La Macroregión Norte es un grupo de departamentos del Perú ubicados en el área septentrional del país.Está compuesta por los departamentos de Amazonas, Áncash, Cajamarca, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Piura, San Martín y Tumbes.

Historia

Orígenes y primeras migraciones
A pesar de que los vestigios del poblamiento del Perú datarían desde el 8000 a. C. Hombre de Paiján (8,000 a. C.), la primera civilización propiamente dicha en el Perú estuvo en Chavín, el primer postulado de inmigración hacia el Perú lo realizó el arqueólogo peruano Julio César Tello en su Teoría autoctonista, quien al observar los ídolos de Chavín de Huántar (reptiles y felinos) dedujo que sus habitantes migraron desde la amazonía hacia la cordillera, y desde Chavín la influencia de esta cultura se extendió por Sudamérica.

Posterior a la cultura Chavín, florecen los Moches, Lambayeque, Chachapoyass y Chimus. El caso particular de la cultura Moche es importante para la etnografía peruana, debido a que gracias a su cerámica escultórica (huacos retratos), podemos observar costumbres, vestimentas, métodos de pesca, sanación, rituales religiosos y hasta la personalidad de su población.
Otras culturas fueron: Vicús, cupisnique, Gallinazo, Sechín, etc.

El Sólido Norte
En el campo político una de las acepciones históricas de esta región del país es el "Sólido Norte" o Norte Grande, que era un término de uso frecuente entre los militantes de la Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA), quienes lo llamaban así en contraposición al Norte Chico (Perú), compuesto por las provincias del departamento de Lima, tradicionalmente apristas.

Geografía

Las características geográficas del norte peruano están determinadas por el hecho de encontrarse en el espacio intermedio entre las secciones septentrional y central de los Andes. En términos ecológicos, la macrorregión que nos ocupa está conformada por una gran porción de bosque seco ecuatorial (la mayor parte de Tumbes, Piura y Lambayeque y porciones de Cajamarca y San Martín), una franja costera desértica (desde Piura hasta Trujillo que se prolonga hacia el sur), una gran porción con características de selva alta (parte de la sierra de Piura y Cajamarca pero sobre todo el sur de Amazonas y las partes altas de San Martín), una sección de bosque tropical amazónico (norte de Amazonas y la mayor parte de San Martín), una pequeña franja de territorio de Puna (que cruza La Libertad y se interna en Cajamarca) y otra de serranía esteparia (La Libertad). (ver mapa "Ecoregiones"). Además, la península de Illescas es el límite entre las aguas cálidas ecuatoriales y las aguas templadas propias a la mayor parte de la costa peruana. El área costera desde Tumbes a Piura es el más sensible a las lluvias generadas por El Fenómeno El Niño (FEN). La franja costera está cruzada por numerosos ríos que forman oasis agrícolas. De norte a sur: Tumbes, Chira, Piura, Lambayeque, Saña, Jequetepeque, Chicama, Moche y Chao-Virú; todos estos ríos nacen en las cumbres de la cordillera occidental, por lo que son vías de penetración a la sierra (a excepción de los ríos Tumbes y Chira cuyas nacientes se encuentran en el Ecuador). La franja central de la región es en su mayor parte integrante de la alta cuenca del río Marañón: en la sierra de Cajamarca y La Libertad nace una serie de pequeños ríos tributarios, sobre todo por la margen izquierda; del este de Piura y norte de Cajamarca nace el Huancabamba, principal afluente serrano del Marañón, mientras que en Amazonas nacen sus afluentes amazónicos (Cénepa, Santiago y Chiriaco). El noreste pertenece a la cuenca del alto Huallaga, en San Martín, cruzado por cuatro afluentes principales (Biabo, Saposoa, Mayo y Tocache).

Organización territorial

Ciudades
La macrorregión norte es lugar de algunas de las más importantes ciudades del país ya sean costeñas como Trujillo, Chiclayo o Piura, andinas como Cajamarca o Huaráz o bien selváticas como Tarapoto, Jaén o Moyobamba.

Ciudad más poblada por departamento

Ciudades más pobladas

Población
En la Macrorregión Norte se ubican 5 de las Ciudades más pobladas del país como son Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Chimbote y Sullana.

Según el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática del Perú, los habitantes empadronados en el último censo del año 2007 eran 10.301.252 habitantes, los cuales para la actualidad es un aprox. de 11 millones de habitantes.
En los últimos cincuenta años la población norte se ha triplicado alcanzando la tasa anual de crecimiento de 2,25%. El incremento de la población en los períodos intercensales 1940-1976 y 1976-1992. De las ciudades más pobladas e importantes del país 5 se encuentran en la macrorregión norte: Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Chimbote y Sullana. Además están ubicados en la macrorregión norte el segundo, tercer Y cuarto departamento más poblado del Perú: Piura, La Libertad y Cajamarca respectivamente. Otras ciudades con gran población son: Cajamarca, Tarapoto, Huaraz y Jaén.

Etnografía

Para comprender la realidad sociocultural de la macrorregión norte es necesario comprender la diversidad cultural autóctona influenciada por el constante mestizaje con la cultura occidental europea, así como el aporte de importantes migraciones principalmente del lejano oriente y del África subsahariana.

En las distintas etapas de la historia en la macrorregión norte el sistema de mitos y creencias, así como la religión y las costumbres han ido variando. Si bien se observa una mayoría cristiana, ésta religión se entremezcla con elementos de las culturas autóctonas, de la misma manera costumbres, creencias y leyendas alóctonas se han entronizado a tal punto de ser consideradas propias y tradicionales.

Desde el punto de vista lingüístico, la macrorregión norte ostenta un considerable número de lenguas autóctonas, aunque en franco retroceso ante el castellano (lengua oficial del estado peruano). La variedad lingüística peruana es la responsable de que el idioma español en el tenga 3 variedades en su territoriò.

El Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo de los Pueblos Andinos, Amazónicos y Afroperuanos del Perú (INDEPA), en su propuesta etnolingüística del año 2010, reconoce la existencia de 77 etnias en el Perú, además de la existencia de 68 lenguas pertenecientes a 16 familias etnolingüísticas. De las 77 etnias existentes en el Perú al menos 7 están en situación de aislamiento. En el norte están ubicadas principalmente en los departamentos de Cajamarca, San Martín, Amazonas y Ancash

De la misma manera como el Perú tiene a un mestizaje generalizado de todos sus segmentos étnicos, también sus costumbres, lenguas, creencias y religión, van adoptando nuevas características.

Cuadro de estimación étnica

Idiomas

El español es el primer idioma del casi 90 % de norteño mayores de 5 años y es el lenguaje primario del país. Este coexiste con varias lenguas nativas, de las cuales la más importante es el quechua, hablada por el 5 % de la población en 2007. Para ese mismo año otras lenguas nativas (departamentos selváticos) y extranjeras habladas.

Religión

En la macrorregión Norte la religión mayoritaria es el catolicismo. Según el censo del 2007, el aprox 90% de la población mayor de 12 años se considera católica, 9 % evangélica, 1 % pertenecen a otras religiones. Una de las manifestaciones religiosas más prominentes es la procesión del Señor Cautivo de Ayabaca y la Virgen de la Puerta. En el Perú como en el resto de Latinoamérica hay además una gran cantidad de devociones a la cruz así como muchas advocaciones marianas como la Virgen de Guadalupe ( Pacasmayo) y Cruz de Motupe. La macronorte del Perú cuenta con 2 arquidiócesis: la de Piura y Trujillo, con 8 diócesis y 2 prelaturas.

Turismo

En la macrorregión norte se desarrollaron varias de las Civilizaciones Pre-incas en Perú cuyo legado arquitectónico expresado en Chavín de Huántar, Kuélap, Chan Chan, Las Tumbas del Señor de Sipán, Marcahuamachuco, etc; son visitados por miles de turistas, asimismo en esta región se encuentran las playas catalogadas como las más hermosas del país como Punta Sal, Máncora, Colan, Cabo Blanco, Pimentel, Chicama, Pacasmayo, Tortugas y Huanchaco. Actualmente el gobierno peruano por medio del ministerio de turismo viene impulsando el circuito turístico denominado "la Ruta Moche" por lo que si se desea conocer las Civilizaciones Milenarias pre-incas este es el tour para usted. En esta ruta visitará lugares más famosos y también los aún no famosos pero muy impresionantes e interesantes, complejos arqueológicos y pueblos que aún mantienen las costumbres de sus ancestros, incluye ciudades con una cultura muy rica y con gente abierta y amistosa como Cajamarca. Este tour incluye lugares como Trujillo y también El Museo de las Tumbas Reales del Señor de Sipán en Chiclayo, además de ofrecer la oportunidad de ver y experimentar como vive la gente en el norte del Perú.

Perú posee la Cordillera de los Antes y en un tour por la macrorregión norte será posible apreciarla muy de cerca. Si le gusta la combinación de sol y frío, entonces este tour es para usted. Podrá apreciar la de las Montañas nevadas y de los lagos así como lugares con mucha cultura, historia y arqueología.

La zonas altoandinas de la macrorregión norte también poseen gran atractivo turístico tales como los baños del Inca en la región Cajamarca, los paisajes naturales del nevado del Huascarán en la región Ancash, Wiracochapampa cerca a Huamachuco en la Región la Libertad, etc.

La macrorregión norte no sólo tiene las zonas Arqueológicas y culturales preíncas sino también posee como atractivo turístico a la Selva Amazónica en las regiones San Martín y Amazonas. Para la gente que desea descubrir cultura e historia y además disfrutar del Río Mayo y tener un contacto con su increíble flora y fauna un tour por la macrorregión norte es muy recomendado. Visite las ciudades más importantes de la zona norte de Perú, disfrute de Paisajes, Lugares naturales, Lugares históricos y culturales, Civilizaciones antiguas, tesoros y mucho más.

Cultura

La cultura del Norte del Perú, está dividida en costeña, serrana y amazónica o selvática. En lo que se ha dado en llamar lo norteño influyen elementos culturales de las más diversas índoles: ya sean los modernos, los antiguos, los reciclados. La forma de vida en el norte peruano incluye muchos aspectos de los pueblos prehispánicos principalmente del período colonial, pues esta es la zona del Perú que tiene mayor influencia hispana. Otros aspectos importantes de su cultura, son los valores, la unidad familiar, el respeto, el trabajo duro y la solidaridad de la comunidad.
El norte peruano ha cambiado rápidamente durante el . En varias formas, la vida contemporánea en las ciudades, ha llegado a ser muy similar a la de las grandes ciudades del mundo. Sin embargo, aún existen pueblos norteños que siguen la forma de vida de sus antepasados. Las áreas urbanas más grandes son: Trujillo, Chiclayo, Chimbote y Piura.

Música y danza

La música del Norte del Perú es producto de la fusión a través de muchos siglos. Existen 3 géneros de música norteña: andina, criolla y amazónica. Estas se pueden clasificar en música y danzas de la costa peruana, sierra peruana y Amazonia Peruana. La música criolla tradicional de la costa es muy variada debido a que justamente esta es la región donde mayor mestizaje hubo y actualmente hay, conocida como música criolla dentro de la cual también encontramos las danzas afroperuanas.

Las ciudades norteñas de la costa tuvieron gran influencia de Lima y el extranjero, por ello también se practica el conocido Vals Peruano o vals criollo (cultivado en otros países sobre todo en Argentina, dentro de los aficionados al tango). La música criolla norteña, de las regiones de La Libertad y Lambayeque viene la reconocida Marinera Norteña; quien es tocada en banda, tambores y trompetas. Esta versión a diferencia de la anterior no es de salón, sino es muy vistosa y alegre, motivo de festivales que atraen mucho incluso cuando se presentan los famosos campeonatos del caballo de paso peruano. Más al norte de Piura, Lambayeque y Tumbes vienen la cumanana (de influencia mulata y afroperuana), el agitanado emotivo piurano tondero y el triste que muchas veces va acompañado dentro de la expresión propia del norte del Perú Triste con fuga de Tondero.
Las regiones de la sierra norteña tienen su música similar a la del centro pero con algunas diferencia, como el carnaval cajamarquino. En la selva las danzas típicas selvaticas son las que más destacas.
El norte tiene también importantes cantantes de rock y de música criolla entre otros géneros: como Tania Libertad y la banda roquera campo de Almas. Otros grupos de gran fama son los de Cumbia norteña: Grupo 5, Hermanos Yaipen, Hermanos Silva, Armonía 10, Nancy Pinzón Moran, etc. Lograron llegar a las clases más acomodadas del país.
La tecnocumbia es otro género que tuvo origen en la selva norteña, además de otros grupos femeninos.

Lengua
Dentro del Territorio de la Macronorte se encuentran tres tipos de español peruano: ribereño, andino, ecuatorial y amazónico. Además de dos subdialectos: norperuano ribereño y los de influencia Afro y Andino.

 norperuano ribereño:
El español norperuano ribereño, también conocido como español norteño peruano ribereño, variante norteña del español peruano ribereño clásico (ver, departamento de Lima), en el que se percibían similitudes con el español ecuatorial y el limeño español peruano ribereño entre otras formas de español que colindaron en la principal región de la conquista española en Sudamérica. Es hablado por los habitantes de la costa del departamento de La Libertad hasta la costa del departamento de Tumbes.

Lo más resaltable fue el voseo en el tratamiento familiar, que algunos grupos humanos conservan en la zona próxima al departamento de Cajamarca. Esta región del Perú tiene una fuerte influencia del idioma muchik o mochica, hoy extinguido, conserva sí, algunos ligeros rasgos propios en la estructura tonal y la eliminación de la fricativa palatal sonora o /y/ intervocálica, sobre todo en el hablar de Sechura y Lambayeque.

El departamento de Lambayeque se puede decir, marca la frontera geográfica y la unión de diversos pueblos de la selva, el llano bosque seco ecuatorial, la sierra peruana (gran migración de habitantes criollos de Cajamarca), la costa peruana en general e inclusive los pueblos andinos del pacífico sur americano que se hallan más al norte. En esta zona se pueden identificar similitudes con el hablar del Ecuador entre sus pobladores criollos.

El departamento de Piura sin embargo, tiene un acento propio que contiene tanto la influencia del idioma muchik o mochica sumado al español ecuatorial encontrado en la costa pacífica del norte de Sudamérica.

 andino:
Es el más empleado en toda la sierra, An (más marcado en el ámbito rural) y tiene muchas similitudes con el habla "estándar" de Ecuador y de la sierra centro. No obstante ser la base del español peruano popular y a diferencia de en aquellos países limítrofes, fue siempre estigmatizado por la gente de la costa y sobre todo la de Lima.Los departamentos macronorteños de este dialecto son: Cajamarca, Ancash, y la sierra de los departamentos de Piura y La Libertad.

'Principales características'

En lo fonológico se distingue típicamente por su tiempo lento y ritmo peculiar (acentuación grave), asibilamiento de /rr/ y /r/ y una aparente confusión entre las vocales /e/ y /o/ con la /i/ y la /u/, respectivamente (lo que en realidad ocurre es que los hablantes de castellano andino producen vocales intermedias entre /e/ - /i/ y entre /o/ - /u/[3] ). Además de pronunciar con mayor fuerza que en la costa el sonido de la "s" originalmente apical sin aspirar y de las consonantes en general, en detrimento de las vocales. Otros rasgos distintivos son la preservación del sonido de la "ll" a veces ultracorreccionado, y el cambio de la "c" y "g" implosivas por "j" /x/.

 amazónico:

Se desarrolló especialmente al contacto del español andino y limeño con las lenguas amazónicas sin que éstas sin embargo hayan influido mucho. Posee una distintiva estructura tonal. Hablado en la macronorte en los departamentos de Amazonas y San Martín.

Fonéticamente se caracteriza por:

La sibilante /s/ resiste a la aspiración
Hay confusión de "j" (aspirada en situación interior) con f (siempre bilabial).
Ej "San Fan", San Juan
Hay oclusivización de las intermedias /b/ /d/ /g/ en ascenso tonal con aspiración y alargamiento de la vocal.
Los fonemas /p/ /t/ y /k/ se realizan con una aspiración
La /y/ tiende a africarse (al contrario de la costa).
También hay asibilación, no muy fuerte de vibrantes
El cambio en el orden sintáctico más reconocido es la anteposición del genitivo.

De Antonio sus amigas
También hay trastornos de concordancia genérica, etc.

 ecuatorial:
El español de la costa pacífica de Colombia corresponde al español ecuatorial.
El español ecuatorial, colombiano-ecuatoriano costeño o chocoano es un dialecto del idioma español, transición entre el dialecto caribeño y el peruano ribereño. Es hablado en la costa pacífica de Colombia y del Ecuador. El centro urbano principal de la región es Guayaquil. Hay importantes comunidades de raza negra principalmente en la costa pacífica, como el departamento colombiano de Chocó o la provincia ecuatoriana de Esmeraldas que le dan un toque "africano" al acento en esta región. En la macronorte es hablado en el departamento de Tumbes

 Voseo en la macro norte:

Hablado principalmente en la sierra norteña, en provincias de las regiones de Cajamarca, Amazonas, La Libertad y Ancash.La característica del voseo en el norte del Perú es la combinación de voseo pronominal y tuteo verbal; en Celendín, Santiago de Chuco, el vos aún se emplea en las zonas rurales. Está en vías de desaparición.

Belleza
El norte peruano destaca por tener muchos títulos de belleza femenina, para muchos la zona con las mujeres más bellas del Perú. La primera norteña es ganar un concurso fue una piurana, en el primer miss mundo donde Perú participó por primera vez en 1959, ella era la joven y bella mujer María Elena Rossel Zapata, quien fue la primera finalista. En 1967, Perú ganó la corona por primera vez en el concurso de Miss Mundo con Madeleine Hartog Bell, representante del Departamento de Piura y de familia sullanera, en diciembre de 2004 nuevamente otro título para el norte peruano, María Julia Mantilla ganó el título de Miss Mundo, natural de La Libertad. Otras destacadas Miss Perú Mundo son: Mariana Larrabure de Orbegoso, Viviana Rivasplata Aita, Marina Mora Montero (2.ª miss Mundo), Silvia Vanessa Cornejo Cerna, etc.

En el miss Universo, aunque ninguna norteña logró ser Miss Universo, si existen muchas que ganaron el certamen Miss Perú Universo: María Julia Mantilla, Natali Patricia Sacco Ángeles, Viviana Rivasplata Aita, Karen Susana Schwarz Espinoza, entre otras.' Véase también
 Perú
 Trujillo
 Chiclayo
 Piura
 Departamentos del Perú
Turismo en el Perú
 Referencias

 Enlaces externos
 Macrorregiones: Norte, Centro y Sur (2005). .

 MacroNorte  Cuadros Estadísticos de IDH Perú.  Composición étnica y fenotípica en el Perú. ''

Organización territorial de Perú

Macrorregión Norte


The landing at Anzac Cove on Sunday, 25 April 1915, also known as the landing at Gaba Tepe and, to the Turks, as the Arıburnu Battle, was part of the amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula by the forces of the British Empire, which began the land phase of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War.

The assault troops, mostly from the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), landed at night on the western (Aegean Sea) side of the peninsula. They were put ashore  north of their intended landing beach. In the darkness, the assault formations became mixed up, but the troops gradually made their way inland, under increasing opposition from the Ottoman Turkish defenders. Not long after coming ashore, the ANZAC plans were discarded, and the companies and battalions were thrown into battle piecemeal and received mixed orders. Some advanced to their designated objectives, while others were diverted to other areas and ordered to dig in along defensive ridge lines.

Although they failed to achieve their objectives, by nightfall the ANZACs had formed a beachhead, albeit much smaller than intended. In some places, they were clinging onto cliff faces with no organised defence system. Their precarious position convinced both divisional commanders to ask for an evacuation, but after taking advice from the Royal Navy about how practicable that would be, the army commander decided they would stay. The exact number of the day's casualties is not known. The ANZACs had landed two divisions, but over two thousand of their men had been killed or wounded, together with at least a similar number of Turkish casualties.

Since 1916, the anniversary of the landings on 25 April has been commemorated as Anzac Day, becoming one of the most important commemorative dates for Australia and New Zealand. The anniversary is also commemorated in Turkey and the United Kingdom.

Background

The Ottoman Turkish Empire entered the First World War on the side of the Central Powers on 31 October 1914. The stalemate of trench warfare on the Western Front convinced the British Imperial War Cabinet that an attack on the Central Powers elsewhere, particularly Turkey, could be the best way of winning the war. From February 1915 this took the form of naval operations aimed at forcing a passage through the Dardanelles, but after several setbacks it was decided that a land campaign was also necessary. To that end, the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was formed under the command of General Ian Hamilton. Three amphibious landings were planned to secure the Gallipoli Peninsula, which would allow the navy to attack the Turkish capital Constantinople, in the hope that would convince the Turks to ask for an armistice.

Intention
Lieutenant-General William Birdwood, commanding the inexperienced Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), comprising the Australian Division and two brigades of the New Zealand and Australian Division, was ordered to conduct an amphibious assault on the western side of the Gallipoli Peninsula. The New Zealand and Australian Division normally also had two mounted brigades assigned to it, but these had been left in Egypt, as it was believed there would be no requirement or opportunities to use mounted troops on the peninsula. To bring the division up to strength, Hamilton had tried unsuccessfully to get a brigade of Gurkhas attached to them. In total ANZAC strength was 30,638 men.

The location chosen for the operation was between the headland of Gaba Tepe and the Fisherman's Hut,  to the north. Landing at dawn after a naval gunfire bombardment, the first troops were to seize the lower crests and southern spurs of Hill 971. The second wave would pass them to capture the spur of Hill 971, especially Mal Tepe. There they would be positioned to cut the enemy's lines of communications to the Kilid Bahr Plateau, thus preventing the Turks from bringing reinforcements from the north to the Kilid Bahr Plateau during the attack by the British 29th Division which would advance from a separate beachhead further south-west. The capture of Mal Tepe was "more vital and valuable than the capture of the Kilid Bahr Plateau itself."

Birdwood planned to arrive off the peninsula after the moon had set, with the first troops landing at 03:30, an hour before dawn. He declined the offer of an old merchant ship, loaded with troops, being deliberately grounded at Gaba Tepe. Instead, the troops were to travel in naval and merchant ships, transferring to rowing boats towed by small steamboats to make the assault.

First ashore would be the Australian Division, commanded by Major-General William Bridges. The 3rd Australian Brigade, known as the covering force, were to capture the third ridge from Battleship Hill south along the Sari Bair mountain range to Gaba Tepe. The 2nd Australian Brigade, landing next, were to capture all the Sari Bar range up to Hill 971 on the left. The 26th Jacob's Mountain Battery from the British Indian Army would land next and then the 1st Australian Brigade, the division's reserve; all were to be ashore by 08:30. The New Zealand and Australian Division, commanded by Major-General Alexander Godley, followed them; the 1st New Zealand Brigade then the 4th Australian Brigade. Only after the second division had landed would the advance to Mal Tepe begin. The planners had come to the conclusion that the area was sparsely, if at all, defended, and that they should be able to achieve their objectives with no problems; Turkish opposition had not been considered.

Turkish forces
The First World War Ottoman Turkish Army was modelled after the German Imperial Army, with most of its members being conscripted for two years (infantry) or three years (artillery); they then served in the reserve for the next twenty-three years. The pre-war army had 208,000 men in thirty-six divisions, formed into army corps and field armies. On mobilisation each division had three infantry and one artillery regiment for a total of around ten thousand men, or about half the size of the equivalent British formation. Unlike the largely inexperienced ANZACs, all the Turkish Army commanders, down to company commander level, were very experienced, being veterans of the Italo-Turkish and Balkan Wars.

The British preparations could not be made in secret, and by March 1915, the Turks were aware that a force of fifty thousand British and thirty thousand French troops was gathering at Lemnos. They considered there were only four likely places for them to land: Cape Helles, Gaba Tepe, Bulair, or on the Asiatic (eastern) coast of the Dardanelles.

On 24 March, the Turks formed the Fifth Army, a force of over 100,000 men, in two corps of six divisions and a cavalry brigade, commanded by the German general Otto Liman von Sanders. The Fifth Army deployed the III Corps at Gallipoli and the XV Corps on the Asiatic coast. The 5th Division and a cavalry brigade were on the European mainland, positioned to support the III Corps if required. The III Corps had the 9th Division (25th, 26th and 27th Infantry Regiments), the 19th Division (57th, 72nd and 77th Infantry Regiments) and the 7th Division (19th, 20th and 21st Infantry Regiments). The 9th Division provided coastal defence from Cape Helles north to Bulair, where the 7th Division took over, while the 19th Division at Maidos was the corps reserve. The area around Gaba Tepe, where the ANZAC landings would take place, was defended by the 2nd battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment.

Anzac Cove

On 19 April orders were issued for the ANZACs to stop training, and for all ships and small boats to take on coal and stores, in preparation for a landing originally scheduled to occur on 23 April. Weather conditions delayed their departure from Lemnos until dawn on 24 April. The Royal Navy battleships Queen, Triumph, Prince of Wales, London, and Majestic, the cruiser Bacchante, seven destroyers and four transport ships led the way carrying the 3rd Brigade. They were followed by the rest of the force who were embarked in their own transport ships.

First six companies
At 01:00 on 25 April the British ships stopped at sea, and thirty-six rowing boats towed by twelve steamers embarked the first six companies, two each from the 9th, 10th and 11th Battalions. At 02:00 a Turkish sentry reported seeing ships moving at sea, and at 02:30 the report was sent to 9th Division's headquarters. At 02:53 the ships headed towards the peninsula, continuing until 03:30 when the larger ships stopped. With 50 yards (46 m) to go, the rowing boats continued using only their oars.

Around 04:30 Turkish sentries opened fire on the boats, but the first ANZAC troops were already ashore at Beach Z, called Ari Burnu at the time, but later known as Anzac Cove. (It was formally renamed Anzac Cove by the Turkish government in 1985.) They were  further north than intended, and instead of an open beach they were faced with steep cliffs and ridges up to around  in height. However, the mistake had put them ashore at a relatively undefended area; at Gaba Tepe further south where they had planned to land, there was a strong-point, with an artillery battery close by equipped with two 15 cm and two 12 cm guns, and the 5th Company, 27th Infantry Regiment was positioned to counter-attack any landing at that more southern point. The hills surrounding the cove where the ANZACs landed made the beach safe from direct fire Turkish artillery. Fifteen minutes after the landing, the Royal Navy began firing at targets in the hills.

On their way in, the rowing boats had become mixed up. The 11th Battalion grounded to the north of Ari Burnu point, while the 9th Battalion hit the point or just south of it, together with most of the 10th Battalion. The plan was for them to cross the open ground and assault the first ridge line, but they were faced with a hill that came down almost to the water line, and there was confusion while the officers tried to work out their location, under small arms fire from the 8th Company, 2nd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment, who had a platoon of between eighty and ninety men at Anzac Cove and a second platoon in the north around the Fisherman's Hut. The third platoon was in a reserve position on the second ridge. They also manned the Gaba Tepe strong-point, equipped with two obsolescent multi-barrelled Nordenfelt machine-guns, and several smaller posts in the south.

Men from the 9th and 10th Battalions started up the Ari Burnu slope, grabbing the gorse branches or digging their bayonets into the soil to provide leverage. At the peak they found an abandoned trench, the Turks having withdrawn inland. Soon the Australians reached Plugge's Plateau, the edge of which was defended by a trench, but the Turks had withdrawn to the next summit  inland, from where they fired at the Australians coming onto the plateau. As they arrived, Major Edmund Brockman of the 11th Battalion started sorting out the mess, sending the 9th Battalion's men to the right flank, the 11th Battalion's to the left, and keeping the 10th Battalion in the centre.

Second six companies
The second six companies landed while it was still dark, the destroyers coming to within  to disembark the troops, under fire. They also landed at Anzac Cove, but now as planned the 11th were in the north, 10th in the centre and the 9th in the south. The 12th Battalion landed all along the beach. This extended the beachhead  to the north of Ari Burnu, and  to the south. Landing under fire, some of the assaulting troops were killed in their boats, and others as they reached the beach. Once ashore they headed inland. In the south, the first men from the 9th and 12th Battalions reached the bottom of 400 Plateau.

In the north, the first men from the 11th and 12th Battalions started up Walker's Ridge, under fire from a nearby Turkish trench. Around the same time Turkish artillery started bombarding the beachhead, destroying at least six boats. The Australians fought their way forward and reached Russell's Top; the Turks withdrew through The Nek to Baby 700,  away. Coming under fire again the Australians went to ground, having advanced only around  inland. Some also dug in at The Nek, a  piece of high ground between Malone's Gully to the north and Monash Valley to the south. Around this time Colonel Ewen Sinclair-Maclagan, commanding the 3rd Brigade, decided to change the corps plan. Concerned about a possible counter-attack from the south, he decided to hold the Second Ridge instead of pushing forward to the Third or Gun Ridge. This hesitation suited the Turkish defence plans, which required the forward troops to gain time for the reserves to coordinate a counter-attack.

Turkish reaction

At 05:45, Lieutenant-Colonel Mehmet Sefik of the Turkish 27th Infantry Regiment finally received orders to move his 1st and 3rd Battalions to the west and support the 2nd Battalion around Gaba Tepe. The two battalions were already awake and assembled at Eceabat, having spent that night carrying out military exercises. They could not be sent to Ari Burnu right away as it was not marked on the Turkish maps. Colonel Halil Sami, commanding the 9th Division, also ordered the division's machine-gun company and an artillery battery to move in support of the 27th Infantry Regiment, followed soon after by an 77 mm artillery battery. At 08:00 Lieutenant-Colonel Mustafa Kemal, commanding the 19th Division, was ordered to send a battalion to support them. Kemal instead decided to go himself with the 57th Infantry Regiment and an artillery battery towards Chunuk Bair, which he realised was the key point in the defence; whoever held those heights would dominate the battlefield. By chance, the 57th Infantry were supposed to have been on an exercise that morning around Hill 971 and had been prepared since 05:30, waiting for orders.

At 09:00 Sefik and his two battalions were approaching Kavak Tepe, and made contact with his 2nd Battalion that had conducted a fighting withdrawal, and an hour and a half later the regiment was deployed to stop the ANZACs advancing any further. Around 10:00 Kemal arrived at Scrubby Knoll and steadied some retreating troops, pushing them back into a defensive position. As they arrived, the 57th Infantry Regiment were given their orders and prepared to counter-attack. Scrubby Knoll, known to the Turks as Kemalyeri (Kemal's Place), now became the site of the Turkish headquarters for the remainder of the campaign.

Baby 700
Baby 700 is a hill in the Sari Bair range, next to Battleship Hill or Big 700. It was named after its supposed height above sea level, though its actual height is only .

Maclagen sent the 11th Battalion, Captain Joseph Lalor's company of the 12th Battalion and Major James Robertson's of the 9th, towards Baby 700. Brockman divided his own company, sending half up the right fork of Rest Gully, and half up the left, while Brockman and a reserve platoon headed up Monash Valley. As they moved forward, Turkish artillery targeted them with air burst shrapnel shells, which dispersed the companies. This, coupled with senior officers diverting men to other areas instead of towards Baby 700, meant only fragments of the units eventually reached Baby 700.

Arriving at Baby 700, Captain Eric Tulloch, 11th Battalion, decided to take his remaining sixty men towards Battleship Hill, leaving Lalor's company to dig in and defend The Nek. Tulloch moved around to the right before advancing towards the summit. The 11th Battalion crossed the first rise unopposed, but at the second, Turkish defenders around  away opened fire on them. Going to ground, the Australians returned fire. When the Turkish fire slackened the remaining fifty men resumed their advance, reaching the now evacuated Turkish position, behind which was a large depression, with Battleship Hill beyond that. Still under fire they moved forward again, then around  from the summit The Turks opened fire on them from a trench. The Australians held out for thirty minutes, but increasing Turkish fire and mounting casualties convinced Tulloch to withdraw. No other ANZAC unit would advance as far inland that day.

At 08:30 Robertson and Lalor decided to take their companies up Baby 700. Instead of going round to the right like Tulloch, they went straight up the centre, crossed over the summit onto the northern slope and went to ground. A spur on their left, leading to Suvla Bay, was defended by a Turkish trench system. At 09:15 Turkish troops started moving down Battleship Hill, and for the next hour they exchanged fire. Where the spur joined Baby 700, a group of Australians from the 9th, 11th, and 12th Battalions crossed Malone's Gully and charged the Turkish trench. A Turkish machine-gun on Baby 700 opened fire on them, forcing them back, followed by a general withdrawal of Australian troops. The Turks had secured Battleship Hill and were now driving the Australians off Baby 700. From his headquarters at the head of Monash Valley, Maclagen could see the Turks attacking, and started sending all available men towards Baby 700.

Second wave

The 2nd Brigade landed between 05:30 and 07:00, and the reserve 1st Brigade landed between 09:00 and 12:00, already putting the timetable behind schedule.

Private Victor Rupert Laidlaw (2nd Field Ambulance) gave this eyewitness account of the landing:

The 2nd Brigade, which was supposed to be heading for Baby 700 on the left, were instead sent to the right to counter a Turkish attack building up there. At 07:20 Bridges and his staff landed; finding no senior officers on the beach to brief them, they set out to locate the 3rd Brigade headquarters.

The 1st Brigade was on the opposite flank to the 3rd Brigade and already getting involved in battles of its own, when its commander, Colonel Percy Owen, received a request from Maclagen for reinforcements. Owen sent two companies from the 3rd Battalion and one from the 1st Battalion (Swannell's) to support the 3rd Brigade.

Soon after, Lalor's company had been forced back to The Nek and the Turks were threatening to recapture Russell's Top, and at 10:15 Maclagen reported to Bridges his doubts over being able to hold out. In response Bridges sent part of his reserve, two companies from the 2nd Battalion (Gordon's and Richardson's), to reinforce the 3rd Brigade.

At 11:00 Swannell's company arrived at the foot of Baby 700, joining the seventy survivors of Robertson's and Lalor's companies. They immediately charged and chased the Turks back over the summit of Baby 700, then stopped and dug in. The two 2nd Battalion companies arrived alongside them, but all the companies had taken casualties, among the dead being Swannell and Robertson.

By this time most of the 3rd Brigade men had been killed or wounded, and the line was held by the five depleted companies from the 1st Brigade. On the left, Gordon's company 2nd Battalion, with the 11th and 12th Battalion's survivors, charged five times and captured the summit of Baby 700, but were driven back by Turkish counter-attacks; Gordon was among the casualties. For the second time Maclagen requested reinforcements for Baby 700, but the only reserves Bridges had available were two 2nd Battalion companies and the 4th Battalion. It was now 10:45 and the advance companies of the 1st New Zealand Brigade were disembarking, so it was decided they would go to Baby 700.

Third wave
The New Zealand Brigade commander had been taken ill, so Birdwood appointed Brigadier-General Harold Walker, a staff officer already ashore, as commander. The Auckland Battalion had landed by 12:00, and were being sent north along the beach to Walker's Ridge on their way to Russell's Top. Seeing that the only way along the ridge was in single file along a goat track, Walker ordered them to take the route over Plugge's Plateau. As each New Zealand unit landed they were directed the same way to Baby 700. However, in trying to avoid Turkish fire, they became split up in Monash Valley and Rest Gully, and it was after midday that two of the Auckland companies reached Baby 700.

At 12:30 two companies of the Canterbury Battalion landed and were sent to support the Aucklands, who had now been ordered back to Plugge's Plateau, and were forming on the left of the 3rd Brigade. The Canterbury companies moved into the line on the Aucklands' left, waiting for the rest of their brigade to land. However, between 12:30 and 16:00 not one infantry or artillery formation came ashore. The ships carrying the New Zealanders were in the bay, but the steamers and rowing boats were being used to take the large numbers of wounded to the hospital ship. The transports with the 4th Australian Brigade on board were still well out at sea and not due to land until that evening. The landings recommenced around 16:30 when the Wellington Battalion came ashore, followed by the Otago Battalion around 17:00, who were put into the line beside the Aucklanders. Next to land were the two other Canterbury companies, who were sent north to Walker's Ridge to extend the corps left flank. Events ashore now forced a change in the disembarkation schedule, and at 17:50 orders were issued for the 4th Australian Brigade to start landing to boost the defence. It would take until the next day for the complete brigade to come ashore. The transports carrying both divisions' artillery batteries had been forced further out to sea by Turkish artillery fire, and were unable to land.

MacLaurin's Hill

MacLaurin's Hill is a 1,000 yard (910m) long section of the Second Ridge that connects Baby 700 to 400 Plateau, with a steep slope on the ANZAC side down to Monash Valley. In the coming days Quinn's, Steel's and Courtney's Posts would be built on the slope. The first ANZAC troops to reach the hill, from the 11th Battalion, found that the Turkish defenders had already withdrawn. As the Australians crested the hill they came under fire from Baby 700, but to their front was a short, shallow slope into Mule Valley. When Major James Denton's company of the 11th Battalion arrived at the hill they started digging in, and soon after received orders from MacLagen to hold the position at all costs. At 10:00 Turkish troops, advancing from Scrubby Knoll, got to within  of the Australians on the hill, opening fire at them. Altogether there were two and a half companies from the 11th Battalion between Courtney's Post, Steele's Post, and Wire Gully. They had not been there long before the 3rd Battalion arrived to reinforce them.

400 Plateau
The 400 Plateau, named for its height above sea level, was a wide and level plateau on the second ridge line, about  wide and around  from Gun Ridge. The northern half of the plateau became known as Johnston's Jolly, and the southern half as Lone Pine, with Owen's Gully between them.

3rd Brigade
If the landings had gone to plan, the 11th Battalion was supposed to be crossing the plateau heading north. The 10th Battalion, south of the plateau, was to capture a Turkish trench and artillery battery behind Gun Ridge. The 9th Battalion, furthest south, was to attack the artillery battery at Gaba Tepe, and the 12th Battalion was the reserve, with 26th Jacob's Mountain Battery to establish their gun line on the plateau. Unknown to the ANZACs, the Turks had an artillery battery sited on 400 Plateau.

After landing, some of the 9th and 10th Battalion's men headed for 400 Plateau. The first 10th Battalion platoon to arrive was commanded by Lieutenant Noel Loutit, and accompanied by the Brigade-Major, Charles Brand. They discovered the Turkish battery in the Lone Pine sector, which was preparing to move. As the Australians opened fire the battery withdrew down Owen's Gully. Brand remained on the plateau and ordered Loutit to continue after the Turkish battery. However, the guns had been hidden at the head of the gully and Loutit's platoon moved beyond them. Around the same time, Lieutenant Eric Smith and his 10th Battalion scouts and Lieutenant G. Thomas with his platoon from the 9th Battalion arrived on the plateau, looking for the guns. As they crossed the plateau Turkish machine-guns opened fire on them from the Lone Pine area. One of Thomas's sections located the battery, which had started firing from the gully. They opened fire, charged the gun crews, and captured the guns. The Turks did manage to remove the breech blocks, making the guns inoperable, so the Australians damaged the sights and internal screw mechanisms to put them out of action. By now the majority of the 9th and 10th Battalions, along with brigade commander Maclagen, had arrived on the plateau, and he ordered them to dig in on the plateau instead of advancing to Gun Ridge. Unfortunately the units that had already passed beyond there were obeying their orders to "go as fast as you can, at all costs keep going".

Loutit, Lieutenant J. Haig of the 10th, and thirty-two men from the 9th, 10th, and 11th Battalions crossed Legge Valley and climbed a spur of Gun Ridge, just to the south of Scrubby Knoll. As they reached the top, about  further inland was Gun Ridge, defended by a large number of Turkish troops. Loutit and two men carried out a reconnaissance of Scrubby Knoll, from the top of which they could see the Dardanelles, around  to the east. When one of the men was wounded they returned to the rest of their group, which was being engaged by Turkish machine-gun and rifle fire. Around 08:00, Loutit sent a man back for reinforcements; he located Captain J. Ryder of the 9th Battalion, with half a company of men at Lone Pine. Ryder had not received the order to dig in, so he advanced and formed a line on Loutit's right. Soon after, they came under fire from Scrubby Knoll and were in danger of being cut off; Ryder sent a message back for more reinforcements. The messenger located Captain John Peck, the 11th Battalion's adjutant, who collected all the men around him and went forward to reinforce Ryder. It was now 09:30 and the men on the spur, outflanked by the Turks, had started to withdraw. At 10:00, the Turks set up a machine-gun on the spur and opened fire on the withdrawing Australians. Pursued by the Turks, only eleven survivors, including Loutit and Haig, reached Johnston's Jolly and took cover. Further back, two companies of the 9th and the 10th Battalions had started digging a trench line.

2nd Brigade

As part of the second wave, the 2nd Brigade had been landing since 05:30; the 5th, 6th and 8th Battalions were supposed to cross 400 Plateau and head to Hill 971, while the 7th Battalion on the left were to climb Plugge's Plateau then make for Hill 971. One 7th Battalion company, Jackson's, landed beside the Fisherman's Hut in the north and was almost wiped out; only forty men survived the landing. At 06:00 Major Ivie Blezard's 7th Battalion company, and part of another, were sent onto 400 Plateau by Maclagen to strengthen the defence. When the 7th Battalion commander Lieutenant-Colonel Harold Elliott landed he realised events were not going to plan, and he headed to the 3rd Brigade headquarters to find out what was happening. Maclagen ordered him to gather his battalion at the south of the beachhead, as the 2nd Brigade would now form the division's right flank, not left. When the 2nd Brigade commander Colonel James McCay arrived Maclagen convinced him to move his brigade to the south, swapping responsibility with the 3rd Brigade. Eventually agreeing, he established his headquarters on the seaward slope of 400 Plateau (McCay's Hill). Heading onto the plateau, McCay realised the ridge to his right, Bolton's Ridge, would be a key point in their defence. He located the Brigade-Major, Walter Cass, and ordered him to gather what men he could to defend the ridge. Looking around, he saw the 8th Battalion, commanded by Colonel William Bolton, moving forward, so Cass directed them to Bolton's Ridge. As such, it was the only ANZAC battalion that remained together during the day. Eventually, around 07:00, the rest of the brigade started arriving. As each company and battalion appeared they were pushed forward into the front line, but with no defined orders other than to support the 3rd Brigade. At 10:30 the six guns of the 26th Jacobs Mountain Battery arrived, positioning three guns each side of White's Valley. At noon, they opened fire on the Turks on Gun Ridge.

Within two hours half the Australian Division was involved in the battle of 400 Plateau. However, most of the officers had misunderstood their orders. Believing the intention was to occupy Gun Ridge and not hold their present position, they still tried to advance. The 9th and 10th Battalions had started forming a defensive line, but there was a gap between them that the 7th Battalion was sent to fill. Seeing the 2nd Brigade coming forward, units of the 3rd Brigade started to advance to Gun Ridge. The advancing Australians did not then know that the counter-attacking Turkish forces had reached the Scrubby Knoll area around 08:00 and were prepared for them. As the Australians reached the Lone Pine section of the plateau, Turkish machine guns and rifles opened fire, decimating the Australians. To the north, other troops, advancing beyond Johnstone's Jolly and Owen's Gully, were caught by the same small arms fire. Soon afterwards, a Turkish artillery battery also started firing at them. This was followed by a Turkish counter-attack from Gun Ridge. Such was the situation they now found themselves in that, at 15:30, McCay, now giving up all pretence of advancing to Gun Ridge, ordered his brigade to dig in from Owen's Gully to Bolton's Ridge.

Pine Ridge
Pine Ridge is part of the 400 Plateau, and stretches, in a curve towards the sea, for around . Beyond Pine Ridge is Legge Valley and Gun Ridge and, like the rest of the terrain, it was covered in a thick gorse scrub, but it also had stunted pine trees around  tall growing on it.

Several groups of men eventually made their way to Pine Ridge. Among the first was Lieutenant Eric Plant's platoon from the 9th Battalion. Captain John Whitham's company of the 12th Battalion moved forward from Bolton's Ridge when they saw the 6th Battalion moving up behind them. As the 6th Battalion reached the ridge, the companies carried on towards Gun Ridge, while Lieutenant-Colonel Walter McNicoll established the battalion headquarters below Bolton's Ridge. As the 6th Battalion moved forward they were engaged by Turkish small arms and artillery fire, causing heavy casualties. At 10:00 brigade headquarters received a message from the 6th Battalion asking for reinforcement, and McCay sent half the 5th Battalion to assist. At the same time, the 8th Battalion were digging in on Bolton's (except for two companies which moved forward to attack a group of Turks that had come up from the south behind the 6th Battalion). By noon, the 8th Battalion was dug in on the ridge; in front of them were scattered remnants of the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 9th Battalions, mostly out of view of each other in the scrub. Shortly after, McCay was informed that if he wanted the 6th Battalion to hold its position, it must be reinforced. So McCay sent his last reserves, a company of the 1st Battalion, and ordered the 8th to leave one company on the ridge and advance on the right of the 6th Battalion. The scattered formations managed to hold their positions for the remainder of the afternoon, then at 17:00 saw large numbers of Turkish troops coming over the southern section of Gun Ridge.

Turkish counter-attack

Around 10:00, Kemal and the 1st Battalion, 57th Infantry, were the first to arrive in the area between Scrubby Knoll and Chunuk Bair. From the knoll, Kemal was able to observe the landings. He ordered the artillery battery to set up on the knoll, and the 1st Battalion to attack Baby 700 and Mortar Ridge from the North-East, while the 2nd Battalion would simultaneously circle around and attack Baby 700 from the West. The 3rd Battalion would for the moment be held in reserve. At 10:30, Kemal informed II Corps he was attacking.

At 11:30, Sefik told Kemal that the ANZACs had a beachhead of around , and that he would attack towards Ari Burnu, in conjunction with the 19th Division. Around midday Kemal was appraised that the 9th Division was fully involved with the British landings at Cape Helles, and could not support his attack, so at 12:30 he ordered two battalions of the 77th Infantry Regiment (the third battalion was guarding Suvla Bay) to move forward between the 57th and 27th Infantry Regiments. At the same time, he ordered his reserve 72nd Infantry Regiment to move further west. Within the next half-hour the 27th and 57th Infantry Regiments started the counter-attack, supported by three batteries of artillery. At 13:00 Kemal met with his corps commander Esat Pasha and convinced him of the need to react in strength to the ANZAC landings. Esat agreed and released the 72nd and 27th Infantry Regiments to Kemal's command. Kemal deployed the four regiments from north to south; 72nd, 57th, 27th and 77th. In total, Turkish strength opposing the landing numbered between ten thousand and twelve thousand men.

North
At 15:15, Lalor left the defence of The Nek to a platoon that had arrived as reinforcements, and moved his company to Baby 700. There he joined a group from the 2nd Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Leslie Morshead. Lalor was killed soon afterwards. The left flank of Baby 700 was now held by sixty men, the remnants of several units, commanded by a corporal. They had survived five charges by the Turks between 07:30 and 15:00; after the last charge the Australians were ordered to withdraw through The Nek. There, a company from the Canterbury Battalion had just arrived, with their commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas Stewart. By 16:00 the New Zealand companies had formed a defence line on Russell's Top. On Baby 700, there was on the left Morsehead's and Lalor's men, and at the top of Malone's Gulley were the survivors of the 2nd Battalion and some men from the 3rd Brigade. On the right were the men left from the Auckland companies, and a mixed group from the 1st, 2nd, 11th and 12th Battalions. Once Stewart's men were secure, he ordered Morsehead to withdraw. During a Turkish artillery bombardment of The Nek, Stewart was killed. The artillery heralded the start of a Turkish counter-attack; columns of troops appeared over the top of Battleship Hill and on the flanks and attacked the ANZAC lines.

At 16:30 the three battalions from the 72nd Infantry Regiment arrived and attacked from the north. At the same time the Australians and New Zealanders holding on at Baby 700 broke and ran back to an improvised line, from Walker's Ridge in the north to Pope's Hill in the south. The defence line at The Nek was now defended by nine New Zealanders, under the command of a sergeant; they had three machine-guns but the crews had all been killed or wounded. As the survivors arrived from Baby 700 their numbers rose to around sixty. Bridges in his divisional headquarters starting receiving messages from the front; just after 17:00 Lieutenant-Colonel George Braund on Walker's Ridge advised he was holding his position and "if reinforced could advance". At 17:37, Maclagen reported they were being "heavily attacked", at 18:15 the 3rd Battalion signalled, "3rd Brigade being driven back". At 19:15, from Maclagen again "4th Brigade urgently required". Bridges sent two hundred stragglers, from several different battalions, to reinforce Braund and promised two extra battalions from the New Zealand and Australian Division which was now coming ashore.

Dusk was at 19:00 and the Turkish attack had now reached Malone's Gulley and The Nek. The New Zealanders waited until the Turks came close, then opened fire in the darkness, stopping their advance. Seriously outnumbered, they asked for reinforcements. Instead, the supporting troops to their rear were withdrawn and the Turks managed to get behind them. So, taking the machine-guns with them, they withdrew off Russell's Top into Rest Gully. This left the defenders at Walker's Ridge isolated from the rest of the force.

South
The Australians on 400 Plateau had for some time been subjected to sniping and artillery fire and could see Turkish troops digging in on Gun Ridge. Around 13:00 a column of Turkish reinforcements from the 27th Infantry Regiment, in at least battalion strength, were observed moving along the ridge-line from the south. The Turks then turned towards 400 Plateau and advanced in extended order. The Turkish counter-attack soon forced the advanced Australian troops to withdraw, and their machine-gun fire caused them heavy casualties. It was not long before the attack had forced a wedge between the Australians on Baby 700 and those on 400 Plateau. The heavy Turkish fire onto Lone Pine forced the survivors to withdraw back to the western slope of 400 Plateau. At 14:25, Turkish artillery and small arms fire was so heavy that the Indian artillerymen were forced to push their guns back off the plateau by hand, and they reformed on the beach.

Although in places there was a mixture of different companies and platoons dug in together, the Australians were deployed with the 8th Battalion in the south still centred on Bolton's Ridge. North of them, covering the southern sector of 400 Plateau, were the mixed together 6th and 7th Battalions, both now commanded by Colonel Walter McNicoll of the 6th. North of them was the 5th Battalion, and the 10th Battalion covered the northern sector of 400 Plateau at Johnston's Jolly. But by now they were battalions in name only, having all taken heavy casualties; the commanders had little accurate knowledge of where their men were located.

At 15:30, the two battalions of the Turkish 77th Infantry Regiment were in position, and with the 27th Infantry they counter-attacked again. At 15:30 and at 16:45 McCay, now under severe pressure, requested reinforcements. The second time he was informed there was only one uninvolved battalion left, the 4th, and Bridges was keeping them in reserve until more troops from the New Zealand and Australian Division had been landed. McCay then spoke to Bridges direct and informed him the situation was desperate and if not reinforced the Turks would get behind him. At 17:00, Bridges released the 4th Battalion to McCay who sent them to the south forming on the left of the 8th Battalion along Bolton's Ridge. They arrived just in time to help counter Turkish probing attacks, by the 27th Infantry Regiment, from the south.

At 17:20, McCay signalled Bridges that large numbers of unwounded men were leaving the battlefield and heading for the beaches. This was followed by Maclagan asking for urgent artillery fire support, onto Gun Ridge, as his left was under a heavy attack and at 18:16 Owen reported the left flank was "rapidly" being forced to retire. At dusk, Maclagan made his way to Bridges headquarters and when asked for his opinion replied "It's touch and go. If the Turks come on in mass formation ... I don't think anything can stop them." As it got dark the Turkish artillery ceased firing, and although small arms fire continued on both sides, the effects were limited when firing blind. Darkness also provided the opportunity to start digging more substantial trenches and to resupply the troops with water and ammunition.

The last significant action of the day was at 22:00, south of Lone Pine, when the Turks charged towards Bolton's Ridge. By now, the 8th Battalion had positioned two machine guns to cover their front, which caused devastation amongst the attackers; and, to their left, the 4th Battalion also became involved. When the Turks got to within , the 8th Battalion counter-attacked in a bayonet charge, and the Turks withdrew. The ANZAC defence was aided by Royal Navy searchlights providing illumination. Both sides now waited for the next attack, but the day's events had shattered both formations, and they were no longer in any condition to conduct offensive operations.

Aftermath
By nightfall, around sixteen thousand men had been landed, and the ANZACs had formed a beachhead, although with several undefended sections. It stretched along Bolton's Ridge in the south, across 400 Plateau, to Monash Valley. After a short gap it resumed at Pope's Hill, then at the top of Walker's Ridge. It was not a large beachhead; it was under  in length, with a depth around , and in places only a few yards separated the two sides. That evening Birdwood had been ashore to check on the situation, and, satisfied, returned to HMS Queen. Around 21:15 he was asked to return to the beachhead. There he met with his senior officers, who asked him to arrange an evacuation. Unwilling to make that decision on his own he signalled Hamilton;

Both my divisional generals and brigadiers have represented to me that they fear their men are thoroughly demoralised by shrapnel fire to which they have been subjected all day after exhaustion and gallant work in morning. Numbers have dribbled back from the firing line and cannot be collected in this difficult country. Even New Zealand Brigade which has only recently been engaged lost heavily and is to some extent demoralised. If troops are subjected to shellfire again tomorrow morning there is likely to be a fiasco, as I have no fresh troops with which to replace those in firing line. I know my representation is most serious, but if we are to re-embark it must be at once. Hamilton conferred with his naval commanders, who convinced him an evacuation would be almost impossible, and responded; "dig yourselves right in and stick it out ... dig, dig, dig until you are safe". The survivors had to fight on alone until 28 April when four battalions of the Royal Naval Division were attached to the corps.

On the Turkish side, by that night the 2nd Battalion 57th Infantry were on Baby 700, the 3rd Battalion, reduced to only ninety men, were at The Nek, and the 1st Battalion on Mortar Ridge. Just south of them was the 77th Infantry, next was the 27th Infantry opposite 400 Plateau. The last regiment, the 72nd Infantry, were on Battleship Hill. As for manpower, the Turks were in a similar situation to the ANZACs. Of the two regiments most heavily involved, the 57th had been destroyed, and the 27th were exhausted with heavy casualties. Large numbers of the 77th had deserted, and the regiment was in no condition to fight. The 72nd was largely intact, but they were a poorly trained force of Arab conscripts. The III Corps, having to deal with both landings, could not assist as they had no reserves available. It was not until 27 April that the 33rd and 64th Infantry Regiments arrived to reinforce the Turkish forces. The ANZACs, however, had been unable to achieve their objectives, and therefore dug in. Gallipoli, like the Western Front, turned into a war of attrition. The German commander, Liman von Saunders, was clear about the reasons for the outcome. He wrote that, "on the Turkish side the situation was saved by the immediate and independent action of the 19th Division." The division commander, Kemal, became noted as "the most imaginative, most successful officer to fight on either side" during the campaign. As a commander he was able to get the most out of his troops, typified by his order to the 57th Infantry Regiment; "Men, I am not ordering you to attack. I am ordering you to die. In the time that it takes us to die, other forces and commanders can come and take our place."

In the following days there were several failed attacks and counter-attacks by both sides. The Turks were the first to try during the Second attack on Anzac Cove on 27 April, followed by the ANZACs who tried to advance overnight 1/2 May. The Turkish Third attack on Anzac Cove on 19 May was the worst defeat of them all, with around ten thousand casualties, including three thousand dead. The next four months consisted of only local or diversionary attacks, until 6 August when the ANZACs, in connection with the Landing at Suvla Bay, attacked Chunuk Bair with only limited success. The Turks never succeeded in driving the Australians and New Zealanders back into the sea. Similarly, the ANZACs never broke out of their beachhead. Instead, in December 1915, after eight months of fighting, they evacuated the peninsula.

Casualties

The full extent of casualties on that first day is not known. Birdwood, who did not come ashore until late in the day, estimated between three and four hundred dead on the beaches. The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage claims one in five of the three thousand New Zealanders involved became a casualty. The Australian War Memorial has 860 Australian dead between 25–30 April, and the Australian Government estimates 2,000 wounded left Anzac Cove on 25 April, but more wounded were still waiting on the battlefields to be evacuated. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission documents that 754 Australian and 147 New Zealand soldiers died on 25 April 1915. A higher than normal proportion of the ANZAC casualties were from the officer ranks. One theory was that they kept exposing themselves to fire, trying to find out where they were or to locate their troops. Four men were taken prisoner by the Turks.

Private Victor Laidlaw of the 2nd Field Ambulance recorded in his diary the dangers faced in treating the casualties:

Several days later he again describes the work of the Field Ambulance with the many wounded:

It is estimated that the Turkish 27th and 57th Infantry Regiments lost around 2,000 men, or fifty per cent of their combined strength. The full number of Turkish casualties for the day has not been recorded. During the campaign, 8,708 Australians and 2,721 New Zealanders were killed. The exact number of Turkish dead is not known but has been estimated around 87,000.

Anzac Day
The anniversary of the landings, 25 April, has since 1916 been recognised in Australia and New Zealand as Anzac Day, now one of their most important national occasions. It does not celebrate a military victory, but instead commemorates all the Australians and New Zealanders "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served." Around the country, dawn services are held at war memorials to commemorate those involved. In Australia, at 10:15, another service is held at the Australian War Memorial, which the prime minister and governor general normally attend. The first official dawn services were held in Australia in 1927 and in New Zealand in 1939. Lower-key services are also held in the United Kingdom. In Turkey, large groups of Australians and New Zealanders have begun to gather at Anzac Cove, where in 2005 an estimated 20,000 people attended the service to commemorate the landings. Attendance figures rose to 38,000 in 2012 and 50,000 in 2013.

See also
List of Australian military personnel killed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915
Landing at Cape Helles

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Gallipoli and the Anzacs: The Anzac Landing

Conflicts in 1915
1915 in the Ottoman Empire
Battles of the Gallipoli campaign
Battles of World War I involving Australia
Battles of World War I involving New Zealand
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Battles of World War I involving British India
Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
Gallipoli campaign
Amphibious operations of World War I
April 1915 events
Battles of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
ANZAC

Landing at Anzac Cove


فيرديكوسا (Βερδικούσσα) هي مدينة في لاريسا في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1519 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في لاريسا (مقاطعة إقليمية)
إلاسونا

فيرديكوسا


An Cymbopogon tungmaiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni L.Liou. An Cymbopogon tungmaiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cymbopogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Tibet. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cymbopogon

Cymbopogon tungmaiensis


Jablonska ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Sophia Yablonska (1907–1971), auch Sofija Jablonska-Uden, ukrainische Schriftstellerin und Fotografin
 Stefania Jabłońska (1920–2017), polnische Medizinerin
 Tetjana Jablonska (1917–2005), ukrainische Kunstmalerin

Jablonska


Paulmier ist der Familienname oder Namensteil folgender Personen:

 Binot Paulmier de Gonneville (eigentlich Binot Paulmier, Seigneur de Gonneville), französischer Seefahrer
 Bruno Paulmier (* 1958), französischer Militär, Vizeadmiral der französischen Marine

Paulmier


NGC 7316 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7316
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7316 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7316 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7300 - 7349

7316

NGC 7316


Probele sportive de caiac-canoe la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 au inclus probele de slalom, care au avut loc în perioada 7–11 august pe laguna Rodrigo de Freitas în zona olimpică Barra da Tijuca de la Rio de Janeiro, Brazilia, și probele de sprint, care au avut loc în perioada 15-20 august în Stadionul de ape repezi din zona olimpică Deodoro.

Medaliați

Slalom

Sprint

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii
Legendă
 Țara-gazdă

Legături externe
     Canoe sprint  la rio2016.com
     Canoe slalom  la rio2016.com

Sporturi la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
2016

Caiac canoe la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016


جيمس ديباه  (14 ديسمبر 1969 في مونروفيا) لاعب كرة قدم ليبيري معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز المهاجم .

المسيرة الرياضية مع الأندية
بدأ ديباه مسيرته الرياضية في نادي مايتي بارولي الليبيري في سنة 1984 ثم انتقل إلى نادي يونيون دوالا الكاميروني سنة 1989 . في سنة 1990 قرر خوض غمار الاحتراف الخارجي بالانضمام إلى نادي أولمبيك إليه الفرنسي . في السنة التالية انتقل إلى نادي الدرجة الأولى موناكو وساهم في تأهل النادي إلى المباراة النهائية لبطولة كأس أبطال الكؤوس الأوروبي ولكنه خسر من نادي فيردر بريمن الألماني 0-2 . في الموسم التالي انتقل إلى نادي ليون من دون تحقيق أي إنجاز وبعد 3 سنوات انتقل إلى نادي نيس وفي سنة 1997 انتقل إلى نادي آندرلخت البلجيكي وأمضى فيه عدة أشهر وبعدها انتقل إلى نادي باريس سان جيرمان . أمضى ديباه عدة أشهر كذلك في نادي العاصمة الفرنسية وانتقل بعدها إلى نادي أنقرة غوجو التركي لموسم 1998-1999 . ثم انتقل إلى نادي إراكليس اليوناني سنة 1999 وبقي فيه سنتين انتقل بعدها إلى نادي الجزيرة الإماراتي ثم نادي المحرق البحريني لموسم 2003-2004 . بعد 4 سنوات من رحيله من البحرين انضم إلى نادي بونتانغ الإندونيسي لعدة أشهر حتى أعلن اعتزاله لعب كرة القدم في سنة 2008 .

المسيرة الرياضية مع المنتخبات
شارك ديباه مع منتخب ليبيريا في نهائيات بطولة كأس الأمم الأفريقية لكرة القدم 1998 و2002 . في يوليو 2004 وخلال مباراة منتخب ليبيريا ومنتخب توغو ضمن تصفيات كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2006 في مونروفيا رفض ديباه الذي كان قائدا للمنتخب استبداله في الدقيقة 53 وانتظر حتى الدقيقة 68 للرحيل عن أرضية الملعب . انتهت المباراة بالتعادل السلبي بدون أهداف مما جعل لاعبي منتخب ليبيريا يخرجون في حماية الشرطة . أنهى منتخب ليبيريا مشواره في المجموعة باحتلال المركز الأخير برصيد 4 نقاط من 10 مباريات .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون ليبيريون مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
رياضيون ليبيريون مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون ليبيريون مغتربون في إندونيسيا
رياضيون ليبيريون مغتربون في بلجيكا
رياضيون ليبيريون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون ليبيريون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون ليبيريون مغتربون في موناكو
رياضيون من مونروفيا
لاعبو الدوري 1
لاعبو الدوري الإماراتي
لاعبو الدوري البحريني الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو ألي
لاعبو أنقرة غوجو
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو باريس سان جيرمان
لاعبو بيرسيرام راجا إمبات
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1996
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2002
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ليبيريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ليبيريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البحرين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إندونيسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كرة قدم ليبيريون
لاعبو كرة قدم ليبيريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البحرين
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إندونيسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كرة قدم من مونروفيا
لاعبو مايتي بارولي
لاعبو منتخب ليبيريا لكرة القدم
لاعبو موناكو
لاعبو نادي الجزيرة (الإمارات)
لاعبو نادي المحرق
لاعبو نادي أندرلخت
لاعبو نادي إيراكليس سالونيك لكرة القدم
لاعبو نيس
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1969
مواليد في مونروفيا

جيمس ديباه


Günther Opitz (* 2. März 1928 in Lucka; † 21. September 2016 in Leipzig) war ein deutscher Hornist, Kammervirtuose.

Leben

Im Alter von zehn Jahren fing Opitz an die Violine zu erlernen. 1942 begann er ein Musikstudium an der Städtischen Orchesterschule in Glauchau (Sachsen). Dort lernte er andere Instrumente kennen und entschied sich für das Waldhorn. Sein Hornlehrer war Kurt Haubenreißer (Chemnitz).

Nach Kriegsende führte ihn sein Werdegang an die Theaterorchester Zeitz (1946), Altenburg (1946/47), Halle/Saale (1947/48), Erfurt (1948/49) und Magdeburg (1949–1959). Danach wurde er Solohornist am Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Leipzig, wo er bis zu seinem 65. Lebensjahr in dieser Position tätig war.

Opitz lehrte sieben Jahre an der Georg-Philipp-Telemann-Musikschule in Magdeburg sowie vier Jahre an der Hochschule für Musik und Theater "Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy" Leipzig.

Neben seinem Wirken im Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Leipzig und seiner Lehrtätigkeit konzertierte er mit dem Leipziger Hornquartett, welches er 32 Jahre lang leitete und mit dem er viele Rundfunkaufnahmen produzierte:

 1959 bis 1966 gemeinsam mit Waldemar Markus, Siegfried Gizyki und Kurt Janetzky,
 1966 bis 1988 mit Waldemar Markus, Siegfried Gizyki und Dieter Reinhardt,
 1988 bis 1990 mit Johannes Winkler, Siegfried Gizyki und Dieter Reinhardt sowie
 1990 bis 1991 mit Johannes Winkler, Jens-Uwe Weiß und Dieter Reinhardt.

Zu den Komponisten, die für das Hornquartett komponierten, zählen Helmut Schachmann, Carlernst Ortwein, Fred Malige, Josef Bönisch (4 Werke), Claus Creuznacher (5 Werke), Jürgen Dietze, Friedbert Groß (4 Werke), Theodorus Hlouschek, Albert Kolnhofer, Dieter Nowka, Friedrich Schenker, Jiri Simek, Helmuth Schneider, Gerd Schlotter, Graham Whettam, Jan Koetsier (3 Werke).

Günter Opitz erhielt mit dem Leipziger Hornquartett 1983 den Kunstpreis der Stadt Leipzig.

Aufnahmen
 1969: Benjamin Britten, Serenade op. 31 mit Peter Schreier (Tenor), Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Leipzig unter Leitung von Herbert Kegel
 1983: Musik für Waldhörner 1
 1985/86: Musik für Waldhörner 2 (Telemann, Haydn, Lütgen, Friedbert Groß Vier Stücke für Hornquartett, Graham Whettam Quartett für vier Hörner)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Klassischer Hornist
Deutscher
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2016
Mann

Günter Opitz (Hornist)


Francesco Cascio, né à Palerme le , est un homme politique italien.

Député national Forza Italia entre 1994 et 2001, il a été président de l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne de mai 2008 à décembre 2012.

Biographie

Conseiller municipal de Palerme
Diplômé en médecine et en chirurgie, spécialisé en odonto-stomatologie et prothésiste dentaire, il est également chirurgien.

A 21 ans, Francesco Cascio entre au conseil municipal de Palerme dans les rangs de la Démocratie chrétienne. De 1990 à 1993, il est adjoint à la santé puis à la construction.

Il adhère à Forza Italia lors de sa création en 1994 et en devient l'une des principales figures en Sicile.

Député national
Il est député national pour le collège de Palermo-Settecannoli de 1994 à 2001. Il siège également à la province de Palerme dont il est conseiller pour les affaires sociales de juin 1998 à juin 2000.

A l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne
Lors des élections régionales de 2001, il est élu à l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne. Il est nommé par le président Salvatore Cuffaro assesseur pour le tourisme le 11 juillet 2001, puis pour l'Environnement et vice-président de la Région à partir du 30 août 2004. Après la réélection de Cuffaro en 2006, il prend la présidence du groupe parlementaire de Forza Italia.

Réélu en 2008, il est porté par 55 voix sur 90 à la présidence de l'ARS jusqu'en décembre 2012, à la suite des élections de 2012 qui le confirme au sein du parlement sicilien. Mais il est condamné en octobre 2016 par le tribunal de Palerme à deux ans et huit mois d'emprisonnement pour avoir obtenu, alors qu'il était assesseur au Tourisme, des travaux dans sa villa de Collesano en échange de l'obtention d'une aide européenne de 6 millions d'euros. Il est alors déchu de son siège régional. Il sera acquitté par la cour de cassation.

Après l'ARS
Candidat à la députation aux élections générales de 2018, il est battu dans la circonscription uninominale de Palerme-Resuttana par le M5S Aldo Penna.

En mars 2019, il est assigné à résidence dans le cadre de l'opération Artemisia, soupçonné d'avoir soutenu une loge maçonnique secrète menée par l'ancien député régional FI Giovanni Lo Sciuto à Castelvetrano. Mais cette assignation est annulée par la cour d'appel de Palerme pour incompétence territoriale du tribunal de Trapani.

À partir de mai 2019, il est comme médecin hygiéniste de l'Azienda sanitaria provinciale (Asp) de Palerme, référent du dispensaire de Lampedusa à la place de Pietro Bartolo, élu député européen. Il est ainsi le premier à examiner les migrants nombreux qui arrivent en Europe par cette île.

Il est d'abord préféré à l'ancien recteur de l'Université de Palerme Roberto Lagalla pour mener la liste de Forza Italia à l'élection municipale de Palerme en 2022 avec le soutien de la Ligue du Nord jusqu'à ce que la droite s'accorde sur la candidature unique de Lagalla, qui emporte le scrutin.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Président de l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne
Député de l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne
Naissance en septembre 1963
Naissance à Palerme
Député de la douzième législature de la République italienne
Député de la treizième législature de la République italienne

Francesco Cascio


Christian Seltmann (* 21. Juni 1968 in Lüdenscheid) ist ein deutscher Autor und Übersetzer insbesondere von Kinderbüchern.

Leben
Christian Seltmann arbeitete neben dem Studium der Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum von 1989 bis 1994 als Hörfunk-Journalist in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Nach dem Studium wurde er in einem Bühnenverlag als Lektor beschäftigt. 1997 zog Seltmann nach Berlin und arbeitete 1999 bei Pro7-TV in München als Redakteur. Von 2000 bis 2002 arbeitete Seltmann für ein Zeichentrickfilm-Unternehmen. Seither ist er als freier Schriftsteller tätig.
Seltmann lehrte von 2006 bis 2008 als Gastdozent an der TU Berlin.
Sein Stück Aufstand! wurde 1995 im Theater am alten Markt Bielefeld aufgeführt. Seit 1996 übersetzt er gemeinsam mit Martin Molitor die Theaterstücke von Martin McDonagh.

Auszeichnungen
 SPELL-Preis 2020, Siegener Preis für Erstlese-Literatur
 "Leipziger Lesekompass 2015" der Stiftung Lesen und der Buchmesse Leipzig für Kommissar Ping und das Kaugummi-Geheimnis , Arena 2014
 Zweiter Platz beim Preuschhof-Preis für Kinder-Literatur 2014 für Henri erbt ein Monster, Arena 2013
 "Favorit" der Stiftung Lesen, Herbst 2012 mit Kleiner Ritter Kurz von Knapp, Arena 2012
 "Leipziger Lesekompass 2013" in der Kategorie 6–10 Jahren für Kleiner Ritter Kurz von Knapp, Arena 2012

Schriften
 Martin McDonagh (dt. von Martin Molitor u. Christian Seltmann): Bochumer Stücke / 9. Der Leutnant von Inishmore. 2002.
 Auch Drachen können höflich sein. Arena 2009.
 Los, Taran, ab durch die Wolken!. Arena 2011.

 Der König geht zum Monsterball, aus der Reihe "Der Bücherbär", Illustrationen: Dirk Eckert, Arena 2012, ISBN 978-3-401-09688-9.

Weblinks
 Private Homepage
 Arena Verlag homepage
 Lesung mit Christian Seltmann auf der Frankfurter Buchmesse 2017

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Übersetzer aus dem Englischen
Übersetzer ins Deutsche
Deutscher
Geboren 1968
Mann

Christian Seltmann


The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (, PSC–PSOE official acronym) is a social-democratic political party in Catalonia, Spain, resulting from the merger of three parties: the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Regrouping, led by Josep Pallach i Carolà, the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress, and the Catalan Federation of the PSOE. It is the Catalan instance of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and its Aranese section is Unity of Aran. The party had also been allied with federalist and republican political platform Citizens for Change (Ciutadans pel Canvi) until the 2010 election. PSC–PSOE has its power base in the Barcelona metropolitan area and the comarques of Tarragonès, Montsià, and Val d'Aran.

Party leaders

First Secretaries
Joan Reventós, 1978–1983
Raimon Obiols, 1983–1996
Narcís Serra, 1996–2000
José Montilla, 2000–2011
Pere Navarro, 2011–2014
Miquel Iceta, 2014–2021
Salvador Illa, 2021–present

Presidents
Joan Reventós, 1983–1996
Raimon Obiols, 1996–2000
Pasqual Maragall, 2000–2007
José Montilla, 2007–2008 (acting)
Isidre Molas, 2008–2011
Àngel Ros, 2014–2019
Núria Marín, 2019–2021
Miquel Iceta, 2021–present

Electoral performance

Parliament of Catalonia

Cortes Generales

European Parliament

See also
Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia
Socialist Party of Catalonia-Congress
List of political parties in Catalonia

Notes

References

External links

1978 establishments in Spain
Catalonia
Political parties established in 1978
Social democratic parties in Spain
Socialist parties in Catalonia

Socialists' Party of Catalonia


Kullerup Kirke ligger ved landsbyen Kullerup og er sognekirke for Kullerup Sogn i Nyborg Kommune. Indtil 1970 lå kirken i Vindinge Herred, Svendborg Amt.

Kirkens kerne er en romansk bygning af rå kampesten med tilhugne hjørnekvadre på profileret granitsokkel. Tårn, våbenhus og hvælvinger blev opført i senere middelalder i gotisk stil, overvejende af munkesten.

Noter

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger
 Kirkens beskrivelse hos Trap – Kongeriget Danmark, 3. udgave, bind 3, s. 739
 Kullerup Kirke hos KortTilKirken.dk

Kirker i Nyborg Kommune
Kirker i Fyens Stift
Kirker i Svendborg Amt

Kullerup Kirke


Dette er en komplet liste over operaer af Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741).

Vivaldi hævdede selv at have komponeret 94 operaer; for 49 af disse er han sikkert identificeret som ophavsmand. Videre er 22 af disse bevaret i autografe partitur, 16 er helt i Vivaldis håndskrift. De fleste opbevares i nationalbibliotket i Torino, sammen med omtrent 450 manuskripter af Vivaldis værker i omtrent alle af hans tids musikformer.

Praksis med at omarbejde værker under forskellige titler og skabe pastiger har forvirret musikforskere.

Alle Vivaldis værker regnes som dramma per musica, som var hans egen samtids betegnelse på det som senere fik navnet opera seria.

Noter

Litteratur
 Eric Cross: "Vivaldi, Antonio" (i: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, red. Stanley Sadie (London 1992) )

Vivaldi
Værker af Antonio Vivaldi

Liste over operaer af Antonio Vivaldi


Hilmar Sølunds Vej  er en omfartsvej i Herning. Vejen er en fortsættelse af Vesterholmvej og skaber forbindelse mellem den nye Gødstrup Sygehus og Herning.

Vejen begynder ved Vesterholmvej og går herefter i en bue syd om Gødstrup Sø, og derefter over Vejle-Holstebro-banen hvor den fortsætter syd om Gødstrup og det komme Gødstrup Sygehus.

Vejen ender i frakørsel 2 Herning NV ved Messemotorvejen, (sekundærrute 502) hvor der er forbindelse mod Holstebro, Herning og Vejle.

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Herning
Omfartsveje i Danmark

Hilmar Sølunds Vej


The field of system identification uses statistical methods to build mathematical models of dynamical systems from measured data. System identification also includes the optimal design of experiments for efficiently generating informative data for fitting such models as well as model reduction. A common approach is to start from measurements of the behavior of the system and the external influences (inputs to the system) and try to determine a mathematical relation between them without going into many details of what is actually happening inside the system; this approach is called black box system identification.

Overview
A dynamic mathematical model in this context is a mathematical description of the dynamic behavior of a system or process in either the time or frequency domain. Examples include:

 physical processes such as the movement of a falling body under the influence of gravity;
 economic processes such as stock markets that react to external influences.

One of the many possible applications of system identification is in control systems. For example, it is the basis for modern data-driven control systems, in which concepts of system identification are integrated into the controller design, and lay the foundations for formal controller optimality proofs.

Input-output vs output-only
System identification techniques can utilize both input and output data (e.g. eigensystem realization algorithm) or can include only the output data (e.g. frequency domain decomposition).  Typically an input-output technique would be more accurate, but the input data is not always available.

Optimal design of experiments

The quality of system identification depends on the quality of the inputs, which are under the control of the systems engineer. Therefore, systems engineers have long used the principles of the design of experiments. In recent decades, engineers have increasingly used the theory of optimal experimental design to specify inputs that yield maximally precise estimators.

White- and black-box
One could build a so-called white-box model based on first principles, e.g. a model for a physical process from the Newton equations, but in many cases, such models will be overly complex and possibly even impossible to obtain in reasonable time due to the complex nature of many systems and processes.

A much more common approach is therefore to start from measurements of the behavior of the system and the external influences (inputs to the system) and try to determine a mathematical relation between them without going into the details of what is actually happening inside the system.  This approach is called system identification.  Two types of models are common in the field of system identification:

 grey box model: although the peculiarities of what is going on inside the system are not entirely known, a certain model based on both insight into the system and experimental data is constructed. This model does however still have a number of unknown free parameters which can be estimated using system identification. One example uses the Monod saturation model for microbial growth. The model contains a simple hyperbolic relationship between substrate concentration and growth rate, but this can be justified by molecules binding to a substrate without going into detail on the types of molecules or types of binding. Grey box modeling is also known as semi-physical modeling.
 black box model: No prior model is available.  Most system identification algorithms are of this type.

In the context of nonlinear system identification Jin et al. describe grey-box modeling by assuming a model structure a priori and then estimating the model parameters. Parameter estimation is relatively easy if the model form is known but this is rarely the case. Alternatively, the structure or model terms for both linear and highly complex nonlinear models can be identified using NARMAX methods. This approach is completely flexible and can be used with grey box models where the algorithms are primed with the known terms, or with completely black-box models where the model terms are selected as part of the identification procedure. Another advantage of this approach is that the algorithms will just select linear terms if the system under study is linear, and nonlinear terms if the system is nonlinear, which allows a great deal of flexibility in the identification.

Identification for control
In control systems applications, the objective of engineers is to obtain a good performance of the closed-loop system, which is the one comprising the physical system, the feedback loop and the controller. This performance is typically achieved by designing the control law relying on a model of the system, which needs to be identified starting from experimental data. If the model identification procedure is aimed at control purposes, what really matters is not to obtain the best possible model that fits the data, as in the classical system identification approach, but to obtain a model satisfying enough for the closed-loop performance. This more recent approach is called identification for control, or I4C in short.

The idea behind I4C can be better understood by considering the following simple example. Consider a system with true transfer function :

and an identified model :

From a classical system identification perspective,  is not, in general, a good model for . In fact, modulus and phase of  are different from those of  at low frequency. What is more, while  is an asymptotically stable system,  is a simply stable system. However,  may still be a model good enough for control purposes. In fact, if one wants to apply a purely proportional negative feedback controller with high gain , the closed-loop transfer function from the reference to the output is, for

and for

Since  is very large, one has that . Thus, the two closed-loop transfer functions are indistinguishable. In conclusion,  is a perfectly acceptable identified model for the true system if such feedback control law has to be applied. Whether or not a model is appropriate for control design depends not only on the plant/model mismatch but also on the controller that will be implemented. As such, in the I4C framework, given a control performance objective, the control engineer has to design the identification phase in such a way that the performance achieved by the model-based controller on the true system is as high as possible.

Sometimes, it is even more convenient to design a controller without explicitly identifying a model of the system, but directly working on experimental data. This is the case of direct data-driven control systems.

Forward model

A common understanding in Artificial Intelligence is that the controller has to generate the next move for a robot. For example, the robot starts in the maze and then the robot decides to move forward. Model predictive control determines the next action indirectly. The term "model" is referencing to a forward model which doesn't provide the correct action but simulates a scenario. A forward model is equal to a physics engine used in game programming. The model takes an input and calculates the future state of the system.

The reason why dedicated forward models are constructed is because it allows one to divide the overall control process. The first question is how to predict the future states of the system. That means, to simulate a plant over a timespan for different input values. And the second task is to search for a sequence of input values which brings the plant into a goal state. This is called predictive control.

The forward model is the most important aspect of a MPC-controller. It has to be created before the solver can be realized. If it's unclear what the behavior of a system is, it's not possible to search for meaningful actions. The workflow for creating a forward model is called system identification. The idea is to formalize a system in a set of equations which will behave like the original system. The error between the real system and the forward model can be measured.

There are many techniques available to create a forward model: ordinary differential equations is the classical one which is used in physics engines like Box2d. A more recent technique is a neural network for creating the forward model.

See also

 Black box
 Generalized filtering
 Hysteresis
 Structural identifiability
 System realization
 Parameter estimation
 Linear time-invariant system theory
 Model selection
 Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model
 Open system (systems theory)
 Pattern recognition
 System dynamics
 Systems theory
 Model order reduction
 Grey box completion and validation
 Data-driven control system
 Black box model of power converter

References

Further reading

 Daniel Graupe: Identification of Systems, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1972 (2nd ed., Krieger Publ. Co., Malabar, FL, 1976)
 Eykhoff, Pieter:  System Identification – Parameter and System Estimation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1974.
 Lennart Ljung: System Identification — Theory For the User, 2nd ed, PTR Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 1999.
 Jer-Nan Juang: Applied System Identification, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 1994.

 Oliver Nelles: Nonlinear System Identification, Springer, 2001.
 T. Söderström, P. Stoica, System Identification, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 1989.
 R. Pintelon, J. Schoukens, System Identification: A Frequency Domain Approach, 2nd Edition, IEEE Press, Wiley, New York, 2012.
 Spall, J. C. (2003), Introduction to Stochastic Search and Optimization: Estimation, Simulation, and Control, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.

External links
 L. Ljung: Perspectives on System Identification, July 2008
 System Identification and Model Reduction via Empirical Gramians

Classical control theory
Identification
Engineering statistics
Identification
Identification
Biological models

System identification


Birgitte Raaberg, née le  à Frederiksberg (Danemark), est une actrice danoise.

Biographie

Birgitte Raaberg est diplômée de l'école du théâtre d'Aarhus en 1981. En plus des rôles dans ce théâtre, elle est également associée aux Nørrebros Teater, Odense Teater, Østre Gasværk Teater, Betty Nansen Teatret, Det Ny Teater et participe à un certain nombre de revues, dont Hjørring Revyen et Tivoli Revyen.

Elle a joué dans plus de 35 pièces dont, notamment, Gidslet, Pariserliv, Les Misérables, Det er vel mit liv, Elskende i et fodgængerfelt, Husker du Mai, Chicago, Sunday in the Park with George et Kvindernes hævn.

À la télévision, elle apparait dans les séries Begær, Lighed og broderskab et Madsen og Co. Au cinéma, elle est connue pour son rôle de Susan Sky Blue dans Midt om natten (1984), qui lui vaut un Bodil de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle.

Elle apparait dans L'Hôpital et ses fantômes (Riget I, 1994), The Ballad of Holger Danske (1996), L'Hôpital et ses fantômes ( $Riget II, 1997), série pour laquelle elle reçoit un deuxième Bodil du meilleur second rôle pour son rôle du docteur Judith, Klinkevals (1999) et Hotellet (2002).

Elle prête sa voix à des personnages de dessins animés dans, entre autres, la série télévisée Les Animaux du Bois de Quat'sous (Dyrene fra Lilleskoven).

Filmographie partielle

Au cinéma
 1984 :  : Susan Himmelblå (Bodil de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle)
 1985 :  Yellow Pages : Dr. Enders
 1996 :  : Freja (voix)
 1999 :  : Syngepige, Bakkens Hvile
 1999 :  : Tove  (court métrage)
 1999 : Tarzan : Kalae (doublage)
 1999 :  : voix (court métrage)
 2005 : Dommeren : journaliste
 2008 : I'll Come Running : Mette Juul
 2013 :  : Kriminaltekniker Kirsten / Politichef (voix)
 2018 :  : Mother

À la télévision
 1985 : Klitgården : Freja (épisode 3)
 1990 : Begær, lighed og broderskab : Birgit Iversen, Anders' ægtefælle
 1995-1996 : Landsbyen : læge (épisodes 19-30)
 1994 : L'Hôpital et ses fantômes (Riget I) : docteur Judith Petersen (saison 1, les 4 épisodes)
 1996-2000 : Madsen og Co. : bankfilialbestyrer Susanne Madsen, Mogens' ægtefælle
 1997 : L'Hôpital et ses fantômes (Riget II) : docteur Judith Petersen (saison 2, les 4 épisodes), Bodil de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle
 2001-2002 : Hotellet : Cecilie Bang-Norvik
 2002 : L'Hôpital et ses fantômes (Riget III) : docteur Judith Petersen (saison 3, 5 épisodes). Les décès d'Ernst-Hugo Järegård et de Kirsten Rolffes ont eu pour conséquence l'annulation de la série.
 2007-2009 : 2900 Happiness : la psychologue Bente Brix (saison 2)

Récompenses et distinctions

Notes et références

Liens externes

Actrice danoise du XXe siècle
Actrice danoise du XXIe siècle
Naissance en septembre 1954
Naissance à Frederiksberg
Bodil de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle
Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata

Birgitte Raaberg


Queiriga Portekiz'de Vila Nova de Paiva belediyesine bağlı olan, 35,46 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 712 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Nova de Paiva

Queiriga