The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment), once known as the Royal Regiment of Foot, was the oldest and most senior infantry regiment of the line of the British Army, having been raised in 1633 during the reign of Charles I. The regiment existed continuously until 2006, when it amalgamated with the King's Own Scottish Borderers to become the Royal Scots Borderers, which merged with the Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment), the Black Watch, the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders to form the Royal Regiment of Scotland.

History

17th century

In April 1633, Sir John Hepburn was granted a warrant by Charles I to recruit 1200 Scots for service with the French army in the 1618–1648 Thirty Years War. The nucleus came from Hepburn's previous regiment, which fought with the Swedes from 1625 until August 1632, when Hepburn quarrelled with Gustavus Adolphus. It absorbed other Scottish units in the Swedish army, as well as those already with the French and by 1635 totalled around 8,000 men.

Sir John was killed in 1636 and succeeded as Colonel by his brother George, then, after his death in 1637, Lord James Douglas; following the custom of the time, the unit became known as the Régiment de Douglas. James died in a skirmish near Douai in 1645 and was replaced by his elder brother Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, who remained in Scotland and had little contact with the regiment, other than supplying recruits. In 1653, he assigned the Colonelcy to his younger half-brother, George Douglas, later Earl of Dumbarton.

In 1660, Charles II was restored as king; in January 1661, Douglas's was sent to England in response to Venner's Rising, an attempted coup by Fifth Monarchists. The revolt was quickly crushed and it returned to France, since the recently elected Cavalier Parliament quickly disbanded the New Model Army but refused to fund replacements. It remained in France until 1679, apart from a period during the 1664-67 Second Anglo-Dutch War when it was based at the naval dockyard of Chatham. The diarist Pepys met George Douglas in Rochester and recorded that "Here in the streets, I did hear the Scotch march beat by the drums before the soldiers, which is very odde." In 1667, the regiment was accused of looting after the Raid on the Medway and ordered back to France; while awaiting transport, over 700 of the 1,500 men deserted.

During the 1672-74 Third Anglo-Dutch War, Douglas's was part of the British Brigade that fought with the French, commanded by the Duke of Monmouth. It served in the Rhineland throughout the Franco-Dutch War, even after the Anglo-Dutch war ended in February 1674; it became the Régiment de Dumbarton in 1675, after George Douglas was made Earl of Dumbarton. The 1678 Treaties of Nijmegen required the repatriation of all Scots and English units from France; reluctant to lose veteran troops, this was made as hard as possible. Dumbarton's was posted to the Dauphiné in Southern France before being disbanded and its men prevented from travelling for 30 days thereafter; many chose to remain, while those who arrived in England did so without money or possessions.

The regiment was listed on the English military establishment as the First Foot or Royal Scots, a temporary measure during the Exclusion Crisis of 1679–1681. Four of its twenty-one companies joined the Tangier Garrison in April 1680, with another twelve in September. It was awarded a battle honour for 'Tangier' in 1908, but the colony and its garrison was evacuated in 1684. A war diary for 1680 was kept by its commander, Sir James Halkett, allegedly one of the first examples to survive.

On its return, the unit was renamed His Majesty's Royal Regiment of Foot in June 1684. When James II succeeded Charles in 1685, the regiment fought at the decisive Battle of Sedgemoor that ended the June Monmouth Rebellion; a second battalion was raised in March 1686 and posted to Scotland.

It was the only unit where the majority remained loyal to James during the November 1688 Glorious Revolution; Dumbarton followed him into exile and one of William's subordinates, Frederick Schomberg, was appointed Colonel. While awaiting transport from Ipswich to Flanders, it mutinied on 15 March 1689, a combination of not being paid and dislike at being commanded by a foreigner. However, the mutineers were treated with leniency and later agreed to the move.

At the start of the 1688–1697 Nine Years War, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Robert Douglas commanded the first battalion at the Battle of Walcourt in 1689. After Schomberg was killed in Ireland, he was promoted Colonel in July 1690. The second battalion arrived from Scotland in 1690 and both battalions fought at the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692, where Sir Robert was killed. They then fought at the Battle of Landen in 1693 and at the Siege of Namur. When the Treaty of Ryswick ended the war in 1697, it was transferred to Ireland.

18th century

During the War of the Spanish Succession, the regiment served under Marlborough at Schellenberg, Blenheim, Ramillies and Oudenarde. At Malplaquet in 1709, its members included William Hiseland, an 89-year-old reputed to be the last serving veteran of the First English Civil War.

Both battalions spent 1715 to 1742 in Ireland, but after this were normally separated. The 1st was based in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession, where it fought at Fontenoy in 1745. After returning from Puerto Bello in 1743, the 2nd helped suppress the Jacobite rising of 1745, before being posted to Ireland once again.

In the army reforms of 1751, the unit was ranked as the most senior infantry line regiment and titled the 1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot. On the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756, the 2nd Battalion moved to Nova Scotia in 1757, fighting at Louisburg, Guadeloupe and Havana, then returning home in 1764.

Until American War began in 1775, both served as garrisons in the Mediterranean, the 1st in Gibraltar, the 2nd in Minorca. Sent to the West Indies in 1781, the 1st Battalion helped capture St Eustatius; it surrendered at St. Kitts in January 1782 but was later exchanged.

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
The 1st Battalion had returned to the West Indies as a garrison in 1790, and served there until 1797, with a brief period of combat in the Haitian Revolution. The West Indies were hotbeds of disease, and the battalion lost more than half its strength to disease in this period. It was reformed from militia volunteers in Ireland in 1798: This year saw a major rebellion erupt in Ireland after years of simmering tension. The Lothian Fencibles fought with distinction at the Battle of Vinegar Hill, one of the more important engagements of the rebellion. Subsequently, the regiment gained a new regimental song:
Ye croppies of Wexford, I'd have ye be wise
and go not to meddle with Mid-Lothian Boys
For the Mid-Lothian Boys they vow and declare
They'll crop off your head as well as your hair
derry, down, down.
Remember at Ross and at Vinegar Hill
How your heads flew about like chaff in a mill
For the Mid-Lothian Boys when a croppy they see
they blow out his daylights and tip him cut three
derry, down, down.

After the rebellion was over in Ireland they were used in minor raids on the coast of Spain in 1800. Meanwhile, from 1793 to 1801, the 2nd Battalion was based in the Mediterranean. It fought at the Siege of Toulon (1793) and the capture of Corsica (1794), returning briefly to Northern Europe for the Battle of Egmont op Zee in the 1799 Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, before fighting in the 1801 Egyptian campaign at the Battle of Aboukir and the Battle of Alexandria.

Both battalions were subsequently dispatched to the West Indies, the 1st from 1801 to 1812, and the 2nd from 1803 to 1806. The 1st occupied Saint Thomas in 1801, fought at the capture of Saint Lucia, as well as of Demerara and Essequibo in 1803, and the capture of Guadeloupe in 1810. The 2nd then moved to India, where it would remain until 1826, whilst the 1st was sent to Quebec with the outbreak of the War of 1812. It fought in the battles of Sackett's Harbor and Buffalo & Black Rock, as well as the capture of Fort Niagara (1813), the battles of Longwoods, Chippawa, and Lundy's Lane, along with the Siege of Fort Erie and the battle of Cook's Mills (1814). In February 1812, the regiment was retitled as the 1st Regiment of Foot (Royal Scots), the first official appearance of the popular name.

Two new battalions were raised in late 1804, at Hamilton, the 3rd and 4th Battalions. The 3rd served in the Peninsular War from 1808 to 1809, fighting at the Battle of Corunna in 1809 before being withdrawn by sea and sent to the Walcheren Campaign with the 1st Division. It returned to Portugal in 1810 with the 5th Division, fighting at the Battle of Buçaco (1810), the Battle of Fuentes de Onoro (1811), the battles of Badajoz, Salamanca and Burgos (1812), the Battle of Vitoria, capture of San Sebastián, Battle of Nivelle, and the Battle of Nive (1813), before advancing into France in 1814. It was sent to Belgium during the Hundred Days, and fought in Picton's Division (the 5th) at the Battle of Waterloo (1815). After two years in the Army of Occupation, it was disbanded at Canterbury in 1817.

The 4th was deployed to the Baltic in 1813, being involved with the recapture of Stralsund, and fought in the Netherlands in 1814, where it was captured and exchanged. It was then dispatched to Canada as part of the War of 1812, where it served as a garrison. It was withdrawn to England with the end of the fighting and disbanded at Dover in 1816.

19th century

The 1st battalion was sent to Ireland after the end of the Napoleonic wars, and stationed there from 1816 until 1825, when it was moved to the West Indies, where it remained until 1835. The 2nd battalion, however, had a more active time; based in India, it was involved in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, where it fought at the Battle of Nagpore (1817) and Battle of Mahidpur (1818), and in the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824–26. It moved to Scotland in 1830, and to Canada in 1836, where it was involved in the Rebellions of 1837. The regiment fought at the Battle of Saint-Denis (1837), but was running low on ammunition as the British officers had underestimated the amount of insurgents, and with the enemy beginning to flank, Colonel Charles Gore gave the order to withdraw. A move to the West Indies in 1843 was complicated by half the regiment being shipwrecked and delayed several months, but was successful, and the regiment finally returned to Scotland in 1846.

Both battalions saw active service in the Crimean War, with the 1st fighting at the battles of Alma and Inkerman (1854), and both fighting in the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55), where the regiment's first VC was won. After the war, the 1st battalion moved to Ceylon in 1857 and thence to India, returning home in 1870, whilst the 2nd battalion moved to Hong Kong, and saw action in the Second Opium War, fighting at the capture of the Taku Forts (1858) and Pekin (1860), and returning home in 1861.

In 1881, following comprehensive reforms following the Crimean war (Cardwell Reforms of 1870), the ambitious Childers Reforms were passed by the War Office.  Among many changes was the merger of the many numbered regiments of foot into un-numbered 'county regiments'.  Because the regiment already had two battalions, it fared much better than the many other regiments which lost their identities and merged into new two-battalion regiments.  Under the February 1881 proposals, the regiment was due to be redesignated as The Lothian Regiment (Royal Scots), however under the final July reform, the regiment became The Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment).  Under the previously mentioned reforms, the regiment became a county regiment, encompassing the following: City of Edinburgh (Midlothian), Haddingtonshire (East Lothian), Linlithgowshire (West Lothian), and Berwickshire (later transferred to the King's Own Scottish Borderers on 1 May 1887).  In addition to the two regular battalions and depot, the regiment now took control of the various militia and infantry (rifle) volunteers based in the above counties.  This left the regiment with the following structure:

 Regimental Headquarters, at Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh
 Regimental Depot (part of the 1st Regimental District), at Glencorse Barracks, Glencorse
 1st Battalion – regular, previously 1st Battalion, 1st (Royal Scots) Regiment of Foot
 2nd Battalion – regular, previously 2nd Battalion, 1st (Royal Scots) Regiment of Foot
 3rd Battalion (The Queen's Edinburgh Regiment of Light Infantry) – Militia
 1st Edinburgh (City) Rifle Volunteers (The Queen's City of Edinburgh Rifle Volunteer Brigade) – three battalions forming the main Rifle Volunteers element – forming the 1st volunteer battalion of the regiment
 2nd Edinburgh (City) Rifle Volunteer Corps – 2nd volunteer battalion of the regiment
 1st Midlothian (Leith) Rifle Volunteer Corps – 3rd volunteer battalion of the regiment
 2md Midlothian (Midlothian & Peebles-shire) Rifle Volunteer Corps – 4th volunteer battalion of the regiment
 1st Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteer Corps – 5th volunteer battalion of the regiment
 1st Haddington Rifle Volunteer Corps – 6th volunteer battalion of the regiment

In 1881, the 1st was in the West Indies; it moved to South Africa in 1884, when it saw action in the Bechuanaland campaign, and remained there until 1891, when it moved back to the UK to serve as the depot battalion and the 2nd moved out to India. With the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Boer War, the 1st was quickly earmarked for service in South Africa, and sailed in late 1899. It remained there until 1903, being joined by the 3rd from 1900 to 1902 – the first time a non-regular unit of the regiment had been activated. The bulk of the time in South Africa was spent patrolling and in mobile columns, with neither battalion engaged in any major battles. The 2nd battalion was posted in India in 1891, and stayed there until 1909. The battalion had various postings around the sub-continent, including Poona until late 1902 when it moved to Kamptee.

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve; the regiment now had one Reserve and seven Territorial battalions. The 1st moved back to India in 1909, relieving the 2nd, which moved back to the UK; they remained stationed there until 1914.

First World War (1914–1919)
At the outbreak of the First World War, the 1st was in India, and returned to the UK in November; the 2nd was immediately deployed with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), arriving in France on 14 August and seeing action on the afternoon of the 23rd. The Special Reserve had been mobilised, with the 3rd Battalion activated at Weymouth, and all seven battalions of the Territorial Force had mobilised and raised an additional second-line battalion by the end of 1914. A further seven battalions of the New Army were formed in 1914, including two Pals battalions By the end of 1914, the regiment stood at a strength of 24 battalions; another six Territorial battalions and three New Army battalions (one of bantams) were formed in 1915. In 1916, one service and one reserve battalion were formed by merging depleted Territorial battalions, and in 1917 a labour battalion was formed. In total, the Royal Scots raised some thirty-five battalions of infantry and over 100,000 men during the course of the First World War, of which fifteen battalions saw active service. 11,000 soldiers serving in the regiment were killed, and over 40,000 wounded. Among other decorations and honours, the regiment won six Victoria Crosses.

The 1st, on returning from India, was placed in the 27th Division, a division made up of regular units that had been recalled from garrison duty, and arrived in France in December 1914. It saw combat in the action of Saint-Éloi and throughout the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, before the division was withdrawn and moved to Salonika in November, where it spent the rest of the war It was sent to Georgia in December 1918 for operations against the Bolsheviks, and returned to Edinburgh in May 1919. The 2nd was part of the 3rd Division, one of the first units of the British Expeditionary Force to be sent to France. It first saw action in the Battle of Mons, and thence at almost all of the major actions on the Western Front, before returning to Scotland in 1919.

The 1/4th (Queen's Edinburgh Rifles) and 1/7th mobilised in Edinburgh in August 1914, and were assigned to the 52nd (Lowland) Division. Whilst the division was mobilising, the 1/7th was involved in the Quintinshill rail crash, which killed 210 officers and men and wounded another 224. They fought at the Battle of Gallipoli before being moved to Egypt in 1916 and serving in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. They were sent to France in April 1918 for the Second Battle of the Somme, and remained there until the end of the war. Both battalions were reduced to a cadre in March 1919, and returned home to disband in May.

The 1/5th (Queen's Edinburgh Rifles) mobilised in Edinburgh in August 1914, and were assigned to the 29th Division. A poignant Christmas card was produced by the Edinburgh artist Walter Balmer Hislop who served with 'D' Company of the 5th (QER) Battalion . They fought at the Battle of Gallipoli, then to France via Egypt, and saw action on the first day on the Somme. The 1/6th had mobilised at the same time and been dispatched to Egypt in 1915 for the Western Frontier Force; it too was withdrawn to France for the Somme. The two heavily depleted battalions were amalgamated in July 1916, and spent the remainder of war on the Western Front as the 5/6th. After the war, it remained in Belgium until January 1919 when it moved into Germany, and was reduced to a cadre in October 1919 and sent home to be disbanded.

The 1/8th mobilised at Haddington in August 1914, and arrived in France in November – the first Scottish territorial unit to arrive in France – with the 7th Division, though they did not see action until the Battle of Neuve Chapelle. After the Second Battle of Ypres, in August 1915, they were transferred to the 51st (Highland) Division as the divisional pioneers, and disbanded in March 1919 at Haddington The 1/9th mobilised at Edinburgh in August 1914, and moved to France in February 1915 with the 27th Division; when this moved to Salonika in November they remained in France, transferring to the 5th Division, and then to Third Army reserve. They were assigned to the 51st (Highland) Division in March 1916, with whom they fought for two years, then to the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division and 15th (Scottish) Division in 1918.

The 11th, 12th and 13th were raised in August 1914 in Edinburgh, with the 11th and 12th allocated to 9th (Scottish) Division and the 13th to 15th (Scottish) Division, and moved to France in mid-1915. They first saw action at the Battle of Loos, where the 11th was almost wiped out, and spent the remainder of the war on the Western Front. The 11th and 12th moved to Germany after the armistice; the 12th was reduced to a cadre in April 1919 and disbanded in the UK in June, whilst the 11th was reduced to a cadre and disbanded at Cologne in November. The 13th remained in Belgium, being reduced to a cadre in March 1919 and disbanded in the UK in June.

The 15th was raised in September 1914, the 16th (which came to be known as McCrae's Battalion) in December 1914, and the 17th in February 1915, in Edinburgh. The 15th and 16th were assigned to the 34th Division and the 17th to the 35th Division, moved to France in early 1916, and first saw action at the first day on the Somme; all three spent the remainder of the war on the Western Front. The 15th and 16th were reduced to cadres in May 1918 and disbanded in August; the 17th was based in Belgium after the armistice, and provided internal security in France and Belgium in early 1919, before being reduced to a cadre in April and disbanded shortly afterward.

The 2/10th was originally mobilised as bicycle infantry, but never served in this role. It was the only second-line battalion of the regiment to be sent overseas, moving to Archangel in August 1918, and serving in the North Russia Campaign until June 1919, when it returned to Scotland to disband. The remaining battalions all remained in the UK on Home Service, and did not see active duty. However, six saw significant periods of service in Ireland, where they served as garrison units, and were often involved in local security – armed patrols, mobile columns to 'show the flag', and the like.

Inter-war period (1919–1939)
The regiment was reduced sharply in size following the Armistice; during 1919, the 3rd Battalion disbanded, as did all bar one of the Territorial battalions (the one exception being the 2/10th, which was finally disbanded in February 1920).

In September 1919, the 1st Battalion again embarked for imperial service, taking up garrison duties in Rangoon, and in August 1920 the 2nd Battalion was sent to Ireland for service in what would later become the Anglo-Irish War; they would remain there until January 1922.

When the Territorial Force was reconstituted as the Territorial Army in 1920, all seven Territorial battalions of the regiment were reconstituted. At the beginning of 1921, the regiment was formally retitled The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment), and comprised two regular battalions, one Supplementary Reserve battalion, and four battalions of the newly renamed Territorial Army, all four of which were activated during the 1921 coal strike. In January 1922, reductions in the military led to the amalgamation of the Territorial component into two battalions. The three battalions not retained in 1921 were converted to support units outside the regimental structure. The 4th/5th Battalion was later, in 1938, transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted into an anti-aircraft role, becoming the 4th/5th Battalion, The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment) (52nd Searchlight Regiment). It was later transferred to the Royal Artillery in August 1940 as the 52nd (Queen's Edinburgh, Royal Scots) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery.

The 1st Battalion moved from Rangoon to Secunderabad in 1922, then to Aden in 1925. They finally returned to the UK in 1926, barracked at Maryhill in Glasgow, where they saw duty in the General Strike. Under the Cardwell system, it was common for one battalion to remain at home while the other one served overseas, and accordingly in January 1926 the 2nd Battalion moved to Egypt, then to China in 1928. In 1930, they moved to Quetta, then Lahore in 1934, and finally Hong Kong in January 1938. At the same time, the 1st Battalion was deployed to serve in the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine, where it would remain for a year, until January 1939, when it became part of the 4th Infantry Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division. Some sources suggest the 1st Battalion was briefly reorganised as a machine-gun battalion during this period.

With the re-armament program in the late 1930s, the Territorial component of the regiment was heavily altered; one of the two battalions was converted into an anti-aircraft role in 1938 whilst the other formed a duplicate 8th Battalion on 2 August 1939.

Second World War (1939–1945)
At the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939, the 1st Battalion, Royal Scots was at Aldershot as part of 4th Infantry Brigade, alongside the 1st Border Regiment and 2nd Royal Norfolk Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division; accordingly, it deployed to France with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). It moved to Lecelles in September, and in May 1940 moved into Belgium during the Battle of France. The BEF were heavily hit by the German Army's breakthrough, however, and fell back towards the coast; the battalion was deployed at Le Paradis, near Béthune, on 25 May to protect the flanks of the Dunkirk evacuation. After being heavily hit by armoured attacks, the battalion ceased fighting on the afternoon of 27 May. The adjacent unit, the 2nd Battalion, Royal Norfolks, had almost one hundred men taken prisoner and later shot by their captors in the Le Paradis massacre. Recent research has suggested that around twenty Royal Scots suffered a similar fate. The remnants of the battalion were reconstituted in Bradford in June. After Dunkirk, the battalion spent nearly two years on home defence preparing for a potential German invasion of the United Kingdom. The 1st Royal Scots, along with the rest of the 2nd Division, was sent to British India in April 1942 to train for jungle warfare.

The two Territorial Army units, the 7th/9th, which was the 7th and 9th battalions merged, and 8th Battalions, mobilised in Scotland in September; the 7th/9th was briefly deployed to France with the 155th Infantry Brigade, alongside the 4th and 5th King's Own Scottish Borderers, of the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division before the collapse of the French government, but was quickly withdrawn. The regiment raised a fifth battalion in June 1940; it was created as the 50th (Holding) Battalion in June 1940 where it would 'hold' men who were medically unfit, temporarily homeless or on a course etc. but redesignated the 12th Battalion in October 1940. Also raised were the 10th and 11th (Home Defence) battalions, raised in late 1939 specifically for defensive duties in the United Kingdom. Both battalions, like most others of the same type, would have consisted mainly of older and less fit men, with previous military experience, together with younger soldiers. The 11th, however, was disbanded in 1940 and, in 1941, the 10th dropped the 'Home Defence' subtitle and was redesignated as the 30th Battalion but was disbanded in 1943.

Most of 1941 passed without active duty for the regiment, and with growing concerns about the stability of the Far East, the 2nd Battalion, still based at Hong Kong, moved into defensive positions around the colony. On 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong began a few hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor; after bitter fighting, the garrison surrendered on Christmas Day. The newly formed 12th Battalion was disbanded and reformed as the 2nd Battalion in May 1942.

In April 1942 the 1st Battalion, Royal Scots was moved to Bombay, and then to Chittagong in December, still with 2nd Infantry Division. It fought in the Burma Campaign, first seeing action in the Arakan operations from March to May 1943, and then withdrawing into India. It later saw action at the Battle of Kohima in 1944 and the Battle of Mandalay in 1945. It was withdrawn to India to rest and refit in April 1945, and moved to Singapore in December.

The new 2nd Battalion was moved to Gibraltar in April 1943, and moved to Italy in July 1944, where it saw action in the Italian Campaign, in the Anzio Campaign and on the Gothic Line, with the 66th Infantry Brigade, which was part of the 1st Infantry Division. The 2nd Royal Scots were serving in 66th Brigade alongside the 1st Hertfordshire Regiment and 11th Lancashire Fusiliers. In January 1945 it moved to Palestine with the rest of the 1st Infantry Division, where it was active in security duties in October and November, and was then redeployed to the Suez Canal Zone in December 1945.

The 7th/9th Battalion was still part of the 155th Infantry Brigade and was attached to the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division, which was trained for mountain warfare and airlanding operations, but was never used in this way. In October 1944 they moved to the Netherlands, fighting in the Battle of the Scheldt as part of the First Canadian Army, where the 52nd Division served with distinction, and then participating in Operation Blackcock and the advance to the Rhine; it crossed the Rhine in March 1945 and advanced to Bremen by the end of the war.

The 8th Battalion, Royal Scots was raised on 2 August 1939 as a 2nd Line duplicate of the 7th/9th Battalion. They remained in the United Kingdom as part of 44th (Lowland) Infantry Brigade, alongside the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers and 6th King's Own Scottish Borderers. The brigade was a part of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, which would gain an excellent reputation in the campaign, and itself was formed a 2nd Line duplicate of the 1st Line 52nd Division. In June 1944, they landed in Normandy as part of Operation Overlord and fought in the Battle for Caen in Operation Epsom and later at the Second Battle of the Odon and Operation Bluecoat. They then fought in the North West Europe Campaign, from Paris to the Rhine, until the end of the war; it entered Belgium in September, crossed the Rhine in March 1945 and advanced to Hamburg by the end of the war.

Post-war period (1945–2004)

In February 1949, the 2nd Battalion disbanded, leaving the regiment with only a single regular battalion for the first time since the 17th century.

The 7th/9th (Highlanders) and 8th Battalions were reconstituted in the Territorial Army in 1947. Both battalions remained until 1961, when the latter was absorbed and the single battalion retitled the 8th/9th Battalion. In 1967 this was disbanded and reconstituted as two separate companies, A Company (The Royal Scots) of the 52nd Lowland Volunteers, and A Company (8th/9th Royal Scots) of The Royal Scots and Cameronians Territorials. By 1971, both companies were in the battalions of the 52nd Lowland Volunteers, and though the Royal Scots name was retained in the title the regiment no longer had a Territorial Army element.

The 1st Battalion briefly saw service in the Korean War in 1953, as part of 29th Infantry Brigade; after a brief spell in Egypt, they deployed to Cyprus from June 1955 to February 1956. They then spent two years in England, two in Berlin, one in Scotland, two in Libya, and four in England. In 1964, they deployed to Aden, then back to England and a three-year spell in Germany with the British Army of the Rhine.

1970 to 1974 was spent in Britain as part of the Allied Command Europe Mobile Force, with the battalion undertaking two four-month tours of duty in Northern Ireland. The battalion was then posted to Cyprus in early 1974. Unfortunately, Turkey invaded the island and created the "Green Line", which still partitions the island. During the action of moving service families and holidaymakers to safety from Limassol, Piper Malcolm Halliday played at the roadside becoming known as "The piper of Cyprus". This had put the Regiment on a war footing and they were involved in riots attacking RAF Akrotiri and protection of the Sovereign Area Base of Episkopi. They were relieved in early 1975 returning unexpectedly to Kirknewton near Edinburgh and did a further four-month tour of Northern Ireland, where three soldiers were lost in a roadside bomb attack. They moved to Münster in mid-1976 as the Nuclear Convoy Battalion charged with the protection of 8 Regiment RCT. In this role, the Battalion was equipped with Landrovers, a change from the normal equipment used by previous and subsequent NCB units, which were armoured infantry battalions. Returning to Scotland in 1979, C Company was detached as 'C Battalion' providing administrative support to the Edinburgh Tattoo. In 1980, they undertook a two-month tour in Northern Ireland, and moved there under 39th Infantry Brigade in 1981 for a two-year deployment. In 1983, they returned to Kirknewton for two years and during this time they were deployed to the Falkland Islands for four months. In 1985, they returned to Germany, deploying to the Persian Gulf in 1990 for Operation Desert Storm.

In 1994, the battalion gained a company of Gurkhas, who were later transferred to The Highlanders. Deployment in the 1990s included a further one-year tour to Northern Ireland. The Battalion was deployed to Bosnia for the first time as part of SFOR in September 2002 for six months prior to their deployment in November 2003 to Iraq as part of Operation Telic for six months, returning to Iraq again in January 2006.

Restructuring of the Infantry (2004–2006)
Until 2004, the Royal Scots had been one of five line infantry regiments never to be amalgamated in its entire history, a claim shared by The Green Howards, The Cheshire Regiment, The Royal Welch Fusiliers and The King's Own Scottish Borderers. When five Scottish regiments were amalgamated to form the Royal Regiment of Scotland on 28 March 2006, the Royal Scots Battalion and the King's Own Scottish Borderers Battalion initially maintained their identities as separate battalions.

However almost immediately the Ministry of Defence moved to amalgamate the two battalions. This was not a new idea: the origins of the combined entity, Royal Scots Borderers, dates from the 1990 Options for Change review, when it was initially announced that the Royal Scots and King's Own Scottish Borderers would amalgamate. That amalgamation was subsequently rescinded. The Royal Scots Battalion and King's Own Scottish Borderers Battalion duly amalgamated on 1 August 2006 – upon their amalgamation, the new battalion took the name Royal Scots Borderers, 1st Battalion Royal Regiment of Scotland.

The remaining Territorial element of the Royal Scots, a rifle company of 52nd Lowland Regiment, was likewise amalgamated, becoming A (Royal Scots Borderers) Company of 6th Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Scotland.

Regimental museum
The Museum of the Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment) and the Royal Regiment of Scotland is located in Edinburgh Castle. Operating as an independent museum, the exhibits include dioramas, uniforms, medals, weapons, drums, ceremonial regalia and silver. Displays focus on the regiment's activities since its founding in 1633 up to contemporary Army life.

Alliances
 The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's)
 Royal Newfoundland Regiment

Battle honours

The regiment's battle honours were as follows:
Tangier 1680, Namur 1695, Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, Louisburg, Havannah, Egmont-op-Zee, Egypt, St Lucia 1803, Corunna, Busaco, Salamanca, Vittoria, San Sebastian, Nive, Peninsula, Niagara, Waterloo, Nagpore, Maheidpoor, Ava, Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol, Taku Forts, Pekin 1860, South Africa 1899–1902
World War I (33 battalions): Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914 '18, Aisne 1914, La Bassée 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Ypres 1915 '17 '18, Gravenstafel, St Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917 '18, Arleux, Pilckem, Langemarck 1917, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917, St Quentin, Rosières, Lys, Estaires, Messines 1918, Hazebrouck, Bailleul, Kemmel, Béthune, Soissonnais-Ourcq, Tardenois, Amiens, Bapaume 1918, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenburg Line, Canal du Nord, St Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Courtrai, Selle, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–18, Struma, Macedonia 1915–18, Helles, Landing at Helles, Krithia, Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915–16, Rumani, Egypt 1915–16, Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jaffa, Palestine 1917–18, Archangel 1918-19
World War II: Dyle, Defence of Escaut, St Omer-La Bassée, Odon, Cheux, Defence of Rauray, Caen, Esquay, Mont Pincon, Aart, Nederrijn, Best, Scheldt, Flushing, Meijel, Venlo Pocket, Roer, Rhineland, Reichswald, Cleve, Goch, Rhine, Uelzen, Bremen, Artlenberg, North-West Europe 1940, '44–45, Gothic Line, Marradi, Monte Gamberaldi, Italy 1944–45, South East Asia 1941, Donbaik, Kohima, Relief of Kohima, Aradura, Shwebo, Mandalay, Burma 1943–45
Wadi Al Batin, Gulf 1991

Colonels-in-Chief
The Colonels-in-Chief of the regiment were:
1918: Hon. Gen. HRH Princess Mary, The Princess Royal, CI, GCVO, GBE, RRC, TD
1983: HRH Princess Anne, The Princess Royal, KG, KT, GCVO

Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:

April 1633: Col. Sir John Hepburn; killed at the siege of Saverne, Alsace, July 1636;
September 1636: Col. George Hepburn; killed outside Damvillers, October 1637;
October 1637: Col. Lord James Douglas; died at Douai, 1645;
November 1645: Col. Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus; remained in Scotland and had little contact with the regiment, other than supplying recruits;
21 October 1655: Lt-Gen. George Douglas, 1st Earl of Dumbarton; removed from command following the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, died in France 1692;
His Majesty's Royal Regiment of Foot (1684)
31 December 1688: Gen. Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg; Colonel but served as commander of Williamite forces in Ireland 1689–1690; killed at the Battle of the Boyne, July 1690;
5 March 1691: Col. Sir Robert Douglas, 3rd Baronet; appointed Lieutenant-Colonel by James in October 1688, confirmed by William in March 1689, commanded the regiment in Flanders, confirmed as Colonel March 1691, seniority backdated to 31 December 1688. Killed at the Battle of Steenkerque, August 1692;
1 August 1692: F.M. George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney
27 June 1737: Gen. James St Clair
1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot (1751)
17 December 1762: Lt-Gen. Sir Henry Erskine, 5th Baronet
11 September 1765: F.M John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll
9 May 1782: Gen. Lord Adam Gordon
27 August 1801: F.M. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
1st Regiment of Foot (Royal Scots) (1812)
29 January 1820: Gen. George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon
12 December 1834: Gen. Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch
29 December 1843: Gen. Sir George Murray
7 August 1846: Gen. Sir James Kempt
12 December 1854: F.M. Sir Edward Blakeney
3 August 1868: Gen. Sir George Bell
11 July 1877: Gen. Henry Phipps Raymond
The Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment) (1881)
10 December 1897: Maj-Gen. Sir Edward Andrew Stuart, 3rd Baronet
20 August 1903: Lt-Gen. George Hay Moncrieff
16 October 1918: Lt-Gen. Sir Edward Altham Altham
The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment) (1921)
26 March 1935: Maj-Gen. Granville George Loch
22 July 1940: Col. John Hugh Mackenzie
2 July 1946: Brig. Norman Richard Crockatt
1 January 1956: Maj-Gen. Sir Rohan Delacombe
1 October 1964: Maj-Gen. William Tait Campbell
1 January 1975: Lt-Gen. Sir David Tod Young
31 August 1980: Lt-Gen. Sir Robert Francis Richardson
31 August 1990: Brig. Charles David MacIver Ritchie
20 October 1995: Maj-Gen. Mark Jeremy Strudwick
25 July 2005–28 Mar 2006: Brig. Robert Logan Scott-Bowden
2006 Regiment amalgamated with The Royal Highland Fusiliers, The King's Own Scottish Borderers, The Black Watch, The Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons), and The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, to form The Royal Regiment of Scotland

Victoria Cross
Victoria Crosses awarded to the regiment are:
 Private Robert Dunsire, First World War (26 September 1915)
 Captain Roland Edward Elcock, First World War (15 October 1918)
 Lieutenant David Stuart McGregor, First World War (22 October 1918)
 Private Hugh McIver, First World War (23 August 1918)
 Private Joseph Prosser, Crimean War (16 June 1855)
 Captain Henry Reynolds, First World War (20 September 1917)
 Private Henry Howey Robson, First World War (14 December 1914)

Nicknames
The regiment is known by the nickname Pontius Pilate's Bodyguard which apparently was the result of a 17th-century boasting contest with the French  Régiment de Picardie regarding the respective seniority of each regiment.

Picardie, the senior French infantry regiment, was formed in 1562, whereas the Scots had been raised in 1625 as Hepburn's Regiment and only entered French service in 1635 but, it is said, claimed a lineage from Scots in French service dating back to the C13th.   Versions of this tradition vary but the story turns on the existence of either one regiment or the other dating back to service under Pontius Pilate at the time of Christ's crucifixion. The most common version tells of the name 'Pontius Pilate's Bodyguard' being tossed by the French as a jibe against the Scots. They replied that if their regiment had been on guard the night of the Crucifixion, the Sepulchre would not have been empty the next morning.

The 2nd Battalion was sardonically referred to as The First to Foot It during the Battle of Hong Kong.

Football

The football team of the 1st Battalion was a member of the Irish Football League for the 1899–1900 season, while deployed in Victoria Barracks, Belfast.

The 2nd Battalion team won several competitions in the 1890s, including the Surrey Cup, Malta Cup, Secunderabad Cup, Harris Cup, and Bombay Rovers Cup.

Uniform
White facings on a red coat were worn until "royal blue" distinctions were adopted in the early 18th century. The Scottish thistle of St Andrew featured on belt-plates and other parts of the uniform. The standard red/scarlet and blue uniform of most line infantry regiments was retained until "Lowland" dress was adopted in 1881. For the Royal Scots this included a scarlet doublet, tartan trews and (from 1904) a dark blue Kilmarnock bonnet with diced band, scarlet toorie and black-cock feather. This continued as the regimental full dress uniform until 1939, although worn only to a limited extent after 1914. The No. 1 Dress worn during the final decades of the regiment's separate existence consisted of a dark blue bonnet with regimental dicing, dark blue doublet, and Hunting Stewart tartan trews.

See also
 List of battalions of the Royal Scots

References

Sources

 (Two volumes)

 Includes chronological index of titles.

 (Two volumes)

External links

The Royal Scots – official website
History of the Regiment
The Royal Scots at www.BritishMilitaryHistory  – The Royal Scots in the Second World War
Archangel – The North Russian Campaign

Scottish regiments
1633 establishments in Scotland
Military units and formations established in 1633
Military units and formations disestablished in 2006
Military of Scotland
Military units and formations in the Lothians
Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Korean War
Regiments of the British Army in World War II
Regiments of the British Army in World War I
Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War
2006 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Peninsular War
R
Monmouth Rebellion
British military units and formations of the War of 1812

Royal Scots


El Victor Hugo fue un crucero acorazado, de la Clase Léon Gambetta, que navegó bajo la bandera de la Marina Francesa. Botado en 1904 y en servicio activo hasta 1928, fue el tercer crucero de la clase, tras el  Léon Gambetta (botado en 1901), y el Jules Ferry (botado en 1903).

Botadura
Construido en los astilleros de Lorient (Francia), su quilla fue puesta en grada en marzo de 1903, y fue botado el 30 de marzo de 1904.

Historia operacional
Entró en servicio en abril de 1907, pasando a formar parte de la Flota del Mediterráneo.Fue puesto en la reserva de enero de 1911 a febrero de 1912.

Participó en la Primera Guerra Mundial, formando parte nuevamente de la Flota del Mediterráneo.Fue puesto de nuevo en la reserva en julio de 1918.

Rearmado en 1922, pasó a formar parte de la División Volante del Atlántico, el 21 de agosto del mismo año.Efectuó un crucero por Extremo Oriente, antes de volver a ser puesto en reserva en Tolón, el 11 de julio de 1923.

El Victor Hugo fue dado de baja el 2 de enero de 1928 y vendido más tarde, para su demolición, el 26 de noviembre de 1930.

Referencias
 Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours, Tome II, 1870-2006, LV Jean-Michel Roche, Imp. Rezotel-Maury Millau, 2005.

Anexos
 Anexo:Cruceros acorazados por país

Galería

Victor
Victor
Victor
Victor Hugo

Victor Hugo (1907)


Candida bracarensis é uma espécie de levedura anamórfica com cepa tipo 153MT (=CBS 10154T =NCYC D3853T =CECT 12000T).

Referências

Leitura adicional

Leveduras
Candida

Candida bracarensis


|- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align=center
! colspan="4" | Natjecatelj za  Hrvatsku

Cornelia Molnar Vajda (Targu Mures, 23. studenoga 1983.), hrvatska i rumunjska stolnotenisačica.

Nastupila je na Olimpijskim igrama 2004., a natjecanje je pojedinačno završila u prvom kolu dok je u parovima igrala u četvrtfinalu. Na OI 2008. bila je pričuva, a na OI 2012. je pojedinačno nastupila u drugom kolu.

Na Mediteranskim igrama 2001. je osvojila brončanu medalju u parovima. Na europskim prvenstvima je osvojila dvije srebrne (2003. i 2005.) i dvije brončane (2008. i 2009.) medalje u ekipnoj konkurenciji.

Bila je članica Duge Rese te mađarskog BSE-a.

Izvori

Hrvatski stolnotenisači
Rumunjski stolnotenisači

Cornelia Molnar Vajda


O Voleibolni Klub Neftyanik Orenburg () é um time russo de voleibol masculino da cidade de Oremburgo. Atualmente disputa a Superliga Russa.

Histórico
A equipe de voleibol de Neftyanik foi criada em 1983 com base no departamento de transporte tecnológico da Orenburgneft Production Association com o apoio de Vladimir Kalmykov, vice-diretor geral. No início, o Neftyanik participou de competições municipais, regionais e departamentais, e os resultados alcançados nelas permitiram definir a tarefa para a equipe entrar na arena da União. Para resolvê-lo, Oleg Veniaminovich Kashitsyn, que já havia trabalhado com equipes femininas em Oremburgo e Leningrado, foi convidado para o cargo de treinador principal em 1989. Em 1991, "Neftyanik" tornou-se o vencedor do campeonato da URSS entre as equipes de cultura física em Petropavlovsk, em 1992 foi titular na Segunda Liga do campeonato russo, e no final da temporada 1993-94 conquistou o direito de jogar na Primeira Liga. Desde a sua criação, o clube conta com os alunos das escolas de esportes do centro regional, cidades e distritos da região de Oremburgo. Em 1996, por iniciativa de Neftyanik, foi aberto um departamento de voleibol na Escola de Reserva Olímpica de Oremburgo, que se tornou uma forja de jogadores talentosos.

Em 2000, Neftyanik conquistou o primeiro lugar no torneio final de seis equipes da Liga Principal "A" e ganhou uma passagem para a Superliga. Na temporada 2000-01, estreia ao mais alto nível, onde conquistaram o 10º lugar na fase preliminar, e na fase final pelos 7-12º lugares, manteve-se na 10ª colocação, o que deu o direito de manter-se na Superliga, apenas um ponto à frente de Dorozhnik Krasnoyarsk.

Na temporada 2015-16, o novo levantador do Neftyanik foi Denis Ignatiev, que se transferiu do Dynamo Krasnodar, e a principal carga no ataque após a saída de Mikhail Beketov e Andrey Titich da equipe, junto com o capitão da equipe Nikita Kozlov. Os jogadores de Neftyanik ficaram em 12º lugar no campeonato russo, tendo conquistado vitórias (as primeiras em sua história) sobre rivais eminentes como Belogore Belgorod e Dínamo Moscou. A equipe realizou o próximo campeonato com quase a mesma composição, durante o qual ela conseguiu vencer apenas duas partidas e perdeu sua inscrição na Superliga. Ao mesmo tempo, até a última rodada, os Orenburgers mantiveram a chance de participar do torneio de transição e quase criaram sensação em um duelo com o Kazan Zenit, mas, tendo mostrado seu melhor vôlei, perderam para o time mais forte da Rússia por 2 sets a 3.

Devido ao rebaixamento da equipe em 2018, Vitaly Vasiliev, Vladimir Ivanov e os dois levantadores Denis Ignatiev e Roman Egorov deixaram o Neftyanik. O início da temporada na Liga Principal "A" não deu certo para os Orenburgers e, em 4 de dezembro de 2017, por decisão do governador Yuri Berg, o diretor do clube Oleg Kashitsyn e o técnico Vladimir Terentyev foram demitidos. Vladimir Vikulov, do extinto Prikamye, tornou-se o novo mentor da equipe, e Vitaly Bukhvalov assumiu o cargo de diretor. Neftyanik terminou a temporada em quinto lugar. Um ano depois, a equipe terminou na segunda posição, mas perdeu para o Yugra-Samotlor em partidas de transição pelo direito de jogar na Superliga. Na temporada 2019-20, que não foi concluída devido à disseminação do COVID-19, Orenburg novamente ficou em segundo lugar, mas por decisão do presidente da Federação Russa de Voleibol, a equipe foi aceita na Superliga.

Resultados obtidos nas principais competições

Títulos e resultados

Campeonatos nacionais
 Liga Principal "A"
Vice-campeão (3x): 2013-14, 2018-19, 2019-20

Elenco atual
Atletas selecionados para disputar a temporada 2021-22:  Técnico:  Vladimir Vikulov

Ligações externas
 Página oficial da equipe
 Neftyanik Orenburg no Volleybox

Clubes de voleibol masculino da Rússia

Voleibolni Klub Neftyanik Orenburg


Herbert Salcher (Innsbruck, 3 de novembro de 1929 - Viena, 9 de novembro de 2021) foi um político austríaco. Membro do Partido Social-Democrata da Áustria, foi Ministro dos Assuntos Sociais de 1970 a 1976, Ministro Federal da Saúde e Proteção Ambiental de 1979 a 1981 e Ministro das Finanças.

Mortos em 2021
Nascidos em 1929
Políticos da Áustria

Herbert Salcher


L'Épée de Monte Cristo (titre original : Mask of the Avenger) est un film américain de Phil Karlson sorti en 1951.

Synopsis
En 1848, tandis que la guerre fait rage entre l'Italie et l'Autriche, le père du jeune Renato est accusé de haute trahison puis tué par le gouverneur Larocca. Dès lors, Renato ne poursuit plus qu'un seul but : Se venger. Grâce à l'épée relique de Monte Cristo, il devient un justicier masqué et forme son propre groupe de partisans...

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Mask of the Avenger
 Réalisation : Phil Karlson
 Scénario : Jesse L. Lasky Jr.
 Histoire : George Bruce d'après le roman d'Alexandre Dumas
 Adaptation : Ralph Gilbert Bettison et Philip MacDonald
 Directeur de la photographie : Charles Lawton Jr.
 Montage : Jerome Thoms
 Musique : Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco
 Costumes : Jean Louis
 Production : Hunt Stromberg
 Genre : Film d'aventures
 Pays :
 Durée : 83 minutes ()
 Date de sortie :
  :  (New York),
  :

Distribution
 John Derek : Capt. Renato Dimorna
 Anthony Quinn (VF : Jacques Erwin) : le gouverneur Viovanni Larocca
 Jody Lawrence : Maria d'Orsini
 Arnold Moss (VF : Jean Violette) : Colardi
 Eugene Iglesias (VF : Serge Lhorca) : Rollo D'Anteras
 Dickie LeRoy : Jacopo
 Harry Cording (VF : Raymond Destac) : Zio d'Orsini
 Ian Wolfe (VF : Maurice Nasil) : Signor Donner

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1951
Film d'aventure américain
Adaptation du Comte de Monte-Cristo au cinéma
Film se déroulant dans les années 1840
Film sur la vengeance

L'Épée de Monte Cristo


Le raïon de Svatove (en ) est un raïon (district) dans l'oblast de Louhansk en Ukraine. Avec la réforme administrative de l'Ukraine de 2020, le raïon fut agrandi au détriment de ses voisins.

Patrimoine

Références

Svatove

Raïon de Svatove


"Up Jumps da Boogie" é o single de estreia do duo de hip-hop Timbaland & Magoo (inicialmente conhecidos como Magoo and Timbaland), lançado em 11 de julho de 1997 como primeiro single do álbum de estreia deles, Welcome to Our World. A canção conta com a participação da cantora Aaliyah e da rapper Missy Elliott. "Up Jumps da Boogie" alcançou a 12ª posição da Billboard Hot 100, assim como atingiu a primeira posição da parada Hot Rap Songs.

Lista de faixas

 CD single

 "Up Jumps da Boogie" (Radio Version) — 4:56
 "Up Jumps da Boogie" (Short Version) — 4:11

Tabelas musicais

Tabelas semanais

Tabelas de fim de ano

Certificações

Referências

Singles de 1997
Canções de 1997
Canções gravadas por Aaliyah
Canções gravadas por Timbaland
Canções gravadas por Missy Elliott
Canções produzidas por Timbaland
Aaliyah
Timbaland
Missy Elliott

Up Jumps da Boogie


19වන සියවසයේ අගභගයේදි සහ 20 වෙනි ශත වර්ශයේ මුල් අවදියෙහි වේල්ස් භාශා සාහිත්‍යය මගින් වේල්ස් භාශව දේශපාලනික සංඛේත පෙන්නුම් කිරීම ආරම්භ විය.වේල්ස් සාහිත්‍ය ඉතිහාසයේ ප්‍රදානතම පුද්ගලයන් දෙදෙනෙක් ලෙස සෞන්ඩෙර්ස් ලෙවිස් සහ ලේඛක /ප්‍රකාශක කේට් රොබෙර්ට්ස් හදින්විය හක.ලිවර්පූල් හි තම ජීවිතයෙහි මුල් අවදිය ගත කල ලෙවිස් "දේශාභිමනියා"නම් වූ ව්‍යාපාරයේ නායකයා ලෙසද කටයුතු කල අතර එම නිසාම සිරගත වීමටද සිදුවිය.ඔහු තම ව්‍යාපායෙහි යුක්ති සහගත බව විදහා දක්වීමට සහ අවදානය දිනා ගනීම  සදහා නාට්‍ය කලාව උපයෝගී කරගන්නා ලදි.නවකතා කරුවෙකු වන කේට් රොබෙර්ට්ස් ප්‍රථම ගුරුවෘතියෙහි කටයුතු කල අතර උතුරු වේල්ස් සහ දකුණු වේල්ස්  යන දේශයන් දෙකෙහිම ජීවත් වු සහ ඒ පිලිබඳව රචනා කල සුළුතරයෙන් එක් පුද්ගලයෙකු වශයෙන්ද හදින්විය හැක.

වේල්ස් රටෙහි කොට්ඨාෂ කිහිපයකම සිදුවූ කාර්මීකරණය මිශ්‍ර වු ආශිර්වාද ලද්දක් සේ සලකීමට පටන් ගෙන අති අතර  රටෙහි බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශ වල පැවති පුරාණ කෘශිකාර්මික ගොවි ජන ජීවිතය නොයකුත් ලෙඛකයන් විසින් පරමාදර්ශී  කොටගෙන ඇත.කෙසේ වෙතත් ජොහ්න් එලිස් විලියම්ස් (1924) විසින් ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ වේල්ස් භාශාවෙන් යුද කාල අතරතුර  ග්ව්ය්නෙඩ්ඩ්() ජන ජීවිත පිළිබද වඩාත් යථාර්තවාදී දැක්මක්  ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදි.මෙම අත්දැකීම් වල ප්‍රාකශන ප්‍රජා පුවත්පත්වල පලවූ අතර "ගැමියා" යන සඟරවෙහි සහ ඉන් පසුව කඩදාසි බැම්ම ආකෘතිය සහිතව ඉංග්‍රීසි භාශවෙන් "කාලයෙහි වලාව සහ අනෙකුත් කතා" (1989) සහ "ඩුලබ වේල්ස් කතා" (2000) යන මාතෘකා යටතේද ප්‍රකශයට පත් විය.නිඩහස් ප්‍රාණයක් ලෙස වේල්ස් ප්‍රකාශන කවය සලකන විලියම් ශාස්ත්‍රඥයෙකු හෝ දේශපාලන්‍යයෙකු නොවන නමුදු දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අස්තිත්වවාදය වලදගත් සිමොන් ඩි බේඋවොඉර් සමග දැඩි මිත්‍රත්වයක් සහ ලියුම් හුවාමරුකිරීම්  සිදුකල තැනැත්තෙකු  ලෙස හදින්වේ.

මෙම කාලයේදීම නිශ්චලව, අප්‍රානිකව තිබූ වේල්ස් කාව්‍ය සංස්කෘතියද යම්කිසි වෙනසකට භාජනය විය.එයට ප්‍රදානතම හේතුව ලෙස දේශපලනික අභිප්‍රායයන් ඉටු කරගැනීම පිනිස සාම්ප්‍රදායික කව්‍යත්වය ප්‍රගුන කොට උපයෝගී කරගැනීම  හදින්විය හක.මෙම විශයෙහි පුරොගාමීන් ලෙස අලන් ලිව්ය්ඩ් සහ ඩික් ජොනෙස් සැලකේ.කාන්තා කිවිවරයන් අතුරින් මෙන්නා එල්ෆ්ය්න්  වැනි කවීන් ක්‍රමයෙන් තම අදහස් පුරුශාදිපත්‍ය විරිදු කියන මන්ඩලයෙහි ලැබෙන  අවහිරතා සහ සම්මුතින් මැඩගෙන ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට පෙලඹුනි.
විශාරද සර්.ඉෆොර් විල්යම්ස් (Ifor Williams)මහතා වේල්ස් ලිඛිත සහිත්‍යයේ විද්‍යාත්මක ගවෙෂණයන්හි  පුරෝගාමීන් ලෙස කටයුතු කල අතර ටලීසින් සහ අනේරින් යන කවීන්ගේ නිර්මාණ යලි යථා තත්වයට පත් කිරීමටද කටයුතු කරන ලදි.

සාහිත්‍යය විසිවෙනි ශත වර්ශයෙන් ඉදිරියට


An Asphodeline peshmeniana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tuzlaci. An Asphodeline peshmeniana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Asphodeline, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Asphodeline

Asphodeline peshmeniana


Atsushi Uchiyama (født 29. juni 1959) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Atsushi Uchiyama


نسيم جاعون (من مواليد 1922 ، الخرطوم، السودان) هو سوداني «يهودي تركي» من أصل سويسري نائب رئيس المؤتمر اليهودي العالمي ، ورئيس «اتحاد السفارديين في العالم» ، ورئيس مجلس الحكام في جامعة بن غوريون في إسرائيل. والمؤسس والممول الذي أنشأ شركة نوجا عالم الأعمال، كان بارزا جدا في الشؤون اليهودية، بصفته رئيس الاتحاد منذ عام 1971 . وهو ممول وباني كنيس هاكال هنيس  في جنيف.

مراجع

أشخاص من الخرطوم
سودانيون مهاجرون إلى سويسرا
سويسريون من أصل مصري
سويسريون من أصل يهودي تركي
سياسيون إسرائيليون
مئويون رجال
مئويون سودانيون
مئويون سويسريون
مواليد 1340 هـ
مواليد 1922
مواليد في الخرطوم
وفيات 1443 هـ
يهود سودانيون
يهود سويسريون

نسيم جاعون


Krunoslav Jajetić (Koprivnica, 13. rujna 1954.), hrvatski nakladnik i urednik

Životopis
Rođen je 1954. godine. Otac je radio u knjižari, a mati je mnogo čitala. Puštao je glazbu na lokalnom radiju i kao DJ u diskoklubu, organizirao koncerte, pa čak i objavljivao neke kasete i ploče. Kao student maštao je o svojoj knjižari. Diplomirao je naftno rudarstvo. Zaposlio se u INA-Naftaplinu u kojem je radio desetak godina. Zatim je sa suprugom Sašom pokrenuo tvrtku Šareni dućan koja je isprva trebala biti samo knjižara. Procijenili su da ne bi mogli opstati samo s knjigom pa su koncepciju proširili na knjižarsko-glazbeno-darovni dućan. Na glazbenom području okrenuli su se lokalnim glazbenicima. Tri su specifičnosti njihove tvrtke: opći popkulturni profil, objavljuju uz knjige i stripove i CD-e (Blind Dog Records). Jajetić je glavni urednik Šarenog dućana.  Godine 2010. dobio je Nagradu Kiklop za urednika godine.

Izvori

Životopisi, Koprivnica
Hrvatski poduzetnici
Izdavači knjiga u Hrvatskoj

Krunoslav Jajetić


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1913 en Australie  :

Évènement

  :
  Fin du gouvernement Fisher II
 Début du

Arts et littérature
 W. Lister Lister remporte le prix Wynne avec Federal Capital Site.

Sortie de film

 Australia Calls, dernier film de Raymond Longford.
 The Home of the Blizzard, film d'actualité de Frank Hurley

Création

 Canberra

Dissolution - Fermeture
  (quotidien)

Naissance
 Dave Brown, joueur de rugby.
 , écrivaine et historienne.
 Kenneth Kennedy, sportif (patinage de vitesse).
 Ray Stehr, joueur de rugby.

Décès
 , écrivain.
 , caricaturiste.
 , écrivain, journaliste.
 , acteur.

Notes et références

1913 en Australie
Chronologie de l'Australie au XXe siècle
Histoire de l'Australie

1913 en Australie


Religija u Sjevernoj Makedoniji zastupljena je s nekoliko vjerskih zajednica.

Povijest
U starom vijeku ovdje su bili štovani grčki bogovi, vjera Pelazga i starovjekovnih Makedonaca. Dolaskom pod rimsku vlast širi se rimska religija. Širenjem kršćanstva u Rimskom Carstvu i kršćanstvo postupno dolazi u ove krajeve. Makedonija je jedan od najranije pokrštenih krajeva. Blizina Bizanta pridonijela je učvršćenju istočnog kršćanstva (pravoslavlja).

Makedonija je tradicijski pravoslavna zemlja. Islam se širio osmanskim osvajanjima. U to doba u makedonske krajeve dolaze židovski vjernici koji su najviše koncentrirani u velikim gradovima. Pravoslavni su Makedonci bili rastrgnuti između interesa srpske, bugarske i grčke pravoslavne Crkve. Postojao je i nemali broj rimokatolika koji je pravu pripadnost skrivao. Istočna Katolička Crkva u Makedoniji prešla je put od Makedonskog apostolskog vikarijata, preko podređenosti latinskom biskupu u Skoplju, Križevačkom eparhu, apostolskim egzarhatom u Sofiji, a danas ima svoj apostolski egzarhat, te u pet župa djeluje i Makedonska provincija sestara Euharistinki. Najpoznatiji makedonski katolik istočnog obreda je Goce Delčev. U 19. stoljeća Grci su pokušavali poništiti identitet Makedonaca, pa su Makedonci bježali iz Grčke. Zbog toga se događalo da su stanovnici Makedonije oko kukuškog kraja (dijela Makedonije koji je pripao Grčkoj) obraćao Vatikanu sa zahtjevom da prijeđu na katoličku vjeru da bi se crkveni obredi odvijali na staroslavenskom jeziku, odnosno da se ne bi grecizirali.

U komunističkoj Jugoslaviji mnoge su katoličke i muslimanske kongregacije zatvorene ili osuđene zbog "izdaje", a katoličke škole zatvorene, imovina nacionalizirana. Progoni su popustili pretkraj 1940-ih zbog toga što se Jugoslavija morala otvoriti Zapadu, jer se našla pred međunarodnom izolacijom nakon Rezolucije Informbiroa. Pravoslavna međunarodna zajednica nije htjela isprve priznati neovisnu Makedonsku pravoslavnu Crkvu. Ipak, srpska je pravoslavna hijerarhija priznala makedonske dijeceze posvećivanjem makedonskog episkopa (biskupa) 1958. godine. No i dalje su makedonski pravoslavci bili pod Srpskom pravoslavnom Crkvom sve do 1967., a nakon toga je Makedonska pravoslavna Crkva proglasila se neovisnom. Poslije toga je SPC prekinula daljnje odnose s MPC. Broj i udio muslimana rastao je zbog velikog priraštaja Albanaca i Roma.

Vjerska struktura
Procjene koje navodi CIA za 2002. govore o sljedećem vjerskom sastavu:
 pravoslavni 64,8%
 muslimani (suniti) 33,3%
 ostali kršćani 0,4%
 ostali i nespecificirani 1,5%

Galerija

Izvori

Religija u Sjevernoj Makedoniji


بلدية بينيامييرا ألتا (بالإسبانية: Peñamellera Alta) هي بلدية تقع في منطقة أستورياس شمال غرب إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية بينيامييرا ألتا 617 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية بينيامييرا ألتا

بلديات أشتورية

بينيامييرا ألتا


Trelstrup Sogn eller Trelstorp Sogn (på tysk Kirchspiel Drelsdorf) er et sogn i Sydslesvig, tidligere i Nørre Gøs Herred (≈ Bredsted Landskab, Bredsted Amt, indtil 1785 under Flensborg Amt), nu i kommunerne Arenshoved, Bomsted og Trelstrup i Nordfrislands Kreds i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

I Trelstorp Sogn findes flg. stednavne:
 Arenshoved (også Arnshøft, delt i Lille og Store Arenshoved, på tysk: Ahrenshöft)
 Arenshoved Marsk
 Bomsted (Bohmstedt)
 Bomsted Marsk
 Fresenhof
 Hohenhørn Kro
 Jægerkro (Jägerkrug)
 Morgenstern Kro
 Nordfeld
 Petersborg
 Trelstrup eller Trelstorp (Drelsdorf)

Litteratur
 Jens Peter Trap: Statistisk-topographisk beskrivelse af hertugdømmet Slesvig, Kjøbenhavn 1864, side 218

Eksterne henvisninger
 Trelstorp Menighed / Kirchengemeinde Drelsdorf

Sogne i Sydslesvig

Trelstrup Sogn


Džahrom (perz. جهرم) grad je u sjevernom Iranu, odnosno pokrajini Fars. Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2016. godine u Džahromu je živjelo 141.634 ljudi.

Izvori

Gradovi u Iranu
Drevni gradovi u Iranu
Fars

Džahrom


(3644) Kojitaku ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 5. Oktober 1931 vom deutschen Astronomen Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth an der Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (IAU-Code 024) entdeckt wurde.

Benannt wurde der Asteroid nach dem japanischen Amateurastronomen Takuo Kojima (* 1955).

Siehe auch
 Liste der Asteroiden

Weblinks

 Asteroid Kojitaku: Discovery Circumstances gemäß dem Minor Planet Center der Internationalen Astronomischen Union bei dem Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser

(3644) Kojitaku


Slic3r er en 3D slicing engine for 3D-printere, som er fri software.

Slic3r genererer G-code fra 3D CAD filer (STL eller OBJ).  Når Slic3r er færdig, er en passende G-code fil dannet til produktion af 3D-modellens dele eller objekt. G-code filen kan sendes til 3D-printeren til fremstilling af det fysiske objekt.

I 2013 understøttede omkring halvdelen af 3D-printerne testet af Make Magazine slic3r.

Kilder/referencer

Computerværktøjer til design, modellering og fabrikation
3D-printning

Slic3r


Mia Čičak, poznatija pod umjetničkim imenom Miach, hrvatska je pjevačica. Najpoznatija je po suradnji s Hiljsonom Mandelom na pjesmi "NLO". U rujnu 2022. objavila je debitantski EP Između nas na Aquarius Recordsu.

Rani život

Mia Čičak rođena je i odrasla u Zagrebu. Tijekom osnovne škole bavila se taekwondoom u kojem ima crni pojas.

Završila je preddiplomski sveučilišni studij Međunarodnih odnosa, a trenutno završava diplomski studij Poslovne ekonomije i globalizacije na Visokoj poslovnoj školi Libertas u Zagrebu.

Karijera

U veljači 2021. pokrenula je YouTube kanal pod nazivom Mia Čičak na kojem objavljuje akustične obrade. Iste godine udružila se s hrvatskim tekstopiscima i producentima Vlahom Arbulićem i Mihovilom Šoštaršićem (poznatijim kao Lockroom) te je počela raditi na svojim prvim pjesmama u njihovom studiju Republika. Njihov prvi projekt bio je njezin debitantski singl "23 32" koji je samostalno izdala potkraj 2021. Početkom 2022. potpisala je diskografski ugovor s kućom Aquarius Records i nedugo zatim objavila svoj drugi singl "Budi tu". Njezin treći singl, "Trnci", objavljen je u srpnju 2022. Nastavljajući suradnju s tekstopiscem i producentom Šoštarićem, počela je raditi na svojem debitantskom EP-ju Između nas, koji je objavila 19. rujna 2022. Glavni singl EP-ja "NLO" nastao je u suradnji s reperom Hiljsonom Mandelom. Debitirajući na 28. mjestu, "NLO" je postao njezin prvi singl koji se našao na ljestvici HR Top 40. Nedugo zatim pjesma je bila nominirana za nagradu Cesarice za hit godine te je osvojila istoimenu nagradu za mjesec listopad. 30. rujna 2022. održala je svoj prvi koncert u sklopu programa Lil Drito festivala u Tvornici kulture u Zagrebu.

Na dodjeli nagrada Cesarica 2023. Čičak je s pjesmom "NLO" bila nominirana u kategoriji Pjesme godine, ali je izgubila od pjesme Eni Jurišić "Trebaš li me". Dana 8. veljače 2023. nominirana je za 30. dodjelu Porina u kategoriji "Najboljeg novog izvođača". Pjesmu "SMS" objavila je u ožujku 2023. kao singl s njenog još neimenovanog debitantskog studijskog albuma. Dana 24. ožujka 2023., hrvatski reper Baks objavio je pjesmu "Gram" sa svojeg albuma Dopamin, na kojoj je gostovala. Nastupila je na Sea Star festivalu u Umagu 20. svibnja 2023. U lipnju 2023. objavila je ljetni remix svojeg singla "SMS".

Glazbeni stil i utjecaji

Glazbeni stil i tekstopisanje
Svoje prve pjesme koje je sama napisala opisuje kao mješavinu modernog R&B i pop zvuka. Svoja životna iskustva koristi kao inspiraciju svom radu, ali je izjavila da su "neki tekstovi u potpunosti proizvod njezine mašte, a ne kao obično autobiografski". U intervjuu za portal Glazba.hr istaknula je kako joj pisanje pjesme lako pada jer je "pisala pjesme kao dijete, a u jednom trenutku čak i knjigu".

Utjecaji
Kao svoje glazbene utjecaje navodi Snoh Aalegru, Jhené Aiko, Nicki Minaj, Drakea, Lil Waynea i Summer Walker.

Diskografija

Albumi

Singlovi

Izvori

Hrvatski pjevači
Hrvatski tekstopisci

Miach


George Foulkes peut faire référence à :

  (1878-1960), représentant des États-Unis du Michigan
 George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes de Cumnock (1942-), homme politique écossais

George Foulkes


The step response of a system in a given initial state consists of the time evolution of its outputs when its control inputs are Heaviside step functions. In electronic engineering and control theory, step response is the time behaviour of the outputs of a general system when its inputs change from zero to one in a very short time. The concept can be extended to the abstract mathematical notion of a dynamical system using an evolution parameter.

From a practical standpoint, knowing how the system responds to a sudden input is important because large and possibly fast deviations from the long term steady state may have extreme effects on the component itself and on other portions of the overall system dependent on this component. In addition, the overall system cannot act until the component's output settles down to some vicinity of its final state, delaying the overall system response. Formally, knowing the step response of a dynamical system gives information on the stability of such a system, and on its ability to reach one stationary state when starting from another.

Formal mathematical description

This section provides a formal mathematical definition of  step response in terms of the abstract mathematical concept of a dynamical system : all notations and assumptions required for the following description are listed here.
 is the evolution parameter of the system,  called "time" for the sake of simplicity,
 is the state of the system at time , called "output" for the sake of simplicity,
 is the dynamical system evolution function,
 is the dynamical system initial state,
 is the Heaviside step function

Nonlinear dynamical system
For a general dynamical system, the step response is defined as follows:

It is the evolution function when the control inputs (or source term, or forcing inputs) are Heaviside functions: the notation emphasizes this concept showing H(t) as a subscript.

Linear dynamical system
For a linear time-invariant (LTI) black box, let  for notational convenience: the step response can be obtained by convolution of the Heaviside step function control and the impulse response h(t) of the system itself

which for an LTI system is equivalent to just integrating the latter. Conversely, for an LTI system, the derivative of the step response yields the impulse response:

However, these simple relations are not true for a non-linear or time-variant system.

Time domain versus frequency domain
Instead of frequency response, system performance may be specified in terms of parameters describing time-dependence of response. The step response can be described by the following quantities related to its time behavior,

overshoot
rise time
settling time
ringing

In the case of linear dynamic systems, much can be inferred about the system from these characteristics. Below the step response of a simple two-pole amplifier is presented, and some of these terms are illustrated.

In LTI systems, the function that has the steepest slew rate that doesn't create overshoot or ringing is the Gaussian function. This is because it is the only function whose Fourier transform has the same shape.

Feedback amplifiers

This section describes the step response of a simple negative feedback amplifier shown in Figure 1. The feedback amplifier consists of a main open-loop amplifier of gain AOL and a feedback loop governed by a feedback factor β. This feedback amplifier is analyzed to determine how its step response depends upon  the time constants governing the response of the main amplifier, and upon the amount of feedback used.

A negative-feedback amplifier has gain given by (see negative feedback amplifier):

where AOL = open-loop gain, AFB = closed-loop gain (the gain with negative feedback present) and β = feedback factor.

With one dominant pole
In many cases, the forward amplifier can be sufficiently well modeled in terms of a single dominant pole of time constant τ, that it, as an open-loop gain given by:

with zero-frequency gain A0 and angular frequency ω = 2πf.  This forward amplifier has unit step response

,

an exponential approach from 0 toward the new equilibrium value of A0.

The one-pole amplifier's transfer function leads to the closed-loop gain:

This closed-loop gain is of the same form as the open-loop gain: a one-pole filter.  Its step response is of the same form: an exponential decay toward the new equilibrium value.  But the time constant of the closed-loop step function is τ / (1 + β A0), so it is faster than the forward amplifier's response by a factor of 1 + β A0:

As the feedback factor β is increased, the step response will get faster, until the original assumption of one dominant pole is no longer accurate.  If there is a second pole, then as the closed-loop time constant approaches the time constant of the second pole, a two-pole analysis is needed.

Two-pole amplifiers
In the case that the open-loop gain has two poles (two time constants, τ1, τ2), the step response is a bit more complicated. The open-loop gain is given by:

with zero-frequency gain A0 and angular frequency ω = 2πf.

Analysis
The two-pole amplifier's transfer function leads to the closed-loop gain:

The time dependence of the amplifier is easy to discover by switching variables to s = jω, whereupon the gain becomes:

The poles of this expression (that is, the zeros of the denominator) occur at:

which shows for large enough values of βA0 the square root becomes the square root of a negative number, that is the square root becomes imaginary, and the pole positions are complex conjugate numbers, either s+ or s−; see Figure 2:

with

and

Using polar coordinates with the magnitude of the radius to the roots given by |s| (Figure 2):

and the angular coordinate φ is given by:

Tables of Laplace transforms show that the time response of such a system is composed of combinations of the two functions:

which is to say, the solutions are damped oscillations in time. In particular, the unit step response of the system is:

which simplifies to

when A0 tends to infinity and the feedback factor β is one.

Notice that the damping of the response is set by ρ, that is, by the time constants of the open-loop amplifier. In contrast, the frequency of oscillation is set by μ, that is, by the feedback parameter through βA0. Because ρ is a sum of reciprocals of time constants, it is interesting to notice that ρ is dominated by the shorter of the two.

Results

Figure 3 shows the time response to a unit step input for three values of the parameter μ. It can be seen that the frequency of oscillation increases with μ, but the oscillations are contained between the two asymptotes set by the exponentials [ 1 − exp(−ρt) ] and [ 1 + exp(−ρt) ]. These asymptotes are determined by ρ and therefore by the time constants of the open-loop amplifier, independent of feedback.

The phenomenon of oscillation about the final value is called ringing. The overshoot is the maximum swing above final value, and clearly increases with μ. Likewise, the undershoot is the minimum swing below final value, again increasing with μ. The settling time is the time for departures from final value to sink below some specified level, say 10% of final value.

The dependence of settling time upon μ is not obvious, and the approximation of a two-pole system probably is not accurate enough to make any real-world conclusions about feedback dependence of settling time. However, the asymptotes [ 1 − exp(−ρt) ] and [ 1 + exp (−ρt) ] clearly impact settling time, and they are controlled by the time constants of the open-loop amplifier, particularly the shorter of the two time constants. That suggests that a specification on settling time must be met by appropriate design of the open-loop amplifier.

The two major conclusions from this analysis are:
Feedback controls the amplitude of oscillation about final value for a given open-loop amplifier and given values of open-loop time constants,  τ1 and τ2.
The open-loop amplifier decides settling time. It sets the time scale of Figure 3, and the faster the open-loop amplifier, the faster this time scale.

As an aside, it may be noted that real-world departures from this linear two-pole model occur due to two major complications: first, real amplifiers have more than two poles, as well as zeros; and second, real amplifiers are nonlinear, so their step response changes with signal amplitude.

Control of overshoot
How overshoot may be controlled by appropriate parameter choices is discussed next.

Using the equations above, the amount of overshoot can be found by differentiating the step response and finding its maximum value. The result for maximum step response Smax is:

The final value of the step response is 1, so the exponential is the actual overshoot itself. It is clear the overshoot is zero if μ = 0, which is the condition:

This quadratic is solved for the ratio of time constants by setting x = (τ1 / τ2)1/2 with the result

Because β A0 ≫ 1, the 1 in the square root can be dropped, and the result is

In words, the first time constant must be much larger than the second. To be more adventurous than a design allowing for no overshoot we can introduce a factor α in the above relation:

and let α be set by the amount of overshoot that is acceptable.

Figure 4 illustrates the procedure. Comparing the top panel (α = 4) with the lower panel (α = 0.5) shows lower values for α  increase the rate of response, but increase overshoot. The case α = 2 (center panel) is the maximally flat design that shows no peaking in the Bode gain vs. frequency plot. That design has the rule of thumb built-in safety margin to deal with non-ideal realities like multiple poles (or zeros), nonlinearity (signal amplitude dependence) and manufacturing variations, any of which can lead to too much overshoot. The adjustment of the pole separation (that is, setting α) is the subject of frequency compensation, and one such method is pole splitting.

Control of settling time
The amplitude of ringing in the step response in Figure 3 is governed by the damping factor exp(−ρt). That is, if we specify some acceptable step response deviation from final value, say Δ, that is:

this condition is satisfied  regardless of the value of β AOL provided the time is longer than the settling time, say tS, given by:

where the  τ1 ≫ τ2 is applicable because of  the overshoot control condition, which makes τ1 = αβAOL τ2. Often the settling time condition is referred to by saying the settling period is inversely proportional to the unity gain bandwidth,  because 1/(2π τ2) is close to this bandwidth for an amplifier with typical dominant pole compensation. However, this result is more precise than this rule of thumb. As an example of this formula, if  the settling time condition is  tS = 8 τ2.

In general, control of overshoot sets the time constant ratio, and settling time tS sets τ2.

System Identification using the Step Response: System with two real poles

This method uses significant points of the step response. There is no need to guess tangents to the measured Signal. The equations are derived using numerical simulations, determining some significant ratios and fitting parameters of nonlinear equations. See also.

Here the steps:

 Measure the system step-response of the system with an input step signal .
 Determine the time-spans and where the step response reaches 25% and 75% of the steady state output value.
 Determine the system steady-state gain with
 Calculate
 Determine the two time constants
 Calculate the transfer function of the identified system within the Laplace-domain

Phase margin

Next, the choice of pole ratio τ1/τ2 is related to the phase margin of the feedback amplifier.  The procedure outlined in the Bode plot article is followed. Figure 5 is the Bode gain plot for the two-pole amplifier in the range of frequencies up to the second pole position. The assumption behind Figure 5 is that the frequency f0 dB lies between the lowest pole at f1 = 1/(2πτ1) and the second pole at f2 = 1/(2πτ2). As indicated in Figure 5, this condition is satisfied for values of α ≥ 1.

Using Figure 5 the frequency (denoted by f0 dB) is found where the loop gain βA0 satisfies the unity gain or 0 dB condition, as defined by:

The slope of the downward leg of the gain plot is (20 dB/decade); for every factor of ten increase in frequency, the gain drops by the same factor:

The phase margin is the departure of the phase at f0 dB from −180°. Thus, the margin is:

Because f0 dB / f1 = βA0 ≫ 1, the term in f1 is 90°. That makes the phase margin:

In particular, for case α = 1,  φm = 45°, and for α = 2, φm = 63.4°. Sansen recommends α = 3, φm = 71.6° as a "good safety position to start with".

If α is increased by shortening τ2, the settling time tS also is shortened. If α is increased by lengthening τ1, the settling time tS is little altered. More commonly, both τ1 and τ2 change, for example if the technique of pole splitting is used.

As an aside, for an amplifier with more than two poles, the diagram of Figure 5 still may be made to fit the Bode plots by making f2 a fitting parameter, referred to as an "equivalent second pole" position.

See also
Impulse response
Overshoot (signal)
Pole splitting
Rise time
Settling time
Time constant

References and notes

Further reading

Robert I. Demrow Settling time of operational amplifiers
Cezmi Kayabasi Settling time measurement techniques achieving high precision at high speeds
Vladimir Igorevic Arnol'd "Ordinary differential equations", various editions from MIT Press and from Springer Verlag, chapter 1 "Fundamental concepts"

External links
Kuo power point slides; Chapter 7 especially

Analog circuits
Electronic design
Dynamical systems
Classical control theory
Signal processing
Electronic amplifiers
Transient response characteristics

es:Análisis de la respuesta temporal de un sistema#Respuesta del sistema a una entrada del tipo escalón

Step response


Ion Jovin (n. 8 ianuarie 1899, comuna Felnac (fostul comitat Timiș) – d. 1994) a fost un medic român, profesor universitar, fondatorul radioterapiei românești și membru post-mortem al Academiei Române în 2017.

Date biografice
Ion Jovin s-a născut la 8 ianuarie 1899 în comuna Felnac (fostul comitat Timiș).

Studii
A urmat studiile primare în limba română și maghiară la Arad, iar studiile gimnaziale și liceale la Liceul catolic în limba maghiară la Arad, absolvind examenul de bacalaureat în anul 1917. Din toamna aceluiași an, a urmat studiile universitare la Facultatea de Medicină din Budapesta, pe care le-a întrerupt timp de un an datorită absolvirii Școlii de Ofițeri de artilerie și a înrolării sale pe frontul italian de pe Piave.

Din 1919, a urmat studiile Facultății de Medicină din Cluj, devenind succesiv între anii 1920-1923 preparator la Catedra de anatomie patologică și la Clinica de Boli Infecțioase și asistent în cadrul clinicii respective. În 1923, cu ajutorul unei burse oferite de către statul român, a urmat cursuri de specializare în anatomie patologică la Berlin și Freiburg, iar din 1924, a urmat cursuri universitare de radiologie la Facultatea de Medicină din Paris. Experiența pariziană a fost marcată de diferite stagii de practică, prin intermediul cărora a avut oportunitatea de a cunoaște și de a se remarca în rândul unor medici specialiști precum Alexandre Lacassagne, Claudius Regaud sau Raoul Coutard.

În 1926, a absolvit Facultatea de Medicină din Paris cu o teză care trata un subiect mai puțin cercetat în acea perioadă, limfoepiteliomul, Lacassagne oferindu-i posibilitatea de a deveni profesor universitar în cadrul aceleiași facultăți, însă Jovin a refuzat deoarece a dorit să devină medic în România ca semn de recunoaștere față de bursa primită.

Viața și activitatea
În timpul studenției, Ion Jovin a devenit membru în fruntea Societății Academice "Petru Maior", alături de alți români care studiau în Budapesta. A fost martor ocular în timpul evenimentelor desfășurate în Imperiul Austro-Ungar în contextul Primului Război Mondial, care l-au influențat să se retragă de la facultate și să revină în Arad, unde a devenit funcționar în cadrul Consiliului Național Român condus de Ștefan Cicio Pop. A fost unul dintre delegații desemnați să participe la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918 în urma alegerilor organizate la Budapesta în 26-27 noiembrie 1918.

La scurt timp după revenirea în România, cu sprijinul material al inginerului Mihai Constantinescu, a fondat primul centru național de radioterapie la spitalul Colțea din București, cuprinzând "150 miligrame radium, două posturi de roentgenterapie profundă și 6 paturi".

A debutat publicistic în 1928 în revista "Spitalul" cu un text asupra activității centrului, publicând până în anul 1947 aproximativ 154 de articole și studii de specialitate din domeniul radiologiei și radioterapiei. Între 1928-1942, a deținut diferite funcții importante (consilier tehnic în cadrul Ministerului Sănătății (1928), asistent și șef de lucrări la Facultatea de Medicină din București, președintele Societății de Radiologie (din 1933, timp de trei mandate), conferențiar universitar doctor în cadrul catedrei de radiologie a facultății (din 1938, în urma absolvirii studiilor doctorale în 1931) etc.).

A devenit membru corespondent și onorific al unor foruri academice și universitare (Academia de Științe Medicale (1947), Societatea Franceză de Radiologie (1956), Societatea Braziliană de Radiologie (1970) etc.), fiind distins cu diferite decorații precum medalia franceză Antoine Béclère (1973) drept recunoaștere a contribuției sale aduse dezvoltării radiologiei.

Legături externe

 Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent – J

Nașteri în 1899
Decese în 1994
Medici români
Membri post-mortem ai Academiei Române

Ion Jovin


Les Pays-Bas sont l'un des quarante pays participants du Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022, qui se déroule à Turin en Italie. Le pays est représenté par la chanteuse S10 et sa chanson De diepte, sélectionnées en interne par le diffuseur AVROTROS. Le pays se classe  avec  lors de la finale.

Sélection
Le diffuseur néerlandais AVROTROS annonce sa participation le . Le , Il confirme avoir sélectionné la chanteuse S10 comme représentante des Pays-Bas pour l'Eurovision 2022. La chanteuse confirme d'ores et déjà que la chanson sera en néerlandais, une première depuis 2010. Sa chanson, intitulée De diepte, est publiée le .

À l'Eurovision
Les Pays-Bas participent à la première demi-finale, le . Ils s'y classent  avec , se qualifiant donc pour la finale. Lors de celle-ci, elle termine à la  avec .

Notes et références

Pays-Bas au Concours Eurovision de la chanson
Pays-Bas
Concours Eurovision de la chanson

Pays-Bas au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022


Vanessa-Mae Vanakorn Nicholson, (d. 27 Ekim 1978, Singapur), Tayland asıllı İngiliz keman sanatçısı. Milyonlarca albüm satışıyla Vanessa-Mae Nisan 2006'da, Sunday Times Zenginler Listesi, Birleşik Krallık'ta 30 yaşın altındaki en zengin genç şovmen olarak gösterildi ve tahmini serveti yaklaşık 32 milyon sterlindi.

Hayatı

Vanessa-Mae, Taylandlı bir babanın ve Çinli bir annenin çocuğu olarak 27 ekim 1978'de Singapur'da doğdu. Anne babası boşandıktan sonra üvey babası İngiliz Graham Nicholson tarafından evlat edinildi. 1982'de Londra'ya taşındı ve Tayland vatandaşlığının yanında İngiliz vatandaşlığı aldı.

3 yaşında piyano çalan sanatçı, iki sene sonra da keman çalmaya başladı. İlk başarısı 7 yaşında "Yılın En Başarılı Genç Sanatçısı" seçilerek yaşadı. Henüz 8 yaşındayken Çin'e giderek devlet konservatuvarına kaydoldu. 10 yaşında Londra Filarmoni Orkestrası'nda çaldı ve London Mozart Players adlı grupla uluslararası turnelerde çalma fırsatı buldu.

İlk solo turnesine 12 yaşında çıktı ve tüm İngiltere'yi dolaşarak Çaykovski'nin eserlerini yorumladı. 13 yaşında kaydettiği Çaykovski ve Beethoven keman konçertoları ile bu eserleri yorumlayabilen en genç müzisyen unvanını da elde etti.

The Violin Player albümünde, elektronik keman kullanarak farklı bir tarz yarattı. Müzik otoriteleri, pek çok müzik türünü içinde barındıran bir tekno-füzyon (ing. techno-fusion) olarak değerlendirilen Mae tarzına, olumlu eleştirilerde bulundular.

Yaptığı müzik hakkındaki sorulara ise: "Beethoven ve Beatles, Mozart ve Michael Jackson, Paganini ve Prince. Ben hepsini seviyorum. Bu dünyaya bir kez geldim ve bu şansımı iyi değerlendireceğim. Dinlemekten zevk aldığım her tür müziği kemanla çalmaya çalışmaktan büyük haz duyuyorum" şeklinde cevap verdi.

Kemanıyla klasik eserlere farklı yorumlar getiren sanatçı, klasik müzik repertuvarını çalmanın yanında kendi düzenlemeleri ile de boy gösterdi, ayrıca pop şarkılarına da kendi düzenlemelerini yaptı.

Kullandığı kemanlar
Vanessa-Mae'nin en çok kullandığı iki keman türü var; bunlardan birisi Guadagnini akustik keman, diğeri Zeta Jazz model elektro keman. Kullandığı Guadagnini kemanının yapım tarihi 1761. Bu kemanı annesi ve babası bir artırmada £150,000'a satın aldılar. Ocak 1995'te kemanı çalındı ve iki ay sonra polis tarafından yine bulundu. Bir kere kendisi kemanıyla düştüğünde kemanı kırıldı ve sonra yine tamir edildi.

İki farklı Zeta Jazz model elektro keman kullanır; birisi beyaz, diğeri de Tayland bayrağının renklerinde. 2001 yılından beri gri renkte bir model kullanmakta. Bu kemanlar dışında yeni kemanlar satın alır ve bunları bir süre sonra yine satar; kazandığı parayı hayır için bağışlar.

Özel hayatı
2014 itibarıyla, Vanessa-Mae'nin uzun süreli erkek arkadaşı Fransız şarap uzmanı Lionel Catelan'dı. Vanessa-Mae evliliğe olan ilgisizliğini ifade ederek "seni seviyorum demek için yüzüğe ihtiyacın yok" dedi.

Albümleri

 Violin (1990)
 Kids' Classics (1991)
 Tchaikovsky & Beethoven Violin Concertos (1991)
 The Violin Player (1993-1994)
 The Alternative Record From Vanessa Mae (1996)
 The Classical Album 1 (1996)
 The Classical Album 2 - China Girl (1997)
 Storm (1997)
 The Original Four Seasons and the Devil's Trill Sonata: The Classical Album 3 (1999)
 The Classical Collection: Part 1 (2000)
 Subject to Change-Vanessa-Mae (2001)
 The Best of Vanessa-Mae (2002)
 The Ultimate (2003)
 Choreography (2004)

Filmografi
 Live at the Royal Albert Hall, The Red Hot Tour (1995) (konser belgeseli)
 The Violin Fantasy (1998)
 Arabian Nights (2000) (dizideki aktör)
 The Making of Me (2008) (bölüm 3 konusu)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi websitesi

1978 doğumlular
İngiliz kemancılar
Britanyalı rock kemancıları
İngiliz klasik kemancılar
Singapurlu kemancılar
Çin asıllı İngilizler
Çin asıllı Singapurlular
İngiliz tekno müzisyenleri
Virgin Records sanatçıları
Çocuk klasik müzisyenler
2014 Kış Olimpiyatları alp disiplini kayakçıları
EMI Classics sanatçıları
Yaşayan insanlar

Vanessa-Mae


Küçüküngüt, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Çağlayancerit ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Kahramanmaraş iline 100 km, Çağlayancerit ilçesine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Çağlayancerit'in mahalleleri

Küçüküngüt, Çağlayancerit


Laurence Trochu, née le  à Nantes (Loire-Atlantique), est une femme politique française de droite puis d'extrême droite.

Professeur de philosophie en lycée, elle est élue conseillère municipale de Guyancourt (Yvelines) en 2014 puis conseillère départementale dans le canton de Montigny-le-Bretonneux (Yvelines) l'année suivante.

En 2016, elle est nommée porte-parole de François Fillon lors de la primaire de la droite pour la présidentielle de 2017, chargée de la thématique Famille et Valeurs, puis membre du bureau politique des Républicains en 2018.

Depuis 2018, elle préside une formation politique proche de la droite parlementaire, le Mouvement conservateur.

Membre du comité politique de Reconquête, elle soutient Éric Zemmour en vue de l'élection présidentielle de 2022. Dans le cadre des élections législatives qui suivent, elle participe avec son mouvement à une coalition rassemblant le CNIP et Via, la voie du peuple, sous l'égide de Reconquête. Elle est candidate, en juin et , successivement  dans la première circonscription et la deuxième circonscription des Yvelines mais n'atteint pas le second tour.

Situation personnelle

Origines et enfance
Fille unique, elle grandit dans un village de , où son père est secrétaire de mairie. Elle déclare sur cette période : .

Études et carrière
Après l'obtention de son baccalauréat, elle s'oriente vers des études de philosophie et justifie sur ce choix ainsi : .

Une fois diplômée, elle enseigne la matière dans des lycées généraux et techniques. À , elle décide de reprendre ses études et approfondit ses connaissances via la philosophie politique, époque où elle réalise un mémoire sur Alexis de Tocqueville intitulé « La morale face à l'individualisme démocratique ».

Vie privée
Laurence Trochu est catholique pratiquante. Elle est mariée et mère de six enfants.

Parcours politique

Débuts sans étiquette puis à LR
Membre d'aucun parti politique, elle s'engage en 2014, à l'âge de , dans la campagne des municipales de Guyancourt (Yvelines) où elle est élue conseillère municipale dans l'opposition sous la tête de liste de Ladislas Skura (DVD). L'année suivante, elle remporte l'élection départementale sous l'étiquette UMP en binôme avec Michel Laugier (UDI) dans le canton de Montigny-le-Bretonneux (Île-de-France). De ce fait, elle se voit confier une délégation dans les hôpitaux et siège à la commission des Affaires familiales et sociales et de l'Emploi.

Elle s'engage pour François Fillon dans le cadre de la primaire de la droite et du centre de 2016, en tant que porte-parole sur les thématiques liées à la famille et à la société.

Fin , elle est désignée membre du bureau politique des Républicains.

Présidente du Mouvement conservateur
Le , Laurence Trochu est nommée présidente du mouvement politique conservateur appelé Sens Commun  , émanation de La Manif pour tous au sein du parti Les Républicains et succède à Madeleine de Jessey. Elle entend dès lors  et appelle dans le même temps LR . À propos du Front national, Laurence Trochu affirme à l'AFP qu'elle ne  et que son parti .

En , elle organise à Asnières-sur-Seine (Hauts-de-Seine), avec Sens Commun, « La droite que nous voulons est conservatrice », une journée de tables rondes faisant se rencontrer des intellectuels, essayistes, responsables politiques, sur une approche conservatrice de l'engagement, autour du manifeste du conservatisme. Une deuxième journée se tient dans la même ville en , attirant  et où de nombreuses personnalités politiques sont présentes, dont Éric Zemmour.

Soutien d'Éric Zemmour et candidate Reconquête

Le , à la suite de la défaite d'Éric Ciotti et l'investiture de Valérie Pécresse au Congrès des Républicains pour l'élection présidentielle de 2022, le Mouvement conservateur, jusqu'alors affilié à LR, se rallie à la candidature d'Éric Zemmour.
Le lendemain, lors du lancement de la campagne à l'occasion du meeting de Villepinte, Laurence Trochu prononce un discours en préambule du candidat du nouveau parti Reconquête. Elle est membre du comité politique de Reconquête mis en place en avril 2022, mais cette instance est supprimée en septembre 2022.

Lors des élections législatives de juin 2022, elle se présente dans la première circonscription des Yvelines sous l'étiquette Reconquête. Elle est éliminée au premier tour en terminant en quatrième position avec 12,47 % des suffrages exprimés. Elle est une nouvelle fois candidate dans la deuxième circonscription des Yvelines, cette fois à la faveur d'une élection législative partielle en octobre 2022, comme candidate de Reconquête et avec le soutien de Marion Maréchal . Elle obtient 11,06 % et finit en quatrième position, améliorant le résultat de son parti de trois points mais échouant une nouvelle fois à être qualifiée au second tour.

Prises de position

Elle défend l'idée d'une  qui doit .

Notes et références

Naissance en juillet 1973
Naissance à Nantes
Femme politique française
Personnalité de l'Union pour un mouvement populaire
Personnalité des Républicains
Personnalité de Reconquête (parti politique)
Conseiller départemental des Yvelines
Étudiant de l'université Paris-Sorbonne
Candidat aux élections législatives françaises de 2022

Laurence Trochu


Fabi Marques é uma colorista e podcaster brasileira.

Biografia

Fabi Marques trabalha como colorista principalmente no mercado norte-americano, tendo atuado em editoras de quadrinhos como Mad Cave e Panini, assim como para estúdios de video games como Ubisoft e Dauntless.

No Brasil, foi colorista de obras como Apagão: Fruto Proibido (Draco), Eu Sou Lume (Universo Guará) e Anne de Green Gables (Ciranda Cultural), esta última uma adaptação do livro homônimo que também foi inspiração para a série de TV Anne with an E.<ref>{{citar web |url=https://obarquinhocultural.com/2021/11/26/anne-with-an-e-ganha-adaptacao-em-quadrinhos-produzido-por-grandes-nomes-na-cena-nacional/ |título="Anne With an E ganha adaptação em quadrinhos produzida por grandes nomes na cena nacional |publicado=O Barquinho Cultural |data=26 de novembro de 2021}}</ref>

Além de tabalhar como colorista, Fabi também criou, junto com Bruna Roberta e Jessica Gomes, o podcast 1001 Crimes, que apresenta casos famosos de assassinatos. O programa é atualizado às quartas e sextas e é exclusivo do Spotify.

Em 2021, Fabi Marques foi convidada pela DC Comics para participar da edição especial Batman: The World. O livro, de 184, apresentou histórias do personagem Batman ambientadas em 14 diferentes países, cada uma produzida por uma equipe de artistas locais. Além de Fabi, a equipe brasileira foi formada por Carlos Estefan (roteiro) e Pedro Mauro (arte).

 Prêmios e indicações

Fabi Marques foi finalista do Prêmio Angelo Agostini de melhor colorista em 2019 e 2021, tendo ganho o prêmio nesta categoria e também em melhor lançamento na edição de 2022 por seu trabalho em Apagão: Fruto Proibido. Também foi finalista do Troféu HQ Mix de melhor colorista em 2021, também por Apagão''.

Logações externas

 Fabi Marques ArtStation

Autores de banda desenhada do Brasil
Mulheres ganhadoras do Prêmio Angelo Agostini
Coloristas de histórias em quadrinhos

Fabi Marques


Karl Johannes (Hans) Freiesleben (* 4. März 1871 in Leipzig; † 1945) war ein Senatspräsident beim Reichsgericht.

Leben
Sein Vater Georg Freiesleben (1839–1919) war bereits im Kaiserreich Senatspräsident beim Reichsgericht. Der Sachse Freiesleben wurde 1894 Referendar und 1898 Gerichtsassessor. Während seines Studiums wurde er Mitglied beim Verein Deutscher Studenten Leipzig. Er wurde promoviert. 1902 wurde er Landrichter in Leipzig. 1909 wurde er dort zum Landgerichtsrat befördert und 1914 zum Landgerichtsdirektor. Am 1. Oktober 1918 wurde er bei der Reichsanwaltschaft als Hilfsarbeiter tätig. Am 10. März 1919 erfolgte die Ernennung zum Reichsanwalt. 1928 wurde er an das Reichsgericht berufen. Er arbeitete zunächst im VII. Zivilsenat des Reichsgerichts. 1934 wurde er zum Senatspräsidenten des I. Strafsenats ernannt. 1937 trat er in den Ruhestand.

Er war Mitarbeiter im Kommentar zum Reichsstrafgesetzbuch von Justus von Olshausen in der 11. (1927) und 12. Auflage (1942).

Der deutsche Geophysiker, Astronom und Nautiker Hans-Christian Freiesleben (1903–1985) war sein Sohn.

Literatur
 Adolf Lobe: "Fünfzig Jahre Reichsgericht am 1. Oktober 1929", Berlin 1929, S. 403.

Einzelnachweise

Richter (Reichsgericht)
Reichsanwalt (Deutschland)
Jurist (Nationalsozialismus)
Richter (Landgericht Leipzig)
Person (Leipzig)
Korporierter im VVDSt
Deutscher
Geboren 1871
Gestorben 1945
Mann

Hans Freiesleben