Tchaké (auch: Chaké, Tchakaye, Tchiké) ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Mayahi in Niger.

Geographie
Tchaké liegt in der Sahelzone. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Tagriss im Norden, El Allassane Maïreyrey im Osten, Mayahi im Süden, Attantané im Südwesten und Guidan Amoumoune im Nordwesten. Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um 22 Dörfer, 45 Weiler und sieben Lager. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde ist das Dorf Tchaké. Es liegt auf einer Höhe von .

Geschichte
Vor der Ankunft der Franzosen an der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert gehörte Tchaké zum unabhängigen Staat Katsina. Die Landgemeinde Tchaké ging 2002 bei einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform aus dem nordwestlichen Teil des Kantons Kanan-Bakaché hervor. Bei der Flutkatastrophe in West- und Zentralafrika 2010 wurden 133 Einwohner von Tchaké als Katastrophenopfer eingestuft.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 40.502 Einwohner, die in 4778 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 29.000 in 3510 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 3410 Einwohner in 445 Haushalten, bei der Volkszählung 2001 2253 in 272 Haushalten und bei der Volkszählung 1988 1366 in 210 Haushalten.

In ethnischer Hinsicht ist die Gemeinde ein Siedlungsgebiet von Fulbe, Azna, Kanuri und Tuareg.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 14 gewählte Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 5 PNDS-Tarayya, 4 MDEN-Falala, 4 MPR-Jamhuriya und 1 LRD-Jimiri.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze der 22 Dörfer in der Gemeinde, darunter dem Hauptort.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Die Gemeinde liegt am Südrand einer Zone, in der Agropastoralismus betrieben wird. Gesundheitszentren des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) sind im Hauptort sowie in den Siedlungen Dan Baou und Makesso vorhanden. Der CEG Tchaké ist eine allgemein bildende Schule der Sekundarstufe des Typs Collège d'Enseignement Général (CEG). Beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Tchaké (CFM Tchaké) handelt es sich um ein Berufsausbildungszentrum.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Maradi (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Tchaké


Ahmed Adaweyah () is a prominent Egyptian actor and singer  of Egyptian Sha'abi music. He also starred in 27 Egyptian films.

Biography
Adaweyah was born in 1945 in Minya Governorate, Egypt, to a livestock dealer, and he lived with 14 siblings, He later moved to Cairo and started his career as a cafe waiter, while he also performed songs in Cairo in 1969, full of working class slang and double entendres. His recordings outsold many others and were circulated via audiocassette in the streets. Among them, "Salamit Ummih Hassan" referred to Egypt (as Umm Hassan) and its defeat in 1967; "Zahma ya Dunia, Zahma" lamented the crowded and hectic conditions in Cairo, "Ya Bint el-Sultan" became a favorite song performed for dancers. Like many Sha'abi singers, Adaweyah was capable of delivering a strong mawal (vocal improvisation). Despite the disapproval of the music establishment and the exclusion of his songs from television or radio, they became popular as they spread on audiocassettes. He advanced to singing in five-star hotels and the best nightclubs of the time. He also had some copyright issues with his song "essah eddah embo" with other performers.

In 1989, Adaweyah was drugged and attacked by a jealous Kuwaiti emir, Talal bin Nasser. Officials claimed that he was found comatose after an overdose of heroin administered by person(s) connected to the jealous husband. Adawiyya recovered sufficiently to sing again, although he is partially paralyzed. He has since appeared on various music programs. In 2009, he had a duet with Ramy Ayach, singing "Alnas Alrayiqa". In 2018, he released a new song "Helw Wasl". Ukrainian dancer Alla Kushnir appears in the music video for the song.

Personal life
Adaweyah married in 1976, he has a daughter, Warda, and a son, Mohammed, who is also a singer.

References

21st-century Egyptian male singers
Living people
1945 births
People from Minya Governorate
20th-century Egyptian male singers

Ahmed Adaweyah


Obrenović (în ,  Obrenovići / Обреновићи, ) a fost o dinastie sârbească care a condus Principatul Serbiei între anii 1815 și 1842 și din nou între 1858 și 1903. Ei au venit la putere prin conducerea progenitorului lor, Miloš Obrenović la Revolta sârbă din 1815-1817 împotriva Imperiului Otoman, care a condus la formarea Principatului Serbiei în 1817. Dinastia Obrenović a fost în mod tradițional aliată cu Austro-Ungaria și s-a opus dinastiei Karagheorghevic sprijinită de ruși.

Conducerea familiei s-a încheiat printr-o lovitură de stat de către conspiratorii militari, cunoscuți astăzi sub numele de Mâna Neagră, care au invadat palatul regal și au ucis pe Regele Alexander I, care a murit fără moștenitor.
Adunarea Națională a Serbiei l-a invitat pe Peter Karađorđević să devină rege al Serbiei. După destrămarea Iugoslaviei, unii descendenți ai lui Jakov Obrenović, fratele lui Miloš Obrenović, s-au declarat succesori ai Casei Regale a lui Obrenović și și-au ales pretendenții la tronul defunct al Serbiei.

Spre deosebire de alte state din Balcani, cum ar fi Grecia, Bulgaria sau România, Serbia nu a importat un membru al unei familii regale europene (mai ales dinastii germane) care să ia tronul; dinastia Obrenović, ca și rivalul lui Karađorđević, era o familie sârbă indigenă.

Referințe

Legături externe

Istoria modernă a Serbiei
Dinastia Obrenović
Familii regale din Europa

Dinastia Obrenovici


Küratör (Latince: curatus; İngilizce: curator), bir müze, galeri, arşiv veya kütüphane koleksiyonunun yöneticisidir.

Çağdaş sanat bağlamında küratör, sergi düzenleyicisi anlamında kullanılır. Bu anlamda küratörler, bir koleksiyonu arzuladıkları bir etkiyi yaratmak amacıyla düzenlerler. Serbest küratörler (freelance curator) ise herhangi bir galeri veya müze adına çalışmayan, çağdaş sanatta nispeten yeni ortaya çıkmış kişilerdir. İsviçreli Harald Szeemann bu tür küratörlere verilebilecek örneklerdendir.

Günümüzde, sanat kurumları, karşılarına çıkan finansal konulardan teknolojiyle ilgili uygulamalara kadar birçok sorun karşısında küratörlerin rolünü tekrar gözden geçirmek durumunda kalmışlardır. Bunun sonuçlarından birisi ABD ve İngiltere gibi ülkelerdeki üniversitelerde verilen küratörlük uygulamaları dersleridir. Bağımsız küratörler kendi özel yöntemleriyle sergiler oluşturmaları için veya ortak çalışma amacıyla galeri ve müzelerce davet edilebilmektedirler.

Kaynakça

Küratör


NGC 6682 je zvjezdani oblak u zviježđu Štitu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6682
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6682 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 6682  DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6650 - 6699

6682

NGC 6682


Die Route nationale 141, kurz N 141 oder RN 141, ist eine französische Nationalstraße.

Geschichte
Die Straße wurde 1824 zwischen Saintes und Clermont-Ferrand festgelegt und geht auf die Route impériale 161 zurück. 1842 wurde ihr Straßenverlauf westlich von Clermont-Ferrand geändert. Die Nationalstraße 141B und ein Teil der Nationalstraße 141A verliefen von 1933 bis 1973 auf der ursprünglichen Trasse.

Die Länge der N 141 betrug nach der Veränderung der Strecke 354,5 Kilometer. 1973 wurde der Abschnitt zwischen Limoges und Clermont-Ferrand abgestuft. Von 1991 bis 2006 war die Strecke zwischen Limoges und der Départementgrenze zum Puy-de-Dôme nochmals zur N 141 aufgestuft worden.

Die N 141 soll komplett zur Schnellstraße ausgebaut werden. Dabei wird die alte Strecke durch die Ortschaften jeweils zur Départementsstraße 941 (bis auf wenige Ausnahmen) abgestuft.

Streckenverlauf

Seitenäste

N 141a

Die Route nationale 141A, kurz N 141A oder RN 141A, war eine französische Nationalstraße und von 1933 bis 1973 ein Seitenast der N 141, der von dieser in Chamalières abzweigt und zu einer Straßenkreuzung mit der Nationalstraße 89 südwestlich vom Puy de Dôme verlief.

Auf dieser Strecke kreuzte sie außerdem noch die ehemalige Nationalstraße 9 bei Clermont-Ferrand. Die Länge betrug 19 Kilometer. Bis 1842 wurde der zur Départementsstraße 941 abgestufte Teil der Straße in den Straßenverlauf der N 141 integriert.

N 141b

Die Route nationale 141B, kurz N 141B oder RN 141C, war eine französische Nationalstraße und von 1933 bis 1973 ein Seitenast der N 141, der von dieser in Pontgibaud abzweigte und zur Nationalstraße 141A westlich von Chamalières führte. Ihre Länge betrug 14 Kilometer. Bis 1842 war die Straße Teil der Nationalstraße 141.

N 141c

Die Route nationale 141C, kurz N 141C oder RN 141C, war eine französische Nationalstraße und von 1933 bis 1973 ein Seitenast der N 141, der von dieser in Durtol abzweigte und nach Ceyrat führte. Ihre Länge betrug 10 Kilometer.

N 1141

Die Route nationale 1141, kurz N 1141 oder RN 1141, war eine französische Nationalstraße und von 2006 bis 2020 bestehender Ast der N 141. Sie wurde zunächst von der Route nationale 10, Anschlussstelle 59, abzweigend in westlicher Richtung als Kraftfahrstraße mit der Beschilderung N 1141 gebaut.
Nach Abschluss der Bauarbeiten der LGV Sud Europe Atlantique 2017 wurde die Verbindung zur Kraftfahrstraße bei La Vigerie (Gemeinde Saint-Saturnin) errichtet und 2020 eröffnet. Die N 1141 wurde dann zur N 141 umgewidmet, die durch die Ortschaft Fléac verlaufende N 141 in D941 herabgestuft.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 141 auf WikiSara (französisch)

141
Route nationale 0141

Route nationale 141


Heinrich August Grosch (* 26. Februar 1763 in Lübeck; † 6. Juli 1843 in Oslo) war ein Kupferstecher, Kunstmaler und Zeichenlehrer deutscher Herkunft, der in Dänemark und Norwegen lebte und arbeitete. Der Schwerpunkt seiner Werke lag auf romantischen Landschaftsdarstellungen in Kupferstich- und Aquatinta-Technik.

Ausbildung
Grosch war der Sohn von Friedrich Heinrich Grosch, einem Uhrmacher und Kandidat der Theologie, und Catharina Tiedemann. Vor 1790 war er offenbar Schüler von Johann Jochen Ludwig in Lübeck. Von 1790 bis 1794 studierte er bei Ernst Heinrich Löffler an der Königlich Dänischen Kunstakademie in Kopenhagen. Er schloss seine Ausbildung mit Auszeichnung (kleine Silbermedaille) ab.

Wirken

Von 1790 bis 1811 lebte Grosch in Kopenhagen und heiratete 1799 Johanne Margrethe Gerhardine Clar (1775–1849), Tochter eines Apothekers und Keramikers aus Rendsburg. 1810 unternahm Grosch eine erste Reise nach Norwegen. Er gründete in Frederikshald (heute Halden) 1811 eine private Zeichenschule und ein eigenes Maler-Atelier. 1817 übersiedelte er nach Christiania (heute Oslo), wo er an der Gründung der späteren königlichen Kunstschule beteiligt war, an der er bis 1840 als Lehrer arbeitete.

Er war der Vater des späteren Architekten Christian Heinrich Grosch (1801–1865).

Werke (Auswahl)
 Holsteins schöne Gegenden, der Natur getreulich nachgebildet, Serie von Radierungen (1790)
 Norwegische Landschaftsansichten, nach Motiven von Erik Pauelsen, Christian August Lorentzen und eigenen Zeichnungen, Aquatinta, 15 Blatt (1797–1807)
 Porträt Franz Josef Gall, Kupferstich (1805)
 Wandgemälde mit Norwegischen Landschaften, Gouachen, Schloß  (1810; nicht erhalten)
 , Aquatinta, 2 Hefte mit 10 und 1 Blatt (1821)
 "Kosmorama" mit norwegischen Phantasielandschaften,  (1835)

Grosch gab auch Anleitungshefte für den Zeichenunterricht heraus, so das  ("Theoretisches Zeichenbuch für Frauen", 2 Hefte, 1794 und 1799).

Literatur

Weblinks

Kupferstecher (Dänemark)
Radierer (Dänemark)
Geboren 1763
Gestorben 1843
Mann
Maler (Lübeck)
Radierer (Norwegen)

Heinrich August Grosch


Mamlambo Zulu mitolojisinde bir tanrıça. Mamlambo hem ana tanrıça hem de nehirler tanrıçasıdır.

Kaynakça
 Encyclopedia Mythica

Zulu tanrıçaları

Mamlambo


(Tokio, Japón, 12 de diciembre de 1972) es un músico, probablemente mejor conocido como el primer vocalista de la banda visual kei Malice Mizer, después de abandonar Malice Mizer, se unió a Mega8Ball desde 1995 hasta 1997. Formó la banda Zigzo, junto con otros músicos populares, estuvieron activos desde 1999 hasta 2002. Tetsu actualmente está trabajando en su banda Nil, que fue originalmente formada en 1998, pero entró en receso y reinicio en 2002, su carrera de solitario que comenzó en 2006, y en la recientemente formada banda The JuneJulyAugust.

Historia

1991–1994: Ner-vous y Malice Mizer
Tetsu Takano inició su carrera como vocalista en 1991 a la edad de 18 años en la banda Ner-vous. En enero de 1992, el baterista de Ner-vous dejó la banda y lo reemplazó Kiyoshi Moro, sin embargo, sólo tuvo la oportunidad de tocar con la banda durante dos conciertos antes de que se disolviera. En marzo de 1992, Tetsu fue a ver tocar a Kiyoshii en su nueva banda, que incluía al bajista Hiroyuki "Marawo" Kashimoto. Tetsu, Kashimoto, y Moro se convirtieron en buenos amigos desde entonces.

En agosto de 1992, Tetsu convirtió en el vocalista de Malice Mizer junto con Mana, Közi, Yu~ki y Gaz. Para los próximos dos años se presentará en vivo, lanzar varios demos, y tener una canción en un ómnibus, poco después de que Gaz abandonara la banda y fue reemplazado por Kami, antes de que finalmente fueron capaces de lanzar su primer álbum, memoire, en julio de 1994. Más tarde ese mismo año, el álbum sería lanzado de nuevo como Memoire DX con el bonus track "baroque", pero en ese momento Tetsu había decidido abandonar el grupo. Aunque la razón exacta de su partida no se conoce, su palabras de despedida en su último concierto con ellos, el 27 de diciembre de 1994, dio a entender las diferencias musicales, lo que sin duda pueden ser verificadas por el sonido del estilo musical de Tetsu. Mientras que sólo ocho canciones Malice Mizer con Tetsu se grabaron y lanzaron oficialmente, casi 10 más fueron escritas e interpretadas por la banda durante ese período de dos años, los cuales aparecen en un gran número de bootlegs. Dos de las canciones, "Ma Cherie" y "Shi no Butou", más tarde sería lanzada por Malice Mizer con el nuevo vocalista de Gackt, estas canciones tienen letras originales de Tetsu, lo que sugiere una separación amistosa de la banda.

1995-1998: Mega8Ball y Nil
En algún momento a finales de 1994 o principios de 1995, Tetsu, formó parte de la banda de sesión Forme'd Eros, ofreciendo voz y guitarra junto a Közi en el bajo y Yasu también en guitarra y voz. Llevaron a cabo sólo unos pocos covers y una composición original, "Ima wa ...". Alrededor de otoño de 1995, Tetsu volvería a juntarse con Yasu de nuevo para formar Mega8Ball con Rikiji en el bajo y Nori en la batería. Yasu dejó la banda a fin de año y Rikiji tenía su amigo (Yoshiyuki) quien lo reemplazaría. Mega8Ball comenzó a viajar de nuevo en 1996 ya lo largo de 1997 hasta el lanzamiento de su primer álbum Hybrid. La banda se disolvió más tarde y tuvo su último concierto el 29 de diciembre de 1997;. Rikiji de inmediato se unió a Oblivion Dust. Lanzaron un demo, un álbum, y participó en un ómnibus con Tetsu como vocalista principal. La banda más tarde se reuniría sin Tetsu en el año 2001. Rikiji se ha convertido en el único miembro original de permanecer en Mega8Ball y Tetsu encariñado hace referencia a la banda en las entradas del diario en línea los últimos años.

Tetsu se había cansado de estar en una banda y no tener el control, por lo que decidió iniciar su unidad en solitario. Reclutó Kashimoto y Moro, sus amigos en los días de Ner-vous, como miembros de apoyo y entró en el estudio, con el tiempo la creación de 20 canciones. Se hicieron conocidos como "Nil" en enero de 1998 debutó en su ciudad natal de Tokio. Nil sonido es auto-describe como "rock punk, grunge, and funk mixed in". Hicieron giras hasta noviembre, cuando Kashimoto anunció que quería dejar la banda para seguir una carrera tradicional. Tetsu y Moro continuó durante varios conciertos más, pero finalmente se dio por terminada antes de fin de año. Moro iba a empezar a la banda "Mugiwara Boushi", actuando como baterista y vocalista.

1998-2002: Regreso de Zigzo y Nil
A principios de 1998, recientemente Ryo y Den ambos ex:By-Sexual y Sakura (ex:L'Arc-en-Ciel) iniciaron una banda de sesión que se desarrolló en un grupo de pleno auge cuando se unió Tetsu en el verano de 1998. En febrero de 1999, debutaron en vivo bajo el nombre secreto "Malice in Sex", un juego de palabras con los nombres de sus exbandas: Malice Mizer, L'Arc ~ en ~ Ciel, y By-Sexual. El nombre de ZIGZO, que es una romanización más simple de la escritura katakana japonés de "rompecabezas", fue pronto oficialmente decidido. Ese verano comenzaron las giras, grabando y lanzando a un ritmo febril. Tetsu fue el principal compositor y letrista del grupo y sólo unas pocas de las otras canciones fueron escritas por el grupo en su conjunto. Lanzaron ocho singles, dos álbumes y varios videos en los próximos dos años y llegó a tener un éxito considerable, como un grupo. ZIGZO anunciaron su ruptura y último sencillo de la banda "Chelsea" se refirió a algunas de las preocupaciones por la banda y de los aficionados. La banda tendría "La última escena", su serie de presentaciones finales, en marzo de 2002.

Aunque la razón exacta de la disolución ZIGZO no se conoce, lo más probable es que fue una decisión de parte de Tetsu que provocó el final de la banda, posiblemente por su deseo de crear música fuera de las restricciones de la escena musical major. En enero de 2002, ZIGZO antes de terminar su gira, Tetsu decidió reiniciar Nil y se puso en contacto con Kashimoto, quien se reintegró a la banda ". Mona Lisa", la primera canción que compusieron fue Moro, que se había cansado de su banda Mugiwara Boushi y se trasladó a Jamaica, no estaba inicialmente interesado en reunirse con, por lo que Tetsu y Kashimoto realizó audiciones para un nuevo baterista y finalmente se unió la mujer baterista Kaori Kobayashi. Sin embargo, ella no tuvo la oportunidad de tocar con la banda, como Moro reconsiderada y se trasladó a Japón en junio de 2002. Fue recibido de nuevo en la banda y al final del mes que habían grabado su primer mini-álbum Nil from Hell. A continuación, comenzó a viajar de inmediato y, finalmente, grabó su segundo álbum mini Sayonara da Vinci a finales del verano. El primero de septiembre y la segunda en diciembre, y están destinados a ser álbumes complementarios. Si bien ciertas similitudes en el contenido lírico y el estilo musical existen entre ZIGZO y Nil, temas como la humanidad, el amor, la paz, guerra, la vida y la muerte tienen un rollo de mucho mayor. Alrededor de este tiempo, Tetsu formó su propio sello discográfico, Afro Skull Records, que, naturalmente, firmó con Nil.

2003-2010: Primer álbum de Nil y cambio en el alineamiento
Nil llevaría a cabo presentaciones durante el año 2003 escribiendo nuevas canciones, y sólo el lanzamiento de un EP de 4 pistas, Down to Dawn. En mayo de 2004, Nil lanzó su álbum debut 12 Inplosion. Varias versiones más salieron en un ritmo rápido el resto del año, Tetsu incluso quería empezar a grabar el segundo disco pocos meses después de que el primer álbum fue lanzado, pero se convenció de hacer el álbum de covers The Covering Inferno. En cualquier caso, la banda se había de comenzar a grabar de nuevo en octubre de 2004 para su segundo álbum. La grabación continua y la realización parecía haber fatigado a Kashimoto y Moro hasta el punto en que ambos decidieron dejar Nil al final de la gira "Inferno cubre" el 10 de enero de 2005. Si bien el motivo de su salida no se sabe con certeza, Tetsu y Nil deron a conocer, y una gira bastante grande en comparación con muchas otras bandas indies y es posible que una apretada agenda constante era demasiado para Kashimoto y Moro. Otra posibilidad era la dirección de su segundo disco, que era más pop de lo que se antes. Cualquiera que sea la razón puede haber sido, Tetsu, las ambiciones de la banda recibió un golpe profundo y el segundo álbum de Nil Excalibur se completó durante el tumulto y después de su partida. La situación parecía frágil y abiertamente reafirmó sus ambiciones y los aficionados a Nil en varias ocasiones a través de su diario y los mensajes del club de fanes-que iba a seguir adelante. En un momento e dijo que su trabajo la vida es nula y que él nunca dejaría la banda. En julio de 2006, Moro reinicio Mugiwara Boushi bajo el nombre de Mugi.

El baterista Sota "Furuton" Oofuruton (ex:Oblivion Dust y el baterista apoyo de Mega8Ball) y Kobayashi Masaru (ex:Soy Sauce Sonic, ex:Sads, The Cro-Magnons se unieron al grupo y una gira por la abreviatura "Tour Excalibur". Dos mini álbumes, Scherzo y Agape, se grabó y lanzó inmediatamente después de la gira. Por desgracia, Furuton desaparecería poco después de las sesiones de grabación. Tetsu consiguió el apoyo de Kazama Hiroyuki (ex:Fantastic Designs) que con el tiempo se convertiría en un miembro permanente del Nil.

Y así, la cuarta etapa de Nil había comenzado y la formación de una línea permanente de disponer de tiempo para la banda, probar nuevas canciones en directo y grabar juntos a un ritmo algo más lento. Un prolongado "Ágape Tour" comenzó y terminó a mediados del verano de 2006 y la grabación de su próximo lanzamiento que ocurrió en medio de los días de descanso durante el tour. Tetsu, siempre ambicioso, también decidió grabar por su cuenta como artista en solitario mayo y agosto de 2006 dio a conocer The Ball and Wall, con toma de balada acústica que muchos y el ritmo de las canciones de Nil y sus dos temas inéditos "Beautiful You" and "Hotel."

2010–presente: The JuneJulyAugust y reunión de Zigzo
En 2010 Tetsu formó la banda The JuneJulyAugust, con Koji Kajiwara en la batería, Hajime Sato en el piano, y él mismo en voz y guitarra. Lanzaron su sencillo de debut el 20 de agosto de 2010, su primer DVD el 10 de diciembre, y su primer álbum el 12 de enero de 2011.

el 20 de noviembre Sakura dio un concierto de cumpleaños en el Shibuya O-West donde Tetsu toco con Nil. Sin embargo, Tetsu, Sakura, Ryo y Den interpretaron un acto sorpresa como Zigzo y anunciaron que la banda reanudaría actividades oficialmente en un concierto programado para el 17 de marzo de 2012, en Akasaka Blitz.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Tetsu en -scape-
 Página oficial de Afro Skull Records
 Página oficial de Nil
 MySpace oficial de Nil
 Página oficial de The JuneJulyAugust
 MySpace oficial de The JuneJulyAugust
 Página oficial de Zigzo

Miembros de Malice Mizer
Músicos Visual kei

Tetsu (músico)


Margit Saad, née le  à Munich et morte le  à Munich est une actrice allemande qui a largement travaillé dans le cinéma et la télévision allemands, avec des apparitions occasionnelles en anglais.

Biographie
Elle est née à Munich, en Bavière, fille d'un père linguiste libanais et d'une mère enseignante d'allemand de Düsseldorf. Elle a fait ses débuts à l'écran dans . En 1960, elle a joué dans le film dramatique britannique  et a suivi avec des apparitions dans d'autres films et programmes de télévision britanniques tels que  le film The Rebel (Call Me Genius) sorti en 1961, avec Tony Hancock,  (1962), une entrée dans le  de longs métrages,  (1964) et  (1967), au côté du duo britannique Morecambe and Wise.

Margit Saad est apparue en début 1966 dans un épisode de la série télévisée d'espionnage américaine . Elle est également présente dans le film théâtral américain , qui reprend l'épisode de  ainsi que trois autres épisodes de la série.

Filmographie

 1952 :
 1953 :
 1954 :
 1955 :
 1956 :
 1957 :
 1958 :
 1959 :
 1960 : Les Criminels
 1961 : The Rebel
 1962 :
 1966 :
 1967 :
 1970 :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Actrice allemande de cinéma
Naissance en mai 1929
Naissance à Munich
Actrice allemande du XXe siècle
Décès à Munich
Décès à 94 ans
Décès en août 2023

Margit Saad


Adal Station (Adal stasjon) var en jernbanestation på Vestfoldbanen, der lå i Horten kommune i Norge.

Stationen blev åbnet sammen med banen fra Drammen til Larvik 7. december 1881. Oprindeligt hed den Augedal, men den skiftede navn til Adal i april 1894. Den blev nedgraderet til holdeplads 1. september 1960 og til trinbræt 12. juli 1965. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 3. juni 1973, og 28. maj 1978 blev stationen nedlagt.

Stationsbygningen blev opført efter tegninger af Balthazar Lange. Der var tale om en stationsbygning for mellemstationer af anden klasse ligesom Stoger og Stokke. Bygningen blev revet ned i 1991. Den lå på østsiden af banen, nord for niveauoverskæringen med Fylkesvei 665.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Vestfoldbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1881
Ophørt i 1978
Jernbanestationer i Vestfold

Adal Station


Arroyo del Tigre ist der Name folgender Flüsse:

 Arroyo del Tigre (Arroyo Solís Chico), Fluss in Uruguay
 Arroyo del Tigre (Arroyo Mansavillagra), Fluss in Uruguay
 Arroyo del Tigre (Río Cuareim), Fluss in Uruguay
 Arroyo del Tigre (Río Uruguay), Fluss in Uruguay

Arroyo del Tigre


Louis VIII may refer to:

 Louis VIII of France "the Lion" (1187–1226)
 Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria (c. 1368-1447)
 Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria "the Younger" (1403–1445)
 Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1691 - 1768), (ruled 1739–1768)

Louis VIII (disambiguation)


අමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ පුරවැසියන් අමෙරිකානුවෝ හෙවත් අමෙරිකානු ජනතාව ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. විවිධ ජාතීන්ට අයත් සහ පෙර විවිධ රට වල පුරවැසියන්ව සිටි පුද්ගලයන් අමෙරිකානු පුරවැසියන්වී ඇත. වසර දහස් ගණනක් උතුරු අමෙරිකානු මහාද්වීපයේ විසූ ජාතීනිගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් පමණක් ස්වදේශික අමෙරිකානුවන් ලෙස සලකන අතර ඉතිරි සියළු අමෙරිකානුවෝ පසුගිය වසර 500 ඇතුලත එම භූමියට සංක්‍රමණය වූවෝ හෝ එලෙස  සංක්‍රමණයවූවන්ගෙන් පැවතඑන්නෝ වේ

අමෙරිකානුවෝ


Freden i Rijswijk blev undertegnet den 20. september 1697 i byen Rijswijk det daværende De Forenede Nederlande og afsluttede Niårskrigen mellem Frankrig og Augsburgligaen. Fredsaftalen har navn efter byen, hvor aftalen blev indgået.

Kampene langs Frankrigs grænser under niårskrigen gik hovedsagelig i Frankrigs favør, men i 1696 gik landet ind i en økonomisk krise. Også sømagterne England og De Forenede Nederlande var økonomisk udmattede, og da Savoyen ønskede at trække sig ud af krigen, ønskede alle parter at forhandle en afslutning på krigen.

Forhandlingerne
Forhandlingene blev påbegyndt i maj. Den franske delegation holdt til i Haag og repræsentanterne for Augsburgligaen havde sæde i Delft, mens forhandlingerne blev gennemført i paladset Huis ter Nieuwburg i Rijswijk, som blev revet i 1789.

I de to første uger var der ikke bevægelse i forhandlingerne. Dette førte til, at de to hovedaktører, Vilhelm af Oranien og Ludvig XIV af Frankrig udpegede to personlige repræsentanter, som førte forhandlingerne videre på tomandshånd. Disse var William Bentinck og Louis François de Boufflers, og i private forhandlinger kom de snart frem til hovedprincipperne i en aftale. Imidlertid ønskede hverken kejser Leopold I af Det tysk-romerske rige og kong Karl II af Spanien at tiltræde denne.

Den spanske konge gav imidlertid snart efter, og den 20. september blev aftalen undertegnet, men signatarerne Frankrig på den ene side, og England, Spanien og De Forenede Nederlande på den anden. Vilhelm af Oranien overtalte derefter Leopold til at slutte sig til freden, og en aftale mellem Frankrig og Det tysk-romerske rige blev undertegnet den 30. oktober.

Resultatet
Hovedindholdet i aftalen var, at Ludvig XIV anerkendte Vilhelm af Oranien som konge af England, Skotland og Irland. Endvidere frafaldt Frankrig alle krav i Rhinlandet og skulle afstå fra at blande sig i forholdene i Kurfyrstendømmet Köln.

Territorielle ændringer:
 Frankrig beholdt Alsace og Strasbourg, overgav Freiburg, Breisach og Philippsburg til Det tysk-romerske rige. Frankrig købte Puducherry af Nederlandene og overtog Nova Scotia og Saint-Domingue.
 Frankrig gav Catalonien tilbage til Spanien. Fæstningerne ved Mons, Luxembourg og Kortrijk blev samtidigt genindlemmet i de Spanske Nederlande.
 Lothringen blev genoprettet som Hertugdømmet Lothringen

Eksterne henvisninger
 Omtale av fredsavtalen  i Encyclopædia Britannica

Begivenheder i 1697
Fredsaftaler
Niårskrigen

Freden i Rijswijk


روجيه فيديرير فقد اللقب في النهائي أمام رافايل نادال بنتيجة 7-5, 6-7, 6-3.

ترتيب المصنفين

  روجيه فيديرير (النهائي)
 ''' رافايل نادال (البطل)
  نوفاك ديوكوفيتش (نصف النهائي)
  نيكولاي دافيدينكو (الدور الثالث)
  ديفيد فيرر (الدور الثالث)
  أندي روديك (انسحب بسبب الإصابة)
  جيمس بليك (الدور الثاني)
  ريشارد جاسكيه ''(الدور الثاني)

  توماس بيرديتش (الدور الثاني)
<li>  ميكايل يوزني (الدور الأول)
  كارلوس مويا (ربع النهائي)</li>
<li>  خوان موناكو (الدور الثالث)
<li>  تومي روبريدو ''(الدور الثاني)
  جو ويلفريد تسونقا ''(الدور الثاني)
  اندي موراي ''(الدور الثالث)
  بول هنري ماثيو ''(الدور الأول)
  نيكولاس الماجرو ''(انسحب بسبب الإصابة)

النتائج

المفتاح
 Q = تأهل
 WC = بطاقة عبور
 LL = الخسارة بسبب الإصابة
 r = اعتزال
 W/O = walkover

النهائي

النصف الأعلى

المجموعة 1

المجموعة 2

النصف الفلي

المجموعة 3

المجموعة 4

روابط إضافية
 النتائج

بطولات كرة مضرب

بطولة هامبورغ للماسترز 2008 - فردي رجال


Conciertos Italia '92 es un álbum en directo de la banda chilena Inti-Illimani, publicado en 1992 y grabado en una gira por Italia entre agosto y septiembre de 1992, en el país que los acogió durante su exilio durante la dictadura militar de Chile. Es además el tercer álbum en directo oficial de la agrupación contando Sing to Me the Dream, interpretado en conjunto con Holly Near.

La supuesta discográfica Picaflor en realidad no existe como sello, y es el único álbum que se registra bajo ese nombre. El álbum fue grabado con el consentimiento de la banda, pero sin ningún tipo de edición en estudio.

El álbum contiene temas hasta entonces inéditos, que sólo aparecerían grabados en estudio al año siguiente, en su álbum Andadas.

Lista de canciones

Créditos

 Inti-Illimani
Max Berrú
Jorge Coulón
Marcelo Coulón
Horacio Durán
Renato Freyggang
Horacio Salinas
José Seves

Referencias

Álbumes de 1992
Álbumes en vivo de Inti-Illimani

Conciertos Italia '92


European route E 67 is an E-road running from Prague in the Czech Republic to Estonia and by ferry to Finland. It goes via Prague, Wrocław, Warsaw, Kaunas, Panevėžys, Riga, Tallinn, Helsinki.

The route is known as the Via Baltica between Warsaw and Tallinn, a distance of . It is a significant road connection between the Baltic states and Poland.

The route is mostly ordinary road, but there are plans to convert it into a motorway or expressway, in Poland called S8 (326 of 379 km completed ) and S61 (178,6 of 235 km completed ).
Along the Via Baltica highway, the stretch of European route E67 between Warsaw and Tallinn, a 5G mobile network will be built in order to facilitate self-driving vehicles and expand opportunities for freight carriers.

Environmental concerns
The Via Baltica attracted great controversy in 2007, as its planned new express road was to take it through several areas in Poland of great natural value.  Most controversial was the Augustów bypass, which would take the route through the wetlands of the Rospuda Valley, the last area of its kind remaining in Europe, and an area protected by EU law as part of the European Natura 2000 Network.  In July 2007 Polish Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński halted work on the bypass after the European Commission applied for an immediate injunction.   After an intense campaign of protests in Poland and abroad and also counter-protests of the local community, the plans have been changed, and now the highway has been rerouted to completely avoid the wilderness area.

 Helsinki
: Helsinki – Tallinn

 : Tallinn – Laagri – Märjamaa – Pärnu-Jaagupi – Pärnu – Häädemeeste – Ikla – / border crossing

 : / border crossing – Ainaži – Salacgrīva – Saulkrasti – Ādaži – Riga
 : Riga
 : Riga
 : Riga
 : Riga – Iecava – Bauska – Grenctāle – / border crossing

 : / border crossing – Pasvalys – Panevėžys
 : Panevėžys
 : Panevėžys – Kėdainiai – Juodoniai
 : Juodoniai (Start of Concurrency with ) – Kaunas (End of Concurrency with )
 : Kaunas – Marijampolė – / border crossing

 : / border crossing –  Suwałki – Dowspuda
 : Dowspuda – Augustów – Białystok
 : Białystok – Zambrów – Ostrów Mazowiecka – Wyszków – Warsaw (Short concurrency with  and ) – Paszków – Nadarzyn – Radziejowice – Mszczonow – Rawa Mazowiecka – Tomaszów Mazowiecki – Piotrków Trybunalski
 : Piotrków Trybunalski (Start of Concurrency with ) – Rokszyce – Łódź
 : Łódź (End of Concurrency with ) – Łask – Zduńska Wola – Sieradz – Kepno – Olesnica – Wrocław – Domasław
 : Domasław – Kobierzyce – Jordanów Śląski – Łagiewniki – Ząbkowice Śląskie – Klodzko – Kudowa-Zdrój – / border crossing

 : / border crossing – Náchod – Česká Skalice – Jaroměř – Smiřice – Hradec Králové
 : Hradec Králové
 : Hradec Králové – Chlumec nad Cidlinou – Poděbrady – Prague

See also
Rail Baltica
Estonian national road 4
A1 road (Latvia)
A4 road (Latvia)
A6 road (Latvia)
A5 road (Latvia)
A7 road (Latvia)
A5 highway (Lithuania)
Expressway S61 (Poland)
Expressway S8 (Poland)
D11 motorway (Czech Republic)
Suwałki Gap, which the route crosses

References

External links
 UN Economic Commission for Europe: Overall Map of E-road Network (2007)

67
E067
E067
E067
E067
E067
E067

European route E67


Maria Reumert Gjerding (født 3. august 1978 i København) er en dansk tidligere politiker for Enhedslisten, som hun repræsenterede i Folketinget fra 2015 til 2018, og nuværende præsident for Danmarks Naturfredningsforening.

Uddannelse og tidlig karriere
Gjerding er uddannet cand.scient. i miljøplanlægning og internationale udviklingsstudier fra RUC. Efter afsluttet uddannelse arbejdede hun som konsulent og projektleder i det private erhvervsliv. Hun engagerede sig i studietiden i Enhedslisten og arbejdede fra 2008 til 2015 som miljøpolitisk rådgiver for partiets folketingsgruppe.

Folketingsmedlem
Hun blev første gang opstillet til Folketinget for Enhedslisten i 2011, og valgt i 2015. I Folketinget arbejdede Gjerding primært med de grønne områder og var sit partis miljøordfører, klimaordfører, ordfører for grøn omstilling, landbrugsordfører og dyrevelfærdsordfører; hun var endvidere familieordfører.

Danmarks Naturfredningsforening
Den 7. april 2018 blev hun valgt som ny præsident for Danmarks Naturfredningsforening.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Marie Gjerding , Enhedslisten.dk

Folketingsmedlemmer i 2010'erne
Tidligere folketingsmedlemmer fra Enhedslisten
Personer fra København
Miljøplanlægning
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Maria Reumert Gjerding


Nikola Mirošević (Blato na Korčuli, 1943.), najvažniji hrvatski vinski znanstvenik poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata.

Životopis
Rodio se u Blatu na Korčuli 1943. godine. U Zagrebu je diplomirao je na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu je bio predstojnik Zavoda za vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo od 1987. do 2003. godine. Autor i suautor je više od sto znanstvenih radova i niz kapitalno vrijednih knjiga, uključujući Ampelografski atlas Hrvatske, Atlas hrvatskog vinarstva i vinogradarstva te monografije o najvažnijim hrvatskim terroirima Dingaču i Kutjevu. Djelomično je Miroševićev projekt stvaranja terroira Korlata.

Nagrade
2010.: Nagrada HAZU - Područje prirodnih znanosti i matematike

Izvori

Vinogradarstvo u Hrvatskoj
Životopisi, Korčula
Dobitnici_nagrade_HAZU

Nikola Mirošević


Olaylar
 871 - Basing Savaşı: Danimarkalı istilacı Vikingler, Anglosaksonları (Anglosakson Kralı: Ethelred of Wessex) Basing'de yendi.
 1517 - Osmanlı ordusu, Ridaniye Savaşı'nda Memluk ordusunu yendi. Bu savaşın ardından, halifelik Osmanlılara geçti.
 1580 - İstanbul Rasathanesi, III. Murat tarafından yıktırıldı.
 1771 - Falkland Adaları, İspanya tarafından Britanya'ya bırakıldı.
 1842 - İlk kez baytar mektebi (veteriner fakültesi) açıldı.
 1873 - Kasımpaşa Tersanesi işçileri greve gitti.
 1889 - Columbia Phonograph plak ve müzik şirketi Washington'da kuruldu.
 1905 - Birinci Rus Devrimi başladı. Çar birliklerinin Kışlık Saray'a dilekçe vermek için yürüyüşe geçen işçilere ateş açmaları ve Kanlı Pazar diye anılan günde, 500 işçiyi öldürmeleri üzerine ayaklanmalar baş gösterdi.
 1924 - Birleşik Krallık'ta, İşçi Partisi lideri Ramsay MacDonald başbakanlığa atandı.
 1930 - Gazi ve Türklük aleyhine yayın yapmaktan dolayı Resimli Ay dergisi aleyhine dava açıldı.
 1932 - İlk Türkçe Kur'an, Hafız Yaşar (Okur) tarafından Yerebatan Camii'nde okundu.
 1938 - Yalova Termal Oteli açıldı.
 1939 - Columbia Üniversitesi'nden bir grup bilim insanı, uranyum atomunu parçalamayı başardı.
 1942 - İmla Kılavuzu'nun tüm okul ve iş yerlerinde kullanılması hakkında genelge yayımlandı.
 1946 - Ampul satışları serbest bırakıldı.
 1946 - Mahabad Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.
 1947 - Fransa'da yeni kabineyi, sosyalist Paul Ramadier kurdu.
 1949 - Mao'nun orduları Pekin'i aldı.
 1950 - İstanbul grekoromen güreş takımı, İstanbul'da Paris takımını 7-1 yendi.
 1952 - Dünyanın ilk jet yolcu uçağı olan de Havilland Comet, BOAC Havayolu Şirketi'nin filosunda hizmete girdi.
 1953 - Türkiye Milliyetçiler Derneği kapatıldı.
 1957 - İsrail ordusu Sina Yarımadası'ndan çekilmekle birlikte, Gazze Şeridi'ndeki işgalini sürdürdü.
 1959 - İzmir Toplu Basın Mahkemesi, Demokrat İzmir gazetesi Yazı İşleri Müdürü Şeref Bakşık'a 15 gün, gazetenin sahibi Adnan Düvenci'ye ise, 1 yıl mahkûmiyet cezası verdi.
 1959 - Kadın avukatlar, Refik Erduran'a "Bir Kilo Namus" adlı yapıtı nedeniyle açtıkları davadan vazgeçtiler.
 1961 - İstanbul'da 300 cam işçisi kapalı salon toplantısı yaptı.
 1965 - Yeni Seçim Kanunu Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nde kabul edildi. Yeni Seçim Kanunu millî bakiye sistemini ve birleşik oy pusulası kullanımını öngörüyor.
 1969 - Fikir Kulüpleri Federasyonu'nun "Türk Halkına Mektup" başlıklı bildirisi toplatıldı.
 1969 - Teksif Sendikası'na bağlı işçiler, Defterdar Fabrikası'nda grev başlattı.
 1970 - Boeing 747 ilk kez Londra'ya uçtu.
 1972 - Brüksel Antlaşması imzalandı. Bu antlaşmaya göre; Birleşik Krallık, İrlanda, Danimarka ve Norveç, 1 Ocak 1973'ten itibaren Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu'na (AET) üye olacak.
 1973 - 12 Mart dönemi başbakanlarından Nihat Erim, İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Türkiye Yargıçlığına adaydı. Çok tepki görünce adaylıktan çekildi.
 1977 - İstanbul'da Saraçhane-Sultanahmet arasında, "Faşizme Ölüm" yürüyüşü yapıldı. Yürüyüşe 5 bin kişi katıldı.
 1979 - Türkiye'de 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi'ne Giden Süreç (1979- 12 Eylül 1980): Devrimci Demokratik Kültür Derneklerinin, "Doğu'da Kürt halkından olmayan kamu görevlilerinin bölgeden uzaklaştırılması" kararı devlet tarafından yerine getirilmediği için Mardin Bayındırlık Müdürlüğünde görevli inşaat mühendisi İbrahim Özer, sabah işe giderken bir endüstri meslek lisesi öğrencisi tarafından silahlı saldırıya uğrayarak öldürüldü.
 1980 - Türkiye'de 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi'ne Giden Süreç (1979- 12 Eylül 1980): Tariş olayları: Güvenlik güçleri arama yapmak için TARİŞ (Tariş İncir, Üzüm, Pamuk ve Yağlı Tohumlar Tarım Satış Kooperatifleri Birlikleri) İşletmelerine girmek istedi; 50 kişi yaralandı, 600 işçi gözaltına alındı. TARİŞ'e bağlı iş yerlerinde işçiler direnişe geçti.
 1980 - Nükleer fizikçi Dr. Andrey Saharov, SSCB'de ülke içi sürgüne gönderildi.
 1981 - İstanbul Sıkıyönetim Komutanlığınca gözaltına alınan Milliyetçi İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu (MİSK) yöneticilerinin tümü serbest bırakıldı.
 1983 - 12 Eylül Darbesi'nin 28. idamı: Kumarda kaybedip borçlandıktan sonra 1973 yılında bir taksi şoförünü, 1974 yılında ise araba almak için para biriktiren bir arkadaşını para için öldüren Ahmet Mehmet Uluğbay idam edildi.
 1984 - Kullanıcı dostu grafik ara yüzü ve faresi ile bilgisayarı kullanıcılara sevdiren ilk ticari bilgisayar olan Apple Macintosh, ünlü "1984" televizyon reklam kampanyası ile tanıtılmaya başlandı.
 1987 - Türkiye-Yunanistan Uyum Antlaşması, Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu (AET) adına parafe edildi.
 1987 - Yüksek Sağlık Şurası, tüp bebek uygulamasının Türkiye'de de başlatılmasını kararlaştırdı.
 1988 - Nâzım Hikmet'e vatandaşlık haklarının geri verilmesi için kampanya başlatıldı.
 1989 - Sovyetler Birliği'nde ilk kez "Uluslararası Güzellik Yarışması" düzenlendi. Yarışmada Türkiye'yi temsil eden Meltem Hakarar birinci seçildi.
 1990 - Sovyetler Birliği lideri Gorbaçov, Kızıl Ordu askerlerinin ayaklanmayı bastırmak üzere Azerbaycan'a yollandığını açıkladı.
 1991 - Bir Irak scud füzesi İsrail'e düştü, üç kişi öldü.
 1996 - Gazeteci Metin Göktepe'yi öldürdükleri iddiasıyla biri Emniyet Amiri 24 polis gözaltına alındı.
 1996 - Özgürlük ve Dayanışma Partisi (ÖDP) kuruldu. Partinin genel başkanlığına Doç. Dr. Ufuk Uras seçildi.
 2000 - Ankara 9. Ağır Ceza Mahkemesi, DYP Şanlıurfa Milletvekili Fevzi Şıhanlıoğlu'nun ölümü ile ilgili davada, MHP Milletvekili Cahit Tekelioğlu'nu 2 yıl 9 ay 10 gün ağır hapse mahkûm etti. MHP Milletvekili Mehmet Kundakçı'nın ise beraatine karar verildi.
 2002 - ABD perakende devi Kmart iflas etti.
 2006 - Mersin'de 4,0 büyüklüğünde bir deprem meydana geldi.
 2006 - BM Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği, Yemen açıklarında kaçakları taşıyan bir teknenin alabora olması sonucu ilk belirlemelere göre 22 kişinin öldüğünü bildirdi.
 2006 - Profesyonel basketbol ligi olan NBA'in şu andaki en iyi oyuncusu olan Kobe Bryant, Toronto Raptors karşısında 81 sayı atarak NBA tarihinin Wilt Chamberlain'den (100) sonra, bir maçta en çok sayı atan oyuncusu oldu.
 2007 - Bağdat'taki bombalı saldırılarda 73 kişi öldü, 138 kişi yaralandı.
 2007 - Vikipedi, Altın Örümcek 2006 "En İyi İçerik" ödülünün sahibi oldu.
 2008 - Ümraniye'de ele geçirilen el bombalarıyla ilgili soruşturmada emekli Tuğgeneral Veli Küçük, avukat Kemal Kerinçsiz, gazeteci Güler Kömürcü, Türk Ortodoks Patrikhanesi Basın ve Halkla İlişkiler Sözcüsü Sevgi Erenerol, Susurluk davası hükümlüsü Sami Hoştan'ın da aralarında bulunduğu 33 kişi gözaltına alındı.
 2013 - Galatasaray Üniversitesi Saray Binası yangını. Ortaköy Çırağan Caddesi üzerinde bulunan yerleşkede elektrik kontağından çıkan yangın, Feriye Sarayları'ndan olan tarihî binanın pek çok tarihî eser ve kitap ile birlikte küle dönüp kullanılamaz hâle gelmesine sebep olmuştur.

Doğumlar
 826 - Montoku, Japonya'nın 55. imparatoru (ö. 858)
 1263 - İbn Teymiye, Arap İslâm âlimi (ö. 1328)
 1440 - III. İvan (Büyük İvan), Rus çarı (ö. 1505)
 1561 - Sir Francis Bacon, İngiliz devlet adamı, filozof ve şair (ö. 1626)
 1572 - John Donne, İngiliz şair (ö. 1631)
 1573 - Sebastiaen Vrancx, Flaman ressam (ö. 1647)
 1592 - Pierre Gassendi, Fransız düşünür, matematikçi ve Katolik rahip (ö. 1655)
 1645 - William Kidd (Kaptan Kidd), İskoç denizci ve korsan (ö. 1701)
 1729 - Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Alman yazar (ö. 1781)
 1788 - George Gordon Byron, İngiliz şair (ö. 1824)
 1816 - Catherine Wolfe Bruce, Amerikalı yardımsever ve gök bilimci (ö. 1900)
 1849 - August Strindberg, İsveçli oyun yazarı ve romancı (ö. 1912)
 1855 - Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser, Alman tıp doktoru (bel soğukluğunun etkenini bulan) (ö. 1916)
 1862 - Eugene Doherty, İrlandalı bir Cumann na nGaedheal siyasetçi (ö. 1937)
 1867 - Gisela Januszewska, Avusturyalı doktor (ö. 1943)
 1874 - Leonard Eugene Dickson, Amerikalı matematikçi (ö. 1954)
 1875 - D.W. Griffith, Amerikalı film yönetmeni (ö. 1948)
 1877 - Hjalmar Schacht, Alman bankacı (ö. 1970)
 1877 - Bolesław Leśmian, Polonyalı şair ve sanatçı (ö. 1937)
 1879 - Francis Picabia, Fransız ressam, heykeltıraş, grafik sanatçısı ve yazar (ö. 1953)
 1890 - Grigori Landsberg, Sovyet fizikçi (ö. 1957)
 1891 - Antonio Gramsci, İtalyan düşünür, siyasetçi ve Marksist teorisyen (ö. 1937)
 1891 - Bruno Loerzer, Alman Luftstreitkräfte subayı (ö. 1960)
 1891 - Franz Alexander, Macar Psikosomatik Tıp'ın ve Psikoanaltik Kriminoloji'nin kurucusu (ö. 1964)
 1893 - Conrad Veidt, Alman sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1943)
 1897 - Arthur Greiser, Nazi Alman politikacı (ö. 1946)
 1899 - László Rásonyi, Macar Türkolog (ö. 1984)
 1900 - Ernst Busch, Alman şarkıcı, oyuncu ve yönetmen (ö. 1980)
 1902 - Selahattin Pınar, Türk besteci ve tanburi (ö. 1960)
 1906 - Robert E. Howard, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 1936)
 1907 - Dixie Dean, İngiliz futbolcu (ö. 1980)
 1908 - Atahualpa Yupanqui, Arjantinli besteci (ö. 1992)
 1909 - U Thant, Myanmarlı (Myanmar) eğitimci ve diplomat (1962-1971 arasında Birleşmiş Milletler'in 3. genel sekreteri) (ö. 1974)
 1910 - Hezi Aslanov, Azeri asıllı Sovyet general (ö. 1945)
 1911 - Bruno Kreisky, Avusturya Sosyal Demokrat Partisi önderi ve başbakan (ö. 1990)
 1915 - Ertuğrul Bilda, Türk oyuncu (ö. 1993)
 1916 - Edmundo Suárez, İspanyol futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 1978)
 1920 - Alf Ramsey, İngiliz teknik direktör (ö. 1999)
 1923 - Norman Ickeringill, Avustralyalı güreşçi (ö. 2007)
 1931 - Rauno Mäkinen, Fin güreşçi (ö. 2010)
 1931 - Sam Cooke, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (ö. 1964)
 1932 - Günseli Başar, Türk manken (ö. 2013)
 1932 - Piper Laurie, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1933 - Kaya Gürel, Türk tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu (ö. 2010)
 1933 - Sezai Karakoç, Türk şair, yazar ve siyasetçi (ö. 2021)
 1936 - Valerio Zanone, İtalyan politikacı (ö. 2016)
 1939 - Luigi Simoni, İtalyan futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1940 - Eberhard Weber, Alman basçı ve besteci
 1940 - John Hurt, İngiliz oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (ö. 2017)
 1941 - İbrahim Arıkan, Türk iş insanı (ö. 2016)
 1944 - António Monteiro, Portekizli büyükelçi ve siyasetçi
 1946 - Cihan Ünal, Türk tiyatro sanatçısı
 1950 - Mustafa Irgat, Türk şair ve sinema yazarı (ö. 1995)
 1951 - Ondrej Nepela, Slovak buz patencisi (ö. 1989)
 1952 - Mustafa Oğuz Demiralp, Türk diplomat
 1953 - Jim Jarmusch, Amerikalı yönetmen
 1953 - Mitsuo Kato, Japon futbolcu
 1956 - Peter Pilz, Avusturyalı yazar ve siyasetçi
 1956 - Fadıl Akgündüz, Türk iş insanı
 1956 - Şükrü Halûk Akalın, Türk dil bilimci ve Türk Dil Kurumu başkanı
 1958 - Filiz Koçali, Türk siyasetçi ve Sosyalist Demokrasi Partisi genel başkanı
 1959 - Linda Blair, Amerikan oyuncu
 1959 - Robert McDonald, İngiliz futbolcu
 1960 - Michael Hutchence, Avustralyalı müzisyen, oyuncu ve INXS'in solisti (ö. 1997)
 1961 - Yavuz Çuhacı, Türk besteci, şarkı sözü yazarı ve TV yönetmeni
 1962 - Peter Lohmeyer, Alman aktör
 1962 - Sirus Kayıkran, İranlı futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 1998)
 1965 - Diane Lane, Amerikalı aktris
 1965 - Steven Adler, Amerikalı müzisyen
 1966 - Thorsten Kaye, Alman asıllı Amerikalı aktör
 1967 - Şanver Göymen, Türk kaleci
 1968 - Alain Sutter, İsviçreli futbolcu
 1968 - Frank Leboeuf, Fransız futbolcu
 1969 - Durdu Mehmet Kastal, Türk siyasetçi
 1969 - Olivia d'Abo, İngiliz aktris, şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1970 - Aydın Ünal, Türk gazeteci, yazar ve siyasetçi
 1970 - Fan Zhiyi, Çinli futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1971 - Sandra Speichert, Alman sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1972 - Gabriel Macht, Amerikalı aktör
 1973 - Olgun Aydın Peker, Türk iş insanı
 1974 - Annette Frier, Alman aktris ve komedyen
 1974 - Ava Devine, Amerikalı porno yıldızı ve aktris
 1974 - Barbara Dex, Belçikalı şarkıcı
 1974 - Jenny Silver, İsveçli şarkıcı
 1974 - Jörg Böhme, Alman futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1975 - Josh Earnest, Amerikalı bürokrat ve hükûmet sözcüsü
 1975 - Kenan Çoban, Türk sinema ve televizyon oyuncusu
 1977 - Hidetoshi Nakata, Japon futbolcu
 1978 - Ernani Pereira, Brezilya asıllı Azeri futbolcu
 1978 - Jorge Martín Núñez, Paraguaylı futbolcu
 1979 - Cassio Lincoln, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1979 - Michael Yano, Japon futbolcu
 1979 - Özge Uzun, Türk TV ve haber sunucusu
 1979 - Svein Oddvar Moen, Norveçli futbol hakemi
 1980 - Jonathan Woodgate, İngiliz futbolcu
 1981 - Ben Moody, Amerikalı müzisyen
 1981 - Beverley Mitchell, Amerikalı oyuncu ve country müzik şarkıcısı
 1981 - Ibrahima Sonko, Senegal asıllı Fransız futbolcu
 1981 - Rudy Riou, Fransız futbolcu
 1982 - Fabricio Coloccini, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1982 - Okan Koç, Türk futbolcu
 1982 - Paula Pequeno, Brezilyalı voleybolcu
 1982 - Peter Jehle, Lihtenştaynlı futbolcu
 1982 - Sedef Avcı, Türk oyuncu ve model
 1983 - Marčelo, Sırp şarkıcı ve yazar
 1984 - Haşim Bikzade, İranlı futbolcu
 1984 - Josef Çınar, Türk asıllı Alman futbolcu
 1984 - Yuta Baba, Japon futbolcu
 1985 - Abdullah Şeheyl, Suudi futbolcu
 1985 - Anthony King, ABD asıllı Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1985 - Fotios Papoulis, Yunan futbolcu
 1985 - Kevin Lejeune, Fransız futbolcu
 1985 - Orianthi Panagaris, Yunan asıllı Avustralyalı şarkıcı ve gitarist
 1985 - Yasemin Ergene, Türk oyuncu
 1986 - Adrián Ramos, Kolombiyalı futbolcu
 1987 - Dmitriy Kombarov, Rus futbolcu
 1987 - Shane Long, İrlandalı futbolcu
 1988 - Abdullah Karmil, Türk futbolcu
 1988 - Alberto Frison, İtalyan futbolcu
 1988 - Errick McCollum, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1988 - Francesco Renzetti, Monako asıllı İtalyan futbolcu
 1988 - Marcel Schmelzer, Alman futbolcu
 1988 - Nick Palatas, Amerikalı aktör
 1989 - Abuda, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1990 - Alizé Cornet, Fransız tenis oyuncusu
 1990 - Edgar Iván Pacheco, Meksikalı futbolcu
 1990 - Jani Aaltonen, Fin futbolcu
 1992 - Achraf Lazaar, Faslı futbolcu
 1992 - Benjamin Jeannot, Fransız futbolcu
 1992 - Ensar Baykan, Türk asıllı Alman futbolcu
 1992 - Leandro Marín, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1992 - Vincent Aboubakar, Kamerunlu futbolcu
 1993 - Alonso Escoboza, Meksikalı futbolcu
 1993 - Maximiliano Amondarain, Uruguaylı futbolcu
 1994 - Jefferson Nogueira Júnior, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1994 - Vladlen Yurçenko, Ukraynalı futbolcu
 1996 - Ramazan Civelek, Türk futbolcu
 1998 - Silentó, Amerikalı müzisyen
 2003 - Göktan Gürpüz, Alman asıllı Türk futbolcu

Ölümler

 239 - Cao Rui, Çin'in Wei Hanedanı'na mensup 2. imparatoru (d. 204 veya 206)
 1387 - Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Paşa, Osmanlı sadrazamı (d. ?)
 1517 - Hadım Sinan Paşa, Osmanlı vezir-i azam
 1647 - Koca Musa Paşa, Osmanlı devlet adamı ve denizci (d. ?)
 1651 - Johannes Phocylides Holwarda, Friz bir astronom, doktor ve filozof (d. 1618)
 1666 - Şah Cihan, Babür İmparatorluğu'nun 5. hükümdarı (d. 1592)
 1737 - Jean-Baptiste Vanmour, Fransız ressam (d. 1671)
 1798 - Matija Antun Relković, Hırvat yazar ve asker (d. 1732)
 1826 - Antonio Codronchi, İtalyan rahip ve başpiskopos (d. 1746)
 1840 - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Alman hekim, doğa bilimci, fizyolog ve antropolog (d. 1752)
 1877 - Giuseppe De Notaris, İtalyan botanikçi (d. 1805)
 1878 - August Willich, Alman asker (d. 1810)
 1890 - Lavrentiy Alekseyeviç Zagoskin, Rus deniz subayı ve Alaska kâşifi (d. 1808)
 1893 - Vinzenz Lachner, Alman bestekâr, orkestra şefi ve müzik eğitimcisi (d. 1811)
 1901 - Victoria, Birleşik Krallık kraliçesi (d. 1819)
 1909 - Emil Erlenmeyer, Alman kimyager ve akademisyen (d. 1825)
 1922 - Fredrik Bajer, Danimarkalı yazar, öğretmen, siyasetçi ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (d. 1837)
 1922 - Salih Hayali Yaşar, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1869)
 1922 - William Christie, İngiliz astronom (d. 1845)
 1922 - XV. Benedictus, Papa (d. 1854)
 1952 - Robert Patterson, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 55. Savaş Bakanı (d. 1891)
 1967 - Jobyna Ralston, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1899)
 1972 - Boris Konstantinovich Zaytsev, Rus yazar (d. 1881)
 1973 - Lyndon Baines Johnson, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 36. başkanı (d. 1908)
 1974 - Antanas Sniečkus, Litvan komünist, partizan ve siyasetçi (d. 1903)
 1975 - Abdi Parlakay, Türk futbol hakemi (d. 1914)
 1976 - Hermann Jónasson, İzlanda başbakanı (d. 1896)
 1982 - Eduardo Frei Montalva, Şilili siyasetçi (d. 1911)
 1984 - Bob Pirie, Kanadalı yüzücü (d. 1916)
 1987 - Zeyyad Baykara, Türk siyasetçi ve eski başbakan yardımcılarından (d. 1915)
 1991 - Feyyaz Berkay, Türk tıp doktoru. Türkiye'de Beyin ve sinir cerrahisi alanının öncülerinden (d. 1913)
 1993 - Kobo Abe, Japon yazar (d. 1924)
 1994 - Telly Savalas, Yunan asıllı Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1922)
 1995 - Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, Amerikalı hayırsever ve J.F. Kennedy'nin annesi (d. 1890)
 2002 - Kenneth Armitage, İngiliz heykeltıraş (d. 1916)
 2004 - Ann Miller, Amerikalı dansçı, şarkıcı ve oyuncu (d. 1923)
 2005 - Atilla Özkırımlı, Türk edebiyat tarihçisi ve yazar (d. 1942)
 2006 - Aydın Güven Gürkan, Türk siyasetçi ve Sosyaldemokrat Halkçı Parti eski genel başkanı (d. 1941)
 2008 - Heath Ledger, Avustralyalı oyuncu (d. 1979)
 2008 - Orhan Aksoy, Türk yönetmen, senarist ve yapımcı (d. 1930)
 2009 - İsmail Hakkı Birler, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1927)
 2010 - Jean Simmons, İngiliz asıllı Amerikalı aktris ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1929)
 2012 - Pierre Sudreau, Fransız siyasetçi ve direnişçi (d. 1919)
 2012 - Rita Gorr, Belçikalı mezzosoprano (d. 1926)
 2013 - Anna Litvinova, Rus top model (d. 1983)
 2014 - François Deguelt, Fransız şarkıcı (d. 1932)
 2015 - Oğuz Oktay, Türk oyuncu (d. 1939)
 2016 - Hümayun Behzadi, İranlı futbolcu (d. 1942)
 2016 - Kamer Genç, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1940)
 2016 - Miloslav Ransdorf, Çek politikacı (d. 1953)
 2016 - Osman Şahinoğlu, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1927)
 2016 - Tahsin Yücel, Türk akademisyen, yazar, eleştirmen ve çevirmen (d. 1933)
 2017 - Merete Armand, Norveçli oyuncu (d. 1955)
 2017 - Cristina Adela Foisor, Rumen satranç oyuncusu (d. 1967)
 2017 - Pietro Bottaccioli, İtalyan piskopos ve din adamı (d. 1928)
 2017 - İlhan Cavcav, Türk iş insanı ve spor yöneticisi (d. 1935)
 2017 - Andy Marte, Dominikli beyzbolcu (d. 1983)
 2018 - Lütfi Doğan, Türk ilahiyatçı, siyasetçi ve 11. Diyanet İşleri başkanı (d. 1927)
 2018 - Enver Ercan Türk şair (d. 1958)
 2018 - Ursula K. Le Guin, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1929)
 2019 - Themos Anastasiadis, Yunan gazeteci (d. 1958)
 2019 - Koos Andriessen, Hollandalı siyasetçi (d. 1928)
 2019 - James Frawley, Amerikalı film yönetmeni ve aktör (d. 1936)
 2019 - Wolfgang Thonke, Askeri bilim insanı, gazeteci ve rütbeli askerdir (d. 1938)
 2019 - Charles Vandenhove, Belçikalı mimar (d. 1927)
 2020 - Gerda Kieninger, Alman siyasetçi (d. 1951)
 2020 - John Karlen, Amerikalı oyuncudur (d. 1933)
 2021 - Hank Aaron, Eski Amerikalı siyahi beybzbol oyuncusu (d. 1934)
 2021 - Ron Campbell, Avustralyalı animatör, televizyon yapımcısı ve yönetmeni (d. 1939)
 2021 - Meherzia Labidi Maïza, Tunuslu siyasetçi, çevirmen ve yazar (d. 1963)
 2021 - Luton Shelton, Jamaikalı futbolcuydu (d. 1985)
 2022 - Gianni Di Marzio, İtalyan teknik direktör (d. 1940)
 2022 - Rasmi Djabrailov, Sovyet-Rus aktör ve tiyatro yönetmeni (d. 1932)
 2022 - Kathryn Kates, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1948)
 2022 - Thích Nhất Hạnh, Vietnamlı bir Zen Budist rahip, öğretmen, yazar, şair ve barış aktivisti (d. 1926)
 2022 - Ali Arif Ersen, Türk ressam ve fotoğraf sanatçısı (d. 1958)
 2023 - Agustí Villaronga, İspanyol film yönetmeni, senarist ve oyuncu (d. 1953)

Tatiller ve özel günler

Kaynakça

0122
22

22 Ocak


La revedere, prietene (titlul original: Adieu l'ami) este un film de aventuri franco-italian, realizat în 1968 de regizorul Jean Herman și avându-i protagoniști pe Alain Delon, Charles Bronson, Olga Georges-Picot și Bernard Fresson.

Conținut

Distribuție

 Alain Delon - Dino Barran
 Charles Bronson - Franz Propp
 Olga Georges-Picot - Isabelle Moreau
 Brigitte Fossey - Dominique Austerlitz "Waterloo"
 Bernard Fresson - inspectorul Meloutis
 Jean-Claude Ballard - agent de poliție
 Marianna Falk - Catherine
 Ellen Bahl - Martha
 André Dumas - șeful de personal
 Guy Delorme - un bărbat din Neuilly

Aprecieri critice
Enciclopedia cinematografică germană Lexikon des internationalen Films descrie astfel acest film: "După sfârșitul Războiului din Algeria, un tânăr doctor care devenise cinic lucrează împotriva voinței sale împreună cu un fost camarad, un mercenar rece ca gheața, pentru a sparge un seif. Caracterele lor și intențiile lor opuse creează complicații, precum și o intrigă pe fundal, în fața căreia ei sunt în cele din urmă neprotejați. Dar, în final, ei triumfă datorită respectului reciproc și noii prietenii. Un divertisment polițist perfect cu doi actori principali excelenți. Ca un imn al marii prietenii între «bărbații adevărați», cu toate că este o expresie psihologică destul de banală, filmul are o densitate și tensiune remarcabile pentru genul său.".

Note

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1968
Filme regizate de Jean Herman
Filme în limba franceză
Filme de aventuri

La revedere, prietene


Arheološko nalazište Lora je arheološko nalazište u Splitu u kojem je antička nekropola.

Nekropola je građena od 1. do 3. stoljeća.

Pod oznakom P-4502 zavedeno je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa preventivno zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Rimskodobna nekropola u splitskoj Lori (portal Hrčak)

Građevine u Splitu
Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Arheološko nalazište Lora


Benjamin Pavard ()

Statistici carieră

Club

Națională

Goluri internaționale

Palmares
VfB Stuttgart
 2. Bundesliga: 2016–17

Franța

 Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal: 2018

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1996
Nașteri pe 28 martie
Fotbaliști francezi
Fundași
Fotbaliști ai VfB Stuttgart
Fotbaliști ai FC Bayern München
Fotbaliști ai lui Internazionale Milano
Fotbaliști internaționali francezi
Fotbaliști ai Campionatului Mondial de Fotbal 2018

Benjamin Pavard


Jakub Szamałek, né en 1986 à Varsovie, est un archéologue et écrivain polonais, scénariste de jeux vidéo.

Biographie
Jakub Szamałek a fait des études d'archéologie de l'Université d'Oxford avant d'obtenir un doctorat d'archéologie méditerranéenne à celle de Cambridge.

Son premier roman Quand Athéna détourne le regard a reçu le  des lecteurs en 2011. Pour Czytanie z kości, il a reçu le  pour le meilleur roman policier polonais publié en 2015.

De 2012 à 2021, il est associé au studio CD Projekt. Il prend part notamment à l'écriture du scénario des jeux The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt et Cyberpunk 2077. Il rejoint ensuite l'équipe de .

Il a été boursier de la Fondation Bill-et-Melinda-Gates.

Œuvres
 Trilogie policière se déroulant dans l'Antiquité : cycle des enquêtes criminelles de Léocharès au
 . Kiedy Atena odwraca wzrok - Quand Athéna détourne le regard (2011) ; polar antique à Athènes
 . Morze Niegościnne - Une mer inhospitalière (2013) ; polar antique dans le royaume du Bosphore
 . Czytanie z kości - La Lecture des ossements (2015) ; polar antique entre l'Étrurie des Étrusques et l'Italie contemporaine
 Kim jest ślimak Sam - Qui est Sam l'escargot (2015) avec , illustrations de
 Trilogie de thriller contemporain dans le monde cybernétique du web caché au
 .Cokolwiek wybierzesz - Tu sais qui (2019) thriller, publication de la traduction française de Kamil Barbarski en 2022 aux éditions Métailié  (grand format) -  (poche) ;
 . Kimkolwiek jesteś - Qui que tu sois (2019)  thriller, publication de la traduction française de Kamil Barbarski en 2023 aux éditions Métailié sous le titre Datas sanglantes  ;
 . Gdziekolwiek spojrzysz - Où que tu regardes (2020)  thriller, publication en 2024 aux éditions Métailié ;
 Stacja - La Station (2023) ; thriller dans une station spatiale internationale

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1986
Naissance à Varsovie
Étudiant de l'université d'Oxford
Étudiant de l'université de Cambridge
Écrivain polonais du XXIe siècle
Auteur polonais de roman policier
Scénariste polonais
Archéologue polonais du XXIe siècle

Jakub Szamałek


Fang Lizhi (方励之, pinying Fāng lì zhī; also Li-Zhi; February 12, 1936 – April 6, 2012) was a Chinese astrophysicist, vice-president of the University of Science and Technology of China, and activist whose liberal ideas inspired the pro-democracy student movement of 1986–87 and, finally, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Because of his activism, he was expelled from the Chinese Communist Party in January 1987. For his work, Fang was a recipient of the Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award in 1989, given each year to an individual whose courageous activism is at the heart of the human rights movement and in the spirit of Robert F. Kennedy's vision and legacy. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980, but his position was revoked after 1989.

Life and career in China
Fang was born on 12 February 1936 in Beijing. His father worked on the railway. In 1948, a year before the People's Liberation Army took over the city, as a student of the Beijing No. 4 High School, he joined an underground youth organization that was associated with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). One of his extracurricular activities was assembling radio receivers from used parts.

In 1952, he enrolled in the Physics Department at Peking University, where he met his future wife, Li Shuxian (). Both Fang and Li were among the top students in their class. After graduating, he joined the CCP, started working at the Institute of Modern Physics and became involved in China's secret atomic bomb program, while Li stayed at Peking University as a junior faculty member.

In 1957, during the Hundred Flowers Campaign, people were strongly encouraged by the CCP to openly express their opinions and criticisms. As party members, Li, Fang and another person in the physics department planned to write a letter to the party to offer their suggestions on education. This letter was still unfinished by the time the Hundred Flowers Campaign abruptly came to an end and the Anti-Rightist Campaign started. The opinions and criticisms solicited during the earlier campaign were then interpreted as "attacks on the party", and those who had expressed such opinions were labelled "rightist" and persecuted. Although no one knew about the unfinished letter, out of loyalty to the party, Fang, Li and their friend confessed to writing it; Li also confessed her doubts about the party. Li was expelled from the CCP, and sentenced to hard labour in Zhaitang, a town near Beijing. Fang was not immediately expelled from the party, because he played a lesser role in writing the letter, and also because he had left Peking University, where the punishment was particularly severe. However, he was removed from the nuclear program and sent to do hard labour in Zanhuang, Hebei province from December 1957 to August 1958. Out of political pressure, Li and Fang put their relationship on hold until early 1959, when Fang was also expelled from the CCP. In August 1958, Fang was reassigned to the faculty of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), which was located in Beijing at the time. In 1961 he married Li, who remained a faculty member of Peking University. In spite of his experience in the anti-Rightist campaign, Fang published an article in the Guangming Daily, encouraging the independent thinking of students.

Fang published his first research paper on nuclear physics in Acta Physica Sinica 17, p. 57 (1961) under the pseudonym Wang Yunran, since as a rightist he was not entitled to publish research papers. Later, on the recommendation of Qian Linzhao, he became an associated member of a research group led by Li Yinyuan at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since Li's group was at a different institute, this arrangement took advantage of a loophole in management rules, allowing him to publish papers under his own name. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Fang conducted research in particle physics, solid state physics and laser physics. By 1965, he had published 13 research papers and was considered one of the most productive physics researchers in China. That year, as part of the effort of cleansing Beijing of "undesirable elements", Fang was to be removed from the faculty of USTC and sent to work in an electronics factory in Liaoning province. Learning about this, vice president Yan Jici intervened on Fang's behalf; he pleaded the case to the party secretary of USTC at the time, Liu Da, who cancelled the cleansing order for Fang and other faculty members of USTC.

Academic activities were interrupted when the Cultural Revolution broke out in 1966. In 1969, along with other universities and research institutes, USTC was ordered to be evacuated out of Beijing, ostensibly in anticipation of an impending invasion by the Soviet Union. USTC was moved to Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, where it remains to this day. Upon arriving in Hefei in 1969, Fang, along with other "problematic members" of the faculty, were sent to do hard labour for "re-education by the worker class" in a coal mine. Fang secretly brought with him one physics book, the "Classical Theory of Fields" by Lev Landau and learned the theory of general relativity by reading this book in the evening. Later, in 1971, along with a number of other faculty members, he was assigned to do labour work in a brick factory, which produced the bricks for constructing the new USTC campus buildings.

Research in astrophysics and cosmology
In 1972, the worst chaos of the Cultural Revolution was over and scientific research resumed. Fang found an opportunity to read some recent astrophysics papers in western journals, and soon wrote his first paper on cosmology, "A Cosmological Solution in Scalar-tensor Theory with Mass and Blackbody Radiation", which was published on the journal Wu Li (Physics), Vol. 1, 163 (1972). This was the first modern cosmological research paper in mainland China. Fang assembled a group of young faculty members of USTC around him to conduct astrophysics research.

At the time, conducting research on relativity theory and cosmology in China was very risky politically, because these theories were considered to be "idealistic" theories in contradiction with the dialectical materialism theory, which is the official philosophy of the Communist Party. According to the dialectical materialism philosophy, both time and space must be infinite, while the Big Bang theory allows the possibility of the finiteness of space and time. During the Cultural Revolution, campaigns were waged against Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity in Beijing and Shanghai. Once Fang published his theory, some of the critics of the Theory of Relativity, especially a group based in Shanghai, prepared to attack Fang politically. However, by this time the "leftist" line was declining in the Chinese academia. Professor Dai Wensai, the most well-known Chinese astronomer at the time and chair of the Astronomy Department of Nanjing University, also supported Fang. Many of the members of the "Theory of Relativity Criticism Group" changed to study the theory and conduct research in it. Subsequently, Fang was regarded as the father of cosmological research in China.

Fang published a large number of papers on astrophysics and cosmology. In the late 1970s, he and his group used the luminosity of selected radio quasars to measure the Hubble diagram, and with data available at the time, suggested that the universe may be closed (Fang et al., Acta Astronomica Sinica 17, 134 (1977)). This work was noticed by researchers outside China; a Nature article noted that it obtained similar results to, but appeared earlier than, the paper by Davidsen et al., Nature 269, 203 (1977). Fang also carried out research on topics including neutron stars, black holes, inflation and quantum cosmology. He soon gained international recognition, and as China began to open up in the late 1970s, he was invited to international conferences outside the country. In 1985, together with H. Sato of Kyoto University, Japan, Fang won the first prize of the Gravity Research Foundation essay competition by proposing that the periodic distribution of quasars observed can be explained if the Universe is multiply-connected, i.e. has a non-trivial topology.

He was elected as the youngest member of the Chinese Academy of Science in 1980. His membership was, however, revoked after the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989. He helped promote international academic exchange in China. Together with Remo Ruffini, he organized the first major international scientific conference in China: the 3rd Marcel Grossmann meeting in 1982. During this meeting, Tsvi Piran and T.G. Horowitz became the first two Israeli scientists to enter the People's Republic of China; at the time, there were no diplomatic relations between China and Israel. He invited Stephen Hawking to visit China in 1985, and organized the International Astronomical Union conference IAU-124 on "Observational Cosmology" in Beijing in 1986.

Fang also trained many younger colleagues and students in the field of astrophysics and cosmology; he was considered an excellent teacher. Fang and Li coauthored "Introduction to Mechanics", an introductory book on Newtonian mechanics and special theory of relativity. This book has been considered a classic by many teachers and students, although few students are aware of it in recent years. Fang was also the first scientist in China to write popular accounts of contemporary astrophysical developments, such as cosmology and black holes. Fang's book, "Creation of the Universe" (Yuzhou de chuangsheng in Chinese) which was published in 1987, introduced basic cosmological ideas, and influenced a large number of physics and astronomy students growing up in the 1980s in China.

Political activism
During the Anti-Rightist Campaign, Fang was expelled from the Chinese Communist Party for his "reactionary activities", viz. publishing an article critical of the government's policies on science education.

He was rehabilitated after the reform of China in late 1970s, and resumed his party membership. During this time, he held many academic positions, including the director of the astrophysics research group of USTC, and director of the science history research group, chief editor of the USTC academic journal, chair of the Chinese society of gravity and relativistic astrophysics. In 1984, Fang was appointed as the vice president of the USTC under president Guan Weiyan. Fang was very active in this role; for example he helped to set up the telex service for USTC. He was very popular among the students. Fang also begin to write essays for publication in popular magazines, and give lectures on a variety of topics in universities, though usually not in USTC. Many such essays and lectures expressed his liberal view on politics, reflections on history, and criticisms on CCP dogma. He also emphasized social responsibility of intellectuals. In late 1986, Fang, together with Xu Liangying and Liu Binyan, wrote letters to a number of well-known "Rightists" from the 1957 Anti-Rightist campaign, suggesting a meeting in memory of that event.

In December 1986, college students demonstrated in over a dozen Chinese cities in demanding greater economic and political freedoms. Fang was against the student demonstration, believing it would be suppressed by the CCP; he tried to persuade the USTC students not to go off-campus. After two straight weeks of student demonstrations, believing that the student movement was a result of "bourgeois liberalization", Deng Xiaoping named three Communist Party members to be expelled: Fang, Liu Binyan and Wang Ruowang. Deng directed then-CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang to expel them from the Party, but Hu refused. Because of his refusal, Hu was dismissed from his position as General Secretary in January 1987, effectively ending his period of influence within the Chinese government.

Fang was again expelled from Chinese Communist Party in January 1987, and removed from his position as the vice president of the university. He was moved to Beijing as a research scientist at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory, now a part of the National Astronomical Observatory of China, and reunited with his wife, Li Shuxian, a professor at Peking University. He gained fame and notoriety after his essays were collected by the Chinese Communist Party and distributed to many of its regional offices, with the directive to its members to criticize the essays.

1989 democracy movement and exile
In February 1989, Fang mobilized a number of well known intellectuals to write an open letter to Deng Xiaoping, requesting amnesty for the human right activist Wei Jingsheng who was then in prison. His wife, Li, was elected to become the people's representative of the Haidian District where Peking University is located. Fang and his wife had exchanged ideas about Chinese politics with some students of Peking University, including Wang Dan and Liu Gang.  Some of those students became student leaders during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, though Fang and Li did not actively participate in the protest itself.

On 5 June 1989, the day after the government cracked down on the protests, Fang and Li, feeling unsafe, sought asylum at the U.S. embassy in Beijing. They were initially turned away, but Jeffrey A. Bader, then acting director of the Office of Chinese and Mongolian Affairs at the State Department, used very strong language to order the embassy to reverse their decision. That night, Fang and his family were smuggled into the embassy in the back of a van. The Chinese government put Fang and Li at the top of the "wanted" list of the people involved in the protest. During his time in the U.S. embassy, Fang wrote an essay titled The Chinese Amnesia, criticizing the Chinese Communist Party's repression of human rights and the outside world's turning a blind eye to it. Fang's continued presence in the US Embassy following the protests became, according to U.S. Ambassador James Lilley, "a living symbol of our [US] conflict with China over human rights."

Fang and his wife remained in the US Embassy until 25 June 1990, when they were allowed by Chinese authorities to leave the embassy and board a U.S. Air Force C-135 transport plane to Britain. This resolution partly came about after confidential negotiations between Henry Kissinger, acting on behalf of US President George H. W. Bush, and China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Other factors were a false confession by Fang, an attempted intervention by US National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft, and an offer from the Japanese government to resume loans to the PRC in return for the resolution of "the Fang Lizhi problem."

In 1989, he was a recipient of the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award. In 1991, he gave a conference on the issue of Tibet in New York, one of the first open dialogues between Chinese and Tibetans. He also was an advisor for the International Campaign for Tibet.

Later life in the US
After some time at Cambridge University and Princeton, Fang later moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he worked as Professor of Physics at the University of Arizona. In campus speeches, Fang spoke on topics such as human rights and democracy as matters of social responsibility. He also served as a board member and co-chair of the New York-based organization Human Rights in China.

Fang continued to do research in astrophysics and cosmology. He published research papers even during his stay in the US Embassy in Beijing. His later research includes the study of non-Gaussianity in the cosmic microwave background anisotropy, Lyman alpha forest, application of wavelet in cosmology, turbulence in intergalactic medium, and the 21cm radiation during the Reionization. He continued to train students and younger scientists who visited him from China and was very active in research to the end of his life, publishing multiple research papers each year.

Death

He died in his home in Tucson on April 6, 2012, aged 76, from undisclosed causes. He was buried at East Lawn Palms Mortuary & Cemetery on April 14.

Further reading
Essays:
Memoir: , translated by Perry Link.

See also
List of Chinese dissidents
Richard Baum

References

External links

Personal Homepage
Scientific Articles of Li-Zhi Fang (Fang Lizhi) Since 1989
Collection of Articles by Li-Zhi Fang (Fang Lizhi), maintained by his former students

1936 births
2012 deaths
Chinese dissidents
University of Arizona faculty
Chinese astrophysicists
Relativity theorists
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Chinese human rights activists
Chinese democracy activists
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
Academic staff of the University of Science and Technology of China
Writers from Beijing
20th-century Chinese science writers
Educators from Beijing
Physicists from Beijing
Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates

Fang Lizhi


Hrvatske ceste d.o.o. (HC) je tvrtka koja se bavi upravljanjem, građenjem i održavanjem državnih cesta. Tvrtka je u 100%-tnom vlasništvu Republike Hrvatske, a registrirana je i s radom je započela 11.4.2001.

Povijest

Nakon izbora 1990. nova vlada pokreće niz strukturnih reformi. Tako se, među ostalim, napušta dotadašnji sustav cestovne gradnje i održavanja, i 1991. se osniva Poduzeće "Hrvatske ceste". 1996. se iz njega izdvaja građevinska operativa i mijenja ime u Hrvatsku upravu za ceste. 2001. Hrvatska uprava za ceste se razdvaja u dvije tvrtke: Hrvatske ceste i Hrvatske autoceste.

Infrastruktura
Hrvatske ceste d.o.o. gospodare mrežom od 7.129,6 km državnih cesta, a svoje aktivnosti provode sukladno četverogodišnjem Programu građenja i održavanja javnih cesta koji donosi Vlada RH. Gustoća razvrstane cestovne mreže Republike Hrvatske određena je temeljem Odluke o razvrstavanju javnih cesta.

Unutarnji ustroj
Tvrtkom upravlja četveročlana Uprava, koju nadzire Nadzorni odbor i Skupština. Organizacijski je podijeljena na urede, odjele i sektore.
Uredi su: Ured uprave, Ured za odnose s javnošću, Ured za unutarnju reviziju i Ured za korporativnu sigurnost i zaštitu na radu.
Odjeli su: Poseban odjel za nabavu i Poseban odjel za vođenje strateških projekata.
Sektori su: Sektor za pripremu, građenje i rekonstrukciju, Sektor za ekonomske poslove, Sektor za pravne poslove, poslove ljudskih resursa i opće poslove, Sektor za razvoj i informatičku podršku te Sektor za održavanje i promet. Sektor za održavanje i promet je podijeljen na poslovne jedinice, a poslovne jedinice na tehničke ispostave.
2019. godine tvrtka je zapošljavala 460 radnika.

Izvori

Hrvatske tvrtke
Cestovni promet u Hrvatskoj

Hrvatske ceste


Union Neumünster ist der Name der Fußballvereine

 FC Union Neumünster
 PSV Union Neumünster

Union Neumünster


Buldok; burnu basık, altçenesi üsttekinden uzun, iri ve güçlü bir köpek cinslerine verilen genel ad. Irklar:

 Amerikan Buldoğu
 Eski İngiliz Buldoğu (Viktorian Buldok)
 İngiliz Buldoğu
 Minyatür Buldok (Oyuncak Buldok)
 Fransız Buldoğu

Buldok (anlam ayrımı)


John II may refer to:

People
 John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (1455–1499)
 John II Casimir Vasa of Poland (1609–1672)
 John II Comyn, Lord of Badenoch (died 1302)
 John II Doukas of Thessaly (1303–1318)
 John II Komnenos (1087–1143), Byzantine emperor
 John II of Alençon (1409–1476)
 John II of Amalfi (died 1069)
 John II of Aragon and Navarre (1397–1479)
 John II of Brienne, Count of Eu (died 1302)
 John II of Castile (1405–1454)
 John II of Cyprus, King from 1432 until his death in 1458
 John II, Count of Dreux (1265–1309)
 John II of France (1319–1364)
 John II of Gaeta (died 963)
 John II, Count of Gorizia (1438–1462)
 John II of Jerusalem (1259–1285)
 John II, Count of Ligny (1392–1440)
 John II, Marquis of Montferrat (1321–1372)
 John II of Naples (died 919)
 John II of Portugal (1455–1495), King of Portugal and of the Algarves
 John II of Salerno (died )
 John II of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch in 631–648
 John II of Trebizond (c. 1262–1297)
 John II of Werle (after 1250–1337)
 John II Orsini (died 1335), Count of Cephalonia and ruler of Epirus
 John II Platyn (died 702), Exarch of Ravenna
 John II Stanley of the Isle of Man (c. 1386–1437)
 John II (bishop of Jerusalem) ()
 John II, Burgrave of Nuremberg (c.1309–1357)
 John II, Count of Blois (died 1381)
 John II, Count of Holland (1247–1304)
 John II, Count of Nassau-Beilstein (died 1513)
 John II of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1423-1472)
 John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen (died 1443)
 John II, Count of Nevers (1415–1491)
 John II, Count of Saarbrücken (before 1325–1381)
 John II, Count of Ziegenhain (died 1450)
 John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1584–1635)
 John II, Duke of Bavaria (1341–1397)
 John II, Duke of Bourbon (1426–1488)
 John II, Duke of Brabant (1275–1312)
 John II, Duke of Brittany (1239–1305)
 John II, Duke of Lorraine (1425–1470)
 John II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1370–1416)
 John II, Duke of Opava-Ratibor (after 1365–1424)
 John II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1570–1605)
 John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (1545–1622)
 John II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (died 1382)
 John IV of Portugal (16031656), known as John II, Duke of Braganza before becoming king in 1640
 John of Cappadocia (died 520), Patriarch of Constantinople
 John II, King of Denmark (1455–1513), King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (John II of Sweden)
 John of Islay, Earl of Ross (1435–1503)
 John Papa ʻĪʻī, 19th century politician and historian in the Kingdom of Hawaii
 John Sigismund Zápolya or Szapolyai (1540–1571), King of Hungary as John II, and later the first Prince of Transylvania
 John the Fearless (1371–1419), Duke of Burgundy
 John, Duke of Randazzo (died 1348)
 John II Codonatus (ruled in 477), a patriarch of Antioch
 Pope John II, Pope from 533 until his death in 535
 Yohannes II of Ethiopia (died 1769)

Biblical
 John 2, the second chapter of the Gospel of John
 Second Epistle of John or 2 John

See also
 Juan II (disambiguation)
 Jean II (disambiguation)

John II


26738 Lishizhen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
26738 Lishizhen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Desert Beaver Observatory de William Kwong Yu Yeung. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,21 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 7,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 26001-27000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

26738 Lishizhen


Shelf life is the length of time that a commodity may be stored without becoming unfit for use, consumption, or sale. In other words, it might refer to whether a commodity should no longer be on a pantry shelf (unfit for use), or no longer on a supermarket shelf (unfit for sale, but not yet unfit for use). It applies to cosmetics, foods and beverages, medical devices, medicines, explosives, pharmaceutical drugs, chemicals, tyres, batteries, and many other perishable items. In some regions, an advisory best before, mandatory use by or freshness date is required on packaged perishable foods. The concept of expiration date is related but legally distinct in some jurisdictions.

Background

Shelf life is the recommended maximum time for which products or fresh (harvested) produce can be stored, during which the defined quality of a specified proportion of the goods remains acceptable under expected (or specified) conditions of distribution, storage and display.

According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), "canned foods are safe indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to freezing temperatures, or temperatures above 90 °F (32.2 °C)". If the cans look okay, they are safe to use. Discard cans that are dented, rusted, or swollen. High-acid canned foods (tomatoes, fruits) will keep their best quality for 12 to 18 months; low-acid canned foods (meats, vegetables) for 2 to 5 years.

"Sell by date" is a less ambiguous term for what is often referred to as an "expiration date". Most food is still edible after the expiration date. A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe, but quality is no longer guaranteed. In most food stores, waste is minimized by using stock rotation, which involves moving products with the earliest sell by date from the warehouse to the sales area, and then to the front of the shelf, so that most shoppers will pick them up first and thus they are likely to be sold before the end of their shelf life. Some stores can be fined for selling out of date products; most if not all would have to mark such products down as wasted, resulting in a financial loss.

Shelf life depends on the degradation mechanism of the specific product. Most can be influenced by several factors: exposure to light, heat, moisture, transmission of gases, mechanical stresses, and contamination by things such as micro-organisms. Product quality is often mathematically modelled around a parameter (concentration of a chemical compound, a microbiological index, or moisture content).

For some foods, health issues are important in determining shelf life. Bacterial contaminants are ubiquitous, and foods left unused too long will often be contaminated by substantial amounts of bacterial colonies and become dangerous to eat, leading to food poisoning. However, shelf life alone is not an accurate indicator of how long the food can safely be stored. For example, pasteurized milk can remain fresh for five days after its sell-by date if it is refrigerated properly. However, improper storage of milk may result in bacterial contamination or spoilage before the expiration date.

Pharmaceuticals
The expiration date of pharmaceuticals specifies the date the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a drug. Most medications continue to be effective and safe for a time after the expiration date. A rare exception is a case of renal tubular acidosis purportedly caused by expired tetracycline. A study conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The study showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective as long as 15 years past their expiration dates. Joel Davis, a former FDA expiration-date compliance chief, said that with a handful of exceptions - notably nitroglycerin, insulin and some liquid antibiotics - most expired drugs are probably effective.

Shelf life is not significantly studied during drug development, and drug manufacturers have economic and liability incentives to specify shorter shelf lives so that consumers are encouraged to discard and repurchase products. One major exception is the Shelf Life Extension Program (SLEP) of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), which commissioned a major study of drug efficacy from the FDA starting in the mid-1980s. One criticism is that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) refused to issue guidelines based on SLEP research for normal marketing of pharmaceuticals even though the FDA performed the study. The SLEP and FDA signed a memorandum that scientific data could not be shared with the public, public health departments, other government agencies, and drug manufacturers. State and local programs are not permitted to participate. The failure to share data has caused foreign governments to refuse donations of expired medications. One exception occurred during the 2010 Swine Flu Epidemic when the FDA authorized expired Tamiflu based on SLEP Data. The SLEP discovered that drugs such as Cipro remained effective nine years after their shelf life, and, as a cost-saving measure, the US military routinely uses a wide range of SLEP tested products past their official shelf life if drugs have been stored properly.

Packaging factors
Preservatives and antioxidants may be incorporated into some food and drug products to extend their shelf life. Some companies use induction sealing and vacuum/oxygen-barrier pouches to assist in the extension of the shelf life of their products where oxygen causes the loss.

The DoD Shelf-Life Program defines shelf-life as

The total period of time beginning with the date of manufacture, date of cure (for elastomeric and rubber products only), date of assembly, or date of pack (subsistence only), and terminated by the date by which an item must be used (expiration date) or subjected to inspection, test, restoration, or disposal action; or after inspection/laboratory test/restorative action that an item may remain in the combined wholesale (including manufacture's) and retail storage systems and still be suitable for issue or use by the end user. Shelf-life is not to be confused with service-life (defined as, A general term used to quantify the average or standard life expectancy of an item or equipment while in use.  When a shelf-life item is unpacked and introduced to mission requirements, installed into intended application, or merely left in storage, placed in pre-expended bins, or held as bench stock, shelf-life management stops and service life begins.)

Shelf life is often specified in conjunction with a specific product, package, and distribution system. For example, an MRE field ration is designed to have a shelf life of three years at  and six months at .

Temperature control

Nearly all chemical reactions can occur at normal temperatures (although different reactions proceed at different rates). However most reactions are accelerated by high temperatures, and the degradation of foods and pharmaceuticals is no exception. The same applies to the breakdown of many chemical explosives into more unstable compounds. Nitroglycerine is notorious. Old explosives are thus more dangerous (i.e. liable to be triggered to explode by very small disturbances, even trivial jiggling) than more recently manufactured explosives. Rubber products also degrade as sulphur bonds induced during vulcanization revert; this is why old rubber bands and other rubber products soften and get crispy, and lose their elasticity as they age.

The often quoted rule of thumb is that chemical reactions double their rate for each temperature increase of  because activation energy barriers are more easily surmounted at higher temperatures. However, as with many rules of thumb, there are many caveats and exceptions. The rule works best for reactions with activation energy values around 50 kJ/mole; many of these are important at the usual temperatures we encounter. It is often applied in shelf life estimation, sometimes wrongly. There is a widespread impression, for instance in industry, that "triple time" can be simulated in practice by increasing the temperature by , e.g., storing a product for one month at  simulates three months at . This is mathematically incorrect (if the rule was precisely accurate the required temperature increase would be about ), and in any case the rule is only a rough approximation and cannot always be relied on.  Chemists often use the more comprehensive Arrhenius equation for better estimations.

The same is true, up to a point, of the chemical reactions of living things. They are usually catalyzed by enzymes which change reaction rates, but with no variation in catalytic action, the rule of thumb is still mostly applicable. In the case of bacteria and fungi, the reactions needed to feed and reproduce speed up at higher temperatures, up to the point that the proteins and other compounds in their cells themselves begin to break down, or denature, so quickly that they cannot be replaced. This is why high temperatures kill bacteria and other micro-organisms: 'tissue' breakdown reactions reach such rates that they cannot be compensated for and the cell dies. On the other hand, 'elevated' temperatures short of these result in increased growth and reproduction; if the organism is harmful, perhaps to dangerous levels.

Just as temperature increases speed up reactions, temperature decreases reduce them. Therefore, to make explosives stable for longer periods, or to keep rubber bands springy, or to force bacteria to slow down their growth, they can be cooled. That is why shelf life is generally extended by temperature control: (refrigeration, insulated shipping containers, controlled cold chain, etc.) and why some medicines and foods must be refrigerated. Since such storing of such goods is temporal in nature and shelf life is dependent on the temperature controlled environment, they are also referred to as cargo even when in special storage to emphasize the inherent time-temperature sensitivity matrix.

Temperature data loggers and time temperature indicators can record the temperature history of a shipment to help estimate their remaining shelf life.

According to the USDA, "foods kept frozen continuously are safe indefinitely".

Packaging
Passive barrier packaging can often help control or extend shelf life by blocking the transmission of deleterious substances, like moisture or oxygen, across the barrier.  Active packaging, on the other hand, employs the use of substances that scavenge, capture, or otherwise render harmless deleterious substances.  When moisture content is a mechanism for product degradation, packaging with a low moisture vapor transmission rate and the use of desiccants help keep the moisture in the package within acceptable limits.   When oxidation is the primary concern, packaging with a low oxygen transmission rate and the use of oxygen absorbers can help extend the shelf life. Produce and other products with respiration often require packaging with controlled barrier properties. The use of a modified atmosphere in the package can extend the shelf life for some products.

Related concepts
The concept of shelf life applies to other products besides food and drugs. Gasoline has a shelf life, although it is not normally necessary to display a sell-by date. Exceeding this time-frame will introduce harmful varnishes, etc. into equipment designed to operate with these products, i.e. a gasoline lawn mower that has not been properly winterized could incur damage that will prevent use in the spring, and require expensive servicing to the carburetor.

Some glues and adhesives also have a limited storage life, and will stop working in a reliable and usable manner if their safe shelf life is exceeded.

Rather different is the use of a time limit for the use of items like vouchers, gift certificates and pre-paid phone cards, so that after the displayed date the voucher etc. will no longer be valid. Bell Mobility and its parent company, BCE Inc. have been served with notice of a $100-million class-action lawsuit alleging that expiry dates on its pre-paid wireless services are illegal.

See also

 Accelerated aging
 Cold chain
 Digital permanence
 Expiration date
 Failure rate
 Food waste
 Inventory turnover
 Modified atmosphere
Moisture sorption isotherm
 Moisture vapor transmission rate
 Packaging and labelling
 Permeation
 Planned obsolescence
 Redox
 Shelf stable
 Yellow sticker

References

Further reading
   Includes a list of the many terms used in the United States food industry.
 Anonymous, "Cold Chain Management", 2003, 2006
 Anonymous, Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck , USDA Handbook 669, 1995
 Kilcast, D., Subramamiam, P., Food and Beverage Stability and Shelf Life, Woodhead Publishing, 2011,
 Labuza, T. P., Szybist, L.,  Open dating of Foods, Food and Nutrition Press, 2001; other edition: Wiley-Blackwell, 2004,
 Man, C. M., Jones. A. A., Shelf-Life Evaluation of Foods,
 Robertson, G.L., Food Packaging and Shelf Life: A Practical Guide, CRC Press, 2010,
 Steele, R., Understanding and Measuring the Shelf-Life of Food, Woodhead Publishing, 2004,
 Weenen, H., Cadwallader, K., Freshness and Shelf Life of Foods, ACS, 2002,

External links

USDA - Food Product Dating and storage guidelines
FDA - Food freshness and smart packaging
How to store your food

Food safety
Packaging
Drug safety
Food retailing
Product expiration
Retail processes and techniques

Shelf life


Dominic Vinicius (født den 5. januar 1995) er en brasiliansk/nigeriansk fodboldspiller, som spiller angriber for den kinesiske klub Beijing Enterprises Group FC. Han fik sit fodboldmæssige gennembrud i danske Vejle Boldklub, hvor han nåede at spille halvandet år, score 24 mål i 46 kampe og blive klubbens dyreste spillersalg med skiftet til kinesisk fodbold i 2018.

Karriere

Tidlig karriere
Dominic Vinicius kom til storklubben Atlético Paranaense i 2012 og var to år senere med klubben i Schweiz, hvor de vandt en international U/20-turnering efter finalesejr over Benfica. Tidligere i karrieren har han været udlånt til den mindre brasilianske klub Cuiabá og Portuguesa.

Vejle Boldklub

2016/2017
Forud for 2016/2017-sæsonen underskrev Dominic Vinicius den 20. juli 2016 en kontrakt med Vejle Boldklub løbende i to år til sommeren 2018. Han blev dermed VB's sjette brasilianske spiller gennem tiderne.

Den store angriber (194 cm) sikrede sig en kontrakt via en prøvetræning i klubben, som før sæsonen var under voldsom genopbygning. Den nye ejer Andrei Zolotko havde netop sikret sig aktiemajoriteten i Vejle Boldklub og skrev kontrakt med 19 nye spillere i hans første halvsæson i klubben.

Dominic Vinicius startede inde i sæsonpremieren mod Fremad Amager, men måtte sidenhen tage plads på bænken i den efterfølgende to kampe. I sæsonens fjerde kamp mod FC Helsingør kom han ind med 25 minutter igen og kvitterede med både et mål og en assist. I resten af sæsonen spillede han fra start og sluttede med at blive topscorer i NordicBet Liga 2016/2017-sæsonen med 15 mål i 28 kampe.

2017/2018
Kort inde i efteråret 2017 forlængede Dominic Vinicius sin kontrakt med Vejle Boldklub til sommeren 2019. I det første halvår af 2017/2018-sæsonen fortsatte han med at være en profil for Vejle Boldklub og var således klubbens topscorer med ni mål i efterårssæsonen.

Mod slutningen af efteråret blev han dog kortvarrigt smidt ud af førsteholdstruppen sammen med holdkammeraterne Imed Louati og Allan Goncalves Sousa. Det skete forud for en kamp mod Fremad Amager. Træner Adolfo Sormani tog konsekvensen af, at trioen havde forbrudt sig mod klubbens interne regler og lod dem træne for sig selv. Til den efterfølgende kamp mod Vendsyssel FF blev Vinicius taget til nåede og spillede således efterårets sidste kamp. Han scorede til 2-1 i topkampen, som VB endte med at vinde 4-1. Dermed overvintrede klubben på førstepladsen.

Den 9. januar 2018 meddelte Vejle Boldklub, at klubben var nået til enighed med en kinesisk klub om prisen for et salg af Vinicius. Den 11. januar offentliggjorde han selv et billede på Facebook, hvor han skrev under med Beijing Enterprises Group FC fra den næstbedste kinesiske række. Salgsprisen var rygtet til mellem 1,7 millioner euro og 20 millioner kroner, hvilket gjorde Vinicius til Vejle Boldklubs dyreste spillersalg nogensinde.

Beijing Enterprises Group FC
Den 11. januar 2018 underskrev Vinicius en kontrakt med Beijing Enterprises Group FC fra den næstbedste kinesiske fodboldrække, China League One.

Titler
 2017: Topscorer i NordicBet Liga 2016-2017 (15 mål)

Referencer

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Fodboldspillere fra Nigeria
Fodboldspillere fra Vejle Boldklub

Dominic Vinicius


Libuše es una "ópera de fiesta" en tres actos con música de Bedřich Smetana y libreto escrito originalmente en alemán por Josef Wenzig, y traducido luego al checo por Ervin Špindler. Se estrenó en el Teatro Nacional en Praga el 11 de junio de 1881.

En el mito histórico checo, Libuše, el rol titular, profetizó la fundación de Praga.  La ópera fue compuesta en 1871-1872 para la coronación de Francisco José como rey checo. Esto no llegó a ocurrir y Smetana guardó Libuše para la inauguración del Teatro Nacional de Praga, lo que ocurrió nueve años después. Luego de la destrucción del teatro Nacional en un incendio, la misma ópera inauguró el teatro reconstruido en 1883.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo 6 representaciones en el período 2005-2010, siendo la segunda de Smetana.

Personajes

Enlaces externos

 Notas, discografía y libreto (checo / español) en Kareol

Óperas de Bedřich Smetana
Óperas en checo
Óperas de 1881
Óperas estrenadas en Praga

Libuše (ópera)