Bişkek (Kırgızca ve Rusça: Бишкек), Kırgızistan'ın başkentidir. 1878 yılında kurulan kentte, 2023 sayımına göre 1.104.742 kişi yaşar. Kent, Sovyetler Birliği döneminde (1926-1991 arasında), Bolşevik askeri önderlerinden Mihail Frunze'nin anısına Frunze adıyla anılmıştır.

Bişkek, geniş yolların, mermer devlet yapılarının ve Sovyetler Birliği biçiminde apartman bloklarının bir arada bulunduğu bir kenttir. Kent, bir satranç tahtası biçiminde tasarlanmış olup sokakların çoğunun iki yanında ağaçları sulama amaçlı dar parklar bulunur. Bu yolla sulanan ağaçlar yazları sıcakta gölgelik görevi gördükleri gibi kenti de güzelleştirirler.

Etimoloji

Kentin adının nereden geldiği konusunda birçok sav vardır. Bunlardan birisi Kırk kız efsanesinden geldiği düşünülmektedir. Bu efsaneye göre Kırgız halkı kırk kızdan kırk boya ayrılan bir millettir.
Başka bir sava göre kırk kazıktan Kırgız ismi gelmektedir.
Bişkek isminden önceki ismi Pişpekti. Sonradan değişikliğe uğrayıp Bişkek adını almıştır.

Tarihi

İpek Yolu üzerinde bulunan ve kervanların dinlenme yeri olan yörede, 1825'te Özbek hanı Kokhand bir kale yaptırdı. Ruslar 1862'de kaleyi yakıp yıkarak bölgeyi de ele geçirdiler. Önceleri kalenin yerini garnizon olarak kullanan Ruslar, zamanla kenti geliştirip Pişpek olarak adlandırdıktan sonra Rus köylülerine verimli topraklar verip onların bölgeye yerleşmelerini özendirdiler. 1926'da kent yeni kurulan Kırgız Sovyet Cumhuriyetinin başkenti oldu. Yine 1926'da kentin adı, Rus devrimlerinde önemli roller oynamış, Lenin'nin yakın arkadaşı ve Bişkek doğumlu Mikhail Frunze'nin anısına Frunze olarak değiştirildi.

Sovyetler Birliği'nin 1991'de dağılmasından sonra, Kırgızistan 1991'de bağımsızlığını kazanınca, kentin adı Bişkek'e çevrildi. Kent bugün hızla yenilenen canlı bir yerdir. Sovyet döneminde bulunan birçok sanayi kuruluşu bugün ya kapanmış ya da küçülmüş olarak üretimlerini sürdürmektedirler. Bir zamanlar Bişkek'in barındırdığı önemli bir Sovyet savaş pilotu eğitim okulunu bitirenler arasında Mısır'ın devrik başkanı Hüsnü Mübarek de vardır.

2002'de ABD Manas uluslararası havaalanını antlaşmayla Afganistan ve Irak'a karşı kullanılmak üzere "Gancı ABD üssü"ne çevirince, Rusya da benzeri bir antlaşmayla Kant'da kendi hava üssünü kurmuştur.

Coğrafya
Bişkek genç bir şehir olsa da çevresindeki bölgede tarih öncesinden kalma kalıntılar bulunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda Greko-Budist dönemi,Nesturi etkisinin bulunduğu dönem,Orta Asya hanlıklarının dönemi ve Sovyet döneminden de eserler bulunmaktadır.

Şehrin orta kısmı dikdörtgensel bir ızgara planına sahiptir. Şehrin ana bulvarı doğudan batıya giden ve bölgenin ana nehrinden adını alan Çuy Bulvarıdır. Sovyet döneminde bu bulvarın adı Lenin Bulvarı olmuştur. Bu bulvarın üzerinde ve civarında Kırgızistan'ın önemli hükûmet binaları ve üniversiteleri bulunmaktadır. Bunların arasında Bilimler Akademisi kompleksi de bulunmaktadır. Bu bulvarın en batıdaki kısmına Deng Xiaoping Bulvarı adı verilmiştir.

Kuzey-güney doğrultusundaki ana sokak halen halk arasında eski adı olan Sovyetskaya Sokağı olarak bilinen Yusup Abdrahmanov sokağıdır. Kuzey ve güney bölümlerinin adları sırasıyla Yelebesov ve Baytık Batır sokaklarıdır. Sokak üzerinde birkaç alışveriş merkezi bulunur ve kuzey tarafından Dordoy Pazarına giriş yapılabilir.

Erkindik (Özgürlük) Bulvarı, Çuy Bulvarının güneyindeki ana demiryolu istasyonu olan Bişkek II'den Çuy Bulvarının kuzeyinde kalan müze mahallesi ve heykel parkına ve oradan kuzeye Dışişleri Bakanlığına kadar gider. Yani doğrultusu kuzey-güney dir. Eskiden adı bir komünist devrimci olan Feliks Dzerjinski'ye atfen Dzerjinski Bulvarı adını almıştır. Halen yolun kuzeyinden devam eden yola Dzerjinski Sokağı denir.

Önemli bir doğu-batı doğrultusunda yol da Cibek Colu (İpek Yolu) dur. Çuy Bulvarına paralel ve 2 km kuzeyindedir. Çüy bölgesinin ana doğu-batı yolunun bir parçasıdır. Hem doğu hem de batı otogarları Cibek Colu'nun üzerinde bulunmaktadır.

197 Vasilyeva Sokağı'nda bir Katolik kilisesi bulunmaktadır. Bu kilise Kırgızistan'daki tek Katolik katedrali olma özelliğini taşımaktadır.

Şehir Merkezi'nde bulunan yapılar
Ala-Too Meydanında bulunan Devlet Tarih Müzesi

Geleneksel Kırgız el işlerini sergileyen Devlet Uygulamalı Sanat Müzesi.

Frunze'nin Evi Müzesi

Kırgız Beyaz Sarayı'nın yakınındaki parkta bulunan İvan Panfilov heykeli

Tren istasyonu karşısındaki büyük bir parkta bulunan Mihail Frunze'nin atlı heykeli.

1946'da Alman savaş esirleri tarafından inşa edilen ve günümüze renovasyon veya onarıma ihtiyaç duymadan gelen tren istasyonu (Çoğu inşa eden savaş esiri öldü ve cesetleri istasyonun yakınındaki çukurlara gömüldü)

Yedi katlı devasa bir mermer bina olan ana hükûmet binası Kırgız Beyaz Sarayı. Bu bina önceden Kırgız SSC Komünist Partisinin yönetim merkezi olmuştur.

Ala-Too Meydanında askerlerin nöbet değişiminin izlenebileceği bir bağımsızlık anıtı

Şehir merkezinin batısında büyük bir pazar olan Oş Pazarı

Kırgız Ulusal Filarmonisi Binası

Banliyöler
Şehrin kuzeydoğusunda Dordoy Pazarı adı verilen büyük bir pazar vardır.

Şehrin dışı
Şehre 40 km uzaklıkta Kırgız Ala dağları bulunmaktadır. Ala-Arça Milli Parkı'da 30-45 dakikalık bir uzaklıkta bulunmaktadır.

Mesafeler
Bişkek'in ülkenin ikinci en büyük şehri Oş'a olan mesafesi 300 km'dir. Ona en yakın olan büyük şehir ise Kazakistan'ın 190 km uzaklıktaki Almatı şehridir. Taşkent'e 470 km,Duşanbe'ye 680 km ve Astana,Kabil,Urumçi ve İslamabad'a 1000 km uzaklıktadır.

İklim
Bişkek'in iklimi Akdeniz etkisindeki nemli karasal iklimi (Dsa)'dir. Kışın ortalama sıcaklığı 0 santigrat derecenin altındadır. Ortalama yıllık yağış 440 mm civarıdır. Ortalama günlük en yüksek sıcaklık Ocak'ta 3 santigrat dereceden Temmuz'da 31 santigrat derece arasıdır. Yaz ayları ara sıra olan ve güçlü rüzgarlara sebep olan gök gürültülü fırtınalarla biten kuru dönemlerden oluşur.Nadiren kum fırtınaları da görülür. Güneydeki dağlar ve kuzeybatı-güneydoğu doğrultusunda giden dağlar tahrip edici hava koşullarından bir derece koruma sağlar. Kış aylarında ise seyrek kar fırtınaları ve sıkça olan yoğun sis en belirgin hava durumu özellikleridir. Ara sıra ani sıcaklık değişimlerinden dolayı sisler günlerce sürebilir.

Demografik yapı
Bişkek, Kırgızistan'ın nüfus bakımından en yoğun şehridir. Nüfusu bir 2019 tahminine göre 1.012.500'dür. Şehrin kuruluşundan 1990'lara kadar Ruslar ve diğer Avrupa halkları şehrin nüfusunun çoğunluğunu oluşturmuşlardır. 1970 nüfus sayımına göre Kırgızlar nüfusun yüzde 12,3'ünü oluştururlarken Avrupalılar nüfusun yüzde 80'ini oluşturmuştur. Günümüzde Bişkek halkının çoğunluğu (%66) Kırgızdır. Avrupa halkları ise Bişkek nüfusunun %20'sinden azını oluşturur. Buna rağmen Kırgızca genç nüfus arasında kullanımdan düşmektedir ve Rusça ana dil olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Ekoloji ve çevre

Hava kalitesi
Bişkek'te hava kirleticilerinin emisyonu 2010'da 14400 tona ulaşmıştır. Kırgızistan'ın bütün şehirleri arasında en yüksek hava kirliliği olan şehir Bişkek'tir ve bazen Bişkek'teki kirletici yoğunluğu özellikle de şehir merkezinde maksimum izin verilen kirletici yoğunluklarını aşmaktadır. Örneğin formaldehit yoğunluğu bazen izin verilen miktarların 5 katı kadar olabilir.

Bişkek'te hava kalitesini izleme sorumluluğu Kırgız Devlet Hidrometeoroloji Ajansındadır. Bişkek'te kükürt dioksit,formaldehit,amonyak ve azot oksitlerin seviyesini ölçen yedi tane hava kalitesi izleme istasyonu bulunmaktadır.

Ekonomi
Bişkek Kırgızistan'ın para birimi olan somu kullanmaktadır. Somun değeri değişse de 2015 Şubatı itibarıyla ortalama 1 dolar başına 61 som olmuştur. Bişkek ekonomisi genelde tarıma dayalı olup şehrin dış bölgelerinde tarımsal ürünler takas edilmektedir. Bişkek'in sokakları pazar ve benzeri yerler gibi tarımsal ürün satıcılarıyla çevrilidir. Şehir merkezinde bankalar,mağazalar,marketler ve alışveriş merkezleriyle biraz daha şehirimsi bir yapılanma bulunmaktadır. Talebin çok olduğu ürünler arasına heykel,oyma,tablo gibi el yapımı zanaat işleri ve doğaya dayalı heykeller bulunmaktadır.

Konut durumu
Eski Sovyet ülkelerindeki birçok şehir gibi Bişkek'teki konutlandırma durumu Sovyetler Birliği'nin çöküşünden beri büyük bir değişime uğramıştır. Sovyet döneminde vatandaşlara konut dağıtılırken günümüzde Bişkek'in konutları özelleştirilmiştir.

Yavaş yavaş tek ailenin yaşadığı evler daha fazla yaygınlaşsa da Bişkek halkının çoğu Sovyet döneminden kalma apartmanlarda yaşamaktadır. Kırgız ekonomisi ne kadar büyüse de konut sayısındaki artış inşaat sayısının azlığıyla az olmuştur. Refahın artması ve yeni resmi evlerin yokluğundan dolayı önemli derecelerde fiyat artışı görülmektedir. Örnek olarak da 2001'den 2002'ye ev fiyatları 2'ye katlanmıştır.

Köyler ve küçük kentlerden göçmenler başta olmak üzere Bişkek'teki yüksek konut fiyatlarını karşılayamayanlar şehrin banliyölerindeki gecekondularda yaşamak zorunda kalmıştır. Bu gecekondular Bişkek nüfusunun yüzde 30'u olan 400000 kişinin evidir. Bu gecekonduların birçoğunda elektrik ve su gibi temel ihtiyaçlar yok iken yerel hükûmet tarafından bu sorunu çözmek için adımlar atılmaya başlamıştır.

Kardeş Şehirler
  Colorado Springs, Colorado, ABD
  Meriden, Connecticut, ABD
  Ankara, Türkiye

 Trabzon, Türkiye

Resimler

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel
 Ercilasun, Konuralp (2014). Türk Dünyası Başkentleri. s. 333. ISBN 978-9944-237-25-3

Dış bağlantılar

 Kırgızistan Online

Kırgızistan'daki şehirler

Bişkek


7285 Seggewiss este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7285 Seggewiss este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,57 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 12,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

7285 Seggewiss


Zimirina cineris est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Tenerife aux îles Canaries en Espagne. Elle se rencontre sur le Teide.

Description
La femelle holotype mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Cooke en 1964.

Publication originale
 Cooke, 1964 : « A revisionary study of some spiders of the rare family Prodidomidae. » Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, , , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Tenerife

Zimirina cineris


Mas Flow 2 es el segundo álbum recopilatorio producido por Luny Tunes para la saga musical Mas Flow. El álbum es juntado con el cantante Baby Ranks, destacado en la mayoría de las canciones del álbum. Muchos de los nombres más grandes del reguetón son destacados en el álbum, como Daddy Yankee, Wisin & Yandel, Tito el Bambino y Tego Calderón.

Mas Flow 2 es uno de los álbumes latinos aclamados del año, y se considera que es substancialmente más superior que La Misión 4: The Take Over. También participaron artistas fuera del género del reguetón, como Frankie J, Notch y Tonny Tun Tun. Cuenta con 2 discos de 20 y 6 canciones, respectivamente. También es considerado el primer disco de reguetón de la historia.

Muchos entusiastas del reguetón consideran que Luny Tunes son "The Kings of Beats" del reguetón debido a su éxito, debido a la combinación de ritmos tradicionales latinos como la salsa y la bachata con el reguetón tradicional, siendo un ejemplo el sencillo «Mayor que yo» que contó con la participación especial del cantante Tonny Tun Tun. El álbum fue masterizado por Nestor Salomon en Digital Recording Services, en Puerto Rico.

Y en el año 2006 se relanzó el álbum titulado Mas Flow 2.5 y cuenta con nuevos temas, destacando el sencillo «Alócate» de Zion.

Recepción crítica y comercial

El álbum ganó el Premio Lo Nuestro de 2006 como mejor álbum urbano del año, y fue certificado como Oro por la RIAA, esto por tener ventas superiores a las  copias en Estados Unidos.

Lista de canciones

Notas
 «Rakata» contiene un sample de «Change the Beat (Female Version)» de Fab Five Freddy y Beside.
 «Mírame» contiene una interpolación de la canción hindú «Eli re Eli», presente en la película de Bollywood Yaadein (2001).
 «Obsession» es un cover de la canción de mismo nombre interpretada por Aventura.

Posicionamiento en listas

Semanales

Anuales

Certificaciones
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto;"
! align="width: 15em" |País(Certificador)
! align="width: 08em" |Certificación
! align="width: 08em" |Ventascertificadas
|-
| (RIAA)
|align="center" |Oro
|align="center" |

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Myspace de Baby Ranks
 Myspace de Luny Tunes

Álbumes de 2005
Álbumes producidos por Luny Tunes
Álbumes de reguetón

Mas Flow 2


De Spanske Jomfruøer, også kaldet de Puertoricanske Jomfruøer, er en øgruppe bestående af de to øer Vieques og Culebra, samt nogle småøer. Øerne er en del af det amerikanske territorium Puerto Rico. I modsætning til resten af Puerto Rico, der er en del af de Store Antiller, er De Spanske Jomfruøer en del af øgruppen Jomfruøerne, der er en del af Leeward-øerne, der igen er en del af de Små Antiller.

Historie
Før den spansk-amerikanske krig i 1898 var øerne spanske, deraf første halvdel af navnet.

Geografi
Øgruppen ligger øst for Puerto Rico. Den største ø er Vieques, hvor hovedbyen Isabel Segunda ligger. Nordøst for denne ligger Culebra. Vieques ligger tættest på resten af Puerto Rico med en korteste afstand på ca. 13 km.

På mange kort over Jomfruøerne er De Spanske Jomfruøer ikke tegnet ind, fordi de politisk er en del af Puerto Rico, og ikke De Amerikanske Jomfruøer. Geografisk hører de dog med til øgruppen, deraf anden halvdel af navnet.

Referencer

Puerto Rico
Øer i Nordamerika

Spanske Jomfruøer


Richard "Ricky" Manning Jr. (born November 18, 1980) is an American football coach and former cornerback who is the defensive assistant for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at UCLA and was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the third round of the 2003 NFL Draft.  Along with the Panthers he also played for the Chicago Bears, St. Louis Rams, Oakland Raiders, and the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League (UFL).

Early years
Manning played high school football at Edison High School in Fresno.

College career
Manning started 45 consecutive games for UCLA, which ranks as the second longest streak in school history. His 13 interceptions tie him for seventh all-time among Bruin players. In addition, he made first-team All-Pac-10 for his last three years.

Professional career

Carolina Panthers
Manning was taken in the third round (82nd overall) of the 2003 NFL Draft by Carolina. His first pick came in only his second game, as he intercepted Atlanta Falcons quarterback Doug Johnson. With injuries to the secondary, Manning eventually took over a starting role. His first interception to be returned for a touchdown came against the New York Giants. But he will be forever remembered by Panther fans for his performance during the 2003-04 NFL playoffs. In the NFC Divisional game against the St. Louis Rams, Manning's timely interception of Marc Bulger set up the game-winning touchdown to propel the Panthers into the NFC Championship game against the Philadelphia Eagles. There, Manning made a permanent mark on Panther history by intercepting Donovan McNabb three times en route to the Panthers' victory. Manning became the first rookie to win Defensive Player of the Week honors twice in the same postseason. 's NFL off-season, Manning's 4 postseason interceptions in 2003 remain franchise records for both a career and single season, as do his 3 interceptions in the Philadelphia game.

During the Panthers' injury-riddled 2004 season, Manning helped anchor a defense that ranked first in the league in interceptions. Against the Rams, Manning and teammate Dan Morgan picked off two passes each, the first game where a pair of teammates had a pair of interceptions in three years.

Chicago Bears
Ricky became a restricted free agent in the following offseason, and the Bears signed him to an offer sheet on April 21.  The Panthers declined to match Chicago's offer, and received a third round pick (88th overall, later used to select James Anderson) from the Bears in the 2006 NFL Draft. Manning intercepted five passes during the 2006 season. He intercepted two passes from Matt Hasselbeck, and later returned an interception for a touchdown against the Minnesota Vikings during week thirteen. He also had an interception during the Divisional Playoffs against the Seattle Seahawks.

Manning saw minimal playtime during the 2007 season, and was used at nickelback. He later worked with the team's third string defense, and tutored Danieal Manning, who would eventually replace him as the team's nickelback.  On August 26, 2008, the Chicago Bears released Ricky after a two-year stint.

St. Louis Rams
On August 31, 2008, Manning agreed to terms with the St. Louis Rams. He officially signed the following day. Then on October 14, 2008, Manning was placed on injured reserve after injuring his foot in a game against the Washington Redskins.

Oakland Raiders
Manning signed with the Oakland Raiders on August 15, 2009 after the team released tight end John Paul Foschi. Manning was released on August 24.

Legal troubles
In 2002 Manning was convicted of assault as a result of a fight with cheerleaders Brian Herbert and Seth Spiker outside a Westwood bar. Originally charged with two counts of felony assault, Manning pleaded not guilty to one count and the other count was dismissed.  He received probation.

On April 23, 2006, Manning attacked Soroush Sabzi, in a Denny's restaurant after first teasing him for working on a laptop computer. He was charged with assault with a deadly weapon.  (Two days before the incident, the Bears had signed Manning to $21 million offer sheet. In light of the assault charge, the Panthers declined to match Chicago's offer and Manning signed with the Bears.)

Facing up to 4 years in prison, Manning pleaded no contest in September 2006 to felony assault in exchange for another probation deal. Later, Manning proclaimed his innocence. He acknowledged having words with the victim then pushing him in the head—but after that, according to him, his former UCLA teammates did the damage.  "Yeah, I did it" explained Manning (AP report). "If I don't plea to this I have to go through trial. We're in season now. Then I'd have to put it in the hands of a jury. There are tons of things that can happen with a jury... I just can't risk that."

The NFL suspended him for one game for this, his second felony assault conviction.

Coaching career
In 2012 Manning was hired to coach his high school alma mater's varsity football team.  He was the head coach of the Edison High Tigers, in Fresno, California, for just one year. From there Manning went on to coach 2 seasons at Fresno City College as defensive backs and special teams coach before going back to school at Fresno State and working as a graduate assistant.

Seattle Seahawks
In 2016 Manning was hired as an assistant coach with the Seattle Seahawks. It was announced in February 2018, that Manning would not return to the Seahawks for the 2018 season.

New York Jets
Manning was named a defensive assistant on the New York Jets staff in 2021.

NFL statistics

Regular season

Postseason

References

External links
 Just Sports Stats
 Chicago Bears bio
 Oakland Raiders bio
 United Football League bio

1980 births
Living people
Players of American football from Fresno, California
American football cornerbacks
American people convicted of assault
UCLA Bruins football players
Carolina Panthers players
Chicago Bears players
St. Louis Rams players
Oakland Raiders players
Florida Tuskers players
Seattle Seahawks coaches
New York Jets coaches

Ricky Manning


The Snow Queen  también conocido en español como La reina de las nieves, es una serie de televisión de Corea del Sur emitida originalmente entre 2006-2007 por KBS 2TV y protagonizado por Hyun Bin y  Sung Yu Ri.

Fue emitida en su país de origen desde el 13 de noviembre de 2006 hasta el 8 de enero de 2007, con una longitud de 20 episodios al aire las noches de los días lunes y martes a las 21:55 (KST).

Sinopsis
Todo comienza con un chico genio de 17 años llamado Han Tae Woong, quien conoce a un par de personas, quienes se cruzarán en su camino. Una de ellas es Kim Jeong Kyu, quien al principio no tiene una muy buena relación, sin embargo más tarde se vuelve su mejor amigo y la otra persona es su gran amor. Jeong Kyu también es llamado genio, quien un día le cuenta a Tae Woong sobre la chica que más le llama la atención, es entonces que Tae le dice que le pida una cita, pero Jeong se niega ya que este no le da mucho tiempo para esto, si no que tiene que tratar de ganar el premio Nobel del área Matématicas, pues esto es su sueño y a la vez el sueño de su padre.

Tae Woong conoce a una muchacha que estaba siendo acosada por niñas mayores para que le entregaran su dinero. La pequeña se enamora de él y le da su número móvil para que puedan seguir en contacto. Cuando ambos se contactan, Tae Woong se da cuenta de que la muchacha está escapando de su casa, es por eso que se ponen de acuerdo a pasar todo el día en un parque de diversiones. Entonces la niña se va en un auto y cae en cuenta que Tae Woong todavía no sabe su nombre.

Mientras todo esto, tras tener una competencia de matemáticas, Kim Jeong Kyu desafortunadamente pierde y tiene una fuerte discusión con su mejor amigo, Tae Woong. Lo sucedido hace que Jeong se suicide, entonces como Tae no puede admitir la muerte de su mejor amigo se desaparece por un tiempo. 8 años más tarde se vuelve un boxeador se reencuentra con la muchacha a la que había conocido Tae Woong y la que ha dejado plantada el día de la muerte de su mejor amigo

Reparto

Personajes principales
 Hyun Bin como Han Tae Woong.
 Sung Yu Ri como Kim Bo Ra.

Personajes secundarios
Cercanos a Tae Wong
 Yoo In Young como Lee Seung Ri.
 Go Doo Shim como Park Yeong Ok.
 Kim Weung Soo como Lee Dong Sool.
 Kim Tae Hyun como Choi Choong Shik.
 Kim Beol Rae como Profesor de matemáticas.

Cercanos a Bo Ra
 Lim Ju-hwan como Suh Gun Woo.
 Chun Ho-jin como Kim Jang-soo.
 Oh Mi Hee como Madre de Bo Ra.
 Lee Sun Ho como Kim Jeong Kyu.
 Jang Jung Hee como Go Soon Ja.
 Jung Ji Ahn como Park Deuk Nam.
 Park Jin Yung como Jang Park Sa.
 Choi Deok-moon como Oh Shil-jang.

Gimnasio
 Lee Chul Min como Park Dong Pil.
 Kim Jung Geun como Lee Geum Soo.
 Ryu Jae Seung como Jung Eun Bok

Escuela secundaria
 Lee Seo Yoon como Hong Ji Hye.
 Kim Hak Jin como Ahn Sang Ho.
 Min Bok Ki como Profesor de matemáticas.
 Kim Young Jo como Amigo de Tae Woong.
 Lim Jong Tae como Amigo de Tae Woong.

Otros personajes
 Le Kye Goo como Jo Min Ho.
 Jerome.
 Goo Hye Ryung.
 Lee Kye Won.
 Moon Dae Hak.
 Hwang Bi Won.
 Yeo Woon Bok.

Apariciones especiales
 Choi Yeo jin.

Banda sonora
«Grace Love» - SAT&IM (빅톤)
«First Snow» - Kang Sung Min
«Poor Man» - Choi Won Jun
«I Feel Sad, but Goodbye» - Kan Mi Yeon
«Love... Irrepressible Tears» - Jo Sung Mo
«Echo» - Loveholic

Premios
2006: KBS Acting Awards - Premio de Popularidad.
2006: KBS Drama Awards - Premio Natizen.
2006: KBS Acting Awards - Premio a mejor pareja junto a Sung Yu Ri.

Emisión internacional
  Japón: TV Tokyo, TBS.
  Tailandia: Channel 7.
  Taiwán: GTV.

Adaptaciones
  Indonesia: «Ratu».

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de The Snow Queen

Series de televisión de drama de Corea del Sur
Series de televisión románticas de Corea del Sur
Series de televisión en coreano

The Snow Queen (serie de televisión)


أرماني هي شركة عالمية ذات أصل إيطالي لتصميم وتصنيع الأزياء. وهي شركة خاصة تتخذ من مدينة ميلان مقرا لها في إيطاليا، وبعد التوسع في الشركة تم وضع الخطة لكي تكون منتجات عالميا ولا تقتصر على إيطاليا فقط، اسسها جورجو أرماني وسيرجيو قيلوتي وهو مديرها الحالي، يوجد في الشركة نحو 4700 موظف وبلغ ايرادات الشركة نحو $1.69 مليار في عام (2005)
خطط أرماني وشركة (إعمار) لإطلاق سلسلة من الفنادق والمنتجعات السياحية الراقية في المدن الكبرى مثل: نيويورك وطوكيو وبالفعل قام بتشغيل سلسلة من المقاهي في جميع أنحاء العالم بالإضافة إلى عدد من الحانات والمطاعم والنوادي الليلية.

التاريخ
التأسيس:
أسس أرماني وسيرجيو غاليوتي شراكة في ميلانو عام 1975 برأس مال قُدر بنحو 10,000 دولار، في الوقت الحالي يعمل لدي شركة أركاني ما يقرب من 4700 عامل ولديها 13 شركة في المكسيك وجميع أنحاء العالم، ولديها حوالي 300 متجر في 36 دولة.
ومؤخراً قامت بتشغيل (هوت كوتور) والذي حاز على شهرة كبيرة خلال أسبوع الموضة في باريس وكان تحت إشراف أرماني بريفي.
ولأرماني علامة تجارية معروفة في مجال مستحضرات التجميل يتم انتاجها وتوزيعها بواسطة قسم الترفيه بشركة لوريال والتي أقامت معها أرماني تعاون طويل المدي.

العلامات التجارية التي تحمل اسم أرماني

أرماني كاسا
ويتم فيها بيع تشكيلات راقية من الأثاث، المصابيح، مفروشات السرير ومستلزمات غرفة الطعام.

تعتبر الأسعار بشكل عام مرتفعة فعل سبيل المثال تصل تكلفة كرسي بسيط جداً الي 9,985 دولار.

المتاجر الخاصة بتلك العلامة التجارية متاحة بأكثر من 40 دولة حول العالم، كما انها اختارت متاجر نيمان ماركوس لبيع منتجتها.

أرماني لمستحضرات التجميل
وهي علامة تجارية مختصة في بيع مستحضرات التجميل، أدوات العناية بالشعر، العطور والكولونيا.

يتم انتاجها وتوزيعها بواسطة قسم الترفيه بشركة لوريال والتي أقامت معها أرماني شراكة طويلة المدي.
ومنتجتها متاحة في العديد من المتاجر بجميع أنحاء العالم، كما أن لها القليل من متاجر التي تحمل اسمها.

فنادق أرماني
قام كل من أرماني وشركة (إعمار) للعقارات بتوقيع عقد شراكة عام 2004، لذلك قامت (إعمار) ببناء وتشغيل ما لا يقل عن 7 فنادق راقية و3 منتجعات سياحية وجميعها يحمل اسم أرماني، وأصبحت أرماني مسؤولة عن التصاميم والملحقات الداخلية الخاصة بتلك الفنادق.

وتم افتتاح أول فندق في دبي عام 2009

ويشغل الفندق أول 37 طابق من برج خليفة في دبي (الإمارات العربية المتحدة)، وقد قام جورجو أرماني أيضاً بالتصاميم الداخلية لناطحة السحاب.

حلوي أرماني
متجر راقي لبيع الشكولاتة.

أرماني إكستشينج
تم تأسيسها في عام 1991 بواسطة (آي بي إم إيه آي إكس) والتي تستهدف العملاء من فئة الشباب وتتميز بأسلوبها الرفيع للملابس الجاهزة خاصة الجينز، المعاطف، القمصان من ماركة بولو والأزياء الرياضية.
تعتبر العلامة التجارية الأوسع انتشاراً مقارنة بباقي علامات أرماني كما أن لها الكثير من العملاء خاصة بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

تستهدف المنتجات فئة الشباب (20-25 عاماً) الذين يفضلون الأسلوب العصري.

فروع أرماني إكستشينج

الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
لها 73 متجر و8 مراكز تجارية.
نيويورك: تم افتتاح متجر جديد في أغسطس 2008.

المملكة المتحدة البريطانية
 مركز بلو وتر التجاري (كنت) يعتبر أول متجر تم افتتاحه في بريطانيا.
 مركز ميت كارتر التجاري (ليفربول).
 تارافورد سنتر (منشستر).
 برلنج (برمنغهام) قامت بافتتاح أكبر مجموعة متاجر لها عام 2007.

البرازيل
مورومبي (ساو باولو) تم افتتاح متجر جديد عام 2006.

المكسيك
المركز التجاري (أنتارا) تم افتتاح عدد من المتاجر عام 2007.

كندا
تم افتتاح متجر جديد في أغسطس 2008.

شيلي
(سانتياغو) تم افتتاح متجرين عام سبتمبر 2008.
(فينيا ديل مار) 2013.
(أنتوفاغاستا) 2013.

كوستاريكا
(سان خوسيه) افتتحت أول متجر لها عام 2009.

جمهورية الدومينيكان
(سانتو دومينجو) يوليو 2010.

بيرو
(ليما) 2012 ويضم المركز فرع لامبريو أرماني أيضاً.

كولومبيا
(بوغوتا) 2013.

قدمت أرماني إكستشينج الألبوم الغنائي للفنان تييستو (بحثاً عن شروق الشمس) للجولة الصيفية عام 2008 وفي تلك الجولة تعاون تييستو مع أرماني إكستشينج وكان الهدف من ذلك التعاون هو الترويج لكل منهما حيث قدمت أرماني إكستشينج الأزياء لتييستو أثناء ألبومه الغنائي.

أرماني للجينز
وهي علامة تجارية للملابس الجينز تم تأسيسها عام 1981 بواسطة جورجو أرماني.
وتختلف أرماني للجينز عن أرماني إكستشينج أن منتجتها تتواجد في منافذ البيع الكبرى وليس في المتاجر المستقلة، ومع ذلك يوجد ما يقرب من 15 متجر مستقل لبيع جينز أرماني في مختلف دول العالم.

فعلاوة على ميلانو تقع تلك المتاجر المستقلة في المكسيك، إيطاليا، دبي، لبنان، سلفادور، اليابان واسبانيا، كما انها تحظي بشهرة واسعة في آسيا حيث منافذ البيع في (تاكاشيمايا).

امبريو أرماني
تعتبر العلامة التجارية الأكثر استهدافاً للشباب، وتعتبر ثالث علامة تجارية لأرماني من حيث الانتشار والشهرة حيث تتواجد في 13 متجر بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وفي أكثر من 140 متجر على مسنوى العالم.
تتنوع منتجتها بين ملابس جاهزة، عطور، نظارات شمسية، ساعات واكسسوارات.

(EA7) امبريو أرماني
وتتخصص في الملابس الرياضية، وقد قدمت الأزياء الرياضية للفريق الإيطالي في الألعاب الأوليمبية والبارالمبية من لندن عام 2012.

أرماني كوليزيوني
هي علامة تجارية راقية للمصمم الإيطالي جورجو أرماني وتعتبر أسعارها مرتفعة مقارنة ب أرماني إكستشينج وأرماني للجينز وامبريو أرماني ولكنها أقل سعراً من جورجو أرماني وأرماني بريفي.
تستهدف تلك العلامة التجارية العملاء من فئة كبار السن الذين لا يبحثون عن (الأسلوب العصري) ولكن تركز على الأسلوب الكلاسيكي الراقي، كما أن لها متاجر مستقلة (وتكون حصرية فقط للعلامة التجارية أرماني كوليزيوني).

أرماني بريفي
هي علامة تجارية راقية تقدمها أرماني وتعتبر أول من قدمت عرض رفيع المستوى ل (هوت كوتور) عبر الإنترنت أثناء أسبوع الموضة بباريس.

جورجو ارماني
تعتبر سفينة القيادة لمجموعة أرماني وتعتبر العلامة التجارية الأعلى سعراً ومتاحة في 75 متجر حول العالم.

انظر أيضًا
 جورجو أرماني، مؤسس شركة أرماني

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Giorgio Armani Official website
 Armani Logos: Design and History

الموضة في عقد 1980
الموضة في عقد 1990
الموضة في عقد 2000
تأسيسات سنة 1975 في إيطاليا
دور أزياء منتجة للعطور
شركات إيطالية أسست في 1975
شركات أسست في 1975
شركات تجارة التجزئة أسست في 1975
شركات تصميم أسست في 1975
شركات تصنيع ساعات
شركات تقع في ميلان
شركات صناعة ملابس
شركات مجوهرات في إيطاليا
شركات ملابس إيطالية
شركات ملابس أسست في 1975
علامات تجارية إيطالية
علامات تجارية فاخرة
علامات تجارية للأزياء
ماركات ملابس رياضية
هوت كوتور
شركات القطاع الخاص في إيطاليا

أرماني


Francisco Javier Ortega Coloma es un paleontólogo español y profesor de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia que ha descubierto y estudiado varias especies de dinosaurios y otros arcosaurios a lo largo de su carrera investigadora.

Ha participado en numerosas excavaciones paleontológicas y es miembro de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología. Desde 2007 forma parte de la dirección científica de los trabajos de investigación en el yacimiento paleontológico del Cretácico Superior (Campaniense superior - Maastrichtiense inferior) de Lo Hueco, en Cuenca (España).

Su descubrimiento más conocido, junto a José Luis Sanz y Fernando Escaso, son los fósiles del dinosaurio carnívoro Concavenator corcovatus, llamado coloquialmente "Pepito", encontrados en 2003, en el yacimiento paleontológico de Las Hoyas, provincia de Cuenca, España. Estos restos que permitieron definir el nuevo taxón, se consideran como el esqueleto articulado de dinosaurio más completo que se ha encontrado hasta la fecha en la península ibérica.

Taxones descritos

 Acynodon , , & , 1997
 Acynodon iberoccitanus , , & , 1997
 Acynodon lopezi , , & , 1997
 Agaresuchus , , ,  & , 2016
 Agaresuchus fontisensis , , ,  & , 2016
 Allodaposuchidae , , ,  & , 2015
 Araripesuchus patagonicus , ,  & , 2000
 Brodiechelys royoi , , & , 2012
 Concavenator corcovatus , , & , 2010
 Eoalulavis hoyasi , , , , , & , 1994
 Eodortoka morellana , , & , 2014
 Eousdryosaurus nanohallucis , , , , , , , & , 2014
 Fontainechelon cassouleti , , & , 2016
 Hylaeochelys kappa , & , 2014
 Hoyasemys jimenezi , , & , 2011
 Lajasvenator ascheriae , , , & , 2016
 Lohuecosuchus , , ,  & , 2015
 Lohuecosuchus mechinorum , , ,  & , 2015
 Lohuecosuchus megadontos , , ,  & , 2015
 Lohuecotitan pandafilandi , , , , ,  & , 2016
 Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis , , , , , & , 1998
 Lusovenator santosi , , , & , 2020
 Morelladon beltrani , , ,  & , 2015
 Musturzabalsuchus buffetauti , , & , 1997
 Paludidraco multidentatus , , & , 2018
 Parahenodus atancensis , , & , 2018
 Pelecanimimus  polyodon , , ,  , , , & , 1996
 Pelorochelon , , & , 2016
 Pelorochelon eocaenica , , & , 2016
 Pelorochelon soriana , , & , 2016
 Pilmatueia faundezi , , , & , 2018
 Selenemys lusitanica , & , 2011
 Spinophorosaurus nigerensis , , , , , , , , , & , 2009
 Vallibonavenatrix cani , , , , , & , 2019
 Ziphosuchia , ,  & , 2000

Obra
(Selección asociada a taxones descritos)
 ,  &  1997. New crocodiles (Eusuchia: Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Europe. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences – Series IIA – Earth and Planetary Science 325: 525–530.
 , ,  &  2018. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the Lower Cretaceous (Mulichinco Formation, Valanginian, Neuquén Basin) of Argentina. Cretaceous Research
 , , , ,  &  1998. Lourinhasaurus n. gen. Novo dinossáurio saurópode do Jurássico superior (Kimmeridgiano superior-Tithoniano inferior) de Portugal. Comunicações do Instituto Geológico e Mineiro 84(1A) : 91–94.
 ,   &  2018. A new placodont from the Upper Triassic of Spain provides new insights on the acquisition of the specialized skull of Henodontidae. Papers in Palaeontology. Online edition
 ,   &  2018. New highly pachyostotic nothosauroid interpreted as a filter-feeding Triassic marine reptile. Biology Letters 14 (8): 20180130.
 , , , , ,  &  2016. A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain). Cretaceous Research 68: 49–60.
 , , , , ,  ,   &  2014. A new dryosaurid ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(5): 1102–1112.
 , , ,  &  2015. A New Sail-Backed Styracosternan (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Morella, Spain. PLoS One 10(12):  e0144167.
 , , ,  &  2015. New crocodyliforms from southwestern Europe and definition of a diverse clade of European Late Cretaceous basal eusuchians.  PLoS ONE 10(11): e0140679
 , , ,  &  2016. New Spanish Late Cretaceous Eusuchian Reveals the Synchronic and Sympatric Presence of Two Allodaposuchids. Cretaceous Research 65: 112–125.
 Ortega, F.; Bardet, N.:Barroso-Barcenilla, F.; Callapez, P.M.; Cambra-Moo, O.; Daviero-Gómez, V.; Díez Díaz, V.; Domingo, L.; Elvira, A.; Escaso, F.; García-Oliva, M.; Gómez, B.; Houssaye, A.; Knoll, F.; Marcos-Fernández, F.; Martín, M.; Mocho, P.; Narváez, I.; Pérez-García, A.; Peyrot, D.; Segura, M.; Serrano, H.; Torices, A.; Vidal, D. y Sanz, J. L. (2015). «The biota of the Upper Cretaceous site of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain)». Journal of Iberian Geology, 41 (1): 83–99
 , ,  &  2000. A new species of Araripesuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(1): 57–76.
 ,  &  2010. A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 467(7312): 203–206.
 ,  &  2011. Hoyasemys jimenezi gen. et sp. nov., a freshwater basal eucryptodiran turtle from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57(2): 285–298.
 ,   &  2016. Taxonomy, systematics and diversity of the European oldest testudinids Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177: 648–675.
 ,  &  2012. A new turtle species of Brodiechelys from the Early Cretaceous of Spain: Systematic and palaeobiogeographic implications. Cretaceous Research 48: 130–138.
 ,  &  2014. Eodortoka morellana gen. et sp. nov., the first pan-pleurodiran turtle (Dortokidae) defined in the Lower Cretaceous of Europe. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59(2): 333–342.
  &  2011. Selenemys lusitanica, gen. et sp. nov., a new pleurosternid turtle (Testudines: Paracryptodira) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Journal of vertebrate paleontology 31(1): 60–69.
  &  2012. A new species of the turtle Hylaeochelys (Eucryptodira) outside its known geographic and stratigraphic ranges of distribution. Comptes Rendus Palevol 13(3): 183–188.
 , , , ,  & . 1994. A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 370: 363–367.
 , , , , , , , ,  &  2009. A new basal sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early evolution of Sauropoda. PLoS One 4(9): e6924.
 , , ;  , ,  &  1996. An Early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight. Nature 382(6590): 442–445.

Referencias

 Laursen, L. (2010) Crested dinosaur pushes back dawn of feathers Naturenews, consultado el 16 de septiembre de 2011.
 El País: El gran (y jorobado) dinosaurio español. 8 de septiembre de 2010. Sobre Concavenator
 El País La Atapuerca de los Dinosaurios. 3 de febrero de 2008. Sobre el yacimiento de 'Lo Hueco'
 El Mundo Lo Hueco, el puzle europeo de los dinosaurios. 15 de agosto de 2008. Sobre el yacimiento de 'Lo Hueco'

Enlaces externos
  Ficha en la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid. España.

Paleontólogos de España del siglo XX
Paleontólogos de España del siglo XXI
Alumnado de la Universidad de Salamanca en el siglo XX
Profesores de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

Francisco Ortega Coloma


Afleidd löggjöf er reglusetning sem annar aðili en löggjafarvaldið setur á grundvelli lagaheimildar. Algengast er að aðilinn sé innan framkvæmdarvaldsins en þó er mögulegt að aðrir aðilar, eins og innan dómsvaldsins sé fengin heimild til að ákveða nánari reglur um innri málefni sín og setja gjaldskrár. Einn tilgangur afleiddrar löggjafar er að veita öðrum aðila tiltekið afmarkað svigrúm til að skilgreina nánar inntak löggjafarinnar sökum sérfræðiþekkingar aðilans og þróunar innan málaflokksins með tíð og tíma.

Á Íslandi er algengast að þetta sé framkvæmt með setningu almennra stjórnvaldsfyrirmæla (eins og reglugerða) hvað varðar ríkið, en setningu samþykkta á vettvangi sveitarfélaganna. Að jafnaði er skylt að birta þau í B-deild Stjórnartíðinda hverju sinni. Reglugerð er afleidd löggjöf sem sett er af ráðherra fyrst og fremst í þeim tilgangi að skilgreina nánar framkvæmd laga.

Tenglar
 Reglugerðasafn stjórnarráðsins

Lögfræði

Afleidd löggjöf


Hetzweiler ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Leutershausen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographische Lage
Das Dorf bildet mit Weißenkirchberg und Brunst im Südosten eine geschlossene Siedlung. Unmittelbar nördlich des Ortes fließt der Erlacher Bach, der sich nach Zuflüssen als Großer Aurachbach bei Neunstetten rechts in die Altmühl ergießt. Westlich des Ortes liegt das Triebfeld. Die Kreisstraße AN 34 führt an der Weihersmühle vorbei nach Schwand (1,5 km nördlich) bzw. nach Weißenkirchberg (0,3 km südöstlich). Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt nach Gutenhard (1,3 km nordöstlich).

Geschichte
"Hetzelweyler" gehörte laut einem Verzeichnis von 1342 mit einem Hof zum Chorherrenstift Ansbach. Der Ort war nach Weißenkirchberg (St. Wenzel) gepfarrt. Im 14. Jahrhundert enthalten auch die ältesten Lehenbücher des Hochstifts Würzburg Einträge zu dem Weiler. Nach den 16-Punkte-Berichten des brandenburg-ansbachischen Amtes Brunst von 1608 und 1681 gehörte Hetzweiler zur Gemeinde Brunst und bestand aus zehn "Mannschaften", die gült-, steuer- und lehenbar dem brandenburg-ansbachischen Kastenamt Colmberg, gerichtsbar dem Amt Brunst und vogtbar dem brandenburg-ansbachischen Stadtvogt in Leutershausen waren. Laut einem Hofverzeichnis von 1641 war der Ort infolge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges seit 1632 "ganz öd, meist eingefallen und niemand vorhanden". Ein 1710 geschlossener Vergleichsvertrag zwischen dem hohenloheschen Hause zu Schillingsfürst und Brandenburg-Ansbach bezüglich der Fraisch sprach die Ansiedlung den Ansbacher Markgrafen zu. Am Ende des Alten Reiches bestand Hetzweiler grundherrschaftlich aus 12 Anwesen des ansbachischen Kastenamtes Colmberg, nämlich sieben Höfen, drei Köblergütern, einem Haus und einem Häuslein. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justizamt Leutershausen und Kammeramt Colmberg.

1806 kam Hetzweiler an das neue Königreich Bayern. Im Rahmen des Gemeindeedikts wurde Hetzweiler dem 1808 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt Brunst zugeordnet. Es gehörte auch der 1810 gegründeten Ruralgemeinde Brunst an. 1856 waren in Hetzweiler außer den Bauern ein Schmied, ein Krämer, ein Schreiner, ein Metzger, ein Büttner, ein Schuhmacher und eine Hebamme ansässig. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern wurde die Gemeinde Brunst und damit auch Hetzweiler am 1. Mai 1978 nach Leutershausen eingegliedert.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Wenzeslaus (Weißenkirchberg) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach Kreuzerhöhung (Schillingsfürst) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Leutershausen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ersterwähnung 1342
Dorf

Hetzweiler


Congomyrepikker (Myrmecocichla tholloni) er en fluesnapper, der lever i Centralafrika.

Noter
  Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fluesnappere
Fugle fra Centralafrika

Congomyrepikker


Wzgórze Mickiewicza () is one of the quarters of the city of Gdańsk, Poland. It was established on 5th October 1954 in the area of the village of Nowe Ujeścisko () which was renamed to after the  Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz. It is literally translated into English as "The Hillock of Mickiewicz".

Wzgórze Mickiewicza borders with two other districts of Gdańsk: Siedlce and Chełm i Gdańsk Południe. It is situated close to the Gdańsk cemetery Cmentarz Łostowicki.

Most streets are named after the characters of Mickiewicz's book Pan Tadeusz (e.g. Ulica Jacka Soplicy, Ulica Telimeny). Some of them bear the names of the characters of other works (e.g. Ulica Świtezianki, Ulica Rusałki) by Mickiewicz or of people connected with the poets life (e.g. Ulica Maryli, Ulica Filaretów).

References

Districts of Gdańsk
Gdańsk

Wzgórze Mickiewicza


CMSA may refer to:

 Chain Makers' and Strikers' Association, a former British trade union
 Chicago Math and Science Academy
 China Manned Space Agency, the human spaceflight agency of China
 China Maritime Safety Administration
 Classical Mandolin Society of America
 Colleges of Medicine of South Africa
 Combinatorial Mathematics Society of Australasia
 Commercial Mortgage Securities Association
 Congressional Muslim Staffer Association
 Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area

See also
 Case management (disambiguation)

CMSA


An Austrofestuca eriopoda in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joyce Winifred Vickery, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Surrey Wilfrid Laurance Jacobs. An Austrofestuca eriopoda in nahilalakip ha genus nga Austrofestuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Austrofestuca

Austrofestuca eriopoda


El héroe chino (título original en italiano L'eroe cinese) es el título de un dramma per musica del poeta Pietro Metastasio que fue musicado por los siguientes compositores:

 El héroe chino (Bertoni)
 El héroe chino (Bonno)
 El héroe chino (Cimarosa)
 El héroe chino (Galuppi)
 El héroe chino (Hasse)
 El héroe chino (Rauzzini)
 El héroe chino (Sacchini)

O bien por algún otro compositor del siguiente anexo:

Anexo: Óperas tituladas "El héroe chino"

El héroe chino


دعاء الكروان رواية لطه حسين نشرت عام 1934. كتب طه حسين في مقدمة الكتاب إهداء للكاتب عباس العقاد. استوحى الشاعر اللبناني خليل مطران قصيدة من أجواء الرواية. ترجمت الرواية إلى اللغة الفرنسية عام 1949. حولت الرواية إلى فيلم سينمائي عام 1959 من إخراج هنري بركات، وقد شارك طه حسين بصوته في نهاية الفيلم.

مصادر

روايات 1934
روايات أنتجت سينمائيا
روايات مصرية
كتب 1934

دعاء الكروان (رواية)


Proba masculină de săritura cu prăjina de la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 a avut loc în perioada 13–15 august la Stadionul Olimpic.

Formatul competiției

Competiția a avut două etape: una de calificare și finala. În calificări, fiecare atlet a avut dreptul la trei sărituri pentru fiecare înălțime și era eliminat dacă rata să treacă peste oricare dintre înălțimi. Atleții care au trecut peste baremul de calificare s-au calificat direct în finală. Dacă se calificau mai puțin de 12 atleți, tabelul finalei se completa până se ajungea la 12. Pentru finală fiecare atlet a avut dreptul la trei sărituri până când nu mai puteau efectua nici o săritură.

Recorduri
Înaintea acestei competiții, recordurile mondiale și olimpice erau următoarele:

Rezultate

Calificări
Baremul de calificare: 5,75 m (C) sau printre primii 12 săritori (c)

Finala

Legendă

RA Record african | AM Record american | AS Record asiatic | RE Record european | OCRecord oceanic | RO Record olimpic | RM Record mondial | RN Record național | SA Record sud-american | RC Record al competiției | DNF Nu a terminat | DNS Nu a luat startul | DS Descalificare | EL Cea mai bună performanță europeană a anului | PB Record personal | SB Cea mai bună performanță a sezonului | WL Cea mai bună performanță mondială a anului

Referințe

Legături externe
 Rezultate finală

Atletism la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016

Atletism la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 - Săritura cu prăjina (masculin)


John Jacob Astor VI (August 14, 1912 – June 26, 1992) was an American socialite, shipping businessman, and member of the Astor family. He was dubbed the "Titanic Baby" for his affiliation with the RMS Titanic; Astor was born four months after his father, Colonel John Jacob Astor IV, died in the sinking of the Titanic; his pregnant mother Madeleine Astor survived the sinking.

Astor was known for his legal battles with the estate of his elder half-brother, Vincent Astor, to inherit a larger portion of their father's $85 million fortune (approximately $ billion in  dollars). He was also known for his many engagements and four marriages to prominent society women.

Early life
John Jacob Astor VI (nicknamed "Jakey") was born at 840 Fifth Avenue in New York City on August 14, 1912. He was the son of Colonel John Jacob Astor IV (nicknamed "Jack") and socialite Madeleine Talmage Force. Jakey's parents' marriage, on September 9, 1911, had sparked much controversy both because of their 29-year age difference, and because Colonel Astor had been divorced from his first wife, socialite Ava Lowle Willing, only one year earlier, on March 5, 1910.

The newlyweds were returning home aboard the Titanic after about three months of honeymooning in Egypt and Europe. Madeleine was five months pregnant with Jakey when her husband put her in one of the ship's lifeboats. She was rescued two and half hours after her husband went down with the ship.

After Jack's death, Madeleine raised their son at the Astors' Newport, Rhode Island, mansion, Beechwood, as part of the Astor family. She married banker William Karl Dick in 1916 and boxer Enzo Fiermonte in 1933. With Dick, she had two more sons: William Force Dick and John Henry Dick II. Fiermonte taught her sons boxing.

Astor, who had become close to Dick, strongly opposed the union with Fiermonte and repeatedly tried to convince his mother to end the relationship. This caused a rift between the two, though they reconciled within several months of the marriage. When asked if his mother was marrying Fiermonte, he responded, "Unfortunately, it's true".

Astor graduated from St. George's School in Middletown, Rhode Island, and from Harvard University.

Inheritance

Under the terms of Colonel Astor's will, Madeleine received relatively little of her husband's $85 million estate (approximately $ billion in  dollars). This included his estate in Rhinebeck and his yacht, the Noma. William Vincent Astor, the Colonel's son from his first marriage, received $69 million (about $ billion in  dollars), while the Colonel's daughter from his first marriage, Ava Alice Muriel Astor, received a $10 million trust fund (about $ million in  dollars).

The Colonel's 19-year-old widow Madeleine received the annual income from a $5 million trust fund (about $ million in  dollars), supplemented by an annual payment of $500,000 (about $ million in  dollars), as well as use of his New York mansion at 65th Street & Fifth Avenue, all its furnishings, and his Newport mansion Beechwood and all of its furnishings, the pick of whichever luxury limousine she wanted from his collection, and five of his prized horses, provided that she did not remarry. While not listed by name, his father's will mentioned that any surviving child other than his children Vincent and Ava would receive a bequest of $3 million, to be held in trust until the child reached age 21. Jakey inherited the $3 million on his 21st birthday, which by that point had grown to $5 million (about $ million in  dollars). When Madeleine died in late March 1940, she left him a diamond solitaire ring worth $50,000 (about $ in  dollars) and a pearl necklace worth $1,525 (about $ in  dollars).

Elder half-brother Vincent's contempt for Madeleine led him to believe that Jakey was not even a biological Astor. Having despised his younger half-brother since birth, Vincent left him nothing in his will. Jakey felt cheated and said Vincent "had the legal, not the moral, right to keep all the money". After Vincent died childless in February 1959, Jakey sued Vincent's widow Roberta Brooke Russell for his inheritance. He was convinced that Vincent was "mentally incompetent" when signing his last will in June 1958 due to alcoholism, but Brooke insisted Vincent was "fully competent". While Vincent was hospitalized, Brooke often brought him liquor, and Jakey accused her of using the liquor to influence the will in her favor. He ended up settling for $250,000 (about $ million in  dollars). The rest of the money remained with the Vincent Astor foundation and Brooke.

Personal life
Astor became engaged to Eileen Sherman Gillespie (1915–2008), the elder daughter of Lieutenant Lawrence Lewis Gillespie  and Irene Muriel Augusta Sherman, in early December 1933. Irene's parents were businessman William Watts Sherman of Duncan, Sherman & Company and Sophia Augusta Brown. They planned to marry on February 6, 1934, but she called the wedding off on January 22 after a bitter argument. Heartbroken, Astor went to Shanghai shortly afterward to grieve, returning to America in early May 1934. He blamed her parents for interfering with the relationship. He once suggested they could reconcile, saying, "I was willing to marry her, and if I were to think about it, I might still be willing to marry her." Eileen's daughter Marguerite "Margy" Slocum later said of him: "She felt that he had grown up lonely... He was a bit eccentric, and she felt he wasn't mature enough to get married."

A few weeks after returning from Shanghai, Astor became engaged to Eileen's close friend socialite Ellen Tuck "Tucky" French (1915–1974), the elder daughter of Francis Ormond "Frank" French II and Eleanor Livingston Burrill. They married on June 30, 1934, at Trinity Church in Newport, Rhode Island. Tucky was a granddaughter of Amos Tuck French, and had been attracted to Jakey while he was engaged to Eileen. Tucky was to be a bridesmaid at Jakey and Eileen's wedding. The couple had one son before divorcing in May 1943.

 William Backhouse Astor III (1935–2008), who was an investment banker. He married and later divorced Charlotte Ann Fisk (1936–2008), daughter of Earl Ellsworth Fisk and Florence Leavitt.

At the time of their son's birth, Astor was working at the International Mercantile Marine Co. Another of Tucky's sisters, Virginia Middleton French (1917–2011), married William Force Dick, Astor's half-brother through his mother, on December 18, 1941, before her marriage to Philip B. Pool. The two had respectively served as matron of honor and usher to Astor and Tucky's wedding. Astor served as an usher and Tucky was matron of honor to Virginia and William's wedding. Virginia and Vincent were appointed the godparents of William Backhouse Astor III.

On September 18, 1944, in New York City, Astor married for the second time, to Gertrude Gretsch (1923–1999), the daughter of Walter and Gertrude Gretsch. They divorced on August 2, 1954, after a four-year separation, though the Mexican divorce was ruled invalid in 1956. An American divorce soon followed. Before their separation and divorce, the couple had a daughter:

 Mary Jacqueline Astor (b. 1949), who married John Rozet Drexel IV (b. 1945), a son of John Rozet Drexel III and Mildred Sophia Noreen Stonor and 2x great-grandson of Anthony Joseph Drexel, in 1984.

On August 6, 1954, Astor married for the third time, to Dolores Margaret "Dolly" Fullman (born c. 1928) in Arlington, Virginia. It was the 26-year-old Dolly's second marriage. They separated soon after returning from their honeymoon and divorced.

Astor married his fourth and final wife, Sue Sandford, in 1956. They remained married until her death in 1985.

Astor died in Miami Beach, Florida, in 1992 at the age of 79. His body was returned to New York for burial with his parents in the Trinity Church Cemetery. He was survived by his son, daughter, three grandsons, and his youngest half-brother, John Dick.

Descendants

Through his son, Astor was a grandfather to two boys, William Backhouse Astor IV (b. 1959) and Gregory Todd Astor (b. 1966), who portrayed Colonel Astor in Titanic the Musical in April 2012. He was also a grandfather to Nicholas Astor Drexel through his daughter. Gregory and his wife Robin had three children: Alexandra Astor, Rebecca Charlotte Astor, and Stephen William Astor.

Name confusion
Even though some sources refer to Jakey as John Jacob V, John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever (1886–1971) was born first and therefore is actually John Jacob Astor V. Sir Jakie Astor (1918–2000), youngest brother of David Astor, was John Jacob Astor VII; the 3rd Baron Astor of Hever is John Jacob Astor VIII. Jakey is sometimes (incorrectly) referred to as John Jacob III.

References

Further reading
 Louis Nizer (1961/1963), My Life in Court, reprint, New York:  Pyramid, Chapter 2, "Divorce", pp. 252–263.
The History of Bernards Twp Municipal Hall - The Astor Estate

1912 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American Episcopalians
John Jacob
Livingston family
Schermerhorn family
RMS Titanic survivors
Harvard University alumni
St. George's School (Rhode Island) alumni
Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery

John Jacob Astor VI


Fort Worth, ABD'nin Teksas eyaletinin büyük kentlerinden biridir.
Fort Worth nüfusa göre yapılan listelemede Amerika Birleşik Devletleri içinde on yedinci sırada ve Teksas eyaleti içinde ise on beşinci en geniş şehir olarak yer alır.  Kuzey Teksas içinde konumlanır ve batıya kültürel bir geçiş kapısıdır. Şehir hemen hemen Tarrant, Parker ve Denton illerinde 300 square mil (780 km²) alan kaplar. 2009 yılı tahminlerine göre şehir 720.250 kişilik bir nüfusa sahiptir. Şehir Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington'ın  ikinci en geniş kültürel ve ekonomik merkezidir. Fort Worth ve etrafını çeviren Metroplex alan çeşitli iş olanakları ve bir dizi geniş atraksiyonlar sunar.

1849 yılında Trinity Nehri'nin dik yarli kıyısı üzerinde bir koruyucu askeri ileri karakol olarak kuruldu. Fort Worth şehri, bugün hala onun batı mirasını ve geleneksel mimari ve dizaynını kucaklar.

Ekonomi

Ülkenin en büyük şirketlerinin bazılarının merkezleri Fort Worth'dedir. Bunlara arasında
AMR alt şirketleri olan American Airlines ve American Eagle Airlines), "John Peter Smith Hastanesi", Pier 1 Imports, RadioShack,  BNSF Demiryolu, FUNimation Entertainment, Gallus Motosikletleri, ve Lockheed Martin aeronotik.

Şirketler
Aşağıdaki (2011 Finansal Raporlar itibarıyla) Fort Worth'de bulunan en çok işçi istihdam eden şirket ve kurumlara verilmektedir:

Kardeş şehirler

Fort Worth'un 7 tane kardeş şehri vardır:

Resimler

Ayrıca bakınız
 Fort Worth'taki en yüksek binalar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

  Fort Worth, Teksas Şehri resmi websitesi
 DMOZ Open Directory Projesi "Fort_Worth" maddesi
  "Wiki Voyage" websitesi "Fort_Worth" maddesi
   Fort Worth Konferans ve Ziyaretciler Burosu websitesi

Fort Worth


Prins Christian til Schaumburg-Lippe (}; 20. februar 1898 – 13. juli 1974) var en tysk–dansk prins, der var overhoved for Náchod-linjen af fyrstehuset Schaumburg-Lippe.

Han var i familie med de danske konger, med hertugerne af Glücksborg og med landgreverne af Hessen-Kassel.

Biografi

Fødsel og familie

Prins Christian blev født den 20. februar 1898 i Sopron () i Kongeriget Ungarn ved den nuværende grænse mellem Østrig og Ungarn. Han var søn af Prins Frederik af Schaumburg-Lippe (1868 – 1945) og Prinsesse Louise af Danmark, ældste datter af Kong Frederik 8. og Dronning Louise af Danmark. Gennem sin far tilhørte han en sidelinje af fyrstehuset Schaumburg-Lippe, der residerede på slottet Náchod i Bøhmen. Gennem sin mor var han fætter til Kong Frederik 9. af Danmark, og han tilhørte dermed den udvidede danske kongefamilie.

Ægteskab og børn
I 1927 blev han forlovet med sin halvkusine Prinsesse Irene af Grækenland og Danmark, datter af Kong Konstantin 1. af Grækenland. Ægteskabsplanerne blev dog aldrig til noget, og Prinsesse Irene giftede sig senere med den italienske prins Aimone af Savoyen-Aosta. Prins Christian var herefter i nogen tid i kikkerten som en potentiel ægtefælle til Prinsesse Juliana af Nederlandene, hvor især den nederlandske udsending i Berlin, Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum, foretog et stort forberedende arbejde. Heller ikke dette ægteskab blev til noget, og Prinsesse Juliana endte med at gifte sig med Prins Bernhard af Lippe-Biesterfeld, en fjern slægtning af Prins Christian fra huset Lippe.

Prins Christian giftede sig den 9. september 1937 i Fredensborg Slotskirke med sin kusine Prinsesse Feodora af Danmark, datter af Prins Harald af Danmark, der var bror til Christians mor.

Feodora og Christian fik fire børn:
 Prins Wilhelm af Schaumburg-Lippe (født 19. august 1939)
 Prins Valdemar af Schaumburg-Lippe (19. december 1940–11. august 2020)
 Prinsesse Marie Louise af Schaumburg-Lippe (født 27. december 1945)
 Prins Harald af Schaumburg-Lippe (født 27. marts 1948)

Senere liv
Prins Christian døde 76 år gammel den 13. juli 1974 i Bückeburg, den
tidligere hovedstad i Fyrstendømmet Schaumburg-Lippe, i delstaten Niedersachsen i Vesttyskland.

Britisk, men ikke dansk arveret
Gennem dronning Louise af Danmark-Norge (1724 – 1751) var prins Christian en fjern efterkommer af Georg 2. af Storbritannien. Derfor havde han (en teoretisk) arveret til den britiske trone.

Selv om han var dattersøn af Frederik 8. af Danmark, så havde han ikke arveret til den danske trone.

På Frederik 8.s tid havde kvinder ikke arveret til tronen. Fra 1953 bliver kvinder, der nedstammer fra Christian 10., optaget i arvefølgen.

Referencer

Litteratur

Huset Schaumburg-Lippe-Náchod
Tyskere i 1900-tallet

Christian af Schaumburg-Lippe (1898-1974)


Arnold Comes of Age (à l'origine Portrait of Arnold ) est une peinture à l'huile du peintre régionaliste américain Grant Wood, conçue en 1930 pour être le cadeau d'anniversaire d'Arnold Pyle, son assistant de studio. Wood est un peintre régionaliste de l'Iowa, qui pris Pyle comme protégé et pour lequel il ressentait une affection profonde. La peinture représente un personnage regardant devant lui dans un paysage rural, alors que deux hommes nus se baignent dans une rivière. Il rappelle le travail de l'artiste de la Renaissance italienne Piero della Francesca, en particulier La Résurrection, et est interprété comme homoérotique de par ses détails.

Contexte et genèse
Grant Wood est un peintre régionaliste de l'Iowa, qui pendant la Grande Dépression est devenu l'un des principaux régionalistes du pays.  est achevé en 1930 pour célébrer le vingt et unième anniversaire de son assistant studio, Arnold Pyle. Pyle est lui-même peintre ainsi que le protégé de Wood, il remporte des rubans bleus à la foire d'État de l'Iowa pour son art représentant le Midwest en 1933 et le grand prix en 1936. Pyle est hétérosexuel, et malgré l'affection que Wood lui montre, il n'y a pas de réciprocité. Ainsi comme Wood a pour habitude de le faire avec beaucoup d'assistants, il déguise son affection extérieure en amour paternel.

Le portrait est à l'origine intitulé . Il dépeint un jeune homme maladroit regardant le spectateur alors qu'un papillon atterrit sur sa chemise, situé dans une campagne tandis que deux hommes se baignent dans une rivière à proximité. La tête est disproportionnée, mais les éléments présents sous la peinture montrent une tête encore plus grande. C'est une peinture à huile disposée sur un panneau pressé. Ses dimensions sont de  de hauteur par  de diamètre.

Interprétation

D'après le critique d'art Luciano Cheles, de nombreuses peintures de Wood, y compris son célèbre American Gothic, ont été inspirées par les œuvres issue de la Renaissance italienne, en particulier celles de l'artiste du  Piero della Francesca. Arnold Comes of Age a peut-être été inspiré par La Résurrection, car les peintures partagent plusieurs similitudes. Dans les deux tableaux, le profil central est « soigneusement » mis à part de l'arrière-plan, regardant le spectateur avec un regard sérieux ; une figure tenant un regard lointain ce qui est un élément typique de l'art de della Francesca. Les peintures ont également deux arbres pour les encadrer : chez Wood, un jeune et un adulte, et chez della Francesca, un nu et un feuillu. Pour Cheles, ces arbres contrastés représentent la vie et la mort, ainsi qu'une transition générale entre deux états. Della Francesca a également peint Le Baptême du Christ et Cheles soutient que les baigneurs nus dans la peinture de Wood sont similaires à ce travail. Ces baigneurs peuvent symboliser le baptême et, par conséquent, de la majorité (en anglais ).

Selon Ulysses Grant Dietz, ancien conservateur du Newark Museum of Art, la peinture exprime un  pour le sujet qui n'est pas idolâtré, mais connu et personnel. Des détails comme que des enlacements récurrents (d'arbres, de buissons et de tas de foin) peuvent démontrer un amour pour Pyle, et les deux nageurs nus à l'arrière pourraient représenter les figures chrétiennes Adam et Ève dans leur paysage idyllique. Wood choisi de signer son nom à côté de la boucle de ceinture de Pyle  peut-être pour que les deux hommes puissent être liés pour toujours. Il représente également un papillon, qui était compris à l'époque comme un symbole d'homosexualité, atterrissant sur la chemise du personnage. La peinture est supposée homoérotique, bien que pour le critique Faye Hirsch, cette interprétation permet aux chercheurs de faire des déclarations biographiques sans preuves.

Histoire
Une fois le portrait terminé, Wood entre dans le salon d'art de la foire d'État de l'Iowa en 1930. Alors que l'artiste était bien établi à l'époque et avait déjà exposé dans des galeries à Paris, son engagement envers le régionalisme lui fait présenter ses peintures du Midwest au sein de l'État de l'Iowa.  remporte le grand prix et sa peinture  remporte la catégorie paysage.

La toile est achetée en 1931 par la  et est, dans les années qui suivent, prêté pour différentes expositions aux États-Unis. Rien qu'en 1935, le portrait est exhibé aux  à Chicago puis aux galeries Ferargil à New York au printemps, le California Palace of the Legion of Honor à San Francisco en été, et à la  de Kansas City en automne pour l'exposition Curry-Benton-Wood.

La peinture de Wood est exposée en 1940 aux côtés de  et . Ces dernières sont proposées à la vente, chacune à un prix compris entre 300 $ et 400 $. Le conseil d'administration de la  dépense 300 $ pour la peinture, tandis que le Joslyn Art Museum de Omaha fait acquisition de .  est depuis devenu l'une des pièces les plus précieuses de la collection permanente, et se trouve au Sheldon Museum of Art à Lincoln, Nebraska. Pendant des années, le portrait n'a pas été montré publiquement en raison de sa détérioration significative : La décoloration, la craquelure étendue et la disparition du vernis ont dégradé la peinture. Les personnages se baignant étaient, selon Donald Bartlett Doe du Sheldon, . Ces problèmes ont commencé une dizaine d'années après que le tableau est été terminé, mais en 1985, ils ont été résolus par des techniques de restauration très précises.

Notes et références

Références bibliographiques

Autres références

Annexe

Bibliographie

Liens externes

 Arnold Comes of Age (Portrait of Arnold Pyle), site web du Sheldon Museum of Art

Tableau de Grant Wood
Tableau réalisé en 1930
Portrait d'homme
Papillon dans la peinture
Œuvre de Grant Wood aux États-Unis
Œuvre d'art dans le Nebraska
Lincoln (Nebraska)

Arnold Comes of Age


Drapelul Găgăuziei (în ) este actualul steag al republicii autonome UTA Găgăuzia din sudul Republicii Moldova.

Drapelul reprezintă o pânză dreptunghiulară din trei fișii colorate, așezate orizontal în ordinea următoare de sus în jos: albastră (azurie) – 60 procente din lățimea drapelului, albă și roșie – cîte 20 procente din lățimea drapelului. Pe fundalul albastru, într-un triunghi echilateral, sînt așezate trei stele galbene (aurii) în cinci colțuri.

Legea privind statutul juridic special al Găgăuziei permite utilizarea unei versiuni simplificate a steagului prin utilizare non-guvernamentală (de exemplu, personală și comercială).

Vezi și
Stema Găgăuziei

Referințe

Găgăuzia
Simbolurile naționale ale Republicii Moldova

Drapelul Găgăuziei


بلدية قَسْطَلُونَة أو قسطليون  أو كشتالي أو كاستيلون دي لا بلانا  مدينة إسبانية يبلغ عدد قاطنيها 172.624 ساكن، عاصمة مقاطعة قسطلونة ضمن منطقة بلنسية شرقي شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية على ساحل أزاهار المتوسطي.

مقر أسقفي مع سيغوربي، وهي مدينة حديثة تمتد على سهل خصيب يبعد 4 كم عن البحر، حيث يوجد ميناء تجاري والسياحي الكبير ومنتجع إل غراو. بالإضافة إلى نشاط الميناء والسياحة البحرية والزراعة، تطور الإنتاج الصناعي للسيراميك في النصف الأخير من القرن العشرين تطورا كبيرا، ما جعلها تحتل أحد الأماكن الأولى في العالم في هذا المجال.

التاريخ

قرب جبل سييرا دل دسييرتو دي لاس بالماس، المطلة على السهل باتجاه البحر توجد تلة ماغدالينا، لا يزال يوجد على قمتها التي تبعد 8 كم عن قسطلونة بقايا أسوار وأبراج تشهد على وجود بلدة مع قلعة.

و أول بناء معروف في المنطقة هو برج الفادري العربي بالقرب من ألكويرياس دي بلانا.
بعد سقوط مملكة بلنسية الإسلامية بيد ملك أراغون خيم الأول سنة 1233.

سمح الملك في 8 سبتمبر سنة 1251 بلاردة (Lerida) للسكان بالانتقال إلى السهل، الأمر الذي تم بحسب الموروث المحلي يوم الأحد الثالث من الصوم الكبير من عام 1252.
إحياءً لذكرى هذا الحدث يـُقام كل عام قبل بضعة أيام من يوم الأحد الثالث من الصوم الكبير مهرجان ماغدالينا، الذي يشكل يوم الأحد ذروته بالحج إلى دير سانتا ماريا ماغدالينا الأبيض (Romeria de les canyes)، الواقع على التلة التي غادر منها مؤسسو المدينة عام 1252.
في 16 مارس 1260 أذن خيم الأول ببناء طريق بين البلدة الجديدة والبحر في المكان الذي عـُثـِرَ فيه على آثار مستوطنة ما قبل رومانية حيث بدأت أول عمليات النقل البحري التي تقدمت أنشطة الميناء الحالية.
في 7 فبراير 1284 منحها بيدرو الثالث الكبير ابن خيم الأول صفة المدينة مع الحق في الحكم الذاتي بهيئات بلدية خاصة بها.

حـَمـَت المدينة خلال العصور الوسطى خنادق المائية وأسوار وأبراج، وبنيت كنيسة صارت في وقت لاحق كَتِدرَائية. في القرن السابع عشر كانت البلدة إحدى آخر معاقل ثورة النقابات (Revolta de les Germanies). كما أيدت شارل أرشيدوق النمسا في حرب الخلافة الإسبانية (1701-14)، بيد أن قوات فيليب الخامس ملك إسبانيا استولت عليها لاحقاً.

هُـدّمت أسوار قسطلونة ببطء في القرن التاسع عشر لتبدأ المدينة بالتوسع، وهي العملية التي توقفت بسبب حرب الاستقلال ضد نابليون (1804-14) والحروب الكارلية (1833-63). في عام 1833 أصبحت قسطلونة عاصمة للمقاطعة التي تم شـُكلت حديثاً. في النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر، وبدأت المدينة في التوسع من جديد، تميز ذلك بوصول السكك الحديدية، وتوسيع الميناء وتشييد مباني هامة (مستشفى المقاطعة، كازينو، مسرح) والحدائق.

أُنشئت جامعة خاومي الأول بقسطلونة في عام 1991، واقعة في حرم جامعي حديث. ويعتمد الاقتصاد المحلي على الصناعة والأعمال الحرفية.

معرض الصور

مراجع

كاستيون دي لا بلانا
أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلدات ومدن مرفئية متوسطية في إسبانيا
بلديات كاستيلون
مدن ساحلية في إسبانيا

قسطلونة (بلنسية)


is a district located in Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 29,807 and the density of 53.43 persons per km2. The total area is 557.85 km2.

Towns and villages
Kokonoe
Kusu

Districts in Ōita Prefecture

Kusu District, Ōita


An Kraenzlinella echinocarpa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Schweinfurth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carlyle August Luer. An Kraenzlinella echinocarpa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kraenzlinella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kraenzlinella

Kraenzlinella echinocarpa


Whipple's disease is a rare systemic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. First described by George Hoyt Whipple in 1907 and commonly considered as a gastrointestinal disorder, Whipple's disease primarily causes malabsorption, but may affect any part of the human body, including the heart, brain, joints, skin, lungs and the eyes. Weight loss, diarrhea, joint pain, and arthritis are common presenting symptoms, but the presentation can be highly variable in certain individuals, and about 15% of patients do not have the standard signs and symptoms.

Whipple's disease is significantly more common in men, with 87% of patients diagnosed being male. When recognized and treated, Whipple's disease can usually be cured with long-term antibiotic therapy, but if the disease is left undiagnosed or untreated, it can ultimately be fatal.

Signs and symptoms
The most common symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and joint pains.The joint pains may be due to migratory nondeforming arthritis, which may occur many years before any digestive-tract symptoms develop; they tend to involve the large joints, but can occur in any pattern and tend not to damage the joint surface to the point that the joint becomes deformed. Fever and chills occur in a small proportion of people.

In its more advanced form, malabsorption (insufficient absorption of nutrients from the diet) leads to wasting and the enlargement of lymph nodes in the abdomen. Neurological symptoms (discussed below) are more common in those with the severe form of the abdominal disease. Chronic malabsorptive diarrhea leads to the poor absorption of fat, causing steatorrhea (fatty, offensive-smelling stool), flatulence, and abdominal distension. Protein-losing enteropathy may also occur, causing depletion of albumin, a blood protein, which may lead to peripheral edema caused by the lowered oncotic pressures.

Hyperpigmentation of the skin occurs in almost half; some also have skin nodules. Various eye problems, such as uveitis, may occur; this is typically associated with deteriorating vision and pain in the affected eye. Endocarditis (infection of the heart valve) has been reported in a small number of cases, sometimes in people with no other symptoms of Whipple's disease; this is typically noticed as breathlessness and leg swelling due to fluid accumulation as the heart is unable to pump fluid through the body.

Of those affected by Whipple's disease, 10–40% have problems related to the involvement of the brain; the symptoms relate to the part of the brain that is affected. The most common problems are dementia, memory loss, confusion, and decreased level of consciousness. Eye-movement disturbances and myorhythmia (rapidly repetitive movements of the muscles) of the face, together referred to as oculomasticatory myorhythmia, are highly characteristic for Whipple's disease. Weakness and poor coordination of part of the body, headaches, seizures, and a number of more uncommon neurological features are present in some cases.

Mechanism
T. whipplei is one of the Actinomycetes, and is a distant relative of the Mycobacterium avium complex, explaining in part why Whipple's disease is similar to the diseases caused by MAC bacteria. The disease is common in farmers and those exposed to soil and animals, suggesting that the infection is acquired from these sources.

Individuals who are most susceptible to the disease are those with decreased ability to perform intracellular degradation of ingested pathogens or particles, particularly within macrophages. Several studies indicate that defective T-lymphocyte (particularly TH1 population) function may be an important predisposing factor for the disease. In particular, circulating cells which are CD11b (also known as integrin alpha) expressive are reduced in susceptible individuals. CD11b has a vital role in activation of macrophages to destroy intracellularly ingested T. whipplei bacteria.

Diagnosis

Common clinical signs and symptoms of Whipple's disease include diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, migratory arthropathy, fever, and neurological symptoms. Weight loss and diarrhea are the most common symptoms that lead to identification of the process, but may be preceded by chronic, unexplained, relapsing episodes of nondestructive seronegative arthritis, often of large joints.

Endoscopy of the duodenum and jejunum can reveal pale yellow shaggy mucosa with erythematous eroded patches in patients with classic intestinal Whipple's disease, and small bowel X-rays may show some thickened folds. Other pathological findings may include enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, hypercellularity of lamina propria with "foamy macrophages", and a concurrent decreased number of lymphocytes and plasma cells, per high power field view of the biopsy.

Diagnosis is made by biopsy, usually by duodenal endoscopy, which reveals PAS-positive macrophages in the lamina propria containing nonacid-fast, Gram-positive bacilli. Immunohistochemical staining for antibodies against T. whipplei has been used to detect the organism in a variety of tissues, and a polymerase chain reaction-based assay is also available,  which can be confirmatory if performed on blood, vitreous fluid, synovial fluid, heart valves, or cerebrospinal fluid. PCR of saliva, gastric or intestinal fluid, and stool specimens is highly sensitive, but not specific enough, indicating that healthy individuals can also harbor the causative bacterium without the manifestation of Whipple's disease, but that a negative PCR is most likely indicative of a healthy individual.

Treatment
Treatment is with penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, or co-trimoxazole for one to two years. Any treatment lasting less than a year has a relapse rate around 40%. Expert opinion as of 2007 is that Whipple's disease should be treated with doxycycline with hydroxychloroquine for 12 to 18 months. Hydroxychloroquine increases antibiotic and bactericides activity against the replication of the bacteria in acidic vacuoles of macrophages by increasing the macrophage intraphagosomal pH. Sulfonamides (sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole) may be added for treatment of neurological symptoms.

Epidemiology
The disease is regarded as extremely rare, with an incidence (new number of cases per year) of one case per million people. The patients are predominantly male (86% in a survey of American patients), although in some countries, the rate of women receiving a diagnosis of Whipple's disease has increased in recent years. It occurs predominantly in those of Caucasian ethnicity, suggesting a genetic predisposition in that population. T. whipplei appears to be an environmental organism that is commonly present in the gastrointestinal tract, but remains asymptomatic. Several lines of evidence suggest that some defect—inherited or acquired—in immunity is required for it to become pathogenic. The possible immunological defect may be specific for T. whipplei, since the disease is not associated with a substantially increased risk of other infections. The disease is usually diagnosed in middle age (median 49 years). Studies from Germany have shown that age at diagnosis has been rising since the 1960s.

History
Whipple described the disease in 1907 in a paper in the now-defunct Bulletin of Johns Hopkins Hospital. The patient was a 36-year-old medical missionary. Whipple referred to the disease as "intestinal lipodystrophy". It was long presumed to be an infectious disease, but the causative organism was only fully identified in 1992. In 2003, doctors from Johns Hopkins Hospital, together with the French microbiologist Didier Raoult applied novel diagnostic methods to stored tissue samples from Whipple's original patient, and demonstrated T. whipplei in these tissues.

See also
 Tropheryma whipplei

Notes

References

External links

Gastrointestinal tract disorders
Rare infectious diseases

Whipple's disease


The semis, literally meaning half, was a small Roman bronze coin that was valued at half an as. During the Roman Republic, the semis was distinguished by an 'S' (indicating semis) or 6 dots (indicating a theoretical weight of 6 unciae). Some of the coins featured a bust of Saturn on the obverse, and the prow of a ship on the reverse.

Initially a cast coin, like the rest of Roman Republican bronzes, it began to be struck from dies shortly before the Second Punic War 218-201 BC.
Following the Augustan Coinage reforms of 23 BC the Semis became the smallest Orichalcum (brass) denomination, having twice the value of a copper Quadrans and Half the value of the copper As. Its size and diameter corresponded directly to the quadrans, so its value was attained from brass having double the value of copper. The coin was issued infrequently and it ceased to be issued by the time of Hadrian 117-138 AD.
In the early Imperial period, a Semis could buy a Cerae (wax writing tablet).

See also
Roman currency

External links

Coins of ancient Rome
Numismatics
Bronze coins

ca:Llista de monedes romanes#Semis

Semis


Un engranaje de espiga, también llamado doble engranaje helicoidal, es un tipo especial de engranaje que es una combinación de dos engranajes dobles helicoidales opuestos. Desde lo alto, los surcos helicoidales del engranaje describen una forma de V. La ventaja de este tipo de engranajes es que, a diferencia de los engranajes helicoidales simples, en estos no se produce una carga axial.

Los engranajes de espiga tienen la ventaja, al igual que los engranajes helicoidales, de transmitir energía suavemente, debido a que los dientes del engranaje se acoplan y desacoplan simultáneamente. Su ventaja sobre los engranajes helicoidales es que el empuje lateral de una mitad está compensado con el de la otra mitad. Esto significa que las espigas de engranajes pueden ser utilizados en cajas de cambios sin necesidad de cojinetes de empuje. Gracias a esto las espigas de engranajes fueron un importante paso en la introducción de las turbinas de vapor para la propulsión submarina.

Las espigas de engranajes precisas son más difíciles de fabricar que los equivalentes espolones o engranajes helicoidales, y, consecuentemente, más caras. Por eso son utilizadas en maquinaria pesada. La alineación en medio de la espiga, donde los dientes opuestos en ángulo se acoplan, puede ser de dos tipos: la alineación puede ser tal que la punta del diente coincida con la punta del otro diente; o puede ser escalonada, de modo que la punta del diente coincida con el canal del diente. Esta última alineanción es la característica que distingue a un engranaje de tipo Wuest.

Manufactura

Una desventaja de la espiga de engranajes es que no puede ser cortada por simples máquinas de tallado de engranajes, puesto que el corte se pasaría a la otra mitad del engranaje. Algunas soluciones para esto incluyen el ensamblaje de pequeños engranajes mediante el apilamiento de dos engranajes helicoidales juntos, cortar los engranajes con un surco central para que encajen mejor, y, antiguamente, mediante el uso de un molde, sin ningún mecanizado posterior. Con los antiguos métodos de fabricación las espigas de engranajes dejaban un canal central, separando las dos filas de dientes angularmente opuestas. Esto era necesario para permitir que la máquina de corte no se saliera del surco. Posteriormente el desarrollo del moldeador de engranajes de Sykes hizo posible tener dientes continuos, sin un espacio central. Por desgracia, desde que W.E Sykes y Farrel Gear Machine companies se separaron, en 1983-84, no ha habido máquina de producción que tuviera dicha habilidad. Por ello, para poder seguir usando ese tipo tan único de engranajes, se ha convertido en costumbre reutilizar y adaptar viejos moldeadores de engranajes de Sykes.

Citroën

El emblema del fabricante de coches Citroën es una representación gráfica de una espiga de engranajes. Esto proviene de la participación de André Citroën en la manufactura de este tipo de componentes. Antes, los coches Citroën utilizaban una espiga de bisel de engranajes en su eje trasero.

Enlaces externos

Elementos de máquinas

Espiga de engranajes


În chimie, termenul de compus ciclic face referire la acei compuși chimici care conțin în structura lor una sau mai multe serii de atomi, numite cicluri, inele sau nuclee (denumirea variază în funcție de natură, structură, etc.). Ciclurile pot varia în mărime (de la minim trei atomi până la un număr relativ mare de atomi), și pot fi carbocicluri sau izocicluri (formate numai din atomi de carbon) cicluri anorganice (fără atomi de carbon) sau heterocicluri (o combinație dintre cele două).

Clasificare
 Compuși aliciclici
 Cicloalcan
 Cicloalchenă
 Hidrocarburi aromatice (Arene)
 Hidrocarburi aromatice policiclice
 Compuși heterociclici
 Macrocicluri

Obținere
Compușii ciclici se pot obține prin anumite reacții de ciclizare. Un exemplu este transformarea hexanului în ciclohexan, când se degajă hidrogen molecular ca urmare a rearanjării structurii:

Vezi și
 Lactonă
 Lactamă
 Cicloalcan
 Cicloalchenă
 Compus aliciclic

Referințe

Compus ciclic


El sueño de África, con el subtítulo En busca de los mitos blancos del continente negro, es un libro de viajes escrito por Javier Reverte que relata un viaje del autor de varios meses por África oriental. El primer libro de los 3 que el autor ha escrito sobre este continente, que juntos reúnen la «Trilogía de África».

Publicado en 1996, fue un éxito de ventas y está considerado como uno de los libros de viajes más representativos del género publicados en España. La edición dispone de bibliografía e índice alfabético, que permiten que sea utilizada como obra de consulta.

Trilogía de África

Javier Reverte ejerció como periodista durante casi 30 años en numerosos medios. Habiendo publicado ya varias novelas, alcanzó notoriedad como escritor de viajes con la publicación de tres libros dedicados a Nicaragua, Guatemala y Honduras, la Trilogía de Centroamérica. Tras esta trilogía inició una segunda, la Trilogía de África, que se compone de El sueño de África (1996), Vagabundo en África (2000) y Los caminos perdidos de África (2002).

Posteriormente, Reverte ha continuando escribiendo relatos basados en sus viajes, aunque abandonó el formato de la trilogía, alternando sus libros entre diferentes zonas del mundo.

Sinopsis

Javier Reverte utiliza un estilo común a lo largo de sus libros de viajes, basado en alternar pasajes dedicados a la descripción del viaje realizado con pasajes dedicados a la historia de las zonas visitadas.

El Sueño de África recibe el subtítulo de «En busca de los mitos blancos del continente negro» debido a que los pasajes de explicación histórica se dedican en espacial a los europeos pioneros en la exploración de África oriental y su colonización. También se recoge la historia de reyes y dirigentes locales que tuvieron relaciones con estos europeos. Debido a las fechas en las se exploró y colonizó África oriental, la mayor parte de los capítulos históricos del libro se sitúan entre el  y la I Guerra Mundial.

Los relatos que describen las vivencias durante el viaje que el autor realizó por la zona se centran en la relación de amistad con los africanos con los que coincide a lo largo del viaje; funcionarios, taxistas, camareros... al mismo tiempo que son críticos con los extranjeros visitantes del país que aparecen a lo largo del viaje.

A lo largo del libro existe el recuerdo constante hacia otros escritores que han recorrido la zona y escrito sobre ella, como Hemingway o Karen Blixen.

Recorrido

El viaje recorre los países de Uganda, Tanzania y Kenia. Se inicia en Kampala, donde se trata el tema de la ciudad y la importancia del lago Victoria como centro de la vida de África oriental. Desde Kampala se visitan las fuentes del Nilo, que además de su espectacularidad tienen una gran importancia en la historia de la exploración africana, ya que su búsqueda fue la motivación de las primeras expediciones europeas realizadas a la zona de los grandes lagos.

Desde Kampala, el autor pretende realizar un viaje circular partiendo hacia el Kilimanjaro, pero se ve obligado a realizar el círculo previsto en sentido contrario, iniciando el recorrido hacia Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, país en el que visita además la ciudad de Bagamoyo y la isla de Zanzíbar. Posteriormente, llegado a Kenia, utiliza el «tren lunático» entre Monbasa y Nairobi y, desde esta última ciudad, recorre las tierras altas del país e inicia un «safari» por la zona fronteriza entre Tanzania y Kenia, por los parques nacionales del Ngorongoro y el Serengueti, antes de regresar a Kampala.

Referencias

Libros de 1996
Libros de viajes
Libros de España
Obras literarias en español
Literatura de España del siglo XX

El sueño de África


Earl of Haddington is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1627 for the noted Scottish lawyer and judge Thomas Hamilton, 1st Earl of Melrose. He was Lord President of the Court of Session from 1616 to 1625. Hamilton had already been created Lord Binning in 1613 and Lord Binning and Byres, in the County of Haddington, and Earl of Melrose, in the County of Roxburgh, in 1619. These titles were also in the Peerage of Scotland. The title of the earldom derived from the fact that he was in possession of much of the lands of the former Melrose Abbey. However, Hamilton was unhappy with this title and wished to replace it with "Haddington" (a title which was then held by John Ramsay, 1st Earl of Holderness and 1st Viscount of Haddington, but on whose death in 1626 both peerages became extinct). In 1627 he relinquished the earldom of Melrose and was instead created Earl of Haddington, with the precedence of 1619 and with limitation to his heirs male bearing the surname of Hamilton. This derived from the fact that he considered it a greater honour to take his title from a county rather than from an abbey. Hamilton was a member of the prominent Scottish family of that name and descended from John de Hamilton, younger son of Walter de Hamilton (or Walter Fitzgilbert), who was granted the feudal barony of Cadzow and who is also the ancestor of the Dukes of Hamilton and Dukes of Abercorn.

Lord Haddington was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He was a staunch Covenanter. Haddington served as Governor of the Castle of Dunglass, and was killed by a massive explosion there in 1640. His eldest son, the third Earl, died childless at an early age and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Earl. On his death the titles passed to his son, the fifth Earl. He married Margaret Leslie, 8th Countess of Rothes (died 1700), daughter of the noted statesman John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes, who had received a re-grant of the earldom of Rothes in 1663 which allowed it to be passed on to his daughter (see the Earl of Rothes for earlier history of this title). According to the regrant of 1663, the earldom of Rothes was not allowed to be united with the earldom of Haddington. The couple were therefore in 1689 granted a patent of the marriage contract, which stated that the earldom of Rothes should descend to their eldest son, John, while the earldom of Haddington should be inherited by their second son, Thomas. According to this patent Lady Rothes was succeeded by her eldest son John, the ninth Earl (who assumed the surname of Leslie; see the Earl of Rothes for further history of this branch of the family).

Lord Haddington was succeeded accordingly by his second son Thomas, the sixth Earl. He obtained a new charter of the earldom. He sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1716 to 1735 and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire from 1716 to 1735. He was also appointed Hereditary Keeper of Holyrood Palace. His eldest son Charles Hamilton, Lord Binning, married Rachel (died 1773), daughter of George Baillie, of Mellerstain House and Jerviswood. Through this marriage Mellerstein House and the Jerviswood estate came into the Hamilton family. Lord Binning predeceased his father. Lord Haddington was therefore succeeded by his grandson, Thomas the seventh Earl (the eldest son of Lord Binning), who married Mary Lloyd, née Holt (great-niece of Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justice 1689-1709). On his death the titles passed to his son Charles, the eighth Earl. He was a Scottish Representative Peer from 1807 to 1812 and Lord-Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire from 1804 to 1823. He was succeeded by his son, the ninth Earl. He was a Tory politician and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1834 to 1835 and as First Lord of the Admiralty (with a seat in the cabinet) from 1841 to 1846. In 1827, one year before he succeeded his father in the earldom, he was created Baron Melros, of Tyninghame in the County of Haddington, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Lord Haddington resigned the office of Hereditary Keeper of Holyrood Park in 1843 for a compensation fee of £40,000. He was childless and on his death in 1859 the barony of Melros became extinct.

The ninth Earl was succeeded in the Scottish titles by his second cousin, the tenth Earl. He was the son of George Baillie of Jerviswood (who had assumed the surname of Baillie in lieu of Hamilton), son of George Hamilton, younger brother of the seventh Earl. He assumed in 1859 by Royal licence the additional surname of Hamilton to that of Baillie. Lord Haddington was a Scottish Representative Peer in the House of Lords from 1859 to 1870 and served as a government whip in the 1866–1868 Conservative administration. On his death the titles passed to his son, the eleventh Earl. He was Lord-Lieutenant of Haddingtonshire from 1876 to 1917. In 1858 Haddington assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Arden after that of Baillie-Hamilton. His eldest son George Baillie-Hamilton, Lord Binning (1856–1917), was a brigadier-general in the army. However, he predeceased his father. Lord Haddington was therefore succeeded by his grandson, the twelfth Earl. He was the son of Lord Binning. He sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1922 to 1963 (when all Scottish peers were granted the right to sit in the House of Lords) and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Berwickshire from 1952 to 1969. He was succeeded by his only son, the thirteenth Earl (1941–2016), in 1986.  the titles are held by his only son, the fourteenth Earl, who succeeded in 2016.

Several other members of the Baillie-Hamilton family have also gained distinction. George Baillie, son of George Hamilton, younger brother of the seventh Earl, sat as Member of Parliament for Berwickshire. He was the father of (apart from the tenth Earl) 1) the politician and judge Charles Baillie, Lord Jerviswoode, and 2) Reverend John Baillie (1810–1888), Canon Residentiary of York, who the great-grandfather of John Robert Edward Baillie, a Brigadier in the Royal Engineers. The Venerable Charles Baillie-Hamilton (1764–1820), son of George Hamilton, younger brother of the seventh Earl, was Archdeacon of Cleveland. He was the father of Charles John Baillie-Hamilton (1800–1865), a Member of Parliament, and William Alexander Baillie-Hamilton (1803–1881), an admiral in the Royal Navy.

The family seat now is Mellerstain House, near Kelso, Berwickshire. The former family seat was Tyninghame House, near Tyninghame, East Lothian.

Earls of Haddington (1627)
Thomas Hamilton, 1st Earl of Haddington (1563–1637)
Thomas Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Haddington (1600–1640)
Thomas Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Haddington (1626–1645)
John Hamilton, 4th Earl of Haddington (1626–1669)
Charles Hamilton, 5th Earl of Haddington (c. 1650 – 1685)
Thomas Hamilton, 6th Earl of Haddington (1680–1735)
Thomas Hamilton, 7th Earl of Haddington (1721–1794)
Charles Hamilton, 8th Earl of Haddington (1753–1828)
Thomas Hamilton, 9th Earl of Haddington (1780–1858) (created Baron Melrose in 1827)
George Baillie-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Haddington (1802–1870)
George Baillie-Hamilton-Arden, 11th Earl of Haddington (1827–1917)
George Baillie-Hamilton, 12th Earl of Haddington (1894–1986)
John Baillie-Hamilton, 13th Earl of Haddington (1941–2016)
George Baillie-Hamilton, 14th Earl of Haddington (born 1985)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Sullivan Simon Baillie-Hamilton, Lord Binning (born 2022).

Male-line family tree

See also
Earl of Rothes

References

Sources

External links

http://www.leighrayment.com/lords.htm
http://www.stirnet.com/
http://www.burkespeerage.com/

Earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
Peerages created with special remainders
Noble titles created in 1627
Baillie-Hamilton family

Earl of Haddington


El Museo de Hospitalet es un equipamiento cultural de titularidad municipal que tiene por objetivo difundir y conservar el patrimonio cultural y material de Hospitalet de Llobregat. El museo se inauguró en 1972 en el edificio del  Casa España, y forma parte de la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona.

Edificios
El Museo tiene su sede central en Casa España, construida en 1563 por la familia Llunell; la casa pasó más tarde a ser propiedad de los Molinès y, finalmente, de la familia Espanya. El edificio fue declarado Bien Cultural de Interés Nacional en 1975. En la década de 1970 se incorporó al Museo el edificio conocido como Casa de los Ventanales Góticos, y en la década de 1990 los equipamientos se ampliaron con la Sala Alexandre Cirici y la Masía de Can Riera.

Fondo
Las colecciones del museo son muy variadas: cuenta con un fondo de arte contemporáneo que se exhibe periódicamente en exposiciones temporales, formado por obras de artistas de la segundas mitad del  como Dalí, Miró, Tàpies, Guinovart, Solanich, Manolo Hugué y Josep Serra, entre otros. El museo también cuenta con un conjunto de retablos religiosos de lo siglos XVI y XVII, procedentes de la antigua iglesia de Santa Eulalia de Mérida, entre los que destacan el retablo de las almas, atribuidos a Jaume Huguet I y Jaume Huguet II.

Véase también
 Fundación Arranz-Bravo

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial
 Web del Museo más grande de Cataluña

Museos de Hospitalet de Llobregat
Hospitalet
Hospitalet
Hospitalet
Casas de España del siglo XVI
Casas de Cataluña
Arquitectura en Cataluña en el siglo XVI
Arquitectura de 1563

Museo de Hospitalet de Llobregat


-196˚C Strong Zero, communément appelée Strong Zero, est une marque de chūhai appartenant à Suntory, disponible dans différentes saveurs et vendue notamment dans les konbini et les distributeurs automatiques. Strong vient du fait que la boisson peut atteindre 9 % d'alcool, le Zero fait référence au taux réduit de sucre.

La Strong Zero est fabriquée en congelant des fruits dans de l'azote liquide, d'où le « -196˚C », puis en les pulvérisant dans la vodka. Comme pour de nombreux produits alimentaires et boissons disponibles au Japon, de nouvelles saveurs sont lancées pour coïncider avec la saisonnalité des différents ingrédients.

Articles connexes

 Chūhai
 Konbini

Références

Liens externes

 Publicité

Vodka
Boisson alcoolisée
Boisson aux agrumes
Boisson japonaise
Culture japonaise

-196˚C Strong Zero


Baz () ist der Name eines Stammes der assyrischen Christen und war der historische Name der von ihnen bewohnten Region der in der Provinz Hakkâri, der südöstlichsten Provinz der Türkei, im Dreiländereck an der Grenze zum Irak und zum Iran. Das Gebiet lag auf der rechten Seite des Oberlaufs des Großen Zab am Oberlauf eines Zuflusses des Şemdinli-Flusses, südöstlich der Provinzhauptstadt Hakkâri nördlich der türkisch-irakischen Grenze. Im Westen lag das Siedlungsgebiet der ebenfalls assyrischen Țāl und Txuma, im Osten das der Ǧilu, deren Name noch heute im Namen des dritthöchsten Berges der Türkei, des Cilo Dağı erhalten ist. Im Südosten lag Şemdinli. Hauptort war Māṯā d'Bāz, heute Çanaklı.

Das Wort Baz bedeutet Falke oder kleiner Adler. Die Bewohner der Region sprachen Aramäisch und gehörten zur altchristlichen Glaubensgemeinschaft der Assyrischen Kirche des Ostens. In osmanischer Zeit waren Assyrer von Baz für ihren Kampfesmut und ihre kirchliche Baukunst berühmt. Die schönsten Kirchen der Nestorianer befinden sich in der Baz-Region von Hakkari. Sie gehörten zu den waffenfähigen Aşirets, die in relativer Unabhängigkeit dem Emir von Hakkâri zur Heeresfolge verpflichtet waren und deren Maliks gelegentlich auch Muslime als Untertanen hatten, im Gegensatz zu ihren Landsleuten, die als Reâyâ von kurdischen Ağas oder eben auch assyrischen Aşirets wie den Baz abhängig waren.

Baznaye siedeln heute in einigen Dörfern des Nordirak und im Nordosten Syriens. Nach dem Völkermord an den syrischen Christen (1915) sind viele aus der Türkei in die USA, Australien, Deutschland und Frankreich geflüchtet bzw. ausgewandert. Sie pflegen weiterhin ihre Sprache und traditionellen Tänze.

Die meisten der etwa 20 assyrischen Dörfer von Baz wurden 1915 zerstört, doch stehen noch einige frühere Kirchen, insbesondere Mar Qayyoma in Schwawuta, Mar Quraqos in Argab und Mart Maryam in Be-Selim.

Bekannte Personen

 Agha Petros

Quellen und Weblinks
 J.Sinha, Neuostaramäische Dialekte in der Südosttürkei, p.5-7
 Villages Assyro-Chaldéen du Sud Est de la Turquie (www.meer.fr)

Einzelnachweise

Provinz Hakkâri
Region in der Türkei

Baz (Türkei)