ඉගෝ යන්න ඉඩ්වලින් පැහැදිලිව වෙන් නොවන අතර එහි පහළ කොටස ඉඩ් හා බැඳී පවතී. නමුත් මෙම යටපත් කළ සිතුවිලි ඉඩ් හා සම්බන්ධ වන අතර එහි කොටසක්ද වෙයි. එම යටපත් කළ මර්දන ඉගෝ (ego) සම්බන්ධ වනුයේ ඉඩ් හරහාය. (සිග්මන් ප්‍රොයිඩ් 1923)

ප්‍රොයිඩ්ගේ න්‍යායන් අනුව id, Super – ego සහ බාහිර පරිසරය අතර මැදහත් කරුවෙකු ලෙස ego ක්‍රියා කරයි. එහි කාර්ය භාරය වනුයේ id සහ Super – ego තෘප්තිමත් කරමින් මූලික ආශාවන් සහ යථාර්තය අතර සමබරතාවය සොයා ගැනීමයි. (මෙම අවස්ථාවේදී Ego සදාචාරාත්මක බවින් තොර වේ) එහි මූලික අරමුණ පුද්ගල තෘප්තිමත් භාවය වන අතර id හි ආශාවන්හි ප්‍රතිඵල අතරමැදිව පිහිටි අවස්ථාවන්හි ඒවා එළි දැක්වීමටද ඉඩ ලබා දේ. නමුදු id හි ක්‍රියාවන් යථාර්තය සමග අර්බුදකාරී අවස්ථාවලදී ද සමාජයේ සදාචාර, ප්‍රතිමාණ චාරිත්‍ර හා නොගැළපෙන වටදී ද පුද්ගලයාගේ අපේක්ෂාවන් හා නොගැළපෙන විටදී Ego ආරක්ෂණ යාන්ත්‍ර මගින් එම ක්‍රියා මැඩපත් වේ.

Ego පදය ලතින් භාෂාවෙහි එන උත්තම පුරුෂ ඒක වචන සර්ව නාමයකි. එය පරිවර්තනය කළ විට මමත්වය යන්න අවධාරණය කරවයි. ප්‍රොයිඩ්ගේ Das ich යන ජර්මාණු පදය Ego ලෙසින් ඉංග්‍රීසි ව්‍යවහාරයේ පවතී. එනම් සාහිත්‍යයට අනුව මම යන්නයි.

නවීන නූතන සමාජයට අනුව Ego යන්නට අරුත් රාශියක් ඇත. එනම් අයෙකුගේ ආත්ම අභිමානය ලෙස ද දර්ශන වාදයට අනුව තමාගේ දෑ යන්නයි. නමුදු ප්‍රොයිඩ්ට අනුව Ego යනු මොළයේ විඤ්ඥාණය අඩංගු කොටසකි. ඇත්තවශයෙන්ම ප්‍රොයිඩ් විසින් Ego යන්න තමාගේ යන්න පිළිබඳ හැඟීමක් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කළද පසුව ඔහු විසින් විනිශ්චය කිරීම , ඉවසීම , යථාර්තය හඳුනාගැනීම , පාලනය, සැලසුම් කිරීම, ආරක්ෂාව , තොරතුරු නිපදවීම, බුද්ධිමත්ව ක්‍රියා කිරීම, මතකය වැනි චෙතසිකයන් රාශියකට සමාන කරන ලදී.

Eckhart tolle ගේ මතයට අනුව Ego යනු සමාජ ආචාර ධර්ම සහ හැඩතල අනුව හැඩගැසුණු සිතයි. (දේහය, සිතුවිලි, මතකයන්, සමාජ භූමිකාවන්,ජීවිත කතා, මතයන්, චිත්ත සිතුවිලි, ජාතිය, ආගම, කැමති අකමැති දෑ, ආශාවන්, බිය වැනි) තවද, එයට යටපත් කරන ලද සිතුවිලිවලින් සෑදුණු වේදනාකාරී දේහයද, වර්තමානයේ පවතින දෑ වලින් පිළිගත නොහැකි දේ නිසා ඇතිවන දොම්නස් සිතුවිලි ද අඩංගු වේ.

මනසේ ව්‍යුහාත්මක සහ භූ ලක්ෂණාත්මක ආකෘතියකට අනුව Ego හි අර්ධයක් විඤ්ඥාණයේ ද අනෙක් හතරෙන් කොටසක් පූර්ව විඤ්ඥාණයේ ද අනෙක් හතරෙන් එක අවිඤ්ඥාණයේද අන්තර්ගත වේ.

Ego යනු id සහ Super – ego යන දෙදෙනාම තෘප්තිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරමින් කටයුතු කරන මැදහත් කරුවකු ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැක. Ego යථාර්තවාදී මූලධර්මවලට අනුව ක්‍රියාකරයි.

එනම් Ego විසින් id සහ Super – ego ආශාවන්, අභිමථාර්තයන් සහ බලවේගයන් සමාජයට සහ යථාර්තයට ගැළපෙන පරිදි එළි දැක්වීමට කටයුතු කරයි. එය වයසත් සමග ඇතිවන හේතුව සහ අවධානම මැන බලා ක්‍රියා කරයි. සිග්මන්ඩ් ප්‍රොයිඩ් විසින් (Sigmund Freud) Ego අශ්වයා සහ අශ්වාරෝහකයාට සමාන කර ඇත. එනම් Ego අශ්වාරෝහකයා ලෙස ද id අශ්වයා ලෙස ද යන්නයි. අශ්වයා විසින් ශක්තිය ද තොරතුරු හා ශක්තිය ලබා තග හැකි මාර්ගයන් ද පෙන්වන අතර අශ්වාරෝහක යා යුතු ගමන් මාර්ගය පාලනය කරයි. නමුදු නොවැළැක්විය හැකි අවස්ථාවන්හිදී අශ්වයා තනි තීරණ ගැනීමට ද පෙළඹේ.

Ego යනු රළු ස්වාමිපුතුන් තිදෙනෙකුට සේවය සපයන සේවකයෙකු වැනිය. (id, Super – ego සහ බාහිර පරිසරය ) ඔහුට ස්වාමිපුතුන් තිදෙනාටම ගැළපෙන පරිදි ක්‍රියා කළ මුත් නිරන්තරයෙන්ම දෙපාර්ශවයක් අතෘප්තිමත් වී යැයි යන කරදරකාරී සිතුවිල්ලෙන් පෙළීමට සිදු වේ.කෙසේ නමුදු Ego යථාර්තයට ගැළපෙන ලෙස කටයුතු කරන ලෙස පෙන්වුවද එය id වලට පක්ෂපාතී වේ. නමුදු Super – ego නිරන්තරයෙන් Ego සියලුම ක්‍රියාවන් නිරීක්ෂණය කරමින් පහත්බව, වරදකාරීබව සහ නොසන්සුන්බව ඇති කරමින් දඬුවම් ලබා දේ. මේවායින් මිදීම සඳහා Ego විසින් ආරක්ෂණ යාන්ත්‍ර උපයෝගී කර ගනී.

en:Id, ego and super-ego#Ego

ඊගෝ


Die chinesische Nationalstraße 105 (), chin. Abk. G105, ist eine 2.717 km lange Fernstraße auf dem Gebiet der regierungsmittelbaren Städte Peking und Tianjin sowie in den Provinzen Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi und Guangdong. Sie führt von der Hauptstadt Peking (Beijing) über Tianjin, Cangzhou, Wuqiao, Gaotang, Dongping, Bozhou, Fuyang, Susong, Nanchang, Guangzhou (Kanton), Shunde, Zhongshan nach Zhuhai bei Macau. Die G105 verläuft parallel zur G106 und G107.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite des chinesischen Verkehrsministeriums

Nationalstraße in der Volksrepublik China
Nationalstrasse China105
Straße in Peking
Straße in Tianjin
Straße in Hebei
Straße in Shandong
Straße in Henan
Straße in Anhui
Straße in Hubei
Straße in Jiangxi
Straße in Guangdong

Nationalstraße 105 (China)


Riofrío may refer to:

Colombia
Riofrío, Valle del Cauca, bungto ngan munisipalidad ha departamento han Valle del Cauca.

Espanya
Riofrío, Ávila, bungto ha Provincia de Ávila, Castilla y León.
Linares de Riofrío, bungto ha Provincia de Salamanca, Castilla y León.
Navas de Riofrío, bungto ha Provincia de Segovia, Castilla y León.
Riofrío de Aliste, bungto ha Provincia de Zamora, Castilla y León.
Riofrío de Riaza, bungto ha Provincia de Segovia, Castilla y León.
Riofrío del Llano, bungto ha Provincia de Guadalajara, Castilla-La Mancha.
Vallejera de Riofrío, bungto ha Provincia de Salamanca, Castilla y León.

Riofrío


Pământul oamenilor este un film românesc din 1967 regizat de Virgil Mocanu, Constantin Mustețea, Victor Antonescu, Genoveva Georgescu, George Sibianu, Olimp Vărășteanu, Ion Popescu Gopo.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1967 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1967
Filme de animație

Pământul oamenilor


La Fille sauvage est un film français réalisé par Henri Étiévant, sorti en 1922.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : La Fille sauvage
 Réalisation : Henri Étiévant
 Scénario : Jules Mary
 Pays d'origine : France
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,33:1 - Film muet
 Date de sortie : 1922

Distribution
 Nathalie Lissenko : Jacqueline Gervoise
 Romuald Joubé : Renaud Raigice
 Irène Wells : Liliane
 Nicolas Rimsky : Gervoise
 Gaston Rieffler : Villedieu
 Victor Tourjanski : Robertson
 Émile Mylo : Jérémit
 Lili Damita : Henriette Villedieu
 Ernest Maupain
 Camille Bardou

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 1922
Film français en noir et blanc
Film muet français
Film réalisé par Henri Étiévant

La Fille sauvage


بيير لويجي نيرفي  (سوندريو، 21 يونيو 1891 - روما، 9 يناير 1979) مهندس إيطالي، وأحد أهم معماريين القرن العشرين.
في سنة 1923 عمل كمهندس بعد تدربه في جامعه بولوكانا
في سنة 1940 طور فكرته حول الكونكريت المسلح reinforced وذلك سمح له باكساب الهيكل الإنشائي القوه والمتانة والخفة والبساطة
عمل كمستشار هندسي وذلك اكسبه خبره واسعه
أمن نرفي ان العمارة والهندسة جزءين مرتبطين بالكل
اعتقد نيرفي انه لتقديم بنايه جيده يجب معرفه المواد ومعرفه طبيعه الإنشاء لفهم العمارة
عمله ك منظر جذب الكثير من التابعين والمؤيدين لنظريته
في سنة 1946 عمل ك بروفيسور في جامعة روما
حصل على الميدالية الذهبيه من RIBA

من بين أهم أعماله قصر الرياضة palazzo dello Sport بروما في عام 1957 الذي يتسع لـ 16 ألف متفرج، ووصل قطر القبة فيه إلى مسافة 60 متراً، وبلغ سمك سقف العناصر المطوية المجمّعة في هذا المبنى مقداراً ضئيلاً لم يتجاوز 2.5 ملم، وحمّلت هذه الأسقف على أعمدة ذات شكل حرف y، وأظهر مهارة في تصميم المنشآت الخرسانية المسلحة فيه، فصار هذا الإنجاز مرجعاً في فن العمارة الرياضية في القرن العشرين.

معرض صور

طالع أيضا

 المعماري الفرنسي برنار زيرفوس B.Zehrfuss

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من سوندريو
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة هارفارد
حائزون على جائزة أيه أي أيه للعمارة
حاصلون على الميدالية الذهبية الملكية
خريجو جامعة بولونيا
عسكريون إيطاليون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
معماريون إيطاليون
معماريون إيطاليون في القرن 20
مهندسو إنشاءات
مهندسون إيطاليون في القرن 20
مهندسون مدنيون إيطاليون
مواليد 1891
وفيات 1979
وفيات في روما

بيير لويجي نيرفي


بيت النتاش فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1952، بطولة شادية (ملبسة) إسماعيل يس (سكر) محمد كمال المصري أو شرفنطح (المعلم غندور) زينات صدقي (نفوسة العراقية) عبد الفتاح القصري (المعلم سعدون) عبد السلام النابلسي (محبوب غندور) إلياس مؤدب (ليمون) عثمان أباظة (خليل) عباس البليدي (المطرب) أحمد أباظة (الضابط) ممد حسنين (الجرسون) حسان اليماني.

يدور الفيلم حول رجل يبيع قطعة ارض له بعقد مزور مقابل عربون يقبضه من نفوسة العراقية ويرفض تسليمها الأرض ويماطل، وخوفاً من أن يكتشفه البوليس يقرر الزواج من ضحيته «نفوسة العراقية» ولكنها ترفض الزواج قبل زواج ابنتها «ملبسة» فيقترح عليها ابنه محبوب أو ميمي ولكن ملبسة واقعة في حب ابن خالتها سكر تاجر اللب وعلى الرغم من ان المعلم غندور لم يكن يبالي المهم عنده زواج ابنتها الا انه فضل تزويج ابنتها من ابنه وحاك الدسائس للزيجتين وكان لسكر صديق لبناني ويعمل معه يخطب راقصة لها علاقة بمحبوب فيما يبدو والذي يسرقها فيما بعد وفي النهاية يكشف امر غندور وابنه ويدخلان السجن

مراجع

أفلام إسماعيل ياسين
أفلام زينات صدقي
أفلام شادية
أفلام عبد السلام النابلسي
أفلام عبد الفتاح القصري
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1952
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود

بيت النتاش (فيلم)


Two Guns é uma cidade-fantasma no Condado de Coconino, Arizona, Estados Unidos. Localizada na orla leste do Cânion do Diabo, a cerca de 48 km (30 milhas) a leste de Flagstaff, Two Guns prosperou como uma paragem turística ao longo da Rota 66.

História

Início
Os artefatos nativos encontrados em Two Guns foram datados entre 1050 e 1600.

Quando os colonos brancos começaram a povoar a área em meados do século XIX, Two Guns foi reconhecido como um local ideal para atravessar o Cânion do Diabo, primeiro de carroça, depois de veículo .

Two Gunss foi o local de um assassinato em massa de Apaches pelos seus inimigos Navajo em 1878. Alguns Apaches tinham-se escondido numa caverna em Two Guns para evitar serem detectados, mas foram descobertos pelos Navajos, que acenderam fogos de sagebrush à saída da caverna e dispararam sobre quaisquer Apaches que tentassem escapar. O fogo asfixiou 42 Apaches, depois dos quais foram despojados dos seus objectos de valor. O local do crime é referido como a "caverna da morte" (no entanto, esta história tem sido contestada).

Durante o Inverno de 1879-80, Billy the Kid e o seu bando de fora-da-lei esconderam-se nas ruínas de uma casa de pedra e de um curral na orla oeste do Cânion do Diabo, em frente a Two Guns .

Em 1880, muito antes de Two Guns ser estabelecido como povoado, a construção da linha férrea de Santa Fe estava a progredir através do norte do Arizona. No local onde a linha ferroviária atravessou o Cânion do Diabo, cerca de 3 milhas (4,8 km) a norte de Two Guns, a construção foi atrasada enquanto um cavalete era construído. Foi estabelecida uma povoação povoada por equipas de trabalho masculinas perto do local de construção, que recebeu o nome de Cânion do Diabo, em homenagem ao cânion vizinho. O povoado "rapidamente se tornou um lugar selvagem e sem lei, à medida que os vagabundos, jogadores e foras-da-lei se dirigiam para a cidade". Quatro homens empregados pelo Rancho Hashknife roubaram o comboio no Cânion do Diabo em 1889, depois fugiram a cavalo com $100.000 em moeda, 2.500 novos dólares de prata, e $40.000 em moedas de ouro, bem como relógios de prata, jóias, e diamantes. Um grupo liderado pelo xerife Buckey O'Neill perseguiu os bandidos, mas recuperou menos de $100 quando os homens foram capturados. Anos mais tarde, após a libertação da prisão, um dos ladrões revelou que os bens roubados, juntamente com as suas espingardas, tinham sido enterrados na jante do desfiladeiro, perto de Two Guns. O local permanece popular entre os caçadores de tesouros.

A National Old Trails Highway (chamada "Estrada de Santa Fé" no Arizona) foi construída em 1907 no Arizona, e seguiu vagamente a via férrea. A estrada atravessou o leito seco do Cânion do Diabo no local Two Guns, e fez zigue-zague para cima e para baixo em cada aterro. Em 1915, a Ponte do Cânion do Diabo abriu na travessia do Two Guns, e foi utilizada até 1938, quando uma nova ponte foi construída nas proximidades.

Povoamento e auge
O primeiro colonizador em Two Guns foi Ed Randolph, que construiu uma loja ao lado da caverna da morte .

Em 1922, Earle e Louise Cundiff compraram 320 acres (130 ha) de terra a Randolph neste local por $1,000, e construíram uma loja, restaurante e bombas de gasolina.

Harry E. Miller arrendou uma propriedade aos Cundiffs em 1925 e iniciou uma construção extensiva. Chamando-se a si próprio "Chefe Trovão Louco", Miller quis capitalizar a beleza do Cânion do Diabo e o fluxo de turistas de passagem. Ao longo da orla do canyon, Miller ergueu um jardim zoológico com gaiolas feitas de tijolo, argamassa, e arame de galinha; os seus animais do jardim zoológico incluíam leões da montanha, pumas, monstros Gila, cobras de coral, pássaros, e um lince.  Um restaurante e uma loja de presentes indiana foram abertos, e Miller limpou a caverna da morte, vendendo quaisquer crânios Apache encontrados no interior como lembranças. Por uma taxa, os visitantes foram conduzidos num passeio que começou numa casa Hopi que Miller construiu, onde rolos de pão piki colorido foram feitos e vendidos. Os turistas seguiram então um caminho pavimentado pela lateral do desfiladeiro até uma barraca de refrigerantes no fundo. Em seguida, foi feito um passeio pela caverna da morte, onde Miller tinha instalado luzes eléctricas, e ruínas falsas de moradores de penhascos. Sinais flamboyant foram colocados ao longo da auto-estrada, e Miller nomeou o seu estabelecimento "Fort Two Guns" como uma homenagem ao ator de cinema mudo William S. "Two Guns" Hart, com quem Miller afirmou ter trabalhado anteriormente Os Cundiffs candidataram-se a um posto de correios com o nome "Two Guns" em 1924, mas este foi recusado. A estação dos correios passou a chamar-se "Canyon Lodge".

Em 1925, "Rimmy" Jim Giddings abriu uma bomba de gasolina e um café em Two Guns chamado Rimmy Jim's. Outro local ardeu em 1969 . Nesse mesmo ano, Cundiff e Miller tiveram um desacordo sobre os detalhes do seu aluguer, e Miller matou a tiro o Cundiff desarmado. Mais tarde, foi absolvido da matança. O interior da loja de Miller ardeu em 1929, e pouco depois, Louise Cundiff construiu a sua própria loja turística. No ano seguinte, Miller deixou o estado. Cundiff voltou a casar, e em 1934 abriu a estação de serviço Two Guns Texaco ao longo de um novo alinhamento da Rota 66. Atrás dela, relocalizaram o jardim zoológico (que fechou antes de 1950).

Em 1938, foi construída uma nova ponte sobre o Cânion do Diabo, e a Rota 66 começou a seguir a Interstate 40 no local Two Guns . Uma estação de serviço mais moderna foi construída no Two Guns em 1963, e no final dos anos 60 foi acrescentado um motel, taberna ocidental, exposição de répteis, e um novo jardim zoológico. Mais tarde, foi construída uma estação de serviço Shell e aberto um parque de campismo KOA.

Declínio
A estação de serviço foi incendiada em 1971, e Two Guns começou a declinar. As ruínas de muitas antigas estruturas permanecem, incluindo o posto de comércio, o acampamento, as antigas casas de campo, o jardim zoológico e a estação de serviço queimada. Em 1988, a Ponte do Cânion do Diabo foi acrescentada ao Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos dos Estados Unidos.

Referências

Atrações de beira de estrada dos Estados Unidos
U.S. Route 66
Cidades fantasmas dos Estados Unidos
Localidades do condado de Coconino

Two Guns


Kastus Kireenka (în , în , nume și prenume real Константин Тихонович Киреенко; 1918 - 1988) a fost un poet, prozator, publicist și traducător bielorus sovietic. A desfășurat și o activitate politică și a primit titlul de Om Emerit în Artă al RSS Bieloruse (1970).

Biografie

S-a născut pe 12 decembrie 1918 în satul Haișîn (acum selsovietul Kabinogorski (raionul Slavgorod, regiunea Moghilău, Belarus). În 1940 a absolvit Facultatea de Literatură a Institutului Pedagogic din Gomel, dar a lucrat ca profesor de școală doar câteva luni până când a fost mobilizat în Armata Roșie. În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial a fost mitralior tanchist, apoi a lucrat pe post de corespondent de război al ziarul За Родину. Kastus Kireenka a fost corespondentul militar al ziarului pe Frontul 2 Bielorus și pe Frontul de Vest.

În 1943 a devenit membru al Uniunii Scriitorilor din URSS. Aderă la Partidul Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice în 1945.

Demobilizat în anul 1945, a lucrat la ziarul Беларусь (1945-1962), apoi a fost redactor-șef la ziarele Бярозка (1962-1972) și Полымя (1972-1986).

În perioada 1980-1984 a fost deputat în Sovietul Suprem al RSS Bieloruse.

A murit la 15 septembrie 1988. A fost înmormântat în Cimitirul de Est din Minsk.

Activitatea literară
Debutul lui Kireenka a avut loc în anul 1939. În perioada războiului și-a continuat preocupările literare.

A fost autorul a zeci de volume de poezii și povestiri printre care:
 «Утро идёт» (1945),
 «После грозы» (1947),
 «Моя республика» (1949, republicare în rusă 1952),
 «Маяки» (1952),
 «Любовь и дружба» (1955),
 «Родное слово» (1956),
 «Светлая волна» (1959),
 «Живые идут вперёд» (1964),
 «Тёплая радуга» (1966, republicare în rusă 1970),
 «Колыбель ветров» (1985),
 «Надежда» (Стихи и поэмы) (1985),
 «Разговор с капитанами» (1987),
 Собрание сочинений (2 vol., 1986—1988),
 «Ручьи ищут реку» (colecție de povestiri, 1969)
Pe versurile lui K. Kireenka au scris cântece V. V. Оlovnikov, Iuri D. Belzațki, N. Аladov, Iuri Semeniako și alți compozitori.

A scris mai multe cărți de poezii și proză pentru copii (volumele Зеленое эхо, Весна-красна, Счастье странствий (poeme pescărești) (1977), Сум і радасць дзеда Рэпкі (1967), Ручаіны шукаюць ракі (1967), Алесева кніжка (1972)  etc.

A publicat două cărți de non-ficțiune: Амерыка здалёку і зблізку (1971) și Заўсёды з Радзімай (amintiri, eseuri, eseuri, 1980).

A tradus din limba rusă în limba bielorusă scrieri ale lui Vladimir Maiakovski, Mihail Isakovski, Iaroslav Smeliakov, Aleksandr Prokofiev, Rainis, și din limba ucraineană în limba bielorusă — scrieri ale lui Maksim Rîlski, Vladimir Sosiura, Masenko Teren, Mikola Bajan, Stepan Oleinîk, Pavlo Ticîna, Mikola Naghibeda etc.

Premii și distincții
 ordinul Steaua Roșie (10 iulie 1944)
 două Insigne de Onoare
 ordinul Marele Război pentru Apărarea Patriei clasa a II-a (6 aprilie 1985)
 ordinul Steagul Roșu al Muncii
 medalia Meritul Militar (8 august 1943)
 Om Emerit în Artă al RSS Bieloruse (1970)
 Premiul pentru literatură Yanka Kupala al RSS Bieloruse (1964)
 Premiul de stat Yanka Kupala al RSS Bieloruse (1972) pentru Книгу ста песен

Traduceri
 Ion Druță, Povara bunătății noastre (Цяжар нашай дабрынi, Minsk, 1977)

Bibliografie
 Биографический справочник. Мн: Издательство «Белорусская советская энциклопедия» имени Петруся Бровки, 1982. т. 5. с. 29.

Note

Nașteri în 1918
Decese în 1988
Poeți sovietici

Kastus Kireenka


Vanessa Kasper, née le  à Celerina, est une skieuse alpine suisse spécialisée en géant.

Biographie

Son père Curdin Kasper a été entraîneur de l'équipe nationale suisse de ski de fond, notamment quand Andy Grünenfelder a remporté la médaille de bronze olympique 88 et dirige depuis 1990 l'école de ski de fond de Celerina.

Elle a fait ses études au gymnase sportif de Davos, une des principales filières de sport-études pour les skieurs suisses.

Les débuts

Elle prend le départ de sa première course FIS le 22 nov 2011 lors du géant de Zinal et termine à la 46ème. Elle obtient son premier top10 le 18 décembre 2011, moins d'un mois plus tard, avec une 10ème place au géant de St-Moritz.

En début de saison suivante, elle parvient à intégrer à nouveau plusieurs fois le top10 : 8ème au géant de Veysonnaz, 9ème au géant de Filzmoos, 9ème au géant de La Lenk et 7ème du combiné de Brigels. En février 2013, elle prend part au Festival olympique de la jeunesse européenne 2013 à Brașov. Elle se classe 5ème en slalom géant et fait partie de l'équipe médaillée de bronze de l'épreuve mixte par équipe.

Saison 2013-2014 : débuts en Coupe d'Europe

Elle commence sa saison en passant deux semaines aux USA pour concourir lors de sept courses, notamment sur le circuit Nor-Am Cup. Elle prend le départ de ses deux premières épreuves de Coupe d'Europe à Zinal en janvier sans parvenir à se qualifier pour la seconde manche. Le 17 janvier, elle devient championne de Suisse juniors de géant. Elle termine plusieurs fois dans le top20 au niveau FIS dans les semaines qui suivent, notamment une 7ème place au géant de Veysonnaz lors de l'ultime course de la saison.

Saison 2014-2015
Elle intègre le cadre C de Swiss-Ski et Fritz Züger, expérimenté entraineur au niveau Coupe de monde, déclare : "Elle a sans aucun doute le talent pour se hisser un jour au sommet, surtout dans sa discipline de prédilection, le slalom géant".

Après trois places dans le top10, elle monte le 4 décembre sur son premier podium FIS lors du géant de Zinal.

En janvier, elle participe à deux nouvelles épreuves de Coupe d'Europe sans se parvenir à l'arrivée de la seconde manche. Elle parvient durant toute la saison à figurer régulièrement dans le top10 en géant et le top20 en slalom. Le 12 février, elle devient vice-championne de Suisse juniors de géant derrière Mélanie Meillard. Le 29 mars, elle termine le géant du championnat de Suisse qui a lieu chez elle à St-Moritz à la 8ème place, mais juste derrière toutes les meilleures skieuses du pays (Dominique Gisin, Wendy Holdener, Simone Wild, Jasmina Suter, Michelle Gisin, Aline Danioth et Mélanie Meillard).

Saison 2015-2016

Cette saison est marquée par une nette progression dans ses résultats en Coupe d'Europe. Le 11 décembre, elle réussit en même temps son premier top30 et son premier top15 en prenant la 11ème place du géant de Kvitfjell, elle entre le 12 février pour la première fois dans le top10 avec une 6ème place au géant de Borovets et elle monte le 15 mars sur son premier podium (2ème) à l'issue du géant de La Molina. Sa régularité en Coupe d'Europe est illustrée au terme de la saison par la 10ème place au classement du géant.

Le 2 mars, elle prend la 10ème place du géant des Championnats du monde juniors de Sotchi. Dans le cadre des Championnats de Suisse, elle monte le 21 mars sur la 3ème marche du podium du géant, derrière Aline Danioth et Wendy Holdener, et prend le lendemain la 6ème place du slalom derrière notamment Wendy Holdener, Aline Danioth et Michelle Gisin.

Saison 2016-2017

Sa saison est marquée par son premier départ en Coupe du monde le 10 décembre pour le géant de Sestrières dont elle ne parvient pas à finir la première manche. Elle ne se qualifie pas pour le seconde manche des deux autres épreuves auxquelles elle prend part à ce niveau.

Régulièrement alignée en Coupe d'Europe, les résultats sont moins bons que la saison précédente et sa meilleure performance est une 9ème place au géant d'Andalo en décembre.

En mars, elle participe aux Championnats du Monde juniors d'Åre en prenant la 16ème place du géant.

Saison 2017-2018

Dès le début de la saison, elle réussit à améliorer nettement ses performances de l'hiver précédent. Elle remporte sa première victoire FIS au géant de Zinal en novembre. En décembre, elle remonte sur un podium de Coupe d'Europe en prenant la 3ème place du géant d'Hafjell. Une semaine plus tard, le 8 décembre, jour de son 21ème anniversaire, elle remporte sa première victoire de Coupe d'Europe à l'occasion du géant de Kvitfjell. Le 29 décembre, elle marque ses premiers points en Coupe du Monde en prenant la 27ème place du géant de Lienz.

Le 27 janvier, alors que la presse imagine qu'elle a peut-être encore une chance d'être sélectionnée pour les JO, elle fait une chute brutale après quelques portes lors du géant de Lenzerheide et doit être évacuée par hélicoptère. Victime d'une fracture du tibia et du péroné, elle doit mettre un terme à sa saison. Elle conserve néanmoins la 9ème place de la Coupe d'Europe de géant.

Saison 2018-2019

Elle retrouve la compétition fin novembre, juste le temps de disputer deux géants à Funesdalen, mais doit ensuite être opérée à nouveau pour retirer les éléments métalliques de sa jambe. Elle retrouve le cadre B en Coupe d'Europe à partir du 1er avril pour reprendre l'entraînement en vue de la saison suivante.

Saison 2019-2020

En août et septembre, elle passe plusieurs semaines en Nouvelle-Zélande et retrouve la compétition avec un certain succès (5 top5 en 6 courses). Elle est l'auteur de performances qu'elle considère elle-même d'encourageantes à Andalo à mi-décembre. Lors du premier géant, elle réalise une bonne première manche mais commet dans la seconde une grosse erreur qui la rejette au-delà de la 20ème place. Le lendemain, porteuse du dossard 33, elle réussit à enchaîner deux bonnes manche pour obtenir la 11ème place. Elle déclare qu'elle est très heureuse car cela montre qu'elle sait encore skier. Quelques jours plus tard, elle remporte le géant FIS de Laax, puis enchaîne avec quelques bons résultats au niveau FIS.

Elle retrouve la Coupe du Monde en février mais manque la qualification en seconde manche du géant de Kranjska Gora.

Saison 2020-2021

La saison débute par les Championnats de Suisse 2020 qui ont été repoussés à cause du covid. Vanessa Kasper y prend la 4ème place du géant remporté par Vivianne Härri devant Simone Wild et également la 4ème place du combiné, dont la 3ème place du Super G qui comptait également comme course FIS.

En février, elle termine le géant de Krvavec à la 6ème place, son meilleur résultat en Coupe d'Europe depuis sa victoire plus de 3 ans plus tôt puis, à la fin du mois, elle prend la 13ème place du géant de Livigno. Ces deux résultats en Coupe d'Europe contribuent probablement à son retour en Coupe du Monde dès le début mars à Jasná où elle obtient la 21ème place après s'être qualifiée à l'issue de la première manche en 26ème position avec le dossard 45. Elle participe à nouveau aux Championnats de Suisse en fin de saison en prenant notamment la 7ème place du Super G remporté par Delia Durrer, regrettant une grosse faute qui lui aurait coûté le podium, et la 4ème place du géant, à 5 centièmes du podium, derrière Camille Rast, Simone Wild et Mélanie Meillard, déploranr à nouveau une grosse erreur en première manche.

Saison 2021-2022

Fraîchement réintégrée dans le cadre B, elle est conviée au géant d'ouverture de saison de Coupe du Monde à Sölden mais ne se qualifie pas pour la seconde manche. Elle est néanmoins présente à l'occasion de l'épreuve suivante, le parallèle de Zürs, où, porteuse du numéro 38, elle parvient en qualifications à décrocher de justesse le 16ème et dernier ticket permettant d'accéder à la course en devançant d'un centième Simone Wild. Elle est ensuite éliminée dès le premier tour, classée à la 14ème place, ce qui considéré comme décevant par plusieurs médias alors qu'elle exprime "une immense joie" de s'être qualifiée et le désir de considérer sa performance comme un "bon résultat". Toujours est-il qu'elle est renvoyée en Coupe d'Europe où elle obtient notamment en décembre une 7ème place au géant de Mayrhofen et une 15ème place de celui d'Andalo. En fin d'année, elle retrouve à nouveau la Coupe du Monde mais sans parvenir à se qualifier en seconde manche autant à Courchevel qu'à Lienz et Kranjska Gora.

En janvier, elle fait étape à Orcières-Merlette pour participer à deux géants de Coupe d'Europe avec pour résultat une 4ème puis une 9ème place. Le 25 janvier, elle participe au géant de Kronplatz, parvenant en seconde manche pour la première fois de sa saison de Coupe du Monde en portant le 49, soit le numéro de dossard le plus élevé de toutes les qualifiées. Elle signe le 6ème chrono sur le second tracé pour une 24ème place finale, réalisant ainsi son deuxième meilleur résultat en carrière dans la discipline après une 21e place à Jasná en fin de saison précédente. Cette course marque cependant davantage en Suisse par le fait que c'est la première fois depuis décembre 2018 et une course à Courchevel qu'aucune Helvète ne parvient à se hisser dans le top15 dans la discipline. En février, elle s'illustre en Coupe d'Europe à Kopaonik (5ème) et Maribor (8ème) et (11ème). Elle retourne en Coupe du Monde en mars, sans réussir à se qualifier en seconde manche, tant à Lenzerheide qu'à Åre où elle bénéficie du forfait de Lara Gut-Behrami. Elle conclut sa saison par une 12ème place lors du géant des finales de Coupe d'Europe à Soldeu, ce qui lui permet de décrocher la 6ème place du classement du géant sur la saison.

Palmarès

Coupe du Monde

 Premier départ : 10 décembre 2016, géant de Sestrières, DNF1
 Première fois dans les points (top30) : 29 décembre 2017, géant de Lienz, 27ème
 Meilleur résultat : 13 novembre 2021, parallèle de Zürs, 14ème

Coupe d'Europe

 Premier départ : 6 janvier 2014, géant de Zinal, DNQ2
 Première fois dans les points (top30) : 11 décembre 2015, géant de Kvitfjell, 11ème
 Premier top10 : 12 février 2016, géant de Borovets, 6ème
 Premier top5 et premier podium : 15 mars 2016, géant de La Molina, 2ème
 Meilleur résultat : victoire, 8 décembre 2017, géant de Kvitfjell

Championnats du monde juniors

Championnats de Suisse

 3ème en géant en 2016
 4ème en combiné en 2020
 4ème en géant en 2021

 championne de Suisse juniors 2014 en géant

 vice-championne de Suisse juniors 2015 en géant

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Skieuse alpine suisse
Naissance en décembre 1996
Naissance dans le canton des Grisons
Sportive grisonne

Vanessa Kasper


An Imperata brasiliensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius. An Imperata brasiliensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Imperata, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Imperata

Imperata brasiliensis


Wellington Luís de Sousa (født 11. februar 1988) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Vissel Kobe.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Wellington Luís de Sousa


Die Braunschweig-Klasse war eine Baureihe von Frachtschiffen der Hamburg-Amerika-Linie (HAPAG). Mit den neun Schnellfrachtern knüpfte die HAPAG an den vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg unterhaltenen Ostasien-Dienst an.

Geschichte

Bau
Nach der weitgehenden Lockerung der Schiffbaubeschränkungen des Potsdamer Abkommens baute die Hamburg-Amerika Linie ab 1950 ihre Frachtschiffsflotte erneut auf. 1952 bestellten HAPAG und Norddeutscher Lloyd gemeinsam größere und schnelle Turbinenschiffe für den Dienst nach Fernost. Neun Einheiten gingen an die HAPAG, von denen sechs, die Darmstadt, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Braunschweig, Essen und Hoechst ausschließlich im Indonesien-Dienst eingesetzt wurden, die übrigen im Fernost-Dienst. Die Klasse wurde mit der im Zweiten Weltkrieg nicht zu Ende gebauten Mannheim komplettiert. Der Lloyd erhielt acht Schiffe. Die Schiffsklasse bestand aus drei verschiedenen Schiffstypen. Die ähnlich konzipierten aber in den Abmessungen etwas unterschiedlichen Frachtschiffe entstanden auf drei Werften. Am 1. Juni 1953 konnte die Reederei das erste Schiff, die Braunschweig von der Werft übernehmen, die somit auch Namensgeber der Klasse wurde. Gut ein Jahr darauf, am 21. Juni 1954 war die Baureihe komplett. Die Weserstein-Klasse des Norddeutschen Lloyd bestand aus Schwesterschiffen der Braunschweig-Klasse.

Einsatz bei der HAPAG
Wie geplant, wurden die Schiffe auf den zwei längsten Routen der HAPAG, dem Ostasien-Dienst und der Indonesien-Fahrt, eingesetzt. Parallel dazu kamen die Schwesterschiffe der Weserstein-Klasse des Norddeutschen Lloyd im gemeinsam betriebenen Ostasien-Dienst zum Einsatz. Indonesien wurde vom Lloyd nicht bedient. Die Heidelberg wurde als Ausbildungsschiff der HAPAG genutzt und 1968 als erstes der Turbinenfrachtschiffe nach Griechenland veräußert. Ein Jahr darauf wurde die Ludwigshafen bei einer Kollision in der Straße von Singapur mit dem Shell-Tanker Hindisia so schwer beschädigt, dass sie in Singapur verschrottet wurde. Die restlichen Schiffe gingen 1970 bei der Fusion der HAPAG mit dem NDL in das gemeinsame Eigentum der neuen Hapag-Lloyd über und waren dort nur noch kurze Zeit in deren Dienste eingegliedert.

Spätere Karriere
In den Jahren nach der Fusion veräußerte Hapag-Lloyd die Schiffe zügig an mehrere Reedereien. Nach dem Verkauf blieb der Großteil der Schiffe nur noch wenige Jahre in Fahrt – sie wurden in den Jahren 1972 bis 1979 abgebrochen.

Technik
Alle Schiffe waren als herkömmliche Stückgutfrachter für die Linienfahrt ausgelegt. Sie besaßen ein durchlaufendes Hauptdeck mit Back und mittschiffs angeordnete Aufbauten mit unter dem Deckshaus liegender Maschinenanlage. Alle Schiffe waren als Volldecker vermessen. Drei Laderäume mit zwei bis drei Decks lagen vor dem Deckshaus und drei Laderäume mit zwei Decks achtern. Bemerkenswert waren die vielseitigen Ladungseinrichtungen. So waren die Schiffe mit rund 20 herkömmlichen Ladebäumen ausgestattet. Außerdem waren alle Schiffe mit einem 50-Tonnen Schwergutbaum zur Übernahme von Schwergut ausgerüstet. Weitere Ladungseinrichtungen waren die im Vor- und Achterschiffsbereich unter den Trockenladeräumen angeordneten Ladetanks, die ausgehend von europäischen Häfen für Flüssig-Chemikalien genutzt wurden, heimkehrend von Indonesien vor allem für Kokos- und Palmöl und flüssiger Latex. Beim Bau waren die leistungsfähigen Antriebsanlagen mit ihren Getriebeturbinen ein herausstechendes Merkmal – sowohl bei der HAPAG, als auch beim NDL wurden die Schiffe oft kurz als "die Turbinenschiffe" bezeichnete. Die bei der Deutschen Werft gebauten Schiffe erhielten AEG-Turbinen, diejenigen der Howaldtswerke BBC-Turbinen und die der Flenderwerke wurden durch Turbinen der Siemens-Schuckertwerke angetrieben.

Die Schiffe
Jede der drei beteiligten Werften lieferte jeweils drei Schwesterschiffe an die HAPAG (und weitere baugleiche Schiffe an den NDL). Die Deutsche Werft lieferte drei Schiffe des Typ "Essen", der die Braunschweig als namensgebendes Schiff der gesamten Klasse mit einschloss (drei gleiche Schiffe für den NDL). Dazu kam die schon im Zweiten Weltkrieg begonnene, dann aber zwischenzeitlich aufgelegte Mannheim, die die Deutsche Werft 1953 als Heidelberg fertiggestellte. Diese verfügte bei gleichen Grundabmessungen über etwas weniger Ladegeschirr sowie eine etwas höhere Tragfähigkeit. Von den Hamburger Howaldtswerke kamen drei Schiffe des Typ "Düsseldorf" (drei gleiche Schiffe für den NDL). Das namensgebende Schiff Düsseldorf besaß einen auffällig schräger nach hinten auslaufenden Schornstein. Die Lübecker Flenderwerke steuerten drei Schiffe des Typ "Leipzig" bei (zwei gleiche Schiffe für den NDL).

Literatur

Frachtschiffsklasse

Braunschweig-Klasse (1953)


Et levende diktatur er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Kay Brase og Anna Lise Mortensen efter deres eget manuskript.

Handling
Fem måneder før Ceaușescus fald var filmholdet i Rumænien, hvor det illegalt optog en film i en idyllisk landsby, som havde udslettelsen hængende over sig som en trussel. Interviews med nogle af landsbyens beboere vidner om den undertrykkelse, der fandt sted. De illegale optagelser veksler med citater fra den rumænske tv-avis, der uophørligt hylder diktatoren. Filmen afsluttes med tv-optagelser af den døde diktator.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1989
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Et levende diktatur


Caroline Lucretia Herschel (16. mars 1750 – 9. janúar 1848) var þýskur stjörnufræðingur sem er þekktust fyrir að hafa uppgötvað fjölda halastjarna, þar á meðal halastjörnuna 35P/Herschel-Rigollet sem ber nafn hennar. Hún var yngri systir stjörnufræðingsins William Herschel.

Caroline fæddist í Hanover. Hún veiktist af taugaveiki þegar hún var tíu ára sem stöðvaði líkamsvöxt hennar, svo hún náði aðeins 1,30 m hæð. Vegna þessa fékk hún aðeins kennslu í hússtjórnarstörfum því foreldrar hennar töldu að hún myndi aldrei giftast. Hún flutti til bræðra sinna í Bath á Englandi árið 1772 og tók að sér heimilisrekstur fyrir William sem starfaði við tónlist. William fékk áhuga á stjörnufræði og hóf að smíða eigin stjörnukíkja. Caroline gerðist skrásetjari hans og betrumbætti kerfið sem var notað til að flokka geimfyrirbæri auk þess að uppgötva sjálf ný fyrirbæri. William var skipaður hirðstjörnufræðingur Georgs 3. árið 1782 og þau fluttu frá Bath til Datchet. Árið eftir smíðaði William sérstakan stjörnukíki fyrir Caroline sem ætlaður var til að finna halastjörnur. Hún tilkynnti uppgötvanir sínar með bréfum til Joseph Banks, forseta Konunglega breska vísindafélagsins. Frá árinu 1787 fékk hún regluleg laun frá konungi, 50 sterlingspund á ári, fyrir vísindastörf sín. Árið 1802 var listi hennar yfir 500 nýjar stjörnuþokur og stjörnuþyrpingar gefinn út og bættist við þau 2.000 geimfyrirbæri sem þá voru þekkt. Flokkunarkerfið sem hún notaði varð grunnur að því sem síðar varð New General Catalogue yfir geimfyrirbæri. Hún flutti aftur til Hanover eftir að William dó 1822, en átti áfram í miklum samskiptum við bróðurson sinn, John Herschel. Hún hélt áfram stjörnuskoðun til 1824 og var virk og við góða heilsu allt til æviloka.

Hún var fyrsta konan sem fékk laun frá konungi sem raunvísindamaður. Hún var líka fyrsta konan á Englandi sem gegndi opinberri stöðu. Hún var auk þess fyrsta konan sem fékk birta grein í tímaritinu Philosophical Transactions, sem hlaut gullmerki Konunglega stjörnufræðifélagsins (1828) og var gerð að heiðursfélaga í Konunglega stjörnufræðifélaginu (1835, ásamt Mary Somerville). Hún var líka gerð að heiðursfélaga í Konunglegu írsku vísindaakademíunni (1838). Friðrik Vilhjálmur 4. Prússakonungur veitti henni gullmerki í vísindum á 96 ára afmæli hennar 1846.

Tilvísanir

Þýskir stjörnufræðingar

Caroline Herschel


Ranina Reddy (n. en Bangalore, India) es una cantante de reproducción o playback, compositora y bailarina india.

Carrera
Ranina Reddy se hizo conocer como cantante e intérprete de la edad de 12 años. Ella volvió a cantar la reproducción en el año 2008, interpretando un tema musical titulada "Kodaana Kodi" bajo la dirección de Yuvan Shankar Raja para la comedia "Saroja Venkat Prabhu el thriller". Desde entonces ha inrterpretado varias canciones, sobre todo para Harris Jayaraj.

Discografía

Enlaces externos

 Facebook
 Ranina Reddy Live in Concert Recording
 Upcoming Concert

Nacidos en Bangalore
Cantautores de India

Ranina Reddy


Angrebet på Shellhuset er en dokumentarfilm fra 2014 med instruktion og manuskript af Simon Bang og Martin Sundstrøm. Filmen handler om Shellhusbombardementet i 1945 under den tyske besættelse af Danmark og den fejlagtige bombning af Den Franske Skole ved samme lejlighed.

Handling
21. marts 1945 angriber engelske fly Gestapos hovedkvarter Shellhuset i København for at redde modstandsbevægelsen. Men noget går galt, da en pigeskole bombes på Frederiksberg, og resultatet er besættelsens blodigste dag. En gådefuld ulykke forvandler et af 2. Verdenskrigs mest komplekse flyangreb til en katastrofe. Denne dokumentar forsøger ved hjælp fra angrebets chef-navigatør Edward Sismore, eksperter og øjenvidner at genskabe angrebet og opklare, hvad der gik galt.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film om Besættelsen
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014
Dansksprogede film

Angrebet på Shellhuset


O  beta-lactamă (adesea scrisă și sub forma β-lactamă) este un compus organic din categoria lactamelor (amidelor ciclice). Denumirea provine de la faptul că atomul de azot este legat de un carbon în poziția beta față de carbonil. Cea mai simplă β-lactamă posibilă este 2-azetidinona (vezi imagine).

Istoric
Prima beta-lactamă de sinteză a fost preparată de către Hermann Staudinger în anul 1907, în urma reacției dintre baza Schiff a anilinei cu benzaldehida și difenilcetena. Această a este o reacție de cicloadiție de tipul [2+2] (Ph indică o grupă funcțională fenil):

Până în anii 1970, majoritatea lucrărilor de cercetare legate de beta-lactame s-au concentrat în jurul penicilinelor și cefalosporinelor, însă de atunci o mare varietate de structuri au fost descrise.

Importanță clinică

Ciclul sau inelul beta-lactamic este important ca structură de bază în molecula multor familii de antibiotice, cunoscute sub denumirea generală de antibiotice beta-lactamice. Printre cele mai notabile clase se numără penicilinele, cefalosporinele, carbapenemele și monobactamele. Aproape toate antibioticele din această clasă funcționează prin inhibarea biosintezei peretelui celular bacterian, ceea ce are un efect letal asupra bacteriei. Totuși, fiecare populație dintr-o anumită specie bacteriană poate conține un subgrup care prezintă rezistență la beta-lactamine. Rezistența la această clasă de antibiotice apare ca urmare a expresiei a uneia sau mai multor gene de rezistență, care codifică sinteza de beta-lactamaze, enzime care au rolul de a distruge inelul beta-lactamic. Mai mult de 1 800 de beta-lactamaze bacteriene au fost documentate.

Vezi și
 Acid clavulanic
 Antibiotic beta-lactamic
 Beta-lactamază
 Lactonă

Referințe

Legături externe
 Sinteza β-lactamelor

Lactame

Beta-lactamă


A bumper is a structure attached to or integrated with the front and rear ends of a motor vehicle, to absorb impact in a minor collision, ideally minimizing repair costs. Stiff metal bumpers appeared on automobiles as early as 1904 that had a mainly ornamental function. Numerous developments, improvements in materials and technologies, as well as greater focus on functionality for protecting vehicle components and improving safety have changed bumpers over the years. Bumpers ideally minimize height mismatches between vehicles and protect pedestrians from injury. Regulatory measures have been enacted to reduce vehicle repair costs and, more recently, impact on pedestrians.

History
Bumpers were at first just rigid metal bars. George Albert Lyon invented the earliest car bumper. The first bumper appeared on a vehicle in 1897, and it was installed by Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriksgesellschaft, a Czech carmaker. The construction of these bumpers was not reliable as they featured only a cosmetic function. Early car owners had the front spring hanger bolt replaced with ones long enough to be able to attach a metal bar. G.D. Fisher patented a bumper bracket to simplify the attachment of the accessory. The first bumper designed to absorb impacts appeared in 1901. It was made of rubber and Frederick Simms gained a patent for this invention in 1905.

Bumpers were added by automakers in the mid-1910s, but consisted of a strip of steel across the front and back. Often treated as an optional accessory, bumpers became more and more common in the 1920s as automobile designers made them more complex and substantial. Over the next decades, chrome-plated bumpers became heavy, elaborative, and increasingly decorative until the late 1950s when US automakers began establishing new bumper trends and brand-specific designs. The 1960s saw the use of lighter chrome-plated blade-like bumpers with a painted metal valance filling the space below it. Multi-piece construction became the norm as automakers incorporated grilles, lighting, and even rear exhaust into the bumpers.

On the 1968 Pontiac GTO, General Motors incorporated an "Endura" body-colored plastic front bumper designed to absorb low-speed impact without permanent deformation. It was featured in a TV advertisement with John DeLorean hitting the bumper with a sledgehammer and no damage resulted. Similar elastomeric bumpers were available on the front and rear of the 1970-71 Plymouth Barracuda. In 1971, Renault introduced a plastic bumper (sheet moulding compound) on the Renault 5.

Current design practice is for the bumper structure on modern automobiles to consist of a plastic cover over a reinforcement bar made of steel, aluminum, fiberglass composite, or plastic. Bumpers of most modern automobiles have been made of a combination of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) called PC/ABS.

Physics
Bumpers offer protection to other vehicle components by dissipating the kinetic energy generated by an impact. This energy is a function of vehicle mass and velocity squared. The kinetic energy is equal to 1/2 the product of the mass and the square of the speed. In formula form:

A bumper that protects vehicle components from damage at 5 miles per hour must be four times stronger than a bumper that protects at 2.5 miles per hour, with the collision energy dissipation concentrated at the extreme front and rear of the vehicle. Small increases in bumper protection can lead to weight gain and loss of fuel efficiency.

Until 1959, such rigidity was seen as beneficial to occupant safety among automotive engineers. Modern theories of vehicle crashworthiness point in the opposite direction, towards vehicles that crumple progressively. A completely rigid vehicle might have excellent bumper protection for vehicle components, but would offer poor occupant safety.

Pedestrian safety
Bumpers are increasingly being designed to mitigate injury to pedestrians struck by cars, such as through the use of bumper covers made of flexible materials. Front bumpers, especially, have been lowered and made of softer materials, such as foams and crushable plastics, to reduce the severity of impact on legs.

Height mismatches

For passenger cars, the height and placement of bumpers are legally specified under both US and EU regulations. Bumpers do not protect against moderate-speed collisions, because during emergency braking, suspension changes the pitch of each vehicle, so bumpers can bypass each other when the vehicles collide. Preventing override and underride can be accomplished by extremely tall bumper surfaces. Active suspension is another solution to keeping the vehicle level.

Bumper height from the roadway surface is important in engaging other protective systems. Airbag deployment sensors typically do not trigger until contact with an obstruction, and it is important that front bumpers be the first parts of a vehicle to make contact in the event of a frontal collision, to leave sufficient time to inflate the protective cushions.

Energy-absorbing crush zones are completely ineffective if they are physically bypassed; an extreme example of this occurs when the elevated platform of a tractor-trailer completely misses the front bumper of a passenger car, and the first contact is with the glass windshield of the passenger compartment.

Truck vs. car
Underride collisions, in which a smaller vehicle such as a passenger sedan slides under a larger vehicle such as a tractor-trailer often result in severe injuries or fatalities. The platform bed of a typical tractor-trailer is at the head height of seated adults in a typical passenger car and thus can cause severe head trauma in even a moderate-speed collision. Around 500 people are killed this way in the United States annually.

Following the June 1967 death of actress Jayne Mansfield in an auto/truck accident, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommended requiring a rear underride guard, also known as a "Mansfield bar", an "ICC bar", or a "DOT (Department of Transportation) bumper". These may not be more than  from the road. The U.S. trucking industry has been slow to upgrade this safety feature, and there are no requirements to repair ICC bars damaged in service. However, in 1996 NHTSA upgraded the requirements for the rear underride prevention structure on truck trailers, and Transport Canada went further with an even more stringent requirement for energy-absorbing rear underride guards. In July 2015, NHTSA issued a proposal to upgrade the U.S. performance requirements for underride guards.

Many European nations have also required side underride guards, to mitigate against lethal collisions where the car impacts the truck from the side. A variety of different types of side underride guards of this nature are in use in Japan, the US, and Canada. However, they are not required in the United States.

UN Regulation 58 sets forth requirements for rear underrun protective devices (RUPDs) and their installation, among which is that trucks and trailers of various types must have such devices with height above the ground not more than , , or .

SUV vs. car
Mismatches between SUV bumper heights and passenger car side impact beams have allowed serious injuries at relatively low speeds. In the United States, NHTSA is studying how to address this issue .

Beyond lethal interactions, repair costs of passenger car/SUV collisions can also be significant due to the height mismatch. This mismatch can result in vehicles being so severely damaged that they are inoperable after low speed collisions.

Regulation
In most jurisdictions, bumpers are legally required on all vehicles. Regulations for automobile bumpers have been implemented for two reasons – to allow the car to sustain a low-speed impact without damage to the vehicle's safety systems, and to protect pedestrians from injury. These requirements are in conflict: bumpers that withstand impact well and minimize repair costs tend to injure pedestrians more, while pedestrian-friendly bumpers tend to have higher repair costs.

Although a vehicle's bumper systems are designed to absorb the energy of low-speed collisions and help protect the car's safety and other expensive components located nearby, most bumpers are designed to meet only the minimum regulatory standards.

International standards
International safety regulations, originally devised as European standards under the auspices of the United Nations, have now been adopted by most countries outside North America. These specify that a car's safety systems must still function normally after a straight-on pendulum or moving-barrier impact of  to the front and the rear, and to the front and rear corners of  at  above the ground with the vehicle loaded or unloaded.

Pedestrian safety
European countries have implemented regulations to address the issue of 270,000 deaths annually in worldwide pedestrian/auto accidents.

Bull bars

Specialized bumpers, known as "bull bars" or "roo bars", protect vehicles in rural environments from collisions with large animals. However, studies have shown that such bars increase the threat of death and serious injury to pedestrians in urban environments, because the bull bar is rigid and transmits all force of a collision to the pedestrian, unlike a bumper, which absorbs some force and crumples. In the European Union, the sale of rigid metal bull bars that do not comply with the relevant pedestrian-protection safety standards has been banned.

Off-road bumpers
Off-road vehicles often utilize aftermarket off-road bumpers made of heavy gauge metal to improve clearance (height above terrain), maximize departure angles, clear larger tires, and ensure additional protection. Similar or identical to bull bars, off-road bumpers feature a rigid construction and do not absorb (by plastic deformation) any energy in a collision, which is more dangerous for pedestrians than factory plastic bumpers. The legality of the aftermarket off-road bumpers varies by jurisdiction.

United States

Bumper regulations in the United States focus on preventing low-speed accidents from impairing safe vehicle operation, limiting damage to safety-related vehicle components, and containing the costs of repair after a crash.

First standards 1971

In 1971, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued the country's first regulation applicable to passenger car bumpers. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 215 (FMVSS 215), "Exterior Protection," took effect on 1 September 1972—when most automakers would begin producing their model year 1973 vehicles. The standard prohibited functional damage to specified safety-related components such as headlamps and fuel system components when the vehicle is subjected to barrier crash tests at  for front and  for rear bumper systems. The requirements effectively eliminated automobile bumper designs that featured integral automotive lighting components such as tail lamps.

In October 1972, the U.S. Congress enacted the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Saving Act (MVICS), which required NHTSA to issue a bumper standard that yields the "maximum feasible reduction of cost to the public and to the consumer". Factors considered included the costs and benefits of implementation, the standard's effect on insurance costs and legal fees, savings in consumer time and inconvenience, as well as health and safety considerations.

The 1973 model year passenger cars sold in the U.S. used a variety of designs. They ranged from non-dynamic versions with solid rubber guards, to "recoverable" designs with oil and nitrogen filled telescoping shock-absorbers.

The standards were further tightened for the 1974 model year passenger cars, with standardized height front and rear bumpers that could take angle impacts at  with no damage to the car's lights, safety equipment, and engine. There was no provision in the law for consumers to 'opt out' of this protection.

Regulatory effect on design
The regulations specified bumper performance; they did not prescribe any particular bumper design. Nevertheless, many cars for the U.S. market were equipped with bulky, massive, protruding bumpers to comply with the 5-mile-per-hour bumper standard in effect from 1973 to 1982. This often meant additional overall vehicle length, as well as new front and rear designs to incorporate the stronger energy-absorbing bumpers, adding weight to the extremities of the vehicle. Passenger cars featured gap-concealing flexible filler panels between the bumpers and the car's bodywork causing them to have a "massive, blockish look". However, other bumper designs also met the requirements. The 1973 AMC Matador coupe had free-standing bumpers with rubber gaiters alone to conceal the retractable shock absorbers. "Endura" bumpers, compliant with the regulations yet tightly integrated into the front bodywork, were used on models such as the Pontiac Grand Am starting in 1973 and the Chevrolet Monte Carlo starting in 1978, with significantly lower mass than heavy chromed-steel bumpers with separate impact energy absorbers.

The bumper regulations applied to all passenger cars, both American-made and imported. With exceptions including the Volvo 240, Porsche 911, and Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow, European and Asian automakers tended to put compliant bumpers only on cars destined for the U.S. and Canadian markets where the regulations applied. This meant their North American-spec cars tended to look different than versions of the same model sold elsewhere.

U.S. bumper-height requirements effectively made some models, such as the Citroën SM, ineligible for importation to the United States. Unlike international safety regulations, U.S. regulations were written without provision for hydropneumatic suspension.

Zero-damage standards 1976
The requirements promulgated under MVICS were consolidated with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Number 215 (FMVSS 215, "Exterior Protection of Vehicles") and promulgated in March 1976. This new bumper standard was placed in the United States Code of Federal Regulations at 49 CFR 581, separate from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards at 49CFR571. The new requirements, applicable to 1979-model year passenger cars, were called the "Phase I" standard. At the same time, a zero-damage requirement, "Phase II", was enacted for bumper systems on 1980 and newer cars. The most rigorous requirements applied to 1980 through 1982 model vehicles;  front and rear barrier and pendulum crash tests were required, and no damage was allowed to the bumper beyond a  dent and  displacement from the bumper's original position.

All-wheel-drive "cross-over" cars such as the AMC Eagle were classified as multi-purpose vehicles or trucks, and thus exempt from the passenger car bumper standards.

Stringency reduced in 1982
The recently elected Reagan administration had pledged to use cost–benefit analysis to reduce regulatory burdens on industry, which impacted this standard.

As discussed in detail under Physics, prior to 1959, people believed the stronger the structure, including the bumpers, the safer the car. A later analysis led to the understanding of crumple zones, rather than rigid construction that proved deadly to passengers because the force from impact went straight inside the vehicle and onto the passenger.

NHTSA amended the bumper standard in May 1982, halving the front and rear crash test speeds for 1983 and newer car bumpers from  to , and the corner crash test speeds from  to . In addition, the zero-damage Phase II requirement was rolled back to the damage allowances of Phase I. At the same time, a passenger car bumper height requirement of  was established for passenger cars.

NHTSA evaluated the results of its change in 1987, noting it resulted in lower weight and manufacturing costs, offset by higher repair costs.

Despite these findings, consumer and insurance groups both decried the weakened bumper standard. They presented the argument that the 1982 standard increased overall consumer costs without any attendant benefits except to automakers. In 1986, Consumers Union petitioned NHTSA to return to the Phase II standard and disclose bumper strength information to consumers. In 1990, NHTSA rejected that petition.

Consumer information
In the United States, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) subjects vehicles to low-speed barrier tests () and publishes the results, including repair costs. Car makers that do well in these tests tend to publicize the results.

In 1990 the IIHS conducted four crash tests on three different-year examples of the Plymouth Horizon. The results illustrate the effect of the
changes to the US bumper regulations (repair costs are quoted in 1990 United States dollars):
 1983 Horizon with Phase-II 5-mph bumpers: $287
 1983 Horizon with Phase-I 2.5-mph bumpers: $918
 1990 Horizon: $1,476

Bumpers today
Bumpers today are designed to mitigate injuries to pedestrians and to minimize weight at the ends of the vehicle, thereby increasing occupant protection from progressive crumpling in a serious accident. They are no longer made of steel and rubber, but of a plastic outer fascia over a lightweight, impact-absorbing polystyrene foam core.

Canada
Automobile bumper standards in Canada were first enacted at the same time as those in the United States. These were closely similar to the  U.S. regulation, and the Canadian requirements were not lowered to  in 1982 as was done in the United States.

Some automakers chose to provide stronger Canadian-specification bumpers throughout the North American market, while others chose to provide weaker bumpers in the U.S. market. This limited grey import vehicles between the US and Canada.

In early 2009, Canada's regulation shifted to harmonize with US Federal standards and international UN Regulations. As in the U.S., consumer protection groups opposed the change, while Canadian regulators maintained that the  test speed is used worldwide and is more compatible with improved pedestrian protection in vehicle-pedestrian crashes.

See also

Automobile safety
 Buffer (rail transport)
Bumper sticker
Cost–benefit analysis
Crashworthiness
Government failure
Headstock
List of auto parts

References

Further reading

Vehicle safety technologies
Automotive body parts
English inventions

Bumper (car)


La A54 es una autopista de peaje francés de 72 km de largo que pertenece a la red de Autoroutes du Sud de la France que enlaza la Autoroute A9 en Nimes con la Autoroute A7 en Salon-de-Provence. Está interrumpida por un tramo de vía rápida gratuita de 20 km de largo en Arlés.

Actualmente la densidad de tráfico alcanza 60.000 vehículos por día

Historia
El primer tramo se inauguró en 1970 al sur de Salon-de-Provence. En 1990 fue inaugurado otro tramo entre Nîmes y Arlés. En 1996 se inauguró el tramo final entre Saint-Martin-de-Crau y Salon-de-Provence.

Ampliación futuro
Actualmente se proyecta terminar esta autopista con un tramo nuevo de circunvalación de Arlés de 30 km de largo.

Salidas

Notas y referencias

A54

it:A54

Autoroute A54 (Francia)


Scaphirhynchus, rod riba iz porodice jesetri kojemu pripadaju tri vrste, dvije su slatkovodneiz Sjeverne Amerike uglavnom u bazenu Mississippija, i treća iz Alabame koja može živjeti, morskoj, slatkoj i bočatoj vodi.

Prilagođene su životu u brzoj vodi, obično uz dno. Karakteristična im je njuška oblika lopate i sitne oči, često gotovo potpuno prekrivene kožom.

Vrste
 Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes & Richardson, 1905)
 Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque, 1820)
 Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Williams & Clemmer, 1991

Izvori

Jesetre

Scaphirhynchus


نادي هورشام لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم إنجليزي يلعب في دوري الدرجة السابعة . تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1871 .

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1871
ه
أندية كرة قدم في غرب ساسكس
تأسيسات سنة 1871 في إنجلترا
الرابطة البرلمانية
دوري غرب ساسكس لكرة القدم

نادي هورشام


George Francis Scholes (* 24. November 1928 in Toronto, Ontario; † 18. November 2004 in Mississauga, Ontario) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
George Scholes begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler bei den St. Michael's Buzzers, für die er von 1943 bis 1946 aktiv war. Die folgenden beiden Jahre verbrachte er bei den Oshawa Generals in der Junior Ontario Hockey Association. Von 1948 bis 1951 spielte er für die Quebec Aces aus der Quebec Senior Hockey League, ehe er von 1951 bis 1953 für die Moncton Hawks aus der Maritime Major Hockey League auflief. Anschließend wechselte er zu den Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, mit denen er 1955 den Allan Cup, den kanadischen Amateurmeistertitel gewann. Mit den Dutchmen repräsentierte er zudem Kanada bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1956. Nachdem er auch die Saison 1957/58 bei den Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen verbracht hatte, spielte er ein Jahr lang für die Windsor Bulldogs, ehe er seine Karriere im Alter von 30 Jahren beendete.

International
Für Kanada nahm Scholes an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronzemedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1955 Allan-Cup-Gewinn mit den Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen

International
 1956 Bronzemedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Eishockeyspieler (Oshawa Generals)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1956
Kanadier
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2004
Mann

George Scholes


بلدية فايلاجويوسا/لا فايلا جوايوسا , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة اليكانتي. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 29.263 نسمة.

توأمة
لفايلاجويوسا/لا فايلا جوايوسا اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 فيتري

أعلام
 انتوني يونج
 فرنسيسكو توريس أوليفر
 خوسيه رودريغيز مارتينيز
 مارتا بالدو
 أغسطين غاليانا

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت
منتجعات ساحلية إسبانية

فايلاجويوسا/لا فايلا جوايوسا


Vechelde ist der Name folgender geographischer Gebiete und Orte:

 Vechelde, Gemeinde im Landkreis Peine, Niedersachsen
 Vechelde (Vechelde), Ort der Gemeinde Vechelde
 Propstei Vechelde, Propsteigebiet der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Landeskirche in Braunschweig
 Amt Vechelde, Verwaltungs- und Gerichtsbezirk des Herzogtums Braunschweig

Vechelde ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Albert von Vechelde (1427–1505), deutscher Großhändler und Politiker, Bürgermeister von Braunschweig
 Friedrich Karl von Vechelde (1801–1846), deutscher Jurist, Historiker und Publizist

 Hermann von Vechelde (Ratsherr) (um 1379–1460), deutscher Kaufmann und Politiker, Ratsherr in Braunschweig

Siehe auch:
 Vechtelde

Vechelde (Begriffsklärung)


Die Liste der Biografien führt alle Personen auf, die in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia einen Artikel haben. Dieses ist eine Teilliste mit 3 Einträgen von Personen, deren Namen mit den Buchstaben "Muller, Y" beginnt.

Muller, Y

Muller, Ya
 Müller, Yannick (* 1999), österreichischer Rennrodler

Muller, Yv
 Muller, Yvan (* 1969), französischer Automobilrennfahrer
 Müller, Yves (* 1989), Schweizer Eishockeyspieler

Liste der Biografien/Muller, Y


Tsathoggua (o Dorminhoco de N'kai, também conhecido como Zhothaqquah) é uma entidade sobrenatural no universo fictício compartilhado dos Mitos de Cthulhu. Ele é criação do escritor americano Clark Ashton Smith e faz parte de seu ciclo hiperbóreo. Tsathoggua / Zhothaqquah é descrito como um Antigo Escolhido, um ser divino do panteão. Foi apresentado no conto de Smith "O Conto de Satampra Zeiros", escrito em 1929 e publicado na edição de novembro de 1931 da Weird Tales. Sua primeira aparição impressa, entretanto, foi na história de H. P. Lovecraft "The Whisperer in Darkness", escrita em 1930 e publicada na edição de agosto de 1931 da Weird Tales.

A primeira descrição de Tsathoggua ocorre em "O Conto de Satampra Zeiros", em que os protagonistas encontram um dos ídolos da entidade, mencionado que ele era muito atarracado e barrigudo, sua cabeça parecia mais um sapo monstruoso do que uma divindade, e todo o seu corpo estava coberto por uma imitação de pelo curto, dando de alguma forma uma vaga sensação tanto do morcego quanto da preguiça. Suas pálpebras sonolentas estavam semicerradas sobre os olhos globulares; e a ponta de uma língua esquisita saiu de sua boca gorda. Mais tarde, em "The Seven Geases" de Smith (1933), Tsathoggua é descrito novamente, estando numa caverna secreta nas entranhas de Voormithadreth, habita desde as eras mais antigas o deus Tsathoggua, tendo or sua grande circunferência, sua pelugem de morcego e a aparência de um sapo preto sonolento que ele possui eternamente. Ele não se levantará de seu lugar, mesmo na voracidade da fome, mas esperará na preguiça divina pelo sacrifício.

Referências

Deidades fictícias

Tsathoggua


Antonio Napolioni (11. december 1957  i Camerino i Italien) har siden 16. november 2015 været den katolsk biskop i Cremona i Italien.;

Malvestiti er uddannet præst fra Fano og blev ordineret som præst den 25. juni 1983.

Fodnoter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Den Katolske Kirke i Cremona

Katolske biskopper fra Italien

Antonio Napolioni


Aceasta este o listă a castelelor și conacelor din județul Satu Mare.

Castele

 Castelul Bölöni din Săcășeni
 Castelul Károlyi (1794) din Carei
 Castelul Lónyai ( 1630) din Medieșu Aurit, azi ruine
 Castelul Vécsey (1764) din Livada
 Castelul Wesselényi (1761) din Hodod

Conace
 Conacul Berenczei-Kováts din Nisipeni
 Conacul Boros din Medieșu Aurit
 Conacul Boszormenyi din Culciu Mare
 Conacul Cserey-Fischer din Tășnad, azi muzeu
 Conacul Degenfeld din Hodod
 Conacul Dezso din Hrip
 Conacul Dery din Vetiș
 Conacul Domahidy din Domănești
 Conacul Gorove din Pișcolt
 Conacul Grosz din Medieșu Aurit, azi primărie
 Conacul Ibrányi din Pir
 Conacul Kaizler din Eriu-Sâncrai, azi școală
 Conacul Kávássy din Căuaș
 Conacul Kováts din Apa
 Conacul Papszász din Becheni
 Conacul Péchy din Livada
 Conacul Perényi din Turulung
 Conacul Péterffy din Livada
 Conacul Sepsy din Adrian, azi școală
 Conacul Steer din Potău
 Conacul Szentiványi din Apa
 Conacul Szerdahelyi din Vetiș
 Conacul Szilágyi din Sanislău
 Conacul Teleki din Păulești
 Conacul Tisza-Károlyi din Paulian, azi școală
 Conacul Titu din Odoreu

Note

Castele în județul Satu Mare
Monumente istorice din județul Satu Mare
Liste legate de județul Satu Mare

Lista castelelor și conacelor din județul Satu Mare


Mikulėnienė ist ein litauischer weiblicher Familienname, abgeleitet vom männlichen Familienname Mikulėnas, dieser vom Vornamen Mikas. Die zugehörige Form des Mädchennamens lautet Mikulėnaitė.

Namensträger
 Danguolė Mikulėnienė (* 1952),   Lituanistin, Dialektologin und Hochschullehrerin
 Radvilė Morkūnaitė-Mikulėnienė (* 1984),  Politikerin, MdEP

Familienname
Litauischer Personenname

Mikulėnienė


"Back in the U.S.S.R." is a song by the English rock band the Beatles and the first track of the 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as the "White Album"). Written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership, the song is a parody of Chuck Berry's "Back in the U.S.A." and the Beach Boys' "California Girls". The lyrics subvert Berry's patriotic sentiments about the United States, as the narrator expresses relief upon returning home to the Soviet Union, formally the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

The Beatles recorded "Back in the U.S.S.R." as a three-piece after Ringo Starr temporarily left the group, in protest at McCartney's criticism of his drumming and the tensions that typified the sessions for the White Album. Instead, the other Beatles created a composite drum track from numerous takes. McCartney's singing was based on Jerry Lee Lewis, while the bridge features a Beach Boys–style celebration of girls from various parts of the USSR. The song opens and closes with a tape loop of an aircraft landing on a runway.

Released three months after the Warsaw Pact's invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Beatles' sympathetic portrayal of the USSR prompted condemnation in the West from both the New Left and the political right. In 1976, backed by "Twist and Shout", it was issued as a single to promote the compilation album Rock 'n' Roll Music. It peaked at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart and number 11 in Ireland. In 2003, McCartney performed the song in Moscow's Red Square. Elton John and Billy Joel have also released versions recorded during concerts in Russia.

Background and inspiration
Paul McCartney began writing the song as "I'm Backing the UK", inspired by the "I'm Backing Britain" campaign, which had gained wide national support in January 1968, a month before the Beatles departed for India to undertake a course in Transcendental Meditation. According to author Ian MacDonald, McCartney altered the title to "I'm Backing the USSR" and then, drawing on Chuck Berry's 1959 hit song "Back in the U.S.A.", arrived at the song's eventual title. Donovan, the Scottish singer-songwriter who joined the Beatles in India, said that "Back in the U.S.S.R." was one of the "funny little ditties" that McCartney regularly played at the ashram, adding that "of course, melodious ballads just poured out of him".

In a November 1968 interview for Radio Luxembourg, McCartney said the song was inspired by Berry's "Back in the U.S.A." and was written from the point of view of a Russian spy returning home to the USSR after an extended mission in the United States. Mike Love of the Beach Boys, another student at the meditation retreat, recalled McCartney playing "Back in the U.S.S.R." on acoustic guitar over breakfast in Rishikesh, at which point he suggested to McCartney that the bridge section should focus on the "girls" in Russia, in the style of the Beach Boys' "California Girls". In his 1984 interview with Playboy magazine, McCartney said he wrote it as "a kind of Beach Boys parody" based around "Back in the U.S.A." He added:
I just liked the idea of Georgia girls and talking about places like the Ukraine as if they were California, you know? It was also hands across the water, which I'm still conscious of. 'Cause they like us out there [in Soviet Russia], even though the bosses in the Kremlin may not.

In his lyrics, McCartney transposed the patriotism of Berry's song into a Soviet context. He said that he intended it to be a "spoof" on the typical American international traveller's contention that "it's just so much better back home" and their yearning for the comforts of their homeland. McCartney said that, despite the lack of luxuries in the USSR, his Soviet traveller would "still be every bit as proud [of his home country] as an American would be". According to author Michael Gray, "Back in the U.S.S.R." was the Beatles' sardonic comment on Berry's idealised Americana, which had become "deeply unfashionable" by the late 1960s.

Composition
"Back in the U.S.S.R." opens and closes with the sound of a jet aircraft landing on a runway. The effect also appears partway through the recording and represents an "aural cartoon", according to music critic Tim Riley, who says the song is "offered as a hoot and delivered as such". The opening lyrics refer to a "dreadful" flight back to the USSR from Miami Beach in the United States, on board a BOAC airliner. Driven by McCartney's uptempo piano playing and Harrison's lead guitar riffs, the lyrics tell of the singer's happiness on returning home, where "the Ukraine girls really knock me out" and the "Moscow girls make me sing and shout". He invites these women to "Come and keep your comrade warm" and looks forward to hearing the sound of "balalaikas ringing out".

Cultural historian Doyle Greene describes the song as a parody of Berry's "Back in the U.S.A." "with a bridge that parodies the Beach Boys' 'California Girls'". According to Riley, while "Back in the U.S.S.R." is usually viewed as a Beach Boys parody – specifically, a "send-up" of "California Girls" and "Surfin' U.S.A." – its "more direct association" is with Berry's track. He adds that Berry's focus on commercialism is "relocated and mocked" such that "the joyous return to the Soviet homeland is sarcastic camp." McCartney's lyrics also contain an allusion to Hoagy Carmichael's and Stuart Gorrell's "Georgia on My Mind". He sings about the female population of the Soviet Republic of Georgia, right after mentioning "the Ukraine girls" and "Moscow girls".

Recording
The sessions for The Beatles (also known as the "White Album") were fraught with disharmony among the band members. While rehearsing "Back in the U.S.S.R.", on 22 August 1968, Ringo Starr became tired of McCartney's criticism of his drumming on the song, and of the bad atmosphere generally, and walked out, intent on quitting the group. The other Beatles continued with the session, which took place at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) in London. Ken Scott, the band's recording engineer, later recalled that they created a "composite drum track of bits and pieces" in Starr's absence.

Five takes were recorded of the basic track, featuring McCartney on drums, George Harrison on electric guitar, and John Lennon on Fender Bass VI. Take 5 was chosen as "best". During the overdubbing on the song, on 23 August, McCartney and Harrison also contributed bass parts, and both also added lead guitar parts. According to author John Winn, the first overdubs were piano, played by McCartney; drums by Harrison, replacing Lennon's bass part from the previous day; and another electric guitar part.

After these additions were mixed down to a single track, McCartney sang a lead vocal, using what he described as his "Jerry Lee Lewis voice", and Lennon, Harrison and McCartney added backing vocals, including Beach Boys-style harmonies over the song's bridges. All three musicians added handclaps. Other overdubs included McCartney's bass, Harrison on six-string bass, and Lennon playing a snare drum. Harrison played the guitar solo in the instrumental break, while McCartney contributed a high-pitched, single-note solo over the final verse. MacDonald describes the musical arrangement as a "thunderous wall of sound". For the sounds of the aircraft that appear on the track, Scott created a tape loop from a recording of a Viscount turboprop stored in EMI's library.

After the other Beatles urged him to return, Starr rejoined the group on 4 September to participate in the filming of a promotional clip for their "Hey Jude" single. During a break in the filming, Marc Sinden (who appears in the film) recalls Lennon playing a song on his acoustic guitar. "Everyone went 'Wow' ... Filming started before we could ask what it was. When it was later released, we realised it was Back in the USSR."

Release
Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968, with "Back in the U.S.S.R." sequenced as the opening song. The jet aircraft landing sound at the close of the track was cross-faded with the start of the next song, "Dear Prudence". In 1969, Apple issued "Back in the U.S.S.R." as a single in Scandinavia, backed by Starr's composition "Don't Pass Me By". In 1973, three years after the Beatles' break-up, the song was included on the band's double album compilation 1967–1970, as one of only three tracks representing the White Album.

On 25 June 1976, the song was issued as a single by Parlophone in the UK to promote the compilation album Rock 'n' Roll Music. The B-side was "Twist and Shout", making it the first EMI single by the Beatles to include a non-original composition. It peaked at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart, number 11 in Ireland, and number 19 in Sweden. In September 2022, the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) awarded the song a silver certification for sales and streaming figures exceeding 200,000 units. EMI made a promotional film for the release, setting the song to footage of the Beatles visiting Amsterdam in 1964 and from their 1966 tour of West Germany. The single was subsequently included in the Beatles Singles Collection box set, released by EMI's World Division in December 1982, making it the 24th single in the series.

A version by Chubby Checker reached #86 in Canada, April 28, 1969.

Critical reception
In his album review for the NME, Alan Smith described the song as "A fantastic piece of screaming excitement. Great opener." Record Mirrors initial reviewer wrote: "The LP begins with a rock based, falsetto backed number called 'Back In The USSR' concerning the attributes of Russian women. Wild Harrison guitar and heavy brass lend that soul element as well." Writing for the same publication, David Griffiths described the song as a "perfectly ingenious" opening track, since:
[I]t serves the purpose of disorientating (both politically and socially) the "average" listener whose mind is likely to be thoroughly confused by such lines as "Back in the US, back in the US, back in the USSR," and the use of rock and Beach Boy effects to praise Russian chicks. With both Georgias on his mind, perhaps the listener is rendered more receptive. The message comes across that nothing is as simple as it seems and the violence of the beat effectively demonstrates that The Beatles have not gone soft, or too arty, or too far away from the basics, despite their fame and riches.

Writing in Partisan Review, Geoffrey Cannon said that The Beatles showed the band failing to engage with the contemporary rock audience in the manner that the Rolling Stones had done on their 1968 album Beggars Banquet. In Cannon's view: "The Beatles kick out the jams only in their hard rock numbers: 'Back in the U.S.S.R.', 'Birthday' and 'Helter Skelter'. But the eclecticism of the first two numbers makes them evanescent. They may intend to be good jokes about the Beach Boys, Chuck Berry and Little Richard; in fact, they hide behind these out-front stars." In his review for The New York Times, Nik Cohn similarly complained that "they hide behind send-up: the middle eight of 'Back in the U.S.S.R.,' for instance, is pure surf-age Beach Boys but it's all half-hearted and limp".

Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone described "Back in the U.S.S.R." as the "perfect example" of the Beatles' ability to quote from others' work and "expand the idiom, but... [also] to penetrate it and take it further" in a way that recent satirical albums by the Turtles and Frank Zappa had failed to do. He added: "It would be too simple to say that 'Back In the USSR' is a parody, because it operates on more levels than that: it is fine contemporary rock and roll and... also a superb commentary on the United States S. R., hitting every insight – 'honey, disconnect the phone.' As well as a parody, it's also a Beatles song." Richard Goldstein of The New York Times praised the double album's "burlesque of musical forms", saying that it represented "almost a mock-history of pop" in which "Back in the U.S.S.R." was "a rock primer, quoting the Jefferson Airplane, the Beach Boys, Jerry Lee Lewis and Ray Charles".

Tim Riley describes "Back in the U.S.S.R." as "Brian Wilson with sex appeal" and an example of how, further to "Lady Madonna", several of McCartney's 1968 compositions "straddle the ironic distance between genre treatments and fresh, inventive material that stands well on its own". In his book on the White Album, David Quantick cites the song as an example of McCartney's standing as "a master of pastiche and parody", adding that "In lesser, feebler, hands, 'Back in the U.S.S.R.' could have been a rotten comedy song, a weak parody tune, but McCartney – cocky, confident, and able to do almost anything musically – made it into something amazing." Quantick admires the three Beatles' musicianship and "hilarious" harmony vocals, and concludes: "The whole thing rocks – and rocks substantially more than the Beach Boys ever did." In a review coinciding with the album's 40th anniversary, John Bohannon of PopMatters similarly praised the band's performance, including the guitar work and a McCartney vocal that he deemed "one of the best hard rock vocal[s] delivered from below the belt".

In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked "Back in the U.S.S.R." at number 85 on the magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Beatles Songs". In a similar list compiled by Mojo in 2006, it appeared at number 64. In his commentary for the magazine, English singer Billy Bragg said that 1968 was when "our love affair with all things American began to turn sour", with the year marked by reports of US atrocities in Vietnam, the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, the gesture of African-American athletes introducing Black Power politics at the Mexico Olympic Games, and Richard Nixon's victory in the US presidential race. Bragg added: "By opening [the White Album] with this wonderful inversion of Chuck Berry's Back In The USA, The Beatles made clear whose side they were on... Subversive or just mischievous? You decide." In 2018, the music staff of Time Out London ranked the song at number 26 on their list of the best Beatles songs.

Political controversy and cultural significance
Like "Revolution" and "Piggies", "Back in the U.S.S.R." prompted immediate responses in the US from the New Left and the Right. Among the latter, the John Birch Society's magazine cited the song as further evidence of the Beatles' supposed pro-Soviet sentiments. The line "You don't know how lucky you are, boys" left many anti-communist groups stunned. In Riley's view, the song's mocking tone and communist setting thereby had "the desired effect of inciting the [ire]" of the John Birch Society, who misunderstood the lyrics' "sympathetic socialism".

Ian MacDonald described the song as "a rather tactless jest", given that the Soviet Army had recently invaded Czechoslovakia and thwarted that country's attempt to introduce democratic reforms. Some members of the New Left also criticised the Beatles for this gesture. During the 1960s, the Beatles were officially derided in the Soviet Union as the "belch of Western culture". David Noebel, a longstanding critic of the Beatles' influence on Western youth, said that: "The lyrics have left even the Reds speechless."

Writing for the website Russia Beyond, Tommy O'Callaghan describes "Back in the U.S.S.R." as a "parody that became a peace offering". He says that, just as the Beatles provided a source of unity with the West for contemporary Russian music fans, the band set out to mock the "new Western narrative" presented by both McCarthyism and the New Left. Aside from the send-ups of the Beach Boys, Berry's "flag-waving" song and Prime Minister Harold Wilson's 'I'm Backing Britain' campaign, O'Callaghan views the references to Russian girls as mocking the "perceived unsexiness" of Soviet culture and says that the song's true satirical qualities are in "its portrayal of Russians and Americans at parity".

Although the Beatles were never allowed to perform in the USSR, Elton John was permitted to visit the country in 1979 in a historic concert tour, which Billboard magazine referred to as the first there by an "out-and-out rock artist". He sang "Back in the U.S.S.R." as his closing song throughout the tour, ignoring an official request after his opening show that he not do so. Video from these concerts appeared in the documentary film To Russia with Elton.

In the 1980s McCartney was refused permission to perform in the USSR. In Barry Miles' 1997 book Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now, McCartney said that: "Probably my single most important reason for going to Russia would be to play ['Back in the U.S.S.R.']" According to The Moscow Times, when McCartney finally got to play the song on his Back in the World tour in Moscow's Red Square in May 2003, "the crowd went wild". When asked about the song before the concert, McCartney said he had known little about the Soviet Union when he wrote it and added: "It was a mystical land then. It's nice to see the reality. I always suspected that people had big hearts. Now I know that's true." In his autobiography, Good Vibrations, Mike Love writes: "'Back in the U.S.S.R.' was a helluva song, and it's lasted longer than the country."

In 1987, Billy Joel covered the song on his live-in-the-Soviet Union album Kontsert. Also released as a single, his version reached number 33 in Australia and number 44 in New Zealand. McCartney said in 1997 that Joel's adoption of "Back in the U.S.S.R." for his Russian concert tours had contributed to the "jokey" song's standing as "a bit of an anthem now".

On 4 July 1984, the Beach Boys played "Back in the U.S.S.R.", with Starr joining them as a special guest, during their Fourth of July concerts in Washington, DC, and Miami. In Love's recollection, the "irony" of an Englishman being part of the celebrations for America's independence from Britain "was not lost on Ringo". Starr told a reporter: "Happy Birthday [America]... Sorry we lost."

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn:

Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocal, backing vocal, piano, bass guitar, drums, lead guitar, handclaps, percussion
John Lennon – backing vocal, rhythm guitar, six-string bass, handclaps, drums, percussion
George Harrison – backing vocal, rhythm and lead guitars, bass, drums, handclaps, percussion

Charts

Certifications

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles' official website

1968 songs
The Beatles songs
Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Songs published by Northern Songs
Apple Records singles
Parlophone singles
1969 singles
1976 singles
1987 singles
Billy Joel songs
Chubby Checker songs
Jan and Dean songs
Dead Kennedys songs
Live singles
Songs about Russia
Answer songs
Musical parodies
Musical tributes to the Beach Boys
British rock-and-roll songs

Back in the U.S.S.R.


Snowleader est une entreprise française spécialisée dans le commerce de détail d'articles de sports de montagne en ligne et en magasins spécialisés. Créée en 2008 par Thomas Rouault et Gaëtan Bastard Rosset dans un garage du Grand Bornand, Snowleader  aujourd'hui son chiffre d'affaires à  (2021) et projette un CA entre  en 2022. L'activité de Snowleader s'articule autour de trois magasins situés à Annecy, Chamonix et Lyon ainsi que sur le site internet présent dans huit pays et traduit dans cinq langues.

Le siège social de l'entreprise est situé à Epagny Metz-Tessy (Haute-Savoie), son entrepôt logistique au Versoud (Isère) et emploie 158 salariés.

Historique
Snowleader est créée en  dans un garage du Grand Bornand de l'association de Thomas Rouault, anciennement passé par Nike et de Gaëtan Bastard Rosset, propriétaire d'un magasin d'articles de ski au Grand Bornand. Partant du constat qu'il manquait un e-commerçant français et spécialiste sur le marché de l'outdoor, ils décident de créer snowleader.com. En , la première version du site voit le jour et les premières ventes sont réalisées.

La première année, Snowleader enregistre un chiffre d'affaires de . Dès 2009, afin de pallier l'augmentation des commandes, Snowleader quitte son garage du Grand Bornand pour de nouveaux locaux à Alex et emploie sa première salariée.

En 2012 a lieu la première levée de fonds.  sont alors récoltés auprès de banques régionales afin de dynamiser la croissance de Snowleader. Face au développement rapide de l'enseigne, Snowleader réalise un nouveau tour de table en 2015 pour un montant 2,4 millions d'euros. Cette nouvelle levée de fonds marque le début du développement international de l'entreprise avec le lancement du site Anglais et l'ouverture de son premier magasin physique à Annecy.

En 2016, Snowleader déménage pour de plus grands locaux à Chavanod. Ce déménagement accompagne le développement international et la croissance des commandes.

2017 et 2018 voient l'ouverture de deux nouveaux magasins à Chamonix et Lyon pour les dix ans de l'entreprise. En 2020, Snowleader passe la barre des  de chiffre d'affaires. En 2021, elle acquiert ainsi un nouvel entrepôt logistique de , situé au Versoud. En parallèle, l'entreprise déménage son siège social à Epagny Metz-Tessy pour accueillir ses effectifs grandissants.

La structuration de l'entreprise lui permet d'envisager un CA pour 2025 de .

Activités
Snowleader est un site de vente en ligne spécialisé dans la vente de vêtements et de matériel de montagne. L'entreprise de dimension européenne, réalise la moitié de son CA à l'export avec l'ambition de développer Snowleader aux Pays-Bas et en Scandinavie dans les années à venir. En 2022, Snowleader compte huit sites distincts (France, Italie, Suisse, Allemagne, Espagne, Autriche, Belgique et Royaume-Uni) traduits en quatre langues différentes (allemand, anglais, espagnol et italien).

Snowleader possède également trois magasins spécialisés à Annecy, Chamonix et Lyon.

En 2021 Snowleader lance sa fondation d'entreprise avec un don de départ de . L'objectif est de soutenir des projets associatifs attachés à la protection des espaces naturels en montagne et de promouvoir la pratique des sports de montagne auprès du plus grand nombre.

Identité
Snowleader possède une identité haut-savoyarde, spécialisée sur les sujets liés aux sports de montagne et de glisse. L'entreprise s'est notamment faite connaître par l'intermédiaire de sa mascotte, une vache surnommée Zoé, mais surtout pour son goût pour le reblochon. Pour cela, l'entreprise qui se surnomme la « Reblochon Company », offre à tous ses clients un reblochon pour une commande au-dessus de . En 2018, l'entreprise offre des préservatifs au goût de reblochon afin de soutenir le Sidaction.

Snowleader commercialise sa propre collection de vêtements et d'équipements et distribue un magazine nommé Mountain Spirit édité à plus de .

Siège social et entrepôt logistique

Siège social
En 2021 Snowleader inaugure son nouveau siège social de  proche d'Annecy dans la ville d'Epagny Metz-Tessy. Le bâtiment conçu par l'architecte Gabriel Dussuyer est labellisé « Effinergie », garantissant une basse consommation d'énergie. Le bâtiment comprend un mur d'escalade, une salle de sport, une salle de repos, un terrain de pétanque, une crèche et même un toboggan reliant les étages.

Centre logistique
Accompagnant la construction du nouveau siège social, Snowleader emménage en 2021 dans un nouveau centre logistique situé près de Grenoble, au Versoud. Équipé de la technologie de préparation de commandes AutoStore et passant d'une surface de  à .

Ambassadeurs et athlètes
Regroupés au sein de la « Rebloch'Team », Snowleader possède une vingtaine d'athlètes et ambassadeurs sous contrat, pratiquant diverses disciplines en montagne incluant l'alpinisme, le ski, le ski de fond, l'escalade, le trail-running, la randonnée, le parapente, etc. Les principaux ambassadeurs et athlètes sont Robin Duvillard, Enak Gavaggio, Julien Chorier et Rémi Camus.

Chiffres
Snowleader possède :
 un siège social de  à Epagny Metz-Tessy ;
 un centre logistique de  au Versoud ;
 1 boutique à Chamonix ;
 1 boutique à Lyon ;
 1 boutique à Annecy ;
 8 sites (France, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Espagne, Italie et Suisse).

Références

Entreprise ayant son siège en France

Snowleader


Crkva sv. Vida s grobljem u selu Segetu Gornjem, općina Seget, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva sv. Vida u Segetu Gornjem kraj Trogira jednobrodna je građevina od kamena s pravokutnom apsidom, neraščlanjenih zidova, drvenog krovišta s pokrovom od kamenih ploča. Apsida je zasvođena polukalotom na trompama. Crkva je romanička građevina 13. st. koja u sebi sadržava predromaničke slojeve 10. st. Portal sadrži predromanički nadvoj s tri urezana latinska križa, a nekadašnji njegov viseći luk pregrađen je u obliku izbočenog i plitkog rustično sazidanog trijema. Dvije konzole visećeg luka imaju urezane simbole križa dok se na sjevernoj nalazi i natpis IOANES. Uokolo crkvice je kasnosrednjovjekovno groblje s nadgrobnim pločama i stećcima ukrašenim reljefima i crtežima.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4569 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićeni sakralni kompleksi u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Seget
Groblja u Hrvatskoj
Seget

Crkva sv. Vida u Segetu Gornjem


චීන දින දර්ශනය යනු,  චන්ද්‍ර දින දසුනක ලක්ෂණ හා  සූර්ය දින දසුනක ලක්ෂණ අඩංගු කොට ගත් චන්ද්‍ර සූර්ය දින දසුනකි.

චීන ජාතිකයන්ගේ සහ බොහොමයක් අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ ජාතීන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික දිනදසුන  චීන දිනදසුන ලෙස හැඳන්වේ. මෙ දින දසුන සූර්ය දිනදසුන සහ චන්ද්‍ර දින දසුන එක්කර සෑදූ දින දසුනකි.

ව්‍යුහය

දින
දිනයක් මධ්‍යම රාත්‍රියේ සිට මධ්‍යම රාත්‍රිය දක්වා වෙයි.

සුමාන
සුමාන වර්ග කීපයක් ඇත.

මාස
අමාවක දිනයේ ඇරඹී අව තුදුස්වක දිනයෙන් අවසන්වේ.

අවුරුද්දු වර්ග

සූර්ය අවුරුද්ද

(සාමාන්‍ය) අවුරුද්ද

සැමරුම් දින

චීන දිනදසුන
චන්ද්‍ර සූර්ය දිනදසුන්

චීන දින දර්ශනය


Osterby Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 9,84 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 927 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Robert Ott tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-huetten.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Osterby (Rendsburg-Eckernförde)


බග්ස් බනී යනු 1930 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී Warner Bros. Cartoons හිදී නිර්මාණය කරන ලද සජීවිකරණ කාටූන් චරිතයක් වන අතර මුලින් හඬ දුන්නේ Mel Blanc විසිනි.

බග්ස් බනී වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ වන්නේ වෝනර් බ්‍රදර්ස් විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද සජීවිකරණ කෙටි චිත්‍රපට මාලාවේ ලූනි ටියුන්ස් සහ මෙරී මෙලඩීස් මාලාවේ ඔහුගේ චරිත නිරූපණය සඳහා ය ටෙක්ස් ඇවරිගේ A Wild Hare (1940) . Bob Givens, Chuck Jones සහ Robert McKimson බග්ස් බනී නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා ගෞරවය හිමි වේ.

බග්ස් බනී


En Arabie saoudite, l'Almezmar désigne une danse. Pratiquée pendant les célébrations, cette représentation est effectuée par des hommes munis de bâton. En 2016, à la suite d'une décision de l'UNESCO, « l'Almezmar, danse du bâton au son des tambours » est inscrit sur la liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité.

Description
Dans la communauté hedjazie, Almezmar, ou Almizmar, est une danse pratiquée par un nombre d'hommes allant de quinze à cent, à l'occasion de mariage ou de fêtes nationales. Les participants font tournoyer des cannes en bambou, battent des tambours et frappent des mains, sur des chants dont les thèmes varient : l'amour, la chevalerie, l'héroïsme, la générosité ainsi que l'éloge. Avant l'époque contemporaine, cette pratique avait une connotation belliqueuse et compétitive. Elle est comparable à la danse tahtib, qui est exécutée au Soudan et en Égypte. En dépit du nom mizmar, qui désigne une flute, l'accompagnement musical ne comporte pas d'instrument à vent, mais du tambour et du chant.
Les praticiens, vêtus de longues robes blanches, se placent en deux rangées qui se font face. On jour du tambour et les chefs de rang interprètent des chants. Les deux rangées forment des chœurs qui se répondent. Pendant ce temps, des duos de danseurs font tournoyer des bâtons, parfois à proximité du feu ou d'objets.

Seuls les hommes se produisent : si les femmes peuvent confectionner les costumes ou chanter et danser à des occasions privées, les participants aux occasions publiques sont exclusivement masculins. La tradition se perpétue par l'observation et la pratique, par des groupes d'artistes. Des artisans fabriquent les tambours et les bâtons.

Reconnaissance
En 2016, cet art intègre la liste représentative du patrimoine culturel de l'humanité à la suite d'une décision de l'Unesco, sous le nom officiel « L'Almezmar, danse du bâton au son des tambours ». La description rédigée par cette institution mentionne le caractère divertissant de cette pratique, le rôle qu'elle joue pour la mémoire collective, ainsi que les bénéfices fédérateur et identitaire.

Notes et références

Danse au patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité
Genre de danse
Danse en Arabie saoudite

Mezmar


La Interestatal 80 (abreviada I-80) es una autopista interestatal ubicada en el estado de Nevada. La autopista inicia en el Oeste desde la  en la frontera con California hacia el Este en la  en la frontera con Utah. La autopista tiene una longitud de 660,9 km (410.674 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras federales, la Interestatal 80 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Nevada por sus siglas en inglés Nevada DOT.

Cruces
La Interestatal 80 es atravesada principalmente por la  en Reno en Fernley cerca de Lovelock en Winnemucca en Wells en West Wendover.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Nevada DOT
 Lista de ciudades servidas por autopistas interestatales
 Lista de Autopistas por estado

Carreteras interestatales de Nevada

Interestatal 80 (Nevada)


1812 Uvertürü, Pyotr İlyiç Çaykovski tarafından bestelenmiş orkestral bir çalışma.

Rusya'ya karşı düzenlenen, ancak başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan Fransız saldırısından ve takibindeki Napolyon'un Grande Armée'nin yıkıcı geri çekilişinden ve Napolyon Savaşları'nın 1812 yılındaki büyük dönüm noktasından bahseder. Bu çalışma daha çok bazen gerçekleştirilen top atışları ile tanınır, özellikle açık hava festivallerinde yapılır ve gerçek toplar kullanılır. Bestenin Birleşik Devletler ve Birleşik Krallık arasında olan 1812 Savaşı ile herhangi bir bağlantısı olmasa da, ABD'de diğer vatanseverlik müzikleri ile beraber çalınmaktadır.

Uvertürün ilk sahne gösterisi 20 Ağustos 1882 tarihinde, Moskova'daki Kurtarıcı İsa Katedrali'nde olmuştur.

Eser, V for Vendetta filminin kapanış sahnesinde ve Risk adlı bilgisayar oyununun ana menüsünde kullanılmıştır.

Çaykovski'nin eserleri
Uvertürler
Napolyon Savaşları

1812 Uvertürü


جماعة البركانيين (إبرشانن) هي منطقة تطل على البحر الأبيض المتوسط توجد بين مدينة الناظور وبركان هي منطقة يحكمها محمد بجاوي منذ تأسيسها سنة 1992 التي يبلغ عدد سكانها 2220 شخص.
رغم مواردها الطبيعية فلا تملك أي منطقة سياحية
زار هذه المنطقة العديد من الملوك من بينهم الأدارسة والوطاسيون
يعاني أبناء المنطقة من الفقر والهشاشة والحكم الغير الشرعي من الجماعة القروية للجماعة القروية
7 مدارس ابتدائية
مستوصف بدون طبيب أو ممرض
طرق غير مزفتة
25 قارب بحري
قصر الجماعة

بالنسبة للتيار الكهربائي فهو مسير من طرف المكتب الوطني للكهرباء وتشكل نسبة التغطية بالجماعة 100في المائة بإستثناء دوار «شوذنا» الذي ألحق بالجماعة مؤخرا وكان محط اهتمام المسؤولين خلال عدة توصيات، وللجماعة الدور كله من خلال الإمكانيات الذاتية في بادرة التزود بالكهرباء، وبميزانية تقدر ب 114مليون سنتيم

وبخصوص الإنارة العمومية رغم أن الجماعة لم تغطى كليا إلا أنه تجمعها إتفاقية مع المكتب الوطني للكهرباء لتشمل جل الدواوير المتبقية في أفق أواخر 2010
بالرغم من أن جماعة البركانيين تستفيد من مداخيل التزود بالماء الصالح للشرب وقلة الرواج التجاري بها ويعد الصيد البحري بها بدائيا وتقليديا وافتقارها إلى السوق الأسبوعي وكثرة تضاريسها الوعرة، إلا أن حسن التسيير يحسب لصالحها ويجعلها محط اهتمام من لدن مجموعة من الجماعات المتواجدة بالمنطقة الشرقية، وكانت محل اهتمام وتنويه غير ما مرة من لدن عمالة الإقليم، نظرا لاكتفائها الذاتي وعدم عجزها من حيث الميزانية منذ إحداثها وخلال تقلد الرئيس الحالي لزمام امورها

يعتمدون أبناء المطقة بنسب./.83.5 على الفلاحة والصيد التقلدي

التقسيم الإداري
من بين القرى والدواوير المكونة لجماعة إحدادن نجد:
أولاد إسماعيل، أولاد يوسف، إهرويلن، بويجرا، أولاد يوسف، زعلوق

مراجع

جماعات قروية في الجهة الشرقية
أماكن مأهولة في إقليم الناظور
جماعات قروية في المغرب

البركانيين