A Academia de Ciências da Bahia (ACB) é uma instituição acadêmica brasileira de divulgação e fomento à produção científica e tecnológica na Bahia. Foi fundada em  por cientistas, intelectuais e acadêmicos baianos. Compartilha da sede da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB) situada na Colina de São Lázaro, bairro da Federação, em Salvador. Para além de ter Roberto Santos como presidente de honra, é presidida pelo médico e pesquisador Manoel Barral Netto desde 2022.

História

Apesar de existir na Bahia um histórico de desenvolvimento de ciência e tecnologia, como o naturalista Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira cujas pesquisas desde o século XVIII o permitiram ingressar na Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, ou as pesquisas médicas produzidas desde o século XIX pela Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, com cientistas renomados formados por essa instituição como o psiquiatra Juliano Moreira e os médicos Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva, Oscar Freire de Carvalho, Clementino da Rocha Fraga e Afrânio Peixoto, ou outros formados por outras unidades da Universidade Federal da Bahia e outras universidades importantes, como o educador Anísio Teixeira, o engenheiro Teodoro Fernandes Sampaio, a geógrafa Consuelo Pondé de Sena, o geógrafo Milton Santos e a linguista Suzana Cardoso, o campo científico e tecnológico no estado não foi organizado como uma comunidade institucionalizada por mais de dois séculos.

Essa situação de desarticulação passou a ser mitigada com a atuação do ex-governador, ex-reitor universitário e ex-ministro da saúde Roberto Santos que articulando cientistas, intelectuais e acadêmicos de distintos campos de saber promoveu a fundação de uma instituição visando fomentar o desenvolvimento de uma cultura de ciência e tecnologia, além de estimular a popularização das ciências no estado da Bahia, tanto por meio das mídias convencionais como digitais. A fundação e instalação da ACB tem lugar em 17 de setembro de 2010, em uma solenidade realizada na Federação das Indústrias do Estado da Bahia (FIEB), tendo sido estabelecida sua sede na FAPESB.

A iniciativa de implantação da Academia de Ciências da Bahia foi articulada com o apoio institucional da FIEB, do Governo do Estado da Bahia, por meio de sua Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Estado da Bahia (SECTI) e da FAPESB, tendo o objetivo de promover fóruns de articulação da ciência, tecnologia e inovação no estado da Bahia. Ela foi concebida para reunir cientistas, intelectuais e acadêmicos dos campos das Ciências Exatas, Agrárias e da Terra; Ciências da Vida; Filosofia e Ciências Humanas; Ciências Sociais Aplicadas; e Artes.

Quando da morte de Roberto Santos em fevereiro de 2021, a ACB encabeçou uma campanha para dar o nome dele ao Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia, para além de sua revitalização, dado seu estado de abandono desde 2018. E em meio às eleições estaduais na Bahia em 2022, a ACB elaborou um documento para envio às candidaturas ao Governo do Estado da Bahia, sob o título "Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação para o desenvolvimento da Bahia" com propostas baseadas no papel da ciência e da tecnologia para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Ainda naquele ano, tomaram posse Manoel Barral Netto como presidente e Evelina Hoisel como vice-presidente em 19 de setembro, para um mandato de três anos em cada posto.

Membros e presidentes

A ACB conta com um conjunto de notáveis membros nacionais e internacionais, entre eles:

 Edgar Marcelino de Carvalho Filho
 Edivaldo Boaventura
 Eliane Azevedo
 Evelina Hoisel
 Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade
 Roberto Figueira Santos

Dentre os membros, ocuparam a presidência da Academia em mandatos de três anos:
 Roberto Santos (2010-2016)
 Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade (2016-2019 e 2019-2022, dois mandatos)
 Manoel Barral-Netto (2022-)

Ver também
 Academia de Letras da Bahia
 Academia Brasileira de Ciências
 Academia de Medicina da Bahia
 Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência

Ligações externas

Academia de Ciências da Bahia


David Keith Cobb  is an American political activist who was the Green Party presidential candidate for the 2004 election. Cobb later became the campaign manager for fellow Green Jill Stein for her presidential run in 2016.

2004 presidential campaign

With the announcement in late December 2003 that Nader would not seek the Green Party nomination for president in 2004, Cobb became a front-runner for the nomination.  On January 13, 2004, David Cobb won the first Green primary in the nation, that of the District of Columbia, beating local activist Sheila Bilyeu and several write-in candidates and gaining an early lead in the nomination scramble.

Nader eventually announced an independent campaign for president and sought the endorsement of the Green Party and other minor parties; his supporters continued to push for a Nader victory in the various Green Party primary elections in states across the country.  Shortly before, the Green Party presidential nominating convention, held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in June 2004, Nader selected Green Party member Peter Camejo as his running mate.  On June 26, on the second ballot, the convention selected Cobb as the Green presidential candidate – a process rocked by controversy as Nader had won the vast majority of actual Green Party votes in nearly all state primary elections (Cobb received only 12.2 percent support). The party also nominated Pat LaMarche as its candidate for vice-president.

Cobb stated his intention to run a campaign focused on building the Green Party and pursuing a "strategic states" or "smart states" strategy which would take into account the wishes of Greens in each state, and which otherwise would focus on states that traditionally are "safely" won by the Democratic candidate, or "safely" won by the Republican candidate, with a large margin of victory. Such so-called "safe states" are also referred to in campaign literature as "neglected states" because the Democratic and Republican candidates traditionally put most of their campaign energy into more competitive "swing states." Cobb's campaign said that each state's campaign would aim to follow the wishes expressed by local Greens. While some of Cobb's supporters urged swing state residents to vote for Democrat John Kerry in order to stop the re-election of President George W. Bush, other Cobb supporters encouraged votes for Cobb and LaMarche everywhere. The candidates themselves used the phrase "vote your conscience," campaigning both in swing states such as Wisconsin and safe states such as California.

On October 8, 2004, Cobb was arrested in an act of civil disobedience, breaking a police line while protesting the Commission on Presidential Debates for excluding third-party candidates from the nationally televised debates in St. Louis, Missouri. Also arrested was Libertarian candidate Michael Badnarik.

In the November 2004 presidential election, Cobb placed sixth in the popular vote total nationwide, earning over 119,859 votes (0.10 percent), but received no electoral votes. This represented a decline of over 90 percent support compared to the votes garnered by Nader.

Post-election activities
Since running for president, Cobb has become a member of the Board of Directors for the Green Institute, and of the Sierra Club's national Corporate Accountability Committee, a Fellow with the Liberty Tree Foundation for the Democratic Revolution, on the Steering Committee of Democracy Unlimited of Humboldt County, along with being the group's campaigns director, and is a Principal with Program on Corporations, Law, and Democracy (POCLAD).

Cobb facilitated the founding convention of the Green Party of Louisiana during a two-day convention which took place on August 31 and September 1, 2002, in New Orleans.

Cobb co-founded Cooperation Humboldt.

Cobb was the campaign manager for Green candidate Jill Stein in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Election history

See also

 2004 United States election voting controversies
 2004 United States presidential election

References

External links

Democracy Unlimited of Humboldt County website
2004 nomination acceptance speech 2004 Green Party Convention
2008 Green Party convention speech
David Cobb discussing third parties Protests outside of 2004 DNC

1962 births
2004 United States election voting controversies
21st-century American politicians
American anti–nuclear power activists
American democracy activists
American environmentalists
California Greens
Consumer rights activists
Green Party of the United States presidential nominees
Living people
People from Galveston County, Texas
People from Eureka, California
Texas Greens
Candidates in the 2004 United States presidential election
University of Houston alumni
Activists from California
Activists from Texas

David Cobb (activist)


La culebra arbórea café o serpiente arbórea marrón (Boiga irregularis) es una especie de reptil escamoso de la familia Colubridae nativa del este y la costa norte de Australia, Papúa Nueva Guinea, y un gran número de islas en el noroeste de Melanesia.

Esta serpiente es célebre por ser una especie invasora responsable de devastar la mayoría de la población de aves nativas de Guam.

Alimentación
Se alimenta de pájaros, lagartos, murciélagos y roedores pequeños en su área de distribución. Se alimenta de aves y musarañas en Guam.

Debido a la disponibilidad de presas y la falta de depredadores en los hábitats en los cuales fue introducida, tales como Guam, lograron crecer a tamaños más grandes que la longitud normal de 1 a 2 metros (3,3 a 6,6 pies). La mayor longitud registrada para esta especie fue en Guam y es de 3 metros (9,8 pies).

Especie invasora
Poco después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y antes de 1952, fue accidentalmente introducida en Guam, probablemente transportada como polizón en un barco de carga. Como resultado de la abundancia de presas en Guam y la ausencia de depredadores naturales, fuera de los jabalíes y los monitores de los manglares, la población alcanzó cifras sin precedentes. Esto causó la extinción local de la mayor parte de las especies nativas de vertebrados del bosque. También causó miles de cortes de energía eléctrica que afectaron usuarios comerciales y privados, así como las actividades militares en las isla, la pérdida generalizada de las aves de corral y animales domésticos. Numerosos avistamientos de esta especie han sido reportados en otras islas como la isla de Wake, Tinian, Rota, Okinawa, Diego García, Hawái, e incluso en Texas, en los Estados Unidos continentales. Una población incipiente se estableció probablemente en Saipán. El paracetamol se ha utilizado para ayudar a erradicar esta serpiente en Guam.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Reptiles de Australia
Especies invasoras animales
Animales descritos en 1802

Boiga irregularis


An Dendrobium smillieae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller. An Dendrobium smillieae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Dendrobium

Dendrobium smillieae


Metalotermija (metal + -termija = zagrijavanje) je postupak redukcija metalnog oksida drugim metalom, koji pritom služi kao redukcijsko sredstvo. Ta se egzotermna kemijska reakcija primjenjuje u metalurgiji za redukciju onih metalnih oksida za koje uobičajena redukcijska sredstva (ugljik, vodik, ugljikov monoksid) nisu dovoljno jaka.

Metalotermijom se najčešće reduciraju aluminij, silicij, magnezij, natrij i kalcij. U tu se skupinu ubrajaju oksidi nekih teških ili rijetkih, teško taljivih metala kao što su titanij, cirkonij, hafnij, niobij, krom, vanadij, mangan, uranij te feroslitine.

Kako bi se spriječila oksidacija reduciranog metala kisikom iz zraka, metalotermička se redukcija provodi u inertnoj atmosferi. Zbog vrlo visoke temperature koja se tijekom reakcije razvija (više od 2000 °C), redukcija aluminijem primjenjuje se i kao zavarivački postupak aluminotermije za spajanje tramvajskih i željezničkih tračnica, cijevi i odljevaka.

Izvori

Fizika

Metalotermija


එක් බසක වචන වෙනත් බසක කටහුරුව අනුව වෙනස්වී එම භාවිතයට පැමිණි විට එම වචන ඉල්ලාගත් වචන ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

බසකට ඉල්ලාගත් වචන ඇතුළුවීම

වාග්වේදීය ප්‍රවර්ගකරණය

මුල් වදනින් ඉල්ලාගත් වදන වෙනස්වීම

තේරුම වෙනස්වීම

උච්චාරණය වෙනස්වීම

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 සිංහල බසෙහි ඇති ඉල්ලාගත් වචන ලයිස්තු
ඉල්ලාගත් වචන

ඉල්ලාගත් වචන


Devis Rogers Epassy Mboka (Soisy-sous-Montmorency, 2 de fevereiro de 1993) é um futebolista camaronês que atua como goleiro. Atualmente joga pelo Abha Club e pela Seleção Camaronesa.

Carreira
Formado nas categorias de base do Red Star entre 1998 e 2003, Epassy jogou também nos juniores de Paris FC, INF Clairefontaine e Rennes, onde se profissionalizou em 2012, tendo atuado na equipe reserva por uma temporada. Em 2013, foi para o Lorient, jogando também no time B. Em 2014, deixou a França para atuar no Guijuelo, equipe das divisões de acesso da Espanha pelo qual disputou suas primeiras partidas no time principal (12) antes de voltar a seu país de origem para defender o Avranches. Ele, no entanto, não disputou nenhum jogo oficial pelo clube.

Na temporada 2016–17 vestiu a camisa do Épinal em 14 jogos antes de fazer carreira no futebol da Grécia, onde defendeu Levadiakos (onde chegou a ser afastado por um período, após não aceitar uma proposta de renovação do contrato), Lamia e OFI. Em agosto de 2022, Epassy assinou contrato com o Abha Club, clube da primeira divisão do Campeonato Saudita.

Carreira internacional
Nascido em Soisy-sous-Montmorency, o goleiro foi convocado pela primeira vez para a Seleção Camaronesa em junho de 2021, e sua estreia foi num amistoso contra a Nigéria, que terminou empatado sem gols.

Fez parte do elenco que ficou em terceiro lugar na Copa Africana de 2021 (que foi disputada em 2022 em decorrência da pandemia de COVID-19), e também foi convocado para a Copa do Mundo do Catar. Nesta última, começou novamente como reserva de André Onana, porém divergências com o técnico Rigobert Song causaram a saída do titular, promovendo Epassy como substituto nas partidas contra Sérvia e Brasil, evitando várias chances de gol da Seleção Canarinho. Embora tivesse vencido por 1 a 0, Camarões terminou eliminado ainda na primeira fase.

Ligações externas

 Perfil de Devis Epassy - OGol.com.br

Futebolistas da França
Futebolistas dos Camarões
Goleiros da França
Goleiros dos Camarões
Futebolistas do Levadiakos FC
Futebolistas do OFI Crete FC
Jogadores do Campeonato Africano das Nações de 2021
Jogadores da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022
Jogadores da Seleção Camaronesa de Futebol
Naturais de Soisy-sous-Montmorency

Devis Epassy


An Eulophia foliosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Harry Bolus. An Eulophia foliosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eulophia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eulophia

Eulophia foliosa


The Volvo V50 is the station wagon version of the Volvo S40 small family car first unveiled at the 2003 Bologna Motor Show, both assembled at Ghent, Belgium. Sharing the Volvo P1 platform with the European Ford Focus and the Mazda 3, the V50 featured interior "theatre" lighting, a floating center stack and "Volvo Intelligent Vehicle Architecture".

The V50 T5 AWD featured all-wheel drive and a straight-5 2.5 litre petrol engine, with a light pressure turbocharger, four valves per cylinder and a DOHC design with variable camshaft timing — providing  and  of torque. Diesel options were available in Europe, including a 2.4 Litre turbocharged D5 diesel engine which provided  and  of torque.

Within the United States, Volvo limited sales of the V50 PZEV cars to states where it was required, including California, Florida, Vermont, Connecticut, Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, Oregon, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New Mexico and Washington.

Volvo Cars Special Vehicle produced a concept car based on the V50, the V50 SV, whose engine produces , and debuted at the 2004 Specialty Equipment Market Association trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada.

History

For the model year of 2008, the V50 received revised front styling, minor modifications to the interior, optional active xenon headlights, audio systems, increased power and torque of the T5 engine, availability of the D5, with a six speed manual and a 1.8 Flexifuel engine.

For 2009, the V50 T5 was available in the United States, only as an automatic AWD model with the R-Design trim package, and within Europe with both manual and automatic options. As of the model year of 2010, the D5 inline five diesel engine was no longer available; only the 1.6l and 2.0l diesel inline four units could be specified.

In 2010, the new, larger, circular Volvo logo appeared on the front grille, in the United States, a manual transmission was briefly available with the T5 AWD version. In North America the naturally aspirated five cylinder engine, all wheel drive, and manual transmission were all dropped for the model year of 2011, leaving only the automatic, front wheel drive T5 in base and R-Design trims. The model year of 2011 was the last for the V50 in the United States and Canada.

V50 sales

Total produced: 519,007 from 2003 to 2012 (as of 31 December 2012)

Engines

See also
 Volvo S40
 Volvo P1 platform

Notes

References
 "The all-new Volvo V50", a Volvo Cars North America news release
 "SEMA 2004: Hot-blooded Volvo V50 SV Concept Car Debuts at 2004 SEMA"

V50
Compact cars
Station wagons
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2004
2010s cars
Partial zero-emissions vehicles

sv:Volvo S40#V50

Volvo V50


Minearbejderstrejkerne i Sovjetunionen i 1989 var en strejkebevægelse der indledtes af minearbejder i Vorkutaområdet i Republikken Komi. Den 2. marts gik 107 minearbejderne Severnajaminen i sultestrejke og to dage efter, den 4. marts sluttede yderligere 58 minearbejdere sig til strejken. Baggrunden for strejken var Mikhail Gorbatjovs perestrojkaprogram, der havde ført til en forværring af den økonomiske situation, med store mangler i forsyningerne til mineområderne.

Baggrund

Gennem perestrojkaprogrammet ophævedes socialistisk ejerskab til produktionsmidlerne, der blev underlagt de kapitalistiske markedkræfter.

Dette førte til en katastrofal situation, der truede med at prisgive den sovjetiske økonomi og de øvrige socialistiske lande til det kapitalistiske markedsøkonomi.

Kulmineindustrien blev et eksempel på, hvordan perestrojka forløb. Officielt var det overordnede mål at opnå en integreret mineindustri, fuldt mekaniseret og automatiseret med den nyeste moderne teknologi, og minearbejderne blev forledt til at tro, at perestrojka betød teknologisk omstrukturering, hævelse produktiviteten og udvikling af de nødvendige ledelsesinstrumenter.

Gennem måneder havde lønudbetalinger været forsinket eller helt udeblevet.

Strejkebevægelsens udvikling

Strejkebevægelsen indledtes af en enkelte mine i Kuzbass. Den udløsende faktor var manglende sæbe i baderummene, hvor minearbejderne skulle vaske dagens støv af. Imidlertid udviklede kravene sig og omfattede krav om bedre madforsyninger, sikrere arbejdsforhold, flere boliger og en miljømæssig forbedring omkring minen. I løbet af en uge deltog mere end 100.000 minearbejdere i Kutznetskbækkenet i strejken.

Sideløbende blev der strejket i Donbass, hvor 20.000 minearbejdere havde nedlagt arbejdet og opstillet 42 krav, bl.a.:
 Lønstigninger på 20 pct til aftenhold og 40 procent for natarbejde
 Anerkendelse af silikose, tuberkulose og gigt som arbejdsrelaterede sygdomme
 Alle minearbejdere skal have deres egen lejlighed inden for 10 år
 Donbass skal placeres på den prioriterede liste for fødevareforsyningen, og arbejdere dér skal forsynes med god kvalitet mad i overensstemmelse med medicinske forskrifter.

I løbet af de næste måneder spredte strejken sig til de øvrige kulmineområder. I oktober rapporteredes der om 16.000 minearbejdere i strejke i Vorkutaområdet i Republikken Komi.

Referencer

Strejker
Rusland i 1900-tallet
Sovjetunionens historie
Begivenheder i 1989


Kinas Grand Prix 2018 (officielt navn: 2018 Formula 1 Heineken Chinese Grand Prix) er et Formel 1-løb som bliver arrangeret 15. april 2018 på Shanghai International Circuit. Det er det tredje løb i Formel 1-sæsonen 2018 og 15. gang at Kinas Grand Prix bliver arrangeret.

Resultater

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Formel 1 2018
2018

Kinas Grand Prix 2018


Christopher Tyler Austin (Conyers, 6 de setembro de 1991) é um jogador de beisebol estadunidense, que joga na posição de primeira-base (first baseman).

Carreira

Austin compôs o elenco da Seleção dos Estados Unidos de Beisebol nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, onde conquistou a medalha de prata após confronto contra a equipe japonesa na final da competição.

Beisebolistas olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Beisebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos do beisebol

Tyler Austin


نادي كامبور الرياضي  نادي كرة قدم هولندي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الأولى. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1964.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Official website

أندية كرة قدم في فرايزلاند
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1964
أندية كرة قدم في هولندا
الرياضة في ليوفاردن
تأسيسات سنة 1964 في هولندا

نادي كامبور


ආහාර මගින් වැලඳෙන රෝග යනු ආහාර පරිභෝජනය නිසා හටගන්නා රෝගී තත්ත්වයන්ය. මෙය බහුලවම ආහාර විෂවීම ලෙස හැදින්වුව ද බහුතරයක් හටගනු‍යේ ව්‍යාධිජනක බැක්ටීරියා, වෛරස, රෝග කාරක ප්‍රෝටීන් අංශු හෙවත් Prions සහ පරපෝෂිතයන් විසින් ආහාර ද්‍රව්‍ය අපවිත්‍ර කිරීම තුළින් විනා ස්වාභාවිකව පවතින විෂකාරක ද්‍රව්‍ය හෝ රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය මගින් නොවේ.

නූතන ලෝකයේ බලපෑම
නූතන අවධිවල සිදු වූ ආහාර නිෂ්පාදනයේ හා කාර්මීකරණයේ  ශීඝ්‍ර ගෝලීයකරණය නිසා ආහාර ද්‍රව්‍ය අපවිත්‍ර වීමේ සම්භාවිතාව ඉහළ ගොස් තිබේ. ආහාර විෂ වීම නිසා ඇතිවන වසංගත රෝග තත්ත්වයන් මීට පෙර කුඩා ජන කොට්ඨාශයක් අතර දක්නට ලැබුණ ද මේ වන විට එය ගෝලීය අර්බුදයක් බවට පත්ව ඇත. ආහාර ආරක්ෂණ අධිකාරිය මගින් ලොව පුරා දේශීය වශයෙන් සහ ජාත්‍යන්තරව ආහාර ද්‍රව්‍යවල ආරක්ෂාව පිළිබද තොරතුරු හුවමාරු කර ගැනීම සදහා උපකාරී වන අතර හදිසි අවස්ථාවන්හි දී ක්ෂණිකව තොරතුරු  ලබා ගැනීමට හැකි වී ඇත.

ලොව පුරා ආහාර මගින් බෝවන රෝග ඇතිවීමේ ප්‍රවනතාව ගණනය කිරීම අපහසු වුව ද වසර 2000 දී මෙමගින් ඇතිවන පාචන රෝගී තත්ත්වයන් නිසා මිලියන 2.1 ක් පමණ වු පිරිසක් මරුමුවට පත්ව තිබේ. මෙයින් බහුතරයක් සිදුවී ඇත්තේ අපවිත්‍ර වූ ආහාර හා පානීය ජලය මගිනි. මීට අමතරව පාචනය යනු ළදරුවන් සහ කුඩා ළමුන්ට මන්ද පෝෂණය ඇති කරවන ප්‍රධාන සාධකයකි.

කාර්මිකරණය වු රටවල පවා සෑම වසරක් තුළම ජනගණයෙන් 30% ක් පමණ ආහාර මගින් බෝවන රෝග හේතුවෙන් පීඩා විදිති. ඇම‍රිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සෑම වසරක් තුළ ම මෙය මිලියන 76 ක් වන අතර එමගින් රෝහල්ගතවීම් 325,000 සහ මරණ 500 ක් සිදු වී තිබේ. සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රටවල මෙකී තත්ත්වය වඩාත් අහිතකර ලෙස බලපා ඇත්තේ එම රටවල පරපෝෂිතයින්ගෙන් ඇතිවන රෝග ඇතුළුව පුළුල් පරාසයක විහිදෙන රෝග ව්‍යප්තියක් දක්නට ඇති බැවිනි. ආහාර මගින් බෝවන රෝගවලට සමාජය තුල අහිතකර සහ වඩාත් පුළුල්ව පැතිරුණු බැලපෑමක් ඇති කළ හැකි අතර ඒ සදහා අතීතයෙන් ද සාක්ෂි ඇත. 1994 දී සැල්මොනෙල්ලා බැක්ටීරියාව මගින් අපවිත්‍ර වූ අයිස් ක්‍රීම් ආහාරයට ගැනීම නිසා ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය තුළ පුද්ගලයින් 2,24000 පමණ රෝගී වී ඇත.  1988 දී චීනයේ යාකෘත් ප්‍රදානය (Hepatitis A)  නම් වසංගත තත්ත්වය ඇතිවුයේ ආසාදිත බෙල්ලන් ආහාරයට ගැනීමෙනි. මෙමගින් 3,00000  පුද්ගලයින් ප්‍රමාණයක් රෝගී තත්ත්වයට පත්වුහ.

ආහාර ද්‍රව්‍ය අපවිත්‍ර වීම කිසියම් සමාජයක් තුළ සමාජීය හා ආර්ථික වශයෙන් දැඩි පීඩනයක් එල්ල කරයි. ඇ.එ.ජ.යේ 1997 වසරේදි මෙමගින් සිදු වූ පාඩුව වෛද්‍ය ගාස්තු සහ නිෂ්පාදිතයේ අපතේ යාම් ඇතුළුව ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන තිස් පහකි. 1991 දී පේරු ජනපදයේ කොලරා රෝගයේ ආගමනයත් සමග ම එම වසර තුළ මත්ස්‍ය නිෂ්පාදනය අපනයනය කිරීමට නො හැකි වීමෙන් සිදු වූ පාඩුව ඇම‍රිකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 500කි.

ආහාර මගින් වැලඳෙන රෝග


حطين، منطقة من مناطق محافظة حولي في الكويت. وهي جزء من منطقة جنوب السرة. وسميت بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى معركة حطين.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في الكويت

حطين (الكويت)


Svijet

Zgrade i druge građevine

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 Milivoj Frković, hrvatski projektant i graditelj mostova († )

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Zgrade i druge građevine

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Arhitektura u 1887.


Das Luckauer Holz ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Gemeinde Luckau (Wendland) in der Samtgemeinde Lüchow (Wendland) im Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG LÜ 255 ist 124 Hektar groß. Es ist Bestandteil des FFH-Gebietes "Landgraben- und Dummeniederung" und des gleichnamigen EU-Vogelschutzgebietes.

Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt westlich von Wustrow (Wendland) und südöstlich von Luckau (Wendland) an der Landesgrenze zu Sachsen-Anhalt in der Niederung der Dumme. Es stellt ein zum Teil naturnahes Waldgebiet innerhalb des Naturparks Elbhöhen-Wendland unter Schutz, das von Eichen-Mischwäldern, Erlen-Eschen- und Bruchwäldern auf überwiegend stark grundwasser- und stauwasserbeeinflussten Standorten geprägt wird.

Im Süden schließen sich Bereiche mit Hochstaudenfluren, Weiden-Sumpfgebüsche, Staudensümpfe, Feuchtwiesen, Großseggenriede und Röhrichte an. Im Süden des Naturschutzgebietes sind auch naturnahe Kleingewässer zu finden.

Das Naturschutzgebiet wird von der Dumme durchflossen. Ein Nebenarm der Dumme als Grenzfluss zur Landesgrenze zu Sachsen-Anhalt begrenzt das Naturschutzgebiet nach Süden.

Die Wege im Naturschutzgebiet südlich der Dumme sind in der Brut- und Setzzeit in der Zeit vom 1. März bis zum 15. August gesperrt.

Das Gebiet steht seit dem 2. August 2003 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.

Weblinks

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Waldschutzgebiet in Niedersachsen
Luckau (Wendland)

Luckauer Holz


Francesco Baldovini (né le  à Florence et mort le  dans la même ville) est un poète italien du .

Biographie
Francesco Baldovini naquit, le , de parents honnêtes, mais peu riches. Il fit ses études sous les jésuites, et fut ensuite reçu docteur en droit dans l'Université de Pise. Son talent poétique lui valut la protection du cardinal Chigi, qui lui procura, à Home, la place de secrétaire du cardinal Nini, de Sienne, qu'il exerça pendant à peu près dix ans. À quarante ans il se fit prêtre, retourna dans sa patrie, où il obtint successivement des prieurés, chapellenies, et autres dignités ecclésiastiques. Il fut aussi protonotaire apostolique, et membre de plusieurs académies. Il mourut le .

Œuvres
On a de lui une espèce d'églogue, ou de morceau de poésie villageoise, qui est regardée comme l'une des meilleures de ce genre ; elle est intitulée : Lamento di Cecco da Varlungo. Ce n'est point en langue purement italienne qu'elle est écrite, mais dans le langage des paysans et des ouvriers de Toscane, et remplie des idiotismes, des tours et des manières de parler proverbiales qui sont propres à ce langage. Le naturel des sentiments et la naïveté des expressions en font le mérite. Laurent de Médicis composa le premier dans ce genre, à la fin du , une pièce intitulée : la Nencia da Barberino, qui en est le meilleur modèle, et, depuis ce temps, on n'avait rien fait qui valût le Lamento di Cecco. L'auteur s'y proposa de traiter, dans un style honnête, le sujet indécent du prêtre de Varlongo, amoureux de la Belcolore. Ce petit poème fut publié, pour la première fois, par le marquis Bartolommei, Florence, 1694, in-4°, avec une très-courte préface de l'éditeur et quelques gravures. Francesco Baldovini y était déguisé sous le nom anagrammatique de Fiesolano Branducci. L'abbé Orazio Marrini en a donné une nouvelle édition, avec de savantes notes, pour expliquer les mots, les tours et les proverbes florentins, et précédée de la vie de l'auteur, Florence, 1755, in-4°. Il a été réimprimé plusieurs fois depuis, avec ou sans les notes. On trouve un morceau du même auteur dans le recueil des Poesie burlesche del Berni e d'altri, , Florence (Naples), 1723, in-8°. Ce sont des stances en vers appelés sdruccioli, adressées à Francesco Redi. Baldovini avait laissé d'autres poésies qui n'ont point été imprimées, mais dont on trouve beaucoup de citations dans sa vie, écrite par l'abbé Marrini, comme nous l'avons dit ci-dessus.

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1634
Naissance à Florence
Décès en novembre 1716
Décès à Florence
Poète italien du XVIIe siècle
Décès à 82 ans

Francesco Baldovini


Michael Henck (* 6. Dezember 1667 im schwedisch-pommerschen Stettin; † 28. Juli 1715 auf der Ostsee) war ein schwedischer Marineoffizier. Im Großen Nordischen Krieg war er zuletzt Admiral.

Leben
Michael Henck war ein Sohn des Stettiner Schiffsführers und Kabeljaufischers Hans Henck. Er fuhr bereits früh zur See, unter anderem nach England, Spanien und ins Mittelmeer. Er nahm an mehreren Seegefechten teil und diente sich vom Bootsmann zum Befehlshaber eines Schiffs hoch, dessen Kommando er 1694 erhielt.

1700 trat er in schwedische Dienste und wurde im selben Jahr Kapitän eines Orlogschiffes. Nachdem er sich als Marineoffizier bewährt hatte, erhielt er 1710 das Kommando über eine kleine Brigantine. Mit dieser griff er eine dänische Fregatte an, die mehrere Transportschiffe nach Danzig begleiten sollte, und verfolgte diese bis in die Nähe von Kopenhagen. Er ließ drei feindliche Schiffe verbrennen und führte zwei andere mit sich nach Schweden. 1711 erbeutete er erneut zwei dänische Schiffe.

Zu einer erneuten Konfrontation mit den Dänen kam es während der Seegefechte im Greifswalder Bodden (1712). Henck erhielt in jenem Jahr das Kommando über ein Geschwader aus drei Fregatten, einer Brigantine, einer Bombarde und elf Transportschiffen, beladen mit Proviant und Munition zur Versorgung von Stettin. Eine dänische Flotte, die dies verhindern sollte, kam erst heran, als Hencks Geschwader bereits im Neuen Tief südöstlich von Rügen vor Anker lag. Den an Schiffen und Feuerkraft deutlich überlegenen Dänen, noch verstärkt durch 15 Orlogschiffe unter dem Kommando von Vizeadmiral Christian Thomesen Sehested, gelang es trotz eines sechs Stunden andauernden Beschusses nicht, die Schweden aus ihrer Stellung zu vertreiben. Drei Tage später griffen die Dänen erneut an, verstärkt um 14 Schiffe mit geringem Tiefgang, mussten sich jedoch unter Verlusten wieder zurückziehen. Für seine Tapferkeit wurde Henck am 26. Oktober 1712 unter Beibehaltung seines Namens in den schwedischen Adelsstand erhoben. Am 29. Dezember desselben Jahres wurde er zum Schoutbynacht (Konteradmiral) ernannt.

Am 12. April 1714 wurde er zum Vizeadmiral befördert. Michael Henck wurde am 10. Februar 1715 zum Befehlshaber des rügischen Seeregiments ernannt und am 4. März zum Admiral befördert.

Michael Henck fiel am 28. Juli 1715 auf seinem Schiff Enigheten zu Beginn der Seeschlacht bei Jasmund zwischen Schweden und Dänen während des Pommernfeldzuges 1715/1716. Er wurde in einer Kirche in Karlskrona beigesetzt.

Er war mit Anna Dorothea Stolten verheiratet, der Tochter des Anklamer Navigationslehrers Peter Stolten. Der Ehe entstammten drei Töchter und zwei Söhne.

Literatur
 Henck, Michael. In: Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon. Ny Fjöld. Bd. 5, Örebro 1863–1864, S. 126–127.
 Gabriel Anrep: Svenska Adelns Ättar-Taflor. 2. Teil, Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm 1861, S. 235 (Google bücher).

Admiral (Schweden)
Person im Großen Nordischen Krieg (Schweden)
Person (Schwedisch-Pommern)
Nobilitierter (Schweden)
Geboren 1667
Gestorben 1715
Mann

Michael Henck


Baaba Maal (, born 13 June 1953) is a Senegalese singer and guitarist born in Podor, on the Senegal River. In addition to acoustic guitar, he also plays percussion. He has released several albums, both for independent and major labels. In July 2003, he was made a UNDP Youth Emissary.

Maal sings primarily in Pulaar and promotes the traditions of the Pulaar-speaking people, who live on either side of the Senegal River in the ancient Senegalese kingdom of Futa Tooro.

Early life and education
Maal was expected to follow in his father's profession and become a fisherman. However, under the influence of his lifelong friend and family gawlo, blind guitarist Mansour Seck, Maal devoted himself to learning music from his mother and his school's headmaster. He went on to study music at the university in Dakar before leaving for a three month stay in Paris to learn musical notation. In the event, he stayed for three years in the French capital, where he took courses at the Conservatoire de Paris, had private tuition and was taken with Mozart.

Career
After returning from study in Paris, Maal studied traditional music with Mansour Seck and began performing with the band Daande Lenol. Maal's fusions continued into the next decade with his Firin' in Fouta (1994) album, which used ragga, salsa and Breton harp music to create a popular sound that launched the careers of Positive Black Soul, a group of rappers, and also led to the formation of Afro Celt Sound System.  His fusion tendencies continued on 1998's Nomad Soul, which featured Brian Eno as one of seven producers.  In addition to his various solo releases, he contributed to two tracks, "Bushes" and "Dunya Salam", on the concept album 1 Giant Leap.

In 1998, Maal recorded "Bess, You Is My Woman Now" for the Red Hot Organization's compilation album Red Hot + Rhapsody: The Gershwin Groove, a tribute to George Gershwin which raised money for various charities devoted to increasing HIV/AIDS awareness and fighting the disease. In 2002, Maal again worked with the Red Hot Organization, recording "No Agreement" alongside Res, Tony Allen, Ray Lema, Positive Black Soul and Archie Shepp; as well as "Trouble Sleep Yanga Wake Am" alongside Taj Mahal and featuring Kaouding Cissoko and Antibalas, for the tribute album to Fela Kuti, Red Hot + Riot: The Music and Spirit of Fela Kuti.

On 7 July 2007, Maal performed at the Live Earth concert, Johannesburg.

Maal's album On the Road, a live acoustic album recorded straight from the mixing boards of his shows over a ten-year period, was released in 2008. A new studio album, Television, was released in 2009.

He appears on two tracks "Hunger" and "Still" on the Black Hawk Down film soundtrack and performed on the title track of the 2008 video game Far Cry 2, in addition to helping to create the whole soundtrack for that game. He played at Bonnaroo and the Sierra Nevada World Music Festival in 2010.

On 4 May 2013, Maal performed at the 2013 edition of the Harare International Festival of the Arts in Zimbabwe.

In 2014, he contributed to the BBC Music's remake of The Beach Boys song "God Only Knows".

Maal's 11th studio album, The Traveller, recorded with Johan Hugo from the Very Best and Winston Marshall (Mumford & Sons), was released via Palm and Marathon Artists The lead singles, "Fulani Rock" and "Gilli Men", received critical acclaim. in January 2016, and was accompanied by a UK tour and headlining Senegal's Festival Blues Du Fleuve. Maal accompanied Mumford & Sons on their Gentlemen of the Road tour around South Africa in 2015. He also released a song and accompanying live performance music video with Mumford & Sons called "There Will Be Time".

In 1998 Maal was honoured by the Dutch-based Prince Claus Fund, which rewards people who have a progressive and contemporary approach to the themes of culture and development.

Maal voiced the Wakandan soundtrack of Black Panther for Ludwig Göransson, helping introduce Göransson to many of the African musicians who contributed to the score. Maal's vocals can be heard on tracks "Wakanda" and "A King's Sunset." The two musicians rejoined each other to collaborate on the score for the sequel Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, including Maal doing a brief cameo in the film itself as a funeral singer. To celebrate the launch of the film's trailer, Maal and Massamba Diop staged a performance at San Diego ComicCon. His vocals can be heard on the sole track, "Nyana Wam."

In an interview with The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2020, Maal discussed the ritual quality of traditional instruments, and how he chooses instruments to convey his songs' messages: "The spirit of the kora  and the ngoni are different from the talking drum and the balafon, or the sabar and the djembe. The kora and ngoni are closer to human beings, because they are made from things that had life. The talking drum, the balafon, and the sabar are made from wood, and when you listen to them your mind goes out into the forest. When you make music and write songs, you have to know about the messages. From the messages, you know what the instruments are and how to put them together underneath the lyrics."

Humanitarian works
On March 28, 2016, Maal launched Nann-K, a charity focusing on global sustainable development. The launch coincided with International Women's Day, featuring a concert by Maal himself. The date was chosen to honour the involvement of women in the development of business in Africa. There has since been a first anniversary show at Dakar's Amadou Barry stadium. The intention of NANN-K as an organization is that it will support people from Senegal, and then throughout Africa, in developing a career in agriculture – through farming the land, raising animals, and fishing. All these are time-old rural pursuits but they have never been organized or brought into the 21st century, let alone combined with the latest digital thinking.

On December 11, 2019, Maal promised to fight to stop the desertification in the Sahel by planting trees. He said he hoped every person in Senegal could say they planted a tree.

Discography

Studio albums
 Djam Leelii (with Mansour Seck) (1989, Mango Records)
 Baayo (with Mansour Seck) (1991, Mango)
 Lam Toro (1992, Mango)
 Wango (1994, Syllart)
 Firin' in Fouta (1994, Mango)
 Gorel (1995, 4th & Broadway)
 Taara (1997, Melodie)
 Nomad Soul (1998, Import) – No. 33 Australia
 Djam Leelii: The Adventurers (1998, Yoff Productions)
 Jombaajo (2000, Sonodisc)
 Missing You (Mi Yeewnii) (2001, Palm)
 Television (2009, Palm)
 The Traveller (2016, Palm / Marathon Artists)
 Being (2023, Palm / Marathon Artists)

Compilation albums
 The Best of the Early Years (2003, Wrasse)
 Palm World Voices: Baaba Maal (2005, Palm)
 On the Road (2008, Palm)

Import releases
 Jombaajo
 Ngalanka
 Ndilane
 C'est la vie

Contributing artist
 Passion – Sources compilation (1989, Real World Records)
 Unwired: Acoustic Music from Around the World – (1999, World Music Network)
 Television with Brazilian Girls (2009, Palm)
 The Rough Guide to the Music of Senegal (2013, World Music Network)
 Johannesburg with Mumford and Sons (2016, Glassnote Entertainment Group)
Black Panther Original Score with Ludwig Göransson (2018, Marvel Music Inc.)
Black Panther: Wakanda Forever Original Score with Ludwig Göransson (2022, Marvel Music Inc.)

DVDs
1999 – Live at the Royal Festival Hall – Palm Pictures

References

External links
 – official site

Musicians from Dakar
Senegalese guitarists
Living people
20th-century Senegalese male singers
1953 births
Palm Pictures artists
21st-century Senegalese male singers

Baaba Maal


Prosciutto este o carne din pulpă de porc/mistreț specifică bucătăriei italiene, sărată și uscată. Prosciutto Crudo este crud și Prosciutto Cotto este gătit. Prosciutto crudo se servește de obicei sub formă de felii subțiri.

Mai multe regiuni din Italia au propriile variante de prosciutto crudo, fiecare cu grade de statut protejat, dar cele mai apreciate sunt prosciutto di Parma DOP, din regiunea Emilia-Romagna, și prosciutto di San Daniele DOP, din regiunea Friuli-Veneția Giulia. Spre deosebire de speck (Speck Alto Adige IGP) din regiunea Tirolului de Sud, prosciutto nu este afumat. Există și o tradiție de preparare a prosciutto-ului în sudul Elveției.

În italiană, prosciutto înseamnă orice fel de șuncă (jambon), fie preparată prin uscare (prosciutto crudo sau pur și simplu crudo) sau gătită (prosciutto cotto).  Cuvântul "prosciutto" în sine nu este denumire protejată; șunca fiartă poate fi în mod legal vândută ca prosciutto, ceea ce se și practică în țările vorbitoare de limbă engleză (de obicei ca prosciutto cotto provenită din Italia sau făcută în stil italian).

Tipuri de Prosciutto Crudo:
 Prosciutto di Norcia
Prosciutto di Parma
Prosciutto di San Daniele

Galerie

Note

Vezi și
 Pancetta
Jambon

Legături externe
 Site-ul oficial (în engleză) al Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma
 Site-ul oficial al Consorzio del Prosciutto di San Daniele

Bucătăria italiană
Carne

Prosciutto


Kilinochchi (en tamil: கிளிநொச்சி மாவட்டம்) es un distrito de Sri Lanka en la provincia Norte. Código ISO: LK.KL.

Comprende una superficie de 1 279 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Kilinochchi.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población total de 156 000 habitantes, de los cuales 77 000 eran mujeres y 79 000 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Kilinochchi

Distrito de Kilinochchi


Acest articol descrie al doilea tur al Ligii Campionilor EHF Feminin 2018-2019.

Echipe calificate
Tabelul de mai jos precizează locurile în grupele preliminare de pe care echipele s-au calificat în grupele principale:

Format
În această fază au avansat primele trei echipe din fiecare grupă preliminară. Fiecare echipă și-a păstrat punctele și golaverajul obținute în meciurile directe contra celorlalte echipe calificate din grupă.

În cele două grupe principale echipele vor juca una împotriva celeilalte după sistemul fiecare cu fiecare, în meciuri tur și retur împotriva echipelor cu care nu s-au întâlnit încă. Echipele clasate pe primele patru locuri la sfârșitul acestei faze vor avansa în sferturile de finală.

Partidele
Partidele se vor desfășura între 25 ianuarie și 10 martie 2019, și anume: pe 25–27 ianuarie, 1–3 februarie, 8–10 februarie, 22–24 februarie, 1–3 martie, 8–10 martie 2019.

Departajare
Similar cu faza grupelor, echipele se vor clasa în conformitate cu punctele acumulate (2 puncte pentru victorie, 1 punct pentru egal, 0 puncte pentru înfrângere). Dacă două sau mai multe echipe vor acumula același număr de puncte la finalul fazei grupelor, ele vor fi departajate după cum urmează:

După punctele obținute în meciurile directe dintre echipele aflate la egalitate;
După golaverajul obținut în meciurile directe dintre echipele aflate la egalitate;
După numărul de goluri înscrise în meciurile directe dintre echipele aflate la egalitate (sau după numărul de goluri înscrise în deplasare, în caz de egalitate);
După golaverajul obținut în urma tuturor meciurilor din grupă;
După numărul de goluri înscrise în toate meciurile din grupă;
După determinarea locului uneia dintre echipele aflate la egalitate, criteriile de mai sus vor fi folosite consecutiv până când vor fi determinate locurile tuturor echipelor implicate. Dacă și după folosirea criteriilor de departajare de mai sus vor exista echipe care rămân la egalitate, EHF va decide clasamentul printr-o tragere la sorți.

În timpul fazei grupelor principale, doar criteriile 4–5 vor fi aplicate pentru determinarea clasamentului provizoriu.

Grupa 1

Grupa a 2-a

Note

Legături externe
Pagina oficială

Liga Campionilor EHF Feminin 2018-2019

Liga Campionilor EHF Feminin 2018-2019 - grupele principale


Carl José Suneson (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canarias, España, 22 de julio de 1967) es un golfista español. Hijo de madre británica y de padre sueco. Pasó al profesionalismo en el año 1990, ganando desde entonces 1 torneo del Circuito Europeo. Ha disputado además 2 Majors.

Victorias como profesional (7)

Circuito Europeo (1)

 2007: (1) Open de Saint-Omer

Circuito Challenge (6)

 1995: (1) Rolex Pro-Am
 1999: (3) Comunitat Valenciana Challenge de España, Rolex Trophy, The Beazer Homes Challenge Tour Championship
 2005: (1) Apulia San Domenico Grand Final
 2007: (1) Open de Saint-Omer

Resultados en los grandes

CUT = No pasó el corte
DQ = Descalificado
"T" indica: empatado con otros.
Fondo amarillo indica puesto entre los 10 primeros (top-10).

Enlaces externos
 Carl Sunenson

Golfistas de España
Deportistas de la provincia de Las Palmas
Nacidos en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Carl Suneson


Francuski vrt (ili francuski formalni vrt, francuski svečani vrt, francuski park; doslovno "vrt na francuski način"), stil je vrta koji se temelji na simetriji i principu nametanja reda prirodi. Njegovom se epitomom smatraju Versajski vrtovi koje je dizajnirao krajobrazni arhitekt André Le Nôtre za Luja XIV. tijekom 17. stoljeća u Francuskoj.

Francuski vrt nastavlja se na renesansni vrt pravilna plana. Bujno raslinje reže se u geometrijske oblike. Drvoredi su simetrično postavljeni, a stabla se šišaju pravilno. Između vegetacije postavljaju se fontane, kipovi i ukrasne vaze, terase se povezuju stubištima. Glavna značajka francuskog vrta je prisutnost simetričnih elemenata i geometrijskih figura. Po tradiciji je pravokutnik, koji je podijeljen na 4 identična kvadrata.

Suprotnost francuskom vrtu (Jardin à la française) je engleski vrt (Jardin à l'anglaise) koji predstavlja idealizirani pogled na prirodu. Inspiraciju je crpio iz slika pejzaža i iz klasičnih kineskih vrtova.

Vanjske poveznice

 Francuski vrt, Proleksis enciklopedija

Francuska kultura
Dizajniranje vrtova

Francuski vrt


Mošovce, Slovakya'da bulunan, tarihi önemi olan bir köydür. Nüfusu 1.380'dir.

Köyde birçok tarihi anıt bulunur ve Slovak şair, Ján Kollár'ın doğum yeridir.

Dış bağlantılar

 www.mosovce.sk*
 Danışma
 Drienok

Mošovce


An Helictotrichon versicolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Dominique Villars, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schult. och Julius Hermann Schultes. An Helictotrichon versicolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Helictotrichon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Helictotrichon

Helictotrichon versicolor


Kamu davası sadece bir bireyin diğer bir bireye karşı açmış olduğu hak davası olmayıp bireyin topluma veya bir kurum tarafından konulmuş kurum kanununun oluşturduğu yasal hak mağduriyetinden ötürü kuruma açılan ve alınacak karar sadece davayı açan kişiyi değil de tüm kamu anlamıyla herkesi ilgilendiren durumlardan ötürü mahkemenin sadece tekil kişi ve kurum hakkında vermeyeceği kararları bağlayan davalara verilen ad.

Kamu davası, eski dilde devletin kovuşturması da denilen; ceza yargılamasının gerçekleşebilmesi için suç isnadının yargı makamlarına getirilmesi manasını taşır.

Devletin toplum adına herhangi bir suçluyu işlenen bir suç doğrultusunda mahkemeler karşısına getirip yargılama ve dava etme sürecinin başlamasına önayak etmesi gerekmektedir. Bu vesile ile; bu kovuşturmaya da kamu davası denir.

Hukuk terimleri

Kamu davası


Die Saison 1931/32 war die erste reguläre Saison der Central Hockey League (CHL). Meister wurden die Minneapolis Millers.

Modus
In der Regulären Saison absolvierten die fünf Mannschaften jeweils zwischen 32 und 36 Spiele. Für einen Sieg erhielt jede Mannschaft zwei Punkte, bei einem Unentschieden einen Punkt und bei einer Niederlage null Punkte.

Reguläre Saison

Tabelle
Abkürzungen: GP = Spiele, W = Siege, L = Niederlagen, T = Unentschieden, GF = Erzielte Tore, GA = Gegentore, Pts = Punkte

Weblinks
 Die Spielzeit bei hockeydb.com

Saison der Central Hockey League (1931–1935)
Eishockeysaison 1931/32

Central Hockey League 1931/32


Die Odakyū-Baureihe 3000 (, Odakyū 3000-gata densha) war ein Romancecar-Schnelltriebzug des privaten japanischen Eisenbahnverkehrsunternehmen Odakyū Dentetsu, der von 1957 bis 1991 im Einsatz war. Er wurde für den Tourismusverkehr im Großraum Tokio eingesetzt, wo er vom Bahnhof Shinjuku über die Odawara-Linie zu touristischen Zielen im südwestlichen Hinterland verkehrte.

Geschichte
Mit zunehmenden Wohlstand in der japanischen Gesellschaft im Zuge des Wirtschaftswachstums in der Nachkriegszeit wuchs der Bedarf an Binnentourismus. Odakyū Dentetsu entschied sich daher für die Entwicklung eines elektrischen Triebzugs, der speziell für den Einsatz im Tourismusverkehr konzipiert sein sollte. Die Entwicklung erfolgte in Zusammenarbeit mit dem staatlichen Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI). Für die staatliche japanische Eisenbahngesellschaft JNR und ihr Forschungsinstitut RTRI ergab diese Kooperation durchaus einen Sinn, denn zu dieser Zeit wurde innerhalb der JNR noch intensiv darüber diskutiert, ob die Zukunft des geplanten japanischen Hochgeschwindigkeitsnetzes Shinkansen mit Triebzügen oder mit lokbespannten Zügen betrieben werden sollte. Da sich Odakyū Dentetsu für einen Triebzug entschieden hatte, konnten JNR und RTRI an den Erkenntnissen teilhaben und bevorzugten ihrerseits Triebzüge.

Bei einer Testfahrt auf der Tōkaidō-Hauptlinie im Jahr 1957 konnte die Odakyū-Baureihe 3000 mit 145 km/h einen neuen Weltrekord für Züge auf Kapspur erzielen. Dieser neue Weltrekord stellte einen wesentlichen Auslöser dafür dar, dass die Hochgeschwindigkeitstriebzüge der Shinkansen-Baureihe 0 entwickelt wurden.

Einsatz
Die Fahrzeuge der Odakyū-Baureihe 3000 SE kamen ab 1957 als erste Romancecar-Züge zwischen Tokio-Shinjuku und Hakone als 8-Wagen-Einheit zum Einsatz. Das "SE" stand dabei für "Super Express".

Ab 1968 wurden die Züge neu zusammengestellt und mehrere neue Steuerwagen beschafft, um sie fortan als 5-Wagen-Einheiten betreiben zu können. Damit änderte sich der Zusatz von "SE" auf "SSE", was für "Short Super Express" stand. In dieser Formation blieben die Fahrzeuge bis 1991 im Einsatz.

Technik
Die Odakyū-Baureihe 3000 war ein durchgängiger Gliederzug in Leichtbauweise. Sie hatten einen sehr niedrigen Schwerpunkt und eine besonders aerodynamische äußere Gestaltung. Beides sollte zu einer möglichst hohen Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit beitragen. Aufgrund der sehr kurvenreichen Strecke konnten die Züge allerdings im Regelbetrieb nie ihre technisch mögliche Höchstgeschwindigkeit erreichen.

Die Triebzüge befanden sich auf dem neuesten Stand der Technik und gewannen 1958 den ersten Blue Ribbon Award für ihr Design.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Triebfahrzeug (Japan)
Hochgeschwindigkeitszug
Schienenfahrzeug (Kawasaki)
Odakyū Dentetsu

Odakyū-Baureihe 3000 SE


The French Air and Space Force (AAE) (, ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. Formed in 1909 as the , a service arm of the French Army, it became an independent military branch in 1934 as the French Air Force. On 10 September 2020, it assumed its current name, the French Air and Space Force, to reflect an "evolution of its mission" into the area of outer space.

The number of aircraft in service with the French Air and Space Force varies depending on the source; the Ministry of Armed Forces gives a figure of 658 aircraft in 2014. According to 2018 data, this figure includes 210 combat aircraft: 115 Dassault Mirage 2000 and 95 Dassault Rafale.  the French Air and Space Force employs a total of 40,500 regular personnel, with a reserve element of 5,187 in 2014.

The Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) is a direct subordinate of the Chief of the Defence Staff (CEMA), a high-ranking military officer who in turn answers to the civilian Minister of the Armed Forces.

History

In the beginning

Establishment of the

The founding of the  began in 1909, when the French War Minister approved the purchase of a Wright Biplane. The following year, another Wright biplane, a Bleriot, and two Farmans were added to the lone acquisition. On 22 October 1910, General Pierre Roques was appointed Inspector General of what was becoming referred to as the Cinquieme Arme, or Fifth Service.

In March 1912, the French parliament enacted legislation to establish the air arm. It was projected to consist of three distinct branches based on aircraft missions—reconnaissance, bombing, or countering other aircraft.

Inventing the fighter plane

France was one of the first states to start building aircraft. At the beginning of World War I, France had a total of 148 planes (eight from French Naval Aviation ()) and 15 airships.
In August 1914, as France entered World War I, French airpower consisted of 24 squadrons () supporting ground forces, including three squadrons assigned to cavalry units. By 8 October, expansion to 65 squadrons was being planned. By December, the plans called for 70 new squadrons.

Meanwhile, even as procurement efforts scaled up, inventive airmen were trying to use various light weapons against opposing airplanes. Roland Garros invented a crude method of firing a machine gun through the propeller arc by cladding his propeller with metal wedges deflecting any errant bullets. After destroying three German airplanes, Garros came down behind enemy lines on 18 April 1915. His secret weapon was thus exposed, and Anthony Fokker came up with the synchronization gear that by July 1, 1915, that turned airplanes into flying gun platforms.

Founding fighter formations

On 21 February 1916, the Verdun Offensive began. New weapons demand new tactics. Commandant Charles de Tricornet de Rose was the original French pilot, having learned to fly in March 1911. This experienced flier was given a free hand to select pilots and airplanes for a new unit tasked with keeping German observation craft from over the French lines. The ad hoc unit commandeered all available Morane-Saulniers and Nieuport 11s, as well as the 15 best pilots regardless of posting. This ad hoc unit patrolling the skies over Verdun was the first French . The  was successful despite Tricornet's death in a mishap. Under the leadership of new commander Captain Auguste de Reverand, such flying aces as Georges Guynemer, Charles Nungesser, and Albert Deullin began their careers.

Encouraged by the success of their original , the French massed several squadrons for the Battle of the Somme. The burgeoning French aircraft inventory afforded the formation of  under Captain Felix Brocard. The  was formed on 1 July 1916 with a posting of four Nieuport squadrons: Squadron N.3, N.26, N.73, and N.103. Three other squadrons--Squadron N.37, N.62, and N.65 were temporarily attached at various times.

On 19 October 1916, three fixed  were established, each to consist of four squadron. Numbered 11, 12, and 13, they were only the first three .

Concentrating airpower

During March 1917,  and  were formed. Again, each new  was assigned four Nieuport fighter squadrons; again, each was sent to support a different French field army.

On 10 January 1918,  was formed from four SPAD squadrons. In February, five more  were founded from SPAD squadrons:  number 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21. The various Nieuport models were now being phased out as the new SPADs filled the inventories of the French.

With the  success, the French were encouraged to amass airpower into still larger tactical units. On 4 February 1918,  was created out of , , and . It was followed by , formed on the 27th from , , and . Each  would be stocked with 72 fighters.

The  were not the end of the French accumulation of air power. On 14 May 1918, they were grouped into the . As bombing aircraft were also being concentrated into larger units, the new division would also contain  and . The bombing units were both equipped with 45 Breguet 14 bombers. The last addition to the new division was five protection squadrons, operating 75 Caudron R.11 gunships to fly escort for the Breguets.

On 25 June 1918,  was founded.  followed soon thereafter. A couple of night bombardment  were also founded.

Committing the Division Aerienne

Then, on 15 July 1918, the Division was committed to the Second Battle of the Marne. From then on, whether in whole or in part, the  fought until war's end. By the time of the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, the French could commit 27 fighter squadrons to the effort, along with reconnaissance and bombing squadrons. The 1,137 airplanes dedicated to the battle were the most numerous used in a World War I battle.

When the 11 November 1918 armistice came, French air power had expanded to 336 squadrons, 74 of which were SPAD fighter squadrons. France had 3,608 planes in service. Confirmed claims of 2,049 destroyed enemy airplanes included 307 that had been brought down within French lines. French airmen had also destroyed 357 observation balloons. However, 5,500 pilots and observers were killed out of the 17,300 engaged in the conflict, amounting to 31%. A 1919 newspaper article reported that the French Air Force had suffered losses of 61%.

Interwar period

Military aeronautics was established as a "special arm" by the law of 8 December 1922. It remained under the auspices of the French Army. It was not until 2 July 1934, that the "special arm" became an independent service and was totally independent.

The initial air arm was the cradle of French military parachuting, responsible for the first formation of the Air Infantry Groups () in the 1930s, out of which the Air Parachute Commandos () descended.

The French Air Force maintained a continuous presence across the French colonial empire, particularly from the 1920s to 1943.

World War II
The French Air Force played an important role in WWII, most notably during the Battle of France in 1940. The Vichy French Air Force had later a significant presence in the French Levant.

The engagement of the Free French Air Forces from 1940 to 1943, and then the engagement of the aviators of the French Liberation Army, were also important episodes in the history of the French Air Force. The sacrifices of Commandant René Mouchotte and Lieutenant Marcel Beau illustrated their devotion.

1945–present

After 1945, France rebuilt its aircraft industry. The French Air Force participated in several colonial wars during the Empire such as French Indochina after the Second World War. Since 1945, the French Air Force was notably engaged in Indochina (1945–1954).

The French Air Force was active in Algeria from 1952 until 1962 and Suez (1956), later Mauritania and Chad, the Persian Gulf (1990–1991), ex-Yugoslavia and more recently in Afghanistan, Mali and Iraq.

From 1964 until 1971 the French Air Force had the unique responsibility for the French nuclear arm via Dassault Mirage IV or ballistic missiles of Air Base 200 Apt-Saint-Christol on the Plateau d'Albion.

Accordingly, from 1962, the French political leadership shifted its military emphasis to nuclear deterrence, implementing a complete reorganisation of the Air Force, with the creation of four air regions and seven major specialised commands, among which were the Strategic Air Forces Command, COTAM, the Air Command of Aerial Defense Forces (, CAFDA), and the  (FATac). In 1964, the Second Tactical Air Command was created in Nancy to take command of air units stationed in France but not assigned to NATO. The Military Air Transport Command had previously been formed in February 1962 from the . Also created in 1964 was the  (EFCA), seemingly grouping all FCA units. The Dassault Mirage IV, the principal French strategic bomber, was designed to strike Soviet positions as part of the French nuclear triad.

In 1985, the Air Force had four major flying commands, the Strategic Air Forces Command, the Tactical Air Forces Command, the Military Air Transport Command, and CAFDA (air defence).

CFAS had two squadrons of S2 and S-3 IRBMs at the Plateau d'Albion, six squadrons of Mirage IVAs (at Mont de Marsan, Cazaux, Orange, Istres, St Dizier, and EB 3/94 at Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base), and three squadrons of C-135F, as well as a training/reconnaissance unit, CIFAS 328, at Bordeaux. The tactical air command included wings EC 3, EC 4, EC 7, EC 11, EC 13, and ER 33, with a total of 19 squadrons of Mirage III, Jaguars, two squadrons flying the Mirage 5F (EC 2/13 and EC 3/13, both at Colmar), and a squadron flying the Mirage F.1CR. CoTAM counted 28 squadrons, of which ten were fixed-wing transport squadrons, and the remainder helicopter and liaison squadrons, at least five of which were overseas. CAFDA numbered 14 squadrons mostly flying the Mirage F.1C. Two other commands had flying units, the Air Force Training Command, and the Air Force Transmissions Command, with four squadrons and three trials units.

Dassault Aviation led the way mainly with delta-wing designs, which formed the basis for the Dassault Mirage III series of fighter jets. The Mirage demonstrated its abilities in the Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War, Falklands War, and Gulf War, becoming one of the most popular jet fighters of its day and being widely sold.

In 1994, the  command was reestablished under a different form.

The French Air Force entered a phase of inventory replacement and expansion. The Air Force ordered the Airbus A400M military transport aircraft, then in development. By November 2016, 11 had already been delivered to ET00.061 at Orleans-Bricy, and integration of the new Dassault Rafale multi-role jet fighter was underway; the first 20-aircraft squadron became operational in 2006 at Saint-Dizier.

In 2009, France rejoined the NATO Military Command Structure, having been absent since 1966. France was a leading nation, alongside the United States, Great Britain and Italy in implementing the UN sponsored no-fly zone in Libya (NATO Operation Unified Protector), deploying 20 fighter aircraft to Benghazi in defense of rebel-held positions and the civilian population.

The last remaining squadron of Dassault Mirage F1s retired the aircraft in July 2014 and replaced them with Dassault Rafales.

On 13 July 2019, President Emmanuel Macron announced the creation of a space command, which would come into being within the French Air Force by September 2019, and the transformation of the French Air Force into the French Air and Space Force. According to Defense Minister Florence Parly, France reserves the right to arm French satellites with lasers for defensive purposes.

The official renaming occurred on 24 July 2020, with the new Air and Space Force logo unveiled on 11 September 2020.

Structure

The Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) determines French Air and Space Force doctrines application and advises the Chief of the Defence Staff (CEMA) on the deployment, manner, and use of the Air and Space Force. They are responsible for the preparation and logistic support of the French Air and Space Force. The CEMAA is assisted by a Deputy Chief, the . Finally, the CEMAA is assisted by the Inspectorate of the French Air and Space Force (IAA) and by the French Air and Space Force Health Service Inspection (ISSAA).

The Air and Space Force is organized in accordance with Chapter 4, Title II, Book II of the Third Part of the French Defense Code (), which replaced decree n° 91-672 dated 14 July 1991.

Under the authority of the Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) in Paris, the Air and Space Force includes:
 Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force, heading the  (EMAAE)
 Forces
 Air Bases
 Directorate of Human Resources of the French Air and Space Force
 Services

The Air and Space Force headquarters, employing 150 personnel, are located alongside the Chief of the Defence Staff's offices (EMA) and the Army and Navy headquarters at the Balard armed forces complex in Paris. The new site replaced the former Paris Air Base (BA 117) which served as air staff headquarters until 25 June 2015.

Commands
The French Air and Space Force has had three commands: two grand operational commands (CDAOA and CFAS) and one organic command (CFA).
 Commandement de la Défense Aérienne et des Opérations Aériennes (English: Air Defense and Air Operations Command (CDAOA)), is responsible for surveillance of French airspace, as well as all aerial operations in progress. It does not possess aircraft. Instead it exercises operational control over units of the Air Forces Command (CFA).
 Air Defence and Air Operations Staff () composed of the:
 Air Force Operational Staff () and the
 Permanent readiness command center (), both situated at the Balard complex (the French Air and Space Force main HQ)
 direct reporting units:
 Air Force Operations Brigade () (all units at BA 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun air base)
 National Air Operations Center ()
 Core Joint Force Air Component HQ (Core JFAC HQ)
 Analysis and Simulation Center for Air Operations Preparation ()
 Air Force Operational Awareness and Planning Brigade ()
 Air Force Intelligence Center () at BA 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun air base
 National Target Designation Center () at BA 110 Creil-Senlis air base
 Land-based Electronic Warfare Squadron () at BA 123 Orléans-Bricy air base
 Intelligence Training Squadron 20.530 () (Metz), training air and space force and naval officers, integrated in the Joint Intelligence Training Center (CFIAR) in Strasbourg
 Air Force Brigade for Permanent Aerial Security Readiness (Brigade aérienne de la posture permanente de la sûreté aérienne (BAPPS)), based at BA 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun air base, created at the end of 2020 and in charge of air policing
 detection and control centers:
 Detection and Control Center 07.927 () Tours – Cinq-Mars-la-Pile (Codename: Raki, AOR: Northwestern France)
 Detection and Control Center 04.930 () Mont-de-Marsan (Codename: Marina, AOR: Southwestern France)
 Detection and Control Center 05.942 () Lyon – Mont Verdun (Codename: Rambert, AOR: Southeastern France)
 Strategic Air Forces Command (CFAS)), is responsible for the air force's nuclear strike units (Dassault Rafale B armed with ASMP-A missiles), as well as the tanker / strategic transport aircraft (C-135FR, Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker).
 Command HQ (Commandement des CFAS), based at Vélizy-Villacoublay Air Base (BA 107)
 4th Fighter Wing (4e Escadre de chasse (4e EC)), based at Saint-Dizier – Robinson Air Base (BA 113)
 Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.113)
 Fighter Squadron 01.004 "Gascogne" (Escadron de chasse 01.004 Gascogne), tactical nuclear strike fighter squadron, flying Rafale B variant
 Fighter Squadron 02.004 "La Fayette" (Escadron de Chasse 02.004 La Fayette), tactical nuclear strike fighter squadron, flying Rafale variant
 Rafale Conversion Squadron 03.004 "Aquitaine" (Escadron de transformation Rafale 03.004 Aquitaine), joint air force – navy OCU flying Rafale B/C/M variants
 Aeronautical Technical Support Squadron 15.004 "Haute-Marne" (Escadron de soutien technique aéronautique 15.004 Haute-Marne)
 31st Aerial Refuel and Strategic Transport Wing (31e Escadre aérienne de ravitaillement et de transport stratégiques (31e EARTS)), based at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base (BA 125).
 Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.113)
 Aerial Refuel and Strategic Transport Squadron 01.031 "Bretagne" (Escadron de ravitaillement en vol et de transport stratégique 01.031 Bretagne), flying the Airbus A330 MRTT
 Operational Conversion Squadron 03.031 "Phénix" (Escadron de transformation Phénix 03.031 Landes), A330MRTT OCU
 Aerial Refuel Squadron 04.031 "Sologne" (Escadron de ravitaillement en vol 4/31 Sologne), winding down operations of the C-135FR
 Transport Squadron 03.060 "Esterel" (Escadron de transport 3/60 Esterel), presidential air transport with the Airbus A330
 Aeronautical Technical Support Squadron 15.031 "Camargue" (Escadron de soutien technique aéronautique 15.031 Camargue)
 Specialised Technical Support Squadron 15.093 (Escadron de soutien technique spécialisé 15.093)
 Air Forces Command (CFA)), Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base, as an organic command, prepares units to fulfill operational missions. From September 2013, the former organic commands CFA and CSFA were merged into CFA. CFA is organized in six brigades:
 Fighter Brigade – ( (BAAC)), is responsible for all air defense, air-to-ground and reconnaissance aircraft (including Dassault Rafale, Mirage 2000-5F, Mirage 2000B/C/D, Transall C-160 Gabriel). In February 2016 it was commanded by Brigadier General (Air) Philippe Lavigne.
 Projection and Support Air Force Brigade ( (BAAP)), is responsible for all tactical transport and liaison aircraft (aircraft and helicopters: Transall, C-160, Hercules C-130, A310/319, Dassault Falcon 50/900, Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma, Eurocopter Fennec, Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma, SOCATA TBM);
 Airspace Control Brigade ( (BACE)), is responsible for (Airborne early warning and control aircraft, and ground radar, ground-based air defense systems and missile defence, communication networks) airspace surveillance, constituting the Système de Commandement et de Conduite des Opérations Aérospatiales). Since 2007 the command, control and information systems network of the air and space force have been is integrated into the Joint Directorate of Infrastructure Networks and Information Systems (DIRISI))
 airborne airspace surveillance units:
 36th Airborne Command and Control Wing (36e escadre de commandement et de conduite aéroportés (36e EC2A)), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702)
 36th Airborne Command and Control Squadron "Berry" (36e escadron de détection et de contrôle aéroportés Berry), flying the Boeing E-3F Sentry
 ground-based airspace surveillance units:
 GRAVES System
 3 surveillance and air defence radar installations equipped with the Ground Master 406 radar: années 2010 trois Ground Master 406, le premier installé en Guyane, le second sur la base aérienne de Nice en 2017 et le troisième sur la Base aérienne 942 and at Lyon-Mont Verdun Air Base (BA 942) in 2019.
 12 surveillance and air defence radar installations equipped with the Ground Master 403T radar in metropolitan France, re-equipped in the 2019 – 2022 period.
 airspace controle of military air bases:
 units for local aerospace surveillance of the immediate environs of air bases (CLA) ;
 approach radars and landing aide systems
 surface-to-air missile units (each ADSA squadron is composed of two batteries of SAMP/T and one battery of Crotale NG SAMs):
 Air Defence Surface-to-Air Wing – 1st Air Defence Artillery Regiment (Escadre sol-air de défense aérienne – 1er régiment d'artillerie de l'air), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702)
 Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 02.950 "Sancerre" (Escadron de défense sol-air 02.950 "Sancerre")
 Technical Support Surface-to-Air Squadron (Escadron de soutien technique sol-air 2E.950)
 Air Defence Surface-to-Air Training Center (Centre de formation de la défense sol-air 14.950)
 Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 01.950 "Crau" (Escadron de défense sol-air 01.950 "Crau") (Base aérienne 125 Istres-Le Tubé)
 Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 05.950 "Barrois" (Escadron de défense sol-air 05.950 "Barrois") (Base aérienne 113 Saint-Dizier-Robinson)
 Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 12.950 "Tursan" (Escadron de défense sol-air 12.950 "Tursan") (Base aérienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan)
 surface-to-air signals units in metropolitan France (METEOR system, in process of replacement by the SRSA system)
 Air Force Special Forces Brigade (Brigade des forces spéciales air (BFSA)). In the 2020 – 2021 period the French Air and Space Force overhauled the force structure of its security and firefighting and rescue units, which were previously grouped together in the Air Force Security and Intervention Forces Brigade ( (BAFSI)).
 aerial units:
 Escadron de Transport 3/61 Poitou – aircraft special operations support squadron based at Orléans –Bricy Air Base and flying C-130H, C-160 and DHC-6 Twin Otter, to convert to Airbus A400M Atlas
 Escadron d'Hélicoptères 1/67 Pyrénées – helicopter special operations support squadron based at Cazaux Air Base and flying EC725 Caracal
 air force commando units:
 Air Force Parachutist Commando 10 (CPA n°10) – the Air Force's primary special operations unit, based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
 Air Force Parachutist Commando 30 (CPA n°30) – previously the Air Force's primary combat search and rescue unit, refocused to special operations, based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
 force protection units:
 Air Force Parachutist Commando 20 (CPA n°20) – the Air Force's primary security unit. Composed of two operational companies and a reserve platoon for a total of up to 400 personnel: Compagnie Bretagne (protection force), Compagnie Normandie (protection force) and Section de réservistes (protection force reservists and instructors).
 Escadrons de protection (EP).
 specialised training units:
 Air Force Parachute Training Center 51.566 (C.A.S.V. 51.566 Le Centre Air de Saut en Vol), based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
 Operational Training Center for Air Force [Land] Combatants (Centre de Préparation Opérationnel des Combattants de l'Armée de l'air (CPOCAA)) – training unit for the CPA 10 and 30, based at Orange-Caritat Air Base
 Detachment (détachement du CPOCAA), based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
 le Centre de formation à la survie et au sauvetage (CFSS) ;Centre de formation à la survie et au sauvetage 61.566 (CFSS). base aérienne 120 de Cazaux.
 Detachment for officer training for land combat (détachement CFA) at the École de l'air et de l'espace
 Air Force Firefighters Brigade (Brigade des pompiers de l'air (BPA)), formed in 2021. It brings together the rescue and firefighting personnel (called incident technicians and grouped into squadrons of company size) of the Air Force into 25 units of around 1 500 personnel. HQ is in Cazaux Air Base (BA 120);
 Air Force Aerial Weapon Systems Brigade ( (BASAA)) provides the maintenance and repair of aerial weapons and target systems.
 Air Force Maneuver Support Brigade ( (BAAMA)) provides the ground-based engineer and logistics personnel (including expeditionary) needed for the sustainment of air operations., based at Bordeaux–Mérignac Air Base (BA 106):
 Expeditionary Command and Control Air Force Wing 00.550 (Escadre aérienne de commandement et de conduite projetable 00.550 (EAC2P 00.550)), based at Évreux-Fauville Air Base (BA 105) and formed on August 27, 2015 on the basis of the former  Groupement tactique des systèmes d'information et de communication (GTSICAéro).
 Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.550)
 Tactical Telecommunications Systems Squadron 11.550 (Escadron des systèmes de télécommunication tactiques 11.550)
 Tactical Surveillance Systems Squadron 12.550 (Escadron des systèmes de surveillance tactiques 12.550)
 Tactical Information Systems Squadron 13.550 (Escadron des systèmes d'information tactiques 13.550)
 Tactical Training and Expertise Squadron 14.550 (Escadron d'expertise et d'instruction tactiques 14.550)
Operational Support Air Force Wing 00.513 (Escadre aérienne d'appui aux opérations 00.513 (EAAO 00.513)), based at Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base (BA 106) and formed on November 24, 2021 on the basis of the former Groupement aérien d'appui aux opérations (GAAO).
Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.513)
Operational Infrastructure Squadron 11.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 11.513)
Operational Infrastructure Squadron 13.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 13.513)
Operational Infrastructure Squadron 15.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 15.513)
Expeditionary Training Squadron 17.513 (Escadron d'instruction au déploiement 17.513)
25th Air Force Engineer Regiment (25ème Régiment du Génie de l'Air), army regiment permanently attached to the air force. Based at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base (BA 125).
2nd Operational Air Force Engineer Company (2e Compagnie opérationnelle du génie de l'air (2e COGA)), based at Mont-de-Marsan Air Base (BA 118).
4th Operational Air Force Engineer Company (4e Compagnie opérationnelle du génie de l'air (4e COGA)), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702).
Aeronautical Installations Air Force Groupment (Groupement aérien des installations aéronautiques (GAIA)), based at Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base (BA 106)
 French Space Command ( (CDE)), HQ at Toulouse Space Centre
 Operational Preparation and Employment Division (Division préparation opérationnelle et emploi (DPOE)), Hexagone Balard, Paris
 Space Operations Air Force Brigade (Brigade aérienne des opérations spatiales (BAOS)), based at Toulouse Space Center. By 2025 the CMOS and the COSMOS will relocate to Toulouse Space Center as well. In preparation for this the French Air and Space Force has formed the military installation FA 101 (Formation administrative (FA 101)) on the premises of the space center.
 Space Operations Command and Control Center (Centre de Commandement et de Contrôle des opérations spatiales (C3OS)), based at Toulouse Space Center
 Satellite Observation Military Center 01.092 "Bourgogne" (), based at Creil-Senlis Air Base (BA 110)
 Operational Center for Military Surveillance of Space Objects (), based at Lyon – Mont Verdun Air Base (BA 942)

These last two brigades belonged until 2013 to the Air Force Support Command (CSFA), which maintained the arms systems, equipment, information and communication systems (SIC) as well as infrastructure. The CSFA supported the human element, the military logistics (supply and transport), wherever, previously, forces of the French Air and Space Force operated or trained. These two brigades are now subordinate to the CFA.

The official designation of the service was changed in July 2019 from Air Army () to Air and Space Army (), when the previous joint Inter-Service Space Command ( (CIE)) under the French General Staff was transformed into the Space Command ( (CDE)) and absorbed into the Air and Space Force as its fourth command.

All air regions were disestablished on 1 January 2008. In the 1960s, there were five air regions (RA). The number was then reduced to four by a decree of 30 June 1962 with the disestablishment of the 5th Aerial Region (French North Africa). The decree of 14 July 1991 reduced the air regions to three: « RA Atlantic », « RA Mediterranean » and «  RA North-East ». On 1 July 2000 was placed into effect an organization consisting of « RA North » (RAN) and « RA South » (RAS). The territorial division was abolished by decree n°2007-601 of 26 April 2007.

From 2008 to 2010 the French Air Force underwent the "Air 2010" streamlining process. The main targets of this project were to simplify the command structure, to regroup all military and civil air force functions and to rationalise and optimise all air force units. Five major commands, were formed, instead of the former 13, and several commands and units were disbanded.

Support services
The Directorate of Human Resources of the Air and Space Force (DRH-AAE) recruits, trains, manages, administers, and converts personnel of the Air and Space Force. Since January 2008, the DRH-AAE groups the former Air Force directorate of military personnel (DPMMA) and some tasks of the former Air Force Training Command. The directorate is responsible for Air and Space Force recruitment via the recruiting bureau.

French joint defence service organisations, supporting the air and space force, include:
 The Integrated Structure of Maintaining Operational Conditioning of Aeronautical Defense Materials () (SIMMAD).
 The Service industriel de l'aéronautique () (SIAE), a 4700-person maintenance organization, internal to the French air force, in charge of 20% of the heavy maintenance of French armed forces, the other 80% being the responsibility of private aeronautics companies.
 The " Air Commissariat " () between 1947 and 2007, then " Financial and General Administration Service " () from 2008 until 2009, and finally the " Commissariat Service of the Armed Forces " (SCA) () since 2010, have successively been designated as administrative services of the French Air and Space Force. The Commissioners as well as Civilians of this service carry out : operations support, individual legal rights, judicial, internal control accountability, financial and purchase executions, and support and protection of the combatant.

Wings
Commanded by a Lieutenant-colonel or Colonel, the  is a formation that assembles various units and personnel dedicated to the same mission. In 1932, the "regiment" designation was replaced with "Escadre", which until 1994 was a unit consisting of the following:
 units (escadrons or groups) generally equipped with the same type of aircraft or at least assuring the same type of mission
 units of maintenance and support.

 (wings) were dissolved from 1993 as part of the  reorganisation, were reestablished in 2014. The problems caused by having the aircraft maintenance units not responsible to the flying squadrons they supported eventually forced the change.

Four  were reformed in the first phase:
  at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base on 27 August 2014
  at Avord Air Base on 5 September 2014
  (ESADA – 1er RAA) at Avord Air Base (3 September 2014)
 the  at Nancy-Ochey Air Base (5 September 2014)

In the second phase, the French Air Force announced in August 2015 the creation of six additional wings:
 the  at Cazaux Air Base (25 August 2015)
 the  at Saint-Dizier ( 26 August 2015)
 the  at Évreux-Fauville Air Base (27 August 2015)
 the  at Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base (3 September 2015)
 the  () at Orléans – Bricy Air Base (1 September 2015)
 the  at Mont-de-Marsan Air Base (3 September 2015).

Also established was the  at Évreux-Fauville Air Base on 27 August 2015.

The French Air and Space Force announced in August 2015 that unit numbering, moves of affected aircraft, and the transfer of historic material (flags, traditions and names) would be completed in 2016.
 the  was re-constituted at Orléans – Bricy Air Base on 5 September 2017, taking over C-130 Hercules operations from  so the latter could specialise in A400M Atlas operations.
Another air force wing was added on September 5, 2019:
 the  at Cognac – Châteaubernard Air Base, operating the air and space force's drone fleet.

Squadrons and flights
Commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, the Escadron is the basic operational unit. This term replaced that of Group as of 1949 with the aim to standardize usage with the allies of NATO who were using the term 'squadron'. However, the term Group did not entirely disappear: the term was retained for the Aerial Group 56 Mix Vaucluse, specialized in Special Operations or Group – Groupe de Ravitaillement en Vol 02.091 Bretagne () which is still carrying the same designation since 2004.

A fighter squadron () can number some twenty machines, spread in general in three Escadrilles. A Transport Escadron () can theoretically count a dozen Transall C-160, however, numbers are usually much less for heavier aircraft (three Airbus A310-300 and two Airbus A340-200 for the Transport Escadron 3/60 Estérel ()).

The squadrons have retained the designations of the former Escadres disbanded during the 1990s. For instance: Transport Escadron 1/64 Béarn () (more specifically Transport Escadron 01.064 Béarn), which belonged to the 64th Transport Escadre () during the dissolution of the later (recreated in August 2015). Not all escadrons (Squadrons) are necessarily attached to an Escadre.

The Escadrille (flight) has both an administrative and operational function, even of the essential operational control is done at the level of the Esacdron. A pilot is assigned to the Escadrille, however the equipment and material devices, on the other hand, are assigned to the Escadron. Since the ESTA (Aeronautic Technical Support Escadrons) came into being, material devices and the mechanics have been assigned directly to the base then put at disposition of the based Escadrons.

The Escadrilles adopted the traditions of the prestigious units out of which most (SPA and SAL), are those traditions of the First World War.

Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air
The  comprise:
 Protection squadrons () (EP)
 Air Parachute Commando 10 () (CPA 10)
 Air Parachute Commando 20 (CPA 20)
 Air Parachute Commando 30 (CPA 30)

Protection Squadrons protect airbases inside and outside the national territory, and in exterior operations as well.

The CPAs carry out common missions, as well as specialized tasks including intervention and reinforcement of protection at the profit of sensible points " air " inside and outside the national territory.

Air bases

Flying activity in France is carried out by a network of bases, platforms and French air and space defence radar systems. It is supported by bases, which are supervised and maintained by staff, operational centres, warehouses, workshops, and schools. Both in France and abroad, bases have similar infrastructure to provide standardised support.

The French Air and Space Force has, as of 1 August 2014:
 Within the metropolitan territory of France, 27 airbases, out of the which 18 aeronautical platform with perceived runways and 5 Bases non-platform, two schools, 3 air detachments and " one attached air element " (EAR).
 Beyond the metropole/Europe, 7 Aerial Bases or permanent detachments in overseas or country.

Some French airbases house radar units (e.g. Lyon, Mont-Verdun, Drachenbronn, Cinq-Mars-la-Pile, Nice, Mont-Agel) to carry out air defence radar surveillance and air traffic control. Others house material warehouses or command posts. Temporary and semi-permanent foreign deployments include transport aircraft at Dushanbe (Tajikistan, Operation Héraclès), and fighter aircraft in N'Djamena (Tchad, Opération Épervier), among others.

As swift as the French Air and Space Force operates, the closure of aerial bases is more constant and immediate, having known a strong acceleration since the 1950s. An air base commander has authority over all units stationed on their base. Depending on the units' tasks, this means that they are responsible for approximately 600 to 2500 personnel.

On average, a base, made up of about 1500 personnel (nearly 3500 people including family), provides a yearly economic boost to its area of about 60 million euros. Consequently, determining the sites for air bases constitutes a major part of regional planning.

 BA 105 Évreux-Fauville Air Base. Command, operational and logistic support. Air transport units with 27× CASA CN-235M, 9× Transall C-160 NG.
 BA 107 Vélizy – Villacoublay Air Base. Helicopter and heavy air transport units.
 BA 113 Saint-Dizier – Robinson Air Base 4e Escadre de Chasse, 50× Rafale B and Rafale C.
 BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base. Air defence fighter base with 28× Mirage 2000-5F.
 BA 123 Orléans – Bricy Air Base. Air transport units with 17× Airbus A400M Atlas and 18× Lockheed C-130 Hercules. CFPSAA operational command.
 BA 133 Nancy – Ochey Air Base. Three strike fighter squadrons units with 70× Mirage 2000D, SAM sqns.
 BA 279 Châteaudun Air Base. Airplane maintenance, repair and storage airbase.
 BA 702 Avord Air Base. CFAS nuclear strike stockpile. AWACS 4× E-3F Sentry unit. Inflight refueling C-135FR unit.
 BA 705 Tours airbase. Fighter pilot training school were equipped with Alpha Jet. This school has been moved to BA 709 in 2020.
 DA 273 Romorantin air detachment. Logistics unit.
 BA 106 Bordeaux-Mérignac Airport. Transport support base for the air staff.
 BA 115 Orange-Caritat Air Base. Air defence 28× Mirage 2000C and 6× Mirage 2000B-S5.
 BA 118 Mont-de-Marsan Air Base. Home to 52× Rafale B and Rafale C. Home of CEAM, the Air and Space Force military experimentation and trials organisation, Air defence radar command reporting centre, and the air traffic control and air defence control training centre.
 BA 120 Cazaux Air Base, situated South-west of the port city of Bordeaux. Fighter pilot training squadron equipped with 45× Alpha Jet. Air and Space Force airplane stockpile.
 BA 125 Istres-Le Tubé Air Base. Two Transall C-160G strategic communication flight. Inflight refueling unit with 4× Airbus A330 MRTT and 14× KC-135FR. CEAM – the Air and Space Force military test centre.
 BA 126 Solenzara Air Base. Fighter gunnery range. SAR unit.
 DA 277 Varennes-sur-Allier. Air and Space Force supply depot. DA 277 was dissolved on 30 June 2015.
 Air Base 278 Ambérieu. Logistic support base.
 BA 701 Salon-de-Provence Air Base. Presentation Team equipped with 12× Alpha Jet. Officer instruction school. Enlisted instruction school.
 BA 709 Cognac – Châteaubernard Air Base. Basic flight training school equipped with 17× Pilatus PC-21 and UAV squadron with 8× MQ-9 Reaper.
 Air Base 721 Rochefort. Home of the NCO school, the École de formation des sous-officiers de l'armée de l'air.
 BA 942 Lyon – Mont Verdun Air Base. Air defence radar command reporting centre. National Air Operations Command (CNOA) location.
 EAR 943 Nice Mont-Agel. Air defence radar GM 406.
 DA 204 Bordeaux-Beauséjour air detachment. Logistic unit.
 EETAA 722 Saintes. Air and Space Force electronic, technical instruction also as Military basic Bootcamp.
 EPA 749 Grenoble. Air and Space Force child support school.

Overseas

 BA 160 Dakar, Senegal. Mixed units.
 Réunion, Indian Ocean.
 BA 188 Djibouti, Africa. Mixed units.
 Air elements Libreville/Gabon.
 Air elements N'Djamena/Chad. Mixed units.
 BA 190 French Polynesia (Overseas collectivity). Mixed unit.
 BA 365 Martinique (French department), West Indies. Mixed unit.
 BA 367 French Guiana (French department), South America. Mixed units.
 BA 376 Base aérienne 186 Nouméa, New Caledonia (special collectivity of France)
 BA 104 Abu Dhabi

More than ten bases have been closed since 2009. Doullens Air Base (BA 922) was a former command and reporting centre; Toulouse - Francazal Air Base (BA 101), was closed on 1 September 2009; Colmar-Meyenheim Air Base (BA 132) was closed on 16 June 2010; Metz-Frescaty Air Base (BA 128) was closed on 30 June 2011; Brétigny-sur-Orge Air Base (BA 217), closed 26 June 2012; Cambrai - Épinoy Air Base (BA 103), was closed on 28 June 2012; Reims – Champagne Air Base (June 2012); Drachenbronn Air Base (BA 901) closed on 17 July 2015; Dijon Air Base (BA 102), was vacated on 30 June 2016; Creil Air Base (BA 110) vacated on 31 August 2016; and Taverny Air Base (DA 921), the former Strategic Air Forces Command headquarters.

Inventory

Aircraft

Satellites

Air defense

Surveillance systems

The Air and Space Force operates a wide range of air and space surveillance systems. Among them, the:
 23 CM
 ALADIN NGD tactical and air-transportable low- and very-low-altitude coverage radars
 ARES
 CENTAURE primary and secondary panoramic radars
 GRAVES space surveillance system
 Ground Master 406 and 403 AESA long-range air defense 3D radars
 Ground Master 200 AESA medium-range air defense 3D radars
 PAR NG new-generation precision approach radars
 SAT 3D
 SATAM
 TRAC 2400 long-range two-dimensional electronically scanned radars
 TRS 22XX and TRS 2215 three-dimensional long-range electronically scanned radars

Personnel

Since the end of the Algerian War, the French Air and Space Force has comprised about 17 to 19% of the French Armed Forces. In 1990, at the end of the Cold War, numbers reached 56,400 military personnel under contract, out of which 36,300 were part of conscription and 5,400 civilians.

In 2008, forecasts for personnel of the French Air Force were expected to number 50,000 out of which 44,000 aviators on the horizon in 2014.

In 2010, the number personnel of the French Air Force was reduced to 51,100 men and women (20%) out of which: 13% officers; 55% sous-officier; 29% air military technicians (MTA); 3% volunteers of national service and aspirant volunteers; 6,500 civilians (14%). They form several functions:

 Non-flying personnel

Non-navigating personnel of the French Air and Space Force include and are not limited to : Systems Aerial Mechanics (), Aerial Controllers (), Meteorologists (), Administrative Personnel, Air Parachute Commandos (), in Informatics, in Infrastructures, in Intelligence, Commissioner of the Armies () (Administrator Task).

 Flying personnel

Pilots, Mechanical Navigating Officer (), Navigating Arms Systems Officer () (NOSA), Combat Air Medic () (CVA).

Training of personnel

Officers, within their recruitment and future specialty, are trained at:
 École de l'air () (Air School) de Provence
 École Militaire de l'Air () (Military Air School)
 École des commissaires des armées () (Commissioners Armies School)
 École de pilotage de l'Armée de l'air () (Piloting School of the French Air and Space Force)
 École de l'aviation de transport () (Aviation Transport School)
 École de l'aviation de chasse () (Aviation Hunter Fighter Pilot School)
 École de transition opérationnelle () (Operational Transition School)

Officers of the French Air and Space Force are spread in three corps:
 Air Officer ()
 Officer Mechanics ()
 Aerial Base Officer (), amongst which, officers of the Air Parachute Commandos () are featured.

Non-commissioned officers (Sous-Officiers) are trained at:
 École de formation des sous-officiers de l'Armée de l'air () (EFSOAA) de Rochefort
 École interarmées () (Inter-arm School) for administrative specialists
 Escadron de formation des commandos de l'air () (EFCA) at Orange-Caritat Air Base (BA 115) for the personnel concerned
Military Air Technicians () having been trained until 1 July 2015 at the Center of Elementary Military Formation () of the Technical Instruction School of the French Air and Space Force () of Saintes. Since 1 July 2015, training has taken place at Orange-Caritat Air Base, within the " Operational Combatant Preparation Center of the Air Force " ().

Air traffic controllers are trained at the Center of Instruction Control and Air Defense ().

Ranks

Officers

Enlisted

See also

 List of Escadres of the French Air Force
 List of French Air and Space Force aircraft squadrons
 French Naval Aviation
 List of military aircraft of France

Notes

References
 Citations

Further reading
 Olivier, Jean-Marc, (ed.), Histoire de l'armée de l'air et des forces aériennes françaises du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours" [History of the Air Force and French aerial forces since the 18th century to the present], Toulouse, Privat, 2014, 552 p.

 Diego Ruiz Palmer, "France's Military Command Structures in the 1990s," in Thomas-Durell Young, Command in NATO After the Cold War: Alliance, National and Multinational Considerations, U.S. Army Strategic Studies Institute, June 1997

External links

  Official website

  List of air bases, appendix of the budget bill for 2006, French Senate

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Military units and formations established in 1909
1909 establishments in France

French Air and Space Force