In baseball, the umpire is the person charged with officiating the game, including beginning and ending the game, enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds, making judgment calls on plays, and handling the disciplinary actions. The term is often shortened to the colloquial form ump. They are also sometimes addressed as blue at lower levels due to the common color of the uniform worn by umpires. In professional baseball, the term blue is seldom used by players or managers, who instead call the umpire by name. Although games were often officiated by a sole umpire in the formative years of the sport, since the turn of the 20th century, officiating has been commonly divided among several umpires, who form the umpiring crew.  The position is analogous to that of a referee in many other sports.

Duties and positions

In a game officiated by two or more umpires, the umpire in chief (usually the home plate umpire) is the umpire who is in charge of the entire game. This umpire calls balls and strikes, calls fair balls, foul balls short of first/third base, and makes most calls concerning the batter or concerning baserunners near home plate. To avoid injury, the home plate umpire wears similar equipment to the catcher, including mask, chest protector, leg guards and shoes with extra protection added over the laces. If another umpire leaves the infield to cover a potential play in foul ground or in the outfield, then the plate umpire may move to cover a potential play near second or third base. (The umpire-in-chief should not be confused with the crew chief, who is often a different umpire; see below.) In the event that an umpire is injured and only three remain, the second base position will generally be left vacant.

In nearly all levels of organized baseball, including the majors, an umpiring crew rotates so that each umpire in the crew works each position, including plate umpire, an equal number of games. In the earliest days of baseball, however, many senior umpires always worked the plate, with Hall of Fame umpire Bill Klem being the last umpire to do so. Klem did so for the first 16 years of his career. On the Major League level, an umpiring crew generally rotates positions clockwise each game. For example, the plate umpire in one game would umpire third base in the next.

Other umpires are called base umpires and are commonly stationed near the bases. (Field umpire is a less-common term.) When two umpires are used, the second umpire is simply the base umpire. This umpire will make most calls concerning runners on the bases and nearby plays, as well as in the middle of the outfield. When three umpires are used, the second umpire is called the first-base umpire and the third umpire is called the third-base umpire, even though they may move to different positions on the field as the play demands.  These two umpires also call checked swings, if asked by the plate umpire (often requested by catcher or defensive manager; however, only the plate umpire can authorize an appeal to the base umpire): the first base umpire for right-handed batters, and the third base umpire for left-handed batters; to indicate a checked swing, the umpire will make a "safe" gesture with his arms. To indicate a full swing, he will clench his fist.

When four umpires are used (as is the case for all regular season MLB games unless one has to leave due to injury), each umpire is named for the base at which he is stationed. Sometimes a league will provide six umpires; the extra two are stationed along the outfield foul lines and are called the left-field and right-field umpires (or simply outfield umpires).

Outfield umpires are used in major events, such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, and depending on the level, at parts of post-season playoffs. For Major League Baseball, all playoff levels use six umpires adding a left-field and right-field umpire, while at lower levels, six umpires are used at the championship games (such as NCAA). Rulings on catches of batted balls are usually made by the umpire closest to the play.

Crew chief
The term umpire-in-chief is not to be confused with the crew chief, who is usually the most experienced umpire in a crew. At the major-league and high minor-league (Class AAA and AA) levels, the crew chief acts as a liaison between the league office and the crew and has a supervisory role over other members of the crew.

For example, on the Major League level, "The Crew Chief shall coordinate and direct his crew's compliance with the Office of the Commissioner's rules and policies. Other Crew Chief responsibilities include: leading periodic discussions and reviews of situations, plays and rules with his crew; generally directing the work of the other umpires on the crew, with particular emphasis on uniformity in dealing with unique situations; assigning responsibilities for maintaining time limits during the game; ensuring the timely filing of all required crew reports for incidents such as ejections, brawls and protested games; and reporting to the Office of Commissioner any irregularity in field conditions at any ballpark." Thus, on the professional level, some of the duties assigned to the umpire-in-chief (the plate umpire) in the Official Baseball Rules have been reassigned to the crew chief, regardless of the crew chief's umpiring position during a specific game.  Instant replay reviews, for example, will be reviewed with the crew chief and one other umpire, with results announced by the crew chief.  The crew chief acts analogous to the crew chief in basketball (as referenced in the NBA and FIBA rules) or the referee in American football.

Starting with the 2022 season, umpire crew chiefs will be equipped with wireless microphones to be used when announcing replay challenges and the results of those challenges.

Judgment calls

An umpire's judgment call used to be final, unless the umpire making the call chose to ask his partner(s) for help and then decided to reverse it after the discussion. Since 2014, MLB allows managers to challenge plays during the game. If the manager successfully has a call overturned, they are rewarded with another challenge. If an umpire seems to make an error in rule interpretation, his call, in some leagues, can be officially protested as is the case in MLB. If the umpire is persistent in his or her interpretation, the matter will be settled at a later time by a league official.  An independent study of umpire pitch-call accuracy over 11 seasons (2008–2018) released on April 8, 2019, by Mark T. Williams of Boston University concluded that over 20% of certain pitches were called incorrectly. For the 2018 season, home plate umpires made about 34,000 incorrect ball and strike calls, which is about 14 per game and 1.6 per inning.

In the early years of professional baseball, umpires were not engaged by the league but rather by agreement between the team captains. However, by the start of the modern era in 1901, this had become a league responsibility. There is now a unitary major league umpiring roster, although until the 1999 labor dispute that led to the decertification of the Major League Umpires Association, there were separate National and American League umpires. As a result of the 2000 collective bargaining agreement between Major League Baseball and the newly formed World Umpires Association (now known as the Major League Baseball Umpires Association) all umpires were placed on one roster and work in games in both leagues.

Amateur umpiring

An amateur umpire officiates non-professional or semi-professional baseball. Many amateur umpires are paid (typically on a per-game basis) and thus might be considered professionals, while some amateur umpires are unpaid. According to the Little League Baseball official website, umpires should be volunteers.

There are numerous organizations that test or train anyone interested in umpiring for local leagues, and can help make connections to the leagues in the area. Little League Baseball and the Babe Ruth League are two of the most popular organizations when it comes to youth baseball, and each have their own application, test, and training process for becoming an umpire. In Canada, most umpires are certified through a provincial organization, and then hired by local municipal associations through an umpire in chief.

For the Little League World Series, amateur umpires from around the world participate on a volunteer basis. Prospective Little League World Series umpires must participate at various levels of Little League All-Star tournaments, ranging from district to state to regional tournaments, prior to being accepted to work the World Series tournament.

High school umpiring
In the United States, many (if not most) high schools sponsor a baseball team.  Many high schools sponsor multiple baseball teams; for instance, "varsity" and "junior varsity" teams.  During the 2017–18 academic year there were 16,513 high schools sponsoring at least one baseball team, and 488,859 students participated on a high school baseball team.  Thus, high school baseball is one of the most popular levels of baseball in the United States.  Unlike college athletics, there is no competitive national championship on the high school level.  And, unlike college athletics, umpires on the high school level are not administered by a national organization (such as the NCAA).  Rather, high school baseball is administered at the state level (usually by a statewide high school athletic association) and the qualifications for becoming and remaining a high school umpire are usually set by the entity overseeing high school baseball in each individual state.  For example, the Florida High School Athletic Association sets forth minimum requirements for being a high school umpire in Florida.  Many statewide high school athletic associations contract with multiple local umpire associations throughout their state in which the local associations agree to train and provide umpires for high school games in each association's geographic area of the state in return for a "booking fee" being paid to the local associations by either the statewide high school association or by individual high schools.  The local associations also promise to train their umpires to meet the state high school association's minimum requirements for umpires.  For example, in Florida the Jacksonville Umpires Association trains and provides umpires for high school games in the Jacksonville area.

The specific requirements for becoming a high school umpire vary from state-to-state.  However, generally all states share the same basic minimum requirements.  First, a person trying to become an umpire must usually register with both the state high school athletic association and their local umpire association.  Upon registering, most states provide their umpires with a high school rulebook, casebook, and umpires' manual.  Second, most states require all umpires to attend clinics and meetings.  These clinics may focus on rules, umpire mechanics, or a combination of both.  Third, most states also require an umpire to pass a rules exam.  Finally, most states also require umpires to work a certain number of pre-season scrimmages prior to working regular season games.  As an example of these requirements, Georgia has an "officials accountability program" which sets forth the specific requirements for its interscholastic officials (including the attendance at clinics and camps and the passing of an examination) which can be reviewed here.

Although high school baseball is administered at the state level, the various state high school athletic associations have voluntarily formed the National Federation of State High School Associations.  Through the federation, most state athletic associations have agreed to use its rulebook.  Thus, while high school baseball is administered on a state level, almost all state associations use the same unique baseball rulebook (and the associated casebook and umpire manual) written specifically for the high school level. As a result, if an individual umpire moves from one state to another state (s)he would likely be using the same rule set in his/her new state as was used in his/her former state.  However, there are significant rule differences between the federation's rulebook compared to Major League Baseball (MLB) and NCAA rules. Thus, individuals wanting to umpire on the high school level will have to learn a different set of rules than those they may be familiar with had they previously umpired in a youth league using the MLB or NCAA rulebooks.

Almost exclusively, high school umpires are paid on a per game basis.  As they are not salaried, they are not paid if they do not actually umpire a game, although some states require the home school to pay the umpires' travel expenses if they show up to the game site and the game is called, regardless of whether or not it starts.  The amount paid differs, often significantly, from state to state.  Most high school games are officiated by a two-umpire crew.   However, many states use three-umpire and four-umpire crews to officiate playoff games.

Professional umpire training and career development
Becoming a Major League Baseball umpire requires rigorous training, and very few succeed. Provided the individual makes satisfactory progress throughout, it typically takes from 7–10 years to achieve MLB status. First, a person desiring to become a professional umpire must attend one of two umpiring schools authorized by Major League Baseball: Minor League Baseball Umpire Training Academy or The Harry Wendelstedt Umpire School.   The former is owned and operated by Minor League Baseball while the latter is run by former and current Major League and Minor League umpires.  Both are located in Florida. There are no prerequisites for attending these schools; however, there is an Umpire Camp, run by Major League Baseball, that is generally considered a "tool for success" at either of these schools. These camps, offered as two separate one-week sessions, are held in November in Southern California. Top students at these camps are eligible to earn scholarships to either of the professional umpire schools in Florida.

After five weeks of training, each school sends its top students to the Minor League Baseball Umpire Development (MiLBUD) evaluation course also held in Florida. Minor League Baseball Umpire Development, "is the entity which is responsible for the training, evaluation, and recommendation for promotion, retention, or release of all umpires in the Minor League Baseball system throughout the United States and Canada."  The actual number of students sent on to the evaluation course is determined by MiLBUD using input from the umpire schools. Generally, the top 10 to 20 percent of each school's graduating class will advance to the evaluation course. The evaluation course is conducted by MiLBUD staff, some of whom are also instructors at the Minor League Baseball Umpire Training Academy. The evaluation course generally lasts around 10 days. Depending on the number of available positions in the various minor leagues, some (but not all) of the evaluation course attendees will be assigned to a low level minor league. Out of approximately 300 original umpire school students, about 30-35 will ultimately be offered jobs in Minor League Baseball after the evaluation course.

Professional umpires begin their careers in one of the Rookie or Class "A" Short-Season leagues, with Class-A being divided into three levels (Short-Season, Long-Season and Advanced "A").  Top umpiring prospects will often begin their careers in a short-season "A" league (for example, the New York–Penn League), but most will begin in a rookie league (for example, the Gulf Coast League).  Since 2008, some umpires who attend the evaluation course, but are not offered jobs in professional baseball may be offered jobs in the Coastal Plain League (a summer wood bat league for collegiate players).  During the season, umpires in the Coastal Plain League are evaluated by MiLBUD and they may earn a promotion to a Rookie professional league as a result of injuries or resignations by umpires at higher levels.

Throughout the season, all minor league umpires in Rookie leagues, Class-A, and Class-AA are evaluated by members of the MiLBUD staff.  All umpires receive a detailed written evaluation of their performance after every season.  In addition, all umpires (except those in the rookie or Short Season Class-A leagues) receive written mid-season evaluations.

Generally, an umpire is regarded as making adequate progress "up the ranks" if he advances up one level of Class "A" ball each year (thus earning promotion to Class AA after three to four years) and promotion to Class AAA after two to three years on the Class AA level. However, this is a very rough estimate and other factors not discussed (such as the number of retirements at higher levels) may dramatically affect these estimates. For example, many umpires saw rapid advancement in 1999 due to the mass resignation of many Major League umpires as a collective bargaining ploy.

When promoted to the Class AAA level, an umpire's evaluation will also be conducted by the umpiring supervisory staff of Major League Baseball. In recent years, top AAA prospects, in addition to umpiring and being evaluated during the regular season (in either the International or Pacific Coast League), have been required to umpire in the Arizona Fall League where they receive extensive training and evaluation by Major League Baseball staff.  Additionally, top minor league prospects will also be sent to umpire in winter leagues (during Major League and Minor League baseball's off-season) usually located in the Caribbean, Central America or South America.

In addition, top AAA prospects may also be rewarded with umpiring only Major League preseason games during spring training (in lieu of Class AAA games). Additionally, the very top prospects may umpire Major League regular season games on a limited basis as "fill-in" umpires (where the Class AAA umpire replaces a sick, injured or vacationing Major League umpire).

Finally, upon the retirement (or firing) of a Major League umpire, a top Class AAA umpire will be promoted to Major League Baseball's permanent umpire staff. During this entire process, if an umpire is evaluated as no longer being a major-league prospect, he will be released, ending his professional career. In all, MiLBUD estimates that it will take an umpire seven to eight years of professional umpiring before he will be considered for a major league position.

, major league umpires earn $150,000 to $450,000 per year depending on their experience, with a $340 per diem for hotel and meals, plus first-class commercial airline tickets. Minor league umpires earn from $2,000 to $3,900 per month during the season. Amounts vary based on the umpire's classification and experience.

, there are 19 four-man crews in MLB, for a total of 76 full-time umpires; they are augmented by 16 Class AAA umpires eligible to umpire regular season games, yielding a total roster of 92 MLB umpires.

Uniforms
Umpires are often referred as "Blue" because of the traditional color of their uniforms. Standardized navy blue suits worn with white shirts and navy ties were adopted as umpire uniforms by the American Association, semi-formal and business-like attire elevated above the clothing worn by players. The National League adopted the same uniform the following year, as did the American League when it became a major league in 1901. Minor leagues likewise followed suit. For many decades there were no difference between the umpire uniforms of the two major leagues except that National League umpires adopted an inside chest protector worn under their suits while American League umpires wore an outside (or "balloon") protector over their suits when calling balls and strikes at home plate.

In 1968, American League umpires began to wear grey trousers with their blue coats, while National League umpires retained the solid blue suits. In 1970, the National League added a league logo patch to the chest pocket and the umpire's number on the right sleeve of the coat. That same year, the NL also introduced a short-sleeved light blue shirt worn without coat or tie for hot summer games; the American League also adopted the short sleeve variant in 1972. In 1973 the AL switched to a maroon blazer worn with blue pants, which was used until 1979. In 1975, the American League umpire hats added the abbreviation "AL". Beginning with the 1976 World Series, in cold weather umpires could replace the shirt and tie with a turtleneck sweater (originally light blue for the NL and beige for the AL). In 1977, the use of the outside (balloon) protector was outlawed for new umpires but grandfathered for existing umpires (the last umpire that used one, Jerry Neudecker, retired in 1985). The wearing of ties was phased out, with the 1979 All-Star Game being the last time they were worn.

In 1980, Major League Baseball standardized umpire uniforms for both leagues, adopting a uniform of a blue blazer, grey trousers, and short sleeved light blue shirt, with only the logo patch on the shirt and coat and the either "AL" or "NL" monogrammed caps differentiating them; the AL also added numbers to their umpire uniforms like the NL. Both leagues introduced V-neck sweaters for wear on the bases, with those AL umpires still using the outside chest protector also wearing them occasionally behind the plate. Late in the decade, windbreaker-style jackets and heavier coats similar to those worn by players in the dugouts were adopted as alternatives to the blazer when weather appropriate.

In 1996, the button-down light blue shirt was replaced with a navy blue polo shirt with red and white trim on the collar and sleeve cuffs and red numbers on the sleeve. The simple monograms on the cap were replaced by a large red "N" with the NL logo and "A" with the AL logo respectively. The AL also permitted an optional red polo shirt (an homage to the 1973-79 red blazers) that was not widely used; the notable exceptions were Derryl Cousins and Dale Scott, who frequently wore the red shirts while working home plate, even as their colleagues on the bases wore the navy blue shirts. The NL added a light blue polo shirt for warm weather in 1997, which the AL also adopted the following year. Beginning in 2000, after the individual leagues' umpires were consolidated into a single staff, the 1996-99 uniform styles were carried over with "MLB" on the caps instead of the league designations.

In 2001 the uniforms switched to black polo shirts with grey slacks, with the hats and chest patches now bearing the MLB logo. The light blue shirt was replaced by a gray shirt, but the blue returned a year later. A long-sleeve version of the polo shirts are also available for colder weather, as is a short-sleeved turtleneck for use as an undershirt. Outerwear options consist of a black pullover windbreaker with removable lower sleeves and a heavier black dugout coat. Still available, though less commonly seen, is the plate coat, a modern version of the traditional blazer, also in black, which is typically only worn when serving as home plate umpire, where the large lower pockets are used for storing extra baseballs.

Famous umpires

Hall of Fame
The following ten umpires have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame:
 Class of 1953 – Tommy Connolly (NL, 1898–1900; AL, 1901–1931)
 Class of 1953 – Bill Klem (NL 1905–1941)
 Class of 1973 – Billy Evans (AL, 1906–1927)
 Class of 1974 – Jocko Conlan (NL 1941–1964)
 Class of 1976 – Cal Hubbard (AL, 1936–1951)
 Class of 1989 – Al Barlick (NL, 1940–1943, 1946–1955, 1958–1971)
 Class of 1992 – Bill McGowan (AL, 1925–1954)
 Class of 1999 – Nestor Chylak (AL, 1954–1978)
 Class of 2010 – Doug Harvey (NL 1962–1992)
 Class of 2013 – Hank O'Day (NL, 1895, 1897–1911, 1913, 1915–1927)

Conlan and O'Day played in 128 and 232 major league games, respectively, prior to becoming professional umpires.

Several player inductees to the Hall of Fame served as substitute umpires for a small number of games during the early years of baseball; these include Hughie Jennings, Willie Keeler, King Kelly, and Chuck Klein.  Additionally, Hall of Fame player inductees Tim Keefe and Ed Walsh umpired professionally in the major leagues after their playing careers ended.

Numbers retired by the National and American Leagues

Like players, umpires are identified by numbers on their uniforms. National League umpires began wearing numbers in 1970 (though they were assigned numbers in the 1960s) and American League umpires were assigned and began wearing uniform numbers in 1980. The National League umpires' numbers were initially assigned in alphabetical order (Al Barlick wearing number 1, Ken Burkhart number 2, etc.) from 1970 to 1978, which meant that an umpire's number could change each year depending on retirements and other staff changes. In 1979, the National League changed the numbering system and thereafter an umpire's number did not change from year to year. At first, as new umpires, they would be assigned higher numbers (for example, in 1979, Dave Pallone, Steve Fields, Fred Brocklander, and Lanny Harris were assigned numbers 26 to 29 instead of available numbers between 1 and 25). The National League numbering practice changed again in the mid-1980s, when new umpires were assigned previously used numbers (for example, in 1982 Gerry Davis was assigned number 12, previously worn by Andy Olsen, and in 1985 Tom Hallion was assigned number 20, previously worn by Ed Vargo.)

The American League's number assignments were largely random. Bill Haller, the senior American League umpire in 1980, wore number 1 until his retirement following the 1982 World Series, but the number was never reassigned.

In 2000, the American League and National League umpiring staffs were merged into a unified staff under the auspices of Major League Baseball, and all numbers were made available, including the numbers that had been retired by one of the leagues. (For example, the American League had retired Lou DiMuro's number 16 after his death, but it was made available to his son Mike after the staffs were unified.) In the event of duplications, the more senior umpire was given the first choice. (For example, Al Clark in the AL and Jerry Layne in the NL both wore the number 24, but because Clark had more seniority he was assigned 24 and Layne number 26. When Clark was relieved of his duties in 2001, Layne was able to obtain number 24. By comparison, Bruce Froemming was given #6 upon unification of the umpiring staffs since he had worn it longer in the NL than Jim Joyce had worn it in the AL; Joyce subsequently chose #66, unused by any previous umpire. When Froemming retired following the 2007 season, Joyce opted to keep #66, and #6 is now worn by Mark Carlson.)  Starting in the 2020 season, umpires (mainly call-up/reserve umpires used when the regular staff is on vacation) were assigned triple-digit numbers (100+).

From time to time, Major League Baseball retires those numbers for umpires who have given outstanding service to the game, or in honor of umpires who have died.

Since unified umpiring crews were established in 2000, all numbers are available to Major League Baseball umpires, as each retired number was reserved per league. Only one umpire number has been retired since the current format was established, 42, because of the Major League Baseball policy instituted in 1997.
 1 Bill Klem (NL, 1905–41); currently worn by Bruce Dreckman
 2 Nick Bremigan (AL, 1974–89); currently worn by Dan Bellino
 2 Jocko Conlan (NL, 1941–64); worn by Jerry Crawford during his tenure in the NL (1977–1999)
 3 Al Barlick (NL, 1940–43, 1946–55, 1958–71); Last worn by Bill Welke and his brother Tim Welke
 9 Bill Kunkel (AL, 1968–84); also a National Basketball Association referee. Last worn by Brian Gorman.
 10 John McSherry (NL, 1971–1996); died at home plate during the Cincinnati Reds-Montreal Expos season opener. Currently worn by Phil Cuzzi.
 16 Lou DiMuro (AL, 1963–82); killed in an auto-related accident after a game in Arlington, Texas. Previously worn by his son, Mike DiMuro and currently worn by Lance Barrett.
 42 Jackie Robinson (retired by Major League Baseball since April 15, 1997.) Worn by Fieldin Culbreth in the American League through 1999; Culbreth switched to #25 when a unified umpiring staff was first used in 2000.

Longest major league careers

Most games
Regular-season major league games umpired

 5,460 – Joe West
 5,375 – Bill Klem
 5,163 – Bruce Froemming
 4,849 – Gerry Davis
 4,770 – Tommy Connolly
 4,673 – Doug Harvey

Most seasons
Careers beginning prior to 1920:
 37 – Bill Klem (NL, 1905–41)
 35 – Bob Emslie (AA, 1890; NL, 1891–1924)
 34 – Tommy Connolly (NL, 1898–1900; AL, 1901–31)
 30 – Hank O'Day (NL, 1895, 1897–1911, 1913, 1915–27)
 29 – Bill Dinneen (AL, 1909–37)
 29 – Cy Rigler (NL, 1906–22, 1924–35)
 25 – Brick Owens (NL, 1908, 1912–13; AL, 1916–37)
 25 – Ernie Quigley (NL, 1913–37)

Careers beginning from 1920 to 1960:
 30 – Bill McGowan (AL, 1925–54)
 28 – Al Barlick (NL, 1940–43, 1946–55, 1958–71)
 27 – Bill Summers (AL, 1933–59)
 26 – Tom Gorman (NL, 1951–76)
 25 – Nestor Chylak (AL, 1954–78)
 25 – Jim Honochick (AL, 1949–73)

Careers beginning since 1960:
 43 – Joe West (NL, 1976–99; MLB 2002–2021), recognized by MLB as having the longest tenure of any umpire in MLB history in terms of number of seasons umpired, and has umpired more games than any other MLB umpire
 40 – Gerry Davis (NL, 1982–1999, MLB 2000–2021), owner of officials equipment store; has umpired more postseason games than any other umpire (151)
 37 – Bruce Froemming (NL, 1971–99; MLB, 2000–07), ejected New York Yankees manager Billy Martin from Game 4 of the 1976 World Series, made controversial ball four call which prevented Milt Pappas' perfect game in 1972
 35 – Jerry Crawford (NL, 1976–99; MLB, 2000–2010), son of NL umpire Shag Crawford (1951–75) and brother of National Basketball Association official Joey Crawford (1977–2016)
 35 – Joe Brinkman (AL, 1972–99; MLB, 2000–06) last active umpire to have used the balloon chest protector (Brinkman switched to the inside protector in 1980); former owner of umpire school; last active AL umpire to work prior to implementation of DH.  Ejected Cleveland Indians manager Mike Hargrove from Game 2 of the 1998 American League Division Series after three pitches for arguing balls and strikes
 35 – Ed Montague (NL, 1974, 1976–99; MLB, 2000–09) One of three umpires (Bill Klem and Bill Summers were the others) to serve as World Series crew chief four times
 35 – Dana DeMuth (NL, 1985–99, MLB 2000–2019), made (with Jim Joyce) game-ending obstruction call in Game 3 of the 2013 World Series
 34 - Jerry Layne (NL, 1989–1999, MLB 2000–present) - as of 2023, MLB's most senior active umpire
 34 – John Hirschbeck (AL, 1983–99, MLB 2000–2016), brother of former umpire Mark Hirschbeck (NL 1987-1999, MLB 2000-2003), involved in infamous "spitting" incident with Roberto Alomar
 34 – Derryl Cousins (AL 1979–99; MLB 2000–2012) last remaining replacement called up during the 1979 umpire strike and last AL umpire to have worn the red blazer (1973–79)
 34 – Mike Reilly (AL, 1977–99, MLB 2000–2010)

 33 – Harry Wendelstedt (NL, 1966–98) The Wendelstedt family operates one of two MLB-approved umpire schools; son Hunter, currently an MLB umpire, took over after Harry's death in 2012.
 33 – Tim McClelland (AL, 1983–99, MLB 2000–2013), home plate umpire in Pine Tar Game and home plate umpire for David Wells' perfect game in 1998
 33 – Tim Welke (AL 1985–99, MLB 2000–2015), brother of former umpire Bill Welke (1999–2022), ejected Atlanta Braves manager Bobby Cox from Game 6 of the 1996 World Series
 32 - Ángel Hernández (NL 1991–1999, MLB 2000–present) as of 2023, MLB's second-most senior active umpire
 31 – Dave Phillips (AL, 1971–1999; MLB, 2000–2002) He was the crew chief during the 1979 Disco Demolition Night at Comiskey Park, ordering the Chicago White Sox to forfeit the second game of a scheduled doubleheader to the visiting Detroit Tigers. First umpire to throw Gaylord Perry out of a game for an illegal pitch (1982), threw out Albert Belle for a corked bat (1994)
 31 – Larry Barnett (AL, 1968–99) Made "no interference" call in Game 3 of the 1975 World Series
 31 – Doug Harvey (NL, 1962–92), home plate umpire in Game 1 of 1988 World Series, punctuated by dramatic pinch-hit home run by an injured Kirk Gibson, nicknamed "God" for his knowledge of rules and ability to control games.
 31 - Tom Hallion (NL, 1985–1999, MLB 2006–2022), known for his "whirling dervish" strike-three mechanic, also had a viral discussion with New York Mets manager Terry Collins after ejecting pitcher Noah Syndergaard after a beanball incident in 2016.
 31 - Brian Gorman (NL 1991–1999, MLB 2000–2021), son of former umpire Tom Gorman (NL, 1951–1977)
 30 - Don Denkinger (AL, 1969–98), made infamous call in Game 6 of the 1985 World Series, then ejected St. Louis Cardinals manager Whitey Herzog and Cardinal pitcher Joaquín Andújar in Game 7. Also worked home plate in Game 7 of the 1991 World Series when the Minnesota Twins' Jack Morris pitched a 10-inning complete game in a 1–0 win vs. the Atlanta Braves. First American League umpire to switch from the outside chest protector to the inside protector in 1975.
 30 - Jim Joyce (AL, 1987–99; MLB, 2000–2016), umpire whose incorrect call led to Armando Galarraga's near-perfect game
 30 – Dale Scott (AL, 1987–1999, MLB 2000–2017); Last umpire to eject New York Yankees manager Billy Martin from a game, first openly homosexual umpire
 30 - Kerwin Danley (NL 1992–1999, MLB 2000–2021), first African-American crew chief in 2020
 30 - Larry Vanover (NL 1993-1999, MLB 2002–present)

Others

Other noteworthy umpires have included:
 Emmett Ashford (AL, 1966–70), first African-American umpire in Major League Baseball; retired after working 1970 World Series, when he became the first African-American to officiate a championship series or game in a major North American professional sport
 Ted Barrett (AL 1994-99, MLB 1999–2022), first umpire to work home plate for two perfect games (and was on the field for three perfect games), worked home plate in Game 3 of the 2018 World Series, the longest game by time and innings in World Series history and ejected Atlanta Braves manager Bobby Cox from a game in 2007, which broke the MLB record for career managerial ejections (132).
 Fred Brocklander (NL, 1979–92), replacement umpire called up during 1979 strike; called Game 6 of the 1986 National League Championship Series
 Jon Byrne (MLB 2014), the first Australian native to umpire a major league game in the modern era; Australian second baseman Joe Quinn was a substitute umpire for two National League games; one each in 1894 and 1896
 Amanda Clement (SD, 1904–10), first paid female umpire
 Ramon De Jesus (MLB, 2016–present), first major league umpire from the Dominican Republic
 Bill Dinneen (AL, 1909–37), called five no-hitters, and also pitched a no hitter (September 27, 1905); the only man to both pitch and call no-hit baseball games
 Augie Donatelli (NL, 1950–73), made controversial "phantom tag" call in Game 2 of the 1973 World Series on the New York Mets' Bud Harrelson while sprawled on the ground at home plate in what was his final plate assignment
 Jim Evans (AL, 1971–99), ran one of only two official umpire schools until decertified after an incident in 2012
 Rich Garcia (AL, 1975–99), erroneously ruled 12-year old Jeffrey Maier did not commit fan interference on a fly ball by the Yankees' Derek Jeter during Game 1 of the 1996 American League Championship Series, allowing Jeter's game-tying home run to stand. New York defeated the Baltimore Orioles in five games, then won the Word Series vs. the Atlanta Braves.
 Bernice Gera (NAPBL, 1972), first female umpire in professional baseball
 Bill Haller (AL, 1963–82), brother of Major League catcher Tom Haller; last umpire to use outside chest protector in World Series (Game 2 in 1982)
 Sam Holbrook (NL 1996–99, MLB 2000–2022), made controversial Infield Fly Rule call in the 2012 National League Wild Card Playoff, ejected Washington Nationals manager Dave Martinez from Game 6 of the 2019 World Series, the most recent managerial ejection in World Series play and the first since 1996. Was behind the plate for Game 7 of the 2016 World Series, when the Chicago Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in 10 innings to win their first championship since 1908.
 Eddie Hurley (AL, 1947–65), home plate umpire when 3-foot-7 Eddie Gaedel came to bat for the St. Louis Browns on August 19, 1951, and walked on four pitches. Also was home plate umpire for Game 7 of the 1965 World Series, when the Dodgers' Sandy Koufax shut out the Twins on two days' rest.
 Bill Kunkel (AL, 1968–84) former major league pitcher and National Basketball Association official; son Jeff was a major league infielder
 Ron Luciano (AL, 1969–80) All-American lineman for Syracuse University football team in late 1950s; later was an analyst for Major League Baseball on NBC and wrote four books
 John McSherry (NL, 1971–96) died of a heart attack after seven pitches of 1996 season opener between Expos and Reds
 Jerry Neudecker (AL, 1966–85) last AL umpire to use outside chest protector after league disallowed its use by new umpires starting in 1977
 Jake O'Donnell (AL, 1968–71) also a National Basketball Association official from 1967 to 1995; only man to officiate both MLB and NBA all-star games. Worked the NBA Finals every year from 1972 through 1994.

 Silk O'Loughlin (AL, 1902–18)
 Dave Pallone (NL, 1979–88) involved in 1988 shoving incident with then-Reds manager Pete Rose which led to Rose's 30-day suspension
 Steve Palermo (AL, 1977–91) career ended when he suffered spinal cord damage from a gunshot wound suffered on Dallas' Central Expressway while apprehending two armed robbers
 Babe Pinelli (NL, 1935–56) home plate umpire for Don Larsen's perfect game in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series
 Pam Postema first female umpire to work an MLB spring training game (1988), also worked the Hall of Fame Game in the same season
 Beans Reardon (NL, 1926–49) openly defied Bill Klem by using outside chest protector in NL
 Brian Runge (NL 1999, MLB 2000–12) first third-generation umpire following father Paul Runge (NL, 1974–97) and grandfather Ed Runge (AL, 1954–70)  Ejected Ichiro Suzuki from a game in 2009, the only ejection in Ichiro's professional career (1992-2019).
 Jack Sheridan (PL, 1890; NL, 1892, 1896–97; AL, 1901–14)
 Art Williams (NL, 1972–77), first African-American umpire in the National League, worked the 1975 National League Championship Series
 Charlie Williams (NL, 1978–99, MLB 2000-01), in 1993, became first African-American umpire to work home plate in a World Series game.  Ejected Steve Garvey from a game in 1986, the only ejection in Garvey's 19 year career (1969-1987).

Current MLB umpiring crews
Below are the umpire crews for the 2023 MLB season. Crews frequently change over the course of the year as umpires are injured or on vacation.

Etymology
According to the Middle English dictionary entry for noumpere, the predecessor of umpire came from the Old French nonper (from non, "not" and per, "equal"), meaning "one who is requested to act as arbiter of a dispute between two people", or that the arbiter is not paired with anyone in the dispute.

In Middle English, the earliest form of this shows up as noumper around 1350, and the earliest version without the n shows up as owmpere, a variant spelling in Middle English, circa 1440.

The n was lost after it was written (in 1426–1427) as a noounpier with the a being the indefinite article. The leading n became attached to the article, changing it to an Oumper around 1475; this sort of linguistic shift is called false splitting. Thus today one says "an umpire" instead of "a numpire".

The word was applied to the officials of many sports before baseball, including association football (where it has been superseded by referee) and cricket (which still uses it).

See also

 List of Major League Baseball umpires
 Referee

References

Further reading

External links

 Umpires at Baseball Almanac
 MLB Umpires. Major League Baseball
 World Umpires Association (labor union for major-league umpires)
 Association of Minor League Umpires
 Umpire's Role. Little League Baseball & Softball

Baseball occupations

Sports officiating

Umpire (baseball)


آليس شفارتسر بالألمانية  أحدالوجوه النسائية المميزة للحركة النسوية في ألمانيا. ولدت في سنة 1942. درست في باريس وعملت فترة طويلة كمراسلة صحفية في ألمانيا للمجلات الفرنسية. تأثرت بحركة تحرير المرأة في فرنسا ونقلت أفكارها لألمانيا. درست في ألمانيا بعد دراستها الأولى في فرنسا علم النفس وعلم الاجتماع. أصدرت المجلة التي تهتم بالشؤون النسوية Emma.

تعتبر من المعارضات للإباحية (البورنو) وكان شاركت في حملة في سنة 1987 بعنوان PorNo. أيدت فيها حظر الإباحية في ألمانيا قائلة ان الإباحية تنتهك كرامة النساء وتمثل شكلا من أشكال العنف ضدهن.

سيرتها الذاتية ومناصبها
وُلدت شفارتسر لأم عزباء تبلغ من العمر 22 عاماً، كانت والدتها مغنّية ولم تتدخل في تنشئتها لذلك تربّت على يد جدّيها في مدينة فوبرتال الألمانية التي كانت تُعرف بوقوف سكّانها ضد النازيين. خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، أُجليت شفارتسر إلى بافاريا، ولم تعد إلى حوض الرور حتّى عام 1950. أنهت شفارتسر دراستها في فرنسا ثم عملت صحفية متدربة في مدينة دوسلدورف الألمانية في عام 1966. بدأت مهنتها كصحفية في عام 1969.

عملت شفارتسر موظّفة مستقلّة في العديد من المنابر الإعلامية في مدينة باريس بين عامي 1970 و1974. وفي ذات الوقت، درست علم النفس وعلم الاجتماع ضمن فصول دراسية للعديد من المحاضرين من بينهم الفيلسوف الفرنسي ميشال فوكو. التقت شفارتسر مع جان بول سارتر ودانيال كوهين-بينديت. وكانت واحدة من مؤسسي الحركة النسائية في باريس (MLF) التي وصلت أفكارها إلى ألمانيا. تعاونت شفارتسر مع سيمون دي بوفوار وجين مورو وكاترين دينوف و340 امرأة فرنسية أخرى ليعلنّ أن كلًا منهنّ خضعت لعملية إجهاض غير قانونية في أبريل من العام 1971، وذلك في حملة ناجحة لإضفاء الطابع القانوني على الإجهاض في فرنسا.

اعترفت شفارتسر ورومي شنايدر وسينتا بيرغر و374 امرأة ألمانية أخرى بأنهنّ خضعن للإجهاض في يونيو من العام 1971، وذلك ضمن حملة ناجحة لإضفاء الطابع القانوني على الإجهاض في ألمانيا. كشفت شفارتسر بعد عدة عقود بأنها لم تجر أي عملية إجهاض حقاً. أطلقت على مشروعها اسم «نساء ضد المادة 218» (وهي مادة تنصّ على عدم قانونية الإجهاض في قانون العقوبات الألماني). أصدرت شفارتسر كتابها الأول في خريف عام 1971، وكان كتابها يحمل اسم مشروعها. أُبطل التصديق القانوني المتعلّق بالإجهاض في ألمانيا الغربية بقرار صادر عن المحكمة الدستورية الألمانية في عام 1975.

يُعتبر كتابها «الفرق البسيط وعواقبه الوخيمة» الذي صدر في عام 1975 أحد أكثر كتبها شهرة، وقد ذاع صيتها وتخطّى الحدود الألمانية، إذ تُرجم كتابها هذا إلى إحدى عشرة لغة. أصبحت شفارتسر أحد أكثر النسويات الألمانيات شهرةً وإثارةً للجدل بعد إصدارها لكتابها، وكانت نسويةً تابعةً للموجة النسوية الثانية التي تركّز على مفاهيم المساواة النسوية.

كان أحد أهداف شفارتسر هو تحقيق الاكتفاء الذاتي الاقتصادي للمرأة، فعارضت القانون الذي يُلزم المرأة المتزوّجة بالحصول على إذن من زوجها كي تتمكّن من العمل في وظيفة مأجورة خارج المنزل. أُزيل هذا البند في عام 1976.

نشرت شفارتسر العدد الأول من مجلّتها «إيمّا» في يناير من العام 1977، وركّزت على العمل في مجلّتها في السنوات اللاحقة بصفتها رئيسة تحرير وناشرة.

بدأت شفارتسر حملتها «لا للإباحية» (PorNo) في عام 1987، ودعت من خلالها إلى حظر المواد الإباحية في ألمانيا لأنها تنتهك كرامة المرأة وتشكّل صورةً من صور العنف الإعلامي ضدها، كما أنها تسهم في تعزيز فكرة معاداة النساء والعنف البدني ضدهنّ. لم تحقق حملتها المستمرة أي نجاح يُذكر.

عملت شفارتسر مقدّمة لبرنامج «زايل في العاشرة» التلفزيوني بين عامي 1992 و1993، عُرض هذا البرنامج على قناة «هسن» التلفزيونية الألمانية. تكرر ظهورها على التلفزيون الألماني في جميع القضايا المتعلّقة بالنسوية بعد استضافتها الدائمة في البرامج الحوارية الألمانية.

أصبحت مجلّتها «إيمّا» مجلّةً نصف شهرية في عام 1993، وواصلت شفارتسر كتابتها لعدد أكبر من الكتب في الوقت ذاته، إذ أصدرت كتاباً عن بترا كيلي وجيرت باستيان تحت عنوان «الحب القاتل»، وكتبت عن السيرة الذاتية لكل من رومي شنايدر وماريون دونهوف. بلغ إجمالي عدد الكتب التي أصدرتها بصفتها كاتبة 16 كتاباً، بينما وصل عدد الكتب التي أصدرتها بصفتها ناشرة إلى 15 كتاباً.

شنّت شفارتسر حملةً ضد قانون عام 2002 الذي يشرّع بيوت الدعارة بشكل كامل، حيث نظرت إلى الدعارة على أنها نوع من أنواع العنف ضد المرأة. أيدّت بعض القوانين كالتي توجد في السويد، حيث يُسمح ببيع الأعمال الجنسية ويُحظر شراؤها.

انتقدت شفارتسر في السنوات الأخيرة الإسلام السياسي ومكانة المرأة في الدين الإسلامي بشدّة، وكانت تؤيد حظر ارتداء النساء للحجاب في المدارس العامة وغيرها من الأماكن العامة لأنها كانت تعتبر الحجاب رمزاً قمعياً. حذّرت شفارتسر من الأسلمة التي تزحف إلى أوروبا، حيث ستؤدي على حدّ تعبيرها إلى تآكل حقوق الإنسان وخصوصاً حقوق المرأة.

كتبت شفارتسر لصالح استمرار قانونية ختان الأطفال الذكور.

في شهر يونيو من العام 2018، تزوّجت شفارتسر من شريكة أعمالها طيلة حياتها بيتينا فلينتر.

التهرّب الضريبي
أنشأت شفارتسر خلال ثمانينيات القرن الماضي حساباً مصرفياً في بنك «لينهاردت وشريكه» الخاص في مدينة زيوريخ السويسرية، وذلك كي تحافظ على أموالها بعيداً عن السلطات الضريبية الألمانية. حوّلت شفارتسر في السنوات اللاحقة أرباحها التي كسبتها من بيع الكتب والعروض التقديمية العلنية إلى حسابها المصرفي في سويسرا كي تتجنّب دفع الضرائب في ألمانيا. تراكمت أموالها غير القانونية لتصل إلى مبلغ يقدّر بأربعة ملايين يورو شاملين للفوائد والفوائد المركّبة.

وفقاً للمادة 371 من قانون الضرائب الألماني، يتمكّن مرتكب التهرّب الضريبي من تجنّب العقوبة إن اعترف بالجريمة وقدّم كشفاً كاملاً عن ضرائبه غير المدفوعة للسلطات. حاولت شفارتسر أن تبقي الكشف بينها وبين السلطات الضريبية الألمانية، وعلى الرغم من ذلك كتبت صحيفة «دير شبيغل» الألمانية مقالاً استقصائياً حول هذا الأمر في شهر فبراير من العام 2014، ما جعل من قضيتها قضيةً عامةً بالكامل.

ردّت شفارتسر على هذا المقال بنشر بيان على صفحتها الإلكترونية الخاصة تحت عنوان «عن حساب المرء الشخصي». اعترفت في بيانها بأنها متهرّبة ضريبياً وحاولت أن تبرئ نفسها بادّعائها أنها كانت خائفة من المعارضين السياسيين في ألمانياً سابقاً، وأنها كانت «خائفة حقّاً» من فكرة اضطراراها لمغادرة البلاد في يوم من الأيام، وبالتالي فهي بحاجة لأن تستعدّ مالياً لهذا اليوم.

داهمت السلطات الضريبية الألمانية والمدّعين العامّين المكلّفين بالقضايا الجنائية عدداً من العقارات التي تمتلكها شفارتسر في شهر مايو من العام 2014. وفي ذات الوقت، تمّ العمل بمذكرات التفتيش القضائية التي أُصدرت للبحث في العديد من حساباتها المصرفية، واتضّح أن الكشف الذي قدّمته شفارتسر لسلطة الضرائب الألمانية لم يكن صحيحاً، وأنها لم تغطِّ مبلغ ضرائبها غير المدفوعة بشكل كامل. وفي مثل هذه الحالة، لا تحمل الكشوفات أيّ أثرٍ يبرّئها من التهم بموجب قانون الضرائب الألماني. غرّمت المحكمة المحلّية في كولونيا شفارتسر بمبلغ من ستّ خانات بتهمة التهرّب الضريبي.

جوائزها

 حصلت على «وسام استحقاق جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية- رتبة فارس» في عام 1996، وحصلت بعدها على «وسام استحقاق جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية- رتبة ضابط» في عام 2005. ويعتبر وسام استحقاق جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية وسام الدولة العام الوحيد في جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية.
 حصلت على «جائزة الدانوب» عن «كفاحها الانفعالي من أجل حقوق المرأة» في عام 2004.
 حصلت على «وسام جوقة الشرف الفرنسي-رتبة فارس» في ديسمبر من العام 2004.
 حصلت على «جائزة الدولة» من حكومة ألمانيا الاتحادية في ولاية شمال الراين-وستفاليا في 15 يناير من العام 2005.
 حصلت على «جائزة مؤسسة إيلس ماير» في عام 2007.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من فوبرتال
أشخاص من مقاطعة الراين
أعلام إل جي بي تي ألمانية في القرن 20
أعلام إل جي بي تي ألمانية في القرن 21
ألمان أدينوا بالجرائم الضريبية
ألمانيات في القرن 20
ألمانيات في القرن 21
شخصيات مثلية القرن 21
صحفيات ألمانيات
صحفيون ألمان في القرن 20
صحفيون ألمان في القرن 21
صحفيون مثليون من ألمانيا
صحفيون وصحفيات ألمان
ضباط الصلبان من وسام استحقاق جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية
كاتبات ألمانيات
كاتبات ألمانيات في القرن 20
كاتبات ألمانيات في القرن 21
كتاب مثليون من ألمانيا
كتاب من فوبرتال
مجرمون ألمان في القرن 21
مجرمون من شمال الراين-وستفاليا
معارضة الإسلام في ألمانيا
مواليد 1942
مواليد في فوبرتال
مؤسسو مجلات ألمان
ناشطون مناهضون للإباحية الجنسية
ناشطون مؤيدون للأجهاض
نساء ثنائيات الميول الجنسية
نسويون ألمان
نسويون ضد الدعارة
نقاد الإسلاموية
نقاد ألمان للإسلام
نقاد للإسلام

آليس شفارتسر


was a town located in Uto District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,656 and the density of 334.93 persons per km². The total area was 28.83 km².

On January 15, 2005, Shiranuhi, along with the town of Misumi (also from Uto District), and the towns of Matsubase, Ogawa and Toyono (all from Shimomashiki District), was merged to create the city of Uki and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of Uki

Dissolved municipalities of Kumamoto Prefecture

Shiranuhi, Kumamoto


تمزقيدة هي بلدية بدائرة المدية ولاية المدية الجزائرية.

المصادر

أماكن مأهولة في ولاية المدية
تمزقيدة

تمزقيدة


Vaterpolsko prvenstvo Kraljevine SHS za 1928. godinu je četvrti put zaredom osvojio Jug iz Dubrovnika.

Završnica prvenstva
Završnica vaterpolskog prvenstva Kraljevine Srba Hrvata i Slovenaca je održana od 24. do 26. kolovoza 1928. u Beogradu na plivalištu Zimovnik na Savi u sklopu državnog prvenstva u plivanju i vaterpolu. Natjecanju su prethodila podsavezna prvenstva.

Podsavezna prvenstva

Završnica prvenstva

Ljestvica

Rezultati

Poveznice
 Jugoslavenska vaterpolska prvenstva

Izvori
 Novo Doba, Split, br. 209/X, izdano 27. kolovoza 1928., str. 4, preuzeto 22. rujna 2016.
 digitalna arhiva lista Novo Doba, Split
 list Sportista (službeni organ Jugoslovenskog plivačkog saveza), Beograd
  digitalna arhiva lista Politika, Beograd (1904.-1941.
  digitalna arhiva lista Vreme, Beograd (1921.-1941.)

1928.

Prvenstvo Kraljevine SHS u vaterpolu 1928.


Moulay Saïd, régna sur le royaume zianide de Tlemcen de 1410 à 1411. Frère du précédent sultan Abū ʿAbd Allāh il trouve la capitale dans un état satisfaisant mais ne fait que convoiter les richesses à son profit. Il est contesté et doit faire face à la dissidence de son frère Abd el Malek Abd el Ouahab qui finir par prendre le pouvoir en 1411.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi
 Abdalwadides
 Tlemcen

Zianides
Personnalité de l'histoire algérienne

Moulay Saïd


هنا قائمة بالبطولات الأسترالية لكرة المضرب, المعروفة الآن باسم أستراليا المفتوحة لسنة 1928:

فردي رجال

 جان بوروترا هزم  رولاند كامينغز 6-4 6-1 4-6 5-7 6-3

فردي سيدات

 دافن أوكوروست هزم  إسنا بويد 7-5, 6-2

مراجع

أحداث فبراير 1928 الرياضية
أحداث يناير 1928 الرياضية
البطولات الأسترالية حسب السنة
بطولات أسترالية 1928
بطولة أستراليا لكرة المضرب حسب السنة
كرة المضرب في 1928
كرة مضرب أسترالية في 1928

البطولات الأسترالية 1928 (كرة مضرب)


Love Your Man je drugi studijski album sastava The Rossington Band.

Popis pjesama
 "Losin' Control" - 4:00
 "Welcome Me Home" - 4:44
 "Call It Love" - 5:02
 "Holdin' My Own" - 3:19
 "Rock On" - 5:21
 "Love Your Man" - 3:53
 "Stay With Me" - 4:04
 "Nowhere To Run" - 4:15
 "Say It From The Heart" - 4:04
 "I Don't Want To Leave You" - 3:58

Vanjske poveznice
 Love Your Man na AllMusicu

Američki glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 1988.

Love Your Man


51569 Garywessen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
51569 Garywessen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Eskridge de Gary Hug. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,70 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 13,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 51001-52000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

51569 Garywessen


Camberwell College of Arts is a public tertiary art school in Camberwell, in London, England. It is one of the six constituent colleges of the University of the Arts London. It offers further and higher education programmes, including postgraduate and PhD awards. The college has retained single degree options within Fine Art, offering specialist Bachelor of Arts courses in painting, sculpture, photography and drawing. It also runs graduate and postgraduate courses in art conservation and fine art as well as design courses such as graphic design, illustration and 3D design. It has been ranked as the top British art school by The Times.

It was established as the Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts in 1898, and adopted its present name in 1989.

History
The history of the College is closely linked with that of the South London Gallery, with which the College shares its site. The manager of the South London Working Men's College in 1868, William Rossiter, purchased the freehold of Portland House on which the College now stands in 1889. The resulting Gallery opened in 1891, followed by the Technical Institute in 1898.

The architect was Maurice Bingham Adams. Originally, the school offered classes in specific trades.  By 1920, a Fine Art Department had been created.

During the Second World War, Victor Pasmore was appointed head of the painting department. Many well-known artists, including Frank Auerbach, Lawrence Gowing and Edward Ardizzone taught at Camberwell during this period. In 1973, the School expanded into a modern purpose-built block next to the existing premises. Both of them are now Listed Buildings.

In the 1980s, Wendy Smith became the head of Fine Art and employed Noel Forster, John Hilliard, Cornelia Parker, Phyllida Barlow, Gavin Jantjes and Ian McKeever. Tony Messenger and Eileen Hogan took charge of the graphics department, Eileen Hogan established and ran The Camberwell Press, and Eric Ayers presided over the typography school.

Camberwell temporarily lost its Fine Art courses but by 2004 the department had been fully restored to the College.

Research
Camberwell is part of the University of the Arts London and its Research Network (RNUAL), which also includes Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, Chelsea College of Art and Design, London College of Communication and London College of Fashion.

Affiliations
Camberwell and its sister colleges Chelsea College of Art and Design and Wimbledon College of Art makes up CCW, a three college model that allows sharing of resources between colleges. CCW combined their foundation courses from the academic year starting in September 2011, and bases them at the Wilson Road campus in Camberwell.

Peckham Platform
Peckham Platform is a public gallery dedicated to location-specific artwork made locally. Originally known as Peckham Space and part of Camberwell, in 2013 it became an independent charity.

Notable alumni

 Novera Ahmed (sculptor)
 Reginald Fairfax Wells (Sculptor and potter)
 Bernadette Ash (artist)
 Gillian Ayres  (1989 Turner Prize nominee)
 Franko B (artist)
 Irene Bache (artist)
 Jeff Banks (graphic designer and TV presenter)
 Roger "Syd" Barrett (musician, artist)
 Kate Blacker (artist)
 Quentin Blake (artist)
 Charles William Cain (artist)
 Seth Cardew (potter)
 Gillian Carnegie (2005 Turner Prize nominee)
 Lady Sarah Chatto (artist)
 Alan Charlton (artist)
 Sue Clowes (fashion designer)
 Darren Coffield (artist)
 Joshua Compston (curator)
 Jean Cooke (artist)
 Neisha Crosland (textile designer)
 Sheila Mary Denning (artist)
 Des'ree (singer)
 Roy Turner Durrant (artist)
 Uzo Egonu (artist)
 Dave Elsey (Oscar-winning makeup effects artist)
 Georgina von Etzdorf (textile designer)
 Anthony Eyton  (artist)
 Barry Fantoni (artist, writer, jazz musician, performer)
 Valerian Bernard Freyberg, 3rd Baron Freyberg (British Peer)
 Andrew Forge (artist and Dean of Yale School of Art)
 Sir Terry Frost  (artist)
 Edith Galliner (artist)
 Nicky Gavron (politician)
 Catherine Goodman (artist, BP Portrait Award winner)
 Liz Murray (artist)
 Maggi Hambling  (artist)
 Tom Hammick (Jerwood Drawing Prize winner)
 Howard Hodgkin (1985 Turner Prize winner)
 Eileen Hogan (artist)
 Rachael House (artist)
 Joan Hutt (artist)
 Karl Hyde (musician)
 Andrzej Jackowski (1991 John Moores Painting Prize winning artist)
 Chantal Joffe (artist)
 Andy Dog Johnson (artist and illustrator)
 David Jones (artist and poet)
 Lucy Jones
 Zebedee Jones (artist)
 John Keane (artist)
 John Kiki (figurative painter)
 Peter Kindersley (publisher)
 R. B. Kitaj (artist)
 Svetlana K-Lie (artist)
 Peter, Hereditary Prince of Yugoslavia (aka, Petar III Karađorđević) (graphic design)
 Nigel Konstam (sculptor)
 Dimitri Launder (artist)
 Natasha Law (artist)
 Mike Leigh (film director)
 Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen (interior designer and TV presenter)
 Humphrey Lyttelton (jazz musician)
 Raphael Maklouf (sculptor)
 Sargy Mann (artist)
 Alvin Marriott (sculptor)
 Mark McGowan (artist)
 Margaret Mee (artist)
 Theodore Mendez (artist)
 Keith Milow (artist)
 Cathy de Monchaux (1998 Turner Prize nominee)
 Junko Mori (artist)
 Annie Morris (artist)
 Malcolm Morley (1984 Turner Prize winner)
 Kate Moross (designer/illustrator)
 Gregor Muir (director, ICA, London)
 Ella Naper (artist)
 Frank Newbould (poster artist)
 Dennis H. Osborne (artist)
 Jean Osborne (artist)
 Daf Palfrey (film producer)
 Tom Phillips R.A. CBE (artist)
 Liz Pichon (illustrator)
 Rose Pipette (musician)
 Lesley Rankine (musician)
 Ruth Raymond (artist)
 Matthew Ritchie (artist)
 Tim Roth (actor)
 John Shaw (stone carver)
 Gilbert Spencer R.A. (artist)
 Matthew Stone (artist)
 Daniel Sturgis (artist)
 Angus Suttie (potter)
 Alan Thornhill (sculptor)
 Euan Uglow (artist)
 Keith Vaughan (artist)
 Florence Welch (musician)
 Alexander Williams (animator)
 Denis Williams (artist)
 Joe Wright (BAFTA award-winning director)

Notable academics
 Yolanda Sonnabend (theatre and ballet designer and painter)
 Rebecca Salter (artist and president of the Royal Academy of Arts)

References

Further reading
British Art Schools, The Times.
 Camberwell School of Arts & Crafts: its students & teachers, 1943–1960 by Geoff Hassell. Published by Antique Collectors' Club, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1995. .

External links
College website

Art schools in London
Education in the London Borough of Southwark
University of the Arts London
Educational institutions established in 1898
1898 establishments in England
Camberwell
Arts organizations established in 1898

Camberwell College of Arts


2017 මැයි 22 වන දින එංගලන්තයේ මැන්චෙස්ටර් පිහිටි මැන්චෙස්ටර් රඟහලදී පැවත්වූ ඇමෙරිකානු ගායිකා අරියානා ග්‍රැන්ඩේගේ ප්‍රසංගයක් අවසානයේ මරාගෙන මැරෙන බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාරයක් එල්ල වන ලදී. 22හැවිරිදි ලිබියානු සම්බවයක් සහිත බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික සල්මාන් අබෙඩි, ලෙස පොලීසිය විසින් හඳුනාගත් ප්‍රහාරකයා, ප්‍රසංගයට සහභාගී වූවන් රඟහලෙන් පිටවන අවස්ථාවේදී පිපිරීම සිදුකර තිබුණි. ප්‍රහාරය මගින් පුද්ගලයෝ 23 දෙනෙකු (ප්‍රහාරකයා ඇතුළු) ජීවිතක්ෂයට පත්ව, තවත් 64 දෙනෙකු තුවාල ලැබීය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

2017 මැන්චෙස්ටර් රංග භූමි බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාරය


România va participa la Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2019. Piesa care va reprezenta România pe scena Expo Tel Aviv va fi decisă în finala Selecției Naționale organizată de Televiziunea Română (TVR).

Context
Înainte de ediția din 2019, România a participat de 19 ori la Concursul Muzical Eurovision de la prima sa intrare în 1994. Cea mai bună poziție în concurs, până acum, a fost locul 3, pe care România l-a obținut în două ocazii: în 2005 cu piesa "Let Me Try", interpretată de Luminița Anghel și Sistem, respectiv în 2010 cu piesa "Playing with Fire", interpretată de Paula Seling și Ovi. În 2018, România nu a reușit să se califice în finală, plasându-se pe locul 11 în a doua semifinală cu piesa "Goodbye", interpretată de The Humans. Aceasta a marcat prima dată când România nu s-a calificat în finala concursului de la introducerea semifinalelor în 2004.

Înainte de Eurovision

Selecția Națională 2019
TVR a confirmat participarea României la Eurovision 2019 pe 20 septembrie 2018.

Piese concurente
TVR a deschis perioada de înscrieri pentru Selecția Națională 2019 pe 9 noiembrie. Până pe 10 decembrie, ultima zi a înscrierilor, 126 de piese au fost înscrise în concurs. Cei 24 de semifinaliști au fost anunțați pe 20 decembrie, aleși de un juriu de specialitate format din 11 membri, după cum urmează:
 Bogdan Pavlică – realizator de emisiuni la Radio România Actualități;
 Felix Crainicu – realizator de emisiuni la Radio România Actualități;
 Răzvan Popescu – realizator de emisiuni la Radio ZU;
 Oliver Simionescu – DJ la Kiss FM;
 Horea Ghibuțiu – jurnalist muzical la unsitedemuzică.ro;
 Dragoș Vulgaris – jurnalist muzical la ProFM și Chill FM;
 Bogdan Miu – jurnalist muzical și realizator de emisiuni la DigiFM;
 George Balint – jurnalist muzical la Realitatea Muzicală;
 Andreea Remețan – realizator de emisiuni la Virgin Radio România;
 Liana Stanciu – jurnalist muzical la TVR;
 Gabriel Scîrlet – director muzical al TVR.
Pe 2 ianuarie, Dan Bittman și-a anunțat retragerea de la Selecția Națională 2019, motivând aceasta prin faptul că în perioada semifinalelor nu se va afla în țară. În calitate de organizator, TVR și-a rezervat opțiunea de a oferi câte un wild card în fiecare etapă a Selecției. Până pe 10 ianuarie, organizatorii au primit nouă solicitări de wild card. Dintre acestea, "Army of Love", interpretată de Bella Santiago, și "Renegades", interpretată de Linda Teodosiu, au fost selectate pentru a accede în semifinale alături de celelalte piese calificate din preselecție. După anunțul oficial privind cele două wild carduri, Mihai Trăistariu s-a retras din competiție, invocând pretinsa lipsă de obiectivitate din partea organizatorilor Eurovision România și presupusa favorizare a unora dintre concurenți ca principale motive.

În premieră, Selecția Națională va avea un juriu național pentru semifinale și unul internațional pentru finala competiției. Din juriul național fac parte:
 Adi Cristescu – cântăreț și compozitor;
 Mihai Georgescu (Miță) – compozitor, textier, cântăreț, profesor de canto și fondatorul trupei Bere Gratis;
 Crina Mardare – cântăreață și vocal coach;
 Andy Platon – compozitor, producător și DJ;
 Mugurel Vrabete – basistul trupei Holograf.

Show-uri
Organizarea show-urilor Eurovision România în afara studiourilor de la București a devenit deja o tradiție pentru TVR, iar ediția din 2019 nu este o excepție, cele două semifinale fiind găzduite de două orașe din vestul și estul țării. Prima semifinală a avut loc pe 27 ianuarie, în Sala Polivalentă din Iași. A doua semifinală s-a desfășurat pe 10 februarie, în Sala Sporturilor "Victoria" din Arad. Marea finală a avut loc pe 17 februarie și a fost găzduită de București. Evenimentele au fost transmise în direct de TVR, sub sloganul "Împlinește visul!".

Semifinala 1
11 piese au concurat în prima semifinală organizată la Iași. Dintre acestea, cinci au fost selectate de juriu pentru a accede în marea finală. În urma televotingului, piesa "Underground", interpretată de Vaida, a obținut un loc în finală. Show-ul, prezentat de Aurelian Temișan și Ilinca Avram, a fost deschis de trupa The Sky Dance Company, marcând, printr-o coregrafie specială, a 20-a participare a României la Eurovision. Spectacolul s-a încheiat cu recitalul Iulianei Beregoi.

Semifinala 2
Cu patru zile înainte de semifinala de la Arad, Xandra s-a retras din competiție. Al doilea show al ediției din 2019 a avut loc în Sala Sporturilor "Victoria" din Arad. Ordinea intrării în concurs a fost stabilită de echipa de producție. Criteriile care au stat la baza acesteia țin de conceptul show-ului, regizorul Dan Manoliu alternând, în desfășurătorul semifinalei, genurile abordate de concurenți. La finalul concursului, cântărețul italian Alessandro Canino a susținut un recital alături de trupa Hit Italy.

Finala

La Eurovision

Note

România la Concursul Muzical Eurovision

România la Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2019


රූප ස්කන්ධ, වේදනා ස්කන්ධ, සංඥා ස්කන්ධ, සංස්කාර ස්කන්ධ විඤ්ඤාණ ස්කන්ධ

බුදු දහම සහ බුද්ධාගම
බුද්ධාගම කොට ලිපි

පංච ස්කන්ධ


Juan Comneno, apodado «el Gordo» (en griego: Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός ὁ παχύς), fue un noble bizantino que el 31 de julio de 1201 trató de usurpar el trono imperial de Alejo III Ángelo (1195-1203), en un breve golpe de Estado en Constantinopla. Fue capturado y ejecutado cuando el golpe de Estado fue suprimido.

Fuentes

Nobles del Imperio bizantino

Juan Comneno el Gordo


Metoda parcijalne integracije je postupak u matematici u kojemu se integral koji se ne može izračunati svodi na integral koji može.

Neodređeni integral

Formula za parcijalnu integraciju se izvodi iz formule za derivaciju produkta funkcija , koja se može zapisati kao

što predstavlja formulu za parcijalnu integraciju.

Funkcije  i  moraju biti izabrane tako da je integral s desne strane jednakosti moguće lakše izračunati nego početni. Treba imati na umu da će se u postupku morati izračunati i pomoćni integral

 .

Kao jednostavan primjer može poslužiti integral

koji se izračunava parcijalnom integracijom stavljanjem  i .

Određeni integral

Neka je  neprekidna funkcija, i  neprekidno diferencijabilna funkcija. Ako je  primitivna od  tada je formula za parcijalnu integraciju:

Izvori

Matematička analiza

Metoda parcijalne integracije


Decocția este procesul de extracție prin care se obține o soluție extractivă apoasă numită decoct. Decocturile se obțin la cald, prin fierberea materialului vegetal un timp mai îndelungat. Procesul este folosit pentru acele produse vegetale care conțin țesuturi dure, cu pereți celulari îngroșați (rădăcini, scoarțe, semințe, frunze coriacee, pieloase), de aceea materialul se lasă în contact cu apa la fierbere pentru o perioadă mai lungă (30 de minute, în general), spre deosebire de infuzii, la care doar se opărește materialul.

Vezi și
 Aromaterapie
 Ceai
 Infuzare
 Percolare
 Macerare

Referințe

Băuturi

Decocție


Giovanni Bonandrini ist ein italienischer Musikproduzent des Avantgarde- und Free Jazz aus Mailand und war lange Jahre Leiter der Labels Soul Note und Black Saint.

Bonandrini interessierte sich schon als Jugendlicher für Jazz und erwarb 1945 seine ersten Schellackplatten. Er übernahm (als Partner und Mitinhaber des Hi-Fi & Record Center) 1977 das von Giacomo Pellicciotti 1975 gegründete Black Saint Label, das bis dahin im Avantgarde-Jazz Bereich 13 Platten veröffentlicht hatte, und baute es stark aus zu einer Zeit, als auf diesem Gebiet die großen US-amerikanischen Labels wenig Interesse zeigten und ihr Programm zurückschraubten. 1979 gründete er das Schwester-Label Soul Note für mehr Bop-orientierten Jazz.

Zu den Künstlern der beiden Labels gehörten zu Anfang Paul Bley, Billy Harper und David Murray sowie das World Saxophone Quartet, Cecil Taylor, Anthony Braxton, Old and New Dreams, Steve Lacy, Muhal Richard Abrams, Sun Ra, Henry Threadgill, Julius Hemphill,  Archie Shepp, Max Roach, Art Blakey, George Russell, Dave Douglas, Chico Hamilton, Hamiet Bluiett und viele italienische Jazzmusiker wie Giorgio Gaslini, Enrico Pieranunzi, Gianluigi Trovesi, Enrico Rava. Bis 2004 hatten sie rund 500 Alben im Programm (die auch ständig weiter erhältlich blieben) bei rund 12 bis 15 Neuveröffentlichungen pro Jahr. Bonandrini bewahrte dabei seine Unabhängigkeit und kündigte aus diesem Grund auch schon einen Vertrag mit Polygram, als diese ihm in sein Programm hineinreden wollten.

1982 bis 1985, 1987 bis 1989 gewann er den Kritiker Poll von Down Beat als Produzent.

Sein Sohn Flavio Bonandrini setzt als Nachfolger seines Vaters in der Leitung des Labels dessen Arbeit fort.

Weblinks
[ Biographie von Scott Yanow, All Music Guide]
Interview bei Jazz Weekly

Einzelnachweise

Labelbetreiber
Jazz-Produzent
Italiener
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Giovanni Bonandrini


İkincil ağızlılar (Deuterostomia, Yunanca'da "ikinci ağız"), hayvanlar aleminin bir üst şubesidir. Bilateria kladının Protostomia'ya (ilkin ağızlılar) girmeyen hayvanlarını kapsar.

Gelişim aşamalarındaki farklılık; ağzın embriyonik gelişim sırasında blastoporun bulunduğu kısmın aksi tarafında yeni bir delik açılmasıyla oluşmasıdır. Blastopor anüsü oluştururken, ağız karın tarafının ön ucuna yakın bir yerden ikincil olarak oluşur. Mezoderm ve sölom oluşumu Protostomia'dan farklıdır.

Sınıflandırma ve sistematik

İkincil ağızlılar, Animalia içinde Bilateria adı verilen daha büyük bir grupta ilkin ağızlıların kardeş taksonu olarak sınıflandırılırlar. Vücutlarına göre sol ve sağ taraflarla iki yanlı (bilateral) bakışımlıdır.

Açıkça bu, denizyıldızı gibi yetişkin derisidikenliler için doğru değildir ve bazı ışınsal (radyal) bakışımlı canlılar da bu gruptadır. Bunun nedeni, embriyonun gelişiminde yatmaktadır. Embriyonik bir deniz yıldızının gelişiminde, canlı yaşamına iki yanlı başlar ancak olgunlaştıkça ışınsal bakışıma geçer.

İç ve dış sistematiği

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 UCMP-Deuterostomes

Üst şubeler

İkincil ağızlılar


2waytraffic es una compañía de producción televisiva basada en Hilversum, Países Bajos. Fue establecida en 2004 por Kees Abrahams, Unico Glorie, Taco Ketelaar, y Henk Keilman, todos ejecutivos anteriores de Endemol.

La compañía expandió significativamente en 2006 con tres adquisiciones, comenzando con Emexus, un proveedor de soluciones móviles, en junio, y luego Intellygents, un desarrollador de contenido, en agosto. Sin embargo, la más notable de las adquisiciones fue en diciembre, cuando compró los derechos de la compañía británica Celador International y su biblioteca de programación, incluyendo la franquicia internacional Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

El 4 de junio de 2008, la compañía se convirtió en un subsidiario de Sony Pictures Entertainment.

Actualmente tiene oficinas en Londres, Nueva York, Budapest, Estocolmo, y Madrid.

Compañías de 2waytraffic
Emexus Group es un proveedor de soluciones móviles adquirido por 2waytraffic en junio de 2006, con el nuevo nombre 2waytraffic Mobile.

Intellygents fue establecido en 2002 por Kirsten van Nieuwenhuijzen y Mark van Berkel, empleados anteriores de Endemol, y fue adquirido por 2waytraffic en agosto de 2006. Es una compañía de desarrollo creativo para entretenimiento inteligente, con tales formatos como That's the Question, Take It or Leave It, The Greatest Royalty Expert, y 50:50, un spin-off de Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

La más notable de las adquisiciones, 2waytraffic International, Sony Pictures Television (anteriormente Celador International), es el propietario, distribuidor, licenciante, y operador de los formatos de más que 200 concursos, incluyendo Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? en los Estados Unidos, el Reino Unido, Europa Oriental, y  las regiones nórdicas. Después de que SPE adquirió 2waytraffic, el subsidiario internacional se renombró como "2waytraffic International, Sony Pictures Television," con administración de Ed Louwerse.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Official site of Intellygents

Productoras de televisión de los Países Bajos
Subsidiarios de Sony
Sony Pictures Entertainment
Sony Pictures Television
Empresas fundadas en 2004

2waytraffic


ORDEN ou Organización Democrática Nacionalista est une organisation paramilitaire salvadorienne fondée sous le régime militaire de Julio Adalberto Rivera, dirigée par José Alberto Medrano. L'ORDEN a aidé à contrôler les élections de 1972, au cours desquelles José Napoleón Duarte, soucieux de la réforme, a perdu contre Arturo Armando Molina (du parti de Rivera, le Parti de la concertation nationale (PCN)) en raison d'une fraude.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Autoritarisme militaire au Salvador
 Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (PAC, ou patrouilles civiles d'autodéfense) : Guatemala
 Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC, ou Forces d'autodéfense unies de Colombie) : Colombie

Liens externes
 History Commons Democratic Nationalist Organization (ORDEN). Accessed November 25, 2008.
 El Salvador; History: Military dictatorships Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed November 25, 2008.

Organisation paramilitaire
Disparition en 1979
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1961
Histoire du Salvador

Organización Democrática Nacionalista


Oksana Oleksandrivna Chvets (en ), née le  à Kiev et morte le  dans la même ville, est une actrice ukrainienne tuée lors de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022.

Biographie

Oksana Chvets est morte après que l'immeuble résidentiel dans lequel elle se trouvait à Kiev a été touché par des roquettes.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1955
Naissance à Kiev
Actrice ukrainienne de cinéma
Actrice ukrainienne de théâtre
Actrice ukrainienne de télévision
Actrice ukrainienne du XXe siècle
Actrice ukrainienne du XXIe siècle
Décès à 67 ans
Décès à Kiev
Mort lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022
Décès en mars 2022
Victime civile morte pendant la guerre russo-ukrainienne

Oksana Chvets


Domingo López Alonso (Candín, Valle de Ancares, León, 1912-Madrid, 9 de abril de 2012), fue un empresario y banquero español cofundador del Banco Industrial de León y presidente del Banco de Valladolid.

Actividad Empresarial
Comenzó siendo minero picador para crear posteriormente un negocio de agricultura y entrar más tarde en el sector de la madera fabricando traviesas para el ferrocarril. Trabajó en el ramo de los ultramarinos, la ganadería, la minería y la construcción, participando incluso en el sector de la marina (sus barcos llegaron a operar en California, Chile, Marruecos o Mauritania).

Fue cofundador del Banco Industrial de León y presidente del Banco de Valladolid hasta su intervención en diciembre de 1978.

Tras detectar irregularidades en el conjunto de empresas relacionadas con el banco (más de una veintena de sociedades mineras, de transporte, pesqueras, de la construcción...), el Banco de España decidió intervenirlo y el 1 de diciembre de 1978 Corporación Bancaria se hizo con la participación de López Alonso en el Banco de Valladolid (en torno al 65%).

Después de haber recibido 26,5 millones de euros en 2003 por los depósitos que el banquero y la familia tenían en el Banco de Valladolid en 1978 (4.406 millones de pesetas), la Justicia obligaba en diciembre de 2004 al Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos, heredero de Corporación Bancaria, a entregar a López Alonso 1.021 millones de euros en concepto de intereses (al 15% anual) desde 1978. En febrero de 2007, el juzgado de primera instancia número cuatro de Madrid establecía el Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos no tendría que hacer frente a dicha indemnización pues "ninguna cantidad debe ser abonada en concepto de indemnización de daños y perjuicios".

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Entrevista a Domingo López Alonso en leonoticias.com
 'El Imparcial': Domingo López echa a Merino y pone a Pérez Varela
 Expolio de la fortuna de Domingo López Alonso

Empresarios de la provincia de León
Banqueros de España
Fallecidos en Madrid
Nacidos en Candín

Domingo López Alonso


La bataille du mont Olympe est une des batailles de la guerre galtienne.

Elle a eu lieu en 189 av. J.-C. entre les Gaulois galates d'Asie Mineure et la République romaine allié à Pergame.

La bataille a abouti sur une victoire romaine.

Sources

 Livy, translated by Henry Bettison, (1976). Rome and the Mediterranean. London: Penguin Classics. .

Bataille impliquant la Rome antique
Bataille du IIe siècle av. J.-C.

Bataille du mont Olympe


Censorinus steht für:

 Censorinus, römischer Grammatiker und Schriftsteller
 Censorinus (Gegenkaiser), vermutlicher römischer Gegenkaiser
 Censorinus, Beiname von Mitgliedern der Marcier
 Censorinus (Mondkrater), Einschlagkrater

Censorinus (Begriffsklärung)


Das Museum Lindengut ist das Heimatmuseum der Stadt Winterthur. Es zeigt die Wohnkultur des 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhunderts.

Gebäude
Das Museum Lindengut liegt in einer englischen Parkanlage, die wegen der Volière beim ehemaligen Gartenhaus in der Parkmitte im Volksmund den Namen «Vögelipark» bekam. Der Architekt der Anlage ist nicht bekannt, es könnte sich jedoch um den baden-badischen Hofbaumeister Franz Ignaz Kramer handeln, der zu dieser Zeit auf Einladung von Clais sich in Winterthur aufhielt und sich am Wettbewerb um den Umbau des Rathauses beteiligte.

Die als klassizistisches Landhaus erbaute Villa wurde 1787 fertiggestellt und trug auf ihrem Dach den ersten Blitzableiter der Schweiz. Das Gebäude ist im Innern unter anderem mit Wandmalereien und bemalten Täfern verziert. In den Räumen stehen sechs Kachelöfen, von denen fünf aus Winterthur stammen. Villa, Gärtner- und Kutscherhaus stehen unter kantonalem Denkmalschutz.

Geschichte
Das Ensemble mit Villa, Wasch- und Treibhaus (heute Gärtnerhaus mit Wohnung) und Holz- und Nebenschopf (heute Kutscherhaus) wurde 1787 von Johann Sebastian Clais erbaut und hies zu Beginn noch «Claisengut». Dieses lag damals als Landsitz ausserhalb der Stadtmauer und wurde zwischen den Anwesen «zum Palmengarten» (errichtet um 1740/1750, abgebrochen) und «zur Pflanzschule» (erbaut 1771/1772) erbaut. Nach dem Tod von Johann Sebastian Clais wurde die Villa von seinem Sohn Carl übernommen. Dieser kaufte zum «Lindengut» das benachbarten Barockhaus «Lindengüetli» dazu, wodurch die Villa «Lindengut» zu ihrem heutigen Namen kam. Das ursprüngliche «Lindengüetli» gehörte danach noch zum Ensemble, 1931 wurde es abgerissen.

Eine schwere wirtschaftlichen Krise der Familie zwang Carl von Clais 1848 das «Lindengut» unter Wert an den Fabrikanten Ludwig Greuter-Reinhart aus Islikon zu verkaufen, der danach für die nächsten 20 Jahre hier lebte. Auf ihn folgte seine Tochter Lydia Ziegler-Greuter, bevor die Anlage nach ihrem Tod 1867 in den Besitz ihres Sohnes Emil Ziegler-Egg gelangte. Dieser lebte im «Lindengut» bis 1884 und verkaufte es danach seiner Tochter Helene und ihrem Mann Eduard Sulzer-Ziegler. Dieser baute das Interieur der Villa im Stile der Neorenaissance um. Auch den Garten liess er vom Gartenarchitekten Evariste Mertens umgestalten und in der Nähe der Platanenstrasse (heute General-Guisan-Strasse) wurde ein Tennisplatz anlegt, der heute nicht mehr erhalten ist. Eduard Sulzer-Ziegler lebte bis zu seinem Tod 1913 in der Villa, danach war Helene Sulzer-Ziegler bis zu ihrem Tod 1941 alleinige Besitzerin des Lindenguts.

Von der Stadt wurde das «Lindengut» 1946 von den Erben Zieglers für 527'000 Fr. abgekauft und zunächst als Provisorium für das Polizei- und Steueramt gebraucht. Nach einer 1952 vom Volk bewilligten Aussenrenovation in der Höhe von knapp 500'000 Fr., bei dem auch ein Teil der Interieur-Umbauten Sulzers rückgängig gemacht wurden, stellte die Stadt das «Lindengut» dem seit 1874 bestehenden Historisch-antiquarischen Verein zur Verfügung. Dieser eröffnete dort 1956 das Museum Lindengut als Heimatmuseum, einer der treibenden Kräfte dabei war der damalige Vereinspräsident und Lokalhistoriker Werner Ganz. Von der Stadt wird das «Lindengut» weiterhin als Traulokal benutzt.

Museum
Das Museum zeigt Wechselausstellungen zur Geschichte von Winterthur und zur Wohnkultur des 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert. Dauerhaft zu sehen sind unter anderem ein bemaltes Stadtmodell von Winterthur im Jahr 1808 sowie das astronomische Zifferblatt des ehemaligen Winterthurer Zeitglockenturms über dem Käfigtor mit dem ältesten erhaltenen Astrolabiumgetriebe, 1529 erstellt vom Winterthur Uhrmacher Laurentius Liechti. Im Kutscherhaus ist eine Spielzeugsammlung untergebracht, die separat besucht werden kann. Mit der Saison 2018 hat sich das Museum neu ausgerichtet unter dem Namen museum schaffen.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Museum Lindengut auf den Seiten von Winterthur Tourismus
 Museum Lindengut auf den Seiten des Historischen Vereins Winterthur

Museum in Winterthur
Lindengut
Lindengut
Kulturgut von regionaler Bedeutung im Kanton Zürich

Museum Lindengut


Vaiva est un prénom féminin lituanien d'origine balte. C'est un raccourcissement de vaivorykštė, « arc-en-ciel ». Un arc-en-ciel était considéré comme l'une des manifestations de la déesse du destin païen Laima. Le père de Vaiva, selon la mythologie balte, est Perkūnas. Le nom a été popularisé par le conte de Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius Perkūnas, Vaiva ir Straublys, écrit en 1922.

Personnes notables nommées Vaiva

 Vaiva Mainelytė, actrice de théâtre et de cinéma lituanienne

Références

Prénom lituanien
Prénom européen féminin

Vaiva


Hubert de Lagarde () a fost un ofițer și scriitor francez, membru al Rezistenței Franceze. El este strănepotul lui Jean-Baptiste Lubin.

Biografie
Orfan de tată de foarte timpuriu, Hubert de Lagarde s-a înrolat voluntar în armată în 1916, la vârsta de doar optsprezece ani. Demobilizat în anul 1919, el a fost primit la Școala Specială Militară de la Saint-Cyr, unde l-a avut ca profesor de istorie pe căpitanul Charles de Gaulle. A fost disponibilizat din armată între 1924 și 1928, apoi reintegrat, dar a demisionat în 1930.

Acest patriot intransigent a scris articole în cotidianul Action française, în care a comentat eseul de istorie militară La France et son armée al lui De Gaulle. Primul său roman, Le Soupçon, publicată de Gallimard în 1934, a obținut două voturi în competiția pentru premiul Goncourt. El a publicat un al doilea roman în anul următor.

În 1938 a fost numit cavaler al Legiunii de onoare, fără îndoială, în semn de recunoaștere a serviciilor pe care a continuat să le presteze pentru armată, începând din 1930, ca ofițer de informații, sau, mai degrabă, ca un "corespondent onorabil".

Acțiuni în Rezistența Franceză
Mobilizat în 1939, apoi demobilizat după înfrângerea Franței, el s-a alăturat la sfârșitul anului 1940 mișcării de Rezistență. În 1942, el a fondat rețeaua de Rezistență Éleuthère, atașată mișcării Libération-Nord, având ca principale obiective informarea cu privire la ordinul de luptă, efectivele și deplasările diverselor unități ale Armatei Germane. În rue Cambon din Paris Hubert de Lagarde a deschis un magazin de antichități, cu firma "Chez Swan", care a servit ca o acoperire pentru activitățile sale. El și-a dezvoltat intens rețeaua, care va acoperi în cele din urmă întreaga zonă ocupată cu 12 subrețele deservite de 419 agenți. Lagarde a fost numit membru al Comitetului de acțiune militară. Ca urmare a diferitelor arestări în rețeaua sa, în decembrie 1943, el a fost condamnat la moarte în contumacie de un tribunal militar german. A refuzat să fugă la Londra, așa cum i s-a propus, și a intensificat activitățile rețelei Éleuthère.

Printre faptele de arme ale acestei organizații, în care Lagarde l-a avut drept comandant adjunct pe André Brouillard, alias Pierre Nord, și ca asistentă pe Yolande Ferrier de Thiérache, au fost identificarea și transmiterea unor informații precise la Londra, care au permis aliaților să organizeze un raid aerian de mare amploare în noaptea de 4 spre 5 mai 1944. Acest raid a dus la distrugerea aproape completă a diviziei blindate Hohenstaufen, grupate în regiunea de camp de Mailly. În urma acestei acțiuni militare au fost uciși sau scoși din luptă între 10.000 și 12.000 de germani, au fost distruse sau incendiate 400 de tancuri, fără a mai număra camioane și vehiculele ușoare.

Pe măsura apropierii momentului debarcării aliaților în Normandia, Hubert de Lagarde a regretat totuși bombardarea unor orașe franceze ca Rouen, Tours, Orléans, Lyon și Marseille, în care obiectivele strategice, în special nodurile sistemului feroviar, au fost distruse, în timp ce populația civilă a fost grav afectată: el s-a ridicat "împotriva imbecilității criminale a unor atacuri aeriene aliate care au exterminat sute de francezi fără a atinge obiectivele militare", neezitând să numească aceste operațiuni "munca unor bețivi", amenințând chiar să nu mai indice aliaților nici un obiectiv și să nu mai transmită la Londra rezultatul bombardamentelor.

La cererea generalului Koenig, Hubert de Lagarde a preluat conducerea serviciului de informații al mișcării de rezistență Libération Nord, iar apoi al statului major al Forțelor Franceze din Interior. Numirea comunistului Alfred Malleret (nume conspirativ: Joinville) la conducerea FFI l-au determinat să protesteze oficial împotriva politizării acestei structuri, ceea ce a provocat înlăturarea sa din statul major al FFI. Câteva zile mai târziu, pe 26 iunie 1944, a fost arestat de Gestapo. Torturat în mod repetat, el a fost deportat pe 15 august 1944 la Buchenwald, apoi la Dora, unde a murit de dizenterie în 25 ianuarie 1945.

Opera
 Le Soupçon, Paris, Gallimard, 1934
 L'Aventure, Paris, Gallimard, 1935
 Procès de l'Italie, Paris, Tisné, 1939 (operă interzisă prin ordin al guvernului de la Vichy)

Note

Bibliografie

 Pierre Nord, Mes Camarades sont morts, Paris, 1947 ; « J'ai lu », 1968, 3 vol.

Nașteri în 1898
Decese în 1945
Cavaleri ai Legiunii de onoare
Membri ai Rezistenței franceze
Scriitori francezi din secolul al XX-lea

Hubert de Lagarde


Prea târziu  se poate referi la:

Filme
 Prea târziu (film din 1956) (Raznîe sudbî), regia Leonid Lukov
 Prea târziu (film din 1965), regizat de Péter Bacsó
 Prea târziu, un film din 1996, regizat de Lucian Pintilie

Cărți
 Prea târziu. Speranța - Ileana Goga Landi
 Prea târziu. Destinul - Ileana Goga Landi
 Prea târziu - Rasvan Popescu, romanul care stă la baza scenariului pentru filmul lui Lucian Pintilie

Poezie
 Mihai Beniuc - Prea târziu

Prea târziu (dezambiguizare)


Halfdan (floruit 782–807) est un chef parmi les Danois et le premier
Scandinave connu à être entré au services des Francs. Les liens onomastiques le relient à la famille royale danoise dans laquelle le nom « Halfdan » est couramment utilisé pour désigner des personnages historiques, comme l'attestent les
Annales Fuldenses jusqu'en  873, et des souverains légendaires comme Halfdan Skjöldung.

Contexte
Halfdan est envoyé par le roi Sigfred à la cour de l'empereur des Francs  Charlemagne en 782, comme le mentionne la chronique franque Annales regni Francorum. Un   anonyme, louant Charlemagne en vers épiques composés en Latin médiéval mentionne la  recommandation d'Halfdan à l'empereur en l'année 807:
{|
|
Northmannorum dux, Alfdeni dictus, / Augusto magno sese comitante caterva / Subdidit, atque fidem studuit firmare perennem.
|
Un chef des Hommes du Nord, appelé Halfdan, se soumit au grand Empereur, accompagné d'une foule d'autres et s'efforça de garder une foi durable.
|}
Bien que l'auteur Saxon écrive plus tard dans le siècle, son  poème s'appuie généralement sur des sources fiables comme les  Annales regni Francorum et ce passage est probablement issu d'une source primaire disparue de nos jours. Il n'y a plus de mention de Halfdan après 807 et il meurt sans doute peu après, peut-être âgé pour cette époque. Une conversion au Christianisme n'est pas mentionnée ni l'attribution d'une donation de domaine ou de fief, mais son fils Hemming se convertit et gouverne probablement la  Frise en 837. Il est possible que ce fief frison ait été hérité de son père. Si l'identification de Hemming comme  fils de Halfdan est correct, ce dernier est également le père d'Anulo, Harald Klak et Reginfrid, qui furent pendant une brève période  co-régents du Danemark.

 Notes et références

 Bibliographie
 .
  Annales Regni Francorum (The Latin Library'')

Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom
Personnalité danoise du IXe siècle
Date de naissance incertaine (VIIIe siècle)
Date de décès incertaine (IXe siècle)
Noblesse norroise
Guerrier viking

Halfdan (floruit 782–807)


بلدية سان بيدرو ديل روميرال ، هي إحدى بلديات منطقة كانتابريا, المصنفة على أنها مقاطعة أيضاً، في شمال إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 618 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كانتابريا
بلديات كانتابريا

سان بيدرو ديل روميرال


La  est l'une des cinq circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Gifu au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La troisième circonscription de la préfecture de Gifu regroupe les villes de Seki, Mino, Hashima, Kakamigahara, Yamagata, Mizuho et Motosu, une petite partie de la ville de Gifu et les districts de Hashima et Motosu.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Troisième circonscription de la préfecture de Gifu


Jean Lejeune, né le  à Nouméa en Nouvelle-Calédonie, mort le  à Orléans, est un résistant français pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Capitaine au long cours, il participe à l'évacuation de Dunkerque, puis forme un groupe de résistance. Il devient le responsable régional de l'Organisation civile et militaire et chef d'état-major des FFI pour la région des cinq départements du Nord de la France, gênant particulièrement les Allemands après Overlord. Il est Compagnon de la Libération.

Biographie

Jean Lejeune naît à Nouméa en Nouvelle-Calédonie le .

Il choisit de s'engager dans la Marine nationale en juin 1923, pour cinq ans. Il est d'abord affecté au service hydrographique de la Marine, puis à Toulon. Au bout de ses cinq ans d'engagement, il préfère s'orienter vers la marine marchande et réussit le brevet de capitaine au long cours. Il navigue alors beaucoup, surtout en direction de l'Afrique équatoriale.

Il est mobilisé en septembre 1939 au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, affecté à un groupe de dragueurs de mines pour défendre les côtes. Il patrouille dans la Manche, et se fait remarquer à Dunkerque en mai et juin 1940, en évacuant 800 réfugiés dans un convoi de dix-neuf navires et les menant à La Rochelle.

Il essaye ensuite de rejoindre l'Angleterre avec des camarades, mais est bloqué à La Rochelle. Démobilisé, il devient percepteur à Cancale et à Saint-Malo, et forme un groupe de résistance en rassemblant une quarantaine de personnes. Ils surveillent les activités des Allemands, et sabotent des bateaux et des moteurs.

Lejeune retourne en janvier 1941 dans les Ardennes et y rassemble des marins de l'amicale dont il est vice-président. L'année suivante, il établit le contact avec une organisation d'exfiltration d'évadés, et il contribue à l'évasion et à l'exfiltration d'une cinquantaine de personnes. Il se rattache en septembre 1942 à l'Organisation civile et militaire. Il organise à partir du début 1943 le ravitaillement des maquis du Nord et des Ardennes. Il transporte d'importants stocks de munitions et d'explosifs, organise le harcèlement des occupants par des destructions et des sabotages, s'empare d'une dizaine de camionnettes et de leur matériel.

Échappant à deux reprises à l'arrestation par la Gestapo, à partir de novembre 1943 il quitte les Ardennes et change plusieurs fois d'affectation. Il est successivement adjoint au chef régional de l'OCM à Paris, puis dans le Nord, et sous le nom de « colonel Bastien » il devient en mai 1944 le responsable régional de l'Organisation civile et militaire et le chef d'état-major des FFI pour la région A, comprenant les départements de la Seine-inférieure, de la Somme, du Pas-de-Calais, du Nord et de l'Aisne.

Le « colonel Bastien » intensifie les actions contre les ennemis à partir du débarquement de Normandie en juin 1944, faisant attaquer de façon incessante les convois allemands et leurs détachements, participant au recul des Allemands dans la région Nord. Un contrôle à Cambrai provoque son arrestation, mais il arrive à s'évader et rejoint le maquis de Mazinghien. Il continue alors ses actions jusqu'à la Libération.

Il est créé Compagnon de la Libération par le décret du .

Après la guerre, Jean Lejeune devient président d'une entreprise de cyclomoteurs.

Il meurt accidentellement le  à Orléans.

Distinctions

  par décret du

  par décret du 31 mars 1947

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Appel du 18 Juin
 Résistance intérieure française
 Organisation civile et militaire
 Compagnon de la Libération – avec la liste des Compagnons.

Liens externes

 .
 .

Résistant français
Organisation civile et militaire
Capitaine au long cours
Colonel français
Officier de la Légion d'honneur (date non précisée)
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Titulaire de la médaille de la Résistance française
Naissance en juillet 1905
Naissance à Nouméa
Décès en novembre 1961
Décès à Orléans
Décès à 56 ans

Jean Lejeune (résistant)


Monte Alegre do Sul es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 22º40'55" sur y a una longitud 46º40'51" oeste, estando a una altitud de 750 metros. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 6.774 habitantes. Posee un área de 110,9 km².

Es uno de los 11 municipios paulistas considerados estancias hidrominerales por el Estado de São Paulo, por cumplir determinados requisitos definidos por Ley Estatal. Tal status garantiza a esos municipios un presupuesto mayor por parte del Estado para la promoción del turismo regional.

Iglesia Católica
El municipio pertenece a la Diócesis de Amparo.

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2000

Población Total: 6.321
 Urbana: 3.282
 Rural: 3.039
 Hombres: 3.218
 Mujeres: 3.103
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 57,00

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 10,43

Expectativa de vida (años): 74,42

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 1,90

Tasa de Alfabetización: 90,93%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,812
 IDH-M Salario: 0,749
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,824
 IDH-M Educación: 0,862
(Fuente: IPEADATA)

Carreteras
 SP-360

Galería de fotos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Monte Alegre do Sul


Povijest tvrtke
Godine 1888. škotski veterinar John Boyd Dunlop napravio je prvu zrakom punjenu gumu za biciklu. Ideju je dobio dok je radio na trociklu svog sina. Silno oduševljen laganom rotacijom zrakom punjene gume u odnosu na drveni kotač Dunlop je pohitao u patentni ured da prijavi svoj pronalazak. Dvije godine poslije su mu javili da mu pronalazak ne mogu prihvatiti, jer je patentiran čak 43 godine prije, odnosno 1845. godine na ime još jednog Škota, genijalnog izumitelja ispred svog vremena čije ime je Robert William Thomson. Imao je samo 23 godine kada je zrakom punjene gume montirao na razne kočije i parno vozilo koje je sam konstruirao. Nažalost, u to doba 1845. godine, kvaliteta gume je bila jako loša, tako su se gume stalno bušile, te njegov izum nije zaživio u komercijalne svrhe. Ni John Dunlop 43 godine poslije, unatoč ulaganju u bicikle koje su vožene na njegovim pneumaticima redovito pobjeđivale u Irskoj, Škotskoj i Engleskoj nije uspio progurati pronalazak u komercijalne svrhe. Njegova kompanija je postala svjetski poznata tek 17 godina nakon njegove smrti, 1890. Kada je u Belfastu počela komercijalna proizvodnja.

Prvu tvornicu guma otvara 1890. godine u Dublinu, a tri godine kasnije i u Hanau u Njemačkoj. Već 1895. godine prvi automobili koriste Dunlopove pneumatike koji se prodaju u Francuskoj i Kanadi, a započinje proizvodnja u Australiji i SAD-u. Budući da potražnja za gumama sve više raste, proizvodnja se prebacuje u Birmingham koji u svijetu postaje poznat kao Fort Dunlop. U samo dvadesetak godina zastarjela puna guma odlazi u povijest, a na temeljima Dunlopova izuma nastaje prva globalna multinacionalna kompanija koja posluje u cijelom svijetu.

Dunlop u automobilizmu
Dunlop je bio jedan od četiri dobavljača guma koji su sudjelovali na prvom prvenstvu Formule 1 1950. Na kraju 1970. Dunlop se povukao iz Formule 1, a od 1961. do 1963. su bili jedini dobavljači guma u Formuli 1. Nakon povlačenja 1970., nakratko su se vratili u Formulu 1 1976. i 1976., ali bez većih uspjeha. Dunlop je u Formuli 1 proveo ukupno 23 sezone, a u 175 utrka su ostvarili 83 pobjede. Prvi vozač koji je pobijedio na Dunlop gumama je bio Maurice Trintignant u bolidu Cooper-Climax na VN Monaka 1958., dok je posljednju pobjedu na Dunlop gumama ostvario Pedro Rodríguez u BRM-u na VN Belgije 1970.

Proizvođači pneumatika
Američki proizvođači vozila

Dunlop


Die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche St. Stefan im Lavanttal steht im Ort St. Stefan in der Gemeinde Wolfsberg. Zwischen 1106 und 1139 wird erstmals eine Kapelle ist St. Stefan erwähnt. Ab 1953 war St. Stefan eine Pfarrexpositur, seit 1964 eine eigenständige Pfarre. Zur Pfarre gehört auch die Filialkirche Rieding.

Baubeschreibung
Die spätgotische Kirche ist um 1500 entstanden. 1962 wurde sie an der Nordseite erweitert und nach Westen verlängert. Dabei wurde das spätgotische, profilierte Westportal in den Erweiterungsbau übertragen. An der Südseite befindet sich der Sakristeianbau. Der Turm im nördlichen Chorwinkel wird von einem Pyramidenhelm bekrönt.
Über dem  dreijochigen, spätgotischen Langhaus ruht ein Netzrippengewölbe auf Runddiensten. Das Mittelschiff ist durch Arkaden zum flachgedeckten, nördlichen Anbau hin geöffnet. Die Fenster im Langhaus wurden 1962 erneuert. Ein spätgotischer, profilierter, rundbogiger Triumphbogen verbindet das Langhaus und den einjochigen Chor. Über dem Chor mit einem Fünfachtelschluss erhebt sich ein Netzrippengewölbe auf Diensten und Konsolen. An den Rippenkreuzungen befinden sich Tartschen. Im Chor sind die spätgotischen Maßwerkfenster erhalten. Ein Schulterbogenportal mit Eisenplattentür führt in das Turmerdgeschoß. An der Chortrennmauer? ist eine römerzeitliche Grabinschrift für die Einheimischen Quartinus, Messia, Saxxu und Secundinus angebracht.

Einrichtung
Auf dem um 1700 entstandenen Hochaltar stehen ein heiliger Stephanus vom Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts und ein barockes Aufsatzbild des heiligen Johannes Nepomuk. Auf dem um 1710/1720 gefertigten Seitenaltar steht eine Madonnenfigur vom Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts. Der Korb der Kanzel aus dem ersten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts wird heute als Ambo verwendet. In der Kirche hängen ein Ölgemälde mit der Steinigung des heiligen Stephanus aus dem 17. Jahrhundert und ein Gemälde mit der Verklärung des heiligen Laurentius aus der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Das Ölbergrelief stammt aus dem ausgehenden 15. Jahrhundert. Die Statuen der Heiligen Stephanus und Laurentius wurden 1889/90 von Alois Progar für den ehemaligen Hochaltar geschaffen. Weiters gibt es in der Kirche Konsolfiguren der Heiligen Sebastian und Christophorus, die um 1500 gefertigt wurden, sowie der Heiligen Joachim und Anna aus der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts.

Literatur
 Dehio-Handbuch. Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Kärnten. Neubearbeitung, 3., erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage, bearbeitet von Gabriele Russwurm-Biró. Anton Schroll, Wien 2001, ISBN 3-7031-0712-X, S. 828.

Weblinks

Stephanus-Märtyrer-Kirche
Kirchengebäude in Wolfsberg (Kärnten)
Pfarrkirche in der Diözese Gurk
Gotisches Bauwerk in Kärnten
Gotische Kirche
Dekanat Wolfsberg
Baudenkmal (Kärnten)

Pfarrkirche St. Stefan im Lavanttal