklatılarak yerleştirilir.

Tutsak taşlar komadai sehpalarına yelpaze şeklinde yerleştirilir.

Şogi türevleri
 Tori şogi
 Yari şogi
 Kyoto şogi
 Dobutsu şogi
 Taikyoku şogi

Notlar

Şogi


Jo steht für:
 Ё, Aussprache des kyrillischen Buchstabens
 Jō, eine japanische Waffe
 Jô (João Alves de Assis Silva; * 1987), brasilianischer Fußballspieler
 Nyaw (auch Yo, Jo, Tai Nyaw), eine Ethnie in Nordost-Thailand

geographisch:
 Saint Jo, eine Stadt im Montague County in Texas

Jo, Personen und Werke:
 Jo (Vorname), ein männlicher oder weiblicher Vorname – dort auch zu Namensträgern
 Io (Mythologie), eine Gestalt der griechischen Mythologie

Familienname:
 Jo Bun-hui (* 1979), nordkoreanische Marathonläuferin
 Jo Deok-je (* 1965), südkoreanischer Fußballspieler und -trainer
 Jo Eun-ji (* 1981), südkoreanische Schauspielerin, Filmregisseurin und Sängerin
 Jo Gwang-jo (1482–1519), koreanischer Politiker und Philosoph
 Jo Hyeon-woo (* 1991), südkoreanischer Fußballtorwart
 Jo Hyo-bi (* 1991), südkoreanische Handballspielerin
 Jo In-hee (* 1989), südkoreanische Biathletin
 Jo Jae-hyun (* 1965), südkoreanischer Schauspieler
 Jo Jong-rae (* 1943), südkoreanischer Autor
 Jo Kyung-ran (* 1969), südkoreanische Autorin
 Michiru Jō (* 1957), japanischer Sänger und Entertainer
 Jo Myong-rok (1928–2010), nordkoreanischer Politiker und Vizemarschall
 Qasem Jo (1878–1957), afghanischer Musiker
 Sara Jo (* 1993), serbische Sängerin
 Jo Seok-hwan (* 1979), südkoreanischer Boxer
 Jo Seong-hwan (* 1970), südkoreanischer Fußballspieler und -trainer
 Jo Soo-min (* 1999), südkoreanische Schauspielerin
 Jo Sung-hee (* 1979), südkoreanischer Filmregisseur
 Shōji Jō (* 1975), japanischer Fußballspieler
 Jo Sik (1501–1572), koreanischer Philosoph und Schriftsteller zur Zeit der Joseon-Dynastie
 Sumi Jo (* 1962), koreanische Sängerin (Sopran)
 Jo Tae-keun (* 1985), südkoreanischer Fußballspieler
 Tim Jo (* 1984), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Jo Tong-sop (* 1959), nordkoreanischer Fußballtrainer
 Jo Uh-jin (* 1987), südkoreanischer Fußballspieler
 Jo Un-ok (* 1992), nordkoreanische Leichtathletin
 Jo Woo-ri (* 1992), südkoreanische Schauspielerin
 Jo Yon-jun (* 1937), nordkoreanischer Politiker

sowie:
 Jo (Comic), eine Comicserie von Hergé
 Jo, eine französische Fernsehserie aus dem Jahr 2013, siehe The Cop – Crime Scene Paris
 französischer Originaltitel des Films Camouflage – Hasch mich, ich bin der Mörder mit Louis de Funes

JO steht für:
 Jordanien, Ländercode nach ISO 3166
 Souveräner Malteserorden, auch Johanniterorden, Ordenskürzel der römisch-katholischen Ordensgemeinschaft
 JALways (IATA-Code), japanische Fluggesellschaft

JO als Unterscheidungszeichen auf Kfz-Kennzeichen:
 Österreich: Bezirk St. Johann im Pongau

jo steht als Abkürzung für:
 .jo, die Top-Level-Domain für Jordanien

Siehe auch:
 Io
 Ja
 Jo Jo
 Yo
 JÖ
 Joe

Abkürzung

Jo


بلدية بولباي , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة المرية. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 7.600 نسمة.

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المرية
بلديات المرية

بولباي


An Najas testui in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alfred Barton Rendle. An Najas testui in nahilalakip ha genus nga Najas, ngan familia nga Hydrocharitaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Najas

Najas testui


The Scottish Crop Research Institute more commonly known as SCRI was a scientific institute located in Invergowrie near Dundee, Scotland. As of April 2011, when SCRI  merged with the Macaulay Land Use Institute to form The James Hutton Institute.

History

The institute was opened in 1951 in Invergowrie under the name Scottish Horticultural Research Institute (SHRI). In 1981, the SHRI merged with the Scottish Plant Breeding Station (SPBS), which at the time was located near Edinburgh. Operations of the SPBS moved to the institute's site at Invergowrie and became the Scottish Crop Research Institute. In 1987 the institute accepted managerial responsibility for Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland, formerly the Scottish Agricultural Statistics Service. The commercial arm of the SCRI, Mylnefield Research Services, was launched in 1989. In April 2011 SCRI  merged with the Macaulay Land Use Institute to form a new body, The James Hutton Institute.

Research

The SCRI has both staff and PhD students who do research into several different aspects of plant science. Research facilities include laboratories, office space, glasshouses, growth chambers and 172 hectares of land which is used for field work. Research at SCRI is organised into four programmes: environment plant interactions, plant pathology, genetics and plant products and food quality. The institute carries out research funded by the Scottish Government's "Programme 1" for profitable and sustainable agriculture and the co-ordinator of Programme 1 is staff member Professor Howard Davies. The institute is also undertaking research into how climate change in Scotland will affect crop production, as the institute is involved with the Scottish Government's Agriculture and Climate Change Stakeholder Group.

References

External links
Scottish Crop Research Institute
The James Hutton Institute
Units and Institutes of the Agricultural Research Council

Research institutes in Scotland
Agricultural research institutes in the United Kingdom
Government research
Perth and Kinross
Agriculture in Scotland
1951 establishments in Scotland

Scottish Crop Research Institute


Rushton Hall à Rushton, Northamptonshire, en Angleterre, est la maison ancestrale de la famille Tresham à partir de 1438, lorsque William Tresham, chancelier du duché de Lancastre, achète le domaine. Au , la maison devient une école privée et elle est maintenant transformée en hôtel de luxe. Le domaine est d'environ  dont  sont des jardins à la française. La rivière Ise coule d'ouest en est au sud du manoir.

Histoire

Rushton Hall appartient à la famille catholique Tresham depuis le , lorsque William Tresham achète le domaine en 1438. Il est procureur général du roi Henri V, chancelier du duché de Lancastre et président de la Chambre des communes et est assassiné en 1450. Son fils Thomas Tresham, High Sheriff du Cambridgeshire et Huntingdonshire, High Sheriff de Sussex, High Sheriff de Surrey et plus tard président de la Chambre des communes est impliqué dans les complots de John de Vere (13e comte d'Oxford), commandant principal pour Henri VII de l'armée anglaise à la Bataille de Bosworth lors de la Guerre des Deux-Roses. Sir Thomas Tresham (1500–1559), un autre membre de la famille de Rushton Hall, est député du Northamptonshire, député de Lancaster, trois fois haut shérif du Northamptonshire et est marié à Mary Parr, fille de William Parr,  Parr de Horton, et cousin de Catherine Parr, reine d'Angleterre, dernière épouse du roi Henri VIII. Le petit-fils de ce dernier, Thomas (1534-1605), également haut shérif du Northamptonshire en 1573, construit la loge triangulaire sur le terrain de la maison en 1592. Il est beau-frère par sa femme, Muriel Throckmorton, fille de Robert Throckmorton, connétable du château de Warwick, d'Edward Arden, cousin germain de Mary Shakespeare, la mère de William Shakespeare. Les Throckmortons sont connus pour leur participation à la Rébellion de Wyatt de 1554 et plus tard, au complot de Throckmorton de 1583. Leur fils, Francis Tresham, est le beau-cousin du célèbre Sir Walter Raleigh par l'intermédiaire de sa cousine Elizabeth Throckmorton et est impliqué dans la Conspiration des Poudres, le , comme étant l'un des principaux conspirateurs et est mort dans la Tour de Londres en 1605. Le domaine passe ensuite à son frère Lewis.

La maison est vendue en 1619 à Sir William Cockayne, lord-maire de Londres, qui est le premier gouverneur de Londonderry, en Irlande et à sa mort en 1626, elle passe à son fils aîné Charles, plus tard vicomte Cullen, qui est nommé haut shérif du Northamptonshire pour 1636–37. Sa veuve se remarie à Henry Carey,  de Douvres, arrière-arrière-petit-fils de Thomas Boleyn,  de Wiltshire, père de la reine Anne Boleyn. Le , Bryen, épouse Elizabeth Trentham, l'arrière-petite-nièce d' Elizabeth Trentham, comtesse d'Oxford qui est l'épouse d'Edward de Vere,  d'Oxford considéré par les théoriciens d'Oxford comme l'authentique William Shakespeare, et à travers elle est l'héritière des domaines de Trentham, notamment l'abbaye de Rocester et le Château de Hedingham. Le château de Hedingham est le siège ancestral de la maison de Vere depuis qu'il a été attribué à leur famille par Guillaume le Conquérant et ces domaines devaient plus tard être vendus pour financer le style de vie extravagant du couple.

En 1828, la maison est vendue à William Hope, la famille de Thomas Hope (1769–1831), propriétaire de la banque Hope & Co. et du célèbre diamant Hope qui est évalué à  de dollars à l'époque actuelle. Les Hope sont une célèbre dynastie bancaire néerlandaise, rivale de la famille Rothschild, qui figure parmi les familles les plus riches d'Europe à l'époque en étant les principaux financiers de l'impératrice russe Catherine II et de la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales (VOC). Amsterdam est un centre commercial international de diamants en raison de leurs relations avec le roi du Portugal, étant payé en diamants pour leurs prêts.

Après sa mort en 1854, le domaine est vendu à Clara Thornhill (plus tard Clarke-Thornhill). Charles Dickens est un grand ami de Clara et visite Rushton plusieurs fois. Le Haversham Hall fictif dans Great Expectations serait conçu à partir du manoir. En 1925, Louis (Ludwig) Breitmeyer, un directeur fondateur de la société De Beers loue Rushton Hall. Les Clarke-Thornhills possèdent la maison jusqu'en 1934. Après la mort de William Clarke-Thornhill, la maison est louée à un éventail de locataires, dont le mondain américain James J. Van Alen, marié à Emily Astor, fille de  et belle-sœur de James Roosevelt Roosevelt, frère aîné du  des États-Unis, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Malheureusement, son beau-frère John Jacob Astor IV meurt sur le Titanic dont il était le passager le plus riche. Leur fils épouse , une nièce de Frederick William Vanderbilt. C'est James Van Allen qui rétablit de nombreux détails architecturaux Tudor et Jacobéens.

Il devient un bâtiment classé Grade I en 1951.

En 1957, elle devient une école pour enfants aveugles dirigée par le Royal National Institute of Blind People et est ouverte par la princesse Margaret sœur de la reine Élisabeth II. L'école déménage à Coventry en 2002.

La famille Hazelton achète la maison en août 2003 et la restaure pour l'ouvrir en tant qu'hôtel et spa  qui est officiellement inauguré par le prince Richard, duc de Gloucester en 2006.

Domaine
Le domaine possède des jardins en terrasses formels du début du  conçus par Thomas Mawson entre 1905 et 1909. Le reste du domaine est une propriété séparée de l'hôtel avec des éléments datant du  et avant. Le pavillon triangulaire du  situé dans l'ancien parc appartient à English Heritage et est ouvert au public.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade I dans le Northamptonshire
Histoire du Northamptonshire

Rushton Hall


Maryport is a town and civil parish in Cumbria, England.

The town is situated just outside the Lake District National Park, at the northern end of the former Cumberland Coalfield.

Location
Maryport is located on the A596 road  north of Workington,  west of Keswick and  south-west of Carlisle. Silloth is   to the north on the B5300 coast road, which passes through the villages of Allonby, Mawbray, Beckfoot and Blitterlees.

It's one of the southernmost towns on the Solway Firth, where the River Ellen skirts the grounds of Netherhall School before flowing through Maryport into the Solway Firth.

Maryport railway station is on the Cumbrian Coast Line.

History

Prehistoric times
Evidence for Final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic occupation was found at Netherhall Road. This was the first located archaeological evidence of tuff exploitation in the Lake District.

Roman and medieval times

The town was established around 122 as one of several Roman localities called Alauna. It was a command and supply base for the coastal defences at the western extremity of Hadrian's Wall. The town contains substantial remains of the Roman fort, which was the last in a series that stretched southwards along the coast from the wall to prevent it being avoided by crossing the Solway Firth. Geomagnetic surveys have revealed a large Roman town surrounding the fort.

The Senhouse Roman Museum adjoins the site of Alauna, and has a replica wooden watch-tower overlooking the fort and the sea. The museum houses a large collection of Roman altar stones found at the site.

On Castle Hill are the earthworks and buried remains of a 12th-century motte-and-bailey castle. On the summit are the foundations of a World War II gun emplacement.

To the north are the ruins of Netherhall Estate. The only remains of this once grand manor are stables and a 14th-century pele tower, largely built of dressed Roman stones presumably from Alauna Roman fort nearby. The tower was formerly part of a large house of later date which was demolished in 1979 following a fire.

Georgian times

For many years the town was named Ellenfoot but the name was changed by Humphrey Senhouse as he began developing the town as a port, following the example of Whitehaven. In 1749 an Act of Parliament was passed to allow the creation of the present town. Humphrey Senhouse named the new town after his wife Mary. The Senhouse family were landowners in the area and responsible for the development of the town and excavation of its Roman past. The family also had interests in the West Indies. In 1770, Humphrey Senhouse's son, William, was appointed Surveyor General of Customs in Barbados where he purchased a sugar plantation and managed another for Sir James Lowther of Whitehaven. William's brother, Joseph, had a coffee plantation in Dominica. Both men were considerable slave-owners.

It was during this period that the town's lighthouse was built.

Victorian times
The town quickly developed as an industrial centre throughout the 19th century. An iron foundry opened and the port developed as did shipyards, such as Wood's yard and Ritson's yard, which was famous for launching ships broadside into the River Ellen because it was not wide enough to allow ships to be launched the usual way.

The Maryport and Carlisle Railway, opened in the 1840s, with George Stephenson as its engineer, made the transport of coal much easier. Large new mines were sunk in the Aspatria area and almost all their production passed through the port. In 1846, 213,152 tons of coal were shipped from Maryport and by 1857 this had risen to more than 340,000 tons. Much of the coal produced in the area was turned into coke for the local iron and steel industry. By 1890, the Allerdale Coal Company had thirty Beehive coke ovens working on its site at Buckhill, Broughton Moor.

In 1874, the owners announced a cut of 10% in the miners' wages. A strike began in the Aspatria pits and then the owners made a further cut of 15%. By December, the strike had spread to the whole area with 2,000 men involved. The strike lasted until March 1875. There was violence when some 'blacklegs' were assaulted and many colliers left the area to seek work elsewhere.
In 1894, John Osmaston who operated the Dearham Colliery became insolvent and the bank took over his pits. Two groups of local miners formed co-operatives and leased the mines at Crosshow and Townhead from the Lowthers. They found it impossible to compete with the other wealthy coal-owners in a tight market and also had serious problems with drainage. This unique experiment ended in 1903 when both companies went into liquidation.

Modern times
During the early years of the 20th century, trade in the docks remained steady but was badly affected by the 1926 General Strike. Then, in 1927, a new deep-water dock was opened in Workington. Previously, the Workington Iron and Steel works had imported much of their raw material through Maryport but all of this trade was immediately transferred to the new facility. The local Solway Blast Furnaces also closed.

Maryport became a ghost town. The government declared West Cumberland a 'Special Area' but, by 1933, 57.3% of the town's insured workforce was unemployed. 1,684 men were out of work. Maryport was "for the most part, living on public funds". In 1936 twenty unemployed men marched from Maryport to join the Jarrow Crusade to London. Known as the Maryport Marchers, they were joined by two marchers from Cleator Moor and two marchers from Frizington. The Maryport Marchers Council organised this.

Despite a minor boom during the Second World War, when coal from North East England was diverted to the port, Maryport never recovered. The docks were closed to cargo ships in the 1960s. The last deep pit in the area, at Risehow, closed in 1966.

Today, after a series of major regeneration projects such as the yacht marina in the local harbour, prospects for the town are starting to look better. It is expected that tourism will play a major role in the future of the town.

In October 2018, it was announced that the Netherhall School community swimming pool was to close.

Maryport Lighthouse

The town has a small lighthouse, formerly run by Trinity House, the general lighthouse authority for England. It is a Grade II listed building.

In 2010 Trinity House transferred responsibility for the new light to the Maryport Harbour Authority. The old lighthouse was restored and repainted in 2017 as part of a government-funded initiative for the refurbishment of seaside towns.

Governance
The town is part of the parliamentary constituency of Workington. In the December 2019 general election, the Tory candidate for Workington, Mark Jenkinson, was elected the MP, overturning a 9.4 per cent Labour majority from the 2017 election to eject shadow environment secretary Sue Hayman by a margin of 4,136 votes. Until the December 2019 general election The Labour Party has won the seat in the constituency in every general election since 1979.The Conservative Party has only been elected once in Workington since World War II, at the 1976 by-election. The town historically has been a Labour supporting area.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

For Local Government purposes it is in the Cumberland unitiary authority area.

Maryport has its own parish council, Maryport Town Council.

Economy
The economy of the area and the emergence of the industrial capacity of the town itself developed largely because of mining and sea trade, but these industries have since declined and the town now relies on tourism as the basis of its economy. There is an aquarium, Maryport Maritime Museum (housed in a former pub on the harbour, and established as a museum in 1975) and a Roman museum. The last houses numerous Roman artefacts, most notably a series of altars to Jupiter Optimus Maximus, which were excavated in the vicinity of the Roman fort. In July 2008, a new tourism venue, the Wave Centre, opened its doors. The Wave Centre is a theatre and conference facility, an interactive heritage exhibition on the local history of Maryport, the Tourist Information Centre for Maryport and a gift shop and bistro.

The town has two industrial estates, the Glasson Industrial Estate and the Solway Industrial Estate, which are home to many small local businesses. It was formerly home to a factory belonging to the Bata company which closed in the early 1980s.

Culture
The town is a major name on the blues music scene, holding the "Maryport Blues Festival" every summer. This has previously attracted names such as Jools Holland, Dionne Warwick, Elkie Brooks, Buddy Guy, Jethro Tull, Van Morrison, Robert Cray and Chuck Berry.
The three-day event usually takes place on the last weekend of July, attracting both local and international artists. The 2018 Maryport Blues Festival was cancelled.

Maryport also holds the annual Taste of The Sea food festival where visitors can enjoy food from all over Cumbria, such as Rum Butter and Kendal Mint Cake.

The town has a Scout Group (2nd Maryport) that has been in the town for over 70 years and incorporates most sections within the Scouting Movement. The group was visited by the Bishop of Carlisle to mark the centenary of Scouting in 2008.

The town also has a Girl Guiding Group, a Young Archaeology Society, and a local wildlife conservation society.

Maryport Golf Club, a 18-hole course, was formed on 21 January 1905.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Border. Television signals are received from the Caldbeck TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cumbria on 95.6 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Cumbria & South West Scotland on 102.2 FM.

The town is served by the local newspaper, Times & Star.

Education
Maryport has five local primary schools, and one secondary school, Netherhall School.

Notable people

Dan Bewley, speedway rider,
Taylor Charters, footballer,
Fletcher Christian, mutineer on HMS Bounty,
Douglas Clark, rugby league player,
Jack Connor, footballer,
Kyle Dempsey, footballer,
William Harrison Merchant Navy Officer, and first Captain of Brunel's SS Great Eastern,
Mark Heron, musician,
Dick Huddart, rugby league player,
Thomas Henry Ismay, founder of the White Star Line shipping company
Ricky Lightfoot, world champion trail runner,
James Lomas, rugby league player,
Dave McCracken, songwriter, music producer, programmer, mixer and remixer,
Seán Milroy, Irish revolutionary and politician,
Glenn Murray, footballer,
Tee Ritson, rugby league player,
Ike Southward, rugby league player,
Edward Benn Smith, recipient of the Victoria Cross,
Tom Smith, footballer,
George Tosh, engineer and metallurgist.

See also

Listed buildings in Maryport

References

Further reading
Biggins, J.A. and Taylor, D.J.A., 2004b, "The Roman Fort and Vicus at Maryport: Geophysical Survey, 2000–2004", in R.J.A. Wilson and I, Caruana (eds.), Romans on the Solway, CWAAS for the Trustees of the Senhouse Museum, Maryport, 102–133.

External links

Cumbria County History Trust: Maryport (nb: provisional research only - see Talk page)

Index of Maryport Sailing Ships
article on the Maritime Museum
Maryport local information and news website
iRomans Link to a website showing a selection of Roman objects from Maryport stored with collection at Tullie House Museum.
Senhouse family in the West Indies

120s establishments in the Roman Empire
Roman sites in Cumbria
Roman fortifications in England
Towns in Cumbria
Populated coastal places in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
Cumberland (unitary authority)
Roman auxiliary forts in England

Maryport


The Mazda MX-3 is a four-seat, front wheel drive coupé manufactured and marketed by Mazda, introduced at the Geneva Auto Show in March 1991 and marketed for model years 1992–1998.

The MX-3 was also marketed as the Mazda MX-3 Precidia in Canada and as the Eunos Presso, Autozam AZ-3 and Mazda AZ-3 in Japan. In Australia it was marketed as the Eunos 30X until late 1996 when it became the Mazda-Eunos 30X.

History
The MX-3's platform is called the EC platform, and shares much with the BG platform of the contemporary Familia/323/Protegé. The first model year was available in Japan, Europe, Australia, and North America where it went on sale in September 1991, as a 1992. Originally available with a single-cam 1.6-liter inline-four or the 1.8 liter  twin-cam V6, a few more engines were available as development continued. In the summer of 1991, the Autozam AZ-3 was added to the Japanese market lineup. It was known by two names;"Autozam" was meant to be Mazda's more youthful brand, so it combined a somewhat lower price with a sportier (but smaller) twin-cam 1.5L 4 cylinder engine, and also sold as the Eunos Presso, a companion, affordable sports hatchback to the Eunos Roadster.

The small displacement V6 was offered to comply with Japanese government regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement; Japanese buyers were liable for annual taxes for vehicles exceeding the regulations and large displacement engines, which would affect sales. Japanese buyers who were willing to pay the tax for larger vehicles were now given a choice of the FC series Mazda RX-7 and the JC series Mazda Cosmo.

In January 1994, a DOHC version of the familiar B6 engine, the B6D, replaced the previous version. This provided a useful power increase but conversely also made the considerably more expensive V6 version less desirable. Sales of the V6 in the United States market came to an end after the 1994 model year, although they continued in Canada, Japan and many other export markets. While called K8-DE in North American specs, Japanese and other markets received an engine called the K8-ZE. Aside from emissions equipment and varying power claims due to myriad ratings methods, the differences are negligible.

The MX-3 was only manufactured for one generation as the MX-5 proved more popular and as the Japanese asset price bubble effects became noticeable, Mazda had to cut back models that weren't selling well and the MX-3 was cancelled.

Performance

The V6 MX-3 has a factory claimed top speed of  in European trim. The US-spec MX-3 GS can accelerate from 0 to  in 8.4 seconds, and can travel a quarter mile in 16.4 seconds. With a turning rate of 0.89 g (8.7 m/s²), its handling capabilities were among the best in its class.

The V6 engine belonged to the Mazda K-series, which were used in a range of Mazda vehicles. These engines use a Variable Length Intake Manifold (VLIM), in order to provide optimal torque using intake resonance. Mazda called their system on the MX-3 the "Variable Resonance Induction System" (VRIS). This engine had a 7,000 rpm redline, and a 7,800 rpm fuel cutoff.

For the rear suspension of the MX-3, Mazda used its proprietary Twin-Trapezoidal Link (TTL) technology, delivering benefits associated with active four-wheel steering systems while lighter and less mechanically complicated. Twin-Trapezoidal Link technology has been used on a range of other Mazda vehicles before and since the MX-3.

Models and specifications

Models (North America)
 RS • 1992-1996
 GS • 1992-1994 (Canada until 1995)

Engines

Special editions

In 1993, Mazda Canada offered a limited special edition model of its Mazda MX-3 GS to celebrate the company's 25th year in Canada. At the same time, Mazda USA offered a similar model in a special edition as well. Only a total of 2,000 were supposedly made. The special edition MX-3 featured the V6 engine, leather interior (including seats, steering wheel and shift knob), heated seats (Canada only), and custom Enkei manufactured 15 inch alloy wheels. Most special edition models came in the color "raspberry metallic"; however, there was also "blaze" red, "brilliant" black, and "laguna" blue.

In 1993, Mazda Europe produced 100 Mazda MX-3 V6 SEs. These had a leather and suede interior, and all had the clear white body color. There were also a limited number of Mazda MX-3 V6 Equipes, with "sparkle green metallic" or "noble" green exteriors.

Modifications

The MX-3 is becoming a rare car, so modifications for it can be difficult to find unless one knows where to look, since it has not been sold in North America since 1997. Since the MX-3 has two engine classes, I4 and V6, many of the engine performance modifications are dependent upon what platform is installed.

There is now a decent range of body modifications for the MX-3 along with performance brakes and suspension. Most extensive modification must be entirely custom fabricated due to limited availability.

RS

The MX-3 RS with the four-cylinder engine can upgrade to the BP , B6-T , BP-T  and BPD-T  engines.

Swapping of the four-cylinder RS engines is slightly more complicated than the V6 GS mainly due to ECU, wiring harness, and MAF combinations as well as motor mounts. The V6 swaps require specific ECU, intake manifold, and VAF sensor combinations, but there are far fewer variables to deal with. Many improvements can be made after the engine swap and during the engine tuning process to find the best combination of engine peripherals.

GS
The most common engine swap for MX-3 GS owners with the V6 engine is a 2.5 L V6, either a North American-spec KL-DE , found most commonly in the 1993-1997 Ford Probe GT, the 1993-1997 Mazda MX-6 LS, or the 1993-2002 Mazda 626 LX or ES, and the Japanese-spec KL-ZE , found in such vehicles as the Efini MS-8, Xedos 9, and Eunos 800. A 2.0 L V6 KF-ZE is also available, but this swap is quite difficult due to the unavailability of required components. For this reason, this particular engine swap is not often attempted.
The GS, apart from the engine has dual tip exhaust, a tighter steering ratio, four disc brakes and front and rear spoiler.

References

External links

MX-3.com – Specifications and other details
UK-MX3.com – UK Owners Club

MX-3
Compact cars
Front-wheel-drive sports cars
Sport compact cars
Hatchbacks
Cars introduced in 1991
Cars discontinued in 1998
Coupés

Mazda MX-3