SS United States is a retired ocean liner built between 1950 and 1951 for the United States Lines at a cost of  (equivalent to $ million in ). The ship is the largest ocean liner constructed entirely in the United States and the fastest ocean liner to cross the Atlantic in either direction, retaining the Blue Riband for the highest average speed since her maiden voyage in 1952; she still holds the title today. She was designed by American naval architect William Francis Gibbs and could be converted into a troopship if required by the Navy in time of war. United States maintained an uninterrupted schedule of transatlantic passenger service until 1969 and was never used as a troopship.

The ship has been sold several times since the 1970s, with each new owner trying unsuccessfully to make the liner profitable. Eventually, the ship's fittings were sold at auction, and hazardous wastes, including asbestos panels throughout the ship, were removed, leaving her almost completely stripped by 1994. Two years later, she was towed to Pier 82 on the Delaware River, in Philadelphia, where she remains today.

Since 2009, a preservation group called the SS United States Conservancy has been raising funds to save the ship. The group purchased her in 2011 and has drawn up several unrealized plans to restore the ship, one of which included turning the ship into a multi-purpose waterfront complex. In 2015, as its funds dwindled, the group began accepting bids to scrap the ship; however, sufficient donations came in via extended fundraising. Large donations have kept the ship berthed at her Philadelphia dock while the group continues to further investigate restoration plans.

Design and construction

Inspired by the service of the British liners  and , which transported hundreds of thousands of US troops to Europe during World War II, the US government sponsored the construction of a large and fast merchant vessel that would be capable of transporting large numbers of soldiers. Designed by American naval architect and marine engineer William Francis Gibbs (1886–1967), the liner's construction was a joint effort by the United States Navy and United States Lines. The US government underwrote almost 70% of the  construction cost, with the ship's prospective operators, United States Lines, contributing the remaining $28 million. In exchange, the ship was designed to be easily converted in times of war to a troopship. The ship has a capacity of 15,000 troops, and could also be converted to a hospital ship.

The vessel was constructed from 1950 to 1952 at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company in Newport News, Virginia. The hull was constructed in a dry dock. United States was built to exacting Navy specifications, which required that the ship be heavily compartmentalized, and have separate engine rooms to optimize wartime survivability. A large part of the construction was prefabricated. The ship's hull comprised 183,000 pieces.

The construction of the ship's superstructure involved the most extensive use of aluminum in any construction project up to that time, which posed a galvanic corrosion challenge to the builders in joining the aluminum superstructure to the steel decks below. However, the extensive use of aluminum meant significant weight savings, as well. United States had the most powerful steam turbines of any merchant marine vessel at the time, with a total power of  delivered to four -diameter manganese-bronze propellers. The ship was capable of steaming astern at over , and could carry enough fuel and stores to steam non-stop for over .

In 1968 the ship's power specifications were declassified, revealing that the top speed was  at a maximum power output of . The ship was never operated at over  in passenger service.

Interior design
The interiors were designed by Dorothy Marckwald & Anne Urquhart, the same designers that did the interiors for . The goal was to "create a modern fresh contemporary look that emphasized simplicity over palatial, restrained elegance over glitz and glitter". They would also hire artists to produce American themed artwork for the public spaces, including Hildreth Meière, Louis Ross, Peter Ostuni, Charles Lin Tissot, William King, Charles Gilbert, Raymond Wendell, Nathaniel Choate, muralist Austin M. Purves, Jr., and sculptor Gwen Lux. Interior décor also included a children's playroom designed by Edward Meshekoff. Markwald and Urquhart were also tasked with the challenge of creating interiors that were completely fireproof.

Fire safety
As a result of a various maritime disasters involving fire, including  and , designer William Francis Gibbs specified that the ship incorporate the most rigid fire safety standards.

To minimize the risk of fire, the designers of United States prescribed using no wood in the ship's framing, accessories, decorations, or interior surfaces, although the galley did feature a wooden butcher's block. Fittings, including all furniture and fabrics, were custom made in glass, metal, and spun-glass fiber, to ensure compliance with fireproofing guidelines set by the US Navy. Asbestos-laden paneling was used extensively in interior structures. The clothes hangers in the luxury cabins were aluminum. The ballroom's grand piano was originally designed to be aluminum, but was made from mahogany and accepted only after a demonstration in which gasoline was poured upon the wood and ignited, without the wood itself ever catching fire.

History

Commercial service (1952–1969)

On her maiden voyage—July 3–7, 1952—United States broke the eastbound transatlantic speed record (held by  for the previous 14 years) by more than 10 hours, making the maiden crossing from the Ambrose lightship at New York Harbor to Bishop Rock off Cornwall, UK in 3 days, 10 hours, 40 minutes at an average speed of  and winning the coveted Blue Riband. On her return voyage United States also broke the westbound transatlantic speed record, also held by Queen Mary, by returning to America in 3 days 12 hours and 12 minutes at an average speed of . In New York her owners were awarded the Hales Trophy, the tangible expression of the Blue Riband competition.

The maximum speed attained by United States is disputed, as it was once held as a military secret. The issue stems from an alleged speed of  that was leaked to reporters by engineers after the first speed trial. In a 1991 issue of Popular Mechanics, author Mark G. Carbonaro wrote that while she could do , that speed was never actually attained. Other sources, including a paper by John J. McMullen & Associates, place the ship's highest possible sustained top speed at .

During the 1950s and early 1960s the United States was popular for transatlantic travel. She attracted frequent repeat celebrity passengers, such as the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, along with celebrities like Marilyn Monroe, Judy Garland, Cary Grant, Salvador Dalí, Duke Ellington, and Walt Disney, who featured the ship in the 1962 film Bon Voyage!. Another celebrity who was on board the ship was Claude Jones, a trombonist who played with the aforementioned Ellington. He worked as part of the waitstaff, and died on board, also in 1962.

By the mid-to-late 1960s, with the advent of jet-powered airliners, the market for transatlantic travel by ship had dwindled. America was sold in 1964, Queen Mary was retired in 1967, and Queen Elizabeth in 1968. United States was no longer profitable. Unbeknownst to her passengers, crew, or the public, United States completed her last voyage (Number 400) on November 7, 1969, when she arrived in New York.

In late 1969, before the decision was made to retire the SS United States, United States Lines announced a 55-day Grand Pacific Cruise which was to set sail on January 21, 1970; however, this was canceled in December 1969.

Layup in Virginia and visit to Europe (1969–1996)
After this voyage, the liner sailed to Newport News for her scheduled annual overhaul. While there, the United States Lines announced its decision to withdraw her from service. The decision was due to the skyrocketing expenses of operating the ship and the U.S. government's discontinuation of its operating subsidies. The announcement halted all work on the ship, leaving various tasks incomplete, like the repainting of the funnels; the partially finished paint coating on the funnels can still be faintly seen today. The ship was sealed up, with all furniture, fittings, and crew uniforms left in place.

In June 1970, the ship was relocated across the James River, to the Norfolk International Terminal, in Norfolk, Virginia. In 1973, the United States Lines officially transferred ownership of the vessel to the United States Maritime Administration. In 1976, Norwegian Caribbean Cruise Line (NCL) was reported to be interested in purchasing the ship and converting her into a Caribbean cruise ship, but the U.S. Maritime Administration refused the sale due to the classified naval design elements of the ship and NCL purchased the former  instead. The Navy finally declassified the ship's design features in 1977. That same year, a group headed by Harry Katz sought to purchase the ship and dock her in Atlantic City, New Jersey, where she would be used as a hotel and casino. However, nothing came of the plan. United States was briefly considered by the US Navy to be converted into a troopship or a hospital ship, to be called USS United States. This plan never materialized, being dropped in favor of converting two San Clemente class supertankers. The liner was seen as obsolete for Naval use by 1978, and was put up for sale by the U.S. Maritime Administration.

In 1980, the vessel was sold for $5 million to a group headed by Seattle developer Richard H. Hadley, who hoped to revitalize the liner in a time share cruise ship format.

In 1984, to pay creditors, the ship's fittings and furniture, which had been left in place since the ship was sealed in 1969, were sold at auction in Norfolk, Virginia. After a week-long auction from October 8–14, 1984, about 3,000 bidders paid $1.65 million for objects from the ship. Some of the artwork and furniture went to various museums including the Mariners' Museum of Newport News, while the largest collection was installed at the now defunct Windmill Point Restaurant in Nags Head, North Carolina.

On March 4, 1989, the vessel was relocated, towed across Hampton Roads to the CSX coal pier in Newport News.

Richard Hadley's plan of a time-share style cruise ship eventually failed financially, and the ship, which had been seized by US marshals, was put up for auction by the U.S. Maritime Administration on April 27, 1992. At auction, Marmara Marine Inc.—which was headed by Edward Cantor and Fred Mayer, but with Julide Sadıkoğlu, of the Turkish shipping family, as majority owner—purchased the ship for $2.6 million.

The ship was towed to Turkey, departing the US on June 4, 1992 and reaching the Sea of Marmara on July 9. She was then towed to Ukraine, where, in Sevastopol Shipyard, she underwent asbestos removal which lasted from 1993 to 1994. The interior of the ship was almost completely stripped down to the bulkheads during this time. Her open lifeboats which would not meet new SOLAS requirements if the ship were to sail again were also removed and scrapped along with their davits.

In the U.S., no plans could be finalized for repurposing the vessel, and in June 1996, she was towed back across the Atlantic, to South Philadelphia.

Layup in Philadelphia (1996–present)
In November 1997, Edward Cantor purchased the ship for $6 million. Two years later, the SS United States Foundation and the SS United States Conservancy (then known as the SS United States Preservation Society, Inc.) succeeded in having the ship placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Purchase by Norwegian Cruise Line
In 2003, Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) purchased the ship at auction from Cantor's estate, after his death. NCL's intent was to fully restore the ship to a service role in their newly announced American-flagged Hawaiian passenger service called NCL America. United States was one of the few ships eligible to enter such service because of the Passenger Service Act, which requires that any vessel engaged in domestic commerce be built and flagged in the U.S. and operated by a predominantly American crew. NCL began an extensive technical review in late 2003, after which they stated that the ship was in sound condition. The cruise line cataloged over 100 boxes of the ship's blueprints. In August 2004, NCL commenced feasibility studies regarding a new build-out of the vessel; and in May 2006, Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay, chairman of Malaysia-based Star Cruises (the owner of NCL), stated that United States would be coming back as the fourth ship for NCL after refurbishment. Meanwhile, the Windmill Point restaurant, which had contained some of the original furniture from the ship, closed in 2007. The furniture was donated to the Mariners' Museum and Christopher Newport University, both in Newport News, Virginia.

When NCL America first began operation in Hawaii, it operated the ships , , and , rather than United States. NCL America later withdrew Pride of Aloha and Pride of Hawaii from its Hawaiian service. In February 2009, it was reported that United States would "soon be listed for sale".

Founding of the SS United States Conservancy and threat of scrapping
The SS United States Conservancy was then created that year as a group trying to save United States by raising funds to purchase her. On July 30, 2009, H. F. Lenfest, a Philadelphia media entrepreneur and philanthropist, pledged a matching grant of $300,000 to help the United States Conservancy purchase the vessel from Star Cruises. A noteworthy supporter, former US president Bill Clinton, has also endorsed rescue efforts to save the ship, having sailed on her himself in 1968.

In March 2010, it was reported that bids for the ship, to be sold for scrap, were being accepted. Norwegian Cruise Lines, in a press release, noted that there were large costs associated with keeping United States afloat in her current state—around $800,000 a year—and that, as the SS United States Conservancy was not able to tender an offer for the ship, the company was actively seeking a "suitable buyer". By May 7, 2010, over $50,000 was raised by the SS United States Conservancy.

In November 2010, the Conservancy announced a plan to develop a "multi-purpose waterfront complex" with hotels, restaurants, and a casino along the Delaware River in South Philadelphia at the proposed location of the stalled Foxwoods Casino project. The results of a detailed study of the site were revealed in late November 2010, in advance of Pennsylvania's December 10, 2010, deadline for a deal aimed at Harrah's Entertainment taking over the casino project. However, the Conservancy's deal soon collapsed, when on December 16, 2010, the Gaming Control Board voted to revoke the casino's license.

Saved by the SS United States Conservancy
The Conservancy eventually bought United States from NCL in February 2011 for a reported $3 million with the help of money donated by philanthropist H.F. Lenfest. The group had funds to last 20 months (from July 1, 2010) that were to go to supporting a development plan to clean the ship of toxins and make the ship financially self-supporting, possibly as a hotel or other development project. SS United States Conservancy executive director Dan McSweeney stated that he planned on placing the ship at possible locations that include Philadelphia, New York City, and Miami.

The SS United States Conservancy assumed ownership of United States on February 1, 2011. Talks about possibly locating the ship in Philadelphia, New York City, or Miami continued into March. In New York City, negotiations with a developer were underway for the ship to become part of Vision 2020, a waterfront redevelopment plan costing $3.3 billion. In Miami, Ocean Group, in Coral Gables, was interested in putting the ship in a slip on the north side of American Airlines Arena. With an additional $5.8 million donation from H. F. Lenfest, the conservancy had about 18 months from March 2011 to make the ship a public attraction. On August 5, 2011, the SS United States Conservancy announced that after conducting two studies focused on placing the ship in Philadelphia, she was "not likely to work there for a variety of reasons". However, discussions to locate the ship at her original home port of New York, as a stationary attraction, were reported to be ongoing. The Conservancy's grant specifies that the refit and restoration must be done in the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for the benefit of the Philadelphia economy, regardless of her eventual mooring site.

On February 7, 2012, preliminary work began on the restoration project to prepare the ship for her eventual rebuild, although a contract had not yet been signed. In April 2012, a Request for Qualifications (RFQ) was released as the start of an aggressive search for a developer for the ship. A Request for Proposals (RFP) was issued in May. In July 2012, the SS United States Conservancy launched a new online campaign called "Save the United States", a blend of social networking and micro-fundraising that allowed donors to sponsor square inches of a virtual ship for redevelopment, while allowing them to upload photos and stories about their experience with the ship. The Conservancy announced that donors to the virtual ship would be featured in an interactive "Wall of Honor" aboard the future SS United States museum.

By the end of 2012, a developer was to be chosen, who would put the ship in a selected city by summer 2013. In November 2013, it was reported that the ship was undergoing a "below-the-deck" makeover, which lasted into 2014, in order to make the ship more appealing to developers as a dockside attraction. The SS United States Conservancy was warned that if its plans were not realized quickly, there might be no choice but to sell the ship for scrap. In January 2014, obsolete pieces of the ship were sold to keep up with the $80,000-a-month maintenance costs. Enough money was raised to keep the ship going for another six months, with the hope of finding someone committed to the project, New York City still being the likeliest location.

In August 2014, the ship was still moored in Philadelphia and costs for the ship's rent amounted to $60,000 a month. It was estimated that it would take $1 billion to return United States to service on the high seas, although a 2016 estimate for restoration as a luxury cruise ship was said to be, "as much as $700 million". On September 4, 2014, a final push was made to have the ship bound for New York City. A developer interested in re-purposing the ship as a major waterfront destination made an announcement regarding the move. The Conservancy had only weeks to decide if the ship needed to be sold for scrap. On December 15, 2014, preliminary agreements in support of the redevelopment of United States were announced. The agreements included providing for three months of carrying costs, with a timeline and more details to be released sometime in 2015. In February 2015, another $250,000 was received by the Conservancy from an anonymous donor which went towards planning an onboard museum.

In October 2015, the SS United States Conservancy began exploring potential bids for scrapping the ship. The group was running out of money to cover the $60,000-per-month cost to dock and maintain the ship. Attempts to re-purpose the ship continued. Ideas included using the ship for hotels, restaurants, or office space. One idea was to install computer servers in the lower decks and link them to software development businesses in office space on the upper decks. However, no firm plans were announced. The conservancy said that if no progress was made by October 31, 2015, they would have no choice but to sell the ship to a "responsible recycler". As the deadline passed it was announced that $100,000 had been raised in October 2015, sparing the ship from immediate danger. By November 23, 2015, it was reported that over $600,000 in donations had been received for care and upkeep, buying time well into the coming year for the SS United States Conservancy to press ahead with a plan to redevelop the vessel.

Crystal Cruises purchase option
On February 4, 2016, Crystal Cruises announced that it had signed a purchase option for United States. Crystal would cover docking costs, in Philadelphia, for nine months while conducting a feasibility study on returning the ship to service as a cruise ship based in New York City. On April 9, 2016, it was announced that 600 artifacts from United States would be returned to the ship from the Mariners' Museum and other donors.

On August 5, 2016, the plan was formally dropped, with Crystal Cruises citing the presence of too many technical and commercial challenges. The cruise line then made a donation of $350,000 to help with preservation through the end of the year. The SS United States Conservancy continued to receive donations, which included one for $150,000 by cruise industry executive Jim Pollin. In January 2018, the conservancy made an appeal to US president Donald Trump to take action regarding "America's Flagship". If the group runs out of money, alternative plans for the ship include sinking her as an artificial reef rather than scrapping her.

On September 20, 2018, the conservancy consulted with Damen Ship Repair & Conversion about redevelopment of United States. Damen had converted the former ocean liner and cruise ship  into a hotel and mixed-use development.

RXR Realty redevelopment plans
On December 10, 2018, the conservancy announced an agreement with the commercial real estate firm RXR Realty, of New York City, to explore options for restoring and redeveloping the ocean liner. In 2015, RXR had expressed interest in developing an out-of-commission ocean liner as a hotel and event venue at Pier 57 in New York. The conservancy requires that any redevelopment plan preserve the ship's profile and exterior design, and include approximately  for an onboard museum. RXR's press release about United States stated that multiple locations would be considered, depending on the viability of restoration plans.

In March 2020, RXR Realty announced its plans to repurpose the ocean liner as a permanently-moored  hospitality and cultural space, requesting expressions of interest from a number of major US waterfront cities including Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Miami, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego.

2021 Pier 82 rent increase
A dispute over the 2021 increase of Pier 82's daily rent, from US$850 to US$1700, as well as US$160,000 in unpaid back rent, could cause the ship to lose her berth.

Artifacts

Artwork
The Mariners' Museum of Newport News, Virginia, holds many objects from United States, including the ''Expressions of Freedom'' by Gwen Lux, the aluminum sculpture from the main dining room, purchased during the 1984 auction.

Artwork designed by Charles Gilbert that included glass panels etched with sea creatures and plants from the first-class ballroom, were purchased by Celebrity Cruises and had initially been incorporated on board the  in her SS United States-themed specialty restaurant.

At the National Museum of American History, "The Currents" mural by Raymond John Wendell is on display. Hildreth Meière cabin class lounge mural Mississippi, Father of Waters had also been relocated to the museum, but is not currently on display.

Propellers and fittings

The ship used four  manganese bronze propellers, two four-bladed outboard, and two inboard five-bladed. One of the four-bladed propellers is mounted at the entrance to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York City, while the other is mounted outside the American Merchant Marine Museum on the grounds of the United States Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point, New York. The starboard-side five-bladed propeller is mounted near the waterfront at SUNY Maritime College in Fort Schuyler, New York, while the other is at the entrance of the Mariner's Museum in Newport News, Virginia, mounted on an original  long drive shaft.

The ship's bell is kept in the clock tower on the campus of Christopher Newport University in Newport News, Virginia. It is used to celebrate special events, including being rung by incoming freshman and by outgoing graduates.

One of the ship's horns stood on display for decades above the Rent-A-Tool building in Revere, Massachusetts, and has since been sold to a private collector in Texas for $8,000 in 2017.

The large collection of dining room furniture and other memorabilia that had been purchased during the 1984 auction, and incorporated at the Windmill Point Restaurant in Nags Head, North Carolina, was donated to the Mariners' Museum and Christopher Newport University in Newport News after the restaurant shut down in 2007. The chairs from the tourist class dining room are used in the Mariners' Museum cafe.

Speed records
With both the eastbound and westbound speed records, SS United States obtained the Blue Riband which marked the first time a US-flagged ship had held the record since  claimed the prize 100 years earlier. United States maintained a  crossing speed on the North Atlantic in a service career that lasted 17 years. The ship remained unchallenged for the Blue Riband throughout her career. During this period the fast trans-Atlantic passenger trade moved to air travel, and many regard the story of the Blue Riband as having ended with United States.
Her east-bound record has since been broken several times (first, in 1986, by Virgin Atlantic Challenger II), and her west-bound record was broken in 1990 by Destriero, but these vessels were not passenger-carrying ocean liners. The Hales Trophy itself was lost in 1990 to Hoverspeed Great Britain, setting a new eastbound speed record for a commercial vessel.

On screen appearances

Documentaries
The Superliners: Twilight of An Era (National Geographic 1985)
The SS United States: From Dream to Reality (1992, Mariner's Museum)
Floating Palaces (1996)
SS United States: Lady in Waiting (2008)
SS United States: Made in America (2013)
Inside The ABANDONED S.S United States (2021)

Motion picture cameos

Sabrina (1954)
Gentlemen Marry Brunettes (1955)
West Side Story (1961)
Bon Voyage! (1962)
Munster, Go Home! (1966)
Dead Man Down (2013)

Literature

Superliner S.S. United States, Henry Billings, The Viking Press (1953)
The Big Ship: The Story of the S.S. United States, Frank O. Braynard, Turner (1981),
S.S. United States: The Story of America's Greatest Ocean Liner, William H. Miller, W.W. Norton & Company (1991),
Flood Tide (novel), Clive Cussler, United States, Simon & Schuster (1997), , Hardcover.
S.S. United States: Fastest Ship in the World, Frank Braynard & Robert Hudson Westover, Turner Publishing Company (2002),
SS United States: America's Superliner, Les Streater, Maritime Publishing Co. (2011),
Picture History of the SS United States, William H. Miller, Dover Publications (July 12, 2012),
SS United States, Andrew Britton, The History Press (July 15, 2012),
A Man and His Ship: America's Greatest Naval Architect and His Quest to Build the S.S. United States, Steven Ujifusa, Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (June 4, 2013),
The Last Great Race, The S.S. United States and the Blue Riband, Lawrence M. Driscoll, The Glencannon Press; First edition, first printing. (June 17, 2013)
SS United States: Red, White, and Blue Riband, Forever, John Maxtone-Graham, W. W. Norton & Company; 1st edition (October 27, 2014),
SS United States: Speed Queen of the Seas, William H. Miller, Amberley Publishing (March 24, 2015),
SS United States: The View from Down Below, Robert Sturm, Independent Publisher (2015),
Crossing On Time : Steam Engines, Fast Ships, and a Journey to the New World, David Macaulay, Roaring Brook Press; Illustrated edition (May 7, 2019),
The Final Voyage: A time travel novel, Jürgen Sester, Bookrix; (November 2021),

See also

Related American passenger ships
SS Leviathan
SS Malolo (1927)
SS America (1939)
SS Santa Rosa (1958)

References

Further reading

External links

SS United States: Cruise Deck Plan
SS United States Conservancy, current owner of SS United States

SS United States Onboard Artwork: Hildreth Meière
Information on SS United States from vesselfinder.com This page gives a list of registered owners of the ship.
SS United States, archive of various stories from the united-states-lines.org website
SS United States , ss-united-states.com, an outdated conservation website
SS United States photographs, archive of the ssmaritime.com website
SS United States photographs, maritimematters.com website
2007 news article from USA Today
Inside the Abandoned S.S. United States, 2021 YouTube video
First Class Deck Plan
Cabin Class Deck Plan
Tourist Class Deck Plan
1954 Deck Plans

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Ocean liners
Steamships of the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Blue Riband holders
Historic American Engineering Record in Philadelphia
Passenger ships of the United States
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
Ships of the United States Lines
Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
1951 ships
Type P6 ships

SS United States


Gepulste Plasmatriebwerke oder gepulste magnetoplasmadynamische Triebwerke (; PPT), im deutschsprachigen Raum auch als instationäre magnetoplasmadynamische Antriebe (iMPD) bekannt, gehören zu den elektrischen Raumfahrtantrieben und werden auf Satelliten meist zur Lage- und Bahnregelung eingesetzt. Auf Grund ihrer Funktionsweise gehören sie zur Gruppe der elektromagnetischen Antriebe.

PPT wurden erstmals 1964 auf der sowjetischen Raumsonde Sond 2 erfolgreich eingesetzt und gelten damit als die ältesten elektrischen Raumfahrtantriebe im Weltall. Seither wurden sie mehrfach für Satellitenmissionen eingesetzt, vor allem in den USA, aber auch in Japan und China.

Aufbau

Ein iMPD-Triebwerk besteht aus vier Hauptkomponenten:
 Kondensator zur Energiespeicherung
 Metallischen Elektroden zu physischen Etablierung des Kondensatorpotentials
 Treibstoff
 Zündvorrichtung, z. B. eine handelsübliche Zündkerze

In der Vergangenheit wurden sowohl parallele als auch koaxiale Elektrodenkonfigurationen untersucht. In beiden Fällen wird der Treibstoff zwischen den Elektroden zugeführt. Für die meisten Entwicklungen wird PTFE verwendet, aber auch alternative Treibstoffe wie z. B. Wasser werden untersucht.

Funktionsprinzip
Der verwendete Kondensator wird mit einer Betriebsspannung (bis zu mehreren kV) aufgeladen. Die Zündung erfolgt dann per Zündvorrichtung. Dabei wird der Schwingkreis bestehend aus Kondensator, Elektroden und Treibstoff geschlossen und es bildet sich eine Lichtbogenentladung entlang der Oberfläche des Treibstoffs. Durch den hohen Entladungsstrom von mehreren kA  wird ein Teil des Treibstoffs ablatiert, dissoziiert und ionisiert. Dabei entstehen Ladungsträger zwischen den Elektroden. Der sich zeitlich verändernde Entladungsstrom erzeugt ein starkes Magnetfeld. Durch Interaktion dieses Feldes mit den Ladungsträgern kommt es zu einer Beschleunigung durch die Lorentzkraft. Die Ladungsträger werden somit aus dem Elektrodenzwischenraum beschleunigt und erzeugen Schub. Die dabei erreichten Geschwindigkeiten der Ladungsträger liegen im Bereich von mehreren 10 km/s. Da die Energie des Kondensators begrenzt ist, klingt die Schwingung im Stromkreis schnell ab, so dass nach etwa 10–20 μs der Lichtbogen zusammenbricht und der Schubpuls beendet ist. Typische erreichte Impulse liegen bei einigen 100 μNs.

Technische Realisierungen
Forschung und Entwicklung von PPT weltweit konzentriert sich vor allem auf Russland, die USA, Europa, Japan und China, aber Entwicklungen auch in Südkorea, Argentinien, dem Iran und der Türkei wurden beobachtet. Neben Sond 2 wurden PPT auf mehreren anderen Satellitenmissionen erfolgreich eingesetzt.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Raumflugkörpern mit elektrischem Antrieb
 Magnetoplasmadynamischer Antrieb
 Thermisches Lichtbogentriebwerk

Weiterführende Literatur
 Monika Auweter-Kurtz: Lichtbogenantriebe für Weltraumaufgaben. B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 978-3519061397.
 Robert G. Jahn: Physics of Electric Propulsion. Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, NY, USA 2006, ISBN 0-486-45040-6.

Raketentechnik
Alternative Raumfahrtkonzepte

Gepulstes Plasmatriebwerk


Shunsuke Tsutsumi (født 8. juni 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Kagoshima United FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shunsuke Tsutsumi


Jekaterina Jasjina (  ; født 6. august 1993 i Saratov) er en russisk professionel tennisspiller. Hun fik debut på WTA Tour i 2011.

Indtil november 2017 havde hun ikke vundet en single titel på WTA Touren, men tre titler på ITF Women's Circuit.

Eksterne henvisninger

Tennisspillere fra Rusland
Kasan
Personer fra Saratov

Jekaterina Jasjina


El kabupaten de Yapen Waropen, es una región autónoma o regencia de la provincia de Papúa en Indonesia, ubicada al norte de dicha isla y provincia. Fue creado por una ley promulgada en 1969 sobre el establecimiento de distritos en las provincias de Papúa Occidental y Papúa.

Recursos
Es una de las regiones más ricas en recursos naturales y una de las más fértiles para la producción agrícola y ganadera, y en ella se ha realizado una inversión empresarial en sectores estratégicos con el fin de llevar la prosperidad y el desarrollo económico.

Historia
En el siglo XVI esta parte de la provincia de Papúa y Nueva Guinea, fue descubierta por navegantes españoles y portugueses entre los años 1528-29, 1537 y 1545. Formó parte del Imperio Español desde 1606 hasta 1663 junto a la Provincia de Papúa Occidental y Nabire. Luego pasó a formar parte del Imperio neerlandés, como gran parte de la isla de Nueva Guinea Occidental hasta la total independencia de Indonesia tras la invasión japonesa durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Geografía

Yapen Waropen está formado por dos territorios principales: la isla de Yapen y la parte continental de Waropen, y su superficie abarca 18.998 km², situados entre las coordenadas  y  .
Limita con cuatro kabupaten:
Biak Numfor al Norte.
Paniai al Sur.
Jayapura al Este.
Manokwari al Oeste.

La capital es Serui, situada en el subdistrito de Selatan. Yapen Waropen se divide en cinco subdistritos:
 Angkaisera
 Yapen Timur
 Yapen Selatan
 Yapen Barat
 Poom

Referencias

Página oficial de Yapen Waropen  (en indonesio) acceso el 1.12.2011

Provincia de Papúa
Kabupaten de Indonesia

Yapen Waropen


La coupe du monde des bajas tout-terrain 2022 est la  de la , compétition organisée par la Fédération internationale de l'automobile (FIA). Elle compte huit épreuves à son calendrier.

Calendrier

Principaux engagés

T1

T3

T4

Résultats

Baja Russia - Northern Forest

Baja Jordan

Baja Italia

Baja Aragon

Baja Poland

Baja Portalegre

Saudi Baja

Dubai International Baja

Références

2022
Sport automobile en 2022

Coupe du monde des bajas tout-terrain 2022


Chanava este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Rimavská Sobota din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 720 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu , Včelince, Štrkovec, , Kráľ, Abovce, Lenartovce, Číž, Ivanice și Zádor, Barca și Zádor.

Istoric
Localitatea Chanava este atestată documentar din 1266.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Chanava


A Diocese de Gwalior (Latim:Dioecesis Gwaliorensis) é uma diocese localizada no município de Gwalior, no estado de Madia Pradexe, pertencente a Arquidiocese de Bhopal na Índia. Foi fundada em 9 de fevereiro de 1999 pelo Papa João Paulo II. Com uma população católica de 5.260 habitantes, sendo 0,1% da população total, possui 17 paróquias com dados de 2018.

História

Em 9 de fevereiro de 1999 o Papa João Paulo II cria a Diocese de Gwalior através do território da Diocese de Jhansi.

Lista de bispos
A seguir uma lista de bispos desde a criação da diocese em 1999.

Gwalior
Gwalior

Diocese de Gwalior


Fernando de la Torre Saavedra (* 11. August 1961) ist ein mexikanischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Fernando de la Torre nahm 1985, 1991 und 1993 an den Badminton-Weltmeisterschaften teil. Als bestes Resultat erreichte er dort jeweils Rang 17 im Herrendoppel mit seinem Bruder Ernesto de la Torre. Bei den Zentralamerika- und Karibikspielen 1990 gewann er den Titel im Herreneinzel.

Sportliche Erfolge

Weblinks

Badmintonspieler (Mexiko)
Teilnehmer an den Zentralamerika- und Karibikspielen
Sieger bei den Zentralamerika- und Karibikspielen (Badminton)
Mexikanischer Meister (Badminton)
Mexikaner
Geboren 1961
Mann

Fernando de la Torre


François Cassingena-Trévedy est un écrivain et poète français, né à Rome le 28 novembre 1959. Il est moine bénédictin à l'abbaye Saint-Martin de Ligugé (Vienne).

Biographie
Ancien élève de l'École Normale Supérieure (L 1978), il entre dans la vie monastique en 1980 et est ordonné prêtre en 1988. Il est docteur en théologie (Institut catholique de Paris), avec une thèse intitulée L'expérience et l'esprit de la liturgie (IVe-VIe siècles).

À l'abbaye de Ligugé, il est maître de chœur et émailleur sur cuivre. Parallèlement à son activité monastique, il collabore aux Sources Chrétiennes et publie de nombreux ouvrages de poésie et de spiritualité.

Il enseigne également à l'Institut supérieur de liturgie (Institut Catholique de Paris) et au Centre Sèvres.

Il a tenu pendant plusieurs années une chronique dans la revue Études.

Publications

Auteur
 Pour toi, quand tu pries, Paris, Ad Solem, 1999
 La liturgie, art et métier, Paris, Ad Solem,  2007
 Sermons aux oiseaux, Paris, Ad Solem, 2009
 Poétique de la théologie, Paris, Ad Solem, 2011
 La Parole en son royaume : une approche théologique de la Liturgie de la Parole, Paris, Ad Solem, 2013
 « Chante et marche ». Les introïts grégoriens, Paris, Ad Solem, (vol. I, 2012 ; vol III., 2014)
 Les Étincelles, Paris, Ad Solem,  vol. I (2004), vol. II (2007), vol. III (2010), vol. IV (2015).
 Cantique de l'infinistère, narration d'une longue marche à travers l'Auvergne, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 2016
 La voix contagieuse, recueil d'homélies, Paris, Tallandier, 2017.
 Chroniques du temps de peste, Paris, Tallandier, 2021
 Propos d'altitude, Paris, Albin Michel, 2022

Traducteur
 Liberatus de Carthage, Abrégé de l'histoire des nestoriens et des eutychiens, (avec P. Blaudeau), Paris, Cerf, 2019 (SC 607)
 Éphrem de Nisibe, Hymnes pascales, Paris, Cerf, 2006 (SC 502)
 Éphrem de Nisibe, Hymnes sur la Nativité (avec F. Graffin) Paris, Cerf, 2001 (SC 459)

Distinctions
 Grand prix catholique de littérature (2017)
 Prix Humanisme chrétien (2005)

Références

Liens externes

Écrivain français du XXIe siècle
Écrivain spirituel
Prêtre catholique français
Bénédictin français
Élève de l'École normale supérieure
Théologien français
Liturgiste
Poète français du XXIe siècle
Collaborateur de la revue Études

François Cassingena-Trévedy


Punakaiki es una pequeña población de la región de West Coast de la Isla del Sur de Nueva Zelanda, en la costa del mar de Tasmania. Se encuentra a puertas del parque nacional de Paparoa.

Las Pancake Rocks (en español «rocas de crepes») es una importante atracción turística de la región, situadas en el Dolomite Point, al sur de la población. Las Pancake Rocks están en una región caliza muy erosionada junto al mar que penetra durante la marea alta por medio de géiseres marítimos verticales. Le propia piedra caliza se compone de capas duras y blandas (animales marinos y sedimentos de plantas) alternadas.

Se pueden explorar las Pancake Rocks gracias a varios caminos asfaltados, y en parte tallados en la propia roca, que permiten el acceso a sillas de ruedas.

Referencias

Punakaiki Pancake Rocks & Blowholes, New Zealand Department of Conservation (en inglés)

Localidades de West Coast

Punakaiki


Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, abgekürzt TAAP, ist eine zweimal im Monat erscheinende Peer-Review Fachzeitschrift. Die Erstausgabe erschien im Januar 1959. Die Zeitschrift veröffentlicht Artikel, die sich mit den Wirkungen von Chemikalien, Arzneimitteln oder chemisch definierten Naturprodukten auf Mensch und Tier beschäftigen.

Der Impact Factor des Journals lag im Jahr 2014 bei 3,705. Nach der Statistik des ISI Web of Knowledge wird das Journal mit diesem Impact Factor in der Kategorie Toxikologie an 13. Stelle von 87 Zeitschriften sowie in der Kategorie Pharmakologie und Pharmazie an 52. Stelle von 254 Zeitschriften geführt.

Herausgeber ist Scott W. Burchiel (Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA).

Weblinks
 Artikelindex der Zeitschrift

Einzelnachweise

Pharmakologiezeitschrift
Toxikologiezeitschrift
Englischsprachige 14-tägliche Zeitschrift
Ersterscheinung 1959
Medizinische Fachzeitschrift (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Elsevier

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology


Le HMS Crescent est un croiseur protégé de la classe Edgar de la Royal Navy.

Histoire
Crescent est d'abord commis au sein de l'Australia station. Le , il quitte l'Australie sous les ordres du capitaine Arbuthnot.

De 1899 à 1902, il est le vaisseau amiral du vice-amiral Frederick Bedford, commandant en chef de la North America and West Indies Station, dont le quartier général est aux Bermudes et pendant l'été à Halifax. Sous le commandement du capitaine Charles John Graves-Sawle, il visite Trinidad et la Jamaïque en , et le mois suivant Charles Town pour aider le , bloqué là-bas avec un arbre cassé. Le capitaine Stanley Colville est nommé commandant le , mais ne prend le commandement du navire que plus tard. Le commandant Henry Hervey Campbell est nommé commandant en , il participe aux célébrations du couronnement au quartier général d'Halifax cette année-là. Bedford est remplacé comme commandant en chef de la station le , lorsqu'il part chez lui avec le Crescent, qui est remplacé comme navire amiral de la station par le . Il arrive à Spithead le , mais sa commission est prolongée afin qu'il puisse participer à la revue de la flotte le  pour le couronnement du roi Édouard VII. À la suite de la revue, le roi part en tournée vers l'ouest le long de la côte, avec le Crescent comme navire d'escorte, il ne revient à Portsmouth qu'au début de septembre, subissant le  une refonte complète.

Il sert pendant la Première Guerre mondiale et est vendu le  pour une démolition en Allemagne.

Notes et références

Croiseur de la Royal Navy de la Première Guerre mondiale
Navire construit au HMNB Portsmouth
Bateau lancé en 1892
Navire démoli en 1921

HMS Crescent (1892)


Hücre duvarı veya Hücre çeperi hücre zarının hemen dışındaki bazı hücre tiplerini çevreleyen yapısal bir tabakadır. Esnek ve sert olabilir. Hücreye hem yapısal destek hem de koruma sağlar ve aynı zamanda bir filtreleme mekanizması görevi görür. Hücre duvarları hayvanlarda yoktur, ancak algler, mantarlar ve bitkiler de dahil olmak üzere diğer ökaryotların çoğunda ve çoğu prokaryotta (molliküt bakteriler hariç) bulunur.

Fotosentez yapmamalarına rağmen çok hücreli mantarlarda da hücre duvarı görülür. Cansızdır ve hücre zarı gibi seçici geçirgen değildir.
Ayrıca hücre içi ve hücre dıșı alıșveriși sağlar.

Özellikleri
 Cansızdır.
 Hücreyi dış etkenlerden korur.
 Tam geçirgendir.
 Bitki hücrelerinde selüloz, mantar hücrelerinde selüloz veya kitin, bakteri hücrelerinde peptidoglikandan yapılmıştır.
 Hücreye destek ve dayanıklılık sağlar.
 Canlının aktif hareket etmesini engeller.

Hücre duvarı bitki hücrelerinde görülmesine rağmen, bitkilerin eşey hücrelerinde bulunmaz. Onlar da hayvan hücresi gibi plazmalema vardır. Ancak döllenmenin akabinde, hücre, yüzeyine ince ve jelimsi bir madde salgılar. Bu madde "primordial duvarı" (ilksel çeper) oluşturur ve içinde pektin bulunur. Pektinler, birbirleri ile iyonlarla bağlanan, uzun zincirli karbonhidrat moleküllerinden meydana gelir. Hücre bölünmesinde oluşan yeni hücreleri birbirinden ayıran bu ilksel duvar, iki hücreyi yan yana tutan orta lameldir. Pektinlerin temel yapıtaşı galakturon asididir. Pektin asidi çok zayıftır ve kolayca şişebilir. Hücre duvarındaki diğer madde hemiselülözdür. Bunlar hücre duvarının yapısına katıldıkları gibi, depo maddesi olarak işlev yapar.

Hücre duvarının oluşumu
Her oğul hücre, yeni duvar materyalini ilk duvara yığmaya başlar. Bu yığım sonucunda birincil duvar (primer duvar) oluşur. Bu duvarda pektinlerin meydana getirdiği ana madde içinde dağılan, düzensiz mikrofibriller yer alır. Birincil duvarın bu yapısına dağınık yapı (dağınık tekstür) denir.

Mikrofibriller selüloz'dan yapılmıştır. Bir selüloz molekülü, birbirine bağlı 10.000 glikoz molekülünden oluşur. Böyle bir iplik molekülü 4 um uzunluğa ulaşabilir. Yaklaşık 2.000 ipliğimsi selüloz molekülü, bir mikrofibril demeti yapar. Bu demetler bitki hücre duvarının yapı birimidir. Selülozun zincir veya iplik molekülleri doğada serbest olarak hiç bulunmaz ve zincirde ağ demeti seklindedir. Bu birliğin çoğu kısmı kristalindir. Mantar hücre duvarında yapı maddesi olarak ya selüloz ya da kitin vardır.

Oğul hücreler büyüyünce elastik olan birincil duvar da genişler. Birincil duvar bu genişlemede incelemez; zira sürekli yeni mikrofibril tabakaları birikir. Kesin hücre büyüklüğüne ulaşılınca, hücre duvarının enine büyümesi de durur. Birincil duvarın üzerine ikincil (sekonder) duvar oturur. Bu duvardaki mikrofibrillerin birikimi tabaka şeklindedir ve ışık mikroskobu ile izlenir. Burada mikrofibriller paralel olduğundan paralel yapıdan (paralel tekstür) sözedilir. Enine büyüme sırasında lignin veya suberin gibi maddeler ikincil duvara birikir. Odunlaşan hücre duvarları, yüksek basınç ve çekmeye karşı dayanıklılık kazanır. Kuvvetli olan ikincil duvar, hücre içine doğru genelde ince bir tabaka ile sarılır. Bu tabakaya üçüncül (tersiyer) duvar denir. Birincil duvar gibi pektin temel maddesinden oluşur. Bunların içinde fibriller vardır. Birincil duvarın tersine fibriller burada paraleldir. Yani ikincil duvar gibi paralel yapı gösterirler. Tersiyer duvarın, ikincil duvar lamellerinin oluştuğu yer olması olasıdır.

Organeller
Bitki fizyolojisi

Hücre duvarı


Lambertville bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Lambertville (Kalifornien), ehemaliger Name von Freshwater
 Lambertville (Michigan)
 Lambertville (New Jersey)

Siehe auch:
 Lamberville

Lambertville


A seguir está uma tabela das eleições presidenciais Brasil em São Paulo, ordenadas por ano. Desde as eleições de 1945.

Com 46,6 milhões de habitantes, ou cerca de 22% da população brasileira, é o estado mais populoso do Brasil, segundo o IBGE, em pesquisa realizada em setembro de 2015, São Paulo tinha a maior produção industrial do país, com o maior PIB entre todos os estados brasileiros. Em 2016, a economia paulista respondia por cerca de 32,5% do total de riquezas produzidas no país, o que tornou o estado conhecido como a "locomotiva do Brasil".

Os vencedores do estado estão em negrito.

Partidos com mais vitórias

Eleições de 1945 até hoje

Nova República (1985–presente)

República Populista (1945–1964)

Referências

Sao Paulo
Presidenciais

Eleições presidenciais do Brasil no estado de São Paulo


''"Spor Eğlencesinin Super Bowl'u
WrestleMania, Amerikalı bir profesyonel güreş şirketi olan WWE tarafından her yıl Mart ayının ortasıyla Nisan ayının ortası arasında bir zamanda yapılan bir profesyonel güreş izle ve öde etkinliğidir. WWE, ilk olarak 1985 yılında bu etkinliği hazırladı ve o zamandan beri 33.03'ün Orlando, Florida'da 2 Nisan 2017'de, otuzuncu dördüncüsü ise 8 Nisan 2018'de Louisiana'da New Orleans'ta düzenlenecek olan 32 baskıyı üretti. WrestleMania, WWE'nin amiral gemisi etkinliği, tarihin en başarılı ve en uzun süren profesyonel güreş etkinliğidir. WWE'nin medya, ticarethane ve gösteriler aracılığıyla dünya çapında ticari başarısına katkıda bulunur. WrestleMania, WWE sahibi Vince McMahon ve uzun zamandır WWE ring spiker ve Hall of Famer Howard Finkel tarafından kavramsallaştırıldı ve 1984 yılında "WrestleMania" adını tasarladı.

WrestleMania'nın yaygın başarısı profesyonel güreşi değiştirmeye yardımcı oldu. Olay birçok üst WWE güreşçilerinin şöhretinin yükselişini kolaylaştırdı. Aretha Franklin, Cyndi Lauper, Muhammad Ali, Mr. T, Alice Cooper, Lawrence Taylor, Pamela Anderson, Shaquille O'Neal, Mike Tyson,  Floyd Mayweather, Pete Rose, Burt Reynolds, Mickey Rourke, Snoop Dogg, Sean "Diddy" Combs gibi ünlüler Kid Rock, Fred Durst, Ozzy Osbourne, Ronda Rousey ve Donald Trump eventlere katıldı ya da eventlerde özel olarak yer aldılar.

İlk WrestleMania, New York'taki Madison Square Garden'da yapıldı; Orada 10. ve 20. basımlar düzenlendi. WrestleMania III, Detroit banliyösü Pontiac, Michigan'da 93,173 fanın katıldığı dünyanın en yüksek katılımlı kapalı spor etkinliğiydi. Kayıt, 2010 NBA All-Star Oyununun, Arlington, Texas'taki AT & T Stadyumu olarak değiştirildiğinden beri Cowboys Stadyumunda 108.713 katılımla kapalı spor etkinliğini bozduğu 14 Şubat 2010'a kadar durdu. 2016'da WrestleMania 32, bugüne kadar düzenlenen en yüksek katılımlı profesyonel güreş etkinliği olan WrestleMania III'ü geçti ve AT & T Stadyumunda 101.763 kişi katıldı. Etkinliğin tüm basımları, Kuzey Amerika'daki şehirlerde, ABD'de 30, Kanada'da 2 olmak üzere barındırıldı.

Tarihleri ve yerleri

Notlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 WrestleMania tarihi

World Wrestling Entertainment
Profesyonel güreş etkinlikleri
1985'te Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kurulan oluşumlar
1985'te kurulan yinelenen olaylar

WrestleMania


Anul 2035 / MMXXXV este un an comun / an obișnuit din calendarul gregorian, care începe într-o luni. Este cel de-al 2035-lea an de d.Hr., al 35-lea an din mileniul al III-lea și din secolul al XXI-lea precum și al 6-lea an din deceniul 2030-2039.

Evenimente

 21 februarie, Tranzitul lui Mercur de pe Marte

Nașteri

Decese

2035


Ratkovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Hlohovec din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2021 număra 347 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Ratkovce este atestată documentar din 1388.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Ratkovce


Radhi Devlukia-Shetty, née le , est une influenceuse anglaise d'origine indienne, spécialisée en cuisine bien-être, végétarienne et védique.

Biographie

Enfance, formation et débuts
Radhi Devlukia-Shetty est britannique d'origine indienne. Elle grandit en Angleterre avec ses parents, elle a une sœur. Elle est mariée avec Jay Shetty depuis 2016, avec qui elle vit en Californie, aux Etats-Unis.

Carrière

Radhi Devlukia-Shetty est une influenceuse sur les médias sociaux comme Facebook, Instagram et YouTube et elle interview dans des émissions.

Elle travaille en qualité de diététicienne à l'Hôpital général de Watford.

Elle est spécialisée dans la cuisine bien-être, végétarienne d'origine indienne avec une forte influence ayurvédique. Elle fait des démonstrations de recettes et intervient sur des sujets en lien avec le bien-être, le yoga, les émotions et la pleine conscience.

En 2021, elle lance avec son mari, une nouvelle marque de thé Sama. La campagne de communication lie les traditions séculaires, propre à l'Angleterre et l'Inde, avec celle de l'intelligence artificielle.

La même année, ils mettent en place un fond de soutien pour aider à lutter contre le Covid en Inde « Help India Breathe ».

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1990
Blogueur britannique
Spiritualité hindouiste
Yoga
Bien-être
Développement personnel
Philosophie indienne
Spiritualité

Radhi Devlukia-Shetty


Rüdiger John (* 20. Jahrhundert) ist ein deutscher Diplomat im Ruhestand. Er war zuletzt von 2014 bis 2016 Botschafter in Ghana.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur (1969) und Wehrdienst (1969–1971) absolvierte John ein Studium des Völkerrechts in Moskau, welches er 1976 mit einem Diplom abschloss. Anschließend begann John seine diplomatische Laufbahn beim Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten der ehemaligen DDR. Von 1987 bis 1990 war er an der Ständigen Vertretung der ehemaligen DDR bei den Vereinten Nationen in New York tätig. 1990 erfolgte der Wechsel in das Auswärtige Amt. Von 1996 bis 2000 war er in der Türkei eingesetzt, ab 1998 als stellvertretender Leiter des Generalkonsulats Istanbul. Zwischen 2000 und 2008 arbeitete er in verschiedenen Positionen im Asuwärtigen Amt.

Im Jahr 2008 wurde John zum Botschafter in Niger ernannt und wurde in diesem Amt 2011 von Gordon Kricke abgelöst, der zuvor Leiter des Deutschlandzentrums in Mexiko-Stadt war. Als Botschafter unterstützte er das Programme nigéro-allemand de lutte contre la pauvreté Tillabéri et Tahoua-Nord (LUCOP), ein nigrisch-deutsches Programm zur Bekämpfung der Armut in den Regionen Tillabéri und Tahoua.

John wechselte 2011 als Botschafter nach Sierra Leone und wurde damit Nachfolger von Thomas Freudenhammer. In dieser Funktion unterstützte er auch die Durchführung von Seminaren des Wittenberg-Zentrums für Globale Ethik für afrikanische Nachwuchskräfte aus Politik, Zivilgesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft in Freetown. Von 2014 bis 2016 war John Botschafter in Accra (Ghana) und trat danach in den Ruhestand.

Weblinks

Auswärtiges Amt (Länderinformation Sierra Leone)

Einzelnachweise

Deutscher Botschafter in Niger
Deutscher Botschafter in Sierra Leone
Deutscher Botschafter in Ghana
Deutscher
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Rüdiger John (Diplomat)


Keşap, Giresun ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Sahil kıyısında Giresun'a 10 km uzaklıkta bulunur. Yerli halkın önemli bir bölümü Türkmen Çepnilerden oluşmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Keşap ve çevresinin tarihi milattan önceki dönemlere kadar dayanmaktadır. Keşap'ın tarihini Giresun, Trabzon ve Şebinkarahisar ile birlikte (Vilayeti Çepni) düşünmek gerekir. Keşap ve çevresi MÖ 6. yüzyıllarda Pers İmparatorluğu'nun, MÖ 3. ve 2. yüzyıllarda ise Selevkos Krallığı'nın sınırları içerisinde bulunur. MÖ 183-68 yıllarında Pontus Krallığı'nın daha sonra Roma İmparatorluğu'nun egemenliğinde kaldı. MS 395'te Roma İmparatorluğu ikiye ayrılınca Doğu Roma, diğer adıyla Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun topraklarında kaldı. Bölge MS 6. yüzyılda Sasanilerin saldırısına uğradı.

Selçuklu ve beylikler döneminde Anadolu'ya gelmeye başlayan öncü Oğuz/Türkmen/Çepniler 1397'de ilk defa Keşap'a gelmişlerdir. Giresun ve Keşap 1397 yılında Bayramlı (Hacıemiroğlu) Beyliği'nin kurucusu Bayram Şah'ın torunu Emiroğlu Süleyman bey tarafından fethedilmiş ve Bayramlı Beyliği topraklarına katılmıştır.
1397'den sonra Keşap'a Oğuzların Çepni boyu etkili olmaya başlar. Bununla birlikte, yöre hâlâ Trabzon İmparatorluğu'na bağlıdır. 1461'de Fatih Sultan Mehmet Trabzon'u fethetmeye giderken burayı Osmanlı topraklı topraklarına kattı.

Coğrafi yapısı
Yüzölçümü 222 kilometrekareyi bulan Keşap ilçesi, Giresun'a 10 km mesafede sahilde kurulmuştur. Alanı üçgene benzeyen ilçenin güneybatısında Giresun'un merkezi ve Dereli, doğusunda Espiye, güneydoğusunda ise Yağlıdere ilçeleri yer almaktadır. Arazi yapısı tamamen engebelidir. Dağlar ve tepeler arasında derin vadiler bulunur. İlçe Merkez, Karabulduk ve Yolağzı diye üç coğrafi bölgeye ayrılır. En yüksek yerleri geçit köyü, Karadağ, Karatepe, Ocak, Bozarı, Armelit, Sancaklı, Töngel, Topgediği, Demirci, Evliya ve Kabak tepeleridir.

Denize dökülen dereler arasında en önemlileri, Kargın, Dut yalısı, Taflan, Keşiş, Keşap, Torağzı, Kömürlük, Yolağzı, Killik, Değirmenağzı dereleridir.

İklim
Keşap'ta yazlar sıcak, kışlar ılık geçmektedir. Her mevsimde yağmur bolca yağdığı için yıllık nem oranı ortalama %75'tir. Yağış ve nem; bitkilerin gür olmasında önemli rol oynar. Yemyeşil ve gür bitki örtüsü içinde en çok pay fındık ağaçlarınındır. Bunlar 10.000 hektara yakın yer tutar. Kıyının hakim bitki örtüsü olan fındık ağaçları 700 metre yüksekliğe kadar varlık gösterir. 700 metre yükseklikten sonra ise orman alanları başlamaktadır.

Nüfus

Ekonomi
Ekonomik yapı çoğunlukla fındık tarımına, hayvancılığa, balıkçılık, arıcılık ve ormancılığa dayanır. Fındığın yanı sıra, mısır, sebze, meyve ve çay tarımı da yapılmaktadır. 1992 yılından bu yana bölgede kivi üretimi de yapılmaktadır.

Deniz balıkçılığı yanında son yıllarda alabalık yetiştiriciliği de büyük gelişme göstermiştir. Arıcılık Karabulduk Yöresinde önemli bir gelişme göstermiştir. Karabulduk, Halkalı yöresinde kivi, arıcılık ve kiraz üreticiliği meşhurdur.

Bölgede son yıllarda önemli sanayi tesisleri yapılmıştır. 3 fındık kırma, bir çay, iki parke, bir çorap ve bir un fabrikası bulunmaktadır.

İlçenin tüm köylerinde yol olup bu yolların çoğu stabilizedir. Son yıllarda betonlaşma çalışmaları sürdürülmekte olup eski Armelit yolunun iyileştirme çalışmaları sürdürülmektedir.
Halkalı köyü ekonomiye büyük katkı sağlamıştır. Çok zengin olan köy ahalisi çevre köylere de yardıma başlamıştır.

Turizm
İlçede turizm çok gelişmemiş olmakla birlikte çoğunluğu yerli turistlerin oluşturduğu yayla turizmi yapılmaktadır.

Tarihi ve doğal yapıları arasında, eskiden Rumların yaşadığı Armutdüzü köyündeki 3 Rum Kilisesi, manastır harabeleri, Hüseyin Efendi Türbesi, kemer köprüler ve Karşıyaka Camii önemli yer alır.

Halkalı şahin kayası doğal Türkiye haritası olarak oldukça kültürel bir yapıya sahiptir, Bölgenin en merak edilen doğal Türkiye haritasının ise eski medeniyet ve kahinler tarafından yapıldığı düşünülse 'de dini açıdan bunun Allah'ın vergisi olarak kabul edilmekte olup Atatürk'e bölge halkının büyük sevgi bağı olduğu bilinmektedir.

Keşap İlçesi'nde 1992 ile 2011 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilmiş 14 adet tescil kaydı vardır. Bunlardan iki tanesi tabiat varlığı; 12 tanesi de kültür varlığıdır. Armutdüzü Köyü'ndeki kaya bulunan doğal Türkiye haritası ile Çamlıca Köyü'ndeki travertenler, Keşap'taki korunması gerekli tabiat varlıklarıdır.

Giresun İli, Keşap İlçesi Sınırları İçerisinde Bulunan Şahinkaya Tepesi Potansiyel Doğal Sit Alanının Koruma Statüsünün Değerlendirilmesi Sonucunda, Sınır ve Koordinatları Gösterilen Alanın Kesin Korunacak Hassas Alan Olarak Tescil ve İlan Edilmesi Hakkında Karar (Karar Sayısı: 4398)

Kültür varlıklarından 6 tanesi dini yapı, 5 tanesi su yapısı, 1 tanesi geleneksel konut mimarisidir. Ayrıca ilçe genelinde tescil edilmemiş çok sayıda köprü, çeşme, değirmen, fırın, köy evi gibi kültür varlığı bulunmaktadır. Tescil kaydı bulunmayan üç adet camiye envanterde yer verilmiştir. İlçeye bağlı Yolağzı Beldesi'nin çarşı merkezi, eski dokusunu günümüze kadar kısmen koruyabilmiştir.

Galeri

Yaylacılık
İlçede yaylacılık çok gelişmiş olmakla birlikte bölge halkı yaylaya, hayvan otlatmak için gitmenin yanı sıra temiz dağ havası alarak dinlenmek ve çeşitli yayla şenliklerine katılarak eğlenmek için de gitmektedir.

Önceden yaylaya yürüyerek gidilirken, asfalt yolların yapılması ile artık otomobiller ile gidilebilmektedir.

En ünlü yaylalarından bazıları Başyayla, Turnaobası, Kazankaya, Ağacalı,Karadoğa, Buları, Çakrak, Ağlıkkıranı, Güzlekderesi, Çıkrıkkapı, Karadaş, Gözelli, Tosuntepesi, Hırbirlik yaylalarıdır.

Mutfak
Tipik Karadeniz yemekleri gibi yeşillik ağırlıklı, pancar çorbası, pancar diblesi, pancar sarması, pezük diblesi,pezük kavurması, galdirik kızartması, hobcun, mendek çorbası, sakarca kızartması, merolcan turşusu, merolcan kavurması, sırgan yemeği, mantar kavurması, hamsi kızartması, hamsi buğlaması, hamsi böreği, hamsi tuzlusu, hamsili ekmek, guymak peynir, fetir ekmeği, mısır ekmeği, pekmez yalaşı, hoşran kavurması, fasulye turşusu kavurması, kiraz tuzlusu kavurması, taflan tuzlusu kavurması, çileklik çorbası,sütlü kabak yemeği, ömeç, cırıtta gibi yemekler ağırlıklıdır.

Örf ve adetler
İlçe Örf ve Adet bakımından Giresun ili ile benzerlik göstermektedir. Kutsal Ocak yerleri ziyaret edilmekte, adaklar adanmakta ve hastalara şifa dilenmektedir. Cenazelerde talkım verilmekte 7. 40. ve 52. günlerde davet verilerek Kur'an okutulmakta, Hıdırellez, Mayıs 7'si gibi şenlikler düzenlenmektedir.

Ünlü Mican Türküsü bu yörede yaşayan bir halk kahramanı olan Mican için yapılmış ve yüzyıllardır söylenir. Merulcan kavurması, kadayıf, güllaç, balık ve mantar salamurası yöreye özgü yemeklerdir. Ramazan ayında çocuklar dımbılçı denen gruplar halinde maniler eşliğinde evleri ziyaret edip hediyeler toplamaktadır.

Keşap ve yöresinde, il çevresinde olduğu gibi iğne oyası, şelek-sepet örmeciliği, semercilik, ağaç oymacılığı, el kilim ve halıcılığı, hartama ve tabanca süslemeleri önemli el sanatları arasındadır.

Eğitim
İlçede bir fen lisesi mevcuttur. Giresun Üniversitesi'ne bağlı bir meslek yüksek okulu bulunmaktadır.

İlçede ayrıca aşağıdaki okullar bulunmaktadır.
 Anadolu Öğretmen lisesi
 Türk Telekom Ortaokulu
 İmam Hatip Lisesi
 İmam Hatip Ortaokulu
 Özel Yavuz Lisesi
 Cumhuriyet İlkokulu
 Çamlıca İÖO
 Karabulduk Ortaokulu
 Atatürk Çok Programlı Lisesi
 Yolağzı İÖO
 Küçükgeriş Hüseyin Günaydın İÖO

Giyim

Peştemal, kara lastik, yaşmak, yelek, entari, acem şalı.

Spor

Keşap Belediye Spor Kulübü A.Ş.

Köyler

 Alataş
 Altınpınar
 Armutdüzü
 Arnavutköy
 Balıklısu
 Bayrambey
 Bayramşah
 Ceylanpınar
 Çakırlı
 Çamlıca
 Demirci
 Dokuztepe
 Düzköy
 Erköy
 Geçitköy

 Gönüllü
 Güneyköy
 Gürpınar
 Halkalı
 Harmandalı
 Hisarüstü
 Karabulduk
 Karadere
 Karaishak
 Karakoç
 Kaşaltı
 Kayabaşı
 Kılıçlı
 Kirazlı
 Kurbanpınarı

 Küçükgeriş
 Sancaklıtepe
 Saraycık
 Sayca
 Sürmenli
 Taflancık
 Tepeköy
 Töngel
 Unaca
 Yazlık
 Yivdincik
 Yolağzı
 Yolbaşı
 Yünlüce

Mahalleler
 Bozkurt
 Fındıklı
 Karabedir
 Ortaokul
 Yoliçi
Uğurca

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet
 Kaymakamlık Sitesi
 Giresun Keşap Kültür ve Dayanışma Derneği İnternet Sitesi

Keşap


Joel Andrew Fitzgibbon (born 16 January 1962) is a retired Australian politician. He is a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and has served in the House of Representatives from 1996 to 2022, representing the New South Wales seat of Hunter. He served as Minister for Defence (2007–2009) in the first Rudd government and Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2013) in the second Rudd government. He was also Chief Government Whip in the House of Representatives (2010–2013) in the Gillard government.

Fitzgibbon succeeded his father Eric in federal parliament. He is aligned with the Centre Unity faction in NSW, part of the federal Labor Right faction. Since the 2019 election, he has become a vocal critic of stronger climate change policies, calling a potential 2030 target "delusional", and claiming that any embrace of more ambitious policies will alienate working-class support of Labor.

Early life
Fitzgibbon was born on 16 January 1962 in Bellingen, New South Wales. He is the son of Anne and Eric Fitzgibbon. His father, a schoolteacher, served as mayor of Cessnock and was elected to federal parliament in 1984.

Fitzgibbon attended All Saints College, Maitland. He worked as an automotive electrician from 1978 to 1990, operating a small business. He completed a graduate certificate in business administration at the University of Newcastle and was also a part-time TAFE lecturer.

Political career
Fitzgibbon served on the Cessnock City Council from 1987 to 1995, including as deputy mayor from 1989 to 1990. He was a vice-president of the ALP's Cessnock branch and served as a delegate to state conference. From 1990 he worked as an electorate officer for his father.

Early career in federal politics
Fitzgibbon won ALP preselection for the seat of Hunter following his father's retirement prior to the 1996 federal election. He suffered a seven-point swing in 1996, but has been re-elected with little trouble since then, with the exception of the 2013 election, where his margin was significantly reduced. He was elected to the opposition shadow ministry in October 1998 and was appointed Shadow Minister for Mining, Energy and Forestry in 2003–05. In June 2005 he was appointed shadow assistant treasurer and shadow minister for revenue and for small business and competition. In early December 2006, when Kevin Rudd became leader of the opposition, Fitzgibbon was appointed shadow minister for defence. He was subsequently appointed minister for defence when Labor won office at the 2007 federal election.

Minister for Defence

In 2008 Fitzgibbon expressed dissatisfaction with an unclassified briefing he received on an assessment of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF). He subsequently ordered and received a classified report that addressed his concerns, and then expressed confidence in the JSF project. In the same interview, he denied any personal involvement in the Australian Federal Police (AFP) raid on the home of Canberra Times''' journalist Philip Dorling, although he did not guarantee that his department had not contacted the AFP. Dorling was accused of receiving confidential cabinet documents intended for Fitzgibbon.

On 22 October 2008, Fitzgibbon instructed the Department of Defence to cease debt recovery procedures against SAS soldiers who had been accidentally overpaid. A subsequent audit by KPMG discovered that the soldiers' pay continued to be docked after the ministerial instruction.

In May 2009, Fitzgibbon announced a new defence white paper titled Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030.

Controversy

On 26 March 2009, Fairfax Media'' reported that officers in the Department of Defence had conducted a covert and unauthorised investigation into Fitzgibbon's friendship with a Chinese-Australian businesswoman in the belief that it constituted a security risk. This was alleged to have included officers from the Defence Signals Directorate accessing the computer network in Fitzgibbon's office to obtain the woman's bank details. The Department launched an urgent inquiry into the reports. Nick Warner, the Department's Secretary, stated that he had not seen any information to confirm the claims and that there were no circumstances in which secret investigations into Ministers could be authorised. Fitzgibbon was reported to be "furious" about the investigation, and suggested that it may have been conducted by officials opposed to his reforms to the Australian Defence Organisation.

Fitzgibbon resigned as Minister for Defence on 4 June 2009 after admitting that meetings held between his brother Mark Fitzgibbon, the head of the health fund NIB, and Defence officials concerning business opportunities had breached the Ministerial Code of Conduct.

In 2013, Fitzgibbon reflected on his term as Defence Minister and said that the defence chiefs had an obsession for the JSF and had refused to consider other alternatives.

43rd Parliament
Following his re-election in the 2010 federal election, Fitzgibbon was elected by the Labor caucus as chief government whip.

Following the June 2013 Labor leadership spill, Fitzgibbon was appointed as Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry in the Second Rudd ministry.

2015 proposed abolition of Hunter

In 2015 the Australian Electoral Commission announced plans to abolish the federation seat of Hunter. Due to changing populations, overall New South Wales was to lose a seat while Western Australia was to gain an extra seat. Electors in the north of Hunter were to join New England. The roughly 40 percent remainder were to become part of Paterson, with the Liberal margin calculated to be notionally reduced from 9.8 to just 0.5 points as a result. Since the Commission's guidelines require it to preserve the names of original electorates where possible, the commission proposed renaming Charlton to Hunter.

The final plan, however, saw Charlton abolished, with Hunter pushed slightly eastward to absorb much of Charlton's former territory. While most of the new Hunter's voters come from the old Charlton, as previously mentioned, Commission guidelines required the name of Hunter to be retained. The Labor incumbent for Charlton, Pat Conroy, opted to contest neighbouring Shortland in order to allow Fitzgibbon to contest the new Hunter.

2019 election and aftermath

In the 2019 federal election, Fitzgibbon suffered a 9.5-point swing against him in his electorate, reducing his margin to just 3 points. After the election, he was a vocal critic of his party's direction, claiming that "Labor must reconnect with its blue-collar base and get back to the centre". He stated that he was considering running in the leadership ballot if other candidates do not "show more interest in regional Australia". He later endorsed Anthony Albanese as leader, who won unopposed. In November 2020, Fitzgibbon announced that he was quitting the shadow cabinet, a response to moves by Labor's Left Faction to push for more action on climate change which, he believes are "delusional."

In September 2021, Fitzgibbon announced his retirement at the next election, claiming that he has been successful in bringing back the Labor Party to the political centre.

Post-politics
In November 2022, Fitzgibbon was appointed as the interim CEO of the Australian Forest Products Association, effective from February 2023.

Political positions
As the Labor Shadow Agriculture spokesman, Fitzgibbon opposed the Government's decision to stop the sale of S. Kidman & Co as "political" and accused it of running a "discriminatory foreign investment regime".

Fitzgibbon served as the convenor of the NSW Right faction in federal parliament.

See also
 First Rudd Ministry
 Second Rudd Ministry

References

External links

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1962 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Hunter
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Rudd government
Defence ministers of Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
Deputy mayors of places in Australia
New South Wales local councillors

Joel Fitzgibbon


Hirata may refer to:

Places
Hirata, Fukushima, former village in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan
Hirata, Gifu, former town in Gifu Prefecture, Japan
Hirata, Shimane, former city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan
Hirata, Yamagata, former town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan

Other uses
Hirata (surname)
Hirata Station (disambiguation), multiple train stations in Japan

Hirata


Highland County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 Highland County, Ohio
 Highland County, Virginia

See also
 Highlands County, Florida

fr:Highland#Comtés

Highland County


John Scott Russell FRSE FRS FRSA (9 May 1808, Parkhead, Glasgow – 8 June 1882, Ventnor, Isle of Wight) was a Scottish civil engineer, naval architect and shipbuilder who built Great Eastern in collaboration with Isambard Kingdom Brunel. He made the discovery of the wave of translation that gave birth to the modern study of solitons, and developed the wave-line system of ship construction.

Russell was a promoter of the Great Exhibition of 1851.

Early life
John Russell was born on 9 May 1808 in Parkhead, Glasgow, the son of Reverend David Russell and Agnes Clark Scott. He spent one year at the University of St. Andrews before transferring to the University of Glasgow. It was while at the University of Glasgow that he added his mother's maiden name, Scott, to his own, to become John Scott Russell. He graduated from Glasgow University in 1825 at the age of 17 and moved to Edinburgh where he taught mathematics and science at the Leith Mechanics' Institute, achieving the highest attendance in the city.

On the death of Sir John Leslie, Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1832, Scott Russell, though only 24 years old, was elected to temporarily fill the vacancy pending the election of a permanent professor, due to his proficiency in the natural sciences and popularity as a lecturer. But although encouraged to stand for the permanent position he refused to compete with another candidate he admired and thereafter concentrated the engineering profession and experimental research on a large scale.

Family life
He married Harriette Osborne, daughter of the Irish baronet Sir Daniel Toler Osborne and Harriette Trench, daughter of the Earl of Clancarty in Dublin in 1839; they had two sons (Norman survived) and three daughters, Louise (1841–1878), Rachel (1845–1882) and Alice. In London they lived for five years in a house provided for the secretary of the Society of Arts and then moved to Sydenham Hill, which became a centre of attention especially after Russell and his friends moved Paxton's glasshouse for the Great Exhibition to the Crystal Palace close by.

Arthur Sullivan and his friend Frederic Clay were frequent visitors at the Scott Russell home in the mid-1860s; Clay became engaged to Alice, and Sullivan wooed Rachel.  While Clay was from a wealthy family, Sullivan was still a poor young composer from a poor family; the Scott Russells welcomed the engagement of Alice to Clay, who, however broke it off, but forbade the relationship between Sullivan and Rachel, although the two continued to see each other covertly. At some point in 1868, Sullivan started a simultaneous (and secret) affair with Louise (1841–1878). Both relationships had ceased by early 1869.

The American engineer Alexander Lyman Holley befriended Scott Russell and his family on his various visits to London at the time of the construction of Great Eastern. Holley also visited Scott Russell's house in Sydenham. As a result of this, Holley, and his colleague Zerah Colburn, travelled on the maiden voyage of Great Eastern from Southampton to New York in June 1860. Scott Russell's son, Norman, stayed with Holley at his house in Brooklyn — Norman also travelled on the maiden voyage, one voyage that John Scott Russell did not make.

His son, Norman, followed his father in becoming a naval architect, contributing to the Institution of Naval Architects which his father had founded.

Steam carriage

While in Edinburgh he experimented with steam engines, using a square boiler for which he developed a method of staying the surface of the boiler which became universal. The Scottish Steam Carriage Company was formed producing a steam carriage with two cylinders developing 12 horsepower each. Six were constructed in 1834, well-sprung and fitted out to high standard, which from March 1834 ran between Glasgow's George Square and the Tontine Hotel in Paisley at hourly intervals at 15 mph. The road trustees objected that it wore out the road and placed various obstructions of logs and stones in the road, which actually caused more discomfort for horse-drawn carriages. But in July 1834 one of the carriages was overturned and the boiler smashed, causing the death of several passengers. Two of the coaches were sent to London where they ran for a short time between London and Greenwich.

The wave of translation

In 1834, while conducting experiments to determine the most efficient design for canal boats, he discovered a phenomenon that he described as the wave of translation.  In fluid dynamics the wave is now called Russell's solitary wave. The discovery is described here in his own words:

I was observing the motion of a boat which was rapidly drawn along a narrow channel by a pair of horses, when the boat suddenly stopped—not so the mass of water in the channel which it had put in motion; it accumulated round the prow of the vessel in a state of violent agitation, then suddenly leaving it behind, rolled forward with great velocity, assuming the form of a large solitary elevation, a rounded, smooth and well-defined heap of water, which continued its course along the channel apparently without change of form or diminution of speed. I followed it on horseback, and overtook it still rolling on at a rate of some eight or nine miles an hour [14 km/h], preserving its original figure some thirty feet [9 m] long and a foot to a foot and a half [30−45 cm] in height. Its height gradually diminished, and after a chase of one or two miles [2–3 km] I lost it in the windings of the channel. Such, in the month of August 1834, was my first chance interview with that singular and beautiful phenomenon which I have called the Wave of Translation.

The phenomenon of solitary waves had previously been reported in 1826 by Giorgio Bidone in Turin, but Bidone's work seems to have gone unnoticed by researchers in the Netherlands and Britain, despite being mentioned in the Edinburgh Journal of Science in the same year.

Scott Russell spent some time making practical and theoretical investigations of these waves. He built wave tanks at his home and noticed some key properties:
 The waves are stable, and can travel over very large distances (normal waves would tend to either flatten out, or steepen and topple over)
 The speed depends on the size of the wave, and its width on the depth of water.
 Unlike normal waves they will never merge—so a small wave is overtaken by a large one, rather than the two combining.
 If a wave is too big for the depth of water, it splits into two, one big and one small.

Scott Russell's experimental work seemed at contrast with Isaac Newton's and Daniel Bernoulli's theories of hydrodynamics. George Biddell Airy and George Gabriel Stokes had difficulty to accept Scott Russell's experimental observations because Scott Russell's observations could not be explained by the existing water-wave theories. Additional observations were reported by Henry Bazin in 1862 after experiments carried out in the canal de Bourgogne in France. In 1863, Bazin authored a research paper titled  (English: Hydraulic Researches Undertaken by M.H. Darcy) which featured the work of Scott Russell.

A Dutch translation of Bazin's work entitled  (English: Report to the French Academy of Sciences on the portion of Bazin's treatise relating to surges and the propagation of waves) was featured in the proceedings of the Dutch  (English: Royal Institute of Engineers) in 1869. Within the original French paper, and the translated work, the velocity of a solitary wave is given as:

The formula is denoted as "the law of Scott Russell" within the text. His contemporaries spent some time attempting to extend the theory but it would take until the 1870s before an explanation was provided.

Lord Rayleigh published a paper in Philosophical Magazine in 1876 to support John Scott Russell's experimental observation with his mathematical theory. In his 1876 paper, Lord Rayleigh mentioned Scott Russell's name and also admitted that the first theoretical treatment was by Joseph Valentin Boussinesq in 1871; Boussinesq had mentioned Scott Russell's name in his 1871 paper.  Thus Scott Russell's observations on solitary waves were accepted as true by some prominent scientists within his own lifetime.

Korteweg and de Vries did not mention John Scott Russell's name at all in their 1895 paper but they did quote Boussinesq's paper in 1871 and Lord Rayleigh's paper in 1876. Although the paper by Korteweg and de Vries in 1895 was not the first theoretical treatment of this subject, it was a very important milestone in the history of the development of soliton theory.

It was not until the 1960s and the advent of modern computers that the significance of Scott Russell's discovery in physics, electronics, biology and especially fibre optics started to become understood, leading to the modern general theory of solitons.

Note that solitons are, by definition, unaltered in shape and speed by a collision with other solitons. So solitary waves on a water surface are not solitons – after the interaction of two (colliding or overtaking) solitary waves, they have changed slightly in amplitude and an oscillatory residual is left behind.

Wave line system

Once Russell had a way of observing boats at hitherto unprecedented speeds at the front of his wave of translation, he tackled the more fundamental issue for boat design of finding the hull shape which gives the least resistance. This, he reasoned was concerned with moving the mass of water efficiently out of the way of the hull and then back to fill the gap after it has passed. By careful measurements with dynamometers he validated his theory that a versed sine wave produces the ideal shape.

Initially he thought that the stern could be a mirror of the stem, but soon realised that the removing water produced something closer to conventional waves than his solitary waves and ended up with a rounded stern with a catenary shape.

His studies produced a revolution in the design of hulls for merchant and navy vessels. Most ships of the time had rounded bows to optimise the cargo-carrying capacity, but starting from the 1840s the "extreme clipper ships" started to show concave bows as increasingly did steam ships culminating with Great Eastern. After his views were propounded by Commander Fishbourne, the American naval architect John W. Griffiths acknowledged the force of Russell's work in his Treatise on marine and naval architecture of 1850 though he was grudging in acknowledging a debt to Russell.

Doppler effect
Scott Russell made one of the first experimental observations

of the Doppler effect which he published in 1848. Christian Doppler published his theory in 1842.

Professional association
Much of Russell's early experimental work had been conducted under the auspices of the British Association and throughout his life he contributed to the scientific and professional associations that were becoming more important in that era.

In 1844, the railway boom was at its height. Russell had contributed an article on the Steam engine and steam navigation for the 7th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica in 1841 which also appeared in book form. Charles Wentworth Dilke offered him the editorial position of a new weekly paper, the Railway Chronicle in London and the Russell family was soon in a small two-room flat in Westminster. The next year he also became the secretary of the committee set up by the Royal Society of Arts to organise a national exhibition, which provided them with a town house in the Strand. Russell soon introduced Henry Cole to the committee and when, a few weeks before the first exhibition in 1847, there were no exhibitors, Russell and Cole spent three whole days travelling around London to enlist manufacturers and shopkeepers. This and two subsequent exhibitions were such a success that an international version was planned for 1851. By this time Russell had once again started shipbuilding, the railway boom having finished, and although he became the RSA's appointed secretary for the Great Exhibition, Henry Cole was by this time taking the lead, and he ended up with only a Gold Medal as his reward for much work.

Russell became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1847 attending regularly and making frequent contributions, was elected to its council in 1857 and became a vice-president in 1862. However he became involved in a financial dispute with Sir William Armstrong and didn't become president. But "as a speaker, and particularly as an after-dinner speaker, he had few equals." He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1849 although he contributed less.

In 1860 at a meeting at his house in Sydenham, the Institution of Naval Architects was set up, with Russell as one of the professional vice-presidents. He attended most meetings and rarely failed to comment. In 1864 he published a massive 3-volume treatise on The Modern System of Naval Architecture which laid out the profiles of many of the new ships being built.

His obituary said of naval architecture:
"it may be said that on commencing his career he found it the most empirical of arts, and he left it one of the most exact of engineering sciences. To this great result many others contributed largely besides himself; but his personal investigations, and the theories which he deduced from them, gave the first impetus to scientific naval architecture".

Ship building

From around 1838, Scott Russell was employed at the small Greenock shipyard of Thomson and Spiers where he introduced his wave-line system to a series of Royal Mail ships, together with many other innovations. After the shipyard was taken over by Caird, he decided to move to London and in 1848 purchased the Millwall Iron Works shipbuilding company. He built two ships for Brunel for the Australia run, much the same size as Brunel's SS Great Britain, Adelaide and Victoria. Problems with refuelling and water led Brunel to think in terms of larger ships for this voyage, but five more were built in the same class.

Before they started any business together, he was held in high regard by Isambard Kingdom Brunel who made him a partner in his project to build Great Eastern. Although the original conception, the cellular construction and the joint use of paddle and screw were Brunel's ideas, "the ship embodies the wave-line form, the longitudinal system of construction, the complete and partial bulkheads, and other details of construction which were peculiarly Scott Russell's". The project was plagued with a number of problems—Scott Russell put in a bid which was far too low with the result that he was bankrupt halfway through, though he recovered to finish the job; but it was Brunel that insisted on a sideways launch rather than the dry dock that Russell preferred. Great Eastern was eventually launched in 1858. Scott Russell was a better scientist than a businessman and his reputation never fully recovered from his financial irregularities, gross neglect of duty and disputes. As L. T. C. Rolt writes in his biography of Brunel "That Russell had indeed misled Brunel and betrayed his trust was now becoming the more lamentably apparent with every day that passed".

During the 1850s he argued within the Navy for the construction of iron warships and the first design, , is said by some to be a "Russell ship". He afterwards complained about the secrecy that prevented an open discussion of the issues, criticizing those within the Navy who argued that iron ships could not be protected.

At a time when all previous train ferries were riverine vessels, in 1868 Scott Russell designed a train ferry for service on Lake Constance, the Bodensee Trajekt, which entered service in 1869. This was the world's first cross-lake train ferry. The Bodensee Trajekt had to meet the unusual requirement that its draft not exceed six feet (1.85m). He achieved this by using the superstructure to carry the stresses of the train. (It was not until 1892 that the first Lake Michigan cross-lake train ferry, the Ann Arbor No. 1, designed by Frank E. Kirby, entered service.) Scott Russell used the design of the Bodensee Trajekt as the basis of a cross-channel ferry that could manage the shallow harbour of Dover, but this was not realised until 1933.

The Vienna Rotunda

Although his design for the Great Exhibition was trumped by that of Joseph Paxton, Scott Russell did design the Rotunde for the 1873 Vienna Exposition. At  in diameter it was for nearly a century the largest cupola in the world, having no ties to obstruct the view. Some consider it his greatest structural engineering achievement.

Honours and awards

In 1838 he was awarded the gold Keith Medal by the Royal Society of Edinburgh for his paper "On the Laws by which water opposes Resistance to the Motion of Floating Bodies".
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1849 for Memoirs on "The great Solitary Wave of the First Order, or the Wave of Translation" published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,  and of several Memoirs in the Reports of the British Association.

In 1995, the aqueduct which carries the Union Canal – the same canal where he observed his Wave of Translation – over the Edinburgh Bypass (A720) was named the Scott Russell Aqueduct in his memory. Also in 1995, the hydrodynamic soliton effect was reproduced near the place where John Scott Russell observed hydrodynamic solitons in 1834.

A building at Heriot-Watt University is named after him.

In 2019 he was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame

Publications

His 1844 paper has become a classical paper and is quite frequently cited in soliton-related papers or books even after more than one hundred and fifty years.

Notes

Sources

  includes discussion on the discovery of solitons

External links

John Scott Russell and the solitary wave

1808 births
1882 deaths
19th-century Scottish engineers
Engineers from Glasgow
British naval architects
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Shipbuilding in London
Fluid dynamicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Scottish shipbuilders
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
Scottish company founders

John Scott Russell


Mike Kinsella (4 de marzo de 1977) es uno de los tres músicos en su familia, además de su hermano Tim Kinsella y su primo Nate Kinsella. Es el colaborador en muchas bandas provenientes de Illinois, entre las que destacan Cap'n Jazz, Joan of Arc, Owls, Owen y American Football. Fue el primero en ser reconocido en la escena musical de Cap'n Jazz, formada por su hermano Tim en 1989 cuando él apenas tenía 12 años. El año 2001, Kinsella lanza su proyecto solista llamado Owen. También formó el proyecto musical "The Shirts & The Skins", junto con su esposa.

En la actualidad Mike continúa tocando como Owen. Su última gira se realizó en Tokio, Japón.

Discografía

Enlaces externos
 Mike como Owen en Myspace.
 Mike en Joan of Arc.
 Mike en Twitter.
 Mike en Polyvinyl.

Véase también
 Cap'n Jazz
 American Football
 Owen

Referencias

Artistas de Estados Unidos
Músicos de rock de Estados Unidos
Bateristas de Estados Unidos

Mike Kinsella


La station de la place des Nationalités (chinois : 民族广场站 / pinyin : Mínzú guǎngchǎng zhàn / zhuang : Camh Minzcuz Gvangjcangz) est une station de métro de la ligne 1 du métro de Nanning. Ouverte le , la station comprend quatre entrées et une seule plateforme.

Situation ferroviaire
La station est située dans le district de Qingxiu de la ville de Nanning et est la quatorzième station à partir de Shibu (douzième à partir de la gare de Nanning est). Elle est située de part et d'autre du boulevard Minzu dadao.

Histoire
La station est ouverte le .

Service des voyageurs

Horaires
Accessible les sept jours de la semaine, la station est ouverte de 6h00 à 23h00. De 7h30 à 9h00 et de 17h30 à 19h30, le métro y passe aux 6 minutes et demie, tandis qu'il passe aux 7 minutes le reste de la journée. Les premiers et derniers passages en direction de Shibu sont à 6h39 et 22h24, tandis que ceux en direction de la gare de Nanning est sont à 6h46 et 22h31.

La station est desservie par les autobus 6, 23, 30, 33, 34, 39, 45, 63, 79, 205, 211, 604, 704 et 706.

Entrées et sorties
La station est accessible par quatre entrées différentes, de part et d'autre du boulevard Minzu Dadao. La sortie D comprend un ascenseur pour les personnes handicapées.

Desserte et structure
La gare a deux étages au-dessous du sol et ses trois entrées sont au niveau du sol. Le premier sous-sol contient les divers commerces et postes de services, tandis que le quai d'embarquement se situe au second.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Nanning
 Ligne 1 (métro de Nanning)

Lien externe

Station du métro de Nanning
Station de métro mise en service en 2016

Place des Nationalités (métro de Nanning)


Louis Alexandre Chiron (Monte Carlo, Monako, 3. kolovoza 1899. - Monte Carlo, Monako, 22. lipnja 1979.) je bio monegaški vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Louis, čiji su roditelji bili Francuzi, se počeo utrkivati na brdskim utrkama kada su mu bile 24 godine. Prvi veći uspjeh ostvaruje 1926. kada u Bugattiju pobjeđuje na stazi Gattieres. Na utrci 24 sata Le Mansa je prvi put vozio 1928. Do 1953. nastupio je ukupno devet puta na Le Mansu, ali niti jednom nije uspio završiti utrku. Iste godine pobjeđuje na Velikoj nagradi Italije na Monzi u Bugattiju, a sljedeće 1929. pobjeđuje na Velikoj nagradi Njemačke na Nürburgringu, također u Bugattiju. Još jednu pobjedu vozeći za Bugatti upisuje na Velikoj nagradi Belgije 1930. na Spa-Francorchampsu.

U Europskom automobilističkom prvenstvu je nastupao 1931. i 1932. za momčad Automobiles Ettore Bugatti. U prvoj sezoni je upisao pobjedu na Velikoj nagradi Francuske, dok utrke u Italiji i Belgiji nije završio. Sezonu je završio na četvrtom mjestu konačnog poretka vozača. Sljedeće 1932. uspijeva završiti samo utrku u Francuskoj, te sezonu završava na petom mjestu konačnog poretka vozača. Nakon što je iste godine dobio otkaz u Bugattiju, on i Rudolf Caracciola su osnovali momčad Scuderia Chiron/Caracciola. Zbog kvara kočnica na treningu za Veliku nagradu Monaka 1933., on i Caracciola, koji se zajedno nalazili u bolidu, su udarili u zid. Iako je Chiron prošao neozlijeđen, Caracciola je zadobio ozbiljne povrede noge, zbog kojih nije mogao neko vrijeme nastupati na utrkama. Iste godine, Chiron je pobijedio na Velikoj nagradi Španjolske, Velikoj nagradi Čehoslovačke i Velikoj nagradi Marseillea. Također je ostvario i pobjedu na utrci 24 sata Spa-Francorchampsa, gdje mu je momčadski kolega u Alfa Romeu bio Luigi Chinetti. Kada se Europsko automobilističko prvenstvo, koje se nije vozilo 1933. i 1934., ponovo pokrenulo 1935., Chiron je nastupao za momčad Scuderia Ferrari, ali u bolidu Alfa Romeo Tipo B/P3, gdje su mu momčadski kolege bili Tazio Nuvolari i René Dreyfus. Na Velikoj nagradi Belgije je stigao do trećeg mjesta, a bodove je još osvojio u Monaku. Sezonu je završio na devetom mjestu. Sljedeće 1936. je prešao u momčad Daimler-Benz AG, no odvezao je samo dvije utrke, koje nije završio.

Nakon završetka Drugog svjetskog rata, počeo je nastupao je na neprvenstvenim utrkama Formule 1. Ukupno je nastupio na 72 utrke, gdje je ostvario tri pobjede; na Velikoj nagradi Francuske 1947. i 1949., te Velikoj nagradi Commingesa 1947.,, sve u bolidima Talbot-Lagoa. U Svjetskom automobilističkom prvenstvu, odnosno Formuli 1, je nastupao 1950. i 1951., a najbolji rezultat je ostvario na Velikoj nagradi Monaka 1950., kada je u Maseratiju osvojio treće mjesto iza Alberta Ascarija u Ferrariju i pobjednika Juana Manuela Fangija u Alfa Romeu. Od 1953. do 1958. je tek povremeno nastupao na utrkama Formule 1, no bez većih uspjeha. U dobi od 55 godina i 292 dana, na Velikoj nagradi Monaka 1955., u bolidu Lancia D50 je osvojio šesto mjesto, što ga do danas čini najstarijim vozačem koji je završio jednu utrku Formule 1.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Louis Chiron - Driver Database
Louis Chiron - Racing Sports Cars
Louis Chiron - Stats F1

Životopisi, Monako
Vozači Formule 1
Automobilizam u Monaku

Louis Chiron


Brúnn er litur sem er samblanda af rauðu og grænu ljósi í RGB en brún málning er að jafnaði fengin með því að bæta svörtum lit við appelsínugulan. Samkvæmt skoðanakönnunum í Evrópu og Bandaríkjunum er brúni liturinn sístur allra lita meðal almennings en hann er oftast tengdur við einfaldleika, ryð og fátækt.

litir

Brúnn


Rolling Papers es el tercer álbum de estudio del rapero estadounidense Wiz Khalifa. Fue estrenado el 29 de marzo de 2011 por Atlantic Records y Rostrum Records. En el álbum hay colaboraciones de Too Short, Curren$y y Chevy Woods. Fueron lanzados los sencillos "Black and Yellow", "Roll Up", "On My Level" y "No Sleep".

Rolling Papers debutó en el número 2 del Billboard Hot 200, con 197 000 copias vendidas en Estados Unidos durante su primera semana. Recibió críticas mixtas, alabando los estribillos pero criticando la limitada cantidad de temas cubiertos en las letras.

Lista de canciones

Personal

Músicos
 Andrew Luftman - guitarra

Producción

 Darren Ankenman – fotografía
 Chris Athens – mastering
 Benny Blanco – ingeniería, guitarra, instrumentación, productor, programación
 Amanda Berkowitz – A&R
 Big Jerm – ingeniero, productor, ingeniero vocal
 Tim Blacksmith – productor ejecutivo
 Christopher Bodie – ilustraciones
 Greg Gigendad Burke – director artístico, diseño
 Brandon Carrier – compositor, productor
 E. Dan – ingeniero, mezclas, productor
 Eric Dan – compositor
 Danny D – productor ejecutivo
 Sarah Demarco – coordinador de proyecto
 Zvi Edelman – A&R
 Tor Erik – instrumentación
 M.S. Eriksen – compositor
 Mikkel S. Eriksen – ingeniero, instrumentación
 Warren "Oak" Felder – compositor
 Shante Franklin – compositor
 Lanre Gaba – A&R
 Chris Gehringer – mastering
 Serban Ghenea – mezclas
 Brandon Greene – compositor
 Benjy Grinberg – productor ejecutivo

 John Hanes – mezclas
 T.E. Hermansen – compositor
 Tor Erik Hermansen – instrumentación
 Matt Huber – asistente, ingeniero
 Jim Jonsin – teclados, productor, programación
 Benjamin Levin – compositor
 Jeremy "J Boogs" Levin – productor de coordinación
 Damien Lewis – ingeniero asistente
 Bei Maejor – productor
 Robert Marks – ingeniero, mezclas
 Danny Morris – compositor, teclados
 Don Murray – ingeniero
 Tim Roberts – ingeniero asistente
 Nick Romei – mánager
 James Scheffer – compositor
 Todd Shaw – compositor
 Stargate – productor
 Phil Tan – mezclas
 Cameron Thomaz – compositor
 Miles Walker – ingeniero
 Andrew Wansel – compositor
 Pop Wansel – productor
 Jason Wilkie – asistente

Lista de posiciones y certificaciones

Lista de posiciones

Certificaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Rolling Papers en Metacritic

Álbumes de 2011

Rolling Papers


Manastiri Eparhije timočke su dio bogate kulturne baštine srpskog naroda južne i istočne Srbije koja se sudbinski vezala za duhovnu, kulturnu i prosvjetnu djelatnost nacionalnog bića srpskog stanovništva ovih područja. Dijeleći sudbinu naroda koji ih je gradio, manastiri izgrađeni na prostoru južne i istočne Srbije nekada su se uzdizali do lijepog, ili, pak, bili rušeni i spaljivani, od brojnih osvajača ovog dijela Balkana. Njihovi sačuvani ostaci i dalje zrače božanskom svjetlošću koja je okupljala i okuplja narod da slavi Boga i skuplja snagu da opstane i manastire obnovi, i tako u krug.

Obnavljajući mnoge stare svetinje narod ovog područja Srbije sačuvao je bizantske tekovine kršćanstva začetog na ovom prostoru, pravoslavne zakone i srpsku duhovnost. Zato je sam čin upoznavanja s ovim manastirima jednako važan za spoznaju ali i za obnovu porušenih i izgradnju novih manastira na prostoru južne i istočne Srbije.

Važnost
Spomeničko nasljeđe s prostora Južne i istočne Srbije zauzima značajno mjesto u kulturnoj riznici Srbije i Balkana. Na teritoriju koja je u nadležnosti Timočke eparhije i Zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture Niša nalazi se osam općina (Bor, Kladovo, Majdanpek, Negotin, Boljevac, Grad Zaječar, Knjaževac i Sokobanja) s 14 gradskih i 252 seoskih naselja.

Popis manastira

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
  Eparhija timočka - manastiri
  Raspored hramova Eparhije timočke na mapi

Manastiri u Srbiji
Spomenici kulture od izuzetnog značaja Republike Srbije

Manastiri Eparhije timočke


An Juncus homalocaulis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller ngan George Bentham. An Juncus homalocaulis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Juncus

Juncus homalocaulis


Ademilson Braga Bispo Junior (født 9. januar 1994) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Gamba Osaka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Ademilson Braga Bispo Junior


Junction City est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Boyle, dans le Kentucky. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Kentucky
Comté de Boyle

Junction City (Kentucky)