بدأت العصور الوسطى العليا تقريبًا في العام 1000، واستمرت نحو ثلاثمئة سنة حتى عام 1300، والتي كانت تمثل فترة من التاريخ الأوروبي. سبقت هذه الفترة فترةُ العصور الوسطى المبكرة، وتلتها فترة أواخر العصور الوسطى معلنةً نهاية هذا العصر في عام 1500 (وفقًا للمواثيق التأريخية).

شملت التوجهات التاريخية الرئيسية في فترة العصور الوسطى العليا التزايد السكاني الهائل والسريع، الأمر الذي أحدث تغييرًا اجتماعيًا وسياسيًا كبيرًا عن العصر الذي سبقه، وشملت النهضة في القرن الثاني عشر، بما في ذلك أولى التطورات في الهجرة القروية والتحضر. أدى هذا النمو السكاني الهائل إلى نمو الاقتصاد الأوروبي إلى حد كبير بحلول عام 1250، حيث بلغ مستوياتٍ لم تكن لتظهر مرة أخرى في بعض المناطق حتى القرن التاسع عشر. توقفت قرون النمو والازدهار في أوروبا مع تأثر أهم عناصرها -النمو السكاني- بسلسة من الكوارث في أواخر العصور الوسطى، لعل أبرز هذه الكوارث كان مرض الطاعون (الموت الأسود) الذي تسبب في موت ثلث سكان القارة، بل وأيضًا ما شهدته من حروب وركود اقتصادي.

شهدت أوروبا آخر الغزوات الهمجية (البربرية) نحو عام 780، لتصبح من بعدها أكثر تنظيمًا من الناحية الاجتماعية والسياسية. حفز عصر النهضة الكارولنجية كلًا من النشاط العلمي والفلسفي على النهوض في شمال أوروبا، وبدأت أولى الجامعات العمل في بولونيا، وباريس، وأكسفورد، وسامانكا، وكامبريدج، ومودينا. اتخذت شعوب الفايكنغ من الجزر البريطانية وفرنسا أرضًا لتستقر فيها بالإضافة إلى أماكن أخرى، حيث بدأت الممالك المسيحية في الشمال بالتطور في أوطانها الإسكندنافية. ومع توقف التوسع المجري في القرن العاشر، أصبحت مملكة المجر المسيحية دولة معترفًا بها في أوروبا الوسطى، وتكوّن تحالفات مع القوى الإقليمية، كان ذلك بحلول عام 1000. توقفت عمليات التوغل البدوية الرئيسية في القرن الثالث عشر باستثناءٍ قصير لغزوات المغول. أفسحت الإمبراطورية البيزنطية تحت حكم السلالة المقدونية و«الكومنينيونية» بقوتها المجال تدريجيًا أمام إحياء صربيا وبلغاريا وقيام دولة صليبية وريثة (1204 وحتى 1261)، الأمر الذي قاوم تهديدات السلاجقة الأتراك المستمرة في آسيا الصغرى.

بدأ سكان شمال جبال الألب في القرن الحادي عشر بالاستيطان بشكل مكثف أكثر، مُستهدفين أراضي «جديدة»، وعادت بعض المناطق إلى البرية بعد نهاية الإمبراطورية الرومانية الغربية. وفي ما يُعرف بـ«المساحات الشاسعة»، قام الأوروبيون بحراثة وزرع بعض الغابات والسَبَخات الشاسعة التي تقع في جزء كبير من أنحاء القارة، لكن وفي الوقت نفسه، انتقل المستوطنون إلى ما هو أبعد من الحدود التقليدية لإمبراطورية الفرنجة؛ إلى حدود جديدة وراء نهر «إلبه»، الأمر الذي ضاعف حجم ألمانيا بهذه العملية إلى ثلاثة أمثاله. دعت الكنيسة الكاثوليكية -التي بلغت ذروة قوتها السياسية في ذلك الوقت- الجيوش من جميع أنحاء أوروبا إلى سلسلة من الحملات الصليبية ضد السلاجقة الأتراك. احتل الصليبيون على إثرها الأراضي المقدسة، وأسسوا الدول الصليبية في بلاد الشام. أدت حروب أخرى إلى مزيد من الحملات سُميت بالحملات الصليبية الشمالية. استولت الممالك المسيحية على جزء كبير من شبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية، التي كان يحكمها المسلمون، وغزا «النورمانديون» شمالًا باتجاه الجنوب الإيطالي، حيث التزايد في التعداد السكاني.

أنتجت القرون الوسطى العليا أنواعًا مختلفة من الأعمال الفكرية والروحية والفنية. شهد ذلك العصر أيضًا نهوضًا للنزعة العرقية، التي تحولت في وقت لاحق إلى قوميات مدنية حديثة في معظم أنحاء أوروبا، ونهوضًا للمدن الإيطالية الكبرى، بالإضافة إلى الحضارة الأندلسية الإسلامية وسقوطها في وقت لاحق. أدى اكتشاف أعمال أرسطو في بادئ الأمر عبر الفلسفة اليهودية والإسلامية في القرون الوسطى، وبطريقة غير مباشرة، إلى قيام كلٍ من موسى بن ميمون، وابن سينا، وابن رشد، وتوما الأكويني، ومفكرين آخرين في تلك الفترة بتوسيع نطاق الفكر السكولاستي (المدرسي أو المكتبي)، مزيج من الإيديولوجيات اليهودية الإسلامية والكاثوليكية والفلسفة القديمة. ظلت القسطنطينية في أغلب هذه الفترة المدينة الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في أوروبا، وبلغ الفن البيزنطي ذروته في القرن الثاني عشر. في مجال الهندسة المعمارية، بُني العديد من الكاتدرائيات القوطية خلال تلك الفترة أو استُكملت.

بدأت أزمة العصور الوسطى في بداية القرن الرابع عشر والتي كانت نهاية هذه الفترة.

الأحداث التاريخية والسياسية

بريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا
أسفر الغزو النورماندي في إنجلترا عام 1066 عن مملكة تحت حكم طبقة من النبلاء الناطقين بالفرنسية. دخل النورمانديون أيرلندا بالقوة عام 1169، وسرعان ما أسسوا أنفسهم في مختلف أنحاء البلاد، رغم أن حِصنهم الأساسي كان في الجنوب الشرقي من البلاد. على نحو مماثل، أُخضعت اسكتلندا وويلز في ذات الوقت تقريبًا، رغم أن اسكتلندا قد أكدت استقلالها في وقت لاحق. ظلت ويلز تحت حكم الأمراء الوطنيين المستقلين، حتى وفاة «ليولين أب غروفيد» في عام 1282. تأسست خزانة الدولة في القرن الثاني عشر تحت حكم الملك هنري الأول وعقدت البرلمانات الأولى. وقع الملك جون على «الوثيقة العظمى» لتُصبح قانونًا يُقيّد سلطة الملوك الإنجليز، وذلك بعد خسارة النورمانديين عام 1215.

إسبانيا والبرتغال وإيطاليا
احتل الموريون جزءًا كبيرًا من شبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية بعد عام 711، رغم أن الجزء الذي في أقصى الشمال كان مُقسمًا بين عدة دول مسيحية. أخرجت الممالك المسيحية في الشمال المسلمين تدريجيًا من وسط أيبيريا وجنوبها في القرن الحادي عشر، ومرة أخرى في القرن الثالث عشر.

نمَت دول المدن المُستقلة في إيطاليا عبر التجارة البحرية الشرقية، حيث كانت كل من بيزا وأمالفي وجنوة وفينسيا (البندقية) دولةً ثالاسوقرطية (أي الدول التي تُسيطر على الأقاليم البحرية، أو ما يُعرف بالإمبراطوريات البحرية).

إسكندنافيا
كانت الممالك الإسكندنافية منذ منتصف القرن العاشر وحتى منتصف القرن الحادي عشر موحدةً وتتبع الديانة المسيحية، الأمر الذي أدى إلى إنهاء هجمات شعب الفايكنغ، وذهب الكثير منهم للانخراط في السياسة الأوروبية. بسط ملك الدنمارك كنوت العظيم حكمه على كل من إنجلترا والنرويج حتى وفاته في عام 1035، لتنتهي الهيمنة الدانماركية في المنطقة مع الهزيمة التي أٌلحقت بالملك فلاديمار الثاني عام 1227. وسعت النروج من الناحية الأخرى نطاق ممتلكاتها على ضفتي بحر البلطيق. بيد أن النفوذ النرويجي بدأ بالانخفاض فعلًا، في الفترة ذاتها التي اتسمت بمعاهدة بيرث لعام 1266. بالإضافة إلى اندلاع الحروب الأهلية في النرويج في عام 1130 وحتى عام 1240.

فرنسا وألمانيا
مع بداية فترة العصور الوسطى العليا، كانت الإمبراطورية الكارولنجية قد قُسمت واستُبدل بها ممالك وريثة ومنفصلة تُدعى فرنسا وألمانيا، حتى وإن لم تكن بحدودها الحديثة. كانت ألمانيا تحت راية الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة، التي بلغت أعلى درجات الوحدة والقوة السياسية.

جورجيا
نمَت مملكة جورجيا بقوة أثناء الحكم الناجح لملكها ديفيد الرابع بين عامي 1089-1125، وطردت الإمبراطوريةَ السلجوقية من أراضيها. اعتُبر النصر الحاسم الذي حققه الملك ديفيد في معركة ديدجوري عام 1121 ضد السلاجقة الأتراك بداية العصر الذهبي الجورجي، كونها أسفرت عن استعادة جورجيا عاصمتها المسلوبة تبليسي. واصلت الملكة تامار، حفيدة الملك ديفيد، صعودها المستمر، إذ نجحت في تحييد المعارضة الداخلية والشروع في سياسة خارجية نشطة، مُستعينة بالضعف والانحدار المتزايد لأعدائها من السلاجقة الأتراك. وتمكنت من التأسيس على النجاحات التي حققها أسلافها في تعزيز إمبراطورية كانت تُهيمن على أراضٍ شاسعة ممتدة من جنوب روسيا -التي نعرفها الآن- على البحر الأسود وصولًا إلى بحر قزوين، وذلك بالاعتماد على نُخبة قواتها العسكرية.

انظر أيضاً
 عصور وسطى
 التسلسل الزمني للعصور الوسطى

مراجع

العصور الوسطى
أوروبا في القرن 11
أوروبا في القرن 12
أوروبا في القرن 13
انحلالات القرن 13 في أوروبا
تأسيسات القرن 11 في أوروبا

العصور الوسطى العليا


توبوليف تو-80 هي نموذج تجريبي لقاذفة قنابل سوفيتية، وهي نمذج ذو مدا أطول من القاذفة السابقة توبوليف تو-4 وبدء العمل بها بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية. تم إلغاء المشروع عام 1949 من أجل إفساح المجال لمشروع توبوليف تو-85 التي قدمت مدى طيران أطول. استخدم نموذج الطائرة في عدد من التجارب قبل أن يتم استخدامه كهدف.

المواصفات

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طائرات توبوليف
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قاذفات قنابل سوفيتية 1940–1949
قاذفة قنابل إستراتيجية
مشاريع متروكة لطائرات عسكرية تابعة للاتحاد السوفيتي
طائرات ذات أجنحة وسطية

توبوليف تو-80


Pantherios Skleros (; * um 900; † nach 945) entstammte der alten byzantinischen Magnatenfamilie der Skleroi, diente unter Kaiser Romanos I. Lakapenos (920–944) als Feldherr, war Stratege des Thema Lykandos und des Thema Thrakesion und wurde 944 Domestikos ton scholon (etwa: Oberkommandierender der Streitkräfte im Osten). Seine wahre Bedeutung liegt jedoch darin, dass er der Vater des Feldherrn und Gegenkaisers Bardas Skleros (* um 925; † 991), der Schwiegervater von Kaiser Johannes Tzimiskes (969–976) und der Großvater von Theophano (* um 960; † 991), der Gemahlin von Kaiser Otto II. (973–983) war. Er war auch ein Vorfahre von Konstantin X. Dukas, Kaiser von Byzanz (1059–1067), und der späteren Großfürsten von Kiew und damit gemeinsamer Ahne byzantinischer und westlicher Dynastien.

Herkunft
Pantherios Skleros entstammte dem byzantinischen Adelsgeschlecht der Skleroi (griechisch ). Als dessen erster namentlich bekannter Stammvater gilt Leon Skleros, der als Feldherr unter Kaiser Nikephoros I. diente und 805 in der Chronik des Hafens Monemvasia als Stratege (etwa: Militärgouverneur) der Peloponnes auftritt, da er damit beauftragt war, dort einen lokalen Aufstand der Slawen zu unterdrücken. Als seine Heimat wird Kleinarmenien (der westliche unter byzantinischer Kontrolle stehende Teil von Armenien) angegeben, weshalb ihm traditionell eine armenische Herkunft zugeschrieben wird. Die Familie lässt sich in Konstantinopel bis in das 14. Jahrhundert nachweisen.

Der Vater des Pantherios war nach Christian Settipani Niketas Skleros (* um 865; † n. 894), der den hohen Titel eines Patrikios führte.

Der Vorname seiner Mutter ist nicht bekannt. Sie wurde als Verwandte von Kaiser Romanos I. beschrieben und war vermutlich eine Tochter des Christophoros, der 872 Domestikos ton scholon war, und der kaiserlichen Prinzessin Anastasia, einer Tochter von Basileios I. "dem Makedonier" Kaiser von Byzanz (866–886). Durch seine Mutter war Pantherios demnach ein Nachkomme von Kaiser Basileios I.
Die Schwester seiner Mutter, Maria, war mit Romanos I. Lekapenos, Kaiser von Byzanz (920–944) verheiratet, der dadurch zum angeheirateten Onkel von Pantherios wurde.

Leben
Über das Leben des Pantherios Skleros sind auf Grund der dürftigen Quellenlage wenige Details bekannt. Sein Vorname kommt in byzantinischen Quellen nicht vor und ist nur in arabischen Quellen – und daher ohne Vokale – überliefert. Er konnte nach mehreren Deutungsversuchen erst durch die Arbeit von J.-C. Cheynet im Jahre 1986 eindeutig als "Pantherios" identifiziert werden. Ein Vorname, der – entsprechend der byzantinischen Tradition – auch von seinem Enkel getragen wurde.

Pantherios schlug die in der Aristokratie übliche militärische Laufbahn ein, die durch seine engen familiären Beziehungen durch den regierenden Kaiser von Byzanz Romanos I. Lekapenos in den Jahren 920 bis 944 entscheidend gefördert wurde.

Stratege des Thema Lykandos

Pantherios stieg die militärische Rangleiter rasch hinauf und wurde zum Strategen des Thema Lykandos (griechisch ) ernannt. Diese Provinz lag im Südosten Kleinasiens – und damit direkt an der Grenze des Byzantinischen Reiches zu den islamischen Emiraten in Mesopotamien, wie etwa dem von Melitene und dem von Mossul. Es war eine Grenze, die durch wechselnde islamische Angriffe und christliche Gegenangriffe und durch sehr wechselhafte Erfolge gekennzeichnet war, bis sie unter dem Schwiegersohn des Pantherios, Kaiser Johannes Tzimiskes (969–976), bis zum Euphrat vorgeschoben werden konnte.

Stratege des Thema Thrakesion
Das nächste Kommando, das Pantherios übertragen wurde, war die Funktion eines Strategos in einem der bedeutendsten Provinzen des Reiches: im Thema Thrakesion (griechisch ). Dieses lag in Westanatolien. In diesem Thema kommandierte Pantherios eine über 10.000 Mann starke Armee, bezog ein hohes Gehalt (etwa 40 Pfund Gold im Jahr) und residierte wohl zumeist in der regionalen Hauptstadt Ephesos, die nicht nur erheblich komfortabler und sicherer, sondern auch viel näher zu Konstantinopel, dem Zentrum der Macht, war. Es fehlte ihm nicht an militärischen Aufgaben, nicht zuletzt wegen der Einfälle der Sarazenen und da die lokalen Truppen auch zu Expeditionen gegen das islamische Emirat in Kreta eingesetzt wurden.

Domestikos ton scholon
Als erfolgreicher General wurde Pantheros schließlich 944 von Kaiser Romanos I. zum Domestikos ton scholon, d. h., zum Oberkommandierenden sämtlicher Truppen des Reiches im Osten, ernannt und gelangte dadurch an die Spitze der militärischen Hierarchie. Diese Position sollte er jedoch nicht lange behalten. Schon bei seiner ersten Expedition wurde er durch Saif al-Dawla im Dezember nahe Aleppo besiegt.

Kaiser Romanos I. Lekapenos hatte die Macht im Jahre 920 durch Verdrängung des legitimen Erben, seines Schwiegersohnes Kaiser Konstantin VII., an sich gerissen. Da seine Söhne Stephan und Konstantin fürchteten, ihr Vater könnte Konstantin zu seinem Nachfolger ernennen, verhafteten sie ihn im Dezember 944, schafften ihn auf die Prinzeninseln und zwangen ihn, Mönch zu werden.
Die Aktion erwies sich jedoch als Fehlschlag, da die Bevölkerung von Konstantinopel gegen diese Usurpation rebellierte, die Brüder ihres kaiserlichen Ranges entkleidete, zu ihrem Vater auf die Prinzeninseln verbannte und Kaiser Konstantin als Alleinherrscher anerkannte.

Sturz
Die Entmachtung des Kaisers Romanos I. Lekapenos im Jahre 944 führte gleichzeitig zum Sturz seiner Günstlinge. So wurde dadurch nicht nur der berühmte General Joannes Kurukas – der Großonkel von Pantheros' Schwiegersohn, dem späteren Kaiser Johannes Tzimiskes – entlassen, sondern auch die militärischen Karriere des Pantherios Skleros beendet. Er wurde im Jahre 945 auf Befehl des neuen Alleinherrschers Konstantin VII. Porphyrogennetos (913–959) als Domestikos abgelöst und durch Bardas Phokas dem Älteren ersetzt, der gleichfalls einem der großen Häuser der anatolischen Militäraristokratie entstammte und der Vater des späteren Kaisers Nikephoros II. Phokas (963–969) war.

Kaiser Romanos I., der Pantherios während seiner ganzen Laufbahn gefördert hatte, starb im Juni 948 und wurde in der von ihm 922 als Grablege seiner Familie gegründeten Palastkirche Myrelaion (wörtlich: "Platz der Myrrhe"), heute Bodrum-Moschee (Bodrum Camii) im Bezirk Fatih, begraben.

Über das Sterbedatum von Pantherios Skleros liegen keine Angaben vor, da er nach 945 in den Quellen nicht mehr aufscheint.

Ehe und Nachkommen
Pantherios Skleros war mit Gregoria (* c. 905), einem Mitglied der Makedonischen Dynastie verheiratet. Ihr Vater war Bardas, der wiederum ein Enkel des gleichnamigen Bruders von Basileios I. "dem Makedonier" Kaiser von Byzanz (866–886) war.

Nachkommen (selektiv):

 Bardas Skleros (* 925; † 991), 970 Domestikos ton scholon, Rebell und Gegenkaiser 976–979, Rebell 986–989, Kuropalates 991, ⚭ Ne Bourtzina
 Romanos Skleros (* 955; † n. 993), Magistros, ⚭ Ne Tochter (?) v. Abu Taglib, muslimischer Emir von Mossul
 Bardas Skleros (* c. 980) ⚭ Ne
 Romanos Skleros (* 1010; † n. 1055), Kuropalates (etwa: kaiserlicher Obersthofmeister), c. 1055, Dux (Statthalter) von Antiochia am Orontes 1054, ⚭ Ne
 Maria Skleraina (* 1010/15; † 1042/50) Geliebte von Konstantin IX., Kaiser von Byzanz (1042–1055)
 Maria Monomachia († 1067) ⚭ 1046 Wsewolod I., Großfürst von Kiew (1078–1093) (Nachkommen)
 Basileios Skleros (* 980/85; † n. 1033), Patrikios, ⚭ Pulcheria Argyra, eine Schwester des Kaisers Romanos III. Argyros (1028–1034)
 Ne Skleraina (* c. 1010; † v. 1042) ⚭ Konstantin IX., Kaiser von Byzanz (1042–1055) (keine Kinder)
 Ne Skeraina ⚭ Andronikos Dukas (* 930)
 Bardas Dukas (* 955; † n. 1016), General 976–1016, ⚭ Ne
 Andronikos Dukas (* 975; † n. 1010), Protospatharios, Strategos, ⚭ Ne
 Konstantin X. Dukas, Kaiser von Byzanz (1059–1067) (Nachkommen)
 Maria Skleraina ⚭ Johannes Tzimiskes (Johannes "Rotstiefel") Kurukas, (* 930/35; † 963/69) Kaiser von Byzanz (969–976) (keine Kinder)
 Konstantinos Skleros (* c. 935; † 991), 970 Patrikios, & Sophia Phokaina
 Theophano (Theophanu) Skleraina (* c. 960; † 991) ⚭ 972 Otto II., Römischer Kaiser (973–983)
 Otto III., Römischer Kaiser (996–1002)
 Mathilde (Lothringen) (* 979; † 1025) ⚭ Ezzo, Pfalzgraf von Lothringen (am Rhein) († 1034) (Nachkommen in weiblicher Linie bis in die Gegenwart)

Literatur
 Christian Settipani: Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes Caucasiens et l´empire du VIe au IXe siècle. De Boccard, Paris 2006, ISBN 978-2-7018-0226-8.
 Werner Seibt: Die Skleroi. Eine Prosographisch-Sigillographische Studie. Wien 1976.
 Warren Treadgold: A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press, Stanford 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
 Mark Whittow: The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. California: University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles 1996, ISBN 0-520-20496-4.

Einzelnachweise

Militärperson (Byzantinisches Reich)
Geboren im 9. oder 10. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 10. Jahrhundert
Mann

Pantherios Skleros


Juan Santamaría International Airport  er en lufthavn ved Costa Ricas hovedstad San José. Den er beliggende ved Alajuela, 20 km vest fra centrum af kantonet San José.

I 2015 betjente lufthavnen 4.316.279 passagerer og havde 79.441 start- og landinger, hvilket gjorde den til Costa Ricas travleste, og Mellemamerikas anden travleste efter Tocumen International Airport i Panama.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Juan Santamaría International Airports officielle hjemmeside

Lufthavne i Costa Rica
Etableret i 1958

Juan Santamaría International Airport


An Paspalum mutabile in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Mary Agnes Chase. An Paspalum mutabile in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum mutabile


Barić (plemstvo), hrvatska plemička obitelj iz Bačke
 Barić (prezime), hrvatsko prezime

Barić


A Classe Des Moines foi uma classe de cruzadores pesados operados pela Marinha dos Estados Unidos. Doze navios foram originalmente encomendados, porém nove foram cancelados entre 1945 e 1946, deixando apenas três para serem finalizados. O projeto da Classe Des Moines foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de acomodar os novos canhões de 203 milímetros de disparo rápido, desenvolvidos com o objetivo de sanar problemas de cadência de tiro das armas de cruzadores pesados anteriores. A instalação dessas novas armas necessitou navios de dimensões muito maiores, o que também permitiu que os projetistas incorporassem um esquema de blindagem maior e mais fortalecido.

Os cruzadores da Classe Des Moines eram armados com uma bateria principal composta por nove canhões de 203 milímetros montados em três torres de artilharia triplas. Tinham um comprimento de fora a fora de 218 metros, boca de 23 metros, calado de quase oito metros e um deslocamento carregado de mais de 21 mil toneladas. Seus sistemas de propulsão eram compostos por quatro caldeiras a óleo combustível que alimentavam quatro conjuntos de turbinas a vapor, que por sua vez giravam quatro hélices até uma velocidade máxima de 33 nós (61 quilômetros por hora). Os navios também eram protegidos por um cinturão de blindagem com 102 a 152 milímetros de espessura.

Os navios finalizados foram o ,  e . Todos começaram sua carreira na Frota do Atlântico e durante seus primeiros anos se revezaram atuando no Mar Mediterrâneo, onde serviram de capitânia para a Sexta Frota dos Estados Unidos. O Salem foi descomissionado em 1959 e o Des Moines em 1961. O Newport News foi transferido para o Oceano Pacífico em 1967 e pelos anos seguintes fez várias viagens de serviço para dar suporte a ações na Guerra do Vietnã até ser descomissionado em 1975. Este foi desmontado em 1991 e o Des Moines em 2007. O Salem foi transformado em um navio-museu em Quincy, estando aberto desde 1995.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Des Moines

Classe Des Moines


අපර කම්පන
සැප්තැම්බර් 24 දිනදී  11:36:31 UTC (16:36:31 PKT) වේලාවේදී   ගැඹුරකින්  27.295°N 65.663°E ස්ථානයෙහි Mw 5.9 භූමිකම්පාව ඇති විය.

 සැප්තැම්බර් 24 දිනදී  12:07:06 UTC (17:07:06 PKT) වේලාවේදී   ගැඹුරකින්  27.297°N 65.647°E ස්ථානයෙහි Mw 4.7 භූමිකම්පාව ඇති විය.  පකිස්තානයේ ජාතික භූචලන නිරික්ෂණ කේන්ද්‍රය පරිදී, මෙම අපර කම්පනය සිදුවූයේ 17:07:01 PKT (12:07:01 UTC) වේලාවේදී  24.51°N, 69.69°E ස්ථානයේ 5.7 විශාලත්වයකින් සහ 110 කිමී නාභි ගැඹුරකිනි.

 සැප්තැම්බර් 24 දිනදී  12:42:12 UTC (17:42:12 PKT) වේලාවේදී   ගැඹුරකින්  27.310°N 65.594°E ස්ථානයෙහි Mw 5.0 භූමිකම්පාව ඇති විය.  පකිස්තානයේ ජාතික භූචලන නිරික්ෂණ කේන්ද්‍රය පරිදී, මෙම අපර කම්පනය සිදුවූයේ 17:42:16 PKT (12:42:16 UTC) වේලාවේදී  27.30°N, 65.80°E ස්ථානයේ 5.2 විශාලත්වයකින් සහ 26 කිමී නාභි ගැඹුරකිනි.

 සැප්තැම්බර් 24 දිනදී  13:01:40 UTC (18:01:40 PKT) වේලාවේදී   ගැඹුරකින්  27.343°N 65.642°E ස්ථානයෙහි Mw 5.6 භූමිකම්පාව ඇති විය.

 සැප්තැම්බර් 24 දිනදී  14:08:34 UTC (19:08:34 PKT) වේලාවේදී   ගැඹුරකින්  27.568°N 65.707°E ස්ථානයෙහි Mw 5.2 භූමිකම්පාව ඇති විය.

 සැප්තැම්බර් 24 දිනදී  18:12:24 UTC (23:12:24 PKT) වේලාවේදී   ගැඹුරකින්  27.144°N 65.506°E ස්ථානයෙහි Mw 4.9 භූමිකම්පාව ඇති විය.

 සැප්තැම්බර් 24 දිනදී  20:20:15 UTC (01:20:15 PKT) වේලාවේදී   ගැඹුරකින්  27.193°N 65.487°E ස්ථානයෙහි Mw 5.5 භූමිකම්පාව ඇති විය.

ආශ්‍රිත

2013 පකිස්තානු භූමිකම්පාව


«Kids» (en español: «Niños») es una canción de la banda de rock psicodélico MGMT, lanzada como sencillo, el 13 de octubre de 2008. Fue incluida en su segundo álbum Oracular Spectacular. La canción fue el centro de una disputa legal con el presidente de Francia, Nicolas Sarkozy, por uso ilegal de la canción durante una conferencia del partido.

Uso en medios

 La canción formó también parte de la banda sonora del juego FIFA 09.
 El canal argentino de cable Volver (del grupo Artear) utilizó la introducción de la canción como separador en las pausas comerciales.
 La canción también apareció en la película de snowboard Quiksilver y Red Bull, That's It, That's All, como la última canción de Taylor Steele película de surf Stranger Than Fiction,  en el episodio 6 de Survivors de la BBC, como la canción de tráiler en el documental American Teen, en el segundo episodio de Paris Hilton's British Best Friend, y en la temporada 2 episodio 19 de Gossip Girl, "The Grandfather".
 La canción también ha hecho apariciones como música de fondo en la cuarta y quinta serie de la BBC One drama británica de Waterloo Road, En el show de la BBC Three The Real Hustle y en el Staples Center en los X Games XV.
 También aparece en el episodio piloto de The Vampire Diaries, escuchado cerca del final de la película de 2009 Whip It y en el quinto episodio de la tercera temporada de The Secret Life of the American Teenager. En la séptima serie de Shameless, parte de la canción se escuchó brevemente en uno de los episodios.
 En la página web de Nokia, promovieron su nuevo teléfono, el Nokia N8. En todos los videos (comerciales y las introducciones a las funciones), Kids fue remezclado por Nokia y escuchado.
 También es un lugar destacado en el documental "Tapped", sobre el agua embotellada. Se escucha durante varias escenas cerca del final y en los créditos.
 La canción también se escucha en el tráiler de la película Africa United y puede ser utilizado en la banda sonora.
 También apareció en el programa de televisión Jon & Kate Plus 8 y en el programa de televisión Peruana Metrópolis

Versiones
 Una versión acústica de "Kids" fue grabada por la banda de indie rock The Kooks en agosto de 2008, la cual fue incluida en el compilado realizado por Triple J llamado Like a Version.
 Otra versión acústica realizada en el 2009 por el cantante australiano Ben Lee, fue incluida a modo de bonus track en la edición especial de su álbum The Rebirth of Venus.
 También en 2009, la banda estadounidense Cage the Elephant realizó su versión acústica grabada para la BBC, y fue incluida en el sencillo de "Back Against the Wall".
 DJ AM y Travis Barker también usaron la canción como parte de un mix tape llamado Fix Your Face Vol.2-Coachella'09.
 El DJ y productor sueco Sebastian Ingrosso realizó un sampleo de la canción en su producción titulada "Kidsos", lanzada en 2009.
 La banda navarra Berri Txarrak suele incluir una versión en sus conciertos dentro de la canción "Oreka".
 El DJ y productor KSHMR realizó un remix en colaboración con la cantante MKLA en el año 2020

Lista de canciones
CD Sencillo

 "Kids" (5:06)
 "Kids" [Soulwax Remix]	(5:42)
 "Of Moons, Birds and Monsters" [Holy Ghost! Remix] (6:16)

12"

 "Kids" (5:06)
 "Kids" [Soulwax Remix] (5:42)

Listas musicales de canciones y certificaciones

Listas semanales

Ventas y certificaciones

Listas anuales

Sucesión en listas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Versión alternativa del video musical de "Kids" en YouTube
 Kids en Discogs

Sencillos de 2008
Canciones de MGMT
Sencillos de rock alternativo
Sencillos número uno en Noruega
Sencillos certificados de platino por la Recording Industry Association of America
Sencillos certificados de platino por la Australian Recording Industry Association
Sencillos certificados de oro por la British Phonographic Industry
Sencillos certificados de oro por la Recording Industry Association of America
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de indie pop
Canciones sobre infancia
Canciones sobre nostalgia

Kids (canción de MGMT)


Róža Domašcyna (Zerna, Njemačka, 11. kolovoza 1951.) - pjesnikinja, esejistica, dramaturginja, urednica i prevoditeljica koja piše na lužičkosrpskom i njemačkom jeziku. Članica je njemačkog PEN centra i Saske umjetničke akademije.

Róža Domašcyna najistaknutija je predstavnica suvremene lužičko-srpske poezije koja, u vezi s poetikom Kita Lorenca, zahvaća aktualni razvoj lužičke kulture. U njezinom radu tema smrti postupno postaje "novi početak", raznolika po motivima prirode. To odumiranje i novo rođenje prikazano je prvenstveno na temelju jezika. U svojim stihovima tražila je vlastiti identitet i predstavljala prijeteću temu propasti vlastite kulture.

Domašcyna je počela pisati na gornjolužičkom-srpskom, ali je od studija u Leipzigu prevodila svoje tekstove na njemački. No, ovdje se ne radi o prijevodu u uobičajenom smislu, već o drugoj autoverziji i nije uvijek moguće razlučiti koja je originalna ili "prva". Upravo je ta dvojezičnost dinamički princip njezinih tekstova.

Izvori

Lužički Srbi
Njemački pjesnici
Esejisti

Róža Domašcyna


{{Kişi bilgi kutusu
| isim        = Devlet Hâtun  دولت خاتون| resim       = Devlet Hatun Turbesi1.JPG
| resim_boyutu  = 255px
| başlık     = Oğlu Beşinci Osmanlı Padişahı I. Mehmed tarafından Bursa'da inşa ettirilen Devlet Hâtûn Türbesi.
| doğum_adı  = Devlet bint-i Abdullah
| doğum_tarihi  = ?
| doğum_yeri = Kütahya, Germiyanoğulları Beyliği
| ölüm_tarihi  = Ocak 1414
| ölüm_yeri = Bursa
| ölüm_nedeni =
| yattığı_yer = Bursa'daki Devlet Hâtûn Türbesi'nde
| yattığı_yerin_koordinatları =
| ikamet   =
| uyruk =
| diğer_adları =
| Tanınma nedeni   =
| eğitim   =
| İşveren    =
| meslek  =
| unvan       =
| Maaş      =
| Net değer    =
| boy =
| Kilo      =
| Dönem        =
| Önceki =
| Sonraki   =
| parti       =
| boards      =
| din    = İslam
| eş      = Yıldırım Bayezid
| çocukları    = Çelebi Mehmed Han
| ebeveynler     = Abdullah
| ilişkiler   =
| imza   =
| web sitesi     =
| dipnotlar   =
}}Devlet Hâtûn' (Osmanlıca: دولت خاتون) (Tam adı: Tâcü'l-havatin Devlet Hâtun bint-i Abdullah) (doğum: ? - ölüm: Ocak 1414); Yıldırım Bayezid'in on ikinci eşi ve Osmanlı Padişahı I. Mehmet'in öz annesidir.

 Devlet Hâtûn'un kökeni
Vakfıyesinde adı Devlet bint-i Abdullah olarak kaydedlen Devlet Hâtûn'un Müslüman-Türk kökenli olmadığı anlaşılıyor. Bu nedenle de Germiyanoğlu Süleyman Şah'ın kızı ve  İsa Çelebi, Şehzade Büyük Musa Çelebi Han (Sultan Küçük Musa Çelebi Han ile karıştırılmamalıdır) ile Düzmece Mustafa'nın annesi Devlet Şah Hatun ile karıştırılmaktadır. Yıldırım Bayezid'in yabancı kökenli Türk olmayan hânımlarından hangisinin daha sonra Devlet Hatun ismiyle meşhur olduğu kesinlikle belirlenememiştir. Siyâsî amaçlar ile haremine aldığı Türk, Rum, Sırp ve Bulgar eşlerinden hangilerine Devlet Sultan lâkapları ya da Türkçe-İslâmî adların verildiği de açık değildir. Ocak 1414 tarihinde Bursa'da ölmüştür.

 Devlet Hâtûn Türbesi

 Kaynakça

 Bibliyografya
Bahadıroğlu, Yavuz, Resimli Osmanlı Tarihi,'' Nesil Yayınları, 15inci baskısı, 2009, ISBN 978-975-269-299-2.
Peirce, Leslie P., The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508677-5.

1414 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı padişah anneleri
Osmanlı padişah eşleri
Bursa'da defnedilenler
I. Mehmed

Devlet Hatun


غيدمة (بكسر الغين)، هي إحدى قرى معتمدية الفوار من ولاية قبلي بالجنوب التونسي. وتقع غربي مدينة دوز بحوالي 20 كلم.

قرى ولاية قبلي

غيدمة


Kaito Toba (en ) né le  est un pilote de moto japonais.

Statistiques

Par saison
(Mise à jour après le  Grand Prix moto de la Communauté valencienne 2021)

Statistiques par catégorie
(Mise à jour après le Grand Prix moto de la Communauté valencienne 2021)

Courses par année
(les courses en gras indiquent la pole position, les courses en italique indiquent le tour le plus rapide)

* Saison en cours.

Palmarès

Victoire en Moto3 : 1

Liens externes

Pilote de moto japonais
Pilote Moto3
Naissance en avril 2000
Naissance à Fukuoka

Kaito Toba


An Syngonium chocoanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat. An Syngonium chocoanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Syngonium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Syngonium

Syngonium chocoanum


Dimyat veya Dimyad ( medīnat dimyāt), Mısır'da bir Akdeniz limanı, Dimyat ilinin başkenti. Nil deltasında Kahire'nin 300 km kuzeyindedir.

Eyyubiler ve Asurlar zamanında Haçlılar Dimyat'a saldırmışlar ve bu bölge üzerinden Mısır'a hakim olmayı denemişlerdir. Haçlıların Selahaddin Eyyubi'nin kardeşi Melik Adil zamanında, 1218 yılında bölgeye yaptıkları saldırı Eyyubileri ciddi anlamda sarsmıştır. Melik Adil'in bu saldırının devam ettiği sıralarda ölümü ve yerine geçen oğlu Melik Kamil'in Şam hakimi olan kardeşi Melik Muazzam ve el-Cezire hakimi olan diğer kardeşi Melik Eşref'in yardımlarıyla yaptığı savunma sonrasında tehlike ancak 1221 yılına doğru güçlükle püskürtülebilmiştir. Bu yıl içinde iki taraf arasında yapılan anlaşma gereğince Haçlılar kayıtsız şartsız Dimyat'tan çekilmeyi ve bölgeyi Eyyubilere bırakmayı kabul ettiler. Hâlbuki Melik Kamil, kardeşleri yardıma gelmeden önce o denli umutsuzluğa kapılmıştı ki Haçlılara bir ara, Ürdün'deki Kerek kalesi hariç, amcası Selahaddin ve babası Melik Adil tarafından Haçlılardan geri alınan tüm toprakları terk etmeyi kabul etmişti. Haçlılar Kerek'in de teslimini isteyince, ellerindekinden de oldular.

Dimyat

Dimyat


Gabriel Terra Leivas (Montevideo 1. kolovoza 1873. – 15. rujna 1942.) bio je predsjednik Urugvaja od 1931. do 1938. godine.

Rana karijera
Rođen je u Montevideu u bogatoj obitelji, diplomirao je na Sveučilištu u Urugvaju 1895., a nakon toga se pridružio fakultetu.

Političku karijeru je započeo kao član stranke Coloradu za vrijeme predsjednika Joséom Batlleom y Ordóñezom u nizu vladinih uloga. Obnašao je dužnost predsjednika Komore zastupnika Urugvaja od 1923. do 1924. godine. Od 1925. bio je ministar industrije i zapošljavanja.

Predsjednik Urugvaja
1. ožujka 1931. preuzima dužnost predsjednika Republike za razdoblje 1931-1938. Od početka se protivio Ustavu iz 1918. godine. 31. ožujka 1933., uz podršku policije (koju je vodio njegov zet Alfredo Baldomir), vojska i većinski dio Nacionalne stranke ( koji je vodio Luis Alberto de Herrera) izveli su državni udar. Parlament je raspušten, a on je raspustio Nacionalno vijeće uprave, posebno tijelo osnovano 1919. godine za pružanje čekova i ravnoteže. Ubrzo je uslijedilo potpuno ukidanje ustava, cenzura tiska i spajanje državnih ovlasti s predsjedničkim. Postavio je vladu konzervativnog, autoritarnog i neliberalnog karaktera, u suprotnosti s Batllismom i lijevim opcijama. Donio je novi ustav 1934. godine i postavio se na izbore koji su bili sumnjivi. Razdoblje koje je stvorio državni udar naziva se Terrina diktatura.

Osobito nakon 1933., Terra se politički više približavao nominiranom protivniku Nacionalne stranke, dr. Luis Alberto de Herrera, nego mnogim pripadnicima njegove stranke. Vladao je pretežno oštro i autoritarno, ali nastavio je većinu socijalističkih reformi koje je započeo njegov prethodnik.

Terrin ministar unutarnjih poslova bio je Alberto Demicheli, koji je poslije postao predsjednik Urugvaja 1976. godine. Demichellijeva supruga, Sofía Álvarez Vignoli de Demicheli, bila je poznata po svojim diplomatskim aktivnostima za vrijeme Terrine diktature.
Terrin potpredsjednik bio je Alfredo Navarro, koji je obnašao dužnost od 1934. do 1938. godine.
Terra je bio poznat po tome što je u svoju vladu doveo bivše opozicijske osobe, poput Martina Echegoyena, koji je i sam kasnije postao predsjednik Urugvaja, i poput Alberta Demichelija, kasnije je značajno sudjelovao u civilno-vojnoj vladavini koja je dužnost preuzela pod vodstvom Juan Maria Bordaberry nakon 1973. godine.
Prekinuo je odnose sa SSSR-om i Španjolskom dok je upoznao Roosevelta i Britaniju u vezi s njegovim dugovanjima prema njima. Kasnije je sklopio blisko prijateljstvo s Hitlerom i Mussolinijem koji su mu posudili zajam bez povratka za izgradnju hidroelektrane i elektrane na jezeru Rincón del Bonete.
Kada mu je prestao mandat, Terra je postao predsjednik Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay od 1938. do 1939. godine.

Izvori

Urugvajski pravnici
Urugvajski predsjednici
Životopisi, Montevideo

Gabriel Terra


Liga A a Ligii Națiunilor UEFA 2018–2019 este divizia de vârf a ediției 2018-1919 a Ligii Națiunilor UEFA, sezonul inaugural a competiției internaționale de fotbal care implică echipele naționale masculine din cele 55 de asociații membre ale UEFA. Liga A va culmina cu finala Ligii Națiunilor din Finlanda în iunie 2019 pentru a încununa campionii inaugurali ai Ligii Națiunilor UEFA.

Grupele
Lista de meciuri a fost confirmată de UEFA la 24 ianuarie 2018 în urma unei trageri la sorți.

Grupa 1

Grupa 2

Group 3

Group 4

Finalele Ligii Națiunilor

Marcatori
1 gol

 Albian Ajeti
 Admir Mehmedi
 Haris Seferović
 Xherdan Shaqiri
 Denis Zakaria
 Steven Zuber
 Jorginho
 Piotr Zieliński

Note

Referințe

Legături externe
Website oficial

Liga Națiunilor UEFA 2018-2019

Liga Națiunilor UEFA 2018–2019 Liga A


Havøysund (nordsamisk: Ávanuorri) er en mindre by, et fiskevær der er administrationscenter i Måsøy kommune i Troms og Finnmark  fylke i Norge. Byen  ligger på Havøya ud for kysten af Vest-Finnmark, og har 	993 indbyggere per 1. januar 2018.

Fiskeri er vigtigste erhverv  med en række fiskefartøjer, to store virksomheder i fiskeindustrien samt landets nordligste klipfisktørreri.

Stedet ligger på Havøya og har haft broforbindelse med fylkesvei 889 på fastlandet siden 18. august 1988, da Havøysundbroen ble officielt åbnet af Kong Olav V. Norsk Hydro har bygget en vindmøllepark på øen, som er blevet et  landemærke for alle søfarende. Vindmøllerne ligger på Gavlen, hvor der fra udsigtspunktet Arctic View er udsigt over Barentshavet og til det arktiske øriget omkring.

Stedet har syd- og nordgående hurtigruteforbindelse om morgenen hver dag.

Havøysund har daglige busforbindelser til trafikknudepunktet Olderfjord.

Nærmeste lufthavn  er Lakselv Lufthavn, Banak.

I byen ligger Måsøy museum i en bygning som oprindelig blev bygget som præstebolig i 1950. Museet har fokus på kystkulturen.

Kilder og henvisninger

 Måsøy kommunes hjemmeside

Byer i Troms og Finnmark
Måsøy

Havøysund


Dynasties in Chinese history, or Chinese dynasties, were hereditary monarchical regimes that ruled over China during much of its history. From the legendary inauguration of dynastic rule by Yu the Great  to the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor on 12 February 1912 in the wake of the Xinhai Revolution, China was ruled by a series of successive dynasties. Dynasties of China were not limited to those established by ethnic Han—the dominant Chinese ethnic group—and its predecessor, the Huaxia tribal confederation, but also included those founded by non-Han peoples.

Dividing Chinese history into periods ruled by dynasties is a convenient method of periodization. Accordingly, a dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, as well as to describe events, trends, personalities, artistic compositions, and artifacts of that period. For example, porcelain made during the Ming dynasty may be referred to as "Ming porcelain". The word "dynasty" is usually omitted when making such adjectival references.

The longest-reigning orthodox dynasty of China was the Zhou dynasty, ruling for a total length of about 790 years, albeit it is divided into the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou in Chinese historiography, and its power was drastically reduced during the latter part of its rule. The largest orthodox Chinese dynasty in terms of territorial size was either the Yuan dynasty or the Qing dynasty, depending on the historical source.

Chinese dynasties often referred to themselves as . As a form of respect and subordination, Chinese tributary states referred to these dynasties as  or .

Terminology
In the Chinese language, the character "" () originally meant "morning" and "today". Politically, the word is taken to refer to the regime of the incumbent ruler.

The following is a list of terms associated with the concept of dynasty in Chinese historiography:

  (): a dynasty
  (): an era corresponding to the rule of a dynasty
  (): while technically referring to royal dynasties, this term is often inaccurately applied to all dynasties, including those whose rulers held non-royal titles such as emperor
  (): generally used for imperial dynasties

History

Start of dynastic rule

As the founder of China's first orthodox dynasty, the Xia dynasty, Yu the Great is conventionally regarded as the inaugurator of dynastic rule in China. In the Chinese dynastic system, sovereign rulers theoretically possessed absolute power and private ownership of the realm, even though in practice their actual power was dependent on numerous factors. By tradition, the Chinese throne was inherited exclusively by members of the male line, but there were numerous cases whereby the consort kins came to possess de facto power at the expense of the monarchs. This concept, known as  (; "All under Heaven belongs to the ruling family"), was in contrast to the pre-Xia notion of  (; "All under Heaven belongs to the public") whereby leadership succession was non-hereditary and based on the abdication system.

Dynastic transition

The rise and fall of dynasties is a prominent feature of Chinese history. Some scholars have attempted to explain this phenomenon by attributing the success and failure of dynasties to the morality of the rulers, while others have focused on the tangible aspects of monarchical rule. This method of explanation has come to be known as the dynastic cycle.

Cases of dynastic transition (; ) in the history of China occurred primarily through two ways: military conquest and usurpation. The supersession of the Liao dynasty by the Jin dynasty was achieved following a series of successful military campaigns, as was the later unification of China proper under the Yuan dynasty; on the other hand, the transition from the Eastern Han to the Cao Wei, as well as from the Southern Qi to the Liang dynasty, were cases of usurpation. Oftentimes, usurpers would seek to portray their predecessors as having relinquished the throne willingly—akin to the abdication system of throne succession—as a means to legitimize their rule.

One  might incorrectly infer from viewing historical timelines that transitions between dynasties occurred abruptly and roughly. Rather, new dynasties were often established before the complete overthrow of an existing regime. For example, AD 1644 is frequently cited as the year in which the Qing dynasty succeeded the Ming dynasty in possessing the Mandate of Heaven. However, the Qing dynasty was officially proclaimed in AD 1636 by the Emperor Taizong of Qing through renaming the Later Jin established in AD 1616, while the Ming imperial family would rule the Southern Ming until AD 1662. The Ming loyalist Kingdom of Tungning based in Taiwan continued to oppose the Qing until AD 1683. Meanwhile, other factions also fought for control over China during the Ming–Qing transition, most notably the Shun and the Xi dynasties proclaimed by Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong respectively. This change of ruling houses was a convoluted and prolonged affair, and the Qing took almost two decades to extend their rule over the entirety of China proper.

Similarly, during the earlier Sui–Tang transition, numerous regimes established by rebel forces vied for control and legitimacy as the power of the ruling Sui dynasty weakened. Autonomous regimes that existed during this period of upheaval included, but not limited to, Wei (; by Li Mi), Qin (; by Xue Ju), Qi (; by Gao Tancheng), Xu (; by Yuwen Huaji), Liang (; by Shen Faxing), Liang (; by Liang Shidu), Xia (; by Dou Jiande), Zheng (; by Wang Shichong), Chu (; by Zhu Can), Chu (; by Lin Shihong), Wu (; by Li Zitong), Yan (; by Gao Kaidao), and Song (; by Fu Gongshi). The Tang dynasty that superseded the Sui launched a decade-long military campaign to reunify China proper.

Frequently, remnants and descendants of previous dynasties were either purged or granted noble titles in accordance with the  (; "two crownings, three respects") system. The latter served as a means for the reigning dynasty to claim legitimate succession from earlier dynasties. For example, the Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei was accorded the title "Prince of Zhongshan" by the Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi following the latter's deposition of the former. Similarly, Chai Yong, a nephew of the Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, was conferred the title "Duke of Chongyi" by the Emperor Renzong of Song; other descendants of the Later Zhou ruling family came to inherit the noble title thereafter.

According to Chinese historiographical tradition, each new dynasty would compose the history of the preceding dynasty, culminating in the Twenty-Four Histories. This tradition was maintained even after the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty in favor of the Republic of China. However, the attempt by the Republicans to draft the history of the Qing was disrupted by the Chinese Civil War, which resulted in the political division of China into the People's Republic of China on mainland China and the Republic of China on Taiwan.

End of dynastic rule

Dynastic rule in China collapsed in AD 1912 when the Republic of China superseded the Qing dynasty following the success of the Xinhai Revolution. While there were attempts after the Xinhai Revolution to reinstate dynastic rule in China, they were unsuccessful at consolidating their rule and gaining political legitimacy.

During the Xinhai Revolution, there were numerous proposals advocating for the replacement of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty by a new dynasty of Han ethnicity. Kong Lingyi (), the Duke of Yansheng and a 76th-generation descendant of Confucius, was identified as a potential candidate for Chinese emperorship by Liang Qichao. Meanwhile, gentry in Anhui and Hebei supported a restoration of the Ming dynasty under Zhu Yuxun (), the Marquis of Extended Grace. Both suggestions were ultimately rejected.

The Empire of China (AD 1915–1916) proclaimed by Yuan Shikai sparked the National Protection War, resulting in the premature collapse of the regime 101 days later. The Manchu Restoration (AD 1917) was an unsuccessful attempt at reviving the Qing dynasty, lasting merely 11 days. Similarly, the Manchukuo (AD 1932–1945; monarchy since AD 1934), a puppet state of the Empire of Japan during World War II with limited diplomatic recognition, is not regarded as a legitimate regime. Ergo, historians usually consider the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor on 12 February 1912 as the end of the Chinese dynastic system. Dynastic rule in China lasted almost four millennia.

Political legitimacy

China was politically divided during multiple periods in its history, with different regions ruled by different dynasties. These dynasties effectively functioned as separate states with their own court and political institutions. Political division existed during the Three Kingdoms, the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Northern and Southern dynasties, and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periods, among others.

Relations between Chinese dynasties during periods of division often revolved around political legitimacy, which was derived from the doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven. Dynasties ruled by ethnic Han would proclaim rival dynasties founded by other ethnicities as illegitimate, usually justified based on the concept of Hua–Yi distinction. On the other hand, many dynasties of non-Han origin saw themselves as the legitimate dynasty of China and often sought to portray themselves as the true inheritor of Chinese culture and history. Traditionally, only regimes deemed as "legitimate" or "orthodox" (; ) are termed  (;  "dynasty"); "illegitimate" or "unorthodox" regimes are referred to as  (; usually translated as either "state" or "kingdom"), even if these regimes were dynastic in nature.

Such legitimacy disputes existed during the following periods:

 Three Kingdoms
 The Cao Wei, the Shu Han, and the Eastern Wu considered themselves legitimate while simultaneously denounced the rivaling claims of others.
 The Emperor Xian of Han abdicated in favor of the Emperor Wen of Cao Wei; hence, the Cao Wei directly succeeded the Eastern Han in the timeline of Chinese history.
 The Western Jin accepted the Cao Wei as the legitimate dynasty of the Three Kingdoms period and claimed succession from it.
 The Tang dynasty viewed the Cao Wei as the legitimate dynasty during this period, whereas the Southern Song scholar Zhu Xi proposed treating the Shu Han as legitimate.
 Eastern Jin and Sixteen Kingdoms
 The Eastern Jin viewed itself as a continuation of the Western Jin, and thus legitimate.
 Several of the Sixteen Kingdoms such as the Han-Zhao, the Later Zhao, and the Former Qin also claimed legitimacy.
 Northern and Southern dynasties
 All dynasties during this period saw themselves as the legitimate representative of China; the Northern dynasties referred to their southern counterparts as "" (; "island dwelling barbarians"), while the Southern dynasties called their northern neighbors "" (; "barbarians with braids").
 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
 Having directly succeeded the Tang dynasty, the Later Liang considered itself to be a legitimate dynasty.
 The Later Tang regarded itself as the restorer of the earlier Tang dynasty and rejected the legitimacy of its predecessor, the Later Liang.
 The Later Jin succeeded the Later Tang and accepted it as a legitimate regime.
 The Southern Tang was, for a period of time, considered the legitimate dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
 Since the Song dynasty, Chinese historiography has generally considered the Five Dynasties, as opposed to the contemporary Ten Kingdoms, to be legitimate.
 Liao dynasty, Song dynasty, and Jin dynasty
 Following the conquest of the Later Jin, the Liao dynasty claimed legitimacy and succession from it
 Both the Northern Song and Southern Song considered themselves to be the legitimate Chinese dynasty.
 The Jin dynasty challenged the Song's claim of legitimacy.
 The succeeding Yuan dynasty recognized all three in addition to the Western Liao as legitimate Chinese dynasties, culminating in the composition of the History of Liao, the History of Song, and the History of Jin.
 Ming dynasty and Northern Yuan
 The Ming dynasty recognized the preceding Yuan dynasty as a legitimate Chinese dynasty, but asserted that it had succeeded the Mandate of Heaven from the Yuan, thus considering the Northern Yuan as illegitimate.
 Northern Yuan rulers maintained the dynastic name "Great Yuan" and claimed traditional Han-style titles continuously until AD 1388 or AD 1402; Han-style titles were restored on several occasions thereafter for brief periods, notably during the reigns of Taisun Khan, Choros Esen, and Dayan Khan.
 The historian Rashipunsug argued that the Northern Yuan had succeeded the legitimacy from the Yuan dynasty; the Qing dynasty, which later defeated and annexed the Northern Yuan, inherited this legitimacy, thus rendering the Ming illegitimate.
 Qing dynasty and Southern Ming
 The Qing dynasty recognized the preceding Ming dynasty as legitimate, but asserted that it had succeeded the Mandate of Heaven from the Ming, thus refuting the claimed legitimacy of the Southern Ming.
 The Southern Ming continued to claim legitimacy until its eventual defeat by the Qing.
 The Ming loyalist Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan denounced the Qing dynasty as illegitimate.
 The Joseon dynasty of Korea and the Later Lê dynasty of Vietnam had at various times considered the Southern Ming, instead of the Qing dynasty, as legitimate.
 The Tokugawa shogunate of Japan did not accept the legitimacy of the Qing dynasty and instead saw itself as the rightful representative of  (; "China"); this narrative served as the basis of Japanese texts such as Chūchō Jijitsu and Kai Hentai.

Traditionally, periods of disunity often resulted in heated debates among officials and historians over which prior dynasties could and should be considered orthodox, given that it was politically imperative for a dynasty to present itself as being linked in an unbroken lineage of moral and political authority back to ancient times. However, the Northern Song statesman Ouyang Xiu propounded that such orthodoxy existed in a state of limbo during fragmented periods and was restored after political unification was achieved. From this perspective, the Song dynasty possessed legitimacy by virtue of its ability to end the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period despite not having succeeded the orthodoxy from the Later Zhou. Similarly, Ouyang considered the concept of orthodoxy to be in oblivion during the Three Kingdoms, the Sixteen Kingdoms, and the Northern and Southern dynasties periods.

Traditionally, as most Chinese historiographical sources uphold the idea of unilineal dynastic succession, only one dynasty could be considered orthodox at any given time. Most historical sources consider the legitimate line of succession to be as follows:

These historical legitimacy disputes are similar to the modern competing claims of legitimacy by the People's Republic of China based in Beijing and the Republic of China based in Taipei. Both regimes formally adhere to the One-China principle and claim to be the sole legitimate representative of the whole of China.

Agnatic lineages

There were several groups of Chinese dynasties that were ruled by families with patrilineal relations, yet due to various reasons these regimes are considered to be separate dynasties and given distinct retroactive names for historiographical purpose. Such conditions as differences in their official dynastic title and fundamental changes having occurred to their rule would necessitate nomenclatural distinction in academia, despite these ruling clans having shared common ancestral origins.

Additionally, numerous other dynasties claimed descent from earlier dynasties as a calculated political move to obtain or enhance their legitimacy, even if such claims were unfounded.

The agnatic relations of the following groups of Chinese dynasties are typically recognized by historians:

 Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou

 The Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou were ruled by the House of Ji; they are collectively known as the Zhou dynasty
 The founder of the Eastern Zhou, the King Ping of Zhou, was a son of the last Western Zhou ruler, the King You of Zhou
 Western Han, Eastern Han, Shu Han, and Liu Song
 The Western Han, the Eastern Han, the Shu Han, and the Liu Song were ruled by the House of Liu; the first two of which are collectively known as the Han dynasty
 The first emperor of the Eastern Han, the Emperor Guangwu of Han, was a ninth-generation descendant of the Western Han founder, the Emperor Gao of Han; he was also a seventh-generation descendant of the sixth Western Han monarch, the Emperor Jing of Han
 The founder of the Shu Han, the Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han, was also descended from the Emperor Jing of Han
 The Book of Song states that the first Liu Song ruler, the Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was a male-line descendant of a younger brother of the Emperor Gao of Han, the Prince Yuan of Chu
 Western Jin and Eastern Jin
 The Western Jin and the Eastern Jin were ruled by the House of Sima; they are collectively known as the Jin dynasty
 The Eastern Jin founder, the Emperor Yuan of Jin, was a great-grandson of the Emperor Xuan of Jin; he was also a grandson of the Prince Wu of Langya and a son of the Prince Gong of Langya
 Han-Zhao and Hu Xia
 The Han-Zhao and the Hu Xia were ruled by the House of Luandi (later renamed the House of Liu and the House of Helian respectively)
 The Han-Zhao founder, the Emperor Guangwen of Han-Zhao, and the Hu Xia founder, the Emperor Wulie of Hu Xia, were descended from Qiangqu and Qubei respectively; according to the History of the Northern Dynasties, Qiangqu and Qubei were brothers
 Former Yan, Later Yan, and Southern Yan
 The Former Yan, the Later Yan, and the Southern Yan were ruled by the House of Murong
 The founder of the Later Yan, the Emperor Chengwu of Later Yan, was a son of the Former Yan founder, the Emperor Wenming of Former Yan
 The first monarch of the Southern Yan, the Emperor Xianwu of Southern Yan, was also a son of the Emperor Wenming of Former Yan
 Northern Wei, Southern Liang, Eastern Wei, and Western Wei
 The Northern Wei, the Southern Liang, the Eastern Wei, and the Western Wei were ruled by the House of Tuoba (later renamed the House of Yuan and the House of Tufa respectively)
 The Northern Wei founder, the Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei, and the Southern Liang founder, the Prince Wu of Southern Liang, were respectively descended from the sons of the Emperor Shengwu of Northern Wei, the Emperor Shenyuan of Northern Wei and Tufa Pigu
 The only ruler of the Eastern Wei, the Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei, was a great-grandson of the seventh emperor of the Northern Wei, the Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
 The Western Wei founder, the Emperor Wen of Western Wei, was a grandson of the Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
 Southern Qi and Liang dynasty
 The Southern Qi and the Liang dynasty were ruled by the House of Xiao
 The founder of the Liang dynasty, the Emperor Wu of Liang, was a son of the Emperor Wen of Liang who was a distant cousin of the Southern Qi founder, the Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
 Western Liang and Tang dynasty
 The Western Liang and the Tang dynasty were ruled by the House of Li
 The founder of the Tang dynasty, the Emperor Gaozu of Tang, was a seventh-generation descendant of the Western Liang founder, the Prince Wuzhao of Western Liang
 Later Han and Northern Han
 The Later Han and the Northern Han were ruled by the House of Liu
 The first ruler of the Northern Han, the Emperor Shizu of Northern Han, was a younger brother of the Later Han founder, the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han
 Liao dynasty and Western Liao
 The Liao dynasty and the Western Liao were ruled by the House of Yelü
 The Western Liao founder, the Emperor Dezong of Western Liao, was an eighth-generation descendant of the first emperor of the Liao dynasty, the Emperor Taizu of Liao
 Northern Song and Southern Song
 The Northern Song and the Southern Song were ruled by the House of Zhao; they are collectively known as the Song dynasty
 The first ruler of the Southern Song, the Emperor Gaozong of Song, was a son of the eighth Northern Song monarch, the Emperor Huizong of Song; he was also a younger brother of the last Northern Song emperor, the Emperor Qinzong of Song
 Yuan dynasty and Northern Yuan
 The Yuan dynasty and the Northern Yuan were ruled by the House of Borjigin
 The Emperor Huizong of Yuan was both the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty and the first ruler of the Northern Yuan
 Ming dynasty and Southern Ming
 The Ming dynasty and the Southern Ming were ruled by the House of Zhu
 The Southern Ming founder, the Hongguang Emperor, was a grandson of the 14th emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Wanli Emperor
 Later Jin and Qing dynasty
 The Later Jin and the Qing dynasty were ruled by the House of Aisin Gioro
 The Emperor Taizong of Qing was both the last Later Jin khan and the first emperor of the Qing dynasty

Classification

Central Plain dynasties
The Central Plain is a vast area on the lower reaches of the Yellow River which formed the cradle of Chinese civilization. "Central Plain dynasties" (; ) refer to dynasties of China that had their capital cities situated within the Central Plain. This term could refer to dynasties of both Han and non-Han ethnic origins.

Unified dynasties
"Unified dynasties" (; ) refer to dynasties of China, regardless of their ethnic origin, that achieved the unification of China proper. "China proper" is a region generally regarded as the traditional heartland of the Han people, and is not equivalent to the term "China". Imperial dynasties that had attained the unification of China proper may be known as the "Chinese Empire" or the "Empire of China" (; ).

The concept of "great unity" or "grand unification" (; ) was first mentioned in the Gongyang Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals that was supposedly authored by the Qi scholar Gongyang Gao. Other prominent figures like Confucius and Mencius also elaborated on this concept in their respective works.

Historians typically consider the following dynasties to have unified China proper: the Qin dynasty, the Western Han, the Xin dynasty, the Eastern Han, the Western Jin, the Sui dynasty, the Tang dynasty, the Wu Zhou, the Northern Song, the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty, and the Qing dynasty. The status of the Northern Song as a unified dynasty is disputed among historians as the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun were partially administered by the contemporaneous Liao dynasty while the Western Xia exercised partial control over Hetao; the Northern Song, in this sense, did not truly achieve the unification of China proper.

Infiltration dynasties and conquest dynasties

According to the historian and sinologist Karl August Wittfogel, dynasties of China founded by non-Han peoples that ruled parts or all of China proper could be classified into two types, depending on the means by which the ruling ethnic groups had entered China proper.

"Infiltration dynasties" or "dynasties of infiltration" (; ) refer to Chinese dynasties founded by non-Han ethnicities that tended towards accepting Han culture and assimilating into the Han-dominant society. For instance, the Han-Zhao and the Northern Wei, established by the Xiongnu and Xianbei ethnicities respectively, are considered infiltration dynasties of China.

"Conquest dynasties" or "dynasties of conquest" (; ) refer to dynasties of China established by non-Han peoples that tended towards resisting Han culture and preserving the identities of the ruling ethnicities. For example, the Liao dynasty and the Yuan dynasty, ruled by the Khitan and Mongol peoples respectively, are considered conquest dynasties of China.

These terms remain sources of controversy among scholars who believe that Chinese history should be analyzed and understood from a multiethnic and multicultural perspective.

Naming convention

Official nomenclature
It was customary for Chinese monarchs to adopt an official name for the realm, known as the  (; "name of the state"), upon the establishment of a dynasty. During the rule of a dynasty, its  functioned as the formal name of the state, both internally and for diplomatic purposes.

The formal name of Chinese dynasties was usually derived from one of the following sources:

 The name of the ruling tribe or tribal confederation
 e.g., the Xia dynasty took its name from its ruling class, the Xia tribal confederation
 The noble title held by the dynastic founder prior to the founding of the dynasty
 e.g., the Emperor Wu of Chen adopted the dynastic name "Chen" from his pre-imperial title "Prince of Chen" upon the establishment of the Chen dynasty
 The name of a historical state that occupied the same geographical location as the new dynasty
 e.g., the Former Yan was officially named "Yan" based on the ancient State of Yan located in the same region
 The name of a previous dynasty from which the new dynasty claimed descent or succession from, even if such familial link was questionable
 e.g., the Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou officially proclaimed the Later Zhou with the official title "Zhou" as he claimed ancestry from Guo Shu, a royal of the Zhou dynasty
 A term with auspicious or other significant connotations
 e.g., the Yuan dynasty was officially the "Great Yuan", a name derived from a clause in the Classic of Changes, "" (; "Great is the Heavenly and Primal")

There were instances whereby the official name was changed during the reign of a dynasty. For example, the dynasty known retroactively as Southern Han initially used the name "Yue", only to be renamed to "Han" subsequently.

The official title of several dynasties bore the character "" (; "great"). In Yongzhuang Xiaopin by the Ming historian Zhu Guozhen, it was claimed that the first dynasty to do so was the Yuan dynasty. However, several sources like the History of Liao and the History of Jin compiled by the Yuan historian Toqto'a revealed that the official dynastic name of some earlier dynasties such as the Liao and the Jin also contained the character "". It was also common for officials, subjects, or tributary states of a particular dynasty to include the term "" (or an equivalent term in other languages) when referring to this dynasty as a form of respect, even if the official dynastic name did not include it. For instance, The Chronicles of Japan referred to the Tang dynasty as "" (; "Great Tang") despite its dynastic name being simply "Tang".

While all dynasties of China sought to associate their respective realm with  (; "Central State"; usually translated as "Middle Kingdom" or "China" in English texts) and various other names of China, none of these regimes officially used such names as their dynastic title. Although the Qing dynasty explicitly identified their state with and employed ""—and its Manchu equivalent "Dulimbai Gurun" ()—in official capacity in numerous international treaties beginning with the Treaty of Nerchinsk dated AD 1689, its dynastic name had remained the "Great Qing". "", which has become nearly synonymous with "China" in modern times, is a concept with geographical, political, and cultural connotations.

The adoption of , as well as the importance assigned to it, had promulgated within the Sinosphere. Notably, rulers of Vietnam and Korea also declared  for their respective realm.

Retroactive nomenclature
In Chinese historiography, historians generally do not refer to dynasties directly by their official name. Instead, historiographical names, which were most commonly derived from their official name, are used. For instance, the Sui dynasty is known as such because its formal name was "Sui". Likewise, the Jin dynasty was officially the "Great Jin".

When more than one dynasty shared the same Chinese character(s) as their formal name, as was common in Chinese history, prefixes are retroactively applied to dynastic names by historians in order to distinguish between these similarly-named regimes. Frequently used prefixes include:

 Cardinal direction
 "Northern" (; ): e.g., Northern Qi, Northern Yuan
 "Southern" (; ): e.g., Southern Yan, Southern Tang
 "Eastern" (; ): e.g., Eastern Jin, Eastern Wei
 "Western" (; ): e.g., Western Liang, Western Liao
 Sequence
 "Former" (; ): e.g., Former Qin, Former Shu
 "Later" (; ): e.g., Later Zhao, Later Han
 Surname of the ruling family
 e.g., Wu Zhou, Ma Chu
 Other types of prefixes
 e.g., Shu Han (the prefix "Shu" is a reference to the realm's geographical location at Sichuan), Hu Xia (the prefix "Hu", meaning "barbarian", refers to the dynasty's ethnic Xiongnu origin)

A dynasty could be referred to by more than one retroactive name in Chinese historiography, albeit some are more widely used than others. For instance, the Western Han is also known as the "Former Han", and the Yang Wu is also called the "Southern Wu".

Scholars usually make a historiographical distinction for dynasties whose rule were interrupted. For example, the Song dynasty is divided into the Northern Song and the Southern Song, with the Jingkang Incident as the dividing line; the original "Song" founded by the Emperor Taizu of Song was therefore differentiated from the "Song" restored under the Emperor Gaozong of Song. In such cases, the regime had collapsed, only to be re-established; a nomenclatural distinction between the original regime and the new regime is thus necessary for historiographical purpose. Major exceptions to this historiographical practice include the Western Qin, the Southern Liang, and the Tang dynasty; the first two were interrupted by the Later Qin, while the continuity of the latter was broken by the Wu Zhou.

In Chinese sources, the term "dynasty" (; ) is usually omitted when referencing dynasties that have prefixes in their historiographical names. Such a practice is sometimes adopted in English usage, even though the inclusion of the word "dynasty" is also widely seen in English scholarly writings. For example, the Northern Zhou is also sometimes referred to as the "Northern Zhou dynasty".

Often, scholars would refer to a specific Chinese dynasty by attaching the word "China" after the dynastic name. For instance, "Tang China" refers to the Chinese state under the rule of the Tang dynasty and the corresponding historical era.

Territorial extent

While the earliest orthodox Chinese dynasties were established along the Yellow River and the Yangtze in China proper, numerous Chinese dynasties later expanded beyond the region to encompass other territorial domains.

At various points in time, Chinese dynasties exercised control over China proper (including Hainan, Macau, and Hong Kong), Taiwan, Manchuria (both in Northeast China and Outer Manchuria), Sakhalin, Mongolia (both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia), Vietnam, Tibet, Xinjiang, as well as parts of Central Asia, the Korean Peninsula, Afghanistan, and Siberia.

Territorially, the largest orthodox Chinese dynasty was either the Yuan dynasty or the Qing dynasty, depending on the historical source. This discrepancy can be mainly attributed to the ambiguous northern border of the Yuan realm: whereas some sources describe the Yuan border as located to the immediate north of the northern shore of Lake Baikal, others posit that the Yuan dynasty reached as far north as the Arctic coast, with its western boundary with the Golden Horde in Siberia delimited by the Ob and the Irtysh. In contrast, the borders of the Qing dynasty were demarcated and reinforced through a series of international treaties, and thus were more well-defined.

Apart from exerting direct control over the Chinese realm, various dynasties of China also maintained hegemony over other states and tribes through the Chinese tributary system. The Chinese tributary system first emerged during the Western Han and lasted until the 19th century AD when the Sinocentric order broke down.

The modern territorial claims of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China are inherited from the lands once held by the Qing dynasty at the time of its collapse.

List of major Chinese dynasties
This list includes only the major dynasties of China that are typically found in simplified forms of Chinese historical timelines. This list is neither comprehensive nor representative of Chinese history as a whole.

Timelines

Timeline of major historical periods

Timeline of major regimes

See also

 1911 Revolution
 Administration of territory in dynastic China
 Ancient Chinese states
 Chinese expansionism
 Chinese historiography
 Chinese sovereign
 Conquest dynasty
 Debate on the Chineseness of Yuan and Qing dynasties
 Dragon Throne
 Dynastic cycle
 East Asian cultural sphere
 Eighteen Kingdoms
 Emperor at home, king abroad
 Emperor of China
 Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient)
 Family tree of Chinese monarchs (early)
 Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
 Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)
 Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)
 Fanzhen
 Fengjian
 Golden ages of China
 Historical capitals of China
 Jiedushi
 Jimi system
 List of Chinese monarchs
 List of Confucian states and dynasties
 List of Mongol states
 List of recipients of tribute from China
 List of tributary states of China
 List of Vietnamese dynasties
 Little China (ideology)
 Mandate of Heaven
 Monarchy of China
 Names of China
 Pax Sinica
 Six Dynasties
 Succession to the Chinese throne
 Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
 Tianxia
 Timeline of Chinese history
 Tributary system of China
 Tusi
 Twenty-Four Histories
 Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
 Zhonghua minzu

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 China Handbook Editorial Committee, China Handbook Series: History (trans., Dun J. Li), Beijing, 1982, pp. 188–189; and Shao Chang Lee, "China Cultural Development" (wall chart), East Lansing, 1984.
  Specifically Section A.2 "Dynasties", in this and earlier editions, which includes subsections on "Naming the Dynasties", "Sets of Dynasties", "The Dynastic Cycle", "Legitimate Succession", "Grade School History" (the effect on common understanding of China's history).

External links

 Columbia University. The Dynasties Song
 Tan Qixiang. The Historical Atlas of China

Chinese
Royalty-related lists

Dynasties in Chinese history


Kavieng is the capital of the Papua New Guinean province of New Ireland and the largest town on the island of the same name. The town is located at Balgai Bay, on the northern tip of the island. As of 2009, it had a population of 17,248.

Kavieng is the main port for New Ireland, and is both a trading and tourist destination. Several dive companies operate from the town, as the area is known for its diving, both for natural sites and wrecks dating from the Second World War. There are plane and shipwrecks in Kavieng Harbor itself, as well as several more nearby.

The town is serviced by Kavieng Airport, with daily connections to Port Moresby. It lies at one end of the Boluminski Highway which runs  of sealed road to Namatanai.

Kavieng has all the usual services of a local administrative center: local government offices; shopping; hotels (such as the Kavieng Hotel, the Malagan Beach Resort hotel and the Kavieng Club (the former "colonial club" in the town)); a hospital providing general medical, pediatric and surgical services; and a weekly market. There is also a large wharf for copra export on the town's edge, which allow deep-water ships to load copra and oil directly from land.

Visible from Kavieng are the many islands of the archipelago lying between New Ireland and New Hanover, including Nusa Lik, Nusa Lawa, and Nango Island (which was formerly the site of a fish cannery in the 1960s and 1970s). Nango is also the site of a new marine research center for the PNG National Fisheries Authority. Its opening was overseen by the Governor-General of PNG, Mr. Paulius Matane, in July 2009.

History
The area was first charted by Dutch explorers in 1616, but it was not until the early 1900s (decade) that Kavieng town was founded by the German colonial administration. Though some on the island became quite wealthy with the development of copra plantations, Kavieng itself remained a tiny settlement, with as few as eighty residents. After the First World War, Kavieng, as part of Papua New Guinea, was ceded to Australian control. This resulted in the deportation of German missionaries and the seizure of all German property in the town.

On 21 January 1942, during World War II, Kavieng came under a massive aerial bombardment by Japanese forces. That night, the vast majority of Australians were evacuated from New Ireland. The Japanese invaded and occupied the island on 24 January. Over the next two years, almost all of the Europeans who had remained on the island were killed by the Japanese. Rear Admiral Ryukichi Tamura gave the order to kill all the European prisoners in Kavieng if an imminent invasion by Allied forces was expected. At least twenty-three of these were executed in the Kavieng Wharf Massacre in March 1944, which later led to the perpetrators being sentenced for war crimes. By the time the Allies retook the island in 1945, Kavieng had been almost completely destroyed.

As a result of the Japanese occupation and subsequent Allied invasion there are a number of wartime relics in the town, most notably a large gun sitting above a bunker adjacent to the Harbour Road. Although not officially open to the public, the bunker has several openings allowing entry, and the gun position provides an extensive view of the harbor.

Today Kavieng is home to a thriving tourism industry. Dive, trekking, and surf tourism predominate with all of the tourism depending on the rich biological diversity of New Ireland. The surf tourism industry has entered into partnerships with local land and reef owners to develop what they refer to as a "surf management plan." This plan provides resource owners with income from the surfers and limits the number of surfers on any break at one time.

Climate
Kavieng has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with hot days, warm nights, and heavy rainfall year-round.

See also
Kavieng Urban LLG

Further reading
Murray, Mary. Hunted, A Coastwatcher's Story
Dunbar, Raden. The Kavieng Massacre—A War Crime Revealed

References

External links

Populated places in New Ireland Province
Provincial capitals in Papua New Guinea
Port cities in Oceania
Populated places established in the 1900s

Kavieng


Masullas (sardinski: Masùddas) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Oristanu u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 129 metara i ima 1 071 stanovnika. Prostire se na 18,68 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 57 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Gonnoscodina, Gonnostramatza, Mogoro, Morgongiori, Pompu, Simala, Siris i Uras.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Oristano

Masullas


Der Hannoversche Radsport Club von 1912 e.V. (HRC) ist ein Radsport-Verein in Hannover, der neben Radrennen auch Radtourenfahren und gemütliches Radwandern anbietet. Das Vereinshaus findet sich im Stadtteil Calenberger Neustadt, Weddigenufer 23, kaum 100 Meter vor dem Zusammenfluss von Leine und Ihme.

Geschichte

Radsport-Club Zugvogel
Noch im Deutschen Kaiserreich gründeten 1912 zwölf Einzelfahrer des Reichs-Verbandes Allgemeine Radfahrer-Union den "Radsport-Verein Zugvogel". Schon ein Jahr später organisierte der Verein das Rennen um den "Großen Heidepreis", der von Hannover nach Walsrode und zurück führte.

In der Weimarer Republik holte der Verein den Titel als Deutscher Meister im Vereins-Mannschaftsfahren, im Jahr darauf stellte er 1925 den Deutschen Rasen-Radballmeister. 1928 gerieten die Mitglieder in Kontroversen hinsichtlich der Bindung an Sponsoren der Industrie – erst nach der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus vereinigten sich die Mitglieder 1946 wieder. Trotz der zuvor durch die Luftangriffe auf Hannover im Zweiten Weltkrieg zu 90 % zerstörten Innenstadt entwickelte sich die Stadt zu einer Hochburg des Radrennens mit regelrechten "Fahrradschlachten" und heute kaum noch vorstellbaren Zuschauermassen. Bald konnte der Radsport-Club bundesweit beachtete Erfolge verbuchen: Otto Gremblewski wurde 1953 in Solingen "auf einer sehr schweren Strecke" Deutscher Jugendmeister, Hanns Brinkmann am 22. Juli 1956 Deutscher Meister bei den Amateuren.

Radsport-Vereinigung Zugvogel-Albatros von 1912
In den Wiederaufbaujahren mangelte es Anfang der 1960er Jahre an Nachwuchs, woraufhin 1965 der "Zugvogel" mit dem "Bicycle-Club Albatros Hannover von 1897" fusionierte zur "Radsport-Vereinigung Zugvogel-Albatros von 1912 e.V.", der dadurch mit 106 Mitgliedern seinerzeit zum drittgrößten Radsportverein in Norddeutschland aufstieg. Nur drei Jahre später fusionierte dieser 1968 wiederum mit dem Radsport-Club Schwarz-Weiß zum "Hannoverschen Radsport Club von 1912".

Hannoverscher Radsport Club von 1912 e.V.
Der nun größere Verein kann neben zahlreichen anderen Erfolgen in Landesmeisterschaften auf den Gewinn der Deutschen Meisterschaft im 1.000-m-Zeitfahren 1971 durch den Fahrer Karl Köther jun. zurückblicken.

Der Verein war Ausrichter für die Deutsche Meisterschaft der Damen 1974. Im Jahr darauf initiierte der langjährige Vorsitzende des Clubs, Reinhard Kramer, die "Nacht von Hannover" – das nächtliche Rennen anfänglich rund um die Markthalle, später um das Opernhaus, fand bis einschließlich des Jahres 2011 jährlich statt.

Titel & Erfolge (unvollständig)
 1992 – Bernd Dittert und Christian Meyer werden bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen in Barcelona Sieger im Mannschaftsfahren auf der Straße über 100 km.
 1998 – Hans-Joachim Schippel wird Weltmeister der Senioren im Straßenfahren
 2014 – Jonas Bokeloh wird Junioren-Straßenweltmeister bei der Straßen-Radweltmeisterschaft in Ponferrada.

Schriften

 Club-Information / Hannoverscher Radsport-Club v. 1912 e.V., Mitteilungsblatt des Hannoverschen Radsport-Clubs v. 1912 e.V., Jg. 18, Nr. 1, 1985 u.ö.

Literatur

 Festschrift und Chronik des Hannoverschen Radsport-Clubs von 1912 e.V. zum 75jährigen Jubiläum , Hannover: Eigenverlag, 1987
 Ein Verein stellt sich vor / Hannoverscher Radsport-Club v. 1912, Hannover: Eigenverlag, 1987
 75 Jahre Hannoverscher Radsport-Club von 1912 e.V. 1912–1987, Hannover: Eigenverlag, 1987
 Karl-Heinz Grotjahn M.A.: Hannoverscher Radsport-Club (HRC) von 1912 e.V.. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.) u. a.: Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9, S. 265.
 Club-Information / Hannoverscher Radsport-Club v. 1912 e.V., Mitteilungsblatt des Hannoverschen Radsport-Clubs v. 1912 e.V., Jg. 18, Nr. 1, 1985 -
 Edda Rogge, Reinhard Kramer, Thomas Munz: Hannoverscher Radsport Club von 1912 e.V. Ein Streifzug durch 100 Jahre Vereinsgeschichte [hier abgekürzt: ... 100 Jahre], Hannover: Eigenverlag, 2012

Weblinks

 Internetpräsenz des Vereins

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 1912
Radsportverein in Deutschland
Sportverein (Hannover)
Calenberger Neustadt

Hannoverscher Radsport Club von 1912


Schackendorf ist ein Ortsteil von Veilsdorf im Landkreis Hildburghausen in Thüringen.

Lage
Schackendorf liegt unweit von Veilsdorf an der Bundesstraße 89 im südlichen Vorgebirgsland des Thüringer Waldes. Weiter östlich befindet sich Eisfeld, westlich Hildburghausen. Durch die Werraniederung verläuft die Bahnstrecke Meiningen–Sonneberg (Werrabahn). Die Grenze zu Bayern ist nicht weit entfernt.

Geschichte
In den Jahren 1330–1340 wurde der Ortsteil erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Im Dorf geht man vom Jahr 1399 aus. Die Zugehörigkeit des Dorfes wechselte oft. 1825 wurde die steinerne Werrabrücke, 1974–1976 die moderne Milchviehanlage als Kernobjekt der Milch-Land-GmbH gebaut.

Persönlichkeiten
 Albert Habermann (1913–1987), Maler und Grafiker

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort im Landkreis Hildburghausen
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Hildburghausen)
Veilsdorf
Ersterwähnung im 14. Jahrhundert
Gemeindeauflösung 1974

Schackendorf (Veilsdorf)


Veličani (Ravno, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u općini Ravno, BiH
 Veličani (Trebinje, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u gradu Trebinju, BiH

Veličani


الجامعة لاغوس (University of Lagos، أو UniLag - "يونيلاغ") هي الجامعة الاتحادية في أكوكا، يابا، المدينة في لاغوس جنوبية. الجامعة واحد من عشرين وحمسة جامعات اتحادية في نيجيريا.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الجامعة لاغوس

تأسيسات سنة 1962 في نيجيريا
تأسيسات سنة 1992 في نيجيريا
جامعات وكليات أسست في 1962
جامعات وكليات أسست في 1992
جامعات وكليات في لاغوس
جامعات وكليات في نيجيريا
مدارس طبية في نيجيريا
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1962

جامعة لاغوس


The Last Castle - Ultimul Castel este o nuvelă științifico-fantastică a scriitorului american Jack Vance. Acesta a câștigat atât Premiul Hugo pentru cea mai bună nuvelă, cât și premiul Nebula pentru cea mai bună nuvelă.  Nuvela a apărut prima dată în numărul din aprilie 1966 al revistei Galaxy Science Fiction editată de Frederik Pohl.

Rezumat

În viitorul îndepărtat, oamenii s-au răspândit în toată Galaxia. O mică elită de oameni s-au întors de pe Altair pe planeta lor mamă pentru a trăi în nouă castele elaborate, de înaltă tehnologie, ca aristocrați leneși. Sunt preocupați în primul rând de estetică, vremurile trecute și întrebări de onoare și etichetă. Diferite rase extraterestre înrobite oferă servicii tehnice ("Meks"), transport ("Păsări"), gospodărie ("Țărani") și servicii de distracție ("Phanes"). Doar o mică minoritate de oameni duce o viață liberă în afara castelelor și sunt considerați barbari de către locuitorii castelului, deoarece efectuează o muncă manuală pentru a-și satisface propriile nevoi.

După șapte secole de dezvoltare a unei societăți din ce în ce mai rafinate,  începe revolta Meks. Locuitorii unor castele fără apărare sunt uciși imediat, în timp ce locuitorii castelelor apărate consideră revolta doar o pacoste. Mulțumiți de sine, consideră că castelele lor de înaltă tehnologie sunt de neînvins. Să acționeze singuri în loc să planifice și să poruncească este ceva considerat ca o pierdere a demnității. Cu toate acestea, fără Meks, tehnologia castelelor nu poate fi menținută. Mai mult decât atât, Meks își folosesc cunoștințele interioare despre funcționarea castelelor pentru a asedia cu succes castelele rămase până când doar Castelul Hagedorn va rămâne în picioare. În timp ce majoritatea cetățenilor castelului își valorizează tradițiile și obiceiurile sociale pe care le consideră mai sus decât propria supraviețuire, totuși un gentleman, Xanten, trece peste aceste obiceiuri pentru a cerceta situația și a căuta aliați în afara castelului. În cele din urmă, acceptă chiar că poate învăța de la "barbarii" din afară și de la triburile care trăiesc liber.

După o luptă scurtă și grea, Xanten și aliații săi câștigă. Concluzionând că umanitatea nu poate depinde de munca de sclavi, ei îl trimit pe toți Meks supraviețuitori înapoi pe planeta lor natală, Etamin 9 și se hotărăsc să-și producă bunurile prin propria forță de muncă în viitor.

Recepție
Când a revizuit antologia Nebula Award Stories Two, Algis Budrys a numit nuvela ca fiind excelentă.

Premii
The Last Castle a câștigat premiul Nebula pentru cea mai bună nuvelă  în 1966  și premiul Hugo pentru cea mai bună nuvelă în 1967. A fost primul premiu Nebula și al doilea premiu Hugo pentru autor.

Referințe

Legături externe

 The Last Castle at the Internet Archive

Povestiri din 1966
Povestiri științifico-fantastice
Povestiri de Jack Vance
Autori câștigători ai Premiului Hugo
Autori câștigători ai Premiului Nebula

The Last Castle (nuvelă)


Walther Hofstaetter (vollst. Walther Martin Christian Hofstaetter; * 27. Juli 1883 in München; † 3. Januar 1968 in Boll) war ein deutscher Schulleiter und Germanist.

Leben
Walther Hofstaetter war der Sohn des damaligen Münchner Stadtvikars Albrecht Hofstaetter und dessen Frau Marie Borchert. Bis 1902 besuchte er die Nikolaischule in Leipzig. Anschließend studierte er an der dortigen Universität Philologie bis zu seiner germanistischen Promotion im Jahre 1907. Während seines Studiums wurde er Mitglied beim Verein Deutscher Studenten Leipzig. 1910 heiratete er Käthe Agnes Böttcher. Ab 1917 war Hofstaetter Oberlehrer und von 1922 bis 1930 Studienrat am reformorientierten König-Georg-Gymnasium in Dresden. Im Jahre 1919 betreute Hofstätter dort als Deutschlehrer das Kriegsabitur Erich Kästners, woran beide sich später noch lebhaft erinnerten. 1931 wechselte er als Oberstudiendirektor zum Königin-Carola-Gymnasium in Leipzig. Am 18. November 1937 beantragte er die Aufnahme in die NSDAP und wurde rückwirkend zum 1. Mai desselben Jahres aufgenommen (Mitgliedsnummer 5.798.873).

Von 1911 bis 1912 war Hofstaetter Schriftleiter und von 1913 bis 1936 Herausgeber und Mitherausgeber der Zeitschrift für den deutschen Unterricht (ab 1920 Zeitschrift für Deutschkunde), die er in Richtung der Deutschkunde weiter veränderte. Er gehörte ab 1912 zum Deutschen Germanistenverband und gab viele Schullektüren heraus, u. a. Parzival. Er war Mitherausgeber des erfolgreichen Lesebuchs Wägen und Wirken. In den 1930er Jahren veröffentlichte Hofstaetter eine Reihe von Schriften zur Luftfahrt.

Von 1945 bis zum 19. Januar 1950 wurde Hofstaetter von der sowjetischen Geheimpolizei des NKWD mit dem ungeprüften Haftvorwurf "Bataillonsführer Volkssturm" im Speziallager Nr. 4 Bautzen festgehalten. Er lebte danach bei seinem Sohn in Hainichen in Sachsen, später bei einer Tochter in Hamburg, zuletzt in Bad Boll. Er gab weiter Lektüren heraus, die teilweise bis heute im Reclam-Verlag erscheinen. Die heute noch vielfach verwendeten gelben Reclam Bändchen als Schullektüre gehen auf seine Initiative bei den verantwortlichen Herausgebern im Verlag Reclam zurück.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Kleine Deutschkunde: Grundzüge deutscher Lebensgestaltung, 1923
 Luftfahrt im Deutsch- und Geschichtsunterricht, 1935
 Geschichte der Luftfahrt, 1938
 Deutsche Sprachlehre, 1941
 Mittel- und ostdeutsche Schriften als gesamtdeutscher Kulturbesitz, 1957

Herausgeberschaft (Auswahl)
 Die Germania des Tacitus. Kommentar und Text, 1910
 Deutschkunde, Teubner, Leipzig-Berlin 1917 (Digitalisat)
 Forderungen und Wege für den neuen Deutschunterricht, Teubner, Leipzig-Berlin 1921
 Ein Jahrtausend deutscher Kultur: Quellen von 800–1800, 1922/1924, zusammen mit Hans Reichmann und Johannes Schneider
 Wägen und Wirken. Ein deutsches Lese- und Lebensbuch, 1920/22,  zusammen mit Otto Berthold und Rudolf Nicolai
 Sachwörterbuch der Deutschkunde, 1930, zusammen mit Ulrich Peters
 Aus reinem Quell. Deutsche Dichtung von Hölderlin bis zur Gegenwart, 1938, zusammen mit Georg Usadel
 Wolfram von Eschenbach: Parzival. Schulausgabe, 1939, Neuauflage 1965
 Ehm Welk: Die wundersame Freundschaft. Das Buch von Tier und Mensch, 1940
 Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus des Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen. Eine Auswahl des Urtextes von 1669, 1954
 Eduard Mörike: Das Stuttgarter Hutzelmännlein, 1960

Literatur
 Reiner Blessing: Schule der nationalen Ethik. Johann Georg Sprengel. Die Deutschkundebewegung und der deutsche Germanistenverband. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 978-3631301593 (Dissertation).
 Horst Schmidt: Hofstaetter, Walther Martin Christian. In: Christoph König (Hrsg.), unter Mitarbeit von Birgit Wägenbaur u. a.: Internationales Germanistenlexikon 1800–1950. Band 2: H–Q. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2003, ISBN 3-11-015485-4, S. 787–788 ().

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fachdidaktiker (Deutsch)
Person (Leipzig)
NSDAP-Mitglied
Speziallagerhäftling
Korporierter im VVDSt
Deutscher
Geboren 1883
Gestorben 1968
Mann
Gymnasiallehrer

Walther Hofstaetter


Nathan Ephraums né le 9 juin 1999 à Keysborough, est un joueur de hockey sur gazon australien. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant au HC Melbourne et avec l'équipe nationale australienne.

Carrière

Ligue professionnelle
  : 2020-2021

Références

Liens externes

Joueur australien de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en juin 1999

Nathan Ephraums


Ainhoa Rodríguez née en juillet 1982 à Madrid, est une réalisatrice, documentariste, productrice et scénariste espagnole.

Biographie
Ainhoa Rodríguez obtient une licence en communication audiovisuelle. Elle est diplômée en réalisation Cinéma et Télévision. Elle soutient une thèse en Théorie et Analyse filmique à l'Université complutense de Madrid. Elle enseigne le langage filmique dans différentes universités tout en réalisant ses premiers films.

En 2021, elle fait partie de la liste des dix personnalités du cinéma espagnol, établie par le magazine Variety.

Son premier long-métrage, Destello bravío, sorti en 2021 remporte de nombreux prix dans différents festivals.

Réalisations

 2006, Muñecas
 2008, Aprende con... (Série TV)
 2009, Fabulario (Série Tv)
 2016, Fade
 2021, Destello bravío

Prix (sélection)

 Fade
 Prix de la meilleure vidéo musicale nationale, Festival de cinéma de Saragosse, 2017
 Destello bravío
 prix Dunio Ayas, Festival international du film de Saint-Sebastien, 2021
 Violette d'or du meilleur film, Festival Cinespaña, Toulouse, 2021
 meilleur film, prix Danny Lerner, Burgas International Film Festival, Bulgarie
 meilleure réalisation, Festival du film de Vilnius, 2021

Notes et références

Productrice espagnole de cinéma
Scénariste espagnole de cinéma
Réalisatrice espagnole
Documentariste espagnol
Étudiant de l'université complutense de Madrid

Ainhoa Rodríguez


An Calamagrostis carchiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Simon Laegaard. An Calamagrostis carchiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis carchiensis


Güzelyayla, Horasan - Erzurum ili Horasan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güzelyayla, Yakutiye - Erzurum ili Yakutiye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güzelyayla, Belen - Hatay ili Belen ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güzelyayla, Cide - Kastamonu ili Cide ilçesine bağlı köy
 Güzelyayla, Kulu - Konya ili Kulu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güzelyayla, Hekimhan - Malatya ili Hekimhan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güzelyayla, Toroslar - Mersin ili Toroslar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güzelyayla, Gölköy - Ordu ili Gölköy ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güzelyayla, Maçka - Trabzon ili Maçka ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Güzelyayla


Vera Nikolić Podrinska () a fost o pictoriță și baroneasă croată.

Biografie
Podrinska a fost fiica baronului Vladimir Nikolic și a baronesei Elle, născută Scotti. Nikolić a învățat să picteze alături de pictorul croat Mandurriao Iveković, începând cu 1900, iar în Paris, alături de Andre Lhote și Leo Junek. În 1917 a avut prima ei expoziție personală .

În 1944, pe proprietatea acesteia de pe strada Pantovčak, Zagreb, a fost amplasată o închisoare, de către guvernul din Statul Independent al Croației. În tabără au fost ținuți prizonieri piloți americani. Piloților li s-a permis să lucreze în podgoria lui Nikolić și să poată folosi proprietatea acesteia să joace tenis și să asculte muzică, printre alte activități.

După terminarea războiului, proprietatea acesteia a fost naționalizată sau cumpărată de către Partidul Comunist și  Vila Zagorje, o proprietate a liderului iugoslav Josip Broz, a fost construită. În 1957 a publicat cartea de călătorie Od Zagreba do Bangkoka (Din Zagreb spre Bangkok).

Nikolić a călătorit în Statele Unite ale Americii, în 1966, pentru a participa la o expoziție de artă a lucrărilor ei. A fost întâmpinată de mulți dintre foștii deținuți care au fost ținuti prizonieri la moșia ei, în timpul celui de al Doilea Război Mondial.

Note

Legături externe
 Biografie și imagini ale picturilor lui Podrinska pe site-ul Croatian Women Painters Born in the 19th Century.

Nașteri în 1886
Decese în 1972
Artiste din secolul al XX-lea
Nobili croați
Pictori croați
Oameni din Zagreb

Vera Nikolić Podrinska


César Araújo, né le  à Montevideo en Uruguay, est un footballeur uruguayen qui évolue au poste de milieu central à Orlando City en MLS.

Biographie

Montevideo Wanderers
Né à Montevideo en Uruguay, César Araújo est formé par l'un des clubs de la capitale uruguayenne, le Montevideo Wanderers. Il débute en professionnel le , en Copa Sudamericana, contre le SC Corinthians. Ce jour-là, il entre en jeu à la , et son équipe s'incline par deux buts à un. Il fait sa première apparition en championnat le , contre le Boston River (victoire 0-2 du Wanderers).

Le , César Araújo participe à son premier match de Copa Libertadores, face au Club Bolívar. Il est titularisé lors de cette rencontre, et son équipe s'impose sur le score de un but à zéro Le  suivant il prolonge son contrat jusqu'en décembre 2024.

Orlando City
À seulement vingt ans, Araújo s'engage en faveur du Orlando City en Major League Soccer le  et signe un contrat de trois ans avec la franchise floridienne.

César Araújo joue son premier match sous ses nouvelles couleurs le 27 février 2022, lors de la première journée de la saison 2022 de MLS, contre le CF Montréal. Il est titularisé et son équipe s'impose par deux buts à zéro.

Le , il remporte la Coupe des États-Unis avec Orlando à l'Exploria Stadium après une victoire 3-0 face au Republic de Sacramento. Quelques jours plus tard, il est classé treizième au palmarès 2022 des 22 joueurs de moins de 22 ans en MLS.

Vie privée
César Araújo a cinq frères et sœurs, dont Maximiliano Araújo, qui est également footballeur professionnel.

Palmarès
  Orlando City
 Vainqueur de la Coupe des États-Unis en 2022

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur uruguayen
Joueur du Montevideo Wanderers FC
Joueur du Orlando City SC
Naissance en avril 2001
Naissance à Montevideo

César Araújo


Ramón Marcos Allo (Burgos, 1969) es un abogado y expolítico español. Diputado autonómico en Madrid por Unión Progreso y Democracia (UPyD) desde 2011 hasta 2015

Biografía
Nacido en Burgos en 1969, es licenciado en Derecho por la Universidad de Valladolid y Executive Máster en Gestión Pública por el Instituto de Empresa. Desde 1997 es letrado de la Administración de la Seguridad Social. Entre 1999 y 2006, trabajó como letrado de la Seguridad Social en el Servicio Jurídico de la Seguridad Social del Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social y TGSS, en Barcelona pasando a ejercer como letrado Jefe del Servicio Jurídico de la Seguridad Social en Guadalajara entre 2006 y 2008. Ese año se trasladó a Madrid, pasando al Servicio Jurídico Delegado Central de la Seguridad Social en el Instituto Social de la Marina.

Militó en el PSC, siendo miembro de la ejecutiva de la agrupación del Ensanche de Barcelona y del Consejo de la Federación de Barcelona. Tras la creación del tripartito catalán fue uno de los creadores de la corriente interna Socialistas en Positivo, contraria a la deriva catalanista del PSC y muy crítica con el Estatuto de autonomía de 2006. Finalmente abandona el PSC junto a varios miembros de la citada corriente, militando muy brevemente, entre marzo y junio de 2007, en Cs. Posteriormente colabora con la Plataforma Pro, siendo uno de los fundadores de Unión Progreso y Democracia. En las elecciones generales de 2008 figuró como número 3 por la lista de Madrid, y en las elecciones autonómicas de 2011 es elegido diputado en la Asamblea de Madrid.

Es miembro del Consejo de Dirección de UPyD, miembro del Consejo Político y colabora en el grupo de Asesoría e Iniciativa Parlamentaria. También ha sido Coordinador Territorial en Madrid.

Fue diputado y portavoz adjunto del Grupo Parlamentario de Unión Progreso y Democracia en la Asamblea de Madrid en la IX Legislatura donde también ejerció como portavoz en la Comisión de Educación y Empleo, y en la Comisión de Estatuto de Autonomía, Reglamento y Estatuto del Diputado. Fue portavoz en la Comisión de estudio sobre competencias duplicadas entre ayuntamientos y Comunidad de Madrid para mejorar la eficiencia en la prestación de servicios públicos.

Tras los malos resultados en las elecciones Autonómicas de 2015, a las que él concurría como cabeza de lista de UPyD y en las que la formación perdió su representación en la Asamblea de Madrid, anunció abandonaría la política para volver a su puesto de letrado de la Seguridad Social.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Blog personal

Políticos de Unión Progreso y Democracia
Diputados de la IX Legislatura de la Asamblea de Madrid
Diputados del Grupo Parlamentario Unión Progreso y Democracia en la Asamblea de Madrid
Nacidos en Burgos

Ramón Marcos


Penelope Milford (født 23. marts 1948) er en amerikansk teater,- tv- og filmskuespiller. Hun er bedst kendt for sin rolle som Vi-Munson i Coming Home - På vej hjem (1978), for hvilken hun blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle. Hun startede også rollen som Jenny Anderson i Broadway-musical Shenandoah, som hun blev nomineret til en Drama Desk Award i 1975.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Personer fra St. Louis
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Penelope Milford