The Sino-Vietnamese War (also known by other names) was a brief conflict that occurred in early 1979 between China and Vietnam. China launched an offensive in response to Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in 1978, which ended the rule of the Chinese-backed Khmer Rouge. The conflict lasted for about a month, with China withdrawing its troops in March 1979.

In February 1979, Chinese forces launched a surprise invasion of northern Vietnam and quickly captured several cities near the border. On 6March of that year, China declared that the "gate to Hanoi" had been opened and that its punitive mission had been accomplished. Chinese troops then withdrew from Vietnam. However, Vietnam continued to occupy Cambodia until 1989, which means that China did not achieve its goal of dissuading Vietnam from involvement in Cambodia. However, China's operation at least successfully forced Vietnam to withdraw some units, namely the 2nd Corps, from the invasion forces of Cambodia to reinforce the defense of Hanoi. The conflict had a lasting impact on the relationship between China and Vietnam, and diplomatic relations between the two countries were not fully restored until 1991. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Sino-Vietnamese border was finalized. Although unable to deter Vietnam from ousting Pol Pot from Cambodia, China demonstrated that the Soviet Union, its Cold War communist adversary, was unable to protect its Vietnamese ally.

Names
The Sino-Vietnamese War is known by various names in Chinese and Vietnamese. The neutral names for the war are  (Sino-Vietnamese war) in Chinese and  (Vietnamese-Chinese border war) in Vietnamese. The Chinese government refers to the war as the "Self-defensive war against Vietnam" () or the "Self-defensive counterattack against Vietnam" (). The Vietnamese government calls it the "War against Chinese expansionism" ().

The Sino-Vietnamese War is also known as the Third Indochina War in Western historiography.

Background
Just as the First Indochina War—which emerged from the complex situation following World War II—and the Vietnam War both arose from the unresolved aftermath of political relations, the Third Indochina War again followed the unresolved problems of the earlier wars.

The major allied victors of World War II, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, all agreed that the area belonged to the French. As the French did not have the means to immediately retake Indochina, the major powers agreed that the British would take control and troops would occupy the south while Nationalist Chinese forces would move in from the north. Nationalist Chinese troops entered the country to disarm Japanese troops north of the 16th parallel on 14 September 1945. The parallel divided Indochina into Chinese and British controlled zones (see Timeline of World War II (1945)). The British landed in the south and rearmed the small body of interned French forces as well as parts of the surrendered Japanese forces to aid in retaking southern Vietnam, as there were not enough British troops immediately available.

On the urging of the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh initially attempted to negotiate with the French, who were slowly reestablishing their control across the area, although still under British control until hostilities had ceased. Once hostilities had ended, the British handed over the territory to the French. In January 1946, the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam. On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces, in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a "free" republic within the French Union, with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation. British forces departed on 26 March 1946, leaving Vietnam in the control of the French. The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year they ousted the Viet Minh from the city. Soon thereafter, the Viet Minh began a guerrilla war against the French Union forces, beginning the first Indochina War.

French colonialism and the First Indochina War

Vietnam first became a French colony when France invaded in 1858. By the 1880s, the French had expanded their sphere of influence in Southeast Asia to include all of Vietnam, and by 1893 both Laos and Cambodia had become French colonies as well. Rebellions against French colonial power were common up to World War I. The European war heightened revolutionary sentiment in Southeast Asia, and the independence-minded population rallied around revolutionaries such as Hồ Chí Minh and others, including royalists.

Prior to their attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese occupied French Indochina, but left civil administration to the Vichy French administration. On 9 March 1945, fearing that the Vichy French were about to switch sides to support the Allies, the Japanese overthrew the Vichy administration and forces taking control of Indochina and establishing their own puppet administration, the Empire of Vietnam. The Japanese surrender in August 1945 created a power vacuum in Indochina, as the various political factions scrambled for control.

The events leading to the First Indochina War are subject to historical dispute. When the Việt Minh hastily sought to establish the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the remaining French acquiesced while waiting for the return of French forces to the region. The Kuomintang supported French restoration, but Viet Minh efforts towards independence were helped by Chinese communists under the Soviet Union's influence. The Soviet Union at first indirectly supported Vietnamese communists, but later directly supported Hồ Chí Minh. The Soviets nonetheless remained less supportive than China until after the Sino-Soviet split, during the time of Leonid Brezhnev when the Soviet Union became communist Vietnam's key ally.

The war itself involved numerous events that had major impacts throughout Indochina. Two major conferences were held to bring about a resolution. Finally, on 20 July 1954, the Geneva Conference resulted in a political settlement to reunite the country, signed with support from China, the Soviet Union, and Western European powers. While the Soviet Union played a constructive role in the agreement, it again was not as involved as China. The U.S. did not sign the agreement and swiftly moved to back South Vietnam.

Sino-Soviet split

The Chinese Communist Party and the Viet Minh had a long history. During the initial stages of the First Indochina War with France, the recently founded communist People's Republic of China continued the Soviet mission to expand communism. Therefore, they aided the Viet Minh and became the connector between Soviets and the Viet Minh. In early 1950, the Viet Minh fought independently from the Chinese Military Advisory Group under Wei Guoqing. This was one of the reasons for China to cut the arms support for the Viet Minh.

After the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953, relations between the Soviet Union and China began to deteriorate. Mao Zedong believed the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev had made a serious error in his Secret Speech denouncing Stalin in February 1956, and criticized the Soviet Union's interpretation of Marxism–Leninism, in particular Khrushchev's support for peaceful co-existence and its interpretation. This led to increasingly hostile relations, and eventually the Sino-Soviet split. From here, Chinese communists played a decreasing role in helping their former allies because the Viet Minh did not support China against the Soviets.

Following worsening relations between the Soviet Union and China as a result of the Sino-Soviet split of 1956–1966, as many as 1.5 million Chinese troops were stationed along the Sino-Soviet border in preparation for a full-scale war against the Soviets.

Vietnam antagonized China by increasing its alignment with the Soviet Union by joining the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) (and signing the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with the Soviet Union, which had the Soviet Union pledge to aid Vietnam if attacked.

Following the death of Mao in September 1976, the overthrow of the Gang of Four and the ascent of Deng Xiaoping, the Chinese leadership revised its own positions to become compatible with market aspects, denounced the Cultural Revolution, and collaborated with the US against the Soviet Union.

Vietnam War

As France withdrew from a provisionally divided Vietnam in late 1954, the United States increasingly stepped in to support the South Vietnamese leaders due to the Domino theory, which theorized that if one nation would turn to communism, the surrounding nations were likely to fall like dominoes and become communist as well. The Soviet Union and North Vietnam became important allies together due to the fact that if South Vietnam was successfully taken over by North Vietnam, then communism in East Asia would find its strategic position bolstered. In the eyes of the People's Republic of China, the growing Soviet-Vietnamese relationship was a disturbing development; they feared an encirclement by the less-than-hospitable Soviet sphere of influence.

The United States and the Soviet Union could not agree on a plan for a proposed 1956 election meant to unify the partitioned Vietnam. Instead, the South held a separate election that was widely considered fraudulent, leading to continued internal conflict with communist factions led by the Viet Cong that intensified through the late 1950s. With supplies and support from the Soviet Union, North Vietnamese forces became directly involved in the ongoing guerrilla war by 1959 and openly invaded the South in 1964.

The United States played an ever-increasing role in supporting South Vietnam through the period. The U.S. had supported French forces in the First Indochina War, sent supplies and military advisers to South Vietnam throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, and eventually took over most of the fighting against both North Vietnam and the Viet Cong by the mid-1960s. By 1968, over 500,000 American troops were involved in the Vietnam War. Due to a lack of clear military success and facing increasingly strident opposition to the war in the U.S., American forces began a slow withdrawal in 1969 while attempting to bolster South Vietnam's military so that they could take over the fighting. In accordance with the Paris Peace Accords by 29 March 1973 all U.S. combat forces had left South Vietnam, however North Vietnamese combat forces were allowed to remain in place. North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam in early 1975 and South Vietnam fell on 30 April 1975.

The People's Republic of China started talks with the United States in the early 1970s, culminating in high level meetings with Henry Kissinger and later Richard Nixon. These meetings contributed to a re-orientation of Chinese foreign policy toward the United States.

Cambodia

Although the Vietnamese Communists and the Khmer Rouge had previously cooperated, the relationship deteriorated when Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot came to power and established Democratic Kampuchea on 17 April 1975. The People's Republic of China, on the other hand, also supported the Maoist Khmer Rouge against Lon Nol's regime during the Cambodian Civil War and its subsequent take-over of Cambodia. China provided extensive political, logistical and military support for the Khmer Rouge during its rule. After numerous clashes along the border between Vietnam and Cambodia, and with encouragement from Khmer Rouge defectors fleeing purges of the Eastern Zone, Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 25 December 1978. By 7 January 1979 Vietnamese forces had entered Phnom Penh and the Khmer Rouge leadership had fled to western Cambodia. The offensive took the Chinese by surprise, and its Phnom Penh embassy fled to the jungle with the Khmer Rouge where it remained for 15 days.

However, the fall of the Khmer Rouge was not a surprise, but from China's perspective, Vietnam's occupation of Cambodia threatened China's interests on the Indochina peninsula and its position among non-communist Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) states of Southeast Asia. Members of ASEAN saw Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia as a blatant violation of international borders and an act of aggression.

Ethnic minorities

China supported the ethnic minority United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races against Vietnam during the FULRO insurgency against Vietnam.

The Vietnamese executed collaborators who worked for the Chinese, regardless of ethnicity.

The Chinese received a significant number of defectors from the Thu Lao ethnic minority in Vietnam during the war. During the war China received as migrants the entire A Lù based population of the Phù Lá ethnic minority. China received so many defectors from the ethnic minorities in Vietnam that it raised shock among Vietnam which had to launch a new effort to re-assert dominance over the ethnic minorities and classify them. Post Vietnam War, an insurgency against Vietnam lasted among the indigenous Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesians of the Central Highlands. Assistance was sought from China by the Hmong ethnic minority. The border was frequently crossed by Chinese, Lao, Kinh, Hmong, Yao, Nung, and Tai. The Laotian Hmong and FULRO were both supported against Vietnam by China and Thailand.

China attacks Vietnam
China, now under Deng Xiaoping, was starting the Chinese economic reform and opening trade with the West, in turn, growing increasingly defiant of the Soviet Union. China grew concerned about the strong Soviet influence in Vietnam, fearing that Vietnam could become a pseudo-protectorate of the Soviet Union. Vietnam's claim to be the world's third largest military power following its victory in the Vietnam War also increased Chinese apprehensions. In the Chinese view, Vietnam was pursuing a regional hegemonic policy in an attempt to control Indochina. In July 1978, the Chinese Politburo discussed possible military action against Vietnam in order to disrupt Soviet deployments and, two months later, PLA General Staff recommended punitive actions against Vietnam.

The major breakdown in the Chinese view of Vietnam occurred in November 1978. Vietnam joined the CMEA and, on 3 November, the Soviet Union and Vietnam signed a 25-year mutual defense treaty, which made Vietnam the "linchpin" in the Soviet Union's "drive to contain China" (however, the Soviet Union had shifted from open animosity towards more normalized relations with China soon after). Vietnam called for a special relationship between the three Indochinese countries, but the Khmer Rouge regime of Democratic Kampuchea rejected the idea. On 25 December 1978, Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea, overrunning most of the country, deposing the Khmer Rouge, and installing Heng Samrin as the head of the new Cambodian government. The move antagonized China, which now viewed the Soviet Union as capable of encircling its southern border.

On 29 January 1979, Chinese Vice-premier Deng Xiaoping visited the United States for the first time and told U.S. President Jimmy Carter: "The child is getting naughty, it is time he got spanked" (). Deng sought an endorsement from the United States in order to deter the Soviet Union from intervening when China launched a punitive attack against Vietnam. He informed Carter that China could not accept Vietnam's "wild ambitions" and was prepared to teach it a lesson. According to United States National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Carter reserved judgment, an action which Chinese diplomats interpreted as tacit approval.

Deng returned to China on 8 February 1979, and on 9 February, made the final decision to invade Vietnam. On 15 February, the first day that China could have officially announced the termination of the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, Deng Xiaoping declared that China planned to conduct a limited attack on Vietnam. Thus, he further developed China's burgeoning cooperation with the United States against the Soviet Union and would take a similar stance later regarding Afghanistan. According to academic Suisheng Zhao, "The proximity in the timing of the military thrust [against Vietnam] to take advantage of the normalization to bluff the Soviets with a nonexistent US endorsement."

The reason cited for the attack was to support China's ally, the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia, in addition to the mistreatment of Vietnam's ethnic Chinese minority and the Vietnamese occupation of the Spratly Islands which were claimed by China. To prevent Soviet intervention on Vietnam's behalf, Deng warned Moscow the next day that China was prepared for a full-scale war against the Soviet Union; in preparation for this conflict, China put all of its troops along the Sino-Soviet border on an emergency war alert, set up a new military command in Xinjiang, and even evacuated an estimated 300,000 civilians from the Sino-Soviet border. In addition, the bulk of China's active forces (as many as one-and-a-half million troops) were stationed along China's border with the Soviet Union.

Order of battle

Chinese forces
Although the People's Liberation Army vastly outnumbered the Vietnamese forces, the Soviet-Vietnamese alliance compelled the Chinese to deploy the majority of their forces along China's northern frontier with the Soviet Union (as well as, to a lesser extent, Soviet-allied Mongolia) as a deterrent to Soviet intervention.

The Chinese force that engaged the Vietnamese consisted of units from the Kunming Military Region, Chengdu Military Region, Wuhan Military Region and Guangzhou Military Region, but commanded by the headquarters of Kunming Military Region on the western front and Guangzhou Military Region in the eastern front.
Guangxi Direction (East Front) commanded by the Front Headquarter of Guangzhou Military Region in Nanning. Commander-Xu Shiyou, Political Commissar-Xiang Zhonghua, Chief of Staff-Zhou Deli
North Group: Commander-Ou Zhifu (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
41st Army Commander-Zhang Xudeng, Political Commissar-Liu Zhanrong
121st Infantry Division Commander-Zheng Wenshui
122nd Infantry Division Commander-Li Xinliang
123rd Infantry Division Commander-Li Peijiang
South Group: Commander-Wu Zhong (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
42nd Army Commander-Wei Huajie, Political Commissar-Xun Li
124th Infantry Division Commander-Gu Hui
125th Infantry Division
126th Infantry Division
East Group: Commander-Jiang Xieyuan (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
55th Army Commander-Zhu Yuehua, Temporary Political Commissar-Guo Changzeng
163rd Infantry Division Commander-Bian Guixiang, Political Commissar-Wu Enqing, Chief of Staff-Xing Shizhong
164th Infantry Division Commander-Xiao Xuchu (also Deputy Commander of 55th Corps)
165th Infantry Division
1st Artillery Division
Reserve Group (came from Wuhan Military Region except 50th Corps from Chengdu Military Region), Deputy Commander-Han Huaizhi (Commander of 54th Corps)
43rd Army Commander-Zhu Chuanyu, Temporary Political Commissar-Zhao Shengchang
127th Infantry Division Commander-Zhang Wannian (also as the Deputy Commander of 43rd Corps)
128th Infantry Division
129th Infantry Division
54th Army Commander-Han Huaizhi (pluralism), Political Commissar-Zhu Zhiwei
160th Infantry Division (commanded by 41st Corp in this war) Commander-Zhang Zhixin, Political Commissar-Li Zhaogui
161st Infantry Division
162nd Infantry Division Commander-Li Jiulong
50th Army Temporary Commander-Liu Guangtong, Political Commissar-Gao Xingyao
148th Infantry Division
150th Infantry Division
20th Army (only dispatched the 58th Division into the war)
58th Infantry Division (commanded by the 50th Corps during the war)
Guangxi Military Region (as a provincial military region) Commander-Zhao Xinran Chief of Staff-Yin Xi
1st Regiment of Frontier Defense in Youyiguan Pass
2nd Regiment of Frontier Defense in Baise District
3rd Regiment of Frontier Defense in Fangcheng County
The Independent Infantry Division of Guangxi Military Region
Air Force of Guangzhou Military Region (armed patrol in the sky of Guangxi, did not see combat)
7th Air Force Corps
13th Air Force Division (aerotransport unit came from Hubei province)
70th Antiaircraft Artillery Division
The 217 Fleet of South Sea Fleet
8th Navy Aviation Division
The Independent Tank Regiment of Guangzhou Military Region
83rd Bateau Boat Regiment
84th Bateau Boat Regiment
Yunnan Direction (the West Front) commanded by the Front Headquarter of Kunming Military Region in Kaiyuan. Commander-Yang Dezhi, Political Commissar-Liu Zhijian, Chief of Staff-Sun Ganqing
11th Army (consisted of two divisions) Commander-Chen Jiagui, Political Commissar-Zhang Qi
31st Infantry Division
32nd Infantry Division
13th Army(camed from Chengdu Military Region) Commander-Yan Shouqing, Political Commissar-Qiao Xueting
37th Infantry Division
38th Infantry Division
39th Infantry Division
14th Army Commander-Zhang Jinghua, Political Commissar-Fan Xinyou
40th Infantry Division
41st Infantry Division
42nd Infantry Division
149th Infantry Division (from Chengdu Military Region, belonged to 50th Corps, assigned to Yunnan Direction during the war)
Yunnan Military Region (as a provincial military region)
11th Regiment of Frontier Defence in Maguan County
12th Regiment of Frontier Defence in Malipo County
13th Regiment of Frontier Defence in
14th Regiment of Frontier Defence in
1st Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region commanded by 11th Army in the war
65th Antiaircraft Artillery Division
4th Artillery Division
Independent Tank Regiment of Kunming Military Region
86th Bateau Boat Regiment
23rd Logistic Branch (consisted of five army service stations, six hospitals, eleven medical establishments)
17th Automobile Regiment commanded by 13th Corps during the war
22nd Automobile Regiment
5th Air Force Corps
44th Air Force Division (fighter unit)
Independent unit of 27th Air Force Division
15th Air Force Antiaircraft Artillery Division

Vietnamese forces

The Vietnamese government claimed they only had a force of about 70,000 including several army regular divisions in its northern area. However, the Chinese estimates indicate more than twice this number. Some Vietnamese forces used American military equipment captured during the Vietnam War.

1st Military Region: commanded by Major General Đàm Quang Trung, responsible for the defense at Northeast region.
Main forces:
3rd Infantry Division (Golden Star Division), consisted of 2nd Infantry Regiment, 12th Infantry Regiment, 141st Infantry Regiment and 68th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Dong Dang, Van Dang, Cao Loc and Lạng Sơn town of Lạng Sơn Province
338th Infantry Division, consisted of 460th Infantry Regiment, 461st Infantry Regiment, 462nd Infantry Regiment and 208th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Loc Binh and Dinh Lap of Lạng Sơn Province
346th Infantry Division (Lam Son Division), consisted of 246th Infantry Regiment, 677th Infantry Regiment, 851st Infantry Regiment and 188th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tra Linh, Ha Quang and Hoa An of Cao Bằng Province
325th-B Infantry Division, consisted of 8th Infantry Regiment, 41st Infantry Regiment, 288th Infantry Regiment and 189th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tien Yen and Binh Lieu of Quảng Ninh Province
242nd Infantry Brigade, located at coastlines and islands of Quảng Ninh Province
Local forces:
At Cao Bằng Province: 567th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 1 battalion of air defense artillery and 7 infantry battalions
At Lạng Sơn Province: 123rd Infantry Regiment, 199th Infantry Regiment and 7 infantry battalions
At Quảng Ninh Province: 43rd Infantry Regiment, 244th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 4 battalions of air defense artillery and 5 infantry battalions
Armed police forces (Border guard): 12th Mobile Regiment at Lang Son, 4 battalions at Cao Bang and Quang Ninh, some companies and 24 border posts

2nd Military Region: commanded by Major General Vu Lap, responsible for the defense at Northwest region.

Main forces:
316th Infantry Division (Bong Lau Division), consisted of 98th Infantry Regiment, 148th Infantry Regiment, 147th Infantry Regiment and 187th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Binh Lu and Phong Tho of Lai Châu Province
345th Infantry Division, consisted of 118th Infantry Regiment, 121st Infantry Regiment, 124th Infantry Regiment and 190th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Bao Thang of Hoang Lien Son province
 326th Infantry Division, consisted of 19th Infantry Regiment, 46th Infantry Regiment, 541st Infantry Regiment and 200th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tuan Giao and Dien Bien of Lai Châu Province
Local forces:
At Ha Tuyen: 122nd Infantry Regiment, 191st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
At Hoang Lien Son: 191st Infantry Regiment, 254th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
At Lai Châu: 193rd Infantry Regiment, 741st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 5 infantry battalions
Armed police forces (Border guard): 16th Mobile Regiment at Hoang Lien Son, some companies and 39 border posts

In addition, Vietnamese forces were supported by about 50,000 militia at each Military Region

Air force
 372nd Air Division
 1 air flight of ten F-5s (captured after Vietnam War)
 1 air flight of ten A-37s (captured after Vietnam War)
 1 air flight of seven UH-1s and three UH-7s (captured after Vietnam War)
 919th Air Transport Regiment responsible for transporting troops
 Several C-130, C-119 and C-47 (captured after Vietnam War)
 371st Air Division
 916th Helicopter Regiment
 Several Mi-6 and Mi-8
 918th Air Transport Regiment
 923rd Fighter Regiment
 Several MiG-17s and MiG-21

The Vietnam People's Air Force did not participate in the combat directly, instead they provided support to the ground troops, transported troops from Cambodia to northern Vietnam as well as performed reconnaissance missions.

Air Defence
 Northern and Northwestern regions:
 267th Air Defence Regiment
 276th Air Defence Regiment
 285th Air Defence Regiment
 255th Air Defence Regiment
 257th Air Defence Regiment
 Northeastern region:
 274th Air Defence Regiment

History and conscriptions

Course of the war

On 17 February 1979, a People's Liberation Army (PLA) force of about 200,000 troops supported by 200 Type 59, Type 62, and Type 63 tanks entered northern Vietnam in the PLA's first major combat operation since the end of the Korean War in 1953.

The PLA invasion was conducted in two directions: western and eastern
 Western direction, commanded by Xu Shiyou, aimed to attack Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn and Quảng Ninh Provinces:
 Eastern direction, commanded by Yang Dezhi, aimed to attack Ha Tuyen, Hoang Lien Son and Lai Châu Provinces

Vietnam quickly mobilized all its main forces in Cambodia, southern Vietnam and central Vietnam to the northern border. From 18 to 25 February, the 327th Infantry Division of Military District 3 and the 337th Infantry Division of Military District 4 were deployed to join Military District 1 for the defense of northwestern region. From 6 to 11 March the Second Corp (Huong Giang Corp) stationed in Cambodia was deployed back to Hanoi.

The 372nd Air Division in central Vietnam as well as the 917th, 935th and 937th Air Regiments in southern Vietnam were quickly deployed to the north.

The PLA quickly advanced about 15–20 kilometres into Vietnam, with fighting mainly occurring in the provinces of Cao Bằng, Lào Cai and Lạng Sơn. The Vietnamese avoided mobilizing their regular divisions, and held back some 300,000 troops for the defence of Hanoi. The People's Army of Vietnam (VPA) tried to avoid direct combat and often used guerrilla tactics.

The initial PLA attack soon lost its momentum and a new attack wave was sent in with eight PLA divisions joining the battle. After capturing the northern heights above Lạng Sơn, the PLA surrounded and paused in front of the city in order to lure the VPA into reinforcing it with units from Cambodia. This was the main strategic ploy in the Chinese war plan as Deng did not want to risk escalating tensions with the Soviet Union. After three days of bloody house-to-house fighting, Lạng Sơn fell on 6 March. The PLA then took the southern heights above Lạng Sơn and occupied Sa Pa. The PLA claimed to have crushed several of the VPA regular units. Supporting attacks were also conducted by the PLA at Quảng Ninh Province in the Battle of Mong Cai and Battle of Cao Ba Lanh but were unsuccessful. However, Bangkok analysts gave a completely different count, heavy Vietnamese resistance near Lao Cai in the west and Cao Bang in the middle of the front also resulted in Vietnamese defeats. The Chinese also captured the far northeastern provincial capital, Mong Cai, analysts said.
According to Vietnam, since January 1979 Chinese forces performed numerous reconnaissance activities across the border and made 230 violations into Vietnamese land. To prepare for a possible Chinese invasion, the Central Military Committee of the Communist Party ordered all armed forces across the border to be on stand-by mode.

On 6 March, China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved. Coincidentally, the Vietnamese government called, on the same day, for a nationwide general mobilization for the war. Some analysts said that the belligerent Vietnamese language could indicate a desire to counterattack, or simply an attempt to mount a propaganda campaign that would end in a declaration of Vietnamese victory as the Chinese leave the country.  During the withdrawal, the PLA used a scorched-earth policy, destroying local infrastructure and looting useful equipment and resources (including livestock), this severely weakened the economy of Vietnam's northernmost provinces. The PLA crossed the border back into China on 16 March. Both sides declared victory with China claiming to have crushed the Vietnamese resistance and Vietnam claiming to have repelled the invasion using mostly border militias. Henry J. Kenny, a research scientist for US Center for Naval Analyses, noted most Western writers agree that while Vietnam outperformed the PLA on the battlefield, the PLA's seizure of Lang Son did allow the Chinese the option of moving into the Red River Delta and thence into Hanoi. However, Kenny also mentions that Lang Son is farther from Hanoi than it is from the Chinese border, and at least 5 PAVN divisions in the delta remained ready for a counterattack and thirty thousand additional PAVN troops from Cambodia along with several regiments from Laos were moving to their support. Thus, had the PLA decided to attack Hanoi, the PLA would have suffered huge losses.

Contrary to the views above, it was reported by the New York Times that Western intelligence analysts believed that even though the border war was  coming to an end, and that the provincial Vietnamese troops, who took the brunt of the fighting that started on February 17, suffered such high casualties and became so disorganized as a result of the invasion, they had to be replaced with regular troops. Vietnam sent one regular division, as well as armor and artillery support units, into the fight at the height of the fighting for Lang Son, which was captured by Chinese forces, but the regular division failed to take the town. The Chinese made their withdrawal announcement following their victory at Lang Son, which Hanoi refused to recognize. Analysts interpreted this as a warning to Vietnam that any military objective there may be taken by China. Analysts claimed that regardless of the outcome of the combat, China had managed to permanently divert Vietnamese troops, supplies, attention, and energy to the border region. This was due to Vietnam's intensive resupply and remanning of the border zone.

Despite using a force that did not see major combat since the early 1950s and whose weaponry was inferior to the Vietnamese forces, the PLA was considered to have fought well. Most of the weaponry and military vehicles used by the PLA were either outdated or unfit for combat. In contrast, the Vietnamese forces had a combat-seasoned force and modern weaponry from America and the Soviet Union. The PLA pushed Vietnamese forces  from the border and succeeded in severely damaging the area they occupied.

Soviet support to Vietnam
The Soviet Union, although it did not take direct military action, provided intelligence and equipment support for Vietnam. A large airlift was established by the Soviet Union to move Vietnamese troops from Cambodia to Northern Vietnam. Moscow also provided a total of 400 tanks and armored personnel carriers (APCs), 500 mortar artillery and air defense artillery, 50 BM-21 rocket launchers, 400 portable surface-to-air missiles, 800 anti-tank missiles and 20 jet fighters. About 5,000 to 8,000 Soviet military advisers were present in Vietnam in 1979 to  train Vietnamese soldiers.

During the Sino-Vietnamese War, the Soviet Union deployed troops at the Sino-Soviet border and Mongolian-Chinese border as an act of showing support to Vietnam, as well as tying up Chinese troops. However, the Soviets refused to take any direct action to defend their ally.

The Soviet Pacific Fleet also deployed 15 ships to the Vietnamese coast to relay Chinese battlefield communications to Vietnamese forces.

Soviet inaction
While the Soviet Union deployed naval vessels and supplied materiel to Vietnam, they felt that there was simply no way that they could directly support Vietnam against China; the distances were too great to be an effective ally, and any sort of reinforcements would have to cross territory controlled by China or U.S. allies. The only realistic option would be to restart the unresolved border conflict with China. Vietnam was important to Soviet policy but not enough for the Soviets to go to war over. When Moscow did not intervene, Beijing publicly proclaimed that the Soviet Union had broken its numerous promises to assist Vietnam.

Another reason why Moscow did not intervene was because Beijing had promised both Moscow and Washington that the invasion was only a limited war, and that Chinese forces would withdraw after a short incursion. After moderation by the U.S., Moscow decided to adopt a "wait and see" approach to see if Beijing would actually limit their offense. Because Vietnam's anti-air capabilities were among the best in the world at the time and in order to reassure Moscow it was conducting a limited war, Deng Xiaoping ordered the Chinese navy and air force to remain out of the war; only limited support was provided by the air force. When Beijing kept its promise, Moscow did not retaliate.

Aftermath

China and Vietnam each lost thousands of troops, and China lost 3.45 billion yuan in overhead, which delayed completion of their 1979–80 economic plan. Following the war, the Vietnamese leadership took various repressive measures to deal with the problem of real or potential collaboration. In the spring of 1979, the authorities expelled approximately 8,000 Hoa people from Hanoi to the southern "New Economic Zones", and partially resettled the Hmong tribes and other ethnic minorities from the northernmost provinces. In response to the defection of Hoàng Văn Hoan, the Communist Party of Vietnam removed from its ranks pro-Chinese elements and persons who had surrendered to the advancing Chinese troops during the war. In 1979, a total of 20,468 members were expelled from the party.

After the invasion, Vietnam created a puppet government in Cambodia led by Heng Samrin. Samrin was obligated to consult with the Vietnamese on major decisions. Although Vietnam continued to occupy Cambodia, China successfully mobilized international opposition to the occupation, rallying such leaders as Cambodia's deposed king Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodian anticommunist leader Son Sann, and high-ranking members of the Khmer Rouge to deny the pro-Vietnamese Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia diplomatic recognition beyond the Soviet bloc.

The majority of diplomats and analysts concluded that China's long-term strategy was to stretch Vietnamese resources by having the Vietnamese divert their resources from other problems to the border conflict. Problems include Vietnam's difficulties integrating South Vietnam with the North, the burden of administrating Laos and occupying Cambodia, and economic problems caused by two years of disastrous weather.

After the war, border skirmishes at the Chinese-Vietnamese border continued; the Vietnamese government intensified its discriminatory policies against the Chinese community in Vietnam; and the Vietnamese were not deterred from maintaining their occupation of Cambodia, increasing its control over Laos and threatening the security of Thailand, which turned Vietnam into a greater threat to ASEAN than before. The Vietnamese government intensified its persecution of overseas Chinese living in Vietnam. Vietnamese authorities confiscated property owned in Vietnam by overseas Chinese, and expelled many Chinese from Vietnam to a number of provinces in southern China.

However, China caused Vietnam to suffer from serious economic and military hardship by threatening to launch a second invasion, and by supporting Pol Pot guerrillas in Cambodia. The Vietnamese government had to spend money on maintaining a military presence at the Chinese-Vietnamese border, and on supporting its puppet government in Cambodia. Vietnam's scarce resources were drained, and economic conditions were bad throughout Vietnam.

Assessments of the strategic consequences of the war vary considerably. Journalist Howard W. French quoted some historians of the opinion that "the war was started by Mr. Deng (China's then paramount leader Deng Xiaoping) to keep the army preoccupied while he consolidated power..." However, China strengthened its relations with ASEAN countries – particularly Thailand and Singapore – due to their fear of Vietnamese aggression. Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew wrote in 2000: "The Western press wrote off the Chinese punitive action as a failure. I believe it changed the history of East Asia." In contrast, Vietnam's decreasing prestige in the region led it to be more dependent on the Soviet Union, to which it leased a naval base at Cam Ranh Bay. Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote that "China succeeded in exposing the limits of...[Soviet] strategic reach" and speculated that the desire to "compensate for their ineffectuality" contributed to the Soviets' decision to intervene in Afghanistan a year later.

Chinese casualties
The number of casualties during the war is disputed. Shortly after China had announced the withdrawal of its troops from Vietnam, the state-run Vietnam News Agency claimed that the PLA had suffered over 44,000 casualties, a figure which Western analysts at the time considered to be greatly inflated. Other Vietnamese sources claimed the PLA had suffered 62,500 total casualties, including 550 military vehicles, and 115 artillery pieces destroyed.  Leaks from Chinese military sources indicate that China suffered 6,954 dead.

Deputy chief of the General Staff Wu Xiuquan revealed in a meeting with a French military delegation that Vietnam suffered 50,000 casualties, whereas China had suffered 20,000 casualties. Regardless of the accuracy of the Vietnamese casualties, it can be concluded that the Chinese losses were severe, according to Daniel Tretiak.

Vietnamese casualties
Like their Chinese counterparts, the Vietnamese government has never officially announced any information on its actual military casualties. China estimated that Vietnam lost 57,000 soldiers and 70,000 militia members during the war. The Vietnamese state newspaper Nhân Dân claimed that Vietnam suffered more than 10,000 civilian deaths during the Chinese invasion and earlier on 17 May 1979, reported statistics on heavy losses of industry and agricultural properties.

Prisoners

The Chinese held 1,636 Vietnamese prisoners and the Vietnamese held 238 Chinese prisoners; they were exchanged in May–June 1979.

The 238 Chinese soldiers surrendered after getting separated from their main unit during the withdrawal from Vietnam and became surrounded by Vietnamese. After surrendering, they were transferred by the Vietnamese soldiers to a prison. The Chinese prisoners reported that they were subjected to torturous and inhumane treatment, such as being blindfolded and having their bodies bound and restrained with metal wire.

PLA reforms
Deng subsequently used the PLA's poor performance to overcome resistance from PLA leadership to further military reforms.

Sino-Vietnamese relations after the war

Border skirmishes continued throughout the 1980s, including a significant skirmish in April 1984 and a naval battle over the Spratly Islands in 1988 known as the Johnson South Reef Skirmish. Armed conflict only ended in 1989 after the Vietnamese agreed to fully withdraw from Cambodia. Both nations planned the normalization of their relations in a secret summit in Chengdu in September 1990, and officially normalized ties in November 1991.

In 1999, after many years of negotiations, China and Vietnam signed a border pact. There was an adjustment of the land border, resulting in Vietnam giving China part of its land which was lost during the battle, including the Ai Nam Quan Gate which served as the traditional border marker and entry point between Vietnam and China, which caused widespread frustration within Vietnamese communities.

The December 2007 announcement of a plan to build a Hanoi–Kunming highway was a landmark in Sino-Vietnamese relations. The road will traverse the border that once served as a battleground. It is predicted to contribute to demilitarizing the border region, as well as facilitating trade and industrial cooperation between the nations.

In popular culture

Chinese media
There are a number of Chinese songs, movies and TV programs depicting and discussing this conflict from the Chinese viewpoint. These vary from the patriotic song "Bloodstained Glory" originally written to laud the sacrifice and service of the Chinese military, to the 1986 film The Big Parade which carried veiled criticism of the war. The 1984 Xie Jin film Wreaths at the Foot of the Mountain was the earliest mainland China film to depict the war, although its narrative was that the Chinese were on the defensive after Vietnamese attacked the Chinese border first with the objective of Nanning. The male protagonist of the television series Candle in the Tomb was a veteran of conflict.  The 2017 Chinese movie Youth covers the period of the Sino-Vietnamese conflict from the perspective of the larger cultural changes taking place in China during that period of time.

Vietnamese media
The war was mentioned in the film Đất mẹ (Motherland) directed by Hải Ninh in 1980 and Thị xã trong tầm tay (Town at the Fingertips) directed by Đặng Nhật Minh in 1982. Besides in 1982, a documentary film called Hoa đưa hương nơi đất anh nằm (Flowers over Your Grave) was directed by Truong Thanh, the film told a story of a Japanese journalist who died during the war.
During the war, there were numerous patriotic songs produced to boost the nationalism of Vietnamese people, including "Chiến đấu vì độc lập tự do" ("Fight for Independence and Freedom") composed by Phạm Tuyên, "Lời tạm biệt lúc lên đường" ("Farewell When Leaving") by Vu Trong Hoi, "40 thế kỷ cùng ra trận" ("40 Centuries We Fought Side By Side") by Hong Dang, "Những đôi mắt mang hình viên đạn" ("The Eyes Shaped Like Bullets") by Tran Tien and "Hát về anh" (Sing for you) by The Hien.
The Sino-Vietnamese War also appeared in some novels such as: Đêm tháng Hai (Night of February) written by Chu Lai in 1979 and Chân dung người hàng xóm (Portrait of My Neighbors) written by Duong Thu Huong in 1979.

See also

 List of wars involving the People's Republic of China
 List of wars involving Vietnam
 China–Vietnam relations
 Cambodia–Vietnam relations
 Cambodian–Vietnamese War
 Sino-Soviet border conflict
 Sino-Soviet relations
 Sino-Soviet split
 Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Books

 Liegl, Markus B. China's use of military force in foreign affairs: The dragon strikes (Taylor & Francis, 2017). excerpt

 Zhang, Xiaoming. Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict Between China and Vietnam, 1979–1991 (U of North Carolina Press 2015) excerpt

Journal articles

 Path, Kosal. "China's Economic Sanctions against Vietnam, 1975–1978." China Quarterly (2012)  Vol. 212, pp 1040–1058.
 Path, Kosal. "The economic factor in the Sino-Vietnamese split, 1972–75: an analysis of Vietnamese archival sources." Cold War History 11.4 (2011): 519–555.
 Path, Kosal. "The Sino-Vietnamese Dispute over Territorial Claims, 1974–1978: Vietnamese Nationalism and its Consequences." International Journal of Asian Studies 8.2 (2011): 189–220. online

 Zhang, Xiaoming. "Deng Xiaoping and China's Decision to go to War with Vietnam." Journal of Cold War Studies 12.3 (2010): 3–29 online
 Zhang, Xiaoming. "China's 1979 war with Vietnam: a reassessment." China Quarterly (2005): 851–874. online

Other

 Kurlantzick, Joshua. China-Vietnam Military Clash (Washington: Council on Foreign Relations, 2015). online

External links

 Air Power in the War
 G. D. Bakshi: The Sino-Vietnam War – 1979: Case Studies in Limited Wars
 "China's War Against Vietnam, 1979: A Military Analysis" at the School of Law, University of Maryland

1979 in China
1979 in Vietnam
20th century in Vietnam
Cold War conflicts
Conflicts in 1979
History of Vietnam (1945–present)
Invasions by China
Invasions of Vietnam
Proxy wars
Indochina Wars
Punitive expeditions
20th-century conflicts
Wars between China and Vietnam
Wars involving Vietnam
Wars involving the People's Republic of China

Sino-Vietnamese War


Harry Potter 20. obljetnica: Povratak u Hogwarts (eng. Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts) televizijski je specijal koji je emitiran 1. siječnja 2022. na HBO Maxu. U Hrvatskoj su ga distribuirali na HBO GO streaming platformi. Riječ je o dokumentarcu koji se fokusira na originalnu glumačku postavu i redatelje filmske sage o Harry Potteru.

Radnja
Originalna glumačka postava, producenti i redatelji filmske sage o Harry Potteru sastaju se na originalnom setu filmova kako bi razgovarali o svojim sjećanjima vezanim uz filmsku seriju. Nove izjave pomiješane su s repertoarnim materijalom: intervjui dani u prošlosti, konferencije za novinare i iza kulisa filmova, originalne scene iz igranih filmova. Autorica originalne serije romana, J. K. Rowling, u dokumentarcu sudjeluje samo u repertoarnom materijalu.

Glumačka postava
 Daniel Radcliffe
 Rupert Grint
 Emma Watson
 Helena Bonham Carter
 Robbie Coltrane
 Ralph Fiennes
 Jason Isaacs
 Gary Oldman
 Tom Felton
 James Phelps
 Oliver Phelps
 Mark Williams
 Bonnie Wright
 Alfred Enoch
 Ian Hart
 Toby Jones
 Matthew Lewis
 Evanna Lynch
 David Heyman
 Chris Columbus
 Alfonso Cuarón
 Mike Newell
 David Yates
 J. K. Rowling (arhivske snimke)

Produkcija
U studenom 2021. godine Warner Bros. najavio je Harry Potter 20. obljetnica: Povratak u Hogwarts, retrospektivni specijal s glumcima i filmašima filmske sage o Harry Potter u povodom 20. godišnjice izlaska prvog nastavka serije, Harry Potter i Kamen mudraca (2001.). Specijal producira "Warner Bros. Unscripted Television" u suradnji s "Warner Horizonom" i izvršnim producentom Casey Patterson.

Rowling, autorica serije knjiga, koja je imala značajnu ulogu u filmskoj produkciji, uglavnom je odsutna iz specijala. Pojavljuje se na manje od 30 sekundi u arhivskim snimkama, spomenuta je od strane nekih intervjuirani sudionika za specijal. Glasnogovornik HBO-a rekao je da je Rowling dobila priliku za razgovor, ali da su producenti smatrali da su postojeće snimke dovoljne. Kako piše "Los Angeles Times" razlog tome su optužbe za transfobiju primljene u mjesecima koji su prethodili posebnoj utrci.

Snimanje
Specijal je sniman u Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter u Leavesdenu Engleskoj.

Distribucija
Emitira HBO Max u zemljama u kojima je ova usluga na zahtjev dostupna, u Hrvatskoj je dostupna na HBO GO-u.  Bit će objavljen na međunarodnoj razini istodobno s američkim izdanjem na Crave u Kanadi, Sky i Now u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu i Irskoj, Binge u Australiji, TVNZ 2 i TVNZ OnDemand u Novom Zelandu, HBO Go Aziji, OSN u Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima i Prime Video u Indiji.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Harry Potter


Os Gotham Awards são prêmios de cinema americano, entregues anualmente aos produtores de filmes independentes em uma cerimônia na cidade de Nova York, cidade apelidada de "Gotham" pelo filho nativo Washington Irving, em uma edição da Salmagundi, publicada em 11 de novembro de 1807. Parte do Gotham Film & Media Institute (anteriormente Independent Filmmaker Project (IFP)), "a maior organização de membros dos Estados Unidos dedicada ao cinema independente" (fundada em 1979), os prêmios foram inaugurados em 1991 como um meio de mostrar e homenageando filmes feitos principalmente na região nordeste dos Estados Unidos.

Alcance
Em 2004, a abrangência dos prêmios se ampliou para incluir o cenário internacional do cinema, quando o número de prêmios entregues aumentou de seis prêmios – concedidos a filmes e aqueles envolvidos em sua realização principalmente da comunidade cinematográfica do nordeste dos Estados Unidos – para nove prêmios, incluindo em seus filmes de escopo mais amplo originários de Los Angeles, Califórnia, e locais internacionais também.

Local
Tendo superado seus locais anteriores no bairro de Manhattan da cidade, pela primeira vez em sua história, a 17ª Gala do Gotham Awards ocorreu fora daquele bairro, no bairro de Brooklyn da cidade em Steiner Studios, no Brooklyn Navy Yard, em 27 de novembro de 2007, e foi "promovido nacionalmente através de uma parceria com o The New York Times e localmente via transmissão no WNYE".

Categorias

Categorias atuais
 Prêmio Homenagem: desde 1991
 Bingham Ray Breakthrough Director Award: desde 1991 (até 2002 como Open Palm Award; de 2003 a 2012 como Breakthrough Director Award)
 Ator inovador: desde 1998
 Melhor característica: desde 2004
 Melhor Documentário: desde 2004
 Prêmio do público: desde 2010
 Destaque para o prêmio "Live the Dream" de cineastas: desde 2011
 Melhor Ator: desde 2013
 Melhor Atriz: desde 2013
 Melhor Roteiro: desde 2015
 Breakthrough Series - Long Form: desde 2015
 Breakthrough Series - Short Form: desde 2015
 Prêmio de Agradecimento: desde 2015
 Prêmio Made in NY: desde 2016
 Melhor recurso internacional: desde 2020

De 1991 a 2002, o Tribute Award, também chamado de Career Tribute, foi concedido como um Lifetime Achievement Award para uma pessoa a cada ano e os prêmios individuais de realização (Prêmio Cineasta, Prêmio Escritor, Prêmio Ator, Prêmio Abaixo da Linha, Produtor/ Industry Executive Award e Independent Vision Award) foram distribuídos separadamente.

A partir do Gotham Awards de 2003, o IFP substituiu todos os prêmios de categorias individuais mencionados por Tributos de Carreira.

Categorias descontinuadas
 Prêmio Cineasta: 1991 a 1997
 Prêmio Abaixo da Linha: 1991 a 1998
 Prêmio Escritor: 1991 a 1998
 Prêmio Produtor / Executivo da Indústria: 1991 a 1999
 Prêmio de ator: 1991 a 2002
 Tributo ao Filme Clássico: 1999 a 2000
 Prêmio de realização de documentário Anthony Radziwell: 2000 a 2002
 Independent Vision Award: apenas 2001
 Comemore o prêmio de Nova York: 2004 a 2005
 Melhor Elenco de Conjunto: 2005 a 2012 (de 2008 a 2012 como Melhor Desempenho de Conjunto)
 Melhor filme que não está sendo exibido no teatro perto de você: 2005 a 2012
 Prêmio especial do júri para desempenho em conjunto: 2014 a 2018

Prémios de cinema dos Estados Unidos

Gotham Awards


Kartvizit, genel olarak sahibinin adı ve soyadı, bağlı bulunduğu kurum, unvanı ve iletişim bilgilerinin yer aldığı tasarımlardır. Çoğunlukla kartvizit baskıları bristol kartona yapılmaktadır. Kartvizitler için sıklıkla kullanılan ölçüler: eni için 5 - 5,5 cm, boyu için 8-9 cm'dir. Kartvizitler, kurumsal kimliğin ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğu için bu doğrultuda hazırlanması gerekmektedir. Firma logoları için belirlenen renklerin pantone numaraları matbaa ile paylaşılmalıdır. Kartvizitler, profesyonelliğin kısa bir ifadesidir. İş görüşmelerine başlamadan önce kartvizitlerin değişimi son derece önemlidir. Ayrıcı Günümüzde dijital ortamda hazırlanan kartvizitler daha kolay şeçilebilip, daha kolay şekilde isteklere uyarlanabilmektedir.

Renkli kartvizit, Basit görünüşünün yanında imaj bakımından etkili bir reklamdır. Günümüzde firmalar tanıtıma ayırdıkları rakamları kıstıkça farkında olmadan piyasalarını rakip firmalara kaptırmaktadırlar. Kriz dönemlerinde reklamdan tasarrufa gitmek isteyen firmalar, kartvizitlerindeki imajlarını düzeltmekle de kendilerini tanıtabilmektedirler. Renkli kartvizitin diğerlerine göre
 Renkli olması nedeniyle görsel çekicilik
 Kâğıdının iyi kalitede (kuşe) olması
 Firma ürünlerinin resimlerle gösterilmesi
 Basit kartvizitlerden daha hesaplı olması (toplu basıldığı için)
 Arka Baskısının olması
 Islanmaması için selefon kaplama olması.
gibi üstünlükleri bulunmaktadır.

Kartvizit ağacı şu şekildedir :

Seri üretim kartvizit
 Popüler Kartvizit (Resim ağırlıklı, canlı renkler için ideal)
 Mat Selefon Kartvizit (Az resimli, logo ve yazıdan oluşan kartlar için ideal)
 Fantezi Kartvizit (Resimsiz, logo ve bilgilerden oluşan kartlar için ideal)

Acil kartvizit
 Digital (dijital) Baskı
 Ofset Express Baskı

Özel kartvizitler
 2 Renk - Tek yüz
 3 Renk - Tek yüz
 4 Renk - Tek yüz
 Çift yüz

V.I.P kartvizitler
 Gofralı Kartvizit
 Gofralı Kısmi laklı kartvizit
 Kabartma yazılı kartvizit
 Kabartma yazılı ve yaldızlı kartvizit

Ekstra uygulanan işçilik
 Gofre
 Arsak
 Selefon
 Özel kesim
 Sim
 Lens Derinlik

Kırtasiye
Matbaacılık
Kâğıt atıklar
Kâğıt ürünleri

Kartvizit


Zeo (Zou) ist eine von Cyber Group Productions seit 2012 produzierte französische Animationsserie, die bisher 52 Episoden enthält und auf den Kinderbüchern von Michel Gay basiert. Die erste deutsche Ausstrahlung erfolgte auf Disney Junior.

Handlung
In der Serie geht es um Zeo, ein junges anthropomorphes Zebra, das zeigt, wie man mit kleinen Problemen des Alltags umgehen kann. Dabei wird er oft von seiner Familie und seinen Freunden unterstützt.

Charaktere
Zeo Zeo ist zu Beginn der Serie vier und später fünf Jahre alt. Er zeichnet sich durch seine Neugier und seine Phantasie aus. Außerdem schmiedet er bereits Pläne über seine Zukunft, ist dabei aber oft unsicher. Will er an einem Tag beispielsweise Astronaut werden, möchte er am nächsten Tag lieber LKW-Fahrer oder Feuerwehrmann sein.
Poc Dieser kleine Vogel ist Zeos ständiger Begleiter und wohnt in dessen Zimmer in einer ausrangierten Kuckucksuhr.
Mama und Papa Die namenlosen Eltern Zeos helfen Zeo oft, wenn er einen Rat braucht. Sie wohnen mit Zeo gleich im Eingangsbereich ihres Hauses.
Oma und Opa Sie sind die Eltern von Zeos Vater und leben im mittleren Stockwerk. Während Oma oft Kekse backt oder strickt, hilft Opa Zeo bei dessen Projekten, wobei er ihm gerne seine Werkstatt zur Verfügung stellt.
Uroma Sie ist die Mutter von Zeos Großvater und mit über 80 Jahren das älteste Familienmitglied, das in dem Haus lebt. Ihr Zimmer liegt direkt unter dem Dach, sodass sie aufgrund ihres gebrechlichen Zustandes auf einen Treppenlift angewiesen ist. Sie gibt Zeo häufig einen Kuss auf die Wange.
Elzee Sie ist das Nachbarsmädchen und eine gute Freundin Zeos. Sie betritt Zeos Garten, indem sie den Zaun hochklappt, der sie von Zeos Grundstück trennt. Ihre Eltern sind so gut wie nie zu sehen.
Zak Zak ist der kleine Sohn von Mister Zoey, dem der kleine Laden direkt neben Zeos Haus gehört. Er ist häufig etwas gutgläubig, aber ein guter Freund.
Zenia Sie ist Zeos Kusine und oft ziemlich eingebildet, da sie eine gute Balletttänzerin und eine gute Schülerin ist. Vor Würmern hat sie schreckliche Angst. Sie findet auch oft, dass Elzee sich nicht mädchenhaft genug verhält.

Bücher
Von Zeo wurden bisher drei Bücher im Moritzverlag veröffentlicht:

 Seid ihr schon wach?
 Eine Dose Kussbonbons
 Zeo fährt Rad

In den Büchern existiert Poc allerdings nicht und Zeo lebt nur mit seinen Eltern zusammen; seine Großeltern wohnen mit der Urgroßmutter in einem anderen Haus. Die Urgroßmutter benutzt im Buch anstelle ihres Stocks einen Rollator.

Computeranimationsserie
Kinder- und Jugendfernsehserie
Fernsehserie (Frankreich)
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre

Zeo


La Serie del Caribe 2013 fue la 55.ª edición del clásico caribeño, un evento deportivo de béisbol profesional que se disputó en el Estadio Sonora, en Hermosillo, México. Esta fue la sexta ocasión que se realizó en la ciudad de Hermosillo, Sonora y la primera en el nuevo Estadio Sonora, ya que las 5 ocasiones anteriores se realizó en el Estadio Hector Espino (1974, 1982, 1987, 1992 y 1997). Esta serie reunió a los equipos de béisbol profesional campeones de los países que integran la Confederación del Caribe: Venezuela, Puerto Rico, México y República Dominicana.

Se desarrolló del 1 al 7 de febrero del 2013. Los representantes de México, los Yaquis de Ciudad Obregón, resultaron campeones al vencer en 18 innings a Leones del Escogido, y le dio a México su séptimo título.

Estadio
Para los partidos oficiales, semifinales y final, se utilizó el Estadio Sonora con capacidad para 16.000 espectadores y que está ubicado en la ciudad de Hermosillo, México.

Formato de torneo
La edición LV de la Serie del Caribe presentó un nuevo rostro al ser aprobado el nuevo formato de competencia en el cual el punto más destacado fue la inclusión de un séptimo día de juego para la gran final y funcionó bajo el sistema de 2 rondas, todos contra todos en 2 ocasiones, tal como se ha realizado en ediciones anteriores, para así dar paso a la final entre los 2 equipos con las mejores marcas en los 6 encuentros y así obtener a un equipo campeón. Las modificaciones al sistema brindaron la garantía de un juego final.

Equipos participantes

Ronda preliminar

Posiciones

Resultados

 Hora local UTC-7 (aplicado para Sonora, Sinaloa y Chihuahua).

Final

Campeón

Reconocimientos y premios

Los siguientes fueron los reconocimientos y premios entregados:

Véase también

 Serie Latinoamericana 2013
 Serie Mundial de béisbol de 2013
 Serie de Asia Copa Konami 2013

Referencias

Ediciones de la Serie del Caribe
Deporte en Hermosillo
Series del Caribe realizadas en México
Béisbol en 2013
Deporte en México en 2013

Serie del Caribe 2013


Kiitos - kiitos er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2005, der er instrueret af Birgitta Helene Anttila.

Handling
Filmen handler om tid, natur og frihed, personificeret af en skovarbejder i de nord-svenske skove.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2005

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Kiitos - kiitos


Dreams Never Die es el álbum de estudio de  Tiffany, publicado el 21 de noviembre de 1993. Representaba un intento de reencontrar el éxito en la música pop, tres años después de su último álbum, y cinco años después de su último éxito comercial. Fue lanzado en varios países de Asia, pero no en los Estados Unidos, debido a que la cantante había conservado un mayor grado de popularidad en Asia que en los Estados Unidos. Se planificó lanzar el álbum en Estados Unidos pero nunca se lo hizo, se esperaba que el lanzamiento en Estados Unidos tuviera algunos cambios a la versión asiática, ya que, como  Tiffany, dijo en ese momento, "Muchas cosas en el mercado de Asia son un poco más pop de lo que yo quiero hacer aquí. Quiero alejarme del pop adolescente... Mi propósito no es hacer hard rock, pero si un sonido semi-rock."

A principios de 1993,  Tiffany(que por entonces estaba casada con el artista de maquillaje Bulmaro "Junior" García y había dado a luz a su hijo Elías) realizó una serie de actuaciones en "Las Vegas Hilton's casino lounge", que incluía las canciones de este álbum.

Este álbum fue producido por el exmánager de Tiffany, George Tobin, con quien se había roto antes, y que había sido muy criticado por ser considerado demasiado explotador, pero también fue ampliamente reconocido por lograr el éxito pop de  Tiffany. Sin embargo, esta relación de negocios pronto se agrió, de acuerdo con la cantante, esto sucedió cuando descubrió que las canciones que Tobin había escogido para este álbum fueron utilizadas anteriormente para otro banda de Tobin llamada "PC Quest".

Tiffany y Tobin nuevamente tomaron caminos separados,  Tiffany se mudó a Nashville para intentar una carrera como cantante en la música country, aunque nunca llegó a grabar un álbum en ese estilo y en 2000 ya estaba de regreso a la música pop.

En 2005, Tobin relanzó Dreams Never Die a través de CD Baby, incluyendo como bonus tracks temas las primeras sesiones de estudio de Tiffany.

Listado de canciones
 "If Love is Blind" (Tim James, Steven McClintock) – 3:42
 "Kiss You All Over" (Mike Chapman, Nicky Chinn) – 4:40
 "Can't You See" (Monte Brinkley, John Duarte, James, McClintock) – 3:45
 "Kiss the Ground" (Ronan O'Hanlon) – 4:07
 "Dreams Never Die" (Duarte, Mark Paul) – 4:54
 "That One Blue Candle" (Danny O'Keefe, Vince Melamed) – 4:14
 "Almost In Love" (James, Mike Piccirillo) – 4:34
 "Ruthless" (Duarte, Donna Weiss) – 4:43
 "These Arms of Mine" (Otis Redding) – 4:20
 "Sam Loves Joann" (Tia Sillers, John Tirro) – 4:14
 "We're the Truth" (James, McClintock) – 3:52
 "Loneliness" (Harold Beaty) – 5:11

Bonus tracks ìncluidos en la versión 2005
<LI>"You Can't Break a Broken Heart" (Duarte, Paul) – 4:35
<LI>"Lookin' Through the Windows" (Duarte, Paul) – 3:55
<LI>"Are You Lonely Tonight" (Duarte, Paul) – 4:22
<LI>"I Don't Know What You Got" (Duarte, Paul) – 4:30
<LI>"I Ain't Gonna Eat Out My Heart Anymore" (Lori Burton, Pamela Sawyer) – 4:02
<LI>"Angel Baby" (Rosalie Hamlin) – 4:22

Sencillos
"If Love Is Blind" - September 1993
"Can't You See" - January 1994
"In The Name of Love" 1993

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Portada del Álbum en la Wikipedia en inglés
 Letras de las canciones del álbum en www.sing365.com
 Sitio oficial
 Sitio de Fanes
 Sitio de Fanes
 Tiffany Lyrics
 Tiffany en Myspace
 Interview on BBC Radio 1 in 2004

Álbumes de Tiffany
Álbumes de 1993
Álbumes de MCA Records

Dreams Never Die (álbum de Tiffany)


WTA Tour 2019 er den 49. sæson af WTA Tour, den professionelle tour for kvindelige tennisspillere, siden etableringen i 1971. Touren består af 53 almindelige turneringer fordelt i fire kategorier, samt de to sæsonafsluttende turneringer, WTA Finals og WTA Elite Trophy.

Turneringer

Kategorier og point

WTA Tour 2019 består af 53 almindelige turneringer fordelt i fire kategorier, samt de to sæsonafsluttende turneringer, WTA Finals og WTA Elite Trophy. Derudover indgår de fire grand slam-turneringer også i tourens kalender, og resultaterne opnået i de grand slam-turneringerne giver også point til WTA's verdensrangliste, selvom turneringerne ikke er en del af WTA Tour. Turneringerne er fordelt på følgende turneringskategorier med angivelse af de tilhørende ranglistepoint, spillerne opnår afhængig af deres resultater.

Kalender

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 WTA Tour

WTA Tour 2019


පුරාණයේ ලක්දිව තිබූ නගරයකි.

පිහිටීම
තම්මැන්නාව අසන්නව පිහිටා තිබුනි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

පුරාණ ලක්දිව තිබූ නගර

සිරිසවත්ථු


Slaget ved Rafah blev udkæmpet den 9. januar 1917 og var de britisk styrkers 3. og sidste slag for at afslutte generobringen af Sinaihalvøen under Sinai og Palæstina-felttoget i 1. Verdenskrig. Ørkenkolonnen fra den egyptiske ekspeditionsstyrke (EEF) angreb en forskanset osmannisk garnison ved El Magruntein syd for Rafah nær grænsen mellem Egypten og det Osmanniske Rige nord og øst for Sheikh Zowaiid. Angrebet markerede begyndelsen på kampene i det osmanniske Palæstina.

Efter de britiske sejre i slaget ved Romani i august 1916 og slaget ved Magdhaba i december var den osmanniske armé blev tvunget tilbage til den sydlige del af Palæstina da den egyptiske ekspeditionsstyrke trængte østpå støttet af de forlængede forsyningslinjer. Denne fremrykning afhang af bygningen af en jernbane og en vandledning. Da jernbanen nåede al-Arish den 4. januar 1917 blev et angreb på Rafah med den nyligt etablerede ørkenkolonne mulig. Under det daglange angreb forsvarede den osmanniske garnison rækken af befæstede skanser og skyttegrave i hævede område ved El Magruntein, som var omgivet af flade græsområder. De blev omringet til sidst af lette beredne australske enheder, beredne newzealandske riffel enheder, beredent Yeomanry, kameltropper og panserbiler. Sidst på eftermiddagen erobrede den newzealandske beredne riffelbrigade den centrale skanse og de resterende stillinger blev taget kort efter.

Baggrund

Efter deres sejr i slaget ved Romani den 4. august 1916 gik den beredne Anzac brigade med 5. beredne brigade tilknyttet i offensiven. Deres fremrykning af han af færdiggørelsen af en jernbane og vandledning. Med jernbanen omkring 65 km væk angreb og besatte den beredne Anzac division uden 2. lette beredne brigade, men med kamelbrigaden tilknyttet, al-Arish. Umiddelbart efter, den 23. december, erobrede de Magdhaba under et slag, som varede hele dagen. I mellemtiden ankom 63. infanteridivision til al-Arish fra Romani begyndte at befæste byen, der ligger ved Middelhavets kyst, 48 km fra jernbanens daværende endepunkt.

Al-Arish lå 145 km ad vejen til den nærmeste britiske base ved Qantara ved Suez-kanalen, hvilket i starten gjorde det vanskeligt at få forsyninger frem. Ankomsten af Royal Navy den 22. december, som hurtigt blev fulgt af de første forsyninger ad søvejen den 24. december betød at det egyptiske ekspeditionskorps fremskudte base i løbet af de næste 14 dage voksede hurtigt i takt med at der losset 1.500 ton forsyninger. Forsyninger af enhver kategori blev losset af det egyptiske arbejdskorps og fragtet videre af det egyptiske kameltransport korps. Af afgørende betydning var det, at forsyningsaktiviteterne ved al-Arish blev beskyttet af infanterigarnisonen og aftilleri på jorden, og støttet af flåden. Den 4. januar ankom det første byggetog til al-Arish, men der gik stadig nogen tid inden jernbanen med dens enorme kapacitet til at udvikle infrastrukturen og forsyne store garnisoner var fuldt udbygget.

General Sir Archibald Murray, chefen for den egyptiske ekspeditionsstyrke, var ivrig efter at afslutte fremrykningen over den nordlige del af Sinai, for at kunne lægge pres på den sydlige osmanniske armé. Da han forventede at et angreb ville tvinge de osmanniske styrker til at opgive deres ørkenbaser og forposter på den egyptiske Sinaihalvø, beordrede han en fremrykning fra al-Arish til Rafah, en strækning på 43 km, som skulle indledes snarest muligt.

Optakt

Den 28. december gav generalmajor Harry Chauvel, chefen for den beredne ANZAC division ordre til 1. lette beredne brigade om at rekognoscere Bir el Burj, 20 km ad vejen fra al-Arish mod Rafah. Vejen blev fundet brugbar til biler og artilleri og en yderligere rekognoscering udført af samme brigade to dage senere til Sheikh Zowaiid, 32 km fra al-Arish, viste bølgende strækninger af græsland, afgrøder og valmuer. En lille fortrop rykkede yderligere 16 km frem, så den var indenfor synsvidde af de største osmanske stillinger ved El Magruntein, og den rapporterede om stor aktivitet i området.

Vejret klarede op den 5. januar, hvilket gjorde det muligt fra luften at observere 2-3.000 osmanniske soldater, der gravede forsvarsværker syd for Rafah i området ved El Magruntein. To dage senere opdagede britiske luftpatruljer betydelige osmanniske garnisoner ved El Kossaima og Hafir el Auja i den centrale del af det nordlige Sinai, som kunne true den egyptiske ekspeditionsstyrkes fremrykning i flanken eller forstærke Rafah. Mens de britiske luftpatruljer var borte den 7. januar drog tyske flyvere fordel af den voksende koncentration af enheder fra ekspeditionskorpset og forsyningslagre til at bombardere al-Arish om formiddagen og om aftenen. Den næste dag var patruljer fra Australian Flying Corps i luften hele dagen og dækkede forberedelserne til angrebet på Rafah.

Generalløjtnant Philip Chetwode, som var chef for ørkenkolonnen, red ud af al-Arish kl. 16 den 8. januar i retning af Rafah, hvor en 2.000 mand stærk osmannisk garnison havde base. Chetwodes beredne styrke var den samme som den Chauvel havde ledet under slaget ved Magdhaba i december, med tilføjelse af 5. beredne brigade, som havde været garnison i al-Arish og 7. lette autopatrulje, som bestod af 4 kanonbiler og tre lastvogne. Med risiko for at blive udsat for et luftangreb begyndte styrken den 50 km lange fremrykning inden solnedgang for at sikre, at der var tilstrækkelig tid til at nå El Magruntein. De første kilometer passerede de tunge sandklitter, som var svære at passere for de hestespand, som trak kanoner og ammunitionsvogne. Da man først nåede det gamle flade område, som var trådt ned af trafik siden oldtiden langs den gamle pilgrimsvej, kørte kanonerne og ammunitionsvognene midt på vejen mens rytterne red på begge sider af vejen. Fortroppen af kolonnen nåede Sheikh Zowaiid omkring kl. 22. Ørkenkolonnen gik i bivuak nær krydset vest for landsbyen. Her var det først græs hestene havde set siden de forlod Australien, på kanten af den frugtbare slette ved havet, 26 km nord for al-Arish.

Planen for angrebet på Rafah den følgende morgen, 9. januar, var en gentagelse af Chauvels vellykkede omringningsangreb ved Magdhaba. Regimenterne og bilerne skulle omringe den osmanniske garnisons stillinger, galoppere frem under beskydning, sidde af og angribe forsvarerne i deres tredobbelte system af skyttegrave og skanser omkring bakketoppen.

Angrebsstyrken
Den beredne styrke fra ørkenkolonnen, som var involvert i angrebet under Chetwodes kommando var:
 Den beredne ANZAC division, under Chauvel, bestående af 1. og 3. lette beredne brigade, den newzealandske beredne riffelbrigade, og Inverness-shire, Leicestershire og Somerset batterierne;
 1., 2. og 3. bataljon af kamelbrigaden med Hong Kong og Singapore batteriet;
 5. beredne brigade med B batteriet af Honourable Artillery Company (18–punds);
 7. lette automobil patrulje bestående af seks let pansrede Ford biler med maskingeværer.

No. 1 Squadron AFC, som havde haft base ved Mustabig under operationerne ved al-Arish og Magdhaba rykkede frem til 7 km vest for al-Arish for at støtte angrebet.

De osmanniske forsvarere
Rafah blev forsvaret af det 31 osmanniske regiment (3. Division) støttet af et batteri bjergartilleri. Den britiske luftrekognoscering havde rapportert, at denne styrke var på mellem 2-3.000 mand. De var stærkt forskansede i fire hovedstillinger i de høje område omkring Hill 255, kaldet El Magruntein. Den centrale skanse, som hævede sig omkring 60 meter over det omkringliggende græsland, blev støttet af tre systemer af skanser, som de britiske styrker betegnede som A, B og C. Disse skanser var forbundet og støttet af skyttegrave på skråningerne som spredte sig ud mod sydøst, syd og sydvest. De stærke velforberedte og velplacerede skanser og skyttegravssystemer ydede beskyttelse i alle retninger og et klart overblik over slagmarken, som var uden dækning indenfor en afstand på 1,8 km. Den eneste svaghed var bag stillingen mod nordøst.

Slaget
Ørkenkolonnen indledte den afsluttende fremrykning inden slaget om Rafah den 9. januar 1917 uden at have ekstra forråd af ammunition til artilleri, rifler eller maskingeværer. Kolonnens chef, Chetwøde havde givet ordre til, at alle køretøjer, undtagen kanonerne, skulle blive ved Sheikh Zowaiid. Hans brigadechefer havde adlydt denne ordre, men kun under protest. Det havde været hensigten fra ørkenkolonnehovedkvarterets side, at reserve ammunition skulle føres frem efter daggry, men under slaget brød systemet sammen og dette skete ikke, hvilket afstedkom et kritisk sammenbrud i ammunitionsforsyningen. I mange tilfælde blev forsyninger hastet frem, men de nåede ikke frem til de enheder, som havde brug for dem i ildlinjen.

Kl. 1 var 1. lette beredne og den newzealandske beredne riffelbrigade forrest i ørkenkolonnen. Knap en kilometer fra Sheikh Zowaiid stødte de på en fjendtlig beduin kamelpatrulje, blev taget til fange. Kl. 6.15 var Auckland Mounted Rifle Regiment den første enhed som nåede grænsepælene ved grænsen. De to forreste brigader red frem til en position, hvor de kunne angribe stillingerne ved Rafah fra syd, øst og nord. De blev fulgt kl. 2.30 af resten af den beredne Anzac division, dele af 5. beredne brigade, kamelbrigaden og 6 Fordbiler fra 7. lette automobilpatrulje. To tropper fra Queen's Own Worcestershire Hussars blev ved Sheikh Zowaiid for at beskytte ammunitionskolonnen mens en eskadron fulgte karavaneruten mod Rafah.

Kl. 6.45 var den beredne ANZAC divisions hovedkvarter etableret 7 km vest for Karm Ibn Musleh på grænsen syd for Rafah og El Magruntein. 1. og 3. lette beredne brigade og artilleriet tog opstilling mod syd for at beskytte mod af den osmanniske garnison trak sig tilbage mod sydøst, mens kamelbrigaden lå 1,2 km længere mod vest. Den beredne newzealandske riffelbrigade var omkring 1½ km mod nord sammen med 5. beredne brigade, som udgjorde Ørkenkolonnens reserve. Kl. 7 havde en patrulje fra Wellington Mounted Rifles afskåret telegraflinjen, som løb østpå fra Rafah mod Shellal og Gaza, så garnisonen ved Rafah blev isoleret. Chauvel havde rekognosceret forsvarsstillingerne ved El Magruntein defences og artilleriet var begyndt at beskyde skanserne ved El Magruntein.

Lige efter kl. 8 foretog den beredne newzealandske riffelbrigade en omgående bevægelse mod nord og gik stilling til deres angreb på C4 og C5 grupperne af skanser og skyttegrave mens 1. beredne lette brigade gik i stilling til at angribe C3, C2 og C1 grupperne. Efter at disse mål var blevet erobret skulle de to brigader angribe den centrale skanse. I mellemtiden blev tre bataljoner af kamelbrigaden beordret til at angribe D gruppen af stillinger. Den 3. lette brigade udgjorde den beredne Anzac divisions reserve. Under forberedelsen af angrebet havde artilleriet på forhånd udvalgt mål og kl. 9.30 begyndte Leicestershire, Inverness-shire og Somerset batterierne og B batteriet fra det Honourable Artillery Company en 30 minutter lang artilleribeskydning. Under dække af denne begyndte de angribende tropper deres fremrykning og kl. 9.45 var de mindre end 1,8 km fra de osmanniske forskansninger.

Angrebet begynder
Da 1. lette beredne brigade rykkede frem i retning fra El Gubba, vestpå mod El Magruntein og "C" gruppen af skanser, mødte de kraftig maskingeværild og artilleribeskydning med shrapnel fra tyske og osmanniske kanoner. Mod syd rykkede kamelbrigaden frem mod B4 skansen og kl. 10.30 blev 5. beredne brigade beordret til at gøre udfald mod stillingerne længere mod vest. Da de ankom til et plateau 2,3 km fra El Magruntein fik Warwickshire Yeomanry på højre side ordre til at angribe B1 og B2 skanserne mens Royal Gloucestershire Hussars blev sendt til venstre langs højderyggen lands kanten af sandklitterne for at angribe højre siden af A1 skansen, den vestligste af stillingerne. Tropperne sad af for at begynde deres angreb 1,8 km fra deres mål, men blev straks mødt af kraftig maskingeværild og shrapnel fra to kanoner.

Kl. 10 var angrebet fra nord, anført af Auckland Mounted Rifles og støttet af to maskingeværer og med Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment på deres højre side trængt ind i Rafah da de red rundt om El Magruntein. Her erobrede de hurtigt landsbyen og 6 tyske og to osmanniske officerer, 16 mand og 21 beduiner. To tropper blev sendt ud for at holde øje med om der kom osmanniske forstærkninger. En trop blev sendt nordpå mod Khan Yunis og en mod øst mod Shellal.

Med den osmanniske garnison i El Magruntein afskåret fra nord og øst af den newzealandske beredne riffelbrigade blev der givet ordre om at alle Ørkenkolonnens reserver skulle indsættes og angrebet "presset igennem." Kl. 11 var den angribende styrke placeret som følger fra højre mod venstre: Canterbury og Auckland Mounted Rifles Regimenterne, to eskadroner af 1. lette beredne regiment, en eskadron af 2. lette beredne regiment, 3. lette beredne regiment, 1. lette beredne brigade, 10 lette beredne regiment (fra 3. lette beredne brigade), 1. bataljon af kamelkorps brigaden og Warwick and Gloucester Yeomanry. De blev støttet af Inverness-shire batteriet, som dækkede newzealænderne, Leicestershire og  Somerset batterierne dække australierne og Hong Kong batteriet dække kamelkorps bataljonen mens HAC batteriet beskød "C" gruppen af stillinger fra 1,2 km afstand.

Brigadegeneral Edward Chaytor, som havde kommandoen over den newzealandske beredne riffelbrigade, flyttede sit hovedkvarter op til grænsepælen 1,5 km sydøst for Rafah, lige bag Auckland Mounted Rifles. En halv time senere kunne angrebet ses i støt fremgang over hele linjen. Kl. 12.15 var Wellington Mounted Rifles Regimentet nået frem til frontlinjen mellem Canterbury og Auckland regimentet under 550 meter fra El Magruntein, mens 2. bataljon af kamelkorps brigaden rykkede frem for at forlænge linjen, der blev holdt af deres 1. bataljon. Kort efter fik Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment forbindelse til 5. beredne brigades venstre side og afsluttede dermed ringen om den osmanniske hærs befæstninger. Til venstre for 5. beredne brigade nåede 7. automobilpatrulje Rafah vejen, hvor den fandt dækning hvorfra den kunne dirigere beskydningen mod A1 og A2 skanserne 1,5 km borte. I mellemtiden var batterierne rykket omkring 1,3 km frem fra deres tidligere stilliner og "B" batteriet af HAC holdt op med at beskyde "C" gruppen af skanser. Efter at være skiftet til A1 og A2 skanserne begyndte den at skyde igen på en afstand af 1,4 km til støtte for 5. beredne brigade.

Ammunitionsknaphed

Trods det indledende angreb havde de osmanniske forsvarere stadig meget stærke forsvarsstillinger, hvor hver skanse var ideelt placeret til at yde støtte til andre. De fleste steder var de afsiddede tropper meget udsat for fjendtlig beskydning. En konstant beskydning blev opretholdt mod de osmanniske brystværn for at holde forsvarerne nede og forhindre dem i at tage sigte mens angrebet fortsatte. Lidt for lidt blev omringningen gjort snævrere under intens beskydning over det tomme, jævnt skrånende græsland. Men mellem kl. 12.15 og 14.15 begyndte fremrykningen af gå i stå.

I begyndelsen af eftermiddagen begyndte det at knibe med ammunitionsforsyningen. Selv om Chauvel anmodede om en større indsats viste fejltagelsen ved at efterlade ammunitionskøretøjerne bagude af være kostbar, da angrebet begyndte at vakle. Den newzealandske beredne riffelbrigade løb tør for ammunition til fire af dens maskingeværer og Inverness-shire batteriet løb tør for granater og måtte trække sig tilbage.

Kl. 14.30 beordrede Chauvel at et nyt angreb mod C gruppen af skanser skulle begynde kl. 15.30 mens en vedvarende artilleri beskydning skulle fortsætte mod disse skanser indtil da. Men 15 minutter senere blev en osmannisk maskingevær officer og tre tyske soldater taget til fange af den trop fra Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, der holdt vagt på vejen mod Shellal, og de fortalte at deres 1602. regiment havde forladt Shellal ved Wadi Ghuzzeh da angrebet begyndte for at forstærke garnisonen ved Rafah. Shellal lå 16-21 km eller omkring 3-3½ time borte. Dette blev bekræftet da to bataljoner sås rykke frem i artilleriformation over højdedragene vest for Shellal mod Rafah. Yderligere 500 soldater sås på vej til Rafah i retning fra Khan Yunus af den samme beredne riffelregiments nordlige vagtpost.

De sidste angreb
Generalangrebet, som blev indledt kl. 15.30 blev støttet af alle til rådighed stående kanoner. Det kom langsomt frem mod de stædige osmanniske forsvarer, som blev støttet af bombardement fra tyske fly, mens fortroppen af de osmanniske forstærkninger fra Khan Yunus i nord og Shellal i øst angreb de to tropper af Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment. Fire kanoner fra Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment på højre flanke blev flyttet til en skyttegrav inden de blev flyttet frem til en hulvej. Herfra fastholdt de en effektiv dækningsild indtil de angribende tropper var få meter fra skyttegravene. Disse kanoner var også vel placerede til at yde støtte hvis presset fra de osmanniske forstærkninger viste sig for stort for de to tropper af Wellington regimentet eller hvis den beredne newzealandske brigade blev tvunget til at trække sig tilbage mod kysten.

Efter støt, metodisk og vedvarende arbejde var der kl. 16 en sky af røg over den centrale skanse fra riffel og maskingevær ild. Dækningsilden var så effektiv at de osmanniske forsvarere havde yderst svært ved at tage sigte og affyre deres rifler og maskingeværer. Det blev da muligt for angriberne at tilbagelægge de sidste 5-700 meter i to hurtige løb. Omkring kl. 16.30 indledte den newzealandske beredne brigade sit sidste stormløb mod den centrale skanse fra nordvest, nord og nordøst. Da de manglede artilleristøtte gjorde de beslutsom brug af maskingeværer i ildlinjen med krydsende skudfelter for at få bedre mål og samarbejdede med maskingeværerne i 1. lette beredne brigade om at dække fremrykningen til under 350 meter fra den osmanniske hovedstilling. De erobrede den centrale skanse i et afsluttende bajonetangreb, hvor mange af soldaterne affyrede deres rifler mens de løb. Fra den erobrede dominerende stilling i centrum kunne de beskyde de skanser, som stadig var på osmanniske hænder i flanken.

Da newzealænderne holdt den dominerende skanse kunne 1. og 3. lette beredne brigade rykke frem og erobre de resterende skanser ved deres fronter. Da 3. bataljon af kamelbrigaden nærmede sig B gruppen af skyttegrave kom der et hvidt flag frem, og B2 og den centrale skyttegrav i B gruppen blev indtaget kl. 16.50. De tog fem officerer og 214 mand til fange mens Warwickshire Yeomanry tog B1 skansen og yderligere 101 fanger. Disse vellykkede angreb blev støttet af fly, som bombede skanser og skyttegrave. Flyene var netop blevet udstyret med radio, og i løbet af eftermiddagen rapporterede de om slagets gang til ørkenkolonnens hovedkvarter, og hjalp med ledelse og kontrol. New zealænderne blev nær hovedskansen mens fangerne blev indsamlet og sendt til Sheikh Zowaiid og de fire erobrede kanoner blev ført bort. Chetwode rapporterede til chefen for den østlig styrke, generalløjtnant Charles Macpherson Dobell, at alle tropperne havde gjort et udmærket arbejde, og at den newzealandske beredne riffelbrigades indsats havde været fremragende.

Tab

Under slaget havde ørkenkolonnen lidt tab, som var tre gange så store som dem ved Magdhaba. Der var 71 døde, 415 sårede og en savnet. Her overfor udgjorde fortrinsvis osmanniske fanger, som dog også rummede nogle tyske maskingeværskytter mellem 1.472 og 1.635, hvoraf 162 var sårede. Omkring 200 osmanniske soldater blev dræbt på slagmarken.

Efterspil

Efter slaget blev der etaberet en stærk bagtropsstilling med to lette beredne regimenter under oberstløjtnant Leslie Cecil Maygar. I mellemtiden vendte hovedparten af ørkenkolonnen tilbage til Sheikh Zowaiid for at få vand og rationer. De ankom hertil omkring midnat. De to lette beredne regimenter, som blev ved Rafah holdt vagt mens slagmarken blev ryddet af feltambulancer, hvis bårebærere arbejdede natten igennem. 3. lette beredne brigades feltambulance, som blev dækket af 8. lette beredne regiment blev på slagmarken mens alle til rådighed stående ambulancekærrer og tomme vogne blev sendt frem fra Sheikh Zowaiid for at hjælpe med at transportere de sårede til hospitalerne.

Den beredne Anzac divisions feltambulance var blevet reorganiseret inden slaget og var udstyret med 10 par bårer, 15 par cacoletter, 12 sandkærrer, 12 cykelbårer og seks slæder. På den måde kunne den transportere 92 patienter på en gang, og de gik i gang med at evakuere de sårede. Den følgende morgen blev 8. lette beredne regiment angrebet af osmannisk kavaleri og kamelenheder. Efter at kampen havde varet et stykke tid blev angriberne tvunget til at trække sig tilbage og efterlod 14, som blev taget til fange. Hele 3. lette beredne brigade vendte tilbage til slagmarken den 10. januar med 7. lette automobilpatrulje for at indsamle erobret materiel.

Al-Arish bombarderes
I løbet af natten den 19. januar, hvor der var fuldmåne, gennemførte tyske og osmanniske fly det største luftangreb hidtil mod det egyptiske ekspeditionskorps hurtigt voksende og betydningsfulde fremskudte base ved al-Arish. Udover at kaste bomber beskød flyene også lejren med mskingeværer. Tabene var betydelige og især rækkerne af heste var oplagte mål fra luften.

Murrays planer
Felttoget over Sinaiørkenen, som var begyndt i august, sluttede med at de osmanniske styrker blev trængt ud af egyptisk område. Med den britiske sejr ved Rafah, den stadige fremskriden af byggeriet af jernbanen og vandledningen og opbygningen af forsyningslagrene ved al-Arish var den egyptiske ekspeditionsstyrke i stand til at opbygge en solid base for en fortsat fremrykning ind på osmannisk område. For at gøre dette, måtte den først erobre Gaza by, og det første slag om Gaza blev udkæmpet i marts 1917.

Den 19. januar viste britisk luftrekognosvering, at den osmanniske armé havde evakueret El Kossaima og reduceret styrken af dens hovedbase i ørkenen ved Hafir el Auja. Hovedkvarteret mente imidlertid, at de osmanniske garnisoner vil blive i Nekhel området i den centrale del af Sinaihalvøen, herunder i landsbyerne Bir el Hassana, Gebel Helal, Gebel Yelleg og Gebel el Heitan for at fastholde kontrollen over den arabiske befolkning. For at håndtere problemet med osmanniske hærenheder i ryggen på den fremrykkende ekspeditionsstyrke blev et angreb udført af to kolonner af lette beredne styrker ved Nekhel. De to kolonner rykkede ud fra  Serapeum, nær Ismailia ved Suez-kanalen, med støtte fra tre fly for at gennemføre Angrebet mod Nekhel,  100 km mod øst. Men da kolonnerne nærmede sig området den 17. februar opdagede rekognosceringsflyene, at de osmanniske garnisoner havde trukket sig tilbage, og det kom ikke til kamp.

Fodnoter

Henvisninger

Kilder

Begivenheder i 1917
Slag med deltagelse af Australien
Slag med deltagelse af New Zealand
Slag med deltagelse af Storbritannien
Slag med deltagelse af Tyskland
Slag med deltagelse af Osmanniske Rige
Slag under 1. verdenskrig

Slaget ved Rafah


Jonathan Tinhan (Échirolles, Francia, 1 de junio de 1989) es un exfutbolista francés que jugaba de centrocampista.

En abril de 2020 anunció su retirada a los 30 años de edad una vez finalizada la temporada.

Clubes

Palmarés

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en Transfermarkt

Futbolistas de Francia
Futbolistas del Grenoble Foot 38
Futbolistas del Montpellier Hérault Sport Club
Futbolistas del Athlétic Club Arles-Avignon
Futbolistas del Football Club Istres Ouest Provence
Futbolistas del Red Star Football Club
Futbolistas del Amiens Sporting Club Football
Futbolistas de la Espérance Sportive Troyes Aube Champagne
Franceses con doble nacionalidad
Nacidos en Échirolles

Jonathan Tinhan


Horná Streda este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Nové Mesto nad Váhom din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.386 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Horná Streda este atestată documentar din 1263.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Horná Streda


The Labyrinth Tour es la primera gira promocional de la cantante Leona Lewis, que incluye canciones de sus dos primeros àlbumes; Spirit y Echo. La gira contó con 20 fechas en Reino Unido e Irlanda entre mayo y junio del 2010, además de la compañía de la cantante Australiana Gabriella Cilmi, quién abrió la mayoría de los conciertos de Leona Lewis.

Antecedentes
El tour fue anunciado el 12 de noviembre de 2009, con fechas en Irlanda y Reino Unido. Lewis reveló que la gira estaba inspirada en su película favorita, Labyrinth. En abril del 2010, se anunció mediante el sitio web oficial de Leona, que la gira se llamaría The Labyrinth.

Actos de Apertura
 Gabriella Cilmi (Reino Unido, Dublín y Belfast)
 Alex Gardner (Birmingham, 10 de junio)
 Hermione Hennesy (Dublín y Belfast)

Repertorio
 Introduction
 «Brave»
 «Don't Let Me Down»
 «Better in Time»
 «Whatever It Takes»
 «Take a Bow»
 Video interlude: «Ride a White Swan» (cover de T. Rex.)
 «I See You»
 «Can't Breathe»
 «Forgive Me»
 «Happy»
 «Could It Be Magic» (cover de Barry Manilow)
 «I Got You»
 «Cry Me a River» (cover de Justin Timberlake)
 «The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face»  (cover de Roberta Flack)
 «Homeless»
 Video interlude: «They Don't Care About Us» (cover de Michael Jackson) (contiene elementos de «All Around the World»)
 «Outta My Head»
 «Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)» (cover de Eurythmics)
 «Run»
 Encore:
 «Bleeding Love»
Fuente

Fechas

Publicación en video

Información

El concierto fue filmado el 18 de junio del 2010 en la ciudad de London. El material fue publicado el 29 de noviembre del 2010 en CD/DVD, en el formato Blu-ray, el cual incluye un CD con bonus tracks que incluye diez canciones de la cantante. El concierto fue transmitido por el canal Watch de Reino Unido el 3 de diciembre del 2010. El tracklist completo del DVD fue anunciado el 3 de noviembre del 2010 y contiene las mismas canciones que Lewis interpretó durante todos los shows. El CD que incluye el DVD, contiene diez canciones para su versión internacional, mientras que para Japón incluye dos canciones más como bonus tracks.

Listado de pistas

Desempeño comercial
Tras su lanzamiento ingresó a la UK Music Video Chart el 5 de diciembre de 2010 en la posición número cuatro. Se mantuvo por diez semanas al interior del top10 de ella.

Listas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Official website

Labyrinth Tour
The Labyrinth Tour: Live from The O2

The Labyrinth Tour


Laives se poate referi la:

 Laives, Saône-et-Loire, comună în departamentul Saône-et-Loire, Franța
 Laives, Italia, comună din provincia Bolzano, regiunea Trentino-Alto Adige, Italia

Laives


Artère tympanique peut faire référence à :

 l'artère tympanique antérieure ;
 l'artère tympanique inférieure ;
 l'artère tympanique postérieure ;
 l'artère tympanique supérieure.

tympanique

Artère tympanique


الصحابي عمرو بن عبسة السلمي  أسلم بمكة قديما، وهو من السابقين الأولين في الإسلام.

نسبه
عمرو بن عبسة بن خالد بن حذيفة بن عمرو بن خلف بن مازن بن مالك بن ثعلبة بن بهثة بن سليم بن منصور بن عكرمة بن خصفة بن قيس بن عيلان بن مضر، يكنى أبا نجيح.

بداية إسلامه
أخبرنا معن بن عيسى قال حدثنا معاوية بن صالح عن أبي يحيى سليم بن عامر وضمرة وأبي طلحة أنهم سمعوا أبا أمامة الباهلي يحدث عن عمرو بن عبسة قال أتيت رسول الله  وهو نازل بعكاظ قال قلت يا رسول الله من معك في هذا الأمر قال معي رجلان أبو بكر وبلال قال فأسلمت عند ذلك قال ولقد رأيتني ربع الإسلام قال فقلت يا رسول الله أمكث معك أو ألحق بقومي قال الحق بقومك فيوشك أن تفيء بمن ترى وتحيي الإسلام، وأخرج الإمام مسلم بسنده عن أبي أمامة قال: (قال عمرو بن عبسة السُّلميُّ: كنت وأنا في الجاهلية، أظنُّ أن الناس على ضلالةٍ، وأنهم ليسوا على شيء، وهم يعبدون الأوثان، فسمعت برجلٍ بمكة يُخبرُ أخباراً، فقعدتُ على راحلتي، فقدمتُ عليه، فإذا رسول الله  مستخفياً، جُراءُ عليه قومهُ، فتلطَّفتُ حتى دخلت عليه بمكة، فقلت له: ما أنت؟ قال: (أنا نبيٌّ) فقلت: وما نبيٌّ؟ قال: (أرسلني الله). فقلت: وبأيِّ شيء أرسلك؟

قال: (أرسلني بصلة الأرحام وكسر الأوثان وأن يُوحَّد الله لا يُشرك به شيءٌ) قُلتُ له: فمن معك على هذا؟ قال: (حُرٌّ وعبدٌ). قال: ومعه يومئذ أبو بكر وبلال ممن آمن به. فقلت: إني مُتبعك...)

حياته
قال ثم أتيته قبل فتح مكة فسلمت عليه قال وقلت يا رسول الله أنا عمرو بن عبسة السلمي أحب أن أسألك عما تعلم وأجهل وينفعني ولا يضرك قال محمد بن عمر لما أسلم عمرو بن عبسة بمكة رجع إلى بلاد قومه بني سليم وكان ينزل بصفنة وحاذة وهي من أرض بني سليم فلم يزل مقيما هناك حتى مضت بدر وأحد والخندق والحديبية وحنين ثم قدم على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بعد ذلك المدينة فصحبه وسمع منه وروى عنه، روى عنه ابن مسعود وسهل بن سعد وأبو أمامة الباهلي ومعدان بن أبي طلحة اليعمري وأبو عبد الله الصنابحي وشرحبيل بن السمط وكثير بن مرة وسليم بن عامر وعبد الرحمن بن البيلماني وعبد الرحمن بن عائذ وأبو طبية الكلاعي وأبو سلام الأسود وعبد الرحمن بن يزيد بن موهب وجبير بن نفير وآخرون.

وفاته
قال ابن حجر: وأظنه مات في أواخر خلافة عثمان، فإني لم أر له ذكراً في الفتنة ولا في خلافة معاوية. توفي في مدينة حمص.

المراجع

 ابن حجر: الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة، ط: دار الكتب العلمية، 4/ 547.

صحابة
محدثو الصحابة

عمرو بن عبسة


Die Anatomie unterscheidet die Bewegungen einzelner Körperteile entsprechend ihrer in den Gelenken gegebenen biomechanischen Möglichkeiten. Diese Positions- und Lageveränderung sind zueinander nicht immer klar abzugrenzen, da Bewegungen je nach Gelenkart und beteiligten Gelenken verschiedene Freiheitsgrade der Translation und Rotation ermöglichen, so dass z. B. auch ein flexierendes Ellenbogen- oder Kniegelenk gleichzeitig eine Adduktion realisieren kann.

Wirbelsäule
 Inklination (Flexion) – Reklination (Extension): Vorwärtsneigen/Rückwärtsneigen des Oberkörpers/Kopfes (siehe Wirbelsäule)
 Rotation: Drehbewegung des Oberkörpers/Kopfes entlang der vertikalen Achse
 Lateralflexion: laterale (seitliche) Beugung des Oberkörpers

Extremitäten

 Flexion – Extension: Beugung/Streckung des Hüft-, Wirbelsäulen-, Ellbogen- und Kniegelenks
 Anteversion – Retroversion: Bewegen einer Extremität nach ventral/dorsal (entspr. Flexion/Extension in Schulter- oder Hüftgelenk)
 Abduktion – Adduktion: Abspreizen/Heranführen eines Körperteils von/an die vertikale Achse der Körpermitte/der Gliedmaßen
 Innenrotation – Außenrotation: Einwärts–/Auswärtsdrehung in Schulter- und Hüftgelenk
 Pronation – Supination: Einwärts–/Auswärtsdrehung in Fuß und Unterarm
 Opposition – Reposition: Gegenüber–/Zurückstellen des Daumens zu den anderen Fingern
 Inversion – Eversion: Heben der Innen–/Außenseite des Fußes (im unteren Sprunggelenk)
 Zirkumduktion: Kreisförmiges Herumführen/Kreisen der Gliedmaßen in Hüft-, Schulter-, Finger- und Zehengelenk
 Ulnar(ab)duktion – Radial(ab)duktion: Abspreizen der Hand/Finger in Richtung Elle(Ulna)/Speiche(Radius)
 Volarflexion/Palmarflexion – Dorsalextension: Beugung/Streckung der Hand in Richtung Handinnenfläche/–rücken
 Plantarflexion – Dorsalextension: Beugung/Streckung der Zehen in Richtung Fußsohle/–Rücken
 Plantarextension – Dorsalflexion: Streckung/Beugung des Fußes in Richtung Fußsohle/–rücken

Becken
 Beckenkippung – Beckenaufrichtung: Flexion (anteriore (entspr. ventral) Rotation)/Extension (posteriore (entspr. dorsal) Rotation) des Beckens
 Inflare – Outflare: Annäherung der Darmbeine/Abspreizung der Sitzbeine und vice versa
 Nutation  – Kontranutation: Kippbewegung in den Iliosakralgelenken, das Steißbein wandert nach kranial–dorsal und vice versa

Schultergürtel
 Elevation – Depression: Anheben/Absenken des Schultergürtels
 Protraktion – Retraktion: Vorwärts–/Rückwärtsführen des Schulterblatts nach ventral/dorsal
 Scapulaaußenrotation – Scapulainnenrotation: Auswärts–/Einwärtsdrehung
 Scapulaabduktion – Scapulaadduktion: Abspreizen/Heranführen
Alle Bewegungen des Schultergürtels artikulieren über das Sternoklavikulargelenk und Schultereckgelenk, siehe Schultergelenk/Freiheitsgrade

Kiefergelenk

 In Sagittalebene
 Abduktion – Adduktion: Kieferöffnung/–schluss
 In Horizontalebene
 Protrusion – Retraktion: Unterkiefer aus Ruheposition nach vorne/ aus Protrusionsposition zurück
 Retrusion – Protraktion: Unterkiefer aus Ruheposition nach hinten/ aus Retrusionsposition zurück
 Okklusion: Bezeichnung für das Ineinandergreifen der Zähne
 Mediotrusion – Laterotrusion: Unterkiefer auf einer Seite nach vorne–innen und auf der anderen Seite nach hinten–außen
 Laterotraktion – Mediotraktion: Unterkiefer auf einer Seite nach hinten–außen und auf der anderen Seite nach vorne–innen

Siehe auch
 Anatomische Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen
 Dislokation (Medizin)
 Bewegungswissenschaft
 Motorik
 Stütz- und Bewegungsapparat

Literatur

Weblinks

 Bewegungen (englisch)

Bewegung (Anatomie)


Base64 ikili verilerin (İngilizce: binary data) sadece ASCII karakterlerini kullanan ortamlarda iletilmesine ve saklanmasına olanak tanıyan bir kodlama şemasıdır.

Çalışma Şekli
Kodlama sırasında 3 baytlık veriler 6 bitlik dörtlü gruplara dağıtılırlar. Her bir 6 bitlik grup 0 ile 63 arasında bir sayı oluşturur (26=64). Aşağıdaki eşleşmeye göre her sayı bir ASCII yazdırma karakterine dönüştürülür:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rakam
! Karakter
|rowspan=17 style="width:1px;background-color:#000000;padding:0px;"|
! Rakam
! Karakter
|rowspan=17 style="width:1px;background-color:#000000;padding:0px;"|
! Rakam
! Karakter
|rowspan=17 style="width:1px;background-color:#000000;padding:0px;"|
! Rakam
! Karakter
|-
| 0 || A || 16 || Q || 32 || g || 48 || w
|-
| 1 || B || 17 || R || 33 || h || 49 || x
|-
| 2 || C || 18 || S || 34 || i || 50 || y
|-
| 3 || D || 19 || T || 35 || j || 51 || z
|-
| 4 || E || 20 || U || 36 || k || 52 || 0
|-
| 5 || F || 21 || V || 37 || l || 53 || 1
|-
| 6 || G || 22 || W || 38 || m || 54 || 2
|-
| 7 || H || 23 || X || 39 || n || 55 || 3
|-
| 8 || I || 24 || Y || 40 || o || 56 || 4
|-
| 9 || J || 25 || Z || 41 || p || 57 || 5
|-
|10 || K || 26 || a || 42 || q || 58 || 6
|-
|11 || L || 27 || b || 43 || r || 59 || 7
|-
|12 || M || 28 || c || 44 || s || 60 || 8
|-
|13 || N || 29 || d || 45 || t || 61 || 9
|-
|14 || O || 30 || e || 46 || u || 62 || +
|-
|15 || P || 31 || f || 47 || v || 63 || /
|}

Bir base64 kodlamasının uzunluğu daimi olarak 4' ün katları şeklindedir, uzunluğu 4' ün katı olmayan hiçbir metin geçerli bir base64 metin değildir. base64 kodlaması bitmiş bir verinin uzunluğu 4'ün katı değilse, gerektiği kadar '=' karakteri çıktının sonuna eklenir, örneğin uzunluğu 10 olan bir çıktının sonuna '==' eklenmelidir.

Daha ayrıntılı bilgi için: RFC 1421 ve RFC 2045.

Kullanımı
Base64 kodlaması en sık MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) standardı uygulamalarında yani elektronik postaya ikili dosya (İngilizce: binary file) eklenmesi işleminde kullanılır. Kodlanmış dosya orijinal haline göre ortalama 33% oranında büyür.

Örnek
Base64: VmlraXBlZGk=
Örnekteki her bir karakter bir bayt büyüklüğündedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 ASCII

Karakter kodlamaları

Base64


أكي روبرت هيالمارسون (26 يونيو 1922 في فانيرسبورغ)  لاعب كرة قدم سويدي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز المهاجم . ساهم في احتلال نادي تروا المركز الثاني في بطولة كأس فرنسا موسم 1955-1956 .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو إيلفسبورغ
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو تروا
لاعبو تورينو
لاعبو روين
لاعبو فيمليكافيلاغ هافنارفيارذار
لاعبو كرة قدم سويديون
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو نيس
مواليد 1922

أكي هيالمارسون


Monika Liubinaitė (Klaipėda, República Socialista Soviética da Lituânia, 9 de fevereiro de 1988), também conhecida pelo nome artístico Monika Liu é uma cantora e compositora lituana, que irá representar a Lituânia no Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2022.

Discografia

Álbuns
 "I Am" (2015)
 "Lünatik" (2019)
 "Melodija" (2020)

Singles
 "Hello" (2017)
 "Komm zu mir" (2019)
 "Resist No More" (2019)
 "Falafel" (2019)
 "No Matter What" (2019)
 "Sometimes I Loved You Sometimes You Loved Me" (2019)
 "Detective" (2019)
 "I Wanna Be a Man" (2019)
 "I Got You" (2019)
 "Vaikinai trumpais šortais" (2019)
 "Troškimas" (2020)
 "Sentimentai" (2022)

Como participação especial

 "Laisvė" (SKAMP featuring Monique, Bjelle, Monika Liu, Kazimieras Likša & Future Cello) (2018)
 "Ne Vakar" (SEL em parceria com Monika Liu) (2019)

Cantores da Lituânia
Participantes do Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2022

Monika Liu