කාෂිබායි යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන්නේ Iවන බාජිරාඕගේ පළමු භාර්යාවයි. බාජිරාඕ යනු ඉන්දියාවේ විසූ සිව්වන මරාථ ඡත්‍රපති (අධිරාජ) ෂාහුජි රාජේ භොන්ස්ලේගේ පේෂ්වාවරුන් නව දෙනා අතුරින් වඩාත්ම බලවත්ම තැනැත්තා වූ භාට් පවුලෙන් බිහිවූ සෙන්පතියකු මෙන්ම අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයෙකි.

චරිතාපදානය

කාෂිබායි, මහාද්ජි ක්‍රිෂ්ණා ජෝෂිගේත්, ධනවත් බැංකුකරුවන්ගේ පවුලක සාමාජිකාවක වූ චාස්හි ෂියුබායිගේත් දියණිය වූවා ය. ඇයට ක්‍රිෂ්ණරාඕ චාස්කර් නැමැති සොහොයුරකු විය. 1720 මාර්තු 11 වන දින සාස්වාද්හි පැවති කුටුම්භීය මංගල්‍යයක දී, ඇයව බාජිරාඕට විවාහ කර දෙන ලදී.

කාෂිබායි සහ බාජිරාඕ හට පුත්‍රයින් සිව්දෙනකු විය. ඇගේ පළමු පුත්‍රයා වූ බාලාජි බාජි රාඕ හෙවත් නානාසහේබ් උපත ලැබූයේ 1721දී ය. 1740දී බාජිරාඕගේ මරණින් පසු ෂාහු විසින් ඔහුව පේෂ්වා ධුරයට පත්කරන ලදී. දෙවන පුත්‍රයා වූ රාම්චන්ද්‍ර ළමාවියේ දී මියගියේ ය. තෙවන පුත්‍රයා වූ රඝුනාත් රාඕ 1773–1774 අතර කාලයේ පේෂ්වාවරයකු ලෙස කටයුතු කළ අතර, සිව්වන පුත්‍රයා වූ ජනාර්ධන් ද ලාබාල වියේ දී මියගියේ ය. කාෂිබායි අස්ථිපර්වදාහයේ ප්‍රභේදයකින් පීඩා විඳ තිබේ.

බාජිරාඕ, හින්දු රජකු වූ බුන්දෙල්ඛාන්ද්හි ඡත්‍රසාල් රජුට දාව පර්සියානු මුස්ලිම් බිසවක වූ රුහානි බායිට උපන් දියණිය වූ මස්තානි සමග විවාහ විය. නමුත් මෙම විවාහය පේෂ්වා පවුල විසින් පිළිගත්තේ නැත. මස්තානිට එරෙහිව පේෂ්වා පවුල දියත් කළ අභ්‍යන්තර අරගලයේ දී කාෂිබායි කිසිදු දායකත්වයක් ලබා නොදුන් බැව් සඳහන් වේ. ඉතිහාසඥ පණ්ඩුරාග් බාල්කාවාදේ පවසන්නේ ඇය මස්තානිව බාජිරාඕගේ දෙවන බිසව ලෙස පිළිගැනීමට සූදානම්ව සිටි නමුත්, ඇගේ නැන්දණිය වූ රාධාබායි සහ මස්සිනා වූ චිමාජි අප්පාට විරුද්ධව යමින් එය සිදු කිරීමට ඇයට නොහැකි වූ බවට නොයෙකුත් ඓතිහාසික ලේඛනවල සාක්ෂි ඉදිරිපත් කළ හැකි බවයි. 18වන සියවසේ සම්මත ඉන්දියාවේ බොහෝ කතුන්ට මෙන් ඇයට ද වැදගත් ගැටලුවක දී සිය අදහස් ඉදිරිපත් කළ නොහැකි විය.

මස්තානි සමග බාජිරාඕ පැවැත්වූ සම්බන්ධතාව හේතුවෙන් පුනේහි බ්‍රාහ්මණයින් පේෂ්වා පවුලට විරෝධය පෑ හෙයින්, චිමාජි අප්පා සහ බාලාජි බාජි රාඕ හෙවත් නානාසහේබ් විසින් 1740 මුල් කාලයේ බාජිරාඕ සහ මස්තානිව බලෙන් වෙන් කරන ලදී. බාජිරාඕ ආක්‍රමණයක් සඳහා පූනේ වෙත පිටත්ව ගිය විට, මස්තානිව නිවාස අඩස්සියේ රඳවා තැබිණි. බාජිරාඕගේ සෞඛ්‍ය තත්ත්වය අයහපත් වෙමින් පැවතීම හේතුවෙන්, චිමාජි විසින් නානාසහේබ්ට මස්තානිව නිදහස් කොට බාජිරාඕ වෙත එවන මෙන් පවසන ලදී. නමුත් නානාසහේබ් ඒ වෙනුවට සිය මෑණියන් වූ කාෂිබායිව පිටත් කළේ ය. ඔහු‍ගේ මරණ මංචකයේ දී කාෂිබායි "අවංක සහ කීකරු භාර්යාවක" ලෙස කටයුතු කළ බවත්, සිය සැමියා වෙනුවෙන් වඩාත් කැපවූ තැනැත්තියක වූ බවත් සඳහන් වේ. ඇය සහ ඇගේ පුත් ජනාර්ධන් අවසන් වතාවත් ඉටුකළහ.

බාජිරාඕගේ මරණින් මඳ කලකට පසු, එනම් 1740දී මස්තානි මියගිය අතර, කාෂිබායි විසින් මස්තානිගේ පුත් ෂාම්ෂෙර් බහදූර් හදාවාඩා ගත් අතර, ඔහුට ආයුධ භාවිතය ද ඉගැන්වූවා ය. සිය සැමියාගේ මරණින් පසු ඇය ආගම කෙරෙහි වඩාත් නැඹුරු වූවා ය. විවිධ වන්දනා ගමන්වල යෙදුණු ඇය අවුරුදු හතරක් බණාරස්හි නැවතී සිටියා ය. එවැනි එක් සංචාරයක දී, ඇය බැතිමතුන් 10,000ක් පිරිවරා ගමන් ගත් අතර, රුපියල් ලක්ෂයක පමණ වියදමක් දැරීමට ද සිදු විය. 1747 ජූලි මස වන්දනා ගමන නිමා කොට යළි පැමිණි ඇය, සිය උපන් නගරය වූ චාස්හි ශිව දෙවියන් වෙනුවෙන් පුදකළ සෝමේශ්වර දේවාලය නම් දෙවොලක් ඉදිකරවූවා ය. 1749දී ඉදිකළ මෙය, අක්කර 1.5ක (0.61 හෙක්.) භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් සමන්විත ය. ත්‍රිපුරාරි පූර්ණිමා උත්සවය වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකට වූ මෙම දෙවොල පිළිබඳ මරාථි ග්‍රන්ථයක් වන සාහලි ඒක් දිවස්‍යාච්‍යා පරිසරාත් පුණ්‍යච්‍යා පවසන්නේ එය පුනේ අසල සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ බවයි.

ජනප්‍රිය සංස්කෘතිය තුළ
2015දී සංජේ ලීලා බන්සාලි විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ ප්‍රබන්ධ නාට්‍යමය චිත්‍රපටයක් වූ බාජිරාඕ මස්තානි චිත්‍රපටය තුළ කාෂිබායිගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන ලද්දේ නිළි ප්‍රියංකා චොප්රා විසිනි. එහි එන "පිංගා" ගීතයේ ඇගේ නර්තනය සහ ඇගේ වස්ත්‍ර, කාෂිබායිගෙන් මෙන්ම මස්තානිගෙන් වර්තමාන පැවතෙන්නන්ගේ සහ සමාජ මාධ්‍යවල විවේචනයට හේතු විය. ඇතැම් ඉතිහාසඥයන් අදහස් දැක්වූයේ එවැනි පෞරුෂයක් ඇති කාන්තාවක් ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ නර්තනයේ යෙදීම අයෝග්‍ය බවයි. මීට අමතරව, කාෂිබායි ආත්රයිටිස් තත්ත්වයෙන් ද පෙළී ඇති බැවින්, එවැනි නර්තනයක් භෞතිකව ද අභව්‍ය බැව් පෙනේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

උපන් වර්ෂ නොදන්නා පුද්ගලයින්
මරාථි ජනයා
මරාථ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ කාන්තාවන්
ඉන්දියානු කාන්තා රාජකීයයන්
මියගිය වර්ෂය නොදන්නා පුද්ගලයින්
18වන සියවසේ ඉන්දියානු රාජකීයයන්

කාෂිබායි


Karl Soos von Badok (mađ. Károly Soós) (Sibiu, 28. srpnja 1869. - Steinfort, 22. lipnja 1953.) je bio austrougarski general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata obnašao je dužnost načelnika stožera Armijske grupe Pflanzer-Baltin i 7. armije na Istočnom i Talijanskom bojištu, dok je nakon rata obnašao dužnost načelnika Glavnog stožera mađarske vojske i mađarskog ministra obrane

Vojna karijera
Karl Soos von Badok je rođen 28. srpnja 1869. u Sibiuu u transilvanijskoj plemićkoj obitelji. Njegov otac je također bio časnik koji je s činom pukovnika zapovijedao 2. pješačkom pukovnijom. Karl je završio luteransku srednju školu u Sibiuu, te je vojno obrazovanje stekao na Ratnoj akademiji u Beču. Nakon toga služi u raznim vojnim jedinicama, te se uspinje u vojnoj hijerarhiji. Početak Prvog svjetskog rata dočekuje s činom pukovnika.

Prvi svjetski rat
Na početku Prvog svjetskog rata Soos je imenovan načelnikom operativnog odjela 4. armije kojom je na Istočnom bojištu zapovijedao Moritz Auffenberg. U sastavu navedene armije sudjeluje najprije u austrougarskoj pobjedi u Bitci kod Komarowa, te nakon toga i porazu u Bitci kod Rawa-Ruske. Nakon okončanja Galicijske bitke, početkom listopada 1914., imenovan je načelnikom stožera novoformirane Armijske grupe Pflanzer-Baltin. Navedenu dužnost obnaša do ožujka 1915. kada postaje zapovjednikom 1. pukovnije Tirolskih carskih strijelaca. Predmetnom pukovnijom zapovijeda do kolovoza te iste godine kada je imenovan zapovjednikom 33. pješačke brigade. Navedena brigada nalazila se u sastavu 17. pješačke divizije, te zapovijedajući istom sudjeluje u Trećoj i Četvrtoj bitci na Soči.

U lipnju 1916. imenovan je načelnikom stožera 11. armije zamijenivši na tom mjestu Kletusa von Pichlera. Navedenom armijom koja se također nalazila na Talijanskom bojištu zapovijedao je Franz Rohr, te u sastavu iste sudjeluje u Bitci na Ortigari. U kolovozu 1917. promaknut je u čin general bojnika. Početkom 1918. ponovno preuzima zapovjedništvo nad 33. pješačkom brigadom s kojom sudjeluje u Bitci na Piavi.

Poslije rata
Nakon završetka rata pristupa kontrarevolucionarnim organizacijama u Szegedu usmjerenim na rušenje Mađarske Sovjetske Republike. Tijekom 1919. postaje prvim načelnikom stožera Nacionalne armije, nakon čega od ožujka od srpnja 1920. kratko obnaša dužnost ministra obrane u Vladi Simonyi-Semadama. Godine 1921. imenovan je zapovjednikom vojnog okruga u Pečuhu koju dužnost obnaša do 1922. kada je premješten na službu u Glavni stožer. Godine 1927. postaje zastupnikom u Gornjem domu mađarskog parlamenta.

Preminuo je 22. lipnja 1953. u 85. godini života u Steinfortu.

Vanjske poveznice
     Karl Soos von Badok na stranici Valka.cz
   Karl Soos von Badok na stranici Vitezirend.co.hu

Austrougarski vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

Karl Soos von Badok


An Anthurium antrophyoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ellsworth Paine Killip. An Anthurium antrophyoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium antrophyoides


Köseli, Sinop ilinin Durağan ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Ortaköy köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 9 Temmuz 1949'da yine aynı köye bağlı Kayabaşı mahallesi ile birleşerek köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 155 km, Durağan ilçe merkezine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Durağan belde ve köyleri

Köseli, Durağan


Dallas College Eastfield Campus (Eastfield or EFC) is a public community college campus in Mesquite, Texas. It was founded in 1970 and has an enrollment of more than 14,000 students. It is part of Dallas College.

From 1981 until 2000, the Don Ellis Library and Collection, which included his instruments and Grammy for the film The French Connection, was housed at Eastfield.

Athletics
Dallas College Eastfield Campus Harvesters compete within the Metro Athletic Conference, a National Junior College Athletic Association Division III non-scholarship conference. Sports at Dallas College Eastfield Campus include men's basketball, baseball, women's volleyball, and women's soccer. The baseball team won the NJCAA DIII championship in 2001, 2006 & 2011.

Notable alumni

Cindy Burkett, Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 113 in Dallas County
Ana-Maria Ramos, Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 102 in Dallas County

References

External links
 Official website

Universities and colleges in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Dallas College
Buildings and structures in Dallas County, Texas
NJCAA athletics
Two-year colleges in Texas

Dallas College Eastfield Campus


Pedro Juan Fernández de Valenzuela Poblete Villarreal (Córdoba, ¿?-Lima, 17 de noviembre de 1572), magistrado andaluz que ocupó altos cargos jurídicos y académicos en el Virreinato del Perú. Primer rector laico de la Universidad de Lima.

Biografía
Sus padres fueron los andaluces Pedro Poblete de Villarreal y Leonor Fernández de Valenzuela. Hizo sus estudios superiores en la Universidad de Osuna, donde obtuvo el grado de Licenciado en Leyes. Ejerció la profesión de abogado en su ciudad natal, hasta que fue nombrado fiscal de la Real Audiencia de Lima y promovido ese mismo año al cargo de alcalde del crimen de dicho tribunal indiano (1568).

Viajó hacia el Perú en compañía del virrey Francisco Álvarez de Toledo y luego de asumir su cargo, fue incorporado a la Universidad. A poco, la Real Audiencia aprobó la propuesta del Virrey de elegir seglares como rectores, siendo elegido para dicho cargo (1571). No obstante las protestas de su antecesor, fray Antonio Hervias ante las autoridades, logró concluir legítimamente su gestión.

Le corresponde la redacción de las primeras constituciones y ordenanzas de la Universidad, inspiradas en las de la Universidad de Salamanca, ordenando su régimen institucional (rentas, cátedras y grados, sello y escudo) modificando las primitivas disposiciones de la orden dominica.

Véase también
 Historia de Bogotá

Referencias
 Alberto Tauro del Pino. Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú. Lima: PEISA, 2001.

Enlaces externos
 Descendencia de Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela - Geneanet

Personas de Córdoba (España)
Alcaldes del crimen de la Real Audiencia de Lima
Catedráticos de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Sanmarquinos (siglo XVI)
Rectores de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Alumnado de la Universidad de Osuna

Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela


جمعية الكشاف المسلم في لبنان من أقدم الحركات الكشفية في العالم الإسلامي. تأسس سنة 1912 تحت اسم الكشاف العثماني ثم تحول إلى اسم الكشاف السوري بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى. وفي سنة 1920 تم اتمام القانون الأساسي وسمي باسم جمعية الكشاف المسلم في لبنان.

لمحة تاريخية
بتوجيه من الشيخ توفيق الهبري، رئيس مجلس امناء دار العلوم، نظم محمد عبد الجبار خيري أول فوج كشفي في مدينة بيروت سنة 1912.

عند نشوب الحرب العالمية الأولى، عاد خيري إلى الهند بلده الأصلي فاستلم الحركة محمد عمر منيمنة بالتعاون مع محي الدين النصولي وبهاء الدين الطباع وسعيد ستو.

وتوقفت نشاطات الحركة لفترة خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى ثم عادت للظهور باسم الكشاف السوري. وخلال الانتداب الفرنسي للمشرق وبعد تكوين دولة لبنان المستقلة عن سوريا، تحول اسم الحركة إلى الكشاف المسلم في 30 ايلول/سبتمبر سنة 1920.

وتم الاعتراف بالحركة من قبل الدولة اللبنانية بعلم وخبر في 29 حزيران/يوليو 1921.

المصادر

 موقع الكشاف المسلم
 تاريخ الحركة الكشفية في الاقطار العربية

المنظمات الأعضاء في المنظمة العالمية للحركة الكشفية
النشاطات الكشفية والإرشادية في لبنان
تأسيسات سنة 1912 في الدولة العثمانية
كشافة
منظمات شبابية أسست في 1912

الكشاف المسلم


Hatipler, Zonguldak ilinin Devrek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1903 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Velibeyler köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 1973 yılında köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 80 km, Devrek ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Devrek belde ve köyleri

Hatipler, Devrek


සස්කැචිවාන් යනු, බටහිර කැනඩාවෙහි,  ප්‍රෙයාරී පළාත් තුනක් මධ්‍යයෙහි පිහිටා ඇති  ප්‍රෙයාරී තණබිම් සහ බෝරියල් වනාන්තර පළාතකි. සස්කැචිවාන් වෙතට අයත්  ප්‍රදේශයෙන් 10% ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් මිරිදිය වන අතර, බොහෝ සෙයින් ගංගා, ජලාශ, සහ පළාතෙහි විල් 100,000 වෙතින් මෙය සමන්විත වෙයි.

සස්කැචිවාන්


Četrnaesti naslov u Call of Duty serijalu. Igru su razvili Sledgehammer Games, a 3. studenog Activision ju je izdao za Xbox One, PlayStation 4 i Microsoft Windows. Ovo je prva igra iz tog serijala nakon World at War čija je radnja smještena u Drugom svjetskom ratu. Radnja je smještena na europskim bojištima rata. Activision je igru najavio u travnju 2017.

Igra
Call of Duty: WWII je po žanru pucačina u prvom licu, baš kao i sve ostale igre iz Call of Duty serijala. Radnja posljednjih nekoliko igra iz ovog serijala je bila smještena u budućnosti u kojoj ljudi koriste "exo" odijela koja im daju nadljudske sposobnosti. U ovoj igri tih odijela više nema pošto je radnja smještena u Drugom svjetskom ratu. Prilikom najavljivanja igre 21. travnja 2017. Activision je najavio kako će WWII ujedno biti i prva igra u kojoj nema automatske obnove energije lika od prvog Call of Duty naslova. To znači da će se igrač morati oslanjati na liječnike u igri.

Izvori

Pucačine u prvom licu

Call of Duty: WWII


Tomo puede referirse a:
 Tomo (libro), la división de un libro; no la física según su encuadernación y decidida habitualmente por el editor (el volumen), sino la temática decidida por el autor, aunque lo más habitual es que coincidan.
 El sufijo griego (-τομος) que significa "que corta" (microtomo, neurótomo) o "que se corta o divide algún objeto o sustancia" (átomo, tricótomo), y que menos frecuentemente aparece también como prefijo (tomografía). CT

Nombre de persona
 Tomo Milicevic
 Tomo Česen
 Tomo Sakurai

Otros
 TOMOS (TOvarna MOtorjev Semedela), fábrica de motocicletas.
 TOMO (tomar)

Notas

Prefijos

Tomo


Venezuela-chachalaca (Ortalis ruficauda) er en hønsefugl, der lever i det nordlige Colombia, det nordlige Venezuela og på øen Tobago. Den er en af Trinidad og Tobagos nationalfugle.

Underarter
Der findes to underarter af Venezuela-chachalaca:
 Rusthalet chachalaca, Ortalis ruficauda ruficauda
 Rustgumpet chachalaca,  Ortalis ruficauda ruficrissa

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

 Danske navne på alverdens FUGLE Arkiveret version fra juli 2013.
  Avibase - the world bird database

Hønsefugle
Colombias fugle
Venezuelas fugle

Venezuela-chachalaca


El marquesado de Vivanco es un título nobiliario español otorgado el 17 de octubre de 1791 durante el reinado de Carlos IV,  a favor de Antonio de Vivanco y Gutiérrez.

Antonio de Vivanco y Gutiérrez, primer marqués de Vivanco, contrajo matrimonio con Agustina Velázquez, y tuvieron por hijo a Antonio Guadalupe Vivanco, segundo marqués de Vivanco, quien contrajo matrimonio con María Luisa Josefa Manuela Eufemia Martín-Vicario Elías, media hermana de la heroína de la Independencia de México Leona Vicario, fruto de este matrimonio nació su única hija, María Loreto Vivanco Vicario, tercera marquesa de Vivanco, que contrajo matrimonio con Joseph Joaquín Francisco Gerónimo Morán y del Villar.

Después de la independencia de México la confusión sobre los títulos novohispanos ocasionó que no se hicieran los trámites pertinentes para las sucesiones, ocasionando que se perdieran o fueran usurpados generaciones posteriores por gente ajena a los legítimos descendientes de los agraciados.

Le debió suceder su hijo, Antonio de Jesús José Juan Nepomuceno Luis Gonzaga Morán y Vivanco, cuarto marqués de Vivanco, se casó con María Guadalupe Josefa de Jesús Rafaela Luisa Gonzaga Ygnacia Cervantes y Ozta; debió sucederle su hijo José Rafael Macario Martiniano Morán y Cervantes, V marqués de Vivanco, que se casó con María de los Dolores Josefa Emilia Francisca de Paula Gargollo Muñoz. Sin descendencia debió suceder su hermana María Guadalupe Concepción del Corazón de Jesús Morán y Cervantes, casada con Pedro Miguel Gorozpe y Echeverría, con descendencia hasta hoy.

El último marqués de Vivanco fue José María Horrillo y López, desde el 26 de septiembre de 1984, sin relación con el primer marqués de Vivanco, hasta la anulación del título de Marqués por sentencia judicial al haber sido obtenido de manera fraudulenta.

Marqueses
 I marqués: Antonio de Vivanco y Gutiérrez (17..-1799)
 II marqués: Antonio Guadalupe Vivanco Velázquez (1778 1800)
 III marquesa: María Loreto Vivanco Vicario (1800-1859)

Referencias

Vivanco
Títulos nobiliarios España
Títulos nobiliarios del virreinato de Nueva España
Nueva España en 1791

Marquesado de Vivanco


An Eleocharis fallax in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Alfred Weatherby. An Eleocharis fallax in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis fallax


Matthew Alexander Henson (August 8, 1866March 9, 1955) was an African American explorer who accompanied Robert Peary on seven voyages to the Arctic over a period of nearly 23 years. They spent a total of 18 years on expeditions together. He is best known for his participation in the 1908–1909 expedition that claimed to have reached the geographic North Pole on April 6, 1909. Henson said he was the first of their party to reach the North Pole.

Henson was born in Nanjemoy, Maryland, to sharecropper parents who were free Black Americans before the Civil War. He spent most of his early life in Washington, D.C., but left school at the age of twelve to work as a cabin boy. He later returned to Washington and worked as a salesclerk at a department store. One of his customers was Robert Peary, who in 1887 hired him as a personal valet. At the time, Peary was working on the Nicaragua Canal.

Their first Arctic expedition together was in 1891–92. Henson served as a navigator and craftsman, and was known as Peary's "first man". Like Peary, he studied Inuit survival techniques.

During their 1908–09 expedition to Greenland, Henson was one of the six men – including Peary and four Inuit assistants – who claimed to have been the first to reach the geographic North Pole. In interviews, Henson identified as the first member of the party to reach what they believed was the pole. Their claim had gained widespread acceptance but in 1989, Wally Herbert published research that found that their expedition records were unreliable and indicated an implausibly high speed during their final rush for the pole, and that the men could have fallen  short of the pole due to navigational errors.

Henson achieved a degree of fame as a result of participating in the expedition, and in 1912, he published a memoir titled A Negro Explorer at the North Pole. As he approached old age, his exploits received renewed attention. In 1937, he was the first African American to be made a life member of The Explorers Club; in 1948 he was elevated to the club's highest level of membership. In 1944, Henson was awarded the Peary Polar Expedition Medal, and he was received at the White House by Presidents Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower. In 1988, he and his wife were re-interred at Arlington National Cemetery. In 2000, Henson posthumously was awarded the Hubbard Medal by the National Geographic Society. In September 2021, the International Astronomical Union named a lunar crater after him.

Early life and education
Henson was born on August 8, 1866, on his parents' farm east of the Potomac River in Charles County, Maryland to sharecroppers who had been free people of color before the American Civil War. Matthew's parents were subjected to attacks by the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups, who terrorized southern freedmen and former free people of color after the Civil War.

To escape from racial violence in southern Maryland, the Henson family sold the farm in 1867 and moved to Georgetown, then still an independent town adjacent to the national capital. He had an older sister S., born in 1864, and two younger sisters Eliza and M. Matthew's mother died when Matthew was seven. His father Lemuel remarried to a woman named Caroline and had additional children with her, including daughters and a son.

After his father died, Matthew was sent to live with his uncle, who lived in Washington, D.C. (Georgetown was made part of Washington, DC in 1871.) The uncle paid for a few years of education for Matthew but soon died. Henson attended a Black public school for the next six years, during the last of which he took a summer job washing dishes in a restaurant. His early years were marked by one especially memorable event. When he was 10 years old, he went to a ceremony honoring Abraham Lincoln, the American president who had fought so hard to preserve the Union during the Civil War and had issued the proclamation that had freed slaves in the occupied Confederate states in 1863. At the ceremony, Matthew was greatly inspired by a speech given by Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave and renowned orator, the longtime leading figure in the Black American community. Douglass called upon Black people to vigorously pursue educational opportunities and battle racial prejudice.

At the age of 12, the youth made his way to Baltimore, Maryland, a busy port. He went to sea as a cabin boy on the merchant ship Katie Hines, traveling to ports in China, Japan, Africa, and the Russian Arctic seas. The ship's leader, Captain Childs, took Henson under his wing and taught him to read and write.

Exploration

While working at a Washington D.C. clothing store, B.H. Stinemetz and Sons, in November 1887, Henson met Commander Robert E. Peary. Learning of Henson's sea experience, Peary recruited him as an aide for his planned voyage and surveying expedition to Nicaragua, with four other men. Peary supervised 45 engineers on the canal survey in Nicaragua. Impressed with Henson's seamanship on that voyage, Peary recruited him as a colleague and he became "first man" in his expeditions.

After that, for more than 20 years, their expeditions were to the Arctic. Henson traded with the Inuit and mastered the Inuit language; they called him Mahri-Pahluk. He was remembered as the only non-Inuit who became skilled in driving the dog sleds and in training dog teams in the Inuit way. He was a skilled craftsman, often coming up with solutions for what the team needed in the harsh Arctic conditions; they learned to build igloos out of snow, for mobile housing as they traveled. His and Peary's teams covered thousands of miles in dog sleds and reached the "Farthest North" point of any Arctic expedition until 1909.

1908–09 expedition

In 1908–09, Peary mounted his eighth attempt to reach the North Pole. The expedition was large, as Peary planned to use his system of setting up cached supplies along the way. When he and Henson boarded his ship Roosevelt, leaving Greenland on August 18, 1909, they were accompanied by

Peary selected Henson and four Inuit as part of the team of six men who would make the final run to the Pole. Before the goal was reached, Peary could no longer continue on foot and rode in a dog sled. Various accounts say he was ill, was exhausted, or had frozen toes. He sent Henson ahead as a scout.

In a newspaper interview, Henson later said:
 Henson proceeded to plant the American flag.

The claim by Peary's team to have reached the North Pole was widely debated in newspapers at the time, as was the competing claim by Frederick Cook. The National Geographic Society, as well as, the Naval Affairs Subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives both credited Peary's team with having reached the North Pole. Others remained doubtful. A reassessment of Peary's notebook by British polar explorer Wally Herbert in 1988 found it "lacking in essential data", thus, renewing doubts about Peary's claim.

Later life

In 1912 Henson published a memoir about his arctic explorations, A Negro Explorer at the North Pole. In this, he describes himself as a "general assistant, skilled craftsperson, interpreter, and laborer." He later collaborated with author Bradley Robinson on his 1947 biography, Dark Companion, which told more about his life.

During the following decades, Admiral Peary received many honors for leading the expedition to the Pole, but Henson's contributions were largely ignored. In 1909 he was honored at dinners within the black community. Henson spent most of the next 30 years working on staff in the U.S. Customs House in New York, at the suggestion of Theodore Roosevelt.

He later gained renewed attention. In 1937 Henson was admitted as a member to the prestigious Explorers Club in New York City, and in 1948 he was made an honorary member, of whom there are only 20 per year. In 1944 Congress awarded him and five other Peary aides duplicates of the Peary Polar Expedition Medal, a silver medal given to Peary. Presidents Truman and Eisenhower both honored Henson before he died in 1955.

Henson died in the Bronx, New York on March 9, 1955, at the age of 88. He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery and survived by his wife Lucy. After her death in 1968, she was buried with him. In 1988, both their bodies were moved for reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery, accompanied by a commemoration ceremony.

Family
Henson married Eva Flint in 1891, but their marriage did not survive their long periods of separation, and they divorced in 1897. He later married Lucy Ross in New York City on September 7, 1907. They had no children.

During the extended expeditions to Greenland, Henson and Peary both took Inuit women as "country wives" and fathered children with them. With his concubine, known as Akatingwah, Henson fathered his only child, a son named Anauakaq, born in 1906. Anauakaq's children are Henson's only descendants. After 1909, Henson never saw Akatingwah or his son again; other explorers sometimes updated him about them. The existence of Henson's and Peary's descendants first was made public by French explorer and ethnologist Jean Malaurie who spent a year in Greenland in 1951–1952.

S. Allen Counter, a neuroscientist and director of the Harvard Foundation, had been interested in Henson's story and traveled in Greenland for research related to it. Learning of possible descendants of the explorers, he tracked down Henson's and Peary's sons, Anauakaq and Kali, respectively in 1986. By then the men were octogenarians. He arranged a visit for them the following year to the United States, where they met American relatives from both families and visited their fathers' graves. Anauakaq died in 1987. He and his wife Aviaq had five sons and a daughter, who have children of their own. While some still reside in Greenland, others have moved to Sweden or the United States.

Several Inuit family members returned to Washington, D.C., in 1988 for the ceremony of reinterment of Henson and his wife Lucy at Arlington National Cemetery. Counter had petitioned President Ronald Reagan for this honor to gain recognition of Henson's contributions to Arctic exploration. Counter wrote a book about his finding Anauakaq and Kali, his research on Henson's life and contributions, historical racial relations, and the Inuits' meeting with Henson and Peary relatives in the United States, entitled North Pole Legacy: Black, White and Eskimo (1991). The material was adapted and produced as a film documentary by the same name.

Extended family
Matthew Henson's only descendants were the children of his Inuit son and their children. According to S. Allen Counter, in his lifetime Henson had identified families of two nieces as being part of his extended birth family. They were Virginia Carter Brannum, daughter of Henson's sister Eliza Henson Carter of Washington, D.C., and Olive Henson Fulton of Boston, daughter of his half-brother. In a 1988 article, Counter noted that these two women had letters and photographs certifying their kinship. They were the only family members to attend Henson's funeral in 1955, along with his widow Lucy Ross Henson. Counter later recommended to the United States Navy and the National Geographic Society that Audrey Mebane, daughter of Virginia Brannum, and Olive Henson Fulton be designated as family representatives for any ceremonies honoring Henson.

Henson is believed to be a brother of the great-great-grandfather of actress Taraji P. Henson.

Legacy and honors

 On October 19, 1909, Henson was the guest of honor at a dinner ceremony held by the Colored Citizens of New York, where he was honored by toasts and given a gold watch and chain.
 In 1937, The Explorers Club, under its "polar" President Vilhjalmur Stefansson, invited Henson to join its ranks.
 In 1940, a public housing project, for affordable housing for Phoenix African Americans, was named after Matthew Henson. The former site of the project was recognized as part of a historic district by the Phoenix Historic Property Register in June 2005. Only one courtyard with the original buildings remains.
 In 1940, Henson was honored with one of the 33 dioramas at the American Negro Exposition in Chicago.
In 1945, Henson and other Peary aides were given U.S. Navy medals for their Arctic achievements.
 In 1948, the Club awarded the explorer its highest rank of Honorary Member, an honor reserved for no more than 20 living members at a time.
 In 1954, Henson was invited to the White House
 Before his death in 1955, Henson received honorary doctoral degrees from Howard University and Morgan State University.
 On May 28, 1986, the United States Postal Service issued a 22 cent postage stamp in honor of Henson and Peary; they were previously honored in 1959, but not by name.
 In 1988 Henson and his wife Lucy were reinterred in Arlington National Cemetery, with a monument to his exploring achievements, near Peary's grave and monument. Many members from his Inuit descendants (Anauakaq's children) and extended American family attended.
 In October 1996, the United States Navy commissioned USNS Henson, a Pathfinder class Oceanographic Survey Ship, named in honor of Matthew Henson.
 In 2000, the National Geographic Society awarded the Hubbard Medal to Matthew A. Henson posthumously. The medal was presented to Henson's great-niece Audrey Mebane at the newly named Matthew A. Henson Earth Conservation Center in Washington, D.C.; in addition, the NGS established a scholarship in Henson's name.
 Places in Maryland named in Henson's honor include the following: Matthew Henson State Park in Aspen Hill, Maryland, Matthew Henson Middle School in Pomonkey, and elementary schools named for him in Baltimore and Palmer Park, Maryland.
 The Henson Glacier (Greenland) was named after him.
 In 2008–2009, a 100th anniversary expedition to the North Pole was undertaken in honor of Henson by Dwayne Fields.
 In October 2020, the previously named Columbus GPS Block III satellite was renamed after the launch as Matthew Henson.
 In September 2021, on the proposal of an intern at the Lunar and Planetary Institute, a crater at the south pole of the Moon, located between Sverdrup and de Gerlache craters, was named Henson after him.

Representation in media
 "Matthew Henson, Black Explorer" is part of the series "The Scooby-Doo Gang: Black Explorers" released in 1978 by Hanna-Barbera Educational Filmstrips. Catalog number 52410.
S. Allen Counter's book, North Pole Legacy: Black, White and Eskimo (1991), discusses the explorations, as well as Peary and Henson's "country wives" (Inuit women) and their part-Inuit descendants, and historical race relations. He made a film documentary by the same name, shown on the Monitor Channel in 1992.
 The 1998 TV movie Glory & Honor was about the Peary-Henson explorations and their lives. Henson was played by Delroy Lindo, and Henry Czerny played Robert Peary. The film won a Primetime Emmy and Lindo won a Golden Satellite Award for his performance.
 Henson's role in polar expeditions was included in E.L. Doctorow's novel Ragtime (1975).
 Donna Jo Napoli's young adult novel, North, is set against Henson's life and role in polar expeditions.
 In 2012, the German artist Simon Schwartz published a graphic novel about Henson, entitled Packeis (pack ice), which won the Max & Moritz Prize for the "Best German-language Comic Book." The novel was published in English as First Man: Reimagining Matthew Henson in 2015.
 In the graphic novel Sous le soleil de minuit, published in 2015 by writer Juan Díaz Canales and artist Rubén Pellejero, Henson helps Corto Maltese in his Alaskan adventure in 1915.
 Henson's story is featured in Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History on Netflix.
 Henson is named in response to the question "Who was the first man to set foot on the North Pole?" in Stevie Wonder'''s song Black Man on the album Songs in the Key of Life.
 His life and the polar exploration is retold in the radio drama "Arctic Autograph", a presentation from Destination FreedomNotes

Further reading
 Counter, S. Allen, "The Henson Family", National Geographic, 174, September 1988, pp. 414–429

 Miles, J. H., Davis, J. J., Ferguson-Roberts, S. E., and Giles, R. G. (2001). Almanac of African American Heritage, Paramus, NJ: Prentice Hall Press.
 Miller, Floyd. Ahdoolo! Ahdoolo! The Biography of Matthew A. Henson, New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1963, full text online at Internet Archive – no footnotes or sources
 Potter, J. (2002). African American Firsts, New York: Kensington Publishing Corp.
 Robinson, Bradley. Dark Companion, 1947 (biography of Henson)
 American History, Feb 2013, Vol. 47 Issue 6, p. 33 Brendle, Anna.
 "Profile: African-American North Pole Explorer Matthew Henson." National Geographic News. National Geographic Society, 28 Oct. 2010.
 Dolan, Sean. Matthew Henson. New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1992.
 Johnson, Dolores. Onward. Washington D.C.: National Geographic, 1949.
 "On Top Of The World" American History 47.6 (2013): 33–41. History Reference Center.
 "Robert Peary." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2015.
 Schwartz, Simon (2015) First Man: Reimagining Matthew Henson''.  Minneapolis: Graphic Universe/Lerner Publishing Group

External links

 "Matthew A. Henson", at ArlingtonCemetery•org, an unofficial website (archived page)
 Matthew A. Henson, website by Bradley Robinson (son of 1947 biographer)
 People: "Dr. S. Allen Counter", Intercultural Issues, 2005–2009, Harvard Foundation, Harvard University
 The Matthew Henson Earth Conservation Center

1866 births
1955 deaths
People from Charles County, Maryland
American polar explorers
Explorers of the Arctic
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century African-American writers
African-American male writers

Matthew Henson


2010 දී සිම්බාබ්වේ හිදී පැවති තුන්කොන් තරඟාවලිය (මයික්‍රොමැක්ස් කුසලානය සහ සිම්බාබ්වේ තුන්කොන් තරගාවලිය 2010 ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ) යනු සිම්බාබ්වේ හි ඉන්දියාව, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ සිම්බාබ්වේ අතර පැවති එක්දින ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් තරඟාවලියේ නමයි. සිම්බාබ්වේ පාලක මණ්ඩල ඉන්දීය ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම සමඟින් වඩා හොඳ අනුග්‍රාහකත්ව පිරිනැමීම් බලාපොරොත්තු විය. අවසන් මහා තරගයේදී සිම්බාබ්වේ පිල පරදවා ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තරගාවලිය ජය ගත්තේය.

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 තරඟාවලියේ මුල් පිටුව

තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල
ක්‍රිකට්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්

2010 සිම්බාබ්වේ තුන්කොන් ක්‍රිකට් තරගාවලිය


Der Zentralausschuss der SPD wurde im Juni 1945 in Berlin gegründet, dem klassischen Sitz des Parteivorstands der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands. Er war von der sowjetischen Besatzungsmacht als provisorischer Vorstand der SPD anerkannt und betrieb von Anfang an die Vereinigung der SPD mit der KPD unter dem Motto "Einheit der Arbeiterklasse", womit er seinen Gesamtvertretungsanspruch für Deutschland früh verlor und auf die Sowjetische Besatzungszone beschränkt blieb. Er bestand bis zur Zwangsvereinigung von SPD und KPD im April 1946.

Geschichte

Gründung des Zentralausschusses
In Berlin fanden sich am 11. Juni 1945 vierzehn Sozialdemokraten zur Konstituierung eines provisorischen Zentralausschusses der SPD zusammen. Es wurde festgelegt, einen Aufruf der SPD an das deutsche Volk zu erarbeiten. Dies geschah unter dem Eindruck des am 10. Juni durch die Sowjetische Militäradministration in Deutschland (SMAD) erlassenen Befehl Nr. 2, der die Bildung antifaschistischer, demokratischer Parteien und Gewerkschaften in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone erlaubte und der Tatsache, dass die Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) bereits am darauf folgenden Tag mit dem kurz zuvor in Moskau ausgearbeiteten Aufruf der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands an die Öffentlichkeit getreten war.

Am 15. Juni folgte der Aufruf des Zentralausschusses der SPD, der von Erich Gniffke, Otto Grotewohl, Gustav Dahrendorf, Karl Kleikamp und anderen veröffentlicht wurde. In einigen Fragen ging der Zentralausschuss damit über die von den Kommunisten zu diesem Zeitpunkt propagierten Ziele hinaus. So forderte man im Unterschied zur KPD den "Sozialismus in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft" und die "organisatorische Einheit der deutschen Arbeiterklasse".

Die erste vom Zentralausschuss der SPD einberufene Funktionärsversammlung fand am 17. Juni im Deutschen Hof in der Luckauer Straße in Berlin-Kreuzberg statt. Die etwa 1.500 Teilnehmer stimmten dem Aufruf vom 15. Juni zu und bestätigten die Zusammensetzung des Zentralausschusses. Zu gleichberechtigten Vorsitzenden wurden Max Fechner, Erich Gniffke und Otto Grotewohl gewählt.

Am 7. Juli erschien die erste Ausgabe der Zeitung Das Volk als Organ des Zentralausschusses der SPD. Bis zum November 1945 wurde der Zentralausschuss um vier Mitglieder und neun Hauptsekretäre erweitert.

Anspruch auf die Führung der gesamtdeutschen SPD
Unter den Teilnehmern der Funktionärsversammlung vom 17. Juni befanden sich auch etwa 300, die nicht aus Berlin oder Brandenburg, sondern aus anderen Teilen Deutschlands kamen. Daraus leitete der Zentralausschuss unter anderem seinen Anspruch ab, für alle deutschen Sozialdemokraten zu sprechen. Außerdem berief man sich darauf, dass der Parteivorstand der SPD im Jahr 1933 eine illegale Reichsleitung konstituiert hatte, welche den Zusammenhalt der Partei in der Illegalität gewährleisten sollte. Mit Max Fechner und Richard Weimann gehörten zwei Überlebende dieses Kreises dem Zentralausschuss an. Dies wurde ebenfalls als Legitimation des Führungsanspruchs des Zentralausschusses angesehen. Ein formelles Mandat oder stichhaltige Argumente für alle deutschen Sozialdemokraten zu sprechen hatte aber weder der Zentralausschuss in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone, noch Kurt Schumacher, der zur gleichen Zeit vom britisch besetzten Hannover aus die Wiedergründung der SPD in den westlichen Besatzungszonen betrieb.

Vom 5. bis 7. Oktober 1945 fand in Wennigsen bei Hannover eine Konferenz statt, bei der Sozialdemokraten aus allen Teilen Deutschlands sowie Mitglieder des Londoner Exilvorstandes (Fritz Heine, Erich Ollenhauer und Erwin Schoettle) zusammenkamen, um unter der Führung Schumachers die SPD für die Westzonen neu zu gründen. Die Vertreter des Zentralausschusses Dahrendorf, Fechner und Grotewohl nahmen als Gäste teil.

Schumacher, der eine Zusammenarbeit mit der KPD strikt ablehnte, setzte sich auf der Konferenz mit seiner Meinung durch, dass die Zuständigkeit des Zentralausschusses sich nur auf die Sowjetische Besatzungszone beschränken sollte, da bis zu einer Entscheidung durch einen Reichsparteitag kein Führungsgremium für ganz Deutschland sprechen dürfte.

Weg zur Einheitspartei
In Berlin trafen sich am 4. und 5. Dezember die Mitglieder des Zentralausschusses mit verantwortlichen Funktionären der Parteiorganisationen aus den Ländern der sowjetischen Besatzungszone. Bis zur Wahl ordentlicher Leitungsorgane durch einen Parteitag sollte dieses Gremium alle wichtigen, die Gesamtpartei betreffenden Angelegenheiten entscheiden. Zu den leitenden Sozialdemokraten in den westlichen Besatzungszonen sollte Verbindung aufgenommen werden, um sie zur Mitarbeit in diesem Gremium zu bewegen. Damit verzichtete der Zentralausschuss auf seinen bisherigen Anspruch einer reichsweiten Führung.

Jeweils dreißig Vertreter von SPD und KPD berieten am 21. und 22. Dezember in Berlin über Fragen der Einheit der Arbeiterklasse. Diese als erste Sechziger-Konferenz bezeichnete Zusammenkunft nahm eine Entschließung an, in der der Ausbau einer Aktionseinheit beider Parteien gefordert wurde. Am 10. Februar 1946 entschied sich der Zentralausschuss für eine organisatorische Verschmelzung mit der KPD. Gleichzeitig wurde für den 19. und 20. April ein Parteitag in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone einberufen. Der bisherige Standpunkt, über einen Zusammenschluss könne nur ein Reichsparteitag entschließen, wurde aufgegeben. Die zweite Sechziger-Konferenz fand am 26. Februar statt. Sie beriet über die "Grundsätze und Ziele der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands". Im Laufe des Monats März versuchten die Führer des Zentralausschusses auf mehreren Kreisdelegiertenversammlungen die SPD-Mitglieder von der Notwendigkeit der Verschmelzung beider Parteien zu überzeugen.

Ablehnung der Vereinigung
Kritisch zur Vereinigung stehende Sozialdemokraten fühlten sich von dem Ergebnis der vorher nicht angekündigten ersten Sechziger-Konferenz überrumpelt. Der Reinickendorfer Kreisvorsitzende Franz Neumann bezeichnete die Unterzeichner der Entschließung als "Totengräber der Sozialdemokratischen Partei". Anfang 1946 wandten sich mehrere Kreisverbände gegen eine sofortige Vereinigung mit der KPD.

Die Mehrzahl der sozialdemokratischen Funktionäre bejahte zwar prinzipiell eine Einheitspartei, hatte aber große Bedenken gegen eine schnelle Verschmelzung. Am 14. Februar trafen sich auf Einladung des Kreisvorsitzenden von Tempelhof, Curt Swolinzky, etwa zwölf Funktionäre, darunter Gerhard Außner und Franz Neumann, die den Vereinigungskurs des Zentralausschusses ablehnten. Sie beschlossen, auf der nächsten Berliner Funktionärskonferenz am 17. Februar einen Misstrauensantrag gegen den Zentralausschuss zu stellen. Dieser Antrag scheiterte jedoch. Die SPD-Kreisdelegiertenkonferenz Reinickendorf verabschiedete am 23. Februar einen "Aufruf zur Stimmabgabe aller Mitglieder der Sozialdemokratischen Partei in der sowjetisch besetzten Zone und in Berlin zur Einheit der Arbeiterschaft". Die etwa 2.500 Teilnehmer der SPD-Funktionärskonferenz stimmten am 1. März im Admiralspalast mit deutlicher Mehrheit für diesen Aufruf und damit für die Durchführung einer Urabstimmung.

Die Urabstimmung fand am 31. März nur in den drei Berliner Westsektoren statt. Im Ostteil machte die sowjetische Stadtkommandantur die Genehmigung der Urabstimmung am 30. März von der Beantwortung mehrerer Fragen über die technische Durchführung der Urabstimmung abhängig. Die gewünschten Angaben konnte der Parteivorstand aber unmöglich innerhalb eines Tages liefern, so dass die Abstimmung damit faktisch verhindert wurde.

Etwa 71,5 Prozent der berechtigten SPD-Mitglieder hatten, trotz eines Boykottaufrufes des Zentralausschusses, an der Urabstimmung im Westteil teilgenommen. Die Frage nach der Bereitschaft zum sofortigen Zusammenschluss beider Arbeiterparteien beantworteten 82,2 Prozent mit Nein. Die zweite Frage lautete: "Bist du für ein Bündnis beider Parteien, welches gemeinsame Arbeit sichert und den Bruderkampf ausschließt?" 61,7 Prozent antworteten darauf mit Ja.

Am 7. April gründeten 500 Vereinigungsgegner in der Zinnowwaldschule in Berlin-Zehlendorf eine vom Zentralausschuss unabhängige Landesorganisation der SPD in Berlin. Zu gleichberechtigten Vorsitzenden wurden Karl Germer Jr., Franz Neumann und Curt Swolinzky gewählt.

Vereinigungsparteitag
Der Vereinigungsparteitag von KPD und SPD beschloss am 21. und 22. April die Verschmelzung beider Parteien zur Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands. Damit beendete der Zentralausschuss der SPD seine Tätigkeit. Die Gremien der SED waren anfangs paritätisch besetzt. Otto Grotewohl wurde neben Wilhelm Pieck zum gleichberechtigten Vorsitzenden gewählt. Aber schon ab 1948 spielten die Sozialdemokraten in der SED kaum noch eine Rolle. Enttäuscht verließen einige ehemalige Mitglieder des Zentralausschusses (Erich Gniffke, Hermann Harnisch, Annedore Leber, Erich Lübbe) die SED und traten im Westen wieder in die SPD ein.

Personen

Vorstand des Zentralausschusses
 Max Fechner (1892–1973), gleichberechtigter Vorsitzender
 Erich Gniffke (1895–1964), gleichberechtigter Vorsitzender
 Otto Grotewohl (1894–1964), gleichberechtigter Vorsitzender
 Gustav Dahrendorf (1901–1954), bis Februar 1946
 Helmut Lehmann (1882–1959)
 Fritz Neubecker (1903–1995), Kassierer

Mitglieder des Zentralausschusses
 Karl Germer Jr. (* 1913), bis März 1946
 Bernhard Göring (1897–1949)
 Hermann Harnisch (1883–1951)
 August Karsten (1888–1981), ab November 1945
 Katharina Kern (1900–1985), ab November 1945
 Annedore Leber (1904–1968), ab November 1945
 Karl Litke (1893–1962)
 Otto Meier (1889–1962)
 Josef Orlopp (1888–1960)
 Hermann Schlimme (1882–1955)
 Richard Weimann (1890–1976)
 Antonie Wohlgemuth (1891–1984), ab November 1945

Hauptsekretäre des Zentralausschusses
 Friedrich (Fritz) Ebert (1894–1979)
 Gustav Klingelhöfer (1888–1961), bis März 1946
 Paul Löbe (1875–1967)
 Erich Lübbe (1891–1977)
 Otto Ostrowski (1883–1963)
 Fritz Schreiber (1905–1994)
 Louise Schroeder (1887–1957)
 Karl (Carl) Vollmershaus (1883–1979)
 Theo Wiechert (1910–1946)

Literatur
 Martin Broszat, Gerhard Braas, Hermann Weber (Hrsg.): SBZ-Handbuch. Staatliche Verwaltungen, Parteien, gesellschaftliche Organisationen und ihre Führungskräfte in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone Deutschlands 1945–1949. Oldenbourg, München 1993 (2. Auflage), ISBN 3-486-55262-7.
 Matthias Loeding: Führungsanspruch und Einheitsdrang. Der Zentralausschuss der SPD im Jahre 1945. Verlag Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-8300-0770-1.
 Manfred Wilke (Hrsg.): Anatomie der Parteizentrale. Die KPD/SED auf dem Weg zur Macht Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-05-003220-0.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geschichte der SPD

Zentralausschuss der SPD


إبراهيم بن عبد الرحمن التركي العمرو (14 سبتمبر 1956، عنيزة) كاتب وشاعر سعودي، عمل في الصفحات الثقافية في جريدة الجزيرة لمدة ثمانية وثلاثين عامًا 1985-2022م، وترأس تحرير الشؤون الثقافية فيها إلى عام 2022. صدرت له العديد من المؤلفات الأدبية منها: كتاب إمضاء لذاكرة الوفاء.

أعماله
 مدير التحرير للشؤون الثقافية بصحيفة الجزيرة السعودية إلى عام 2022.
 مشرف على المجلة الثقافية الصادرة عنها منذ 2002م.
 رئيس القسم الثقافي في صحيفة الجزيرة السعودية وأحد كتابها منذ عام 1985م.
 له زاوية أسبوعية كل سبت في صحيفة الجزيرة السعودية.
 أجرى العديد من الحوارات الثقافية في صفحة (واجهة ومواجهة) في صحيفة الجزيرة السعودية.
 عمل مذيعاً متعاوناً وقارئ نشرات إخبارية ومعد برامج في إذاعة المملكة العربية السعودية (البرنامج العام) لمدة 15 عاماً (1985 2000).
 عضو لجنة المشورة لمهرجان الجنادرية في إحدى دوراتها.
 المشرف على نشرة الملتقى الصادرة عن الملتقى الأول للمثقفين السعوديين.
 عضو الهيئة الاستشارية لجائزة الشيخ محمد باشراحيل للإبداع الثقافي.
 مستشار إعلامي غير متفرغ لجمعية الهلال الأحمر السعودي.
 مستشار إعلامي غير متفرغ لوزارة التعليم العالي.
 شهادة تقدير من جائزة دبي للصحافة الثقافية على المستوى العربي 2008 م
 دكتوراه في فلسفة التربية  عن «دور العولمة في التحول التربوي»: دراسة وصفية وتطبيقية على مدارس أهلية في المملكة العربية السعودية من "جامعة (جنوب إلينوي) منتظماً  وكولمبس On line بالولايات المتحدة 2006م"  وقد أصدره كتاباً بتقديم الدكتور عبد الله الغذامي.
 ماجستير في (تقنيات التعليم) من جامعة سان دييجو الحكومية (الولايات المتحدة) عام 1983م.
 تدرج بعدة وظائف بمعهد الإدارة العامة من مساعد مدرب لمدرب فمدرس ومدير لعدة إدارات قبل أن يصبح نائباً لرئيس مجموعة رياض نجد للتربية والتعليم والاستشارات والتدريب" ومديراً عاماً لمدارس رياض نجد.

البحـوث والكتـب

المؤلفات
 سفر في منفى الشمس: قراءات في اغتراب الكلمة، كتاب 1996م.
 عبد الله العلي النعيم: الإدارة بالإرادة 2002م.
 مالم يقله الحاوي: قراءات في اغتراب الكلمة 2004م.
 كان اسمه الغد: مقاربات في ثقافة التخلف 2004م.
 كيلا يؤرخ أيلول: معطيات في شرعية الاختلاف 2006م.
 وفق التوقيت العربي: سيرة جيل لم يأتلف 2006م.
 خارج الإطار. 2006م.
 من حكايات الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن سعدي. 2006م.
 الإطار يكفي. 2006م.
 دوائر ليس إلا. 2009م.
 فواصل في مآزق الثقافة العربية. 2011م.
 إمضاء لذاكرة الوفاء. 2011م.
 سيرة كرسي ثقافي. 2015م.
 خيمة وألف صمت (ديون شعر). 2018م.
 المضادات الثقافية: معطيات النص والشخص. 2018م.
 الذاكرة والعقل: قراءة في المتغيرات الثقافية. 2021.

البحوث
 مراكز تقنيات التدريب في المملكة العربية السعودية (بحث غير منشور باللغة الإنجليزية).
 الحاسوب التعليمي (مقالة مترجمة)، مجلة مكتبة الإدارة، معهد الإدارة العامة، الرياض 1984 م.
 «الوسائل التعليمية: التاريخ والواقع والتطلع»، مجلة الإدارة العامة، معهد الإدارة العامة، الرياض 1986 م.
 «تجربة المملكة العربية السعودية في تقنيات التدريب»، ورقة عمل مقدمة لمؤتمر الاتحاد الدولي في تونس 1985م.
 «الحالات الإدارية»، ورقة عمل مقدمة لمؤتمر الاتحاد الدولي بالمغرب 1986م.

استراليا
حضر العديد من الدورات التدريبية وورش العمل، كما شارك في مؤتمرات محلية وعربية ودولية. منها:

 مؤتمر جمعية الاتصالات الأمريكية، في دالاس بالولايات المتحدة 1984م.
 مؤتمر الاتحاد العالمي لمدارس ومعاهد الإدارة، في تونس 1985م.
 مؤتمر الاتحاد العالمي لمدارس ومعاهد الإدارة، في المغرب 1986م.
 المؤتمر الثاني والأربعون للاتحاد الأمريكي للتدريب والتنمية، في سانتلويس بميزوري بالولايات المتحدة 1986م.
 مؤتمر جمعية الاتصالات الأمريكية، في أتلانتا، جورجيا بالولايات المتحدة 1987م.
 مؤتمر المعهد الدولي للعلوم الإدارية، في أستراليا 1988م.
 مؤتمر (تقنية المعلومات)، في نيو أورليانز بالولايات المتحدة 1988م.
 مؤتمر (تقنية المكاتب)، في واشنطون بالولايات المتحدة 1991م.
 مؤتمر جمعية الاتصالات الأمريكية، في واشنطون بالولايات المتحدة 1992م.
 مؤتمر (آي بي إكس)، في بريطانيا 1993م.
 مؤتمر (دروبا)، في ألمانيا 1995م.
 مؤتمر (الجمعية الأمريكية لعلوم الإدارة ASPA) بالولايات المتحدة 1997م.
 مؤتمر NESA (المدارس الأمريكية) في القاهرة واسطمبول 1999/2002م.

مراجع

المصادر
 كتاب وأقلام من 1999-2007م
 معجم الكتاب والمؤلفين في المملكة العربية السعودية.
 موسوعة الأدباء والكتاب السعوديين.
 موسوعة الأدب العربي السعودي الحديث.
 معجم المؤلفين السعوديين من إصدارات مكتبة الملك فهد الوطنية
 مؤسسة الجزيرة للصحافة والطباعة والنشر
 الجزيرة الثقافية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من عنيزة
شعراء سعوديون في القرن 20
شعراء سعوديون في القرن 21
مواليد 1956
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 20
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 21
مواليد 1376 هـ
كتاب سعوديون
إعلاميون سعوديون

إبراهيم بن عبد الرحمن التركي


Hrvatsko društvo kemijskih inženjera i tehnologa – HDKI, hrvatska strukovna udruga kemijskih inženjera i tehnologa, kemičara, fizičkih i pravnih osoba. Djeluje na području Republike Hrvatske. Sjedište joj je u Zagrebu, Berislavićeva 6/I.

Godine 1878. osnovan je Klub inžinirah i arhitektah.  godine osnovana je sekcija pri klubu, zvana Klub kemičara od koje je nastao današnji HDKI. Sekcija je 1952. promijenila ime u Društvo kemičara i tehnologa Hrvatske. Današnje ime nosi od 1992. godine.

Članove okuplja radi unaprjeđenja kemijsko-inženjerske i srodnih struka. Radi na razvoju prirodnih i tehničkih znanosti i njihove primjene u praksi. Prati razvoj znanosti, tehnike i tehnologije, daje mišljenja o tehničkim i tehnološkim rješenjima, o planiranju izgradnje, uređivanju prostora i čuvanju čovjekova okoliša. Potiče svekolike inženjerske djelatnosti radi postizanja optimalnog tehničkog i gospodarstvenog razvitka, blagostanja, sigurnosti, zdravlja, očuvanja okoliša i kvalitete društva. Pomaže i potiče inženjere pri stručnom usavršavanju i organiziranju odgovarajućih oblika stručnog usavršavanja. Njeguje i razvija etiku inženjerskog poziva. Potiče, uređuje i izdaje znanstvene i stručne publikacije. Svoje ciljeve HDKI ostvaruje organiziranjem kongresa, skupova, susreta, savjetovanja, seminara, kolokvija, okruglih stolova, tribina(), predavanja, razgovora i drugih načina okupljanja članova. HDKI i Hrvatsko kemijsko društvo svake godine održavaju hrvatski skup kemičara i kemijskih inženjera s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem, počevši od 1994. godine. Izdaje časopis Kemija u industriji (od 1951.) i od 1987. godine. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly. Članom je Europske federacije za kemijsko inženjerstvo (EFCE) i Europske polimerne federacije (EPF) od 1993. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hrvatske udruge
Znanost i tehnologija u Hrvatskoj


في الفيزياء الفلكية، تعطي معادلة داروين-رادو (التي سميت باسم رودولف رادو و تشارلز غالتون داروين) علاقة تقريبية بين لحظة عامل القصور الذاتي لجسم كوكبي وسرعته الدورانية وشكلها. ترتبط لحظة عامل القصور الذاتي مباشرة بأكبر لحظات القصور الذاتي، C. يُفترض أن الجسم الدوار في حالة توازن هيدروستاتيكي وهو شكل سطح كروي. تنص معادلة داروين-راداو على:

حيث تمثل M و Re الكتلة وتعني نصف القطر الاستوائي للجسم. هنا λ هو معامل داليمبرت وتعرف معامل راداو على أنه

حيث أن q  هي الثابت الديناميكي

و ε هي التفلطح

حيث Rp هو نصف القطر القطبي المتوسط و Re هو نصف القطر الاستوائي المتوسط.

حيث الأرض،  و ، ينتج عنها ، تقريب جيد للقيمة المقاسة 0.3307.

المراجع

الأرض
علوم كوكبية
فيزياء فلكية

معادلة داروين-راداو


Sæbe er en dansk virksomhedsfilm.

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Virksomhedsfilm fra Danmark

Sæbe (dokumentarfilm)


La Vuelta a Turingia (oficialmente: Internationale Thüringen Rundfahrt) son dos carreras ciclistas por etapas alemanas, masculina limitada a corredores sub-23 y femenina, que se disputa en el estado de Turingia. La masculina disputada en el mes de julio; y la femenina, llamada oficialmente Internationale Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen (Vuelta a Turingia Femenina), disputada en el mes de mayo o junio.

La masculina se creó en 1976 y la femenina en 1988 ambas como amateur. La femenina no se disputó en los años 1990 y 1991, mientras que con la masculina sucedió lo mismo en 1991. Desde esos años comenzaron a disputarse anualmente con regularidad y la femenina ascendió al profesionalismo en 2004 en la categoría 2.9.1 (máxima categoría del profesionalismo para carreras por etapas femeninas) renombrándose esa categoría en 2005 por la 2.1 manteniendo la carrera dicho estatus (aunque en 2013, tras la introducción de la categoría 2.HC, se quedó en un segundo escalón pero solo ese año ya que esa categoría superior solo existió en ese año 2013). La masculina se mantuvo como amateur (en su último año en la máxima categoría amateur: 2.7.1) hasta la creación de los Circuitos Continentales UCI en 2005 en la que empezó a formar parte del UCI Europe Tour dentro de la categoría 2.2 (última categoría del profesionalismo) y después en la categoría específica creada en 2007 para corredores sub-23, pero también dentro de la última categoría del profesionalismo: 2.2U.

Tanto la femenina como la masculina siempre han tenido 6 o 7 etapas.

Palmarés
En amarillo: edición amateur.

Palmarés por países

Véase también
 Tour de Turingia femenino

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial (masculina)
 Tour de Thüringe masculino (sitiodeciclismo.net)
 Tour de Thüringe masculino (cqranking.com)
 Tour de Thüringe masculino (memoire-du-cyclisme.net)

Turingia
Turingia
Turingia
Deporte en el estado de Turingia

Vuelta a Turingia


Górzyno (kaschubisch Górzëno;  Gohren; slowinz. Gʉ̀ɵ̯řänɵ) ist ein Dorf im Powiat Słupski (Kreis Stolp) der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern.

Geographische Lage
Die Ortschaft liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa 18 Kilometer westlich der Stadt  Lauenburg i. Pom. (Lębork) und zweiunddreißig  Kilometer ostnordöstlich von  Stolp (Słupsk).

Geschichte

Das Rittergut Gohren   war ehemals ein altes Lehen der Familie Stojentin.  Es wurde 1684 von dem Hauptmann George Wobeser gegen das Dorf Gutzmerow eingetauscht und war seitdem ein Lehen der Familie Wobeser.  Um 1784 gab es in Gohren  ein Vorwerk, eine Wassermühle, zehn Bauern, sieben Kossäten, eine Schmiede, einen Schulmeister, auf der Feldmark das Vorwerk Mohrhof, das auch Gohrensches Vorwerk genannt wurde, sechs neu angesiedelte Büdnerfamilien, die Holzwärterei Wusette  und  insgesamt 32 Haushaltungen.  Um 1800  wurde in dem Dorf kaum noch Kaschubisch gesprochen. Der Gutsbetrieb blieb  bis 1837/39 im  Besitz der Familie Wobeser. Dann wurde das Gut von Nikolaus von Below erworben und blieb anschließend bis 1945 im Besitz der Familie Below. Nach dem bekannten Politiker Nikolaus von Below, der 1919 in Gohren starb, übernahm Rüdiger von Below das Gut und 1923 Wedig von Below, der als Herrenreiter bekannt wurde.

Das südlich von Gohren gelegene Vorwerk Hermannshöhe wurde 1912/1913 durch die Pommersche Landgesellschaft aufgesiedelt. Es blieb zunächst Bestandteil des Gutsbezirks Gohren und wurde erst mit der Auflösung des Gutsbezirks eine selbständige Gemeinde.

Im Jahr 1925 standen auf dem Gemeindegebiet von Gohren 67 Wohnhäuser. Vor 1945 gehörte die Gemeinde Gohren zum Amtsbezirk Stojentin im  Landkreis Stolp, Regierungsbezirk Köslin, der Provinz Pommern. Auf dem Gemeindegebiet gab es neben dem Dorf Gohren die Wohnplätze Gohren Mühle I, Gohren Mühle II, Grünhagen, Grünhof und Klein Horst. Die Gemeindefläche war 1.267  Hektar groß. 1939 wurden insgesamt 131 Haushaltungen und 553 Einwohner gezählt.

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde Gohren am 9. März 1945 von der Roten Armee besetzt und bald darauf unter polnische Verwaltung gestellt. Im Mai 1945 wurde ein polnischer Bürgermeister eingesetzt. Es folgten ab Juni einzelne Polen, die sich der Bauernhöfe bemächtigten.  Das Dorf wurde in Górzyno umbenannt. Das Gut behielt vorläufig die Sowjetmacht in Besitz, die im Gasthof Deutsches Haus ein Kriegsgefangenenlager einrichtete. Von 1946 an wurden die Dorfbewohner auf Anordnung der polnischen Verwaltung in Gruppen zu je zwanzig bis dreißig Personen in Richtung Westen  vertrieben.

Nach Kriegsende wurden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 208 und in der DDR 167  aus Gohren vertriebene Dorfbewohner ermittelt.

Im Jahr 2008 hatte Górzyno  332 Einwohner.

Persönlichkeiten
 Nikolaus von Below (1837–1919), Gutsbesitzer,  Politiker und Mitglied des Preußischen Herrenhauses, starb in Gohren

Literatur
 Karl-Heinz Pagel: Der Landkreis Stolp in Pommern. Lübeck 1989, S. 492–496 (Download Ortsbeschreibung Gohren) (PDF; 988 kB)
 Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann: Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königl. Preußischen Herzogtums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Teil II, Band 2, Stettin 1784, S. 968–969, Nr. 55.

Weblinks

  Der Wohnort Gohren im ehemaligen Kreis Stolp (Gunthard Stübs und Pommersche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 2011).
 Amtsbezirk Stojentin (Rolf Jehke, 2011).

Fußnoten

Ort in Pommern
Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Gmina Główczyce

Górzyno


San Cibrao das Viñas, İspanya'nın kuzeybatısında, ülkenin on yedi özerk bölgesinden biri olan Galiçya'nın dört eyaletinden güneydoğu köşesinde bulunan Ourense eyaletine bağlı belediyesi. 2002 yılı nüfus sayımına göre belediyenin nüfusu 3.691 kişidir.

Ourense belediyeleri

San Cibrao das Viñas


DMV may refer to:
DMV (region) (for District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia), or Washington metropolitan area
"DMV" (song), a song by Primus from Pork Soda
Department of motor vehicles, or Division of Motor Vehicles
Deserted medieval village, a class of settlement in the UK
Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung, a German mathematical society
Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband, a German trade union
Deutscher Motorsport Verband, a German motor sport organisation
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Dual-mode vehicle
Dumpas language's ISO 639 code
Dynamic Management Views, a type of SQL view in the Microsoft SQL Server software

DMV


Paolo Pezzi FSCB (Russi, Emilia-Romagna, 8 de agosto de 1960) é um religioso italiano e arcebispo católico romano de Moscou e metropolita da província eclesiástica de mesmo nome. De 2011 a 2017 foi também Presidente da Conferência Episcopal Russa.

Paolo Pezzi estudou filosofia e teologia na Pontifícia Universidade de São Tomás de Aquino, em Roma, de 1985 a 1990. Em 22 de dezembro de 1990 foi ordenado sacerdote na Sociedade dos Missionários de São Carlos Borromeu em Roma pelo Cardeal Ugo Poletti. Depois de concluir o doutorado em teologia pastoral na Pontifícia Universidade Lateranense, obteve seu doutorado com uma tese sobre "Católicos na Sibéria - Origens, Perseguição, Hoje". Ele trabalha na Rússia desde 1993.

De 1993 a 1998 Pezzi foi diretor do jornal da Igreja Católica e reitor da Administração Apostólica da Sibéria Ocidental (desde 2002 Bispado da Transfiguração de Novosibirsk). De 1998 a 2005 foi Vigário Geral da Sociedade Sacerdotal dos Missionários de S. Charles Borromeo (FSCB) envolvido na liderança da ordem. Ao mesmo tempo, assumiu a liderança do movimento Comunione e Liberazione para a Rússia. Em 2004, Pezzi tornou-se professor no seminário "Maria Rainha dos Apóstolos" em São Petersburgo, desde 2006 seu regente.

Em 2007, o Papa Bento XVI o nomeou Arcebispo da Arquidiocese da Mãe de Deus em Moscou. Seu predecessor e atual arcebispo de Minsk-Mohilev, Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz, doou a ele a consagração episcopal em 27 de outubro de 2007; Os co-consagradores foram Joseph Werth SJ, Bispo do Bispado da Transfiguração de Novosibirsk, e o Arcebispo Antonio Mennini, Núncio Apostólico na Rússia.

Em 21 de janeiro de 2011 foi eleito Presidente da Conferência dos Bispos Católicos da Rússia.

Ele é o primeiro Grão Prior da província russa dos Cavaleiros do Santo Sepulcro de Jerusalém.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos da Rússia

Paolo Pezzi


Svenja Huth (født 25. januar 1991) er en tysk fodboldspiller, der spiller for VfL Wolfsburg og . Hun har vundet Bundesligaen, DFB-Pokalen og UEFA Women's Champions League med FFC Frankfurt i 2007-08. Hun har været med til at vinde EM i 2013 og olympisk guld i 2016 med Tysklands landshold.

Karriere

Landshold
Huth spillede 57 landskampe for de forskellige tyske ungdomslandshold, inden hun i oktober 2011 debuterede på A-landsholdet. Hun har siden spillet i alt 61 landskampe og scoret 10 mål (pr. 22. november 2021).

Hun var med i truppen ved EM 2013, men fik ikke spilletid, da Tyskland blev europamestre. Hun var desuden med ved OL 2016, hvor Tyskland efter en andenplads i indledende runde vandt over  i kvartfinalen, over  i semifinalen, inden de besejrede  i finalen og dermed vandt guld. Her blev Huth skiftet ind i kvartfinalen og i finalen.

Hæder

VfL Wolfsburg
 Bundesliga: Vinder 2019–20
 DFB-Pokal: Vinder 2019–20

FFC Frankfurt
 Bundesliga: Vinder 2007–08
 UEFA Women's Champions League: Vinder 2007–08, 2014–15
 DFB-Pokal: Vinder 2007–08, 2010–11, 2013–14

Landshold
 EM i fodbold for kvinder: Vinder 2013
 Algarve Cup: Vinder 2012
 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup: Vinder 2010
 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship: Vinder 2008
 Sommer-OL: Guldmedalje, 2016

Individuel
 Fritz Walter Medal: Gold 2010
 Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: Vinder 2016

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Tyskland
Medaljevindere fra Tyskland ved sommer-OL 2016
Olympiske mestre fra Tyskland

Svenja Huth


Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assimilate the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially.

The different types of cultural assimilation include full assimilation and forced assimilation. Full assimilation is the more prevalent of the two, as it occurs spontaneously. When used as a political ideology, assimilationism refers to governmental policies of deliberately assimilating ethnic groups into the national culture.

During cultural assimilation, minority groups are expected to adapt to the everyday practices of the dominant culture through language and appearance as well as via more significant socioeconomic factors such as absorption into the local cultural and employment community.

Some types of cultural assimilation resemble acculturation in which a minority group or culture completely assimilates into the dominant culture in which defining characteristics of the minority culture are less obverse or outright disappear; while in other types of cultural assimilation such as cultural integration mostly found in multicultural communities, a minority group within a given society adopts aspects of the dominant culture through either cultural diffusion or for practical reason like adapting to another society's social norms while retaining their original culture. A conceptualization describes cultural assimilation as similar to acculturation while another merely considers the former as one of the latter's phases. Throughout history there have been different forms of cultural assimilation examples of types of acculturation include voluntary and involuntary assimilation.

Assimilation could also involve the so-called additive acculturation wherein, instead of replacing the ancestral culture, an individual expands their existing cultural repertoire.

Overview
Cultural assimilation may involve either a quick or a gradual change depending on the circumstances of the group. Full assimilation occurs when members of a society become indistinguishable from those of the dominant group in society.

Whether a given group should assimilate is often disputed by both members of the group and others in society. Cultural assimilation does not guarantee social alikeness. Geographical and other natural barriers between cultures, even if created by the predominant culture, may be culturally different. Cultural assimilation can happen either spontaneously or forcibly, the latter when more dominant cultures use various means aimed at forced assimilation.

Various types of assimilation, including forced cultural assimilation, are particularly relevant regarding Indigenous groups during colonialism taking place between the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. This type of assimilation included religious conversion, separation of families, changes of gender roles, division of property among foreign power, elimination of local economies, and lack of sustainable food supply. Whether via colonialism or within one nation, methods of forced assimilation are often unsustainable, leading to revolts and collapses of power to maintain control over cultural norms. Often, cultures that are forced into different cultural practices through forced cultural assimilation revert to their native practices and religions that differ from the forced cultural values of other dominant powers. In addition throughout history, voluntary assimilation is often in response to pressure from a more predominant culture, and conformity is a solution for people to remain in safety. An example of voluntary cultural assimilation would be during the Spanish Inquisition, when Jews and Muslims accepted the Roman Catholic Church as their religion, but meanwhile, many people still privately practised their traditional religions. That type of assimilation is used to convince a dominant power that a culture has peacefully assimilated yet often voluntary assimilation does not mean the group fully conforms to the accepted cultural beliefs.

The term "assimilation" is often used about not only indigenous groups but also immigrants settled in a new land. A new culture and new attitudes toward the original culture are obtained through contact and communication. Assimilation assumes that a relatively-tenuous culture gets to be united into one unified culture. That process happens through contact and accommodation between each culture. The current definition of assimilation is usually used to refer to immigrants, but in multiculturalism, cultural assimilation can happen all over the world and within varying social contexts and is not limited to specific areas.

Immigrant assimilation
Social scientists rely on four primary benchmarks to assess immigrant assimilation: socioeconomic status, geographic distribution, second language attainment, and intermarriage.  William A.V. Clark defines immigrant assimilation in the United States as "a way of understanding the social dynamics of American society and that it is the process that occurs spontaneously and often unintended in the course of interaction between majority and minority groups."

Studies have also noted the positive effects of immigrant assimilation. A study by Bleakley and Chin (2010) found that people who arrived at or before the age of nine from non-English speaking countries tend to speak English at a similar level as those from English speaking countries. Conversely, those who arrived after nine from non- English speaking countries have much lower speaking proficiency and this increases linearly with age at arrival. The study also noted sociocultural impacts such as those with better English skills are less likely to be currently married, more likely to divorce, have fewer children, and have spouses closer to their age. Learning to speak English well is estimated to improve income by over 33 percent. A 2014 study done by Verkuyten found that immigrant children who adapt through integration or assimilation are received more positively by their peers than those who adapt through marginalization or separation.

Perspective of dominant culture
There has been little to no existing research or evidence that demonstrates whether and how immigrant's mobility gains—assimilating to a dominant country such as language ability, socioeconomic status etc.— causes changes in the perception of those who were born in the dominant country. This essential type of research provides information on how immigrants are accepted into dominant countries. In an article by Ariela Schachter, titled "From "different" to "similar": an experimental approach to understanding assimilation", a survey was taken of white American citizens to view their perception of immigrants who now resided in the United States. The survey indicated the whites tolerated immigrants in their home country. White natives are open to having "structural" relation with the immigrants-origin individuals, for instance, friends and neighbors; however, this was with the exception of black immigrants and natives and undocumented immigrants. However, at the same time, white Americans viewed all non-white Americans, regardless of legal status, as dissimilar.

A similar journal by Jens Hainmueller and Daniel J. Hopkins titled "The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes toward Immigrants" confirmed similar attitudes towards immigrants. The researchers used an experiment to reach their goal which was to test nine theoretical relevant attributes of hypothetical immigrants. Asking a population-based sample of U.S. citizens to decide between pairs of immigrants applying for admission to the United States, the U.S. citizen would see an application with information for two immigrants including notes about their education status, country, origin, and other attributes. The results showed Americans viewed educated immigrants in high-status jobs favourably, whereas they view the following groups unfavourably: those who lack plans to work, those who entered without authorization, those who are not fluent in English and those of Iraqi descent.

Adaptation to new country
As the number of international students entering the US has increased, so has the number of international students in US colleges and universities. The adaptation of these newcomers is important in cross-cultural research. In the study "Cross-Cultural Adaptation of International College Student in the United States" by Yikang Wang, the goal was to examine how the psychological and socio-cultural adaptation of international college students varied over time. The survey contained a sample of 169 international students attending a coeducational public university. The two subtypes of adaptation: psychological and socio-cultural were examined. Psychological adaptation refers to "feelings of well-being or satisfaction during cross-cultural transitions;" while socio-cultural refers to the ability to fit into the new culture. The results for both graduate and undergraduate students show both satisfaction and socio-cultural skills changed over time. Psychological adaptation had the most significant change for a student who has resided in the US for at least 24 months while socio-cultural adaptation steadily increased over time. It can be concluded that eventually over time, the minority group will shed some of their culture's characteristic when in a new country and incorporate new culture qualities. Also, it was confirmed that more time spent in a new country would result in becoming more accustomed to the dominant countries' characteristics.

Figure 2 demonstrates as the length of time resided in the United States increase—the dominant country, the life satisfaction and socio-cultural skill increase as well—positive correlation.

In turn, research by Caligiuri's group, published in 2020, shows that one semester of classroom experiential activities designed to foster international and domestic student social interaction serve to foster international students' sense of belonging and social support.

In a study by Viola Angelini, "Life Satisfaction of Immigrant: Does cultural assimilation matter?", the theory of assimilation as having benefits for well-being. The goal of this study was to assess the difference between cultural assimilation and the subjective well-being of immigrants. The journal included a study that examined a "direct measure of assimilation with a host culture and immigrants' subjective well-being." Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, it was concluded that there was a positive correlation between cultural assimilation and an immigrant's life's satisfaction/wellbeing even after discarding factors such as employment status, wages, etc. "Life Satisfaction of Immigrant: Does cultural assimilation matter?" also confirms "association with life satisfaction is stronger for established immigrants than for recent ones." It was found that the more immigrants that identified with the German culture and who spoke the fluent national language—dominant country language, the more they reported to be satisfied with their lives. Life satisfaction rates were higher for those who had assimilated to the dominant country than those who had not assimilated since those who did incorporate the dominant language, religion, psychological aspects, etc.

Willingness to assimilate and cultural shock
In the study "Examination of cultural shock, intercultural sensitivity and willingness to adopt" by Clare D'Souza, the study uses a diary method to analyze the data collected. The study involved students undergoing a study abroad tour. The results show negative intercultural sensitivity is much greater in participants who experience "culture shock." Those who experience culture shock have emotional expression and responses of hostility, anger, negativity, anxiety frustration, isolation, and regression. Also, for one who has traveled to the country before permanently moving, they would have predetermined beliefs about the culture and their status within the country. The emotional expression for this individual includes excitement, happiness, eagerness, and euphoria.

Another article titled "International Students from Melbourne Describing Their Cross-Cultural Transitions Experiences: Culture Shock, Social Interaction, and Friendship Development" by Nish Belford focuses on cultural shock. Belford interviewed international students to explore their experience after living and studying in Melbourne, Australia. The data collected were narratives from the students that focused on variables such as "cultural similarity, intercultural communication competence, intercultural friendship, and relational identity to influence their experiences."

United States

Between 1880 and 1920, the United States took in roughly 24 million immigrants.  This increase in immigration can be attributed to many historical changes. The beginning of the 21st century has also marked a massive era of immigration, and sociologists are once again trying to make sense of the impacts that immigration has on society and on the immigrants themselves.

Assimilation had various meanings in American sociology. Henry Pratt Fairchild associates American assimilation with Americanization or the "melting pot" theory. Some scholars also believed that assimilation and acculturation were synonymous. According to a common point of view, assimilation is a "process of interpretation and fusion" from another group or person. That may include memories, behaviors, and sentiments. By sharing their experiences and histories, they blend into the common cultural life. A related theory is structural pluralism proposed by American sociologist Milton Gordon. It describes the American situation wherein despite the cultural assimilation of ethnic groups to mainstream American society, they maintained structural separation. Gordon maintained that there is limited integration of the immigrants into American social institutions such as educational, occupational, political, and social cliques.

During The Colonial Period from 1607 to 1776, individuals immigrated to the British colonies on two very different paths—voluntary and forced migration. Those who migrated to the colonies on their own volition were drawn by the allure of cheap land, high wages, and the freedom of conscience in British North America. On the latter half, the largest population of forced migrants to the colonies was African slaves. Slavery was different from the other forced migrations as, unlike in the case of convicts, there was no possibility of earning freedom, although some slaves were manumitted in the centuries before the American Civil War. The long history of immigration in the established gateways means that the place of immigrants in terms of class, racial, and ethnic hierarchies in the traditional gateways is more structured or established, but on the other hand, the new gateways do not have much immigration history and so the place of immigrants in terms of class, racial, and ethnic hierarchies are less defined, and immigrants may have more influence to define their position. Secondly, the size of the new gateways may influence immigrant assimilation. Having a smaller gateway may influence the level of racial segregation among immigrants and native-born people. Thirdly, the difference in institutional arrangements may influence immigrant assimilation. Traditional gateways, unlike new gateways, have many institutions set up to help immigrants such as legal aid, bureaus, and social organizations. Finally, Waters and Jimenez have only speculated that those differences may influence immigrant assimilation and the way researchers that should assess immigrant assimilation.

Furthermore, the advancement and integration of immigrants into the United States has accounted for 29% of U.S. population growth since 2000. Recent arrival of immigrants to the United States has been examined closely over the last two decades. The results show the driving factors for immigration including citizenship, homeownership, English language proficiency, job status, and earning a better income.

Canada
Canada's multicultural history dates back to the period European colonization from the 16th to 19th centuries, with waves of ethnic European emigration to the region. In the 20th century, Indian, Chinese and Japanese were the largest immigrant groups.

1900s–present: Integration
Canada remains one of the largest immigrant populations in the world. The 2016 census recorded 7.5 million documented immigrants, representing a fifth of the country's total population. Focus has shifted from a rhetoric of cultural assimilation to cultural integration. In contrast to assimilationism, integration aims to preserve the roots of a minority society while still allowing for smooth coexistence with the dominant culture.

Indigenous assimilation

Australia

Legislation applying the policy of "protection" over Aboriginal Australians (separating them from white society) was adopted in some states and territories of Australia when they were still colonies, before the federation of Australia: in the Victoria in 1867, Western Australia in 1886, and Queensland in 1897. After federation, New South Wales crafted their policy in 1909, South Australia and the Northern Territory (which was under the control and of South Australia at the time) in 1910–11. Mission stations missions and Government-run Aboriginal reserves were created, and Aboriginal people moved onto them. Legislation restricted their movement, prohibited alcohol use and regulated employment. The policies were reinforced in the first half of the 20th century (when it was realized that Aboriginal people would not die out or be fully absorbed in white society) such as in the provisions of the Welfare Ordinance 1953, in which Aboriginal people were made wards of the state. "Part-Aboriginal" (known as half-caste) children were forcibly removed from their parents in order to educate them in European ways; the girls were often trained to be domestic servants. The protectionist policies were discontinued, and assimilationist policies took over. These proposed that "full-blood" Indigenous Australians should be allowed to "die out", while "half-castes" were encouraged to assimilate into the white community. Indigenous people were regarded as inferior to white people by these policies, and often experienced discrimination in the predominantly white towns after having to move to seek work.

Between 1910 and 1970, several generations of Indigenous children were removed from their parents, and have become known as the Stolen Generations. The policy has done lasting damage to individuals, family and Indigenous culture.

Canada 1800s–1990s: Forced assimilation
During the 19th and 20th centuries, and continuing until 1996, when the last Canadian Indian residential school was closed, the Canadian government, aided by Christian Churches began an assimilationist campaign to forcibly assimilate Indigenous peoples in Canada. The government consolidated power over Indigenous land through treaties and the use of force, eventually isolating most Indigenous peoples to reserves. Marriage practices and spiritual ceremonies were banned, and spiritual leaders were imprisoned. Additionally, the Canadian government instituted an extensive residential school system to assimilate children. Indigenous children were separated from their families and no longer permitted to express their culture at these new schools. They were not allowed to speak their language or practice their own traditions without receiving punishment. There were many cases in which violent or sexual abuse by the Christian church was committed. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada concluded that this effort amounted to cultural genocide. The schools actively worked to alienate children from their cultural roots. Students were prohibited from speaking their native languages, were regularly abused, and were arranged marriages by the government after their graduation. The explicit goal of the Canadian government, through the Catholic and Anglican churches, was to completely assimilate Indigenous peoples into broader Canadian society and destroy all traces of their native history.

Brazil
In January 2019, the newly elected Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro stripped the Indigenous Affairs Agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate Indigenous lands. He argued that those territories have very tiny isolated populations and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. According to the Survival International, "Taking responsibility for Indigenous land demarcation away from FUNAI, the Indian affairs department, and giving it to the Agriculture Ministry is virtually a declaration of open warfare against Brazil's tribal peoples."

Latin America
A major contributor to cultural assimilation in South America began during exploration and colonialism that often is thought by Bartolomé de Las Casas to begin in 1492 when Europeans began to explore the Atlantic in search of "the Indies", leading to the discovery of the Americas. Europe remained dominant over the Americas' Indigenous populations as resources such as labor, natural resources i.e. lumber, copper, gold, silver, and agricultural products flooded into Europe, yet these gains were one-sided, as Indigenous groups did not benefit from trade deals with colonial powers. In addition to this, colonial metropoles such as Portugal and Spain required that colonies in South America assimilate to European customs – such as following the Holy Roman Catholic Church, acceptance of Spanish or Portuguese over Indigenous languages and accepting European-style government.

Through forceful assimilationist policies, colonial powers such as Spain used methods of violence to assert cultural dominance over Indigenous populations. One example occurred in 1519 when the Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés reached Tenochtitlán – the original capital of the Aztec Empire in Mexico. After discovering that the Aztecs practiced human sacrifice, Cortés killed high-ranked Aztecs and held  Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, captive. Shortly after, Cortés began creating alliances to resume power in Tenochtitlán and renamed it Mexico City. Without taking away power through murder and spread of infectious diseases the Spanish conquistadores (relatively small in number) would not have been able to take over Mexico and convert many people to Catholicism and slavery.  While Spaniards influenced linguistic and religious cultural assimilation among Indigenous peoples in South America during colonialism, many Indigenous languages such as the Incan language Quechua are still used in places such as Peru to this day by at least 4 million people.

New Zealand
In the course of the colonization of New Zealand from the late-18th century onwards, assimilation of the indigenous Maori population to the culture of incoming European visitors and settlers at first occurred spontaneously. Genetic assimilation commenced early and continued – the 1961 New Zealand census classified only 62.2% of Māori as "full-blood Maoris".
(Compare Pākehā Māori.) Linguistic assimilation also occurred early and ongoingly: European settler populations adopted and adapted Māori words, while European languages affected Māori vocabulary (and possibly phonology).

In the 19th century colonial governments de facto encouraged assimilationist policies; by the late-20th century, policies favored bicultural development. Māori readily and early adopted some aspects of European-borne material culture (metals, muskets, potatoes) relatively rapidly. Imported ideas – such as writing, Christianity, monarchy, sectarianism, everyday European-style clothing, or disapproval of slavery – spread more slowly.  Later developments (socialism, anti-colonialist theory, New Age ideas) have proven more internationally mobile. One long-standing view presents Māori communalism as unassimilated with European-style individualism.

See also

 Acculturation
 Code-switching
 Conformity
 Cultural agility
 Cultural amalgamation
 Cultural appropriation
 Cultural genocide
 Cultural imperialism
 Diaspora politics
 Durham Report
 Enculturation
 Ethnic interest group
 Ethnic relations
 Ethnocide
 Forced assimilation
 Forced conversion
 Globalization
 Hegemony
 Immigrant-host model
 Immigration and crime
 Indigenization
 Intercultural communication
 Intercultural competence
 Language death
 Language shift
 Leitkultur
 Melting Pot
 Nationalism
 Parallel society
 Patriotism
 Political correctness
 Racial integration
 Racial segregation
 Recuperation (politics)
 Religious assimilation
 Respectability politics
 Social integration
 Sociology of race and ethnic relations
 Sovietization
Culture-specific:
 Americanization (of Native Americans)
 Anglicisation
 Arabization
 Stolen Generations (of Australian Aborigines)
 Christianization
 Francization
 Germanization
 Hispanicization
 "More Irish than the Irish themselves"
 Indianisation
 Islamification
 Japanization
 Javanisation
 Jewish assimilation
 Lithuanization
 Malayisation
 Norwegianization
 Polonization
 Russification
 Romanianization
 Sanskritisation
 Serbianisation
 Sinicization
 Slavicisation
 Swedification
 Ukrainization
 Thaification
 Turkification
Vietnamization (cultural)

References

Bibliography

External links

 Asian-Nation: Asian American Assimilation & Ethnic Identity
 From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated
 Unity and Diversity in Multicultural Societies

Assimilation
Assimilation
Ethnicity in politics
Majority–minority relations

Cultural assimilation


Castleman disease (CD) describes a group of rare lymphoproliferative disorders that involve enlarged lymph nodes, and a broad range of inflammatory symptoms and laboratory abnormalities. Whether Castleman disease should be considered an autoimmune disease, cancer, or infectious disease is currently unknown.

Castleman disease includes at least three distinct subtypes: unicentric Castleman disease (UCD), human herpesvirus 8 associated multicentric Castleman disease (HHV-8-associated MCD), and idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD). These are differentiated by the number and location of affected lymph nodes and the presence of human herpesvirus 8, a known causative agent in a portion of cases. Correctly classifying the Castleman disease subtype is important, as the three subtypes vary significantly in symptoms, clinical findings, disease mechanism, treatment approach, and prognosis. All forms involve overproduction of cytokines and other inflammatory proteins by the body's immune system as well as characteristic abnormal lymph node features that can be observed under the microscope. In the United States, approximately 4,300 to 5,200 new cases are diagnosed each year.

Castleman disease is named after Benjamin Castleman, who first described the disease in 1956. The Castleman Disease Collaborative Network is the largest organization dedicated to accelerating research and treatment for Castleman disease as well as improving patient care.

Classification
Castleman disease (CD) can involve one or more enlarged lymph nodes  in a single region of the body (unicentric CD, UCD) or it can involve multiple enlarged lymph node regions (multi centric CD, MCD). Doctors classify the disease into different categories based on the number of enlarged lymph node regions and the underlying cause. There are four established subtypes of Castleman disease:

Unicentric Castleman disease

Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) involves a single enlarged lymph node or multiple enlarged lymph nodes within a single region of the body that display microscopic features consistent with Castleman disease. It is also sometimes called localized Castleman disease.

The exact cause of UCD is unknown, but appears to be due to a genetic change that occurs in the lymph node tissue, most similar to a benign tumor. In about half cases of UCD, individuals exhibit no symptoms (asymptomatic). Sometimes symptoms stem are secondary to compression of surrounding structures by rapidly enlarging lymph nodes.

Some UCD patients, however, experience systemic inflammatory symptoms such as fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and skin rash as well as laboratory abnormalities such as elevated C-reactive protein.

Surgery is considered by experts to be the first-line treatment option for all cases of UCD. Sometimes, removing the enlarged lymph node(s) is not possible. If surgical excision is not possible, treatment is recommended for symptomatic patients. If symptoms are due to compression, then rituximab is recommended. If symptoms are due to an inflammatory syndrome, then anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) therapy is recommended. If these treatments are not effective, then radiation may be needed.

Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD)
In this form, patients have multiple regions of enlarged lymph nodes with characteristic microscopic features, flu-like symptoms, and organ dysfunction due to excessive cytokines or inflammatory proteins. MCD is further classified into three categories based on underlying cause: POEMS-associated MCD, HHV-8-associated MCD, and idiopathic MCD (iMCD).

POEMS-associated MCD
A cancerous cell population found in patients with POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal plasma cell disorder, and skin changes) can cause MCD in a fraction of patients by producing cytokines that initiate a cytokine storm. In patients who have both POEMS-associated MCD, treatment should be directed at the POEMS syndrome.

HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman disease (HHV-8-MCD)

HHV-8-associated MCD patients have multiple regions of enlarged lymph nodes and episodic inflammatory symptoms due to uncontrolled infection with HHV-8. HHV-8-associated MCD is most commonly diagnosed in HIV infected or otherwise immunocompromised individuals that are not able to control HHV-8 infection. Thus, HHV-8-associated MCD patients may experience additional symptoms related to their HIV infection or other conditions. First-line treatment of HHV-8-associated MCD is rituximab, a drug used to eliminate a type of immune cell called the B lymphocyte. It is highly effective for HHV-8-associated MCD, but occasionally antivirals and/or cytotoxic chemotherapies are needed.

Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD)

Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD), which is the most common form of MCD, occurs for an unknown cause. There is no evidence of POEMS syndrome, HHV-8, or any other cancer or infectious disease. Though all forms of MCD involve excessive production of cytokines and a cytokine storm, iMCD has important differences in symptoms, disease course, and treatment from POEMS-associated MCD and HHV-8-associated MCD. First line treatment for iMCD is anti-IL-6 therapy with siltuximab (or tocilizumab, if siltuximab is not available). Siltuximab is the only FDA-approved treatment for iMCD and patients who respond to siltuximab tend to have long-term responses. In critically ill patients, chemotherapy and corticosteroids are recommended if the patient is demonstrating disease progression while on siltuximab. Approximately half of iMCD patients do not improve with anti-IL-6 therapy. In patients where siltuximab is not effective, other treatments such as rituximab and sirolimus can be used.

iMCD can be further sub-classified into three clinical subgroups:

iMCD with TAFRO Syndrome (iMCD-TAFRO): characterized by acute episodes of Thrombocytopenia, Anasarca, Fever, Renal dysfunction or mylefibrosis, and Organomegaly.

iMCD with idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy (iMCD-IPL): characterized by thrombocytosis, hypergammaglobulinemia, and a more chronic disease course.

iMCD, not otherwise specified (iMCD-NOS): is diagnosed in iMCD patients who do not have iMCD-TAFRO or iMCD-IPL.

Pathology
Castleman disease is defined by a range of characteristic features seen on microscopic analysis (histology) of tissue from enlarged lymph nodes. Variations in the lymph node tissues of patients with CD have led to 4 histological classifications:
 Plasmacytic: increased number of follicles with large hyperplastic germinal centers and sheetlike plasmacytosis (increased number plasma cells). Germinal centers may also show regressed features
 Hyaline vascular: regressed germinal centers, follicular dendritic cell prominence or dysplasia, hypervascularity in interfollicular regions, sclerotic vessels, prominent mantle zones with an "onion-skin" appearance.
 Hypervascular: similar to hyaline vascular features, but seen in iMCD rather than UCD. Includes regressed germinal centers, follicular dendritic cell prominence, hypervascularity in interfollicular regions, and prominent mantle zones with an "onion-skin" appearance.
 Mixed: presence of a combination of hyaline vascular/hypervascular and plasmacytic features in the same lymph node.

UCD most commonly demonstrates hyaline vascular features, but plasmacytic features or a mix of features may also be seen. iMCD more commonly demonstrates plasmacytic features, but hypervascular features or a mix of features are also seen. All cases of HHV-8-associated MCD are thought to demonstrate plasmablastic features—similar to plasmacytic features, but with plasmablasts present. The clinical utility of subtyping Castleman disease by histologic features is uncertain, as histologic subtypes do not consistently predict disease severity or treatment response. Guidelines recommend against using histologic subtype to guide treatment decisions. Staining with latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA-1), a marker for HHV-8 infection, should be measured in all forms of Castleman disease but is positive only in HHV-8-associated MCD.

Diseases other than Castleman disease can present with similar histologic findings in lymph node tissue, including:
 Infectious causes: Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis
 Autoimmune diseases: Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis
 Lymphoproliferative disorders: lymphoma, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

History
Unicentric Castleman disease was first described in a case series by Benjamin Castleman in 1956. By 1984, a number of case reports had been published describing a multicentric variant of the disease and with some reports describing an association with Kaposi's sarcoma. In 1995, the association between HHV-8 and Castleman disease was described in patients with HIV. Formal diagnostic criteria and definition of the disease was established in 2016, which will allow for better understanding and the ability to appropriately track and research CD. In 2017, international consensus diagnostic criteria for idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) were established for the first time. In 2018, the first treatment guidelines for iMCD were established. In 2020 the first evidence based diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines were established for unicentric Castleman disease.

World Castleman Disease Day was established in 2018 and is held every year on July 23. This date was chosen for Benjamin Castleman's initial case series describing Castleman disease, which was published in July 1956, and the diagnostic criteria for idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease, which were published in the journal Blood on March 23, 2017.

Castleman Disease Collaborative Network

The Castleman Disease Collaborative Network (CDCN) was founded in 2012 and is the largest organization focused on Castleman disease. It is a global initiative dedicated to research and treatment for Castleman disease (CD) and to improve survival for all patients with CD. The CDCN works to achieve this by facilitating collaboration among the global research community, mobilizing resources, strategically investing in high-impact research, and supporting patients and their loved ones.

References

Further reading
  Book by the founder of the Castleman Disease Collaborative Network.

Immune system disorders
Infectious causes of cancer
Rare diseases

Castleman disease


Antistatik je tvar koja sprječava ili smanjuje stvaranje elektrostatičkog naboja na površini materijala koji djeluje kao izolator. Antistatici se primjenjuju kao aditivi u izradbi tekstilnih proizvoda, a većinom su to površinski aktivne tvari. Osim što smanjuju trenje, one svojim hidrofilnim skupinama privlače vlagu iz zraka i čine materijal slabo higroskopnim, pa se zbog ionske pokretljivosti elektrostatički naboj može lako odvoditi.

Izvori

Elektromagnetizam
Elektrotehnika

Antistatik