Yamashita's gold, also referred to as the Yamashita treasure, is the name given to the alleged war loot stolen in Southeast Asia by Imperial Japanese forces during World War II and supposedly hidden in caves, tunnels, or underground complexes in different cities in the Philippines. It was named after the Japanese general Tomoyuki Yamashita, dubbed as "The Tiger of Malaya", who conquered Malaya within 70 days from the British. Though there are accounts that claim the treasure remains hidden in the Philippines and have lured treasure hunters from around the world for over 50 years, its existence has been dismissed by most experts. The rumored treasure was the subject of a complex lawsuit that was filed in a Hawaiian state court in 1988 involving a Filipino treasure hunter, Rogelio Roxas, and the former Philippine president, Ferdinand Marcos.

Looting of gold

Prominent among those who have argued for the existence of Yamashita's gold are Sterling Seagrave and his wife Peggy Seagrave, who wrote two books related to the subject: The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family (2000) and Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold (2003). The Seagraves contend that looting, including more than 6000 tonnes of gold, was organized on a massive scale, by both yakuza gangsters such as Yoshio Kodama, and the highest levels of Japanese society, including Emperor Hirohito. The Japanese government intended that loot from Southeast Asia would finance Japan's war effort. The Seagraves allege that Hirohito appointed his brother, Prince Yasuhito Chichibu, to head a secret organization named , after a poem that the Emperor Hirohito had written. It is purported that many of those who knew the locations of the loot were killed during the war, or later tried by the Allies for war crimes and executed or incarcerated. Yamashita himself was convicted of war crimes and executed by the United States Army on February 23, 1946, in Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines.

According to the Seagraves, numerous Golden Lily vaults were found by Edward Lansdale and Severino Garcia Diaz Santa Romana in caves north of Manila in the high valleys and the '', which was named after Major General William Marquat, was established from Santa Romano and Lansdale's work. Sterling Seagrave alleged that Santa Romana (Santy) tortured Yamashita's driver Major Kojima Kashii to obtain the probable locations of the loot. The Seagraves wrote that Lansdale flew to Tokyo and briefed MacArthur and his Chief of Intelligence Charles Willoughby, later flew to the United States to brief Clark Clifford and returned with Robert Anderson to inspect several caves in Philippines with Douglas MacArthur. More than 170 tunnels and caves were found. Ray Cline believes that both Robert Anderson and Paul Helliwell created 176 "black gold" banking accounts in 42 countries after moving the loot by ship to support future United States operations.

The stolen property reportedly included many different kinds of valuables looted from banks, depositories, other commercial premises, museums, private homes, and religious buildings. It takes its name from General Tomoyuki Yamashita, who assumed command of the Japanese forces in the Philippines in 1944.

According to various accounts, the loot was initially concentrated in Singapore, and later transported to the Philippines. The Japanese hoped to ship the treasure from the Philippines to the Japanese Home Islands after the war ended. As the War in the Pacific progressed, United States Navy submarines and Allied warplanes inflicted increasingly heavy sinkings of Japanese merchant shipping. Some of the ships carrying the war booty back to Japan were sunk in combat.

The Seagraves and a few others have claimed that American military intelligence operatives located much of the loot; they colluded with Hirohito and other senior Japanese figures to conceal its existence, and they used it as "Black Gold" to finance American covert intelligence operations around the world during the Cold War. These rumors have inspired many hopeful treasure hunters, but most experts and Filipino historians say there is no credible evidence behind these claims.

In 1992, Imelda Marcos claimed without evidence that Yamashita's gold accounted for the bulk of the wealth of her husband, Ferdinand Marcos.

Many individuals and consortia, both Philippine and foreign, continue to search for treasure sites. A number of accidental deaths, injuries and financial losses incurred by treasure hunters have been reported.

The National Museum of the Philippines is responsible for the issuance of treasure hunting permits and licenses.

Treasure skeptics
Ricardo Trota Jose, history professor from the University of the Philippines, has questioned the theory that treasure from mainland Southeast Asia was transported to the Philippines: "By 1943 the Japanese were no longer in control of the seas... It doesn't make sense to bring in something that valuable here when you know it's going to be lost to the Americans anyway. The more rational thing would have been to send it to Taiwan or China."

Philippines National Historical Institute chairman and historian Ambeth Ocampo commented: "Two of the wealth myths I usually encounter are the Yamashita treasure and gossip that the Cojuangco fortune was founded on a bag of money..." Ocampo also said: "For the past 50 years, many people, both Filipinos and foreigners, have spent their time, money and energy in search of Yamashita's elusive treasure." Professor Ocampo noted "What makes me wonder is that for the past 50 years, despite all the treasure hunters, their maps, oral testimony and sophisticated metal detectors, nobody has found a thing."

Rogelio Roxas lawsuit
In March 1988, a Filipino treasure hunter named Rogelio Roxas filed a lawsuit in the state of Hawaii against the former president of the Philippines, Ferdinand Marcos and his wife Imelda Marcos for theft and human rights abuses. Roxas claimed that in Baguio in 1961 he met the son of a former member of the Japanese army who mapped for him the location of the legendary Yamashita Treasure. Roxas claimed a second man, who served as Yamashita's interpreter during the World War II, told him of visiting an underground chamber there where stores of gold and silver were kept, and who told of a golden buddha kept at a convent located near the underground chambers. Roxas claimed that within the next few years he formed a group to search for the treasure, and obtained a permit for the purpose from a relative of Ferdinand, Judge Pio Marcos. In 1971, Roxas claimed, he and his group uncovered an enclosed chamber on state lands near Baguio where he found bayonets, samurai swords, radios, and skeletal remains dressed in a Japanese military uniform. Also found in the chamber, Roxas claimed, were a  golden-colored Buddha and numerous stacked crates which filled an area approximately 6 feet x 6 feet x 35 feet. He claimed he opened just one of the boxes, and found it packed with gold bullion. He said he took from the chamber the golden Buddha, which he estimated to weigh 1,000 kilograms, and one box with twenty-four gold bars, and hid them in his home. He claimed he resealed the chamber for safekeeping until he could arrange the removal of the remaining boxes, which he suspected were also filled with gold bars. Roxas said he sold seven of the gold bars from the opened box, and sought potential buyers for the golden Buddha. Two individuals representing prospective buyers examined and tested the metal in the Buddha, Roxas said, and reported it was made of solid, 20-carat gold. It was soon after this, Roxas claimed, that President Ferdinand Marcos learned of Roxas' discovery and ordered him arrested, beaten, and the Buddha and remaining gold seized. Roxas alleged that in retaliation to his vocal campaign to reclaim the Buddha and the remainder of the treasure taken from him, Ferdinand continued to have Roxas threatened, beaten, and eventually incarcerated for over a year.

Following his release, Roxas put his claims against Marcos on hold until Ferdinand lost the presidency in 1986. But in 1988, Roxas and the Golden Budha Corporation, which now held the ownership rights to the treasure Roxas claims was stolen from him, filed suit against Ferdinand and wife Imelda in a Hawaiian state court seeking damages for the theft and the surrounding human rights abuses committed against Roxas. Roxas died on the eve of trial, but prior to his death he gave the deposition testimony that would be later used in evidence. In 1996, the Roxas estate and the Golden Budha Corporation received what was then-largest judgment ever awarded in history, $22 billion, which with interest increased to $40.5 billion. In 1998, the Hawaii Supreme Court held that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding that Roxas found the treasure and that Marcos converted it. However, the court reversed the damage award, holding that the $22 billion award of damages for the chamber full of gold was too speculative, as there was no evidence of quantity or quality, and ordered a new hearing on the value of the golden Buddha and 17 bars of gold only. After several more years of legal proceedings, the Golden Budha Corporation obtained a final judgment against Imelda Marcos to the extent of her interest in the Marcos estate in the principal amount of $13,275,848.37 and Roxas' estate obtained a $6 million judgment on the claim for human right abuse.

Events surrounding the Excavation
In December 1969, rumors spread that gold bars had been found in the mountains about 40km away from Manila.
In June 2018, local police arrested 17 people, including 4 Japanese, including a 15-year-old boy, and 13 Filipinos, for illegal mining on Capones Island for treasure.

In popular culture
 Yamashita's gold, though not mentioned by that name, serves as a major plot element of Cryptonomicon, a novel by Neal Stephenson
 A film about the alleged treasure, Yamashita: The Tiger's Treasure, directed by Chito S. Roño was released in the Philippines in 2001. It tells about a story of a former Filipino POW and his grandson torn between secret agents and a corrupt former Japanese soldier that is interested in the buried loot. The grandfather is the only surviving person who knows the location of the buried treasure.
 An episode of the American TV series Unsolved Mysteries, the first broadcast on American TV on January 27, 1993, discussed the fate of the loot that has supposedly been amassed by Gen. Yamashita
 The later part of the console game Medal of Honor: Rising Sun focuses around the gold
 Yamashita's gold serves as a plot element of Dragon, a novel by Clive Cussler, and in Gaijin Cowgirl, a novel by Jame DiBiasio. It also features the plot of Pursuit of the Golden Lily, a novel by R. Emery that was inspired by her father's wartime diary.
 Ore, or Or, a play by Duncan Pflaster, uses Yamashita's gold as a metaphor for the love lives of modern-day characters, one of whom is trying to determine if a crate of golden statues uncovered in the Philippines was part of Yamashita's hoard or not
 The Mystery of Yamashita's Map (2007), a novel by James McKenzie, tells the story of a group of treasure hunters who go in search of Yamashita's gold
 A TV show, Yamashita's Treasure, was broadcast by Singapore's Media, Mediacorp in 2010
 Yamashita's gold is a major plot element of Dead Mine, a 2013 horror film set on a remote Indonesian island
 The storyline of Tan Twan Eng's 2012 novel The Garden of Evening Mists is based around Imperial Japan's Golden Lily plan, the operation which amassed Yamashita's gold
 Colin Howell, a Northern Irish double murderer, lost the majority of the money he obtained by murdering his wife in a scam purporting to recover Yamashita's gold. This was dramatised on ITV in 2016 as The Secret.
 In the visual novel Umineko no Naku Koro ni, the story of the gold that the Ushiromiya head is supposed to hide is inspired by Yamashita's gold, especially in the 7th episode
 In the TV series Expedition Unknown host Josh Gates travels to the Philippines to help treasure hunters search for the lost gold
 The History Channel began airing a documentary series titled Lost Gold of World War II in March 2019, following a team of American investigators searching for the gold. It features John Casey, Manny Paez, Bingo Minerva, Martin Flagg, Jeremy Mcmillan, JD Foringer, and Brad Carr
The 2020 Korean comedy film The Golden Holiday is partially about the search for Yamashita's gold
It is a plot element in the 2021 film Dangerous

See also
 Art theft and looting during World War II
 Confederate gold
 List of lost mines
 List of missing treasures
 Nazi gold
 Nazi plunder
 Operation Big Bird
 Presidential Commission on Good Government

Notes

References

Sources
General

 天皇の金塊(1)世界大戦の戦費は日本が賄った? (Emperor's Gold Nugget (1) Did Japan cover the cost of World War II?), (in Japanese) June 1, 2009
 天皇の金塊(2)ゴールデン・リリーと霞ヶ関埋蔵金 (Emperor's Gold Nugget (2) Golden Lily and Kasumigaseki Reserve), (in Japanese) June 2, 2009
 天皇の金塊(3)金塊秘匿の地下サイト (Emperor's Gold Nugget (3) Underground site of gold nugget concealment), (in Japanese) June 3, 2009
 天皇の金塊(4)トレジャーハンターとマルコス裁判 (Emperor's Gold Nugget (4) Treasure Hunter and Marcos Trial), (in Japanese) June 4, 2009
 国際金融の論が (Diagram of International Finance) (in Japanese)
 天皇の金塊(5)…「金の百合」と国際金融相関図 (Emperor's Gold Nugget (5) ... "Golden Yuri" and International Financial Correlation Chart), (in Japanese) June 30, 2009
 天皇の金塊(6)…「金の百合」とゴールド・カルテル (Emperor's Gold Nugget (6) ... "Golden Yuri" and Gold Cartel), (in Japanese) July 1, 2009
Related to Roxas v. Marcos
 "Supreme Court of Hawaii, Roxas v. Marcos, November 17, 1998"
 "New York Daily News, 460m War Booty Ruling vs. Marcos, March 25, 1996"
 "Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 19, 1998"
 "Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Lawyers Debate Value of Stolen Gold, February 29, 2000"
 "Metropolitan News-Enterprise, Court Blocks Bid By Marcos Creditors To Collect From US Account, November 1, 2002"
 "Manila Standard Today, Marcos Victims Dying To Get Paid, January 28, 2006"
 "US Solicitor General, Department of Justice, Estate of Roxas v. Pimentel, Brief For The United States As Amicus Curiae, October 2007"
 "Office of Solicitor General, Republic of the Philippines, US Gov't Supports Philippines in the Arelma Case"
 "United States Court of Appeals, 464 F.3d 885, Merrill Lynch v. ENC Corp., September 12, 2006"
 "Supreme Court of Hawaii, Roxas v. Marcos, November 29, 2005"

Gold standard
Japanese urban legends
Japan–Philippines relations
Philippines in World War II
Philippines–United States relations
Treasure troves of Asia
Urban legends
Legendary treasures

Yamashita's gold


Charles Neville,  comte de Westmorland (-) est un noble anglais et l'un des chefs de file de l'Insurrection du Nord en 1569 .

Biographie
Il est le fils de Henry Neville (5e comte de Westmorland) et d'Anne Manners, deuxième fille de Thomas Manners (1er comte de Rutland).

En 1563, il épouse Jane Howard, fille d'Henry Howard (comte de Surrey), et de Frances de Vere, comtesse de Surrey. Elle est la sœur de Thomas Howard (4e duc de Norfolk), et de Henry Howard (1er comte de Northampton).

Catholique d'éducation et allié à la famille catholique Howard, Westmorland s'oppose aux politiques protestantes de la reine Élisabeth  et, en novembre 1569, il rejoint Thomas Percy (7e comte de Northumberland) dans la rébellion du Nord contre la reine. Les rebelles prennent Durham et célèbrent une messe catholique. Les forces fidèles à la reine écrasent la rébellion, qui échoue dans sa tentative de sauver Marie Stuart de la prison.

Les deux comtes s'enfuient en Écosse. Westmorland trouve protection et dissimulation pendant longtemps au château de Fernyhurst, la maison de Lord Kerr dans le Roxburghshire, mais pendant ce temps, le cousin du comte, Robert Constable, est engagé par Ralph Sadler pour tenter de traquer le malheureux noble, et sous couvert d'amitié de le trahir. La correspondance de l'agent apparaît parmi les papiers de l'État de Sadler – un mémorial tristement célèbre de trahison et de bassesse. Westmorland est au château de Huntly en juillet 1570.

Après que Northumberland ait été capturé et remis à Elizabeth en 1572, Westmorland craint une trahison similaire et part pour la Flandre, où il connait l'extrême pauvreté. Il ne reverra plus jamais sa femme, Jane Howard (morte en 1593) et leur fils et leurs quatre filles. Son vaste héritage est confisqué; Brancepeth, le fief des Neville en guerre, et le Château de Raby, leur maison de fête en paix, passent entre les mains d'étrangers.

Un rapport d'espionnage envoyé de Paris à Londres en août 1585 déclare que Charles Neville, le comte fugitif de Westmorland, pourrait, dans le cadre d'une invasion catholique concertée de l'Angleterre, débarquer dans le Cumberland ou le Lancashire, amenant avec lui le ou les fils de Henry Percy (8e comte de Northumberland). Les historiens sont obligés de se demander de quel(s) fils (s) le rapport signifie, car des sources indiquent que tous les fils étaient en Angleterre au moment de la mort mystérieuse de leur père (peut-être un meurtre, peut-être un suicide) en 1585.

En 1588, Westmorland commande une force de 700 fugitifs anglais dans les ports maritimes de Flandre, qui avec l'armée de 103 compagnies de fantassins et 4 000 cavaliers, forment ensemble 30 000 hommes sous Alexandre Farnèse, duc de Parme et en plus 12.000 hommes amenés par le duc de Guise sur les côtes de Normandie, sont destinés à une attaque sur l'ouest de l'Angleterre, sous couvert et protection de l'Armada espagnole.

Westmorland s'enfuit, pour vivre en exil sur le continent ; il est déclaré hors la loi par le Parlement en 1571 (Acte 13 Eliz. je c. 16). Il survit avec une petite pension de Philippe II d'Espagne, mourant sans le sou et largement oublié le 16 novembre 1601.

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Famille Neville
Comte de la pairie d'Angleterre
Décès en novembre 1601
Naissance en août 1543
Décès à 58 ans
Comte de Westmorland

Charles Neville (6e comte de Westmorland)


Warrenton Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Warrenton Township (Minnesota)
 Warrenton Township (North Carolina)

Warrenton Township


Na mitologia nórdica, Himinbjörg (em nórdico antigo: Himinbjǫrg significando "castelo do céu"  ou "montanha do céu"  ) é o lar do deus Heimdall. Himinbjörg é atestado na Edda em verso, compilada de fontes tradicionais anteriores, na Edda em Prosa e Heimskringla, escritas no século XIII por Snorri Sturluson. Himinbjörg está associado a Heimdall em todas as fontes. De acordo com a Edda em verso, Heimdall mora lá como vigia dos deuses e lá bebe um bom hidromel, enquanto na Edda em Prosa Himinbjörg é detalhado como localizado onde a ponte ardente do arco-íris Bifröst encontra o céu. Os estudiosos comentaram as diferenças entre os dois atestados e ligaram o nome do local mítico a vários nomes de lugares.

Atestações

Himinbjörg recebe uma única menção na Edda em verso. No poema Grímnismál, Odin (disfarçado de Grímnir), torturado, faminto e com sede, conta ao jovem Agnar uma série de locais mitológicos. O oitavo local que ele menciona é Himinbjörg, onde ele diz que Heimdall bebe um bom hidromel:

Em relação à estrofe acima, Henry Adams Bellows comenta que "na estrofe, as duas funções de Heimdall - como pai da humanidade [...] e como guardião dos deuses - parecem ser mencionadas, mas a segunda linha nos manuscritos está aparentemente em mau estado, e nas edições é mais ou menos conjectura".

Na Edda em Prosa, Himinbjörg é mencionado duas vezes, ambas no livro Gylfaginning, de Snorri Sturluson. A primeira menção é encontrada no capítulo 27, onde a figura entronizada do Hár informa a Gangleri que Himinbjörg fica onde a ponte em chamas Bifröst encontra o céu.  Mais tarde, no capítulo 27, Hár diz que Heimdall mora em Himinbjörg perto de Bifröst e lá guarda a ponte da montanha jotnar enquanto está sentado na beira do céu. A estrofe Grímnismál acima mencionada é citada logo em seguida.

Na Saga dos Inglingos, compilada em Heimskringla, Snorri apresenta uma origem evemerizada dos deuses nórdicos e governantes descendentes deles. No capítulo 5, Snorri afirma que os Aesir se estabeleceram no que hoje é a Suécia e construíram vários templos. Snorri escreve que Odin se estabeleceu no Lago Logrin "num lugar que anteriormente era chamado de Sigtúnir. Lá ele ergueu um grande templo e fez sacrifícios de acordo com o costume dos Aesir. Ele tomou posse da terra até onde a chamou de Sigtúnir. Ele deu moradas aos sacerdotes do templo". Snorri acrescenta que, depois disso, Njörðr morou em Nóatún, Freyr morou em Uppsala, Heimdall em Himinbjörg, Thor em Þrúðvangr, Baldr em Breiðablik e que a todos Odin deu belas propriedades.

Teorias

Em relação às diferenças entre os atestados de Grímnismál e Gylfaginning, o estudioso John Lindow diz que enquanto a ponte Bifröst "leva ao poço, que é presumivelmente no centro da morada dos deuses, a noção de Snorri de Bifröst como o arco-íris pode tê-lo levado a colocar Himinbjörg no fim do céu". Lindow comenta ainda que a noção "é, no entanto, consistente com a noção de Heimdall como uma figura de fronteira".

O estudioso do século XIX, Jacob Grimm, traduz o nome como "as colinas celestiais" e liga Himinbjörg a alguns substantivos comuns e nomes de lugares em várias partes da Europa germânica. Grimm compara Himinbjörg ao substantivo comum nórdico antigo himinfiöll para montanhas especialmente altas, e o antigo alto alemão Himilînberg ('montanhas celestiais'), um lugar assombrado por espíritos na Abadia de São Galo, um Himelberc em Liechtenstein e um Himilesberg perto de Fulda, Alemanha, além de mais exemplos de Hesse, um Himmelsberg em Västergötland, Suécia e um, "suposto ser de Heimdall", em Halland, Suécia. Grimm compara ainda o antigo nórdico Himinvângar, cognato do antigo saxão hebanwang, hebeneswang, um termo para "paraíso" e o inglês antigo Heofenfeld ('campo celestial') mencionado por Beda.

Mitologia nórdica
Lugares da mitologia nórdica

Himinbjörg


Emmanuel Renaut (* 26. Januar 1968 in Soisy-sous-Montmorency) ist ein französischer Koch. 2012 erhielt er den "dritten Stern" des Guide Michelin.

Nach seiner Ausbildung in Paris arbeitete er für das Restaurant Les Ambassadeurs des Pariser Luxushotel Hôtel de Crillon bei Christian Constant, danach für die Auberge d'Eridan in Annecy bei Marc Veyrat. Die Zusatzausbildung als Pâtissier machte er bei Yves Thuriès. In London war er danach Küchenchef des Hotels Claridge's. 2002 eröffnete er sein eigenes Restaurant in Megève in den Savoyer Alpen. Er betreibt dort auch ein Hotel und eine Kochschule.

2001 erhielt er im Alter von 33 Jahren seinen ersten, 2006 seinen zweiten Stern. 2004 gewann er den Preis Meilleur Ouvrier de France.

Weblinks
 Seite von Hotel und Restaurant Flocons de Sel (auch deutsch)

Einzelnachweise

Koch (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1968
Mann

Emmanuel Renaut


An Aira uniaristata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Antonio José Cavanilles. An Aira uniaristata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aira, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aira

Aira uniaristata


Moth to a Flame est une chanson du groupe suédois Swedish House Mafia en duo avec le chanteur canadien The Weeknd, sortie le , publiée sous le label Republic Records et apparaissant sur l'album Dawn FM du chanteur canadien.

Clip
Le clip est publié en même temps que le single, réalisé par Alexander Wessely

Certifications

Références

Liens externes

Chanson interprétée par The Weeknd
Chanson interprétée par Swedish House Mafia
Chanson de 2021
Single certifié or en Italie

Moth to a Flame


الكوزو  و(باليابانية : 葛)
الكودزو يأتي من الجذور العميقة للشجيرات البرية التي تنمو في جنوب اليابان ,وقد جرت العادة على استخدامه لإعطاء الصلصات وحلوى البودينغ وباقي الاطباق الأخرى قواما غليظاً.

الأنواع والاستخدامات
يتوافر على شكل مسحوق في متاجر الاطعمة الطبيعية ,كما يمكن استخدامه كبديل عن نشاء الذرة وبياض البيض وباقي المواد التي تستعمل لإعطاء الاطعمة قواماً غليظا.

فوائده
يتميز نبات الكوزو بانه يزود الجسم بالطاقة المتوازنة الهادئة.كما يساعد على استقرار درجة حرارة الجسم والانشطة الحيوية، نظرا لخصائص التعادل بين الاحماض والقلويات التي يتميز بها، وباعتباره مسكنا للالاٌم فإنه أحد العوامل الأساسية للكثير من الاسعافات المنزلية مثل مشروب الأوم.شو.كوزو الذي يساعد على الهضم وتخزين الطاقة.

السعرات الحرارية
السعرات الحرارية الموجودة في 100 غ من الكوزو =347 سعرة حرارة.

المصدر
 طعام المايكروبيوتك الموسع لمريم نور وكمال مزوق (بتصرف).

مراجع

أسماء مألوفة للنباتات
المايكروبيوتك
خضار جذرية
كشت
مطبخ ياباني
مواد مغلظة غذائية
نباتات ليفية
نباتات مجتاحة
نباتات مستخدمة في الطب الصيني التقليدي
نشا

كودزو


Rudolf Arapović (Busovača, 8. prosinca 1937. – kod Samobora, 3. kolovoza 2007.), hrvatski publicist i dugogodišnji emigrant.

Životopis
Rodio se 8. prosinca 1937. u Busovači u srednjoj Bosni, u mnogobrojnoj obitelji. Obitelj mu je proganjala komunistička vlast. S obitelji se kao dječak našao na Križnom putu. Komunistička vlast proganjala mu je većinu njegove obitelji poslije rata. Zbog toga što mu je brat Pero bio pripadnik Hrvatskih oružanih snaga i što je poslije rata nastavio pružati otpor kao križar, Rudolfa i obitelj jugokomunističke vlasti internirale su u Zavidoviće. Zbog toga je osnovnu školu pohađao u Zavidovićima i rodnom mjestu. U Visokom na Franjevačkom sjemeništu pohađao je 1955. – 1959. i završio klasičnu gimnaziju. Dvije godine služio je dvogodišnju vojnu obvezu, u Srbiji, u Ćupriji i Kragujevcu, od 1961. – 1962. Državnu gimnaziju je polagao i završio u Travniku i Zagrebu. Studirao je na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu od 1962. do 1965. filozofiju i njemački jezik.
Zloglasna Udba pratila ga je još dok je bio srednjošoklac u Visokom. Praćenje intenzivira od kolovoza 1964., a kad su g. 1965. u Zagrebu bačeni protujugoslavenski, uhićen je s više kolega i prijatelja 7. lipnja 1965. godine. Tad je bio na trećoj godini studija. Istraga je bila iscrpna, vrlo teška i opsežna. Na kraju je osuđen s još petoricom kolega i prijatelja kao treće optuženi 25. ožujka 1966. na Okružnom sudu Zagreb "zbog čitanja i davanja drugima na čitanje emigrantskog tiska". Izrečena mu je jednogodišnja kazna koju je izdržao u Zagrebu. Četiri i pol mjeseca nakon izlaska iz zatvora prebjegao je zajedno s prijateljem i suosuđenikom Brunom Bušićem 25. listopada 1966. u Austriju. Studije je nastavio u Beču na Sveučilištu. Premda je to bilo zabranjeno, uključio se i u politički rad među tamošnjom hrvatskom emigracijom. Preveo je na njemački jezik "Deklaraciju o položaju i nazivu hrvatskoga književnog jezika" netom nakon što je izašla. Prijevod je dostavio medijima i diplomatskim predstavništvima u Beču. UDBA ga je pratila i u Beču. Stoga je od konca lipnja do listopada 1968. boravio je u Kanadi radeći kao berač duhana. Vratio se u Beču, a od 24. lipnja 1969. živi u Washingtonu DC u SAD.
Urednik i izdavač nekoliko hrvatskih emigrantskih listova. Od 1967. do 1969. uređivao i izdavao Bilten hrvatskih socijalista iz Beča. U SAD od 1974. do 1974. izdavao Hrvatsku borbu te od 1978. do 1979. Hrvatski list. Dopisivao se s Brunom Bušićem. Arapovićeva izdavačka kuća bila je HB-Press. Uređivao je Hrvatski put i surađivao s brojnim hrvatskim iseljeničkim emigrantskim novinama, Republici Hrvatskoj, Hrvatskom putu, Hrvatskoj državi, HT Danici, Zajedničaru, Pregledu, Hrvatskoj slobodi. Također je surađivao je i u Washington Postu i Washington Timesu.
Bio je aktivni župljanin Hrvatske katoličke misije sv. Vlaha u Washingtonu D.C., od osnutka misije do svoga povratka u Hrvatsku 1997. godine.
1998. godine objavila je HB-Press djelo Ante Cilige Sve i odmah. Dopisivanje s Bušićem objavio je 2003. u knjizi Bruno Bušić, meteorski bljesak na hrvatskom obzorju. Iste godine objavio je u knjizi  DL 22950 tajne dopise udbinih doušnika o njegovu djelovanju od 1964. do 1977. godine. HB-Press je objavio pretiske publicističkih djela Vjekoslava Vrančića 2006. Branili smo državu i 2007. U službi Domovine, koja svjedoče o hrvatskim ratnim godinama od 1941. do 1945. Umro je 3. kolovoza u svojem domu u blizini Samobora.
Sprovod je bio 6. kolovoza 2007. na groblju Otruševcu kod Samobora. Fra Vjekoslav Lasić govorio je o Arapovićevoj borbi za hrvatsku državu, suradnji s Brunom Bušićem, a fra Nediljko Knezović o Arapovićevoj donaciji knjiga u vrijednosti 10 000 eura Crkvi hrvatskih mučenika u Udbini. Sveta misa zadušnica bila je u obližnjem Domaslovcu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Hrvati AMAC Šime Letina:  Životni put i djelo Rudolfa Arapovića. Izbjeglički život
Hrvati AMAC Šime Letina: Životni put i djelo Rudolfa Arapovića. Život u Washingtonu
Hrvati AMAC Šime Letina: Životni put i djelo Rudolfa Arapovića. Povratak u domovinu
Hrvati AMAC Rudolf Arapović 1937 - 2007
WorldCat

Životopisi, Busovača
Hrvatska politička emigracija (1945. – 1989.)
Hrvatski publicisti iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Hrvati u SAD-u

Rudolf Arapović


Vilar de Andorinho Portekiz'de Vila Nova de Gaia belediyesine bağlı olan, 6,52 km2; yüzölçümüne sahip, 16.710 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vila Nova de Gaia'nın bucakları

Vilar de Andorinho


Asa Shinn Mercer (June 6, 1839 – August 10, 1917) was the first president of the Territorial University of Washington and a member of the Washington State Senate.

He is remembered primarily for his role in three milestones of the old American West: the founding of the University of Washington, the Mercer Girls, and the Johnson County War. Mercer Island in Lake Washington and Mercer Street in Seattle are named not for Asa, but rather his brother Thomas.

Seattle Public Schools operates Asa Mercer International Middle School in Seattle's Beacon Hill neighborhood.

Early life
Mercer was born in Princeton, Illinois. He had twelve older siblings. According to Mercer, he spent time with Abraham Lincoln in his childhood and claimed that Lincoln encouraged him to travel. Mercer's first trip west was in 1852 at age thirteen. In 1860, he attended Franklin College in New Athens, Ohio, returning to Washington on his graduation.

The University of Washington
In 1861, as a member of one of the founding families of Seattle, Washington, a young Asa Mercer assisted his brothers in clearing stumps to make way for the new territorial university.

Besides helping with the foundations of the university, Mercer, being the only college graduate in town, was hired by Daniel Bagley as the university's sole instructor and president.  However, Mercer did not receive a salary.

The Mercer Girls

The young town of Seattle was attracting hordes of men to work in the timber and fishing industries, but few marriageable women were willing to make the trip to the remote northwest corner of the United States. In March 1864, with public support and private funding, Mercer traveled to the eastern United States in search of single women to work in Seattle as teachers. On May 16, 1864, he returned to Seattle with eleven women who all found employment as teachers in Seattle. Of these, eight eventually married and settled in the area.  This and a subsequent trip introduced dozens of women to the Pacific Northwest, most of whom eventually married local men. The descendants of the Mercer Girls still represent a significant portion of Seattle's citizenry. The Mercer Girls story formed the basis of the television show Here Come the Brides. Mercer himself married one of the Mercer Girls.

Astoria, Oregon

Soon after his marriage, Mercer moved to Oregon where he worked for the federal government in Astoria as a special deputy collector for the customs service. His employment ended in 1867 when he was suspected of being involved in alcohol smuggling, although charges against him were dismissed when key witnesses went missing.

During their time in Oregon, the Mercers purchased three hundred lots in Astoria. Although the real estate endeavor was not lucrative for Mercer, his descendants sold the Astoria properties in 1970 for a substantial sum.

The Johnson County War

Mercer became well known throughout the West as a publisher and eventually found his way to Cheyenne, Wyoming, where he published the Northwestern Livestock Journal, a public relations vehicle for the moneyed cattle interests. As Mercer came to see the clearly underhanded treatment of individual ranchers by the cartels, he began to write more scathing accounts of the events that were unfolding on the open range. His account is told in his book The Banditti of the Plains (1894), which was suppressed in its day and is still difficult to find in public libraries in some parts of the Western U.S.

Following the events of the Johnson County War, which included destruction of his newspaper office by arson, Mercer settled into the quiet life of a rancher in Hyattville, Wyoming.

Personal life
Mercer married Annie Elizabeth Stephens, a 26-year-old Irish-Catholic from Baltimore, on July 15, 1866. They had two daughters and six sons; three of their children died in infancy and another as a teenager. Annie Mercer died on October 16, 1900. Asa Mercer died on August 10, 1917, from dysentery.

References

External links

1839 births
1917 deaths
Politicians from Seattle
Washington (state) state senators
Presidents of the University of Washington
19th-century American politicians

Asa Mercer


Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race 2017 var den 3. udgave af cykelløbet Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race. Det var det andet arrangement på UCI's World Tour-kalender i 2017 og blev arrangeret 29. januar 2017. Løbet blev vundet af Nikias Arndt fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Lars Bak kørte for
 Mads Pedersen kørte for

Resultater

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI World Tour 2017

Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race 2017


Perry Como (født Pierino Ronald Como; 18. maj 1912 -  død 12. maj 2001) var en amerikansk sanger og entertainer. Han spændte vidt som kunstner, men huskes mest for sit crooner-jazz.

Han begyndte at arbejde som frisør i en alder af femten og sang samtidig med forskellige orkestre. Han havde sin storhedstid som kunstner fra anden halvdel af 1940'erne til begyndelsen af 1960'erne. Blandt hans største pladesucces er Magic Moments og Wanted. Han gik under tilnavnet Mr. C. Como også optrådt i flere film som Gutter på orlov (1944) og I rampelys og stjerneskær (1948), og havde sit eget tv-show, The Perry Como Show  i årene 1948-1963.

I 1974 sang Perry Como "Christmas Dream" som er temasangen til filmen Odessa kartoteket.

Han vandt en Emmy Award i 1954, 1955, 1956 og 1958 som bedste sanger/performer. I 2002 blev han tildelt Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Filmografi
 1944 – Gutter på orlov
 1945 – Doll Face
 1946 – If I'm Lucky
 1948 – I rampelys og stjerneskær

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra USA
Skuespillere fra USA
Entertainere fra USA
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra Pennsylvania

Perry Como


Mestwin II ( or Mszczuj II) ( 1220 – December 25, 1294) was a Duke of Pomerelia, member of the Samborides dynasty. He ruled Pomerelia as a sole ruler from 1273 to 1294.

Early life
Mestwin II was the son of Swietopelk II and the Přemyslid dynasty princess Eufrozyna. As a young man, in 1243 he was taken into the Teutonic Order custody as a hostage, part of the ceasefire agreement between his father and the Order, but the Order did not keep their part of this agreement and failed to return Mestwin II who was held by them until 1248 (for some time in the Order castle in Austria) when finally released.

Acquiring power
Most likely upon returning from Teutonic Order captivity his father made Mestwin II the Duke of Świecie (Schwetz) province circa 1250, and upon his father's death  he began his challenge against his younger brother for Gdańsk (Danzig) in 1266, starting the so-called Pomerelian Civil War that lasted until 1273. He fought his younger brother and uncles until he emerged victorious and finally became the principal Pomerelia prince and sole ruler in 1273. He united all the lands of Pomerelia (after the death of his uncles, Sambor II, prince of Lubiszewo (Lübschau) and Racibor Białogardzki, prince of Białogarda.

Alliances
In 1269, while searching for allies, Mestwin II entered into an alliance with expanding at the cost of Slavic lands and  ever aggressive Brandenburg margraves,  Treaty of Choszczno, and most likely in return for military and financial help he gave oath of fealty and  paid homage over a couple Pomeralian towns (Świecie and Białogard) to these dukes.

Mestwin's brother Wratislaw II of Pomerania, principal Pomerelian duke and ruler of Gdańsk (Danzig), was forced out of his duchy by Mestwin II and most likely his new ally in 1271. This action resulted in Wratislaw II and Sambor II military action against Mestwin II, and his own knights and nobles rebelled against him. Surrounded by adversity and even taken prisoner (for a short time in 1270) Mestwin II gave the possession of Gdansk to the Brandenburg duke Conrad who was holding the city of Gdansk until Mestwin II forced them to resign from their possession of the city by use of force in 1273, having been strengthened by new alliance with his maternal cousin Bolesław Pobożny, the duke of Great Poland. Defeated Wartislaw II found refuge with Ziemomysł of Kuyavia, the duke of Inowrocław and sought assistance from the Order, but he died unexpectedly in Wyszogród in 1271. The remaining male relatives of Mestwin II, his uncles Sambor II and Racibor, allied with the Order and various Piast princes, lost their possession within the Pomerelia due to Mestwin II actions against them, and also sought refuge with the Order and their daughters in Kujawy (Sambor) and Śląsk (Racibor). Both uncles died in the 1270s leaving  Mestwin II the sole ruler of all unified Duchy of Pomerelia. Now he was faced with challenges from Brandenburg, the Order, Pomeranian and Piast princes. As a result of the Order actions he was forced to give his castles and villages on the right bank of Vistula to them, and also the important left bank Pomerelian stronghold of Gniew, willed to the Order by his uncle Sambor II, a claim Mestwin II recognized under duress and Papal mediation in 1282.  These pressures forced Mestwin II to tighten his alliance with Greater Poland's Bolesław and his successor Przemysł II.

Treaty of Kępno
Mestwin II and Przemysl II, new duke of Greater Poland and future king of Poland, concluded the Treaty of Kępno in 1282 that was at first kept secret. The treaty, confirmed by magnates and nobles of both duchies, made both Mestwin and  Przemysł II either a successor per donatio inter vivos or  successor in all his possessions. It is known that Mestwin II remained the Pomerelia ruler until his death in 1294. It seems that the treaty of Kępno in fact unified Pomerelia and Greater Poland, starting the long process of reunification of Polish principalities by the Piast dynasts. During the life of Mestwin II nobles and magnates of Greater Poland received grants and appointments to Pomerelian offices and estates. In 1287 both princes entered into another successor treaty in Słupsk, and there they included in their succession treaty another Western Slavic prince, Bogusław IV of Szczecin (Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania). This treaty was confirmed and  arrangement made public in Nakło, in 1291. These treaties resulted directly  from aggressive policies of March of Brandenburg and the Teutonic Order against the territories of these Slavic duchies and provinces.

Relations
He had three wives. First came princess Judith, daughter of Ditrich I duke of Brenna i Wettin, who died before 1275, then he married Piast princess Euphrosyne of Opole circa 1275 and they divorced in 1288, and finally married rather unknown Sulisława who died in 1292. He had two daughters: Katarzyna (Katherine), who married Pribislaw II, and Eufemia, eventually married to a Slavic or German prince.

He died in Gdańsk and was buried in the Cistercian Oliwa monastery. His own sarcophagus did not survive, most likely having been destroyed when the army of Gdańsk burned down the abbey during their rebellious war against king Stephen Báthory in 1577.  However, the cumulative sepulcher of the Samboride dynasty still remains, founded in 1615 by one of the Oliwa abbots, Dawid Konarski.

References

John Brown Mason, The Danzig Dilemma; a Study in Peacemaking by Compromise, 1946
 Theodor Hirsch, Max Töppen, Ernst Gottfried Wilhelm Strehlke: Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum: Die Geschichtsquellen der preussischen Vorzeit,
 Marian Gumowski: Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde, 1966

1220s births
1294 deaths
Dukes of Pomerania
Samborides

Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania


Grof Albert (? – 29. rujna 1162.) bio je belgijski plemić, grof Chinyja u srednjem vijeku; sin i nasljednik grofa Otona II. Majka mu je bila gospa Alisa od Namura. Albert je nakon smrti pokopan u opatiji Orval.

Brak
Albertova je žena bila Agneza od Bara, koju je oženio oko 1140. Ovo su djeca Agneze i Alberta:
Luj III. od Chinyja, očev nasljednik (umro u Beogradu 1189.)
Thierry, lord Malièresa, Etallea i Neufchâteaua; muž Elizabete te otac lorda Huga od Malièresa (? – 1229.)
Arnoul, biskup Verduna (? – ubijen 14. kolovoza 1181. u Sainte-Ménehouldu)
Alisa
Ida
kći, žena Rogerija od Valdena
Hugo
kći

Izvori i bilješke

Grofovi Chinyja

Albert od Chinyja


අපෙන් තොර ලෝකය යනු ඇමෙරිකානු මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු වන ඇලන් වෙයිස්මන් විසින් රචිත, ශාන්ත මාටින් තෝමස් ඩූන් පොත් ප්‍රකාශකයන් විසින් එළිදක්වන ලද මිනිස් සංහතිය ලෝකයෙන් ක්ෂණිකව අතුරුදහන් වූ කල ස්වභාවික සහ නිර්මිත පරිසරයට සිදුවන දේ අලලා සැකසුනු අප්‍රබන්ධ ග්‍රන්ථයකි.

ද වර්ල්ඩ් විතවුට් අස්


An Liparis nutans in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Oakes Ames. An Liparis nutans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis nutans


21160 Saveriolombardi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
21160 Saveriolombardi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stroncone de Antonio Vagnozzi. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,02 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 9,7° în raport cu ecliptica..

Notes et références

Annexes

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 21001-22000
 Centura de asteroizi

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1993
Centura de asteroizi

21160 Saveriolombardi


Lille violetøre () er en kolibriart, der lever i Mellemamerika og Andesbjergene til Bolivia.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Andesfugle
Mellemamerikas fugle
Kolibrier

Lille violetøre


නොනැසෙන කාබනික දූෂක
නොනැසෙන කාබනික දූෂක (POPs) යනු රසායනික, ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක හා ප්‍රභා සංස්ලේෂක ක්‍රියාවලි හරහා පාරිසරික ජීර්ණය වීම්වලට ප්‍රතිරෝධයක් දක්වන කාබනික සංයෝග වේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා ඒවා පරිසරයේ නොනැසී පැවතෙන බව හා විශාල පරාසයක ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ හැකියාව හා මනුෂ්‍ය හා සත්ව පටකවල ජෛව සංචිත ලෙස , ආහාර දාමවල ජෛව විශාලක ලෙස පවතින බව හා මනුෂ්‍ය සෞඛ්‍ය හා පරිසරය මත සැලකිය යුතු බලපෑමක් ඇති කරන බව නිරීක්ෂණය කර ඇත.

1995 මැයි මාසයේ දී එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ පාරිසරික වැඩසටහන පාලනය කිරීමේ කවුන්සිලය (GC) POPs අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමට තීරණය කළ අතර මූලිකව පහත POPs 12 සමන්විත ලැයිස්තුවක් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී. ඒවා අශුද්ධ දුසිම (Dirty Dozen)  ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, හා toxaphene.[1]
එතැන් සිට මෙම ලැයිස්තුව පිළිගැනීමට බඳුන් වූ අතර එයට පිළිකා කාරක පොලි චක්‍රීය ඇරොමැටික හයිඩ්‍රොකාබන (PAHs) හා සමහරක් බ්‍රෝමිනීකෘත ගිනි වැළැක්වීමේ ද්‍රව්‍ය මෙන්ම tributyltin (TBT වැනි) කාබනික ලෝහ සංයෝග ද ඇතුළත් විය.

POPs නිර්මාණය කරන සංයෝග කාණ්ඩ PBTs (Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic) ලෙස ද වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. එසේත් නැති නම් TOMPs (Toxic Organic Micro Pollutants) ලෙස ද වර්ගීකරණය කෙරේ.

බොහෝමයක් POPs වර්තමානයේ දී හෝ අතීතයේ දී භාවිතා කරන ලද්දේ පලිබෝධනාශක ලෙසය අනෙක්වා කර්මාන්ත සැකසුම්වල දී හා ද්‍රාවක, PVC හා ඖෂධ වැනි විශාල පරාසයක භාණ්ඩ නිෂ්පාදනයේ දී භාවිතා වේ. POPs නිෂ්පාදනය වීමේ ස්වාභාවික ප්‍රබව ස්වල්පයක් තිබුණත් බොහොමයක් POPs නිර්මාණය වනුයේ මනුෂ්‍යයන් විසින් සිදු කරන කාර්මික ක්‍රියාවලිවල දී සිතා මතා හෝ අතුරු නිෂ්පාදන ලෙසයි.

ශාක
නයිට්‍රජන් තිර කිරීම යනු උස ශාකවල වැඩීමට අවශ්‍ය සාධකයක් වන අතර එයට පසෙහි ඇති පලිබෝධනාශකවලින් බාධා එල්ල කරනු ලැබේ. කෘමිනාශක DDT , මෙතිල් පැරතියන් හා විශේෂයෙන් Pentachlorophenol යනාදිය legume-rhizobium රසායනික සංඥාකරණය සමඟ අන්තර් ගැටීම් පෙන්නුම් කරයි. මෙම සහවක රසායනික සංඥාකරණයේ මන්දනය නිසා නයිට්‍රජන් තිර වීම අඩු වන අතර එමඟින් බෝග ඵලදාව ද අඩු වේ. මෙම ශාකවල මූල ගැටිති ඇති වීම මඟින් සෑම අවුරුද්දක දීම කෘතීම නයිට්‍රජන් පොහොරවලින් ලෝක ආර්ථිකයට ඩොලර් බිලියන 10ක් ඉතිරි කර දෙයි.

පලිබෝධනාශකවලට මී මැස්සන් ජීවිතක්ෂයට පත් කළ හැකි අතර එමඟින් පරාගනය අඩු වීම, ශාක පරාගනය සිදු කරන කෘමීන් නැති වී යාම සිදු විය හැකි අතර ඒ හරහා මී මැසි ජනපද හිටි හැටියේ අතුරුදහන් වන ජනපද බිඳ වැටීමේ කැළඹීම ඇති කළ හැක. USDA හා USFWS මඟින් තක්සේරු කර ඇත්තේ එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ගොවිතැන්කරුවන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ වගා පරාගනය වීම අඩු වීම නිසා වසරකට අවම වශයෙන් ඩොලර් මිලියන 200 දක්වා පාඩු වන බවයි. මෙයට හේතුව පලිබෝධනාශක යොදා ගැනීම වන අතර මේ නිසා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ මී මැසි ජනපදවලින් 1/5ක් පමණ නැතිවී ගොස් ඇති අතර අතිරේක 15%ක් පමණ අපදාවලට ලක් වී ඇත.

පස
පලිබෝධනාශවල දී භාවිතා කරන බොහෝමයක් රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය ස්ථිර පාංශු අපවිත්‍ර කාරක වේ. ඒවායේ බලපෑම දශක ගණනක් පුරාවට පැවතිය හැකි අතර පස සංරක්ෂණයට දරුණු ලෙස බලපෑ හැකිය.

පලිබෝධනාශක භාවිතය මඟින් පසෙහි සාමාන්‍ය ජෛව විවිධත්වය අඩු කරනු ලබයි. රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතා නොකිරීමෙන් හොඳ පාංශු තත්වයක් ඇති වන අතරම පසෙහි ඇති කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය වැඩි ජල වැළැක්වීමක් ලබා දෙයි. මෙය කාන්තාර වසර වලදී ගොවිපලවල ඵලදාව ඉහල නැංවීමට උදව් වේ. කාබනික ගොවිපලවල් විසින් ඔවුන්ගේ සමකාලීන අනෙක් කොටස්වලට වඩා 20%-40%ක පමණ ඵලදාවක් ලබා දෙයි. පසෙහි ඇති කුඩා කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අන්තර්ගතයක් විසින් යෙදුම් පෙදෙස අතහැර යන පලිබෝධනාශක ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කරන අතර එයට හේතුව වන්නේ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය එකට බැඳී පලිබෝධනාශක බිඳ දැමීමට උදව් වීමයි.

වාතය
පලිබොධනාශක මඟින් වායු දූෂණය සිදු විය හැක. පලිබෝධනාශක ප්ලවනය සිදු වන්නේ පලිබෝධනාශක කුඩා අංශු ලෙස වාතයෙහි අවලම්භනය වීමේ දී සුළඟ මඟින් ඒවා අපවිත්‍ර කරමින් අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ගෙන යාමෙනි. බෝග සඳහා යොදන ලද පලිබෝධනාශක අසල වූ ප්‍රදේශවලට වාෂ්ප වීම හෝ සුළඟ මඟින් යාම සිදු විය හැකි අතර එමඟින් වන ජීවිතය සඳහා තර්ජන ඇති විය හැක. එමෙන්ම විදින ලද පලිබෝධනාශක බිඳිති හෝ අංශු දූවිලි ලෙස සුළඟ මඟින් අනෙක් ප්‍රදේශවලට යාම හෝ සුළ‍ඟේ ගසා ගෙන යන දූවිලි වැනි අංශුවල තැන්පත් වී වෙනත් ප්‍රදේශවලට යාම සිදු විය හැක. භූමි විසිර විදීම මඟින් අවකාශ විසිර විදීමට වඩා අඩු පලිබෝධනාශක ප්ලවනයක් ඇති කරයි. ගොවිතැන්කරුවන්ට තම වගා බිම් වටා හිස් ඉඩම් හෝ සදාහරිත ශාක වැනි බෝග නොවන ශාකවලින් යුත් අවරෝධක ප්‍රදේශ ඇති කළ හැක. මේවා සුළං කඩන ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන අතර පලිබෝධනාශක අවශෝෂණය කර ගනී. එමඟින් පලිබෝධනාශක අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට ප්ලවනය වීම නතර වේ. මෙවැනි සුළං කඩන නෙදර්ලන්තයේ දී ගොවිතැන් සඳහා නීතිමය අවශ්‍යතාවයක් වේ.

ගොවි බිම්වලට ඉසින හා පස දුම් ගැස්සීම සඳහා යොදා ගන්නා පලිබෝධනාශක මඟින් වාෂ්පශීලී කාබනික සංයෝග ලෙස හඳුන්වන රසායනික සංයෝගයන් නිදහස් විය හැකි අතර ඒවා අනෙකුත් රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය සමඟ ක්‍රියා කර ඕසෝන් නැමැති දූෂකයක් සාදයි. මුළු ඕසෝන් නිෂ්පාදනය ආසන්න වශයෙන් 6%කට පමණ හේතු වන්නේ මෙම සංසිද්ධියයි.

පලිබෝධනාශකවල පාරිසරික බලපෑම


කොල්වින් රෙජිනෝල්ඩ් ද සිල්වා (1907–1989) ( කොල්වින් ආර්. ද සිල්වා ලෙසින් හැඳින්වුනු) යනු, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වැවිලි කර්මාන්ත සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා කටයුතු පිළිඳ හිටපු කැබිනට් අමාත්‍යවරයෙකු, කැපීපෙනුනු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකු, ට්‍රොට්ස්කිවාදී නායකයෙකු සහ නීතිඥයෙකු විය. එතුමා, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළමු මාක්ස්වාදී පක්ෂය වූ  ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්ෂයේ ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු විය.

1907 උපත්
1989 මරණ

කොල්වින් ආර්. ද සිල්වා


رجل لاينام، هو فيلم مصري من إنتاج 1948. من بطولة فريد شوقي، نجمة إبراهيم، مديحة يسري، وإخراج يوسف وهبي.

القصة
منير صابر (يوسف وهبي) هو طبيب ملتزم ومثالي في عمله ويكرس كل وقته في عيادته ومحاضراته للطلبة متزوج من إمراة مشاكسة غيورة ومريضة بالقلب (نجمة إبراهيم). أثناء سفره بالقطار يلتقي بالغانية خمرية ( مديحة يسري) وصديقتها (نيللي مظلوم) وتنشأ علاقة بينهم فيعالجها إذ كانت تعاني من مرض في الكبد نتيجة شرب الخمور بالكبارية الذي تعمل به. يقع الدكتور منير في حبها وتستغل خمرية الفرصة لتستنزف امواله وتقدمها لعشيقها البلطجي جلال أبو مشرط (فريد شوقي).

أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام فريد شوقي
أفلام مديحة يسري
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1948
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام يوسف وهبي
أفلام نيللي مظلوم
أفلام عن القتل
أفلام عن أطباء

رجل لا ينام (فيلم)


Kalzium, KDE Eğitim Projesi'nin periyodik cetvel uygulamasıdır. Kalzium, elementler hakkında detaylı bilgiler vermenin yanı sıra kimyasal denklem çözücü, molekül düzenleyici, terimler sözlüğü gibi kapsamlı özelliklere sahiptir.
Daha açmak gerekirse, atomların birer resmi, keşifleriyle ilgili bilgileri, kimyasal verileri, eneji verilerini ve atomların modellerini kapsar. Periyodik tablonun kendisi numara sırasına göre, atomun bulunduğu hale göre yapılandırılabilir. Buna ek olarak, herhangi bir yılda bulunmuş elementlerin listelenebilmesine izin veren bir veri indeksi de var.

Dış bağlantılar
 PardusWiki web arivleri

Bilim eğitimi yazılımı

Kalzium


El espaldar (de «espalda» y esta a su vez del latín spatula, «omóplato, espátula») es una de las dos piezas que forman la armadura, junto con el peto. Su función es proteger y tapar la espalda de quien la porta.

Por similitud en la función de protección y defensa de la armadura, en zoología se denomina espaldar al componente dorsal del caparazón de las tortugas, formada por placas o escamas dérmicas que se hallan soldadas con la caja ósea —vértebras dorsales y lumbares, y costillas—.

Otros significados de esta entrada se pueden encontrar en el diccionario de la lengua española.

Referencias

Indumentaria militar
Armamento
Testudines
Anatomía de los reptiles
Segmentos de la Armadura de Placas de Acero

Espaldar


Torrey Botanical Society (anteriormente Torrey Botanical Club) se inició en la década de 1860 por los colegas de John Torrey. Es la más antigua Sociedad Botánica de América. La sociedad promueve la exploración y el estudio de la vida vegetal, con especial énfasis en la flora de la ciudad de Nueva York y su área metropolitana.

Los objetivos de la sociedad "para promover el interés por la botánica, y para recopilar y difundir información sobre todas las fases de la ciencia de las plantas". La Sociedad promueve y apoya la curiosidad florística a través de reuniones bajo techo (conferencias), las reuniones al aire libre (paseos por herbarios), las becas que apoyan los estudios de posgrado, y publicaciones.

La Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society (hasta el año 1997  The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club), es la más antigua revista botánica de las Américas, tiene como objetivo principal la difusión del conocimiento científico sobre las plantas (en el sentido amplio, de plantas y hongos). Se publica la investigación básica en todas las áreas de la biología de las plantas, excepto la horticultura, con énfasis en la investigación hecha en y sobre las plantas del Hemisferio Occidental.

Las conferencias son de octubre a mayo en el New York Botanical Garden y son gratis y abiertas al público.

Los paseos para la visita de plantas, van de abril a octubre en todo Nueva York y su área metropolitana, son gratuitos y abiertos al público.

Enlaces externos

 Journal
 JSTOR

Sociedades científicas de Estados Unidos
Revistas de botánica

Torrey Botanical Society


دييتر بوردينسكي  ، من مواليد 26 نوفمبر 1960 ، لاعب كرة قدم ألماني سابق.

لعب مع منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب ديتر بوردينسكي خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 5 أندية في واحد وعشرون موسمًا وسجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا ضمن 514 مباراة. ولم يفز بأي موسم بالكأس وفاز في موسم واحد بالدوري.

خاض ديتر بوردينسكي مسيرته مع نادي شالكه 04 في موسم 1969–70 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 3 مباريات ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي أرمينيا بيليفيلد في موسم 1971–72 لمدة موسم واحد، حيث شارك في 31 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي فيردر بريمن في موسم 1972–73 ليلعب معه ستة عشر موسمًا، مشاركًا في 476 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي أيك سولنا ما بين عامي 1988 و1989 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي فيتيسه آرنهم في موسم 1990–91 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 3 مباريات ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون غربيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون غربيون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ألمان مغتربون في السويد
ألمان مغتربون في هولندا
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
حراس مرمى كرة قدم سجلوا أهداف
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في السويد
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في هولندا
رياضيون من بريمن
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري السويدي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو أرمينيا بيليفيلد
لاعبو أيك سولنا
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
لاعبو شالكه 04
لاعبو فيردر بريمن
لاعبو فيردر بريمن 2
لاعبو كأس العالم 1978
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في السويد
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السويد
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في هولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم من بريمن (مدينة)
لاعبو كرة قدم من ولاية بريمن
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا بي لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي فيتيس أرنهايم
مقالات مع مصادر باللغة الألمانية (de)
مواليد 1950
مواليد 1960
مواليد في بريمن (مدينة)

ديتر بوردينسكي


යාහූ වනාහි සෙවුම් පද්ධතියකි. යාහූ!  Jerry Yang සහ David Filo විසින් 1994දී ප්‍රතිස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර 1995 මාර්තු 1 දින සංස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.

සෙවුම් යන්ත්‍ර

යාහූ!


Multi-booting is the act of installing multiple operating systems on a single computer, and being able to choose which one to boot. The term dual-booting refers to the common configuration of specifically two operating systems. Multi-booting may require a custom boot loader.

Usage
Multi-booting allows more than one operating system to reside on one computer; for example, if a user has a primary operating system that they use most frequently and an alternate operating system that they use less frequently. Multi-booting allows a new operating system to configure all applications needed and migrate data before removing the old operating system, if desired. Another reason for multi-booting can be to investigate or test a new operating system without switching completely.

Multi-booting is also useful in situations where different software requires different operating systems. A multi-boot configuration allows a user to use all of their software on one computer. This is often accomplished by using a boot loader such as NTLDR, LILO, or GRUB which can boot more than one operating system.

Multi-booting is also used by software developers when multiple operating systems are required for development or testing purposes. Having these systems on one machine is a way to reduce hardware costs.

Multi-booting also allows a user to switch between private and work dedicated systems to maintain access integrity and separation between the two user environments, even if the same operating system is used for each of them.

A possible alternative to multi-booting is virtualization, where a hypervisor is used to host one or more virtual machines running guest operating systems.

Technical issues

Number of operating systems per volume (logical drive)
In an OS/2 dual-boot configuration, the C drive can contain both DOS and OS/2. The user issues the BOOT command from the DOS or OS/2 command line to do the necessary copy, move and rename operations and then reboot to the specified system on C:. Other systems provide similar mechanisms for alternate systems on the same logical drive.

Number of operating systems per storage device

In a multi-boot computer each of the multiple operating systems can reside on its own storage device, or some storage devices might contain more than one operating system in different partitions. The boot loader in or loaded by the MBR displays a menu of logical drives and loads the selected boot loader from the PBR of that drive.

An example of a computer with one operating system per storage device is a dual-booting computer that stores Windows on one disk drive and Linux on another disk drive. In this case a multi-booting boot loader is not strictly necessary because the user can choose to enter BIOS configuration immediately after power-up and make the desired drive first in the boot-order list. However, it is more convenient to have a multi-booting boot loader on one of the drives, set BIOS once to always start booting from (i.e. load the boot loader from) that drive, and then allow the user to choose an operating system from that boot loader's menu. No special disk partitioning is necessary when each operating system has its own dedicated disk drive.

An example of a computer with multiple operating systems per storage device is a dual-booting computer that stores both Windows and Linux on the same disk drive but where the BIOS in the system does not let the user boot individual drives and partitions. In this case a multi-booting boot loader is necessary. Also, the disk must be partitioned to give each operating system its own partition on the disk drive. This is necessary because each system has its own set of files and operating instructions. Also, when a completely separate operating system is used partitions may need to be formatted to a different format. For example, if a user intends to install both Windows and Linux, then the Windows partition will be most likely formatted in the NTFS format as Windows cannot run off of ext4, and the Linux partition will most likely be formatted in the ext4 file format as Linux cannot run off of NTFS. However, if a user intends to dual-boot two versions of Windows (i.e. Windows 7 and Windows Vista) or two versions of Linux (i.e. Linux Mint and Ubuntu Linux), then the same file system (e.g. NTFS or ext4) can be used across both drives and partitions.

Partitioning

The basic concept involves partitioning a disk to accommodate each planned installation, usually including separate partitions for boot, root, data storage and backups.

MBR loader
An MBR loader, such as Air-Boot, replaces the standard boot code in track 0 with code that displays a selection menu and loads the selected system. Some, e.g., Air-Boot, can be configured either automatically or by the user at boot time, rather than requiring an external configuration menu.

Linux boot loaders
Linux loaders such as GRUB and LILO, can reside in the MBR or in a PBR. They use configuration files in /boot to control their selection menus,

OS/2 Boot Manager
The OS/2 Boot Manager must be installed in a primary partition. The OS/2 partitioning utilities can configure up to four systems in the menu, each of which can be either in a primary partition or in a logical volume within the extended logical partition. It is possible to include a boot loader such as GRUB in the OS/2 Boot Manager menu, and it is possible to include the OS/2 Boot Manager in the menu for another boot loader. Newer loaders such as Air-Boot, GRUB and LILO offer more flexibility.

Microsoft Windows and Linux

One popular multi-boot configuration is to dual-boot Linux and Windows operating systems, each contained within its own partition. Windows does not facilitate or support multi-boot systems, other than allowing for partition-specific installations, and no choice of boot loader is offered. However, most current Linux installers accommodate dual-booting (although some knowledge of partitions is desirable). Commonly installations proceed without incident but upon restart, the boot loader will recognize only one of the two operating systems.

There are some advantages to installing a Linux boot manager/loader (usually GRUB) as the primary bootloader pointed to by the master boot record. Windows operating systems will be found by properly installed Linux bootloaders, but Windows boot managers do not recognize Linux installations (nor does Windows deal natively with Linux file systems). The MBR boot code can be backed up and restored with dd, available on System Rescue CD.

It is often recommended that Windows be installed to the first primary partition. The boot loaders of both Windows and Linux identify partitions with a number derived by counting the partitions. (Note, both Windows and Linux count the partitions according to the ordering of the partitions in the partition table, which may be different from the order of the partitions on the disk.) Adding or deleting a partition at the end of a hard drive will have no effect on any partitions prior to it. However, if a partition is added or deleted at the beginning or middle of a hard drive, the numbering of subsequent partitions may change. If the number of the system partition changes, it requires boot loader reconfiguration in order for an operating system to boot and function properly.

Windows must be installed into a primary partition (and in older systems this must be the first partition). Linux can be installed into a partition in any position on the hard drive and can also be installed into logical partitions (within the extended partition). If Linux is installed into a logical partition within the extended partition, it is unaffected by changes in the primary partitions.

Neutral MBR
An alternative to storing GRUB in the MBR is keeping Windows' or other generic PC boot code in the MBR, and installing GRUB or another bootloader into a primary partition other than that of Windows, thus keeping the MBR neutral. Operating system selection at boot time consequently depends on the bootloader configured within the primary partition that has the boot or "active" flag set on its partition table entry, which could be a bootloader of DOS, OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS or BSD, in addition to Linux or Windows.

With the boot flag set on the Windows primary, the Windows Boot Manager can be used to chainload another installed bootloader through use of a program like EasyBCD. This means the active partition's boot manager will first prompt the user for selection what OS to boot, then load another if necessary, such as GRUB, even a bootloader installed to a logical partition, and then GRUB will load the Linux kernel as it normally would were GRUB installed to the MBR.

The active partition could also be one that exists for no purpose other than choosing an operating system to boot, such as the boot manager that shipped with IBM's OS/2 Warp and its derivatives.

Apple's Boot Camp

Boot Camp allows owners of Intel-based Apple Macintosh computers to install Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10 on their Macs. The software comes bundled with Mac OS X since version 10.5 (Leopard). Previously the application was available in beta version as a download from Apple's website.

Boot Camp allows non-destructive disk partitioning and resizing of HFS+ filesystems, boot menu options, and an option to burn a CD with necessary device drivers. Since Windows XP is incompatible with Extensible Firmware Interface (the successor to legacy BIOS), the firmware on early Intel Macs needs to be updated to support BIOS emulation first. BIOS emulation is achieved with a compatibility support module (CSM).  Apple does not support non-Windows partition formats or drivers so therefore configuring other operating systems is not directly possible through Boot Camp itself. However, any operating system which can utilize the BIOS emulation of Intel Macintosh can be made to work, including non-XP versions of Windows.  The Ubuntu Linux distribution is particularly popular for this purpose because they provide an option to use proprietary device drivers along with open source drivers.

See also
 Booting
 Comparison of boot loaders
 GNU GRUB
 EasyBCD – NeoSmart technologies'  free program to configure multi-booting on Windows
 Ext2Fsd support for ext2/3/4 under Microsoft Windows
Multiboot Specification
 Virtualization
 Windows To Go
 XOSL – a free, graphical, open source boot loader

References

External links

Booting
Disk partitions

Multi-booting


Olaylar
 1337 - İngiltere Kralı III. Edward'ın, Fransa tahtında hak iddia etmesiyle 116 yıl sürecek Yüz Yıl Savaşları başladı.
 1571 - Osmanlı, Haçlı Donanması'na karşı İnebahtı Deniz Savaşında yenilerek yükselme döneminde ilk savaş kaybını yaşadı.
 1737 - Yüksekliği 13 metreyi bulan dalgalar, Bengal'de (Hindistan) 300.000 kişinin ölümüne yol açtı.
 1769 - İngiliz kâşif Kaptan Cook, Yeni Zelanda'yı keşfetti.
 1806 - Karbon kağıdının patenti Birleşik Krallık'ta alındı.
 1826 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde ilk demiryolu hattı Massachusetts'te hizmete girdi.
 1879 - Alman İmparatorluğu ile Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu arasında İkili İttifak kuruldu.
 1897 - Rusya'daki komünist Yahudi işçilerin derneği Bund kuruldu.
 1913 - Amerikalı iş insanı Henry Ford, üretimde yürüyen bant tekniğini kullanmaya başladı.
 1919 - Faaliyetini sürdüren en eski havayolu şirketi KLM, Hollanda'da kuruldu.
 1920 - T.C. Resmî Gazete kuruldu.
 1922 - Şile'nin (İstanbul) İngiliz işgalinden kurtuluşu.
 1926 - İtalya'da Mussolini önderliğindeki Faşist Parti Devlet Partisi olduğunu açıkladı; her türlü muhalefet yasaklandı.
 1928 - İstanbul'da tramvay işçileri greve başladı. Grev 8 gün sürdü.
 1940 - Nazi Almanyası, Romanya'yı işgal etti.
 1949 - Doğu Almanya kuruldu.
 1950 - Çin Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu, Tibet'e girdi
 1952 - Barkodun patenti alındı.
 1954 - Suna Kan, Cenevre'de yapılan uluslararası keman yarışmasında birinci oldu.
 1954 - Türkiye Komünist Partisi davası sonuçlandı. 131 sanık, 1 ile 10 yıl arasında değişen hapis cezalarına çarptırıldı.
 1959 - Sovyet uzay roketi Luna-3, Ay'ın görünmeyen yüzünün ilk fotoğraflarını çekti.
 1960 - Nijerya, Birleşmiş Milletler'e üye oldu.
 1962 - Diyarbakır'ın Suriçi mevkii, "müze bölge" ilan edildi.
 1963 - Flora kasırgası, Haiti ve Dominik Cumhuriyeti'ni vurdu; 7190 kişi öldü.
 1966 - 100 bini aşkın kişinin katıldığı bir anketin ardından, ilk Türk otomobiline "Anadol" adı verildi.
 1967 - Nijerya'da Biafra iç Savaşında, Federal Kuvvetler tarafından Asaba Katliamı gerçekleşti.
 1970 - Richard Nixon, Vietnam Savaşı'na son verecek beş maddelik barış önerisini açıkladı.
 1971 - Michael Jackson, henüz 13 yaşındayken ilk teklisini ("Got to Be There") çıkardı.
 1971 - Umman, Birleşmiş Milletler'e üye oldu.
 1977 - SSCB'nin 3. Anayasası ilan edildi.
 1980 - Sol görüşlü Necdet Adalı ile sağ görüşlü Mustafa Pehlivanoğlu'nun idamıyla 12 Eylül Darbesi sonrası gerçekleşen 49 infazın ilki gerçekleşmiş oldu.
 1982 - Toplamda 7485 kez sahne alacak Cats müzikali Broadway'de prömiyerini yaptı.
 1985 - Achille Lauro adlı yolcu gemisi, Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü (FKÖ) üyesi militanlarca kaçırıldı.
 1987 - Fiji'de cumhuriyet ilan edildi.
 1987 - Türkiye Komünist Partisi (TKP) ile Türkiye İşçi Partisi (TİP) birleşerek, Türkiye Birleşik Komünist Partisi (TBKP) adını aldı.
 1989 - 26. Altın Portakal Film Festivali'nde, "Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar" filmi 5 dalda ödül aldı.
 1991 - Türkiye'nin Atina Büyük Elçiliği Basın Ataşesi Yardımcısı Çetin Görgü öldürüldü. Saldırıyı 17 Kasım Örgütü üstlendi.
 1993 - Toni Morrison, Nobel Edebiyat Ödülünü kazandı.
 1993 - Yusuf Bozkurt Özal liderliğinde, Yeni Parti adında siyasi bir parti kuruldu.
 2001 - 11 Eylül saldırılarına yanıt olarak ABD, Terörizmle Savaş ilan etti ve Afganistan'ı bombalamaya başladı.
 2002 - İsrail birliklerinin Gazze'de Han Yunus'a düzenlediği saldırıda 14 Filistinli öldü, 110 kişi yaralandı.
 2002 - Nobel Tıp Ödülü'nü, İngiliz bilim insanları Sydney Brenner ve John E. Sulston ile Amerikalı H. Robert Horvitz paylaştı.
 2003 - Sinema oyuncusu Arnold Schwarzenegger, Kaliforniya Valisi seçildi.
 2012 - Hugo Chavez, Venezuela Devlet Başkanlığı seçimlerini ölümünden önce son kez kazandı.
 2015 - Prof. Dr. Aziz Sancar, Nobel Kimya Ödülü'nü kazanan ilk Türk oldu.

Doğumlar
 MÖ 13 - Julius Caesar Drusus, İmparator Tiberius'un ilk karısı Vipsania Agrippina'dan olan ilk ve tek oğlu (ö. 23)
 1301 - Aleksandr Mihayloviç, Tver prensi ve Vladimir-Suzdal Knezliği knezi (ö. 1339)
 1471 - I. Frederick, Danimarka Kralı (ö. 1533)
 1573 - William Laud, İngiliz asıllı akademisyen ve din adamı (ö. 1645)
 1728 - Caesar Rodney, Amerikalı politikacı ve hukukçu (ö. 1784)
 1748 - XIII. Karl, İsveç Kralı (Ayrıca İsveç-Norveç arasında kurulan birliğin ilk Kralı) (ö. 1818)
 1797 - Peter Georg Bang, Danimarka Başbakanı (ö. 1861)
 1809 - Gaspare Fossati, İtalyan mimar (ö. 1883)
 1810 - Fritz Reuter, Alman romancı (ö. 1874)
 1841 - I. Nikola, Karadağ Kralı (ö. 1921)
 1860 - Leonidas Paraskevopulos, Yunan kıdemli subay ve siyasetçi (ö. 1936)
 1885 - Niels Bohr, Danimarkalı nükleer fizikçi ve atom bombasının mucitlerinden (ö. 1962)
 1888 - Henry A. Wallace, 33. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkan yardımcısı (ö. 1965)
 1896 - Paulino Alcántara, Filipin kökenli İspanyol futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 1964)
 1897 - Elijah Muhammed, Amerikalı dini lider (ABD'de Amerikan İslam Misyonu adlı Siyah hareketin önderi) (ö. 1975)
 1900 - Heinrich Himmler, Alman politikacı ve SS lideri (ö. 1945)
 1914 - Herman Keiser, Amerikalı golfçü (ö. 2003)
 1917 - June Allyson, Amerikalı aktris (ö. 2006)
 1921 - Red Adams, Amerikalı beyzbolcu (ö. 2017)
 1922 - Martha Stewart, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (ö. 2021)
 1923 - Jean-Paul Riopelle, Kanadalı ressam (ö. 2002)
 1925 - Feyyaz Berker, Türk iş insanı (ö. 2017)
 1927 - R. D. Laing, İskoç psikiyatrist (ö. 1989)
 1928 - Lorna Wing, İngiliz psikiyatr ve fizikçi (ö. 2014)
 1931 - Desmond Tutu, Güney Afrikalı rahip ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2021)
 1931 - Ryuzo Hiraki, Japon millî futbolcu (ö. 2009)
 1934 - Amiri Baraka, Afrikalı-Amerikalı yazar, şair ve aktivist (ö. 2014)
 1934 - Ulrike Meinhof, Alman devrimci (ö. 1976)
 1935 - Thomas Keneally, Booker Ödülü sahibi Avustralyalı romancı, oyun yazarı ve kurgudışı kitap yazarı
 1939 - John Hopcroft, Amerikalı bilgisayar bilimcisi
 1939 - Harry Kroto, 1996 Nobel Kimya Ödülü'nü Robert Curl ve Richard Smalley ile paylaşan Britanyalı kimyager (ö. 2016)
 1940 - Nevzat Kösoğlu, Türk siyasetçi ve yazar (ö. 2013)
 1943 - Ollie North, Siyasi yorumcu ve televizyon konuğu, askeri tarihçi
 1944 - Donald Tsang, Hong Kong'un 2005 - 2012 yılları arasında baş yönetici ve yönetim kurulu başkanı
 1950 - Doğan Hakyemez, Türk millî basketbolcu ve basketbol menajeri (ö. 2018)
 1950 - Jakaya Kikwete, Tanzanyalı asker ve siyasetçi
 1951 - John Mellencamp, Amerikalı müzisyen, şarkıcı ve ressam
 1952 - Ivo Gregurević, Hırvat aktör (ö. 2019)
 1952 - Vladimir Putin, Rus siyasetçi ve Rusya Devlet Başkanı
 1953 - Tico Torres, Amerikalı müzisyen, Bon Jovi'nin bateristi ve perküsyoncusu
 1955 - Yo-Yo Ma, Çin asıllı Fransız ve Amerikan çellist ve söz yazarı
 1956 - Brian Sutter, Kanadalı buz hokeyi oyuncusu ve koç
 1957 - Faruk Hadžibegić, Boşnak futbolcu
 1957 - Jayne Torvill, İngiliz buz patenci
 1959 - Brazo de Oro, Meksikalı Lucha libre tarzında güreşen profesyonel güreşçi (ö. 2017)
 1959 - Simon Cowell, İngiliz televizyon yapımcısı
 1963 - Orhan Erdem, Türk siyasetçi
 1964 - Yavuz Bingöl, Türk müzisyen, türkücü, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1964 - Sam Brown, İngiliz şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1964 - Daniel Savage, Amerikalı yazar, medya uzmanı, gazeteci ve LGBT topluluğu aktivisti
 1966 - Tania Aebi, Amerikalı denizci ve yazar
 1967 - Toni Braxton, Amerikalı şarkıcı
 1968 - Thom Yorke, İngiliz müzisyen
 1973 - Dida, Brezilyalı kaleci
 1973 - Grigol Mgaloblishvili, Gürcü siyasetçi ve diplomat
 1973 - Sami Hyypiä, Fin futbolcu
 1974 - Bertuğ Cemil, Türk şarkıcı
 1974 - Ruslan Nigmatullin, Rus millî futbolcu
 1974 - Charlotte Perrelli, İsveçli şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1976 - Gilberto Silva, Brezilyalı millî futbolcu
 1976 - Santiago Solari, Arjantinli eski orta saha oyuncusu
 1978 - Alesha Dixon, İngiliz şarkıcı, dansçı, rapçi, oyuncu, sunucu ve model
 1979 - Aaron Ashmore, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1979 - Shawn Ashmore, Kanadalı film ve televizyon oyuncusu
 1981 - Austin Eubanks, Amerikalı motivasyon konuşmacısı (ö. 2019)
 1982 - Madjid Bougherra, Fransa doğumlu Cezayirli defans oyuncusu
 1982 - Jermaine Defoe, İngiliz futbolcu
 1984 - Toma Ikuta, Japon televizyon ve sahne oyuncusu
 1984 - Simon Poulsen, Danimarkali millî futbolcu
 1985 - Jana Khokhlova, Rus buz patenci
 1986 - Gunnar Nielsen, Faroeli millî futbolcu
 1986 - Bree Olson, Amerikalı porno yıldızı
 1986 - Holland Roden, Amerikan oyuncu
 1987 - Jeremy Brockie, Yeni Zelandalı millî futbolcu
 1987 - Aiden English, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi
 1988 - Diego Costa, Brezilya asıllı İspanyol millî futbolcu
 1990 - Sebastián Coates, Uruguaylı millî futbolcu
 1991 - Lay, Çinli rapçi, şarkıcı, söz yazarı, prodüktör, dansçı ve oyuncu
 1998 - Trent Alexander-Arnold, İngiliz futbolcu
 1999 - Ferdi Erenay Kadıoğlu, Hollanda doğumlu Türk futbolcu

Ölümler
 336 - Markus, 18 Ocak 336 ile 7 Ekim 336 arası papa (d. ?)
 858 - Montoku, Japonya'nın 55. İmparatoru (d. 826)
 1130 - Âmir, Fâtımî halifesi (d. 1096)
 1242 - Juntoku, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 84. imparatoru (d. 1197)
 1571 - Müezzinzade Ali Paşa, Osmanlı denizci ve Kaptan-ı Derya
 1620 - Stanisław Żółkiewski, Polonyalı asilzade (d. 1547)
 1796 - Thomas Reid, 1710-1796 yılları arasında yaşamış olan İskoç filozof (d. 1710)
 1849 - Edgar Allan Poe, Amerikalı yazar ve şair (d. 1809)
 1894 - Oliver Wendell Holmes, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1809)
 1896 - John Langdon Down, İngiliz doktor (d. 1828)
 1896 - Louis-Jules Trochu, Fransız askeri lider ve politikacı (d. 1815)
 1911 - John Hughlings Jackson, İngiliz nörolog (d. 1835)
 1919 - Alfred Deakin, Avustralyalı politikacı (d. 1856)
 1925 - Christy Mathewson, Amerikalı beyzbolcu (d. 1880)
 1926 - Emil Kraepelin, Alman psikiyatrist (d. 1856)
 1935 - George Ramsay, İskoç futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1855)
 1939 - Harvey Williams Cushing, Amerikalı beyin ve sinir cerrahı (d. 1869)
 1944 - Helmut Lent, Alman asker ve Nazi Almanyası'nda Luftwaffe'nin As Pilotu (gece avcısı olarak bilinen) (d. 1918)
 1951 - Anton Philips, Hollandalı iş insanı ve Philips Electronics'in kurucusu (d. 1874)
 1952 - Okada Keisuke, Japon İmparatorluk Donanması'nda amiral (d. 1868)
 1959 - Mario Lanza, Amerikalı tenor (d. 1921)
 1964 - Safiye Erol, Türk yazar (d. 1902)
 1967 - Norman Angell, İngiliz ekonomist ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (d. 1873)
 1980 - Mustafa Pehlivanoğlu, Türk ülkücü (12 Eylül Darbesi'nden sonra idam edilen ilk ülkücü) (d. 1958)
 1980 - Necdet Adalı, Türk komünist (12 Eylül Darbesi'nden sonra idam edilen ilk komünist) (d.1958)
 1983 - George Ogden Abell, UCLA da çalışmış gök bilimci Araştırmacı astronom, öğretim görevlisi (d. 1927)
 1985 - Cemal Reşit Rey, Türk besteci, piyanist ve opera şefi (d. 1904)
 1992 - Tevfik Esenç, Abhaz-Adige dillerinden biri olan Ubıhça'yı son konuşan kişi (d. 1904)
 1993 - Wolfgang Paul, Alman fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (d. 1913)
 1994 - Niels Kaj Jerne, Danimarkalı immünolog ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (d. 1911)
 2001 - Roger Gaudry, Kanadalı bilim insanı (d. 1913)
 2003 - Aysel Tanju, Türk sinema oyuncusu (d. 1939)
 2004 - İsmet Ay, Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (d. 1924)
 2006 - Anna Politkovskaya, Rus gazeteci (d. 1958)
 2010 - Milka Planinc, Hırvatistan'dan Yugoslav siyasetçi (d. 1924)
 2011 - Ramiz Alia, Arnavutluk Devlet Başkanı (d. 1925)
 2011 - George Baker, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1931)
 2013 - Patrice Chéreau, Fransız film yönetmeni ve senarist (d. 1944)
 2013 - Yuri Çurbanov, Sovyet siyasetçi (d. 1936)
 2013 - Ovadia Yosef, İsrailli haham, siyasetçi (d. 1920)
 2014 - Siegfried Lenz, Alman yazar (d. 1926)
 2015 - Dominique Dropsy, Fransız eski futbolcu (d. 1951)
 2015 - Harry Gallatin, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbol oyuncusu (d. 1927)
 2015 - Elena Lucena, Arjantinli aktris (d. 1914)
 2015 - Sennur Sezer, Türk şair ve yazar (d. 1943)
 2015 - Gail Zappa, Amerikalı iş insanı ve şarkıcı Frank Zappa'nın eşi (d. 1945)
 2015 - Jurelang Zedkaia, Marshall Adaları eski devlet başkanı ve politikacı (d. 1950)
 2016 - Lüdmila İvanova, Rus oyuncu (d. 1933)
 2016 - Martha Roth, İtalya doğumlu Meksikalı oyuncu (d. 1932)
 2016 - Rebecca Wilson, Avustralyalı gazeteci, radyo ve tv sunucusu (d. 1961)
 2017 - Vyaçeslav İvanov, Rus dilbilimci (d. 1929)
 2017 - Washington SyCip, Çin asıllı Filipinli-Amerikalı hesap uzmanı ve yönetici (d. 1921)
 2018 - René Bouin, Fransız siyasetçi (d. 1937)
 2018 - Peggy McCay, Amerikalı oyuncu ve Emmy ödülü sahibi (d. 1927)
 2018 - Gibba, İtalyan animatör (d. 1924)
 2018 - Oleg Pavlov, Rus romancı ve kısa öykü yazarı (d. 1970)
 2018 - Celeste Yarnall, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1944)
 2019 - Beppe Bigazzi, İtalyan yönetici, gazeteci, televizyon sunucusu ve yazar (d. 1933)
 2020 - Mario Molina, Meksikalı kimyager ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1943)
 2021 - James Brokenshire, İngiliz hukukçu ve siyasetçi (d. 1968)
 2021 - Eva Rönström, İsveçli jimnastikçi (d. 1932)
 2022 - Brenda MacGibbon-Taylor, Kanadalı matematikçi, istatistikçi ve karar bilimcisi (d. 1944)
 2022 - Susanna Mildonyan, Belçikalı arpist ve eğitimci (d. 1940)
 2022 - Bill Nieder, Amerikalı gülle atma sporcusu (d. 1933)
 2022 - Jure Robežnik, Sloven piyanist ve besteci (d. 1933)
 2022 - Ivan Wolffers, Hollandalı yazar, hekim ve akademisyen (d. 1948)
 2023 - Maruf el-Bahit, Macar siyasetçi ve eski Macaristan cumhurbaşkanı (d. 1947)

Tatiller ve özel günler

Kaynakça

1007
07

7 Ekim


Rachael Elizabeth Watson, née le , est une nageuse handisport australienne concourant en S4 pour les athlètes ayant une infirmité motrice cérébrale.

Biographie
Membre d'une fratrie de triplés, sa naissance prématurée  lui entraîne une paralysie cérébrale. À l'âge de , elle développe un syndrome de Guillain-Barré, une maladie poussant son système immunitaire à attaquer son système nerveux périphérique.

Distinctions

 2017 ordre d'Australie

Palmarès

Jeux paralympiques

Championnats du monde

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Nageuse handisport australienne
Nageuse de nage libre
Championne paralympique de natation
Championne paralympique australienne
Nageuse aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2016
Nageuse aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance en janvier 1992
Naissance à Brisbane

Rachael Watson


الرقص الصوفي هو نوع من أنواع الذكر عند متبعي الطريقة الصوفية. يسمى أحياناً رقص سماع، ويكون بالدوران حول النفس والتأمل الذي يقوم به من يسمون دراويش بهدف الوصول إلى مرحلة الكمال. أغلب ممارسي هذه الطقوس هم من اتباع الطريقة المولوية، ويهدفون إلى كبح شهوات النفس والرغبات الشخصية عبر الاستماع إلى الله والموسيقى والتفكر في الله والدوران حول النفس الذي أتى مفهومه من خلال دوران الكواكب حول الشمس.

يعمد المتصوفون إلى تنظيم رقصات يرتدون فيها تنانير واسعة، ويقومون بحركة دورانية، يقولون إنها جزء من «مناجاة الخالق.» يعتبر راقصو التنورة أن في دورانهم «تجسيدا للفصول الأربعة،» وأن الصلة بين العبد وخالقه تنشأ عندما يقوم الراقص أو اللفّيف، برفع يده اليمنى إلى الأعلى وخفض اليسرى إلى الأسفل متخففا من كل شيء بقصد الصعود إلى ربه. ففي وقت يعتبر فيه القائمون على تلك الرقصة بأن ارتباط التنورة بالدين ناتج عن الحركة الدورانية تلك التي يكون فيها الراقص على اتساق مع حركة الكون، ويقول رجال الدين إن الرقص، والتصفيق، والتمايل لا أصل له في الشرع إطلاقا.

الرقص والجسد

يقول ابن سينا في هذا المجال لقد هبطت النفس إلى هذا العالم وسكنت الجسد فلابد ان تحن وتضطرب وتخلع عنها سلطان البدن وتنسلخ عن الدنيا لتصعد إلى العالم الأعلى وتعرج إلى المحل الارفع. حيث يعتبر البدن شـر، لانه مـادي كثيـف وتحررالإنسان من شهوات البدن ليس عنده الا سعيا للنفس إلى الفكاك من إسارها بعد أن غشيها البدن بكثافته. وهكذا يقول (ييتس 1865) (والآن لعلني أذوي وأصبح الحقيقة) حيث يعتبر المتصوفة فناء الجسد، حقيقة الحقائق.وما يمارس على الجسد من مجاهدات ورياضات تفضي إلى رقة القلب ورهافة الحواس، كما يفعل المتصوفة وجدا لسماع، أو أية عذوبة ذو جمال، أو يهتز وجدا عند سماعة آية من القرآن وقد يسقط مغشيا عليه.

المولوية

المولوية «الدراويش» هي إحدى الطرق الصوفية التي تميزت بفنون الرقص والموسيقى، أسسها جلال الدين الرومي في مدينة قونية التركية في القرن الثالث عشر ميلادي، وأتباع هذه الطريقة يسمون بالراقصين الدراويش. ويجب أن يصاحب أدائهم للرقص آيات وإبتهالات من ذكر الحكيم. وكانت حلقات الذكر المولوية تقام في مساجد أنشأت خصيصاً لهذه الطريقة. يشارك الدراويش بإحياء المناسبات الدينية مثل ذكرى المولد النبوي، وليلة الاسراء والمعراج وغيرها من المناسبات الدينية، ولكل مناسبة من هذه المناسبات أناشيدها الخاصة بها وادعيتها.وقد شارك في بعض منها شمس فريدلاندر الاستاذ في الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة ومؤلف كتاب «دوامة الدراويش» عند زيارته إلى قونية.

الأزياء

الأزياء التي يرتديها الدراويش الراقصون ترمز لعناصر مختلفة في شكلها ولونها. فالأبيض يرمز للكفن، والأسود للقبر، أما القلنسوة اللباد فترمز إلى شاهدة القبر، والدورات الثلاث حول باحة الرقص ترمز إلى المراحل الثلاث في التقرب إلى الله وهي: العلم الرؤية والوصال.

أدلة الصوفية على جواز الرقص
استدلالهم بقوله تعالى في سورة الكهف: (إذ قاموا فقالوا ربنا رب السموات والأرض). واستدلالهم بقوله تعالى للنبي أيوب: (اركض برجلك).

كما يستدل البعض بحديث (إن جعفر بن أبي طالب رقص بين يدي النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لما قال له: أشبهت خَلقي وخٌلقي) وهذا الحديث بزيادة الرقص المزعوم فيه منكر لا يصح فقد رواه البيهقي في السنن الكبرى (10/226) وفي الآداب له أيضا (921) وأحمد في المسند 1/108 والبزار في المسند 3/220 رقم 2609_ زوائده _ ولفظ البيهقي: (أتينا النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وأنا- المتكلم علي وهو راوي الحديث- وجعفر وزيد، فقال لزيد: أنت أخونا ومولانا، فحجل. وقال لجعفر: أشبهت خلقي وخٌلقي، فحجل وراء حجل زيد، وقال لي: أنت مني وأنا منك فحجلت وراء حجل جعفر)
وقال البيهقي - شارحاً الحديث-: ((والحجل: أن يرفع رجلا ويقفز على الأخرى من الفرح، فإذا فعله الإنسان فرحا بما آتاه الله من معرفته أو سائر نعمه فلا بأس، وما كان فيه تثن وتكسّر حتى يباين أخلاق الذكور فهو مكروه لما فيه من التشبه بالنساء)) ((الآداب)) ص422.

إن الصحابة الثلاثة: عليًا، وزيدًا، وجعفرًا، رضي اللَّه عنهم، لم يثبت أنهم حجلوا وراء بعضهم والنبي (صلى الله عليه وسلم) جالس، وأثبتنا أن هذا الحجل افتراءٌ عليهم، ولقد جاءت السنة الصحيحة المطهرة تثبت لهؤلاء الصحابة مناقبهم من غير فرية الحجل.
وإلى القارئ الكريم هذه القصة الصحيحة التي تبيّن ذلك: فقد أخرج الإمام البخاري في «صحيحه» (7/570- فتح) (ح4251) من حديث البراء رضي اللَّه عنه قال: لما اعتمر النبي (صلى الله عليه وسلم) في ذي القعدة فأبى أهل مكة أن يدعوه يدخل مكة حتى قاضاهم على أن يقيم بها ثلاثة أيام، فلما كتبوا الكتاب كتبوا: هذا ما قضى عليه محمد رسول الله، قالوا: لا نقر لك بهذا، لو نعلم أنك رسول الله ما منعناك شيئًا، ولكن أنت محمد بن عبد الله. فقال: «أنا رسول الله، وأنا محمد بن عبد الله». ثم قال لعلي: «امح رسول الله». قال علي: «لا والله لا أمحوك أبدًا». [فقال رسول الله (صلى الله علييه وسلم): «أرني مكانها»، فأراه مكانها، فمحاها](1). فكتب: هذا ما قاضى محمد بن عبد الله لا يدخل مكة السلاح إلا السيف في القِراب، وأن لا يخرج من أهلها بأحدٍ إن أراد أن يتبعه، وأن لا يمنع من أصحابه أحدًا إن أراد أن يقيم بها، فلما دخلها ومضى الأجل أتوا عليًا فقالوا: قل لصاحبك: اخرج عنا فقد مضى الأجل، فخرج النبي (صلى الله عليه وسلم) فتبعته ابنة حمزة تنادي: يا عمّ، يا عمّ، فتناولها عليٌّ فأخذ بيدها وقال لفاطمة: دونك ابنة عمك فحملتها، فاختصم فيها علي، وزيد، وجعفر، فقال علي: أنا أخذتها وهي بنت عمي، وقال جعفر: ابنة عمي وخالتها تحتي، وقال زيد: ابنة أخي، فقضى بها النبي (صلى الله عليه وسلم) لخالتها، وقال: «الخالة بمنزلة الأم». وقال لعلي: «أنت مني وأنا منك». وقال لجعفر: «أشبهت خَلقي وخُلقي». وقال لزيد: «أنت أخونا ومولانا». وقال عليّ: «ألا تتزوَج بنت حمزة؟» قال: إنها ابنة أخي من الرضاعة

كما يقول بعض أهل التصوف (إنّهم إذا دخلوها أمر الله مناديا ينادي: يا داود، أرق على كرسيّك، وأسمع النّاس ساعة ليستريحوا من شدّة تعبهم، فيصعد داود على كرسيه فيقرأ لهم ويسمع الناس أصواته الطيبة وأطرابه المستلذة، فيصعد المحبّون إلى سطوح قصورهم: فهذا يصرخ، وهذا يقول: الله.. الله، وهذا يقول: أنت.. أنت، فيقول الله لملائكته: يا ملائكتي أما ترون، أما ترون المحبين في سماعهم).

استدلالهم على تقطيع ثيابهم عند الرقص بفعل النبي سليمان كما في قوله تعالى: ((ردّوها عليّ، فطفق مسحا بالسوق والأعناق))
قال القرطبي: وقد استدل الشبلي وغيره من الصوفية في تقطيع ثيابهم وتخريقها بفعل سليمان هذا: ((ردّوها عليّ، فطفق مسحا بالسوق والأعناق))

استدلالهم بحديث (ما اجتمع قوم في بيت من بيوت الله يذكرون الله...) الحديث. وأحاديث مثل: (ليس بالكريم من لم يهتزّ عند ذكر الحبيب) (سبق المهتزّون بذكر الله) (يضع الذكر عنهم أثقالهم فيأتون يوم القيامة خفافا).

كما استدل بعضهم بما نقل بعض أهل التفسير أنّ ابن عمر وعروة ابن الزبير وجماعة من الصحابة خرجوا يوم العيد وقاموا يذكرون الله على أقدامهم، فقال بعضهم لبعض أما قال الله: ((يذكرون الله قياما وقعودا وعلى جنوبهم)) فقاموا يذكرون الله على أقدامهم.

آراء الفقهاء المعارضين

قال الإمام القرطبي عند تفسيره لقول الله في سورة لقمان: (وَلَا تُصَعِّرْ خَدَّكَ لِلنَّاسِ وَلَا تَمْشِ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَرَحًا إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ كُلَّ مُخْتَالٍ فَخُورٍ (1وَاقْصِدْ فِي مَشْيِكَ وَاغْضُضْ مِنْ صَوْتِكَ إِنَّ أَنْكَرَ الْأَصْوَاتِ لَصَوْتُ الْحَمِيرِ (19)))  استدل العلماء بهذه الآية على ذم الرقص وتعاطيه. قال الإمام أبو الوفاء ابن عقيل: قد نص القرآن على النهي عن الرقص فقال ((ولاتمش في الأرض مرحا)) وذم المختال والرقص أشد المرح والبطر.

جعل محمد تقي الدين الهلالي التقرب إلى الله بالرقص من البدع الحقيقية، فقال في الفصل الثالث من الحسام الماحق: (فدخل في ذلك البدع الحقيقية، كالتقرب إلى الله بالرقص، وقرع الطبول ونحو ذلك).

قال الإمام الصنعاني: وأما الرقص والتصفيق فشأن أهل الفسق والخلاعة لا شأن من يحب الله ويخشاه.

اقرأ أيضاً

 سماع.
 حضرة.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

 "نجوم المهتدين في دلائل الاجتماع للذكر على طريقة المشايخ المتأخرين برفع الأرجل من الأرض والاهتزاز شوقا لرب العالمين"
 رقص سماع ورقص صوفي
 منظمة الرقص الصوفي المالاوية
 احتفال السماع المالاوي
 DankPhotos.com: دراويش يرقصون رقصاً صوفياً
 دراويش نقشبنديين

تأمل
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ممارسة روحية

رقص صوفي


أرخيداموس الثاني ملك إسبرطة وكان ابن زيوكسيداموس وحكم بين عامي 476 – 427 ق م وخلف جده ليوتيخيدس بعد أن تم نفيه من إسبرطة، وكان أبوه قد مات قبل جده، ويقال أن برودة أعصابه ورجاحة عقله حفظتا الدولة الإسبرطية من الدمار بعد الزلزال الكبير الذي حدث عام 464 ق م (وقد روى الحادثة ديودورس وبلوتارخ وكيمون)، ولكن هذه القصة يحوم حولها الكثير من الشك.

كان أرخيداموس صديق بريكليس وكان ذا طبيعة حذرة ومعتدلة، وخلال المفاوضات التي سبقت الحرب البيلوبونيسية، حاول ما بوسعه كي يتجنب أو يؤجل النزاع الذي كان محتما، ولكن غلب عليه الفريق المساند للحرب. واحتل أتيكا على رأس القوات البيلوبونيسية في صيف 431 وكذلك أعوام 430، 428، وفي عام 429 قاد الهجمات ضد بلاتايا، وكان موته في الغالب عام 427 ق م ولكن من المؤكد أنه كان قبل صيف 426 حيث نجد ابنه أجيس الثالث على العرش.

مصادر

حكام في القرن 5 ق م
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
ملكيون في القرن 5 ق م
ملوك إسبرطة
وفيات عقد 420 ق م

أرخيداموس الثاني


ලුම්බිනී ස්තම්භලේඛය හෙවත් ලුම්බිනී ස්තම්භ අභිලේඛනය, පාදේරියා අභිලේඛනය යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 1896 දෙසැම්බරයේ දී ඇලොයිස් ඇන්ටන් ෆියුරර් විසින් නූතන නේපාලයේ ලුම්බිනියේ අශෝක ස්තම්භයෙන් සොයාගනු ලැබූ පුරාතන බ්‍රාහ්මී අක්ෂරවලින් ලියන ලද අභිලේඛනයකි. මේ හා සමාන තවත් ප්‍රකට අභිලේඛනයක් වන්නේ නිගාලි-සාගර් අභිලේඛනයයි. ලුම්බිනී අභිලේඛනය අශෝකයන්ගේ ලඝු ස්තම්භලේඛ අතරට වර්ගීකරණය කොට තිබුණ ද, මෙය අතීත කාල සහ සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රථම පුරුෂ (රාජකීය අයුරින් නොවේ) ස්වභාවයෙන් රචනාකොට ඇති හෙයින්, මෙය අශෝකයන් මෙම ස්ථානය බැහැදැකීම අනුස්මරණය කරනු වස් පිහිටුවූවක් බවත්, එය රජු විසින්ම ස්ථාපිත කළ ආඥාවක් බැව් පෙනේ.

Discovery of the pillar
Ancient historical records of the Buddhist monuments of the region, made by the ancient Chinese monk-pilgrim Xuanzang in the 7th century CE and by another ancient Chinese monk-pilgrim Faxian in the early 5th century CE, had been used in an effort to search for the place of birth of the Buddha, said to be in Lumbini, and his ancient city of Kapilavastu. The Lumbini pillar itself, set up where the Buddha was born, was mentioned by Xuanzang, who said that it was surmounted by the sculpture of a horse and that it had been broken in half, but he never mentioned the presence of an inscription, which, according to Vincent A. Smith, may already have been hidden by the time he visited in the 7th century. The description by Xuanzang adds that the pillar was split in two and fallen on the ground at the time he saw it.

The pillar was supported underground by a brick base, which according to Vincent A. Smith had to be of a comparatively more recent date. He suggested that the fallen pillar had been re-erected at the time of the Buddhist Pala dynasty, in the 11th or 12th century.

The existence of the stone pillar itself was already known before the discovery: it had already been reported to Vincent A. Smith by a local landowner named Duncan Ricketts, around twelve years before (circa 1884). Rubbings of the Medieval inscriptions on top of the pillar had been sent by Ricketts, but they were thought of no great consequence. Führer has also heard about the pillar in 1895, while he was investigating the nearby Nigali-Sagar pillar.

Discovery of the inscription (1896)
In December 1896, Alois Anton Führer was making a follow-up survey of the nearby Nigali-Sagar pillar, discovered and investigated by him the previous year, in March 1895.

According to some accounts, Fuhrer found the Lumbini pillar on December 1st, and then asked the help of local commander, General Khadga Samsher Rana, to excavate it. According to other accounts General Khadga Samsher Rana knew the location of the pillar and led Führer to it. Reportedly, Fuhrer was not present when the inscription was discovered, as he arrived only "a little later", but Ricketts was witness to it. Initially, only the top of the pillar was visible, with a Medieval inscription on it. The Nepalese authorities dug around the pillar, to find the ancient Brahmi inscription, which therefore had remained underground, hidden from view.

The Brahmi inscription on the pillar gives evidence that Ashoka, emperor of the Maurya Empire, visited the place in 3rd-century BCE and identified it as the birth-place of the Buddha. The inscription was translated by Paranavitana:

Aftermath

Following the discovery of the pillar, Führer relied on the accounts of ancient Chinese pilgrims to search for Kapilavastu, which he thought had to be in Tilaurakot. Unable to find anything significant, he started excavating some structures at Sagarwa, which he said were stupas of the Shakyas, and was in the process of faking pre-Mauryan inscriptions on bricks, when he was caught in the act by Vincent Arthur Smith.

Soon after, Alois Anton Führer was exposed as "a forger and dealer in fake antiquities", and had to resign from his position in 1898. Führer's early archaeological successes had apparently encouraged him to inflate his later discoveries to the point of creating forgeries. Vincent Arthur Smith further revealed in 1901 the blunt truth about Führer's Nepalese discoveries, saying of Führer's description of the archaeological remains at Nigali Sagar that "every word of it is false", and characterizing several of Führer's epigraphic discoveries in the area, including the inscriptions at the alleged Shakya stupas at Sagarwa, as "impudent forgeries". However Smith never challenged the authenticity of the Lumbini pillar inscription and the Nigali Sagar inscription.

Führer had written in 1897 a monograph on his discoveries in Nigali Sagar and Lumbini, Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's birth-place in the Nepalese tarai which was withdrawn from circulation.

Issues of authenticity
Although generally accepted as genuine, this inscription does raise a few issues in terms of authenticity:
 The Lumbini inscription is in the third person, written by someone reporting a past visit of Devanampriya Priyadarsi, and is not written in Devanampriya Priyadarsi's own name contrary to all known edicts. So, by its own internal evidence, it may have been written at any time in history after the ruler's visit. In effect, ancient Brahmi was still understood until the beginning of 4th century CE before being rediscovered in the 19th century.
 The qualifier used for the Buddha in the inscription is Sakyamuni (), which is normally a Sanskritized form of the Prakrit Sakamuni ( "Sage of the Sakas), although the fully Sanskritized form would be Śakyamuni (, pronounced "Shakyamuni"). The problem is that the rest of the inscription is entirely in Prakrit, and Sanskrit inscriptions are not otherwise attested before the 1st century BCE-1st century CE. "Sakyamuni" first appears in the Lumbini inscription, the other known forms being "Sakiya" in the Piprahwa inscription, "Sakka" in the Pali literature, "Sakka" and "Śakka" in Prakrit literature, "Saka" (Bharhut) and "Śaka" in the epigraphic record.

 The Buddha is never mentioned in the Major Pillar Edicts nor in the Major Rock Edicts, and only appears once in the Bairat Temple inscription.
 The inscription was discovered by Alois Anton Führer, who is also known to have forged Brahmi inscriptions on ancient stone artefacts, so there is a possibility that he is the actual author of the inscription. The engraving is in extremely good condition and seems fresh: when Rhys Davids made a copy of the inscription in 1900, he noted that it was "almost as if freshly cut". Following re-examination fifty years later, academics commented: "The pillar bears an inscription of Asoka, very well preserved. The lines are straight and letters very tastefully written. It appears as if the inscription has been very recently incised."

On these grounds, Christopher I. Beckwith considers the Lumbini inscription as a later work, posterior to the 1st century CE at least, and there is also a possibility that Führer himself is the actual author of the inscription.

This issue was popularized in 2008 by British writer Charles Allen.

The Nigali Sagar inscription, in many ways similar and located a few kilometers from Lumbini, also falls under the same kind of suspicion.

Gallery

References

Monuments and memorials in Nepal
Archaeological sites in Nepal
Nepalese inscriptions

ලුම්බිනී ස්තම්භලේඛය


Dekan je ugljikovodik, alkan, s kemijskom formulom C10H22. Iako dekan može imati 75 strukturnih izomera, termin se obično odnosi na normalni dekan ("n-dekan") formule CH3(CH2)8CH3. Međutim, svi izomeri pokazuju slična svojstva i svi su zapaljive tekućine. Dekan je sastavni dio benzina i kerozina. Kao i ostali alkani, dekan je nepolarno otapalo, nije topiv u vodi i lako je zapaljiv. Osim što je jedna od komponenti goriva, dekan ima malu vrijednost kao kemijska sirovina, za razliku od nekoliko drugih alkana.

Reakcije
Kao i ostali alkani, dekan je zapaljiv. U prisustvu dovoljne količine kisika, gorenjem dekana nastaju voda i ugljikov dioksid.

 2 C10H22 + 31 O2 → 20 CO2 + 22 H2O

Gorenjem dekana uz nedostatak kisika, osim vode, nastaju ugljični monoksid ili elementarni ugljik (čađa).

Linkovi

Alkani
Kemija

Dekan (kemija)


Antimikrobielle peptider (AMP), også kaldet host defense peptider (HDP) er små proteiner, peptider, der er en del af  det medfødte immunforsvar (det uspecifikke innate immunforsvar), der findes blandt alle klasser af liv. Grundlæggende forskelle mellem prokaryote og eukaryote celler kan repræsentere mål for antimikrobielle peptider. Disse peptider er potente, bredspektrede antibiotika, som viser potentiale som nye terapeutiske midler. Antimikrobielle peptider har vist sig at dræbe Gram negative og Gram positive bakterier, kappebærende virus, svampe samt kræftceller. Der er beskrevet mere end 5000 antimikrobielle peptider.

I modsætning til de fleste konventionelle antibiotika, ser det ud som om antimikrobielle peptider også kan have evnen til at øge immunitet ved at fungere som immunomodulatorer.

Antimikrobielle peptider virker ofte ved at destabilisere mikrobers membran ved lyse eller hæmning af transportfunktioner.

Nogle eksempler

 Plectasin

 Cathelicidin-peptider er en familie af antimikrobielle peptider , der findes i lysosomer af makrofager og polymorphonuclear leukocytter (PMN) og keratinocytter.

 Defensin-peptider er små cystein-rige kationiske proteiner, der findes i både hvirveldyr og hvirvelløse dyr. De er også rapporteret i planter.

 Dermcidin er et humant antimikrobielt peptid, der udskilles af svedkirtler på huden som en del af det medfødte immunforsvar.

 Protegrin-peptider binder til gram-negative bakteriers LPS, lipopolysaccharider.

 Mastoparan-L, modificeret giftstof fra en almindelig asiatisk hveps, Vespula lewisii.

Plante-AMP

Antimikrobielle peptider viser alle et evolutionært slægtskab, og en database over 271 antimikrobielle peptider fra planter opdeler peptiderne i familier:

 cyclotider
 defensiner
 Hevein-lignende
 Impatiener
 knottiner
 lipid-transfer proteiner
 shepheriner
 snakiner
 thioniner
 vicilin-lignende
 MBP-1 og MiAMP1.

Se også

 Uspecifikt immunforsvar

Eksterne links og henvisninger

 The Blood Of Dragons Could Destroy Antibiotic Resistance. IFLS 2017
 A Cure For The Common Cold Might Be Much Closer Than We Realised. ScienceAlert 2018
 In CRISPRed fruit flies that lack certain antimicrobial peptides, bacterial infections flourish, as revealed by fluorescent markers. The Scientist 2019

Immunforsvar

Immunologi

Antimikrobielle peptider


La Première Nation de Kluane est une Première Nation dont le siège se trouve dans le territoire du Yukon, au Canada, précisément à Burwash Landing, le long de la route de l'Alaska et sur les rives du lac Kluane, le plus grand lac du territoire. Les membres de la Première Nation sont des Tutchones du Sud et leur langue maternelle est le tutchone du Sud. L'endonyme de la Première Nation est Lù'àn Män Ku Dän ou Lù'àn Mun Ku Dän (le « peuple du lac Kluane »), en l'honneur du grand lac adjacent.

Le peuple de la Première Nation Kluane occupe un territoire traditionnel qui s'étend des monts St. Elias au sud, délimité à l'est par l'extrémité sud du lac Kluane et par l'ancienne rivière Slims (ou A'ay Chu), par la chaîne Ruby au nord, s'étendant presque jusqu'à la rivière Nisling, et à l'ouest par la frontière de l'Alaska. Elle comprend la région Tachal du parc national et réserve de parc national de Kluane.

Bien que la plupart des membres de la Première Nation soient des Tutchones du Sud, certains sont Tlingits, Haut-Tananas ou Tutchones du Nord. Les membres de la Première Nation sont divisés en deux clans matrilinéaires, celui des loups et celui des corbeaux. La Première Nation compte en 2022, un total de 176 membres.

La Première Nation de Kluane est une Première Nation autonome bénéficiant d'un accord définitif sur ses revendications territoriales protégé par la Constitution et un accord sur son autonomie gouvernementale. Ces ententes ont été signées en octobre 2003 entre le gouvernement du Canada, le gouvernement du Yukon et la Première Nation de Kluane.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Site Web de la Première Nation de Kluane
 Profil des Premières Nations du ministère des Affaires indiennes et du Nord du Canada
 Document d'information sur les ententes définitives et sur l'autonomie gouvernementale de la Première Nation de Kluane

Première nation au Yukon

Première Nation de Kluane


A Pedra da Onça é um afloramento rochoso com 700 metros de altitude, situado entre os municípios de Castelo e Cachoeiro de Itapemirim nos distritos de Monte Pio e São Vicente respectivamente, no estado do Espírito Santo.

A formação rochosa é vizinha da Pedra da Penha, sendo este o ponto mais alto do município Cachoeirense.

Pedra da Onça